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Morrys Scott
Morrys James Scott (born 17 December 1970) is a Welsh former professional footballer. He made a total 32 appearances in The Football League between 1989 and 1993 before moving into the Welsh Premier League.
Career
Despite being born in Swansea, Scott began his career at Cardiff City, the local rivals of his hometown club, making nine appearances during the 1989–90 season, his only start coming in a 3–1 defeat to Leyton Orient. At the end of the season he was released as they suffered relegation to Division Four. He had short spells with Colchester United and Southend United without making a first-team appearance for either side.
In 1991, he joined Plymouth Argyle, making six appearances during a one-year spell. At the start of the 1992–93 season, he joined Northampton Town on a non-contract basis where he scored his first goals as a professional player but was not offered an extended deal and subsequently left the club. After a spell playing non-league football, he signed with Welsh Premier League side Barry Town for the 1994–95 season. He played just three times in the league during the season but did play in both legs of their 7-0 aggregate defeat to Lithuanian side Žalgiris Vilnius in the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup. Scott spent the next six years in the Welsh Premier League with five different clubs, most notably with Afan Lido where he made over 50 appearances during his three spells with the side.
References
External links
Welsh Premier profile
Category:1970 births
Category:Living people
Category:Footballers from Swansea
Category:Welsh footballers
Category:Cardiff City F.C. players
Category:Colchester United F.C. players
Category:Southend United F.C. players
Category:Plymouth Argyle F.C. players
Category:Northampton Town F.C. players
Category:Barry Town United F.C. players
Category:English Football League players
Category:Cymru Premier players
Category:Afan Lido F.C. players
Category:Rhayader Town F.C. players
Category:Association football forwards
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{
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|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!--
DO NOT ALTER OR REMOVE COPYRIGHT NOTICES OR THIS HEADER.
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The contents of this file are subject to the terms of either the GNU
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may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You can
obtain a copy of the License at
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or packager/legal/LICENSE.txt. See the License for the specific
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When distributing the software, include this License Header Notice in each
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Oracle designates this particular file as subject to the "Classpath"
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Modifications:
If applicable, add the following below the License Header, with the fields
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-->
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<context-param>
<param-name>javax.faces.PROJECT_STAGE</param-name>
<param-value>${webapp.projectStage}</param-value>
</context-param>
<context-param>
<param-name>javax.faces.PARTIAL_STATE_SAVING</param-name>
<param-value>${webapp.partialStateSaving}</param-value>
</context-param>
<context-param>
<param-name>javax.faces.STATE_SAVING_METHOD</param-name>
<param-value>${webapp.stateSavingMethod}</param-value>
</context-param>
<context-param>
<param-name>javax.faces.SERIALIZE_SERVER_STATE</param-name>
<param-value>${webapp.serializeServerState}</param-value>
</context-param>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>Faces Servlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>javax.faces.webapp.FacesServlet</servlet-class>
<load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>Faces Servlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/faces/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>faces/index.xhtml</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>
</web-app>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
I have never had Salt Licorice before, it is good! Not at all what I thought it might be like!
Thanks Secret Santa! Wishing you a great Winter Solstice and a happy New Year! :)
Wait, There's MORE! A set of shotglasses and a cheese slicer showed up after the initial package! How cool! Thanks again Secret Santa!
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
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These are the functions which can be called on a minecraft:effects_changed criteria
trigger.
addEffect:
Arguments:
String
Usage:
potion type
Notes:
Adds a PotionEffectData for the provided potion type and returns it so functions can be called on it.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
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To the existing OBIA mapping, that is for one of the SDE mapping i dragged a single column from source to source qualifier and also updated that column in the sql query of the source qualifier and finally dragged it to my target staging table.
After that if i tried to run that SDE task in my DAC means, it is failing and returning the below error in log
ora-01007 variable not in select list in informatica
since i have checked and verified the order of the column in the source qualifier port and the query. It is same, but then too returning the above error.
Hence for example, i copied the workflow of SDE_ORA_AbsenceEvent to my new custom folder. In that i just tried only with SDE mapping(from source to staging)
i had three source tables for it
per_absence_attendances
per_absence_attendance_types
per_abs_attendance_reasons
Target(staging table)
W_absence_event_ds
i tried of adding a date column "last_updated_by" from the table "per_absence_attendances" to the staging table "W_absence_event_ds"
Before adding the date column, i just tried by copying the SDE_ORA_AbsenceEvent to my custom folder and tried to execute that in DAC as it is loading successfully in my target(staging table) "W_absence_event_ds".
After that i added the date column to the target(staging table) "W_absence_event_ds" and tried to execute the same in DAC, but @ that time only im receiving the variable error.
Like you said
since its OOB mapping you should have 2 workflows(full and incr) for the same mapping, make sure your changes are affected to workflow ending with _Full.
I dint copied the workflow SDE_ORA_AbsenceEvent_full to my custom folder. Whether is this the problem for this variable error whether can i copy the full(workflow) and can i try.
No i dint copied, i tried by exporting the objects and imported that to my custom folder, but i dint export the SDE_ORA_AbsenceEvent_full(full load) workflow to my custom folder just exported the SDE_ORA_AbsenceEvent workflow alone.
Whether i need to import the SDE_ORA_AbsenceEvent_full(full load) workflow also to my custom folder
Yes my task is pointing towards the custom folder that i have created in repository manager in DAC.
Can you let me know which (Full or Incr) workflow is running when you are testing this?
If DAC is running Incr workflow then problem could be something else if its running Full load workflow then you need to move that to custom folder and follow my comments as what I said earlier
Can you let me know which (Full or Incr) workflow is running when you are testing this?
i think SDE_ORA_AbsenceEvent workflow(Incr) is been running, since i can find this as i seen that workflow is been executing in workflow monitor while running DAC as it is failing.
Hence im having both(Full and Incr) workflow in my custom folder
SDE_ORA_AbsenceEvent
SDE_ORA_AbsenceEvent_Full
Can you send me session log to my email
I have mailed U
:)
Hence im performing only the source to staging and not performing the staging to target just inorder to check whether the data is loading in the staging table for the extra date column that i have added.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
API for powerpoint presentations to flash
How do I go about automating conversions from PowerPoint to flash?
I want a user to be able to upload a PowerPoint file into my web page and on the server I want to convert the PowerPoint to a flash movie. Is there any preferred method for doing this?
I've searched on Google and I just keep getting a lot of 3rd party software vendors selling addon software but I can't seem to find any useful guides or tutorials for doing this.
A:
There are only two (decent) solutions that I know of - the first being a little more decent than the second.
iSpring offers a free version of
their PowerPoint to Flash converter called iSpringFree.
It's decent. I use the Pro version
because I also have a need to add
e-Learning/SCORM functionality - but
if you don't have that need, it
should be fine. In general, it also
one of the better converters out
there (amongst a host of many
pay-for PPT->SWF converters).
You could open your PPT/PPTX in
OpenOffice.org's Impress and then
Export to Flash format.
Having server-side triggered conversion is a little more tricky - I don't know of a server-side component other than they pay-for SDK solution by iSpring that offers this. The two above are for manual conversion.
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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|
Biological transistor enables computing within living cells
When Charles Babbage prototyped the first computing machine in the 19th century, he imagined using mechanical gears and latches to control information.
ENIAC, the first modern computer developed in the 1940s, used vacuum tubes and electricity. Today, computers use transistors made from highly engineered semiconducting materials to carry out their logical operations. And now a team of Stanford University bioengineers has taken computing beyond mechanics and electronics into the living realm of biology. In a paper to be published March 28 in Science, the team details a biological transistor made from genetic material — DNA and RNA — in place of gears or electrons. The team calls its biological transistor the “transcriptor.”
“Transcriptors are the key component behind amplifying genetic logic — akin to the transistor and electronics,” said Jerome Bonnet, PhD, a postdoctoral scholar in bioengineering and the paper’s lead author.
The creation of the transcriptor allows engineers to compute inside living cells to record, for instance, when cells have been exposed to certain external stimuli or environmental factors, or even to turn on and off cell reproduction as needed.
“Biological computers can be used to study and reprogram living systems, monitor environments and improve cellular therapeutics,” said Drew Endy, PhD, assistant professor of bioengineering and the paper’s senior author.
The biological computer
In electronics, a transistor controls the flow of electrons along a circuit. Similarly, in biologics, a transcriptor controls the flow of a specific protein, RNA polymerase, as it travels along a strand of DNA.
“We have repurposed a group of natural proteins, called integrases, to realize digital control over the flow of RNA polymerase along DNA, which in turn allowed us to engineer amplifying genetic logic,” said Endy.
Using transcriptors, the team has created what are known in electrical engineering as logic gates that can derive true-false answers to virtually any biochemical question that might be posed within a cell.
They refer to their transcriptor-based logic gates as “Boolean Integrase Logic,” or “BIL gates” for short.
Transcriptor-based gates alone do not constitute a computer, but they are the third and final component of a biological computer that could operate within individual living cells.
Despite their outward differences, all modern computers, from ENIAC to Apple, share three basic functions: storing, transmitting and performing logical operations on information.
Last year, Endy and his team made news in delivering the other two core components of a fully functional genetic computer. The first was a type of rewritable digital data storage within DNA. They also developed a mechanism for transmitting genetic information from cell to cell, a sort of biological Internet.
It all adds up to creating a computer inside a living cell.
Boole’s gold
Digital logic is often referred to as “Boolean logic,” after George Boole, the mathematician who proposed the system in 1854. Today, Boolean logic typically takes the form of 1s and 0s within a computer. Answer true, gate open; answer false, gate closed. Open. Closed. On. Off. 1. 0. It’s that basic. But it turns out that with just these simple tools and ways of thinking you can accomplish quite a lot.
“AND” and “OR” are just two of the most basic Boolean logic gates. An “AND” gate, for instance, is “true” when both of its inputs are true — when “a” and “b” are true. An “OR” gate, on the other hand, is true when either or both of its inputs are true.
In a biological setting, the possibilities for logic are as limitless as in electronics, Bonnet explained. “You could test whether a given cell had been exposed to any number of external stimuli — the presence of glucose and caffeine, for instance. BIL gates would allow you to make that determination and to store that information so you could easily identify those which had been exposed and which had not,” he said.
By the same token, you could tell the cell to start or stop reproducing if certain factors were present. And, by coupling BIL gates with the team’s biological Internet, it is possible to communicate genetic information from cell to cell to orchestrate the behavior of a group of cells.
“The potential applications are limited only by the imagination of the researcher,” said co-author Monica Ortiz, a PhD candidate in bioengineering who demonstrated autonomous cell-to-cell communication of DNA encoding various BIL gates.
Building a transcriptor
To create transcriptors and logic gates, the team used carefully calibrated combinations of enzymes — the integrases mentioned earlier — that control the flow of RNA polymerase along strands of DNA. If this were electronics, DNA is the wire and RNA polymerase is the electron.
“The choice of enzymes is important,” Bonnet said. “We have been careful to select enzymes that function in bacteria, fungi, plants and animals, so that bio-computers can be engineered within a variety of organisms.”
On the technical side, the transcriptor achieves a key similarity between the biological transistor and its semiconducting cousin: signal amplification.
With transcriptors, a very small change in the expression of an integrase can create a very large change in the expression of any two other genes.
To understand the importance of amplification, consider that the transistor was first conceived as a way to replace expensive, inefficient and unreliable vacuum tubes in the amplification of telephone signals for transcontinental phone calls. Electrical signals traveling along wires get weaker the farther they travel, but if you put an amplifier every so often along the way, you can relay the signal across a great distance. The same would hold in biological systems as signals get transmitted among a group of cells.
“It is a concept similar to transistor radios,” said Pakpoom Subsoontorn, a PhD candidate in bioengineering and co-author of the study who developed theoretical models to predict the behavior of BIL gates. “Relatively weak radio waves traveling through the air can get amplified into sound.”
Public-domain biotechnology
To bring the age of the biological computer to a much speedier reality, Endy and his team have contributed all of BIL gates to the public domain so that others can immediately harness and improve upon the tools.
“Most of biotechnology has not yet been imagined, let alone made true. By freely sharing important basic tools everyone can work better together,” Bonnet said.
|
{
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}
|
Association between availability of care providers and healthcare utilizations among adults with asthma.
Limited accessibility to providers may delay appropriate control of asthma exacerbations. The objective of our study is to estimate the contributors to the hospital/emergency department (ED) visits among adults with asthma focusing on the availability of healthcare providers. We conducted a pooled cross-sectional analysis using the 2011-2013 Asthma Call-Back Survey linked with 2012-2016 Area Health Resource Files. We employed multivariable logistic regression with dichotomous outcomes of hospitalization and ED visits. Key covariates were the availability of county-level healthcare provider variables per 100,000 persons such as the number of lung disease specialists (including pulmonary care specialists, and allergy and immunology specialists), the number of hospitals, the number of safety-net facilities including rural health centers (RHCs) and federally qualified health centers (FQHCs), and the number of primary care physicians (PCPs). Among 25,621 adults, proportions of hospital visits and ED visits were 3.3% and 13.2%, respectively. An additional RHC reduced by 3% the odds of having an ED visit (odds ratio [OR] = 0.97, p = .004). Patients with cost barriers to seeing a PCP were 60% (OR = 1.60, p = .028) more likely to have a hospital visit than those without. In addition, patients with cost barriers to seeing a specialist were 90% (OR = 1.90, p = .007) and 111% (OR = 2.11, p = .001) more likely to have a hospital visit and ED visit, respectively, than those without. Hospital and ED visits among adults with asthma are partially related to the availability of providers, and more related to financial barriers. Therefore, financial support for the vulnerable asthma population might be a target for policy makers interested in reducing hospitalizations and ED visits.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Reuters/Gleb Garanich It’s as good as gold. In fact, it’s much better this week.
The prospect of outright war between Russia and Ukraine seemed a real possibility this week (though the tensions have eased a bit), and that made for some interesting dynamics in the markets.
Ukraine is a substantial supplier of the grain, and wheat prices surged to the top of Quartz’s weekly look at how different asset classes fared. Russia’s OAO Norilsk Nickel is the world’s largest producer of that basic ingredient for stainless steel. And prices for that raw material also surged during the week. Nickel prices hit 14-month highs this week (paywall) amid concern that Russian producers could face sanctions that disrupt supplies.
Of course, Russia wasn’t the only market mover. Japan’s Nikkei rose as the yen weakened against the US dollar. The US S&P 500 posted its best week since July on solid outlooks from companies reporting earnings, including GE. The Nasdaq Composite gained as the recent tech selloff seemed to run out of steam. Italy’s FTSE MIB gained thanks to an ongoing rally among its once-beleaguered banks.
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
The whole week was raining, except during our Eco-Farm Family Day on 12 May 2012. This joint event brought together members and families of different professional organizations and our arboriculture guide had led us through the mangrove forest and the lovely village. We all enjoyed BBQ under a shaded venue with water spraying system on the roof to chill down the temperature keeping us comfortable. Farm animals are also raised at the venue. The kid loves to feed the Baa Baa Black Sheep!
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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; RUN: opt -strip -S < %s | FileCheck %s
; PR10286
@main_addrs = constant [2 x i8*] [i8* blockaddress(@f, %FOO), i8* blockaddress(@f, %BAR)]
; CHECK: @main_addrs = constant [2 x i8*] [i8* blockaddress(@f, %2), i8* blockaddress(@f, %3)]
declare void @foo() nounwind
declare void @bar() nounwind
define void @f(i8* %indirect.goto.dest) nounwind uwtable ssp {
entry:
indirectbr i8* %indirect.goto.dest, [label %FOO, label %BAR]
; CHECK: indirectbr i8* %0, [label %2, label %3]
FOO:
call void @foo()
ret void
BAR:
call void @bar()
ret void
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Getting a phone call from Emma Watson, Harry Potter actor and fashion muse, was "a bolt out of the blue" for 48-year-old Mancunian Mark Demsteader, who has painted a series of portraits to mark the star's 21st birthday. Watson was enquiring about the artist's work, but he persuaded her to sit for photos. It then took three months to produce the 34 artworks that will be on show at the Panter & Hall Gallery from 15 June 2011
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
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Alfa Romeo are having an up-and-down year. Its car has only suited certain track and tyre combinations.
While other teams with similar problems have held back major aero updates while they get to grips with them, Alfa Romeo continues to push on with major revisions to the C38. At Silverstone the front end was updated, while an unusual cockpit detail was discovered on Antonio Giovinazzi’s car.
The team’s Silverstone update included the addition of a cape under the nose vane, plus a revised nose cone and front wing. This makes Alfa Romeo the seventh team to adopt the cape pioneered by Mercedes in 2017.
Having already developed quite a complex nose arrangement, with the holes through the nose tip and S-Duct, the addition of the cape (highlighted yellow) make the C38’s one of the most complex on the grid.
Even the cape its itself is enhanced with long slots along its edge to produce a stronger vortex spilling from its trailing edge, which feed into the bargeboards downstream. Further changes were made to the shape of the front wing mounting pylons to direct the airflow into the various inlets around the nose tip.
On the front wing, the basic shape was retained, but several details on the end plates were changed. Firstly, the footplate section was revised into a squarer edged shape, with pronounced sidewalls. The tunnel formed by this revised shaping also features a unique fin (1) and as with several other teams the footplate tunnel flattens towards the rear (2).
These changes are related to the inboard-loaded front wing philosophy, making the bargeboards and end plate work harder, to create ‘outwash’ and improve the overall efficiency of the car’s aerodynamics.
Inside the cockpit on Giovinazzi’s car was an unusual piece of foam padding. Already the regulations demand an ‘M’-shaped foam pad is fitted between the dash bulkhead and pedals, to protect the driver’s legs in a crash. The dip in the middle of the ‘M’ shape is clear: The steering column passes forwards from the wheel to the steering rack.
But on car 99 there is an extra piece of ‘Y’ shaped padding below the steering column section. Giovinazzi confirmed this was used to support his legs through corners, enabling him to brace not simply against the footwell walls, but also against this ‘Y’ piece. Some drivers have a section of the seat sticking upwards to cradle the thighs in a similar manner, but Giovinazzi’s solution appears to work better.
Advert | Become a RaceFans supporter and go ad-free
F1 technology
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|
[Case of drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome due to lamotrigine: demonstration of sequential reactivation of herpesviruses].
Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS) is a rare but severe multiorgan disorder. The reactivation of human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) and other human herpesviruses has been reported to be associated with its pathogenesis. We herein report a case of 14-year-old female who developed DIHS during the treatment with lamotrigine, a novel antiepileptic drug. She initially presented with fever, skin rash, cervical lymphadenopathy, leukocytosis with eosinophilia and atypical lymphocytosis, liver dysfunction and hypogammaglobulinemia. Discontinuation of the drug and administration of prednisolone led to improvement;however, tapering of prednisolone and administration of midazolam and ketamine thereafter triggered clinical deterioration. She subsequently developed hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism. Herpesviral loads were determined in her peripheral blood by real-time PCR during the course of the treatment, and sequential reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), HHV-6 and cytomegalovirus was demonstrated. EBV viremia was detected throughout the course, except for a short period when HHV-6 viremia was at the peak. HHV-6 viremia developed after the secondary deterioration. Cytomegalovirus viremia appeared transiently before the hyperthyroidic state reversed and became hypothyroidic. Although this syndrome should be regarded as a systemic reaction induced by a complex interplay among herpesviruses and the immune responses against viral infections and drugs, it remains unknown how such a sequential reactivation is related to the pathogenesis of the condition.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
How to Avoid a Valentine's Day Disaster
Valentine’s Day is Thursday and if you’re still stressing out over it, we’ve got four tips for how to avoid a complete disaster:
Stereotypical gifts like flowers and chocolate are just ‘okay.’
Even though not many women hate flowers or chocolate, it can look like you put no thought into the gift. Instead, aim for something a little more personal like tickets to see her favorite band.
Don’t ignore it or over-hype it.
Guys, even if your wife or girlfriend says she doesn’t want anything for Valentine’s Day , please get her something because one in eight women who say they won’t want a Valentine’s gift secretly do. Which means that ladies, keep your expectations in check. Don’t go into it secretly hoping for a diamond ring.
Make the right plans for your relationship stage.
If you just started dating, it can be tempting to go overboard. But you’re better off making plans based on how long you’ve been together.
Make plans even if you’re single.
Valentine’s Day can be painful if you’re single and so, instead of sitting at home feeling sorry for yourself, do something that makes you feel good such as getting your single friends together for wine and horror movie night. Or, have a “you” day.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Fools of Fortune
Fools of Fortune is a 1990 British romantic drama film directed by Pat O'Connor and written by Michael Hirst based on the 1983 novel by Irish writer William Trevor. It depicts a Protestant family caught up in the conflict between the British Army and the IRA during the Irish War of Independence.
Cast
Iain Glen as Willie Quinton
Sean T. McClory as young Willie
Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Marianne
Julie Christie as Mrs. Quinton
Catherine McFadden as Imelda
Amy-Joyce Hastings (credited as Amy Hastings) as Geraldine Quinton
Michael Kitchen as Mr. Quinton
Hazel Flanagan as Deirdre Quinton
Frankie McCafferty as Tim Paddy
Niamh Cusack as Josephine
John Kavanagh as Johnny Lacy
Production
It was filmed on location in Dublin, County Westmeath, Galway and at Ardmore Studios.
Release
The film went to VHS, but has not yet appeared on DVD.
New York Times reviewer Vincent Canby described the film as "an ambitious mess, of interest only because of the chance to see [Julie] Christie, who becomes more and more tautly beautiful with the years, and [Mary Elizabeth] Mastrantonio, who is also beautiful and does an extremely credible upper-class English accent." The Washington Post described it as "a passionate, mystifyingly awkward bit of filmmaking".
References
External links
Category:1990 films
Category:1990s historical films
Category:1990s romantic drama films
Category:British films
Category:British historical films
Category:British romantic drama films
Category:English-language films
Category:Films based on works by William Trevor
Category:Films directed by Pat O'Connor
Category:Films scored by Hans Zimmer
Category:Films set in Ireland
Category:Films shot in Ireland
Category:PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films
Category:Working Title Films films
Category:British historical romance films
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Q:
Generate Unique hash from Long id
I need to generate a unique hash from a ID value of type Long. My concern is that it should not globally generate the same hash from two different Long/long values.
MD5 hashing looks a nice solution but the hash String is very long. I only need characters
0-9
a-z and A-Z
And just 6-characters like: j4qwO7
What could be the simpliest solution?
A:
Your requirements cannot be met. You've got an alphabet of 62 possible characters, and 6 characters available - which means there are 626 possible IDs of that form.
However, there are 2568 possible long values. By the pigeon-hole principle, it's impossible to give each of those long values a different ID of the given form.
A:
You don't have to use the hex representation. Build your own hash representation by using the actual hash bytes from the function. You could truncate the hash output to simplify the hash representation, but that would make collisions more probable.
Edit:
The other answers stating that what you ask isn't possible, based on the number of possible long values, is teoretically true, if you actually need the whole range.
If your IDs are auto incremented from zero and up, just 62^6 = 56800235584 values might be more than enough for you, depending on your needs.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Pete Lyons' fantastic Can-Am Cars in Detail:
July/August 2014
Reload to see the latest news
All news content copyright Michael J. Fuller , unless otherwise noted Mulsanne's Corner Book Store
A selection of sports car related DVDs and books, with a technical slant. >> Le Mans 2014 << Williams Racing Developments
Race Transmission Specialists From vintage rebuilds to technical design services... 7.21.14
>> S o It's been a couple of weeks and things had seem to have gone quiet on the Toyota Winggate. Well I have news, but first let's recap. Recall that Toyota has introduced a rotating rear wing that is designed to move under load (while the car is moving on the track) that has the intentional benefit of reducing drag. Toyota have two versions of the wing in service, and switched back and forth between the two during the Le Mans weekend, and even during the race (race day photos show the #8 running both at various times) :
T he first version is identifed by the inboard bracket (1) that connects the main plane to the endplate. The wing mount is silver and features a round bolt (2). The final feature is the flap bolt hole pattern (3) is a single row of approximately 8 holes.
This version of the wing aligns with the original description:
The rear wing mainplane is attached to the central swan neck rear wing mount through a single mounting point. The secondary flap attaches to the mainplane via conventional slot gap separator brackets. Outboard, the mainplane has a single attachment point at the endplate and the secondary flap also has a single attachment point for angle changes, as one would expect.
The outboard ends of the assembly are actually attached to the endplate and the wing's rotation is limited to the middle section. The laminate schedule of the wing is designed to facilitate the rotation, thus the wing actually deforms (though non-uniformly; thus it would seem to mean the wing, once rotated into its low drag nose up positions, is no longer a uniform section and in violation of Art 3.6.2 a.2). Ironically Toyota's competitors have dubbed this one as the "more legal" version.
© Chris Savage 2014 T his is how Version 1 works. T he second version lacks any brackets inboard of the endplate (1). The wing mount is black (2) and has a raised oval shape in the middle. Outboard on the endplate, the flap holes (3) are two parallel rows of 3 and 4 bolts respectively.
This version of the wing actually allows the entire wing assembly to pivot. The pivot point being the secondary flap bolt (3). The forward bolt appears to be false or to have no function.
Evidence of this movement came in the form of scuff marks on the inside face of the endplate (1). he second version lacks any brackets inboard of the endplate (1).The wing mount is black (2) and has a raised oval shape in the middle. Outboard on the endplate, the flap holes (3) are two parallel rows of 3 and 4 bolts respectively.This version of the wing actually allows the entire wing assembly to pivot. The pivot point being the secondary flap bolt (3). The forward bolt appears to be false or to have no function.Evidence of this movement came in the form of scuff marks on the inside face of the endplate (1).
© Chris Savage 2014 V ersion 2 in action. From a drag reduction standpoint I can imagine this is the more effective device of the two. So the latest news is that it has come to light that, following a meeting of the Technical Working Group a few weeks ago, the FIA has taken Toyota's concept into consideration and deemed that the wing mounting (the wing mounting mind you) is, "...(is) not acceptable at future WEC races." Therefore the expectation is that Toyota's rear wing drag reduction system will no longer be on the TS040 at the Austin WEC round. The statement is less definitive than one would have thought and certainly makes one wonder why it was deemed acceptable at past WEC events. So is that the end of it? My only suggestion is to keep an eye on Toyota's rear wing at future events.
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}
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Q:
Executing Sp_SetAppRole from ExecuteSqlCommand
Here is my Code:
SqlParameter rolename = new SqlParameter("rolename", SqlDbType.VarChar);
rolename.Direction = ParameterDirection.Input;
rolename.Value = "role";
SqlParameter password = new SqlParameter("password", SqlDbType.VarChar);
password.Direction = ParameterDirection.Input;
password.Value = "123@123";
SqlParameter fCreateCookie = new SqlParameter("fCreateCookie", SqlDbType.Bit);
fCreateCookie.Direction = ParameterDirection.Input;
fCreateCookie.Size = 100;
fCreateCookie.Value = true;
SqlParameter cookie = new SqlParameter("cookie", SqlDbType.VarBinary);
cookie.Direction = ParameterDirection.Output;
cookie.Size = 8000;
_context.Database.ExecuteSqlCommand(TransactionalBehavior.DoNotEnsureTransaction, "EXEC sp_setapprole @rolename,@password,@fCreateCookie, @cookie OUT;", rolename, password, fCreateCookie, cookie);
And I am getting an Error:
The formal parameter "@fCreateCookie" was not declared as an OUTPUT parameter, but the actual parameter passed in requested output.
Can someone tell me what I am doing wrong?
A:
you are missing a parameter
ALTER procedure [sys].[sp_setapprole]
@rolename sysname, -- name app role
@password sysname, -- password for app role
--> @encrypt varchar(10) = 'none', -- Encryption style ('none' | 'odbc')
@fCreateCookie bit = 0,
@cookie varbinary(8000) = 0xFFFFFFFF OUTPUT
as
you need to add a paramerer @encrypt = 'none' before @fcreatecookie in your executesqlcommand call
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Temperature induced changes in resonance Raman spectra intensity of all-trans-β-carotene: changes in the fundamental, combination and overtone modes.
The resonance Raman spectra of the fundamental, combination and overtone modes around the CC and CC stretches of all-trans-β-carotene in 1,2-dichloroethane solution are obtained from the 293K to 83K temperature range. The results indicate that the intensity of the fundamentals in the liquid and solid phases generally increases as the temperature decreases, except for the liquid-solid phase transition, which exhibits a decreasing trend. The Raman intensities ratio between the fundamentals υ1 and υ2, combinations (overtones) and the fundamentals both increases with decreasing temperature. The Raman bandwidths of the CC bonds gradually become narrow as the temperature decreases. These varieties of relative intensity are analyzed using the coherent weakly damped electron-lattice vibration mode, the effective conjugation length mode as well as the theory of electron-phonon interaction in this work.
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}
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tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6859860359029808352018-03-06T09:18:08.556+00:00Group28candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.comBlogger90125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-88806938563584174282011-04-07T15:43:00.002+01:002011-04-07T16:54:48.921+01:00Question 8 - Evaluation - Looking back at your preliminary task, what do you feel you have learned in the process?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyVJ2LYxmgspx2NCkzg1mAKaxE_okUsSJ39Mer_SvLCLVY0tKHIJkpfRCdEoVAoyy2WDlMCf4yAE7e70DW9' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyH9WkvI8XfWnMbTrMCusopjnQv83hjFwS3c7PxIax8OJiZSC7SaDrfW47glzlU3lvVaUFIqJtguvSAsNAe4A' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">For the final segment of my evaluation and analytical processing of my AS Media folder, I have been asked to evaluate and interpret lessons and things that could have been improved in regards to both my preliminary task and my final thriller opening product. To conduct this, I will divide the evaluation into three areas: Camera, Editing (inc. Sound), and Planning.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b>Camera</b></div><div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">In regards to the camera work, my first point would be that we have made a significant improvement in the framing of our shots and how much substance covers the screen, below you can see the contrast between two random scenes - one from our preliminary shot, the other from our final edit and see the progress we have made as frame constructors:</div><div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-h-NkIZU0l-8/TZ3Up6VpM1I/AAAAAAAALzY/h6nZieLIUiA/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-04-07+at+16.17.54.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="112" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-h-NkIZU0l-8/TZ3Up6VpM1I/AAAAAAAALzY/h6nZieLIUiA/s200/Screen+shot+2011-04-07+at+16.17.54.png" width="200" /></a></div><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-haNrVVl-pZQ/TZ3Uq996F3I/AAAAAAAALzc/B_yLBpDi0QQ/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-04-07+at+16.17.16.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="112" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-haNrVVl-pZQ/TZ3Uq996F3I/AAAAAAAALzc/B_yLBpDi0QQ/s200/Screen+shot+2011-04-07+at+16.17.16.png" width="200" /></a> < FROM PRELIM<br /><br /><div style="text-align: right;">FROM FINAL PRODUCT ></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">The screenshot from our preliminary shows amateur framework setup, for a significant amount of time during that scene, all that could be seen was railings, a wall and the top of the two characters heads - these things weren't thins that were pivotal to the plot, and the shot didn't highlight what needed to eb shown, i.e. the victim. However on the shot beside, from our final product - there is an improvement in frameworking, the shot shows both the location and the protagonist in equal light, highlighting the two most significant things about the scene clearly - the shot and framing was also key for me as an editor because it left significant space for titles to be added on top without blocking the protagonist's face.<br /><br /><b>Editing</b><br /><b><br /></b><br />Whilst watching the two videos, I believe as a whole the editing on our final product was much more cleaner, and flowed better than the prelim. A standout scene within the prelim where the editing wasn't on par with the piece as a whole, was the entrance into the boss's room, an instance where the protagonist with the red hat, told his sidekick to "be quiet" because they were about to enter the boss's office had to be added in afterwards and its placing in the scene, when I watch it didn't correlate with the characters hands movements, and it's sound was too high in relation to the scene.<br /><br />Secondly whilst watching the two clips side by side I see significant improvements in the overall looks in regards to the production value, and effort put in to make each clip look like a professional output. The preliminary video was almost entirely composed of diagetic sound, that seemed to fluctuate between different decibel levels, lessening the quality of the pieces sound. In contrast our final piece had a soundtrack composed for it, and narration fitted around the scenes, giving the piece a more quality - orientated finish.<br /><br />There was more dynamics in the final piece in regards to the effects and transitions applied to the video clips. In the prelim simple cuts and jump cuts were applied. As apposed to the "Cross fades" "Additive Disolves" "Dip In, Dip Outs" that were applied to the Final opening, and the use of slow motion to highlight the irony of the water bottle.<br /><br /><b>Planning</b><br /><b><br /></b><br />Before any of those areas above could be covered, the stage of planning had to be initiated. In hindsight I conceed that this in fact is the most important stage.<br />Our planning of our prelim was almsot non-existent. It was just a simple case of coming together as a group, and devising our plot and suggesting to each other variations in camera angles that we could use to make our piece better. We were also asked by our teachers to devise an animatics production of our prelim in the planning stages before actually drafting the final cut of it. This you can see below:<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dx_YeDpK5iRN9aJeMDFSt6EbbAlt4HXUPK54DiUYzrInus0v2LSvy5fBnk_QnuTwrg0YtGiQHWbrBcElhYnWQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div><br />Our final product took a much different approach. We were determined to make the perfect piece, which resulted in alot of arguments between peers at the beginning, but our work ethic overshadowed this and we came past it to enter the research stages. For this I researched into other successful films in the specific niche we were aiming for, such as "Lock, Stock And Two Smoking Barrels" and "Snatch" from which intertextual references are made in our piece. Storyboards were also composed this time around to really justify and put in prespective the plot of our final piece.<br /><br />While planning we had to pitch our ideas, get feedback from our proposed plot and watched various videos on YouTube on the FilmRiot Channel Account to see ways of making a good movie great in terms of editing after our finish product had been filmed.<br /><br /><b>Summary</b><br /><b><br /></b><br />In conclusion I regard our work a success and the whole process helped me as a media enthusiast encounter a huge learning curve. The AS Media outline forced me to make technical advances in my work, in terms of framework setup and learning how to operate a Mac and the professional editing software Final Cut Pro and LiveType.<br /><br /><br /></div>candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-87903477981739263792011-04-07T15:23:00.005+01:002011-04-08T14:56:48.932+01:00Evaluation Q8) Looking backat your preliminary task, what do you feel you have learned in the progression from it to the full product.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxoUq1kRNjyil-USd92bAxZZ0Fz5uPBgybqKYHWpXWct4xWSCQyCKOaheP7A8qH4-vk6c-H3B4H8wAmHFVDTA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dw2L3JmjNjvQJQ8Hipjv0OSRLaMmixrFqtxxCuAyAHOPSeafi-Rw6tNhQv8tuOOEpG1sIpFAcOT29YIqDqVsg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b>Since we did our prelim our final movie has turned out to be massively different</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><b>We changed our whole approach to filming and producing it.</b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Mise En Scene</b></span><br />As you can see here one of the changes to our approach of filming was mise en scene. As you can see in our prelim our lack of decent prior planning meant our filming location was poorly lit, leading to dark footage. but as you can see we changed our approach and managed to get an even better lit footage in a BASEMENT than we did in our classroom. this is an example of how since our poor planning and understanding of mise en scene in our prelim we have taken a turn for the better.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xCqDe-l7ScE/TZ3Ofii6U3I/AAAAAAAALw4/gVb3OHrgKo0/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-04-07+at+15.46.00.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="264" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xCqDe-l7ScE/TZ3Ofii6U3I/AAAAAAAALw4/gVb3OHrgKo0/s320/Screen+shot+2011-04-07+at+15.46.00.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ys6BPVBpsP4/TZ3OglInuUI/AAAAAAAALw8/2fPDvK46tHc/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-04-07+at+15.47.05.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ys6BPVBpsP4/TZ3OglInuUI/AAAAAAAALw8/2fPDvK46tHc/s320/Screen+shot+2011-04-07+at+15.47.05.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> <span style="font-size: large;"><b> </b></span><br /><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Editing</b></span><br /><div style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;">In our prelim due to the restricted amount of time we had to edit our work, we never managed to utilize extensive effects and other tools in final cut to make our prelim a better product. In our prelim we filmed the action scene of Jem getting hit in a very amateur way. We filmed from an angle that was very confusing and since then we have made considerable improvements in the way we edit the footage as well. In our final film we edited a similar scene in a better way. After Jem got hit we changed the color tone of footage to black and white and froze it all at the point the punch came in contact with Jem's face. We did this also to create meaning in our footage something we did not do much of in our prelim. This shows and contrasts the huge difference in editing skills our two films have and how much of an improvement we have made since</span></span></div><div style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nB4y0hySuDo/TZ3R0LKMXiI/AAAAAAAALyM/c_9FJv1t990/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-04-07+at+16.03.57.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nB4y0hySuDo/TZ3R0LKMXiI/AAAAAAAALyM/c_9FJv1t990/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-04-07+at+16.03.57.png" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-28QjzJlWew4/TZ3R0--mfoI/AAAAAAAALyQ/TBnjXMf1n1I/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-04-07+at+16.02.26.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="222" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-28QjzJlWew4/TZ3R0--mfoI/AAAAAAAALyQ/TBnjXMf1n1I/s320/Screen+shot+2011-04-07+at+16.02.26.png" width="320" /></a></div><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><b><br /></b></span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b>Camerawork And Planning</b></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyTmsubTJWwmw3oTsvpCCKTygpe0KAZ_8hbO-k-hrI2abxFnsAlYZXWNp7TmF41Za6jK4_ugKoVouTurioMCg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">As you can see we greatly excelled in our camerawork skills. This shot above shows the detailed planning and skill we put in. The character walks up to a point before stopping at a good angle for the audience to see him as well as space behind in which another character fills in when he walks in and hits him from behind. All of the sequence is cleary visible and our prior extensive planning even meant that the mise en scene such as the location the actors clothings and even the weapon used were perfect for it.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">In summary i have that i have made considerable progession whether it be techniacally or the fact that my work rate and ability to work with my partners to create a good product have improved greatley since the creation of our prelim product.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div>candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-4872341731726203742011-04-07T15:07:00.004+01:002011-04-07T15:45:55.743+01:00Question 6 - Evaluation - Audience feedback and comment<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dz9K0cChRM-OE1vQg-x7ixr_N1bedGBmz3q1S2NCgg5DBB-pgw78rDpbRRGEsfyqVuTsxKYCFDvSl721g6JVw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dz5OAu8f0AGhZ8kLneilLBcU_00RN4OvxO4v_YtSE-AQ81pVT3bDuFMCCGpoGGAEFaBICijHkkW38ALM_BP9w' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyevqwzBulfqk6gd2pbDJqX3hORUeptTP7jqIaJ2EwFtGGI7WPebVHB1VtfkLaYAoDX_jT7y9T-YM5f9O1d' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div> These are a couple of audience feedback we received from students in the collage who viewed out media product.candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-35925255034958999762011-04-07T15:03:00.001+01:002011-04-07T15:03:51.629+01:00Evaluation Q8) Looking backat your preliminary task, what do you feel you have learned in the progression from it to the full product.<div style="text-align: center;">Looking back to when we first made our prelim, you can see that we have come on great lengths. Our overall general filming has become better.</div><br />In the prelim it was one of the first times we ever had to make a short film. As you can see it was not all filmed that great. The camera shots where a bit out of place and didn't really have that good affect.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dznO4U8febfRPxkKW_zjMqOpof4ul5hsca8TYDPMg5M5z53DVq3krtYa9kyokEfXLCHElplgrzoKAM1jkrTzw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">As you can see their was not much mise en scene in the prelim, we didn't take into account any sort of setting or what props we used. we just used a pencil which didn't made much sense and lowered the quality of the film. However in the final movie we concentrated a lot on mise en scene as you can see in the canary wharf scene where we concentrated on costume and props like the water. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxHWyPEBOJ6QiXqC_cfhef7eUzoaN94NN3JSLDxgsDopw4DzoWCSHG_V3DPU0jaaupw9NpinyjyPrBW_zYqcQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">In the prelim we also had pointless camera shots that didn't add anything to the film, like at the end when the jelly babies are walking away, the shot was not executed very well, and now we are much better at performing good quality camera shots such as the tilt in canary wharf. We also feel we learned how to do a lot better match cuts, which we demonstrated when the bottle dropped. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Moreover we also learned how to do a lot better sound, as you can hear in the prelim the sound was not made very well, it just sounded like random sounds put together on soundtrack pro. However in the final movie we put a lot more time and effort and we switched to another program called fruit loops which we found easier to use and we made a lot better sound on that program that worked very well with our final film, or example at the very beginning of the film the beat is very exhilarating and gets you hooked and interested from the start. </div><div style="text-align: center;"></div>candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-34824200891409251982011-04-07T14:58:00.001+01:002011-04-07T15:42:41.512+01:00Question 4/5 - Evaluation - What kind of media institution might distribute your media product? How will you attract/address your audience?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dymwAQHcoWK4tQvpnkDQwH3KqwBk6DIluW3cbUVe2Is3uxRj25lMOgUSjiUX-ISb3Xt9dM7RsaKXKaVQDOP7g' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div><br />Above is a make-shift scenario I have filmed to answer the question above. The scene above sees an aspiring filmaker (me) pitching the idea of investing advertising finances and completing the entirety of our AS Media Thriller film opening "Lying With The Enemy".<br /><br />The aspiring filmaker above is pitching to an executive at Film Four, an independent film company that distributed fellow independent film "Looking For Eric". That film was invested in by Film Four and eventually won distribution rights. I picked Film Four distribution because it backs low budget films and has developed marketing techniques to compensate for low-budgets, especially in the case of "Looking For Eric" which on a limited release was able to garner an $11million box-office intake worldwide. Albeit a minor fraction of the worlds most successful film of all time's (Avatar) $2.7 billion worldwide gross, it did make a profit for the company.<br /><br />When addressing how I would attract/address an audience I stated of how we as young filmakers have generated a small buzz for our film already. Using ours and our colleges resources our thriller opening was able to generate a cinema screening in North London in front of 130 young filmakers and got a very positive response. I then went on to stress that we have marketed our thriller through the interent by going viral and promoting the opening on such video streaming sites such as: Vimeo, YouTube and Blogger.com. our thriller opening would also get a limited release of 200 DVD's something that would certainly generate more buzz.<br /><br />The pitch above demonstrates that we as filmakers understand the industry and know that we would't generate film investment from such entities as Paramount Pictures or 20th Century Fox. With investment from Film Four Pictures we would hope to make the entire film with a substantial budget and generate a profit from a limited release around London showcasing it in Art cinemas and multi-screen outlets that have installed digital players.candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-61873885607021690242011-04-07T13:31:00.001+01:002011-04-07T15:00:13.355+01:00Evaluation - Who would be the audience for your media product?candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-42921793509496095102011-04-07T12:07:00.002+01:002011-04-07T15:44:56.422+01:00Question 3 - Evaluation - Who would be the audience for your media product?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dy7UYFoxxk7ppeRpiaAKl8h9JJ4WW-CJSm4cThpKUT_cUU2iTdowyfmq-kgGfoKKI3v3Ph4Y2XDZQX7e3AtLQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div><br />Above is a video of the "Average Dan" a character I have composed to demonstrate who I believe is the target audience for our thriller/ thriller opening, and the day to day contents you would fing in our "Average Dan"'s bag.<br /><br />Our thriller targets a specific niche in the market: the London gangster genre is a fairly new one and has taken dominance specifically in the noughties decade with box-office successful releases like "Kidulthood", "London Boulevard" and "Snatch". Directors like Guy Ritchie and Noel Clarke have delivered these movies to the masses.<br /><br />The films above and our thriller target elder teens to men in their 40's. Our "Average Dan" above is into hi-tech gadgets and expensive commodities, similar to the type of characters that feature in London gangster films anyway.<br />"Average Dan" likes to take care of his body, evident by the gym membership in his wallet, "Average Dan" isn't afraid to spend money, giving reason to why he has a high-sector credit card.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cdaIX56FspE/TZ2atv1N1tI/AAAAAAAALo4/tMuz2DtuMMM/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-04-07+at+12.08.59.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="253" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cdaIX56FspE/TZ2atv1N1tI/AAAAAAAALo4/tMuz2DtuMMM/s400/Screen+shot+2011-04-07+at+12.08.59.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Above is a wordle of the words I would associate with the "Average Dan" that would watch our film.</div>candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-89355223142128268272011-04-07T12:05:00.002+01:002011-04-07T15:07:15.406+01:00Evaluation Q6) Audience feedback and comment<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzQ8uKxEOBTO5dUCw3SM4_rw7j1UIqX1r9RegY9dN8wpLSU_pLp196eg0njQS3-OOli-WmVPymklviLnHx2Dg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dyWTBMWtHbhgud8rZffhPhsbJJ8n4yxRILXgUYdOC3NZPOlt-W1yNc9ACKXTO90f2LLEcuw4Q9z9Sa4Uw0kPg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwup9oHWNkVoqcj21yqXCwQav6yj97g5UVFhm0yn9wuNSNRehFNCdB-mrGGhueZY2tE0mgh_xpj4ulZXzYw5w' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxk7jMMDoX0ouNpnp1hmu57a2dUeCPreqrETlTQw6jyGDrRBj9zVgEpA4NX3Oy092Ht-Io-8LhYp5Mhm-2U6g' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxvdjLK3W0osKcEgTPyjbBo7UgiFn0IYcW-FK_elEat9sWHnslGuTfW-cSRn5lvrEvG9aiB0rfO9_toyf6blw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dw0hgWbgaKrZ2l05FtvuvaxsaYaTLETIvrQAM4a4nOdlceJ59l-_lcGfukIehgPbP9o9Ef2ZBvi2otv7fiPUA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> The people we interviewed were not all the target audience we would be aiming our film at, however these are the people who watched it in the cinema. The people we interviewed are all between 16-18 for the exception of one. Even though they enjoyed the film I do not believe it would actually attract people of this age group, I feel it is for a much mature audience of around the age of 30. But from interviewing these people i feel that the film was a success as they all seemed to enjoy it. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-61492686866968975232011-04-07T11:21:00.003+01:002011-04-07T15:45:27.455+01:00Question 7 - Evaluation - What have you learned about technologies from the process of constructing this product?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dw5hAWB8C7Nek5Vhqnn6ff8PhRDz9CMvua79nZ05CDymOPqV2wzJpNWPc26M13GLZNrS7867OP4WNqJunXTmQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div>candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-10475224506737936592011-04-07T10:20:00.013+01:002011-04-07T14:42:57.435+01:00EVALUATION - Looking back at your preliminary task, What do you feel you have learned in the progresssion from it to the full product?If you look back at our preliminary work you can see that we have developed a lot. Our general skills with the programs and editing improved because of our experience with our prelim which has made us create a very good thriller opening.<br /><div><br /></div><div>Here is our Prelim<br /><br /></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwenSFw1_JiD_LEs2HmlBnsb0rZAzZLHIS_XoVaHNCX5_aIfqKBCVaFrxhEe9RNIxRXoxSjOrcLIr3W4CoWyg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div>And here is our final Thriller opening<br /><br /><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dz_mmFcLOBnC_U9cndjN3DOsImMj1_b2dmqQjpB7EzKefrihTVfYpfcZy-wrzr_Eih7GEZvIy0UHC7PVVNU8Q' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div>As you can see there is a massive difference between the two clips. <br />The music we used in the prelim doesn't sound relevant to the clip and it also just begins suddenly which doesn't sound good while in our Thriller opening we have it gradually come in but still fast, we change tempo of soundtrack so it matches the events happening in the clip. You can see a massive improvement in our skills using Soundtrack Pro.<br /><br />The opening in our thriller opening fades in so that it looks more professional while in our prelim the movie just starts making it look very rough. This also happens at the end of the prelim, the movie just finishes while in our thriller opening we fade it out making it look more effective and more clean.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxeZhZ7_wAzxBajYdSKB2tv533534g01U5vV5c1o5wySqT9khW1lZvp_yD-taVHQG3qSmTu3mClIg3wyHDGgw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">How the prelim just starts off without a fade effect</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwbj2GTAK-WjHQa93UHlhL-96WaZDYYfnV9TfubXFZeO9m77iYAfpU5W-J3q7do9XiScUeFgK5mtz6agZ0o_g' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">The fade out of our Thriller opening at the end</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">In our prelim you see there's no titles making it look very dull. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">In our Thriller opening we made sure that we can use the titles in the best way possible, we chose the text size, font and colour that we thought would make the opening the best possible.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Mise en scene is a very important section when not only filming but also planning. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">In our prelim there is no mise en scene in our prelim, this is because we didn't plan very much when doing it. In our Thriller opening you can see that we paid much attention to the mise en scene. In the scene when I spot Jem across the road i was wearing a headset and also had a newspaper and also a bottle of water. We also used the bottle to enthuses how important the shot was when I realised who Jem was by dropping it in slow motion. Also i knock out Jem in the car park with a little pole, this is again part of the mise en scene. When we see Jem trying to escape he some kind of lock which he escapes from, he then knocks we out with a different pole.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">We put a lot of thought in our mise en scene to make the opening as much tense as possible. Also the mise en scene helps us identify what type of characters they are.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">We also improved in our team work skills as the project went on. We communicated with each other much better explaining our thoughts and ideas to improve the opening as much as possible.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">We put a lot of thought in how to make the audience interact with our opening, making them feel the emotions the characters are going through, anger, love and hatred.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Here are another persons feedback for our Thriller opening</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"> <iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dz3xDiEKGKhSglNO5oO1mz6rCCGdhZiPfiSy4QomVOsE5DQbk0bLVUU_3BCwy4OaX4C1PF1JtCzQT2qhLRJ2g' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-17061412681107593252011-04-06T19:11:00.001+01:002011-04-06T19:11:53.303+01:00EVALUATION Q 4&5)- What kind of media institution might distrivute your media product and why? How will you attract/address your audience?<div style="text-align: center;">Our film is a low budget movie, that would be released mainly over the Internet. onto sites such as facebook and vimeo so people can watch and tell their Friends about our film. </div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-41-31_XdA_4/TZyImofX41I/AAAAAAAALVk/pc0ZzNyUvVw/s1600/5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="350" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-41-31_XdA_4/TZyImofX41I/AAAAAAAALVk/pc0ZzNyUvVw/s400/5.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.grassrootsoccer.org/wp-content/uploads/youtube-logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="141" src="http://www.grassrootsoccer.org/wp-content/uploads/youtube-logo.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br /><br /><a href="http://www.fever18.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/ipad-app-vimeo-video-sharing.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="120" src="http://www.fever18.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/03/ipad-app-vimeo-video-sharing.png" width="200" /></a><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/hRgwWDX6nbY?feature=player_embedded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">This is a piece of work done by other students from another college, they had the same instructions as us and also made a thriller opening. It has been put onto YouTube and has 103,400 views and still counting. By putting it onto YouTube it has been able to be shared and enjoyed by people around the world, this shows that the Internet can be a powerful tool with the right guidance and usage. Their piece of work was probably also placed on their blogs and sites like vimeo first and we will try to follow the same pattern as them. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Our film has been placed on vimeo and facebook and has been watched by 200 people at a small local cinema, it will also be made and released onto 200DVDs. But by placing it on the Internet it could get a lot more views and possible get out to a global audience. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><a href="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Screen_on_the_green_1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="253" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Screen_on_the_green_1.jpg" width="320" /></a><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div>candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-45087039645463509232011-04-05T22:35:00.003+01:002011-04-06T12:29:43.702+01:00EVALUATION Q3) Who would be the audience for your media product?<div style="text-align: center;">The target audience for our film is mainly middle aged white British males between the ages of 22-50. As our film is in the genre of thriller/gangster, I believe that it will attract an older audience as it is for a more mature person as their would be a lot of swearing and violence in the film and wouldn't be for the faint hearted. Moreover as it is set in London it will be more targeted for people from London. I believe it will also be more of a film for the working man class, not so much middle class as it is not a the most intellectual film around, however some may still enjoy it and watch it. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">I have comprised a fictional person, and have put together a montage of pictures of things that would relate to his life. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.mickyflanagan.com/Resources/micky1-1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://www.mickyflanagan.com/Resources/micky1-1.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://blog.insurancefactory.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/black-cab-in-london-lrg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="131" src="http://blog.insurancefactory.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/black-cab-in-london-lrg.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="http://blog.insurancefactory.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/04/black-cab-in-london-lrg.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/41371000/gif/_41371721_west_ham_150.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/41371000/gif/_41371721_west_ham_150.gif" /></a><img border="0" height="320" src="http://www.mickyflanagan.com/Resources/micky1-1.jpeg" width="209" /><a href="http://www.genre.fsnet.co.uk/brewery/bitter/pint.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://www.genre.fsnet.co.uk/brewery/bitter/pint.jpg" width="165" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><br /><div style="text-align: left;">This is Gary Hooper, he is your average working class man of the east end. he works as a black taxi driver. doesn't like his job, but it pays the bills. He supports West Ham and goes to watch them every home game and the odd away. He enjoys a drink with his mates down the pub every Saturday night. Also likes to go to the cinema with his wife occasionally. </div>candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-81361596371120329862011-04-04T23:35:00.001+01:002011-04-07T09:43:38.882+01:00EVALUATION - In what way does your media product use, develop or challenge forms and conventions of real media products?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zjHZYlFSFfE/TZo5qcvcbwI/AAAAAAAAKwg/QdhbEfT9BaQ/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: black;"></span></a><span style="color: black;"> Many of our shots were influenced by shots we had scene from other media sources, many from films but also from advertisements and music videos </span><img border="0" height="400" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zjHZYlFSFfE/TZo5qcvcbwI/AAAAAAAAKwg/QdhbEfT9BaQ/s640/1.jpg" width="640" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--8HiR_gf9Ys/TZo6Nfawn7I/AAAAAAAAKwk/Qn8SX6uGmYU/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="250" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/--8HiR_gf9Ys/TZo6Nfawn7I/AAAAAAAAKwk/Qn8SX6uGmYU/s400/2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/iHozLw6f5rI?feature=player_embedded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div>Above is our opening establishment shots we used. we used a random moving shot of a man so the audience could get a good perspective of the location our film was set in. the location being London, we thought by having a moving shot of the street it would engage the audience to the norm of the street and how things move by quickly in London by switching to another shot of something else. It also shows the business of an urban environment. the shot also moves from a wide and distance focus on to the individual. As you can see, similar shots were used in the advertisement for Chrysler.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uClrnVC1UkQ/TZSIRdv-QEI/AAAAAAAAJzM/ybpaYHskZHk/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+14.58.25.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uClrnVC1UkQ/TZSIRdv-QEI/AAAAAAAAJzM/ybpaYHskZHk/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+14.58.25.png" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AIut2DytjNY/TZSISb8JouI/AAAAAAAAJzQ/0wzCtmh5VQk/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+14.58.14.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="231" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AIut2DytjNY/TZSISb8JouI/AAAAAAAAJzQ/0wzCtmh5VQk/s320/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+14.58.14.png" width="320" /></a></div>This shot above is from the bathroom scene, we used this shot because we saw a similar one from the movie stepfather. In the stepfather it showed that the person was not mentally sane because he had all of his tools lined up perfectly. We used this in ours as well but with different tools, this was intertextuality to also show that our character was not mentally sane either. We wished we could have used better tools as these ones look very workman like, however it is all we had and we improvised and personally believed it worked. <br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-foUOeHVKRBI/TZpFg9dLqXI/AAAAAAAAKxg/JtSlt80WaJ8/s1600/4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-foUOeHVKRBI/TZpFg9dLqXI/AAAAAAAAKxg/JtSlt80WaJ8/s320/4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-K5UB88u7vwg/TZpETvulNSI/AAAAAAAAKxc/W-cAE3UTs3o/s1600/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-K5UB88u7vwg/TZpETvulNSI/AAAAAAAAKxc/W-cAE3UTs3o/s320/3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br />The image above is our scene when our main character gets punched, their is a very similar scene in the film kick ass where he gets captured, like in our film, and then punched and beat up violently. We used elements of this in our shot, as you can see it is the same camera angle and motion of punching. However in ours we have added a title because ours is an opening.candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-24845331460013322702011-04-04T16:24:00.003+01:002011-04-07T15:05:24.821+01:00Evaluation: Question 4&5- How will you attract audience<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fSPqt6WTmQc/TZnefp6LSiI/AAAAAAAAKng/W66gHQcNZ-M/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-04-04+at+16.06.02.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fSPqt6WTmQc/TZnefp6LSiI/AAAAAAAAKng/W66gHQcNZ-M/s320/Screen+shot+2011-04-04+at+16.06.02.png" width="213" /></a></div><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rYLlPMYo18Q/TZngOfxMF7I/AAAAAAAAKoM/diuKJhjrBPk/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-04-04+at+16.14.16.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="261" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rYLlPMYo18Q/TZngOfxMF7I/AAAAAAAAKoM/diuKJhjrBPk/s400/Screen+shot+2011-04-04+at+16.14.16.png" width="400" /></a><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div>If we were to market this film as a gigantic cinematic release, one of the key ways of marketing would be through physical means. these could be posters as shown above. i have contrasted the mass marketing of 007 james bond posters with our own counterpart with our main protagonist.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-o7svLnRf2mg/TZne43RUA4I/AAAAAAAAKns/G1-DE5yujxE/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-04-04+at+16.08.17.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="272" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-o7svLnRf2mg/TZne43RUA4I/AAAAAAAAKns/G1-DE5yujxE/s320/Screen+shot+2011-04-04+at+16.08.17.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />We would also consider using billboards as part of our huge marketing campaign. they would be placed in city centres and places like airports just like they are used here for the james bond film.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-P4IosxAmmWU/TZnegTe5BrI/AAAAAAAAKno/WBdxwAdxF3k/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-04-04+at+16.06.52.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-P4IosxAmmWU/TZnegTe5BrI/AAAAAAAAKno/WBdxwAdxF3k/s320/Screen+shot+2011-04-04+at+16.06.52.png" width="265" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: -webkit-auto;">We would also consider using press as part of our campaign. we would incorporate strategies already used successfully by big blockbusters like front page covers of magazines and newspapers.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Kq7jPhvG4gg/TZnieyH6Q1I/AAAAAAAAKp4/AdTtCX4dWg8/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-04-04+at+16.23.38.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="253" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Kq7jPhvG4gg/TZnieyH6Q1I/AAAAAAAAKp4/AdTtCX4dWg8/s320/Screen+shot+2011-04-04+at+16.23.38.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-40nlZOlz300/TZnifdB-7fI/AAAAAAAAKp8/iFkvF1ZMVHY/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-04-04+at+16.23.56.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="208" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-40nlZOlz300/TZnifdB-7fI/AAAAAAAAKp8/iFkvF1ZMVHY/s320/Screen+shot+2011-04-04+at+16.23.56.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: -webkit-auto;">Finally we will consider a nationwide release by showcasing our product in large cinemas like odeon and vue and other large cinema complexed once we have our premier in leicester square just like the bond film did above so kit could it generate significant interest before we expand </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: -webkit-auto;"><br /></div>candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-22365570074074616922011-04-04T14:10:00.002+01:002011-04-07T15:46:30.917+01:00Question 2 - Evaluation - How does your media product represent particular social groups?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.youtube.com/embed/8qcMQ7Db5ag?feature=player_embedded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div><br />Above is the opening of Action Thriller film "The Transporter" the films protagonist is Jason Statham, an actor known depicting hard-hitting, London criminals in film. Jason Statham and his wealth of leading bad boy roles provided key characteristics of what we wanted our lead character of our thriller opening to be like. We modeled our costume and narration on Jason Statham films, and he was a key intertextuality reference when consulting on representing the social group of London criminals.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwicmtvxT6Eg46_wyLNa_-t4lnI14EPhI3YdQNuL-RgdRh1-QYU57ZZYMAccOYf9QQE_TtfTka6PPbY3y-52w' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div><br />Above is a video I have filmed, garnering my fellow students depiciton of what they think is a typical "London Criminal". From evaluating their responses I can see that automatically their response as teenagers was that a "London Criminal" is a teenager, wearing a hoodie and brandishing a knife. We have made a conscious decision as a group to challenge this social stereotypical view of teenagers being hooded criminals, by making our lead - a London criminal himself - being a middle class Londoner, sporting expensive clothing to try and challenge the view of what a London criminal is.<br /><br />Interestingly one of my classmates said of how the media represents criminals in a very specific way, and made a reference to specific wealth groups and races - most specifically Black Britons.candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-56695900884508498022011-04-04T13:16:00.003+01:002011-04-04T14:01:46.177+01:00EVALUATION - What kind of media institution might describe your media product and why? How will you attract/address your audience?<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="390" src="http://www.youtube.com/embed/CZO8tAC2bd8" title="YouTube video player" width="640"></iframe><br /><br />Here is a successful movie made by another student. Although it is not a opening like ours it shows how popular a video made by students can be.<br />So far the video has 280,074 views with <span class="watch-likes-dislikes"><span class="likes">2,922</span> likes and <span class="dislikes">313</span> dislikes. </span><br /><span class="watch-likes-dislikes">This shows that you don't need much money or famous people to have a good movie. </span><br /><span class="watch-likes-dislikes"><br /></span><br /><span class="watch-likes-dislikes">We have put our video on Vimeo which is a well-known for its independent productions.</span><br />Our video has also been uploaded on to Facebook and Youtube so we can see people's reactions and how well it does on these well-known sites. The internet is a fantastic way to distribute a small production because it will allow many more people to view it very easily. It is a easy way of trying to get your film out there but there is also a lot of competition.<br /><br />We was involved with Candi studios which is a small independent studio when making our thriller opening. Because we was with a small independent studio we had a low budget which meant we had bigger chances of not fulfilling some ideas, although it is a small independent studio they have very good equipment which is really useful.<br /><br />Our movie will be shown in a local cinema as it is not a massive production. After being shown in the cinema there will be 200 DVD's realsed.candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-44799695260828939942011-04-04T13:16:00.001+01:002011-04-04T13:16:47.845+01:00EVALUATION Q2) how does your media product represent particular social groups?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-H5OjGjy_AAQ/TZRTiWZ3v0I/AAAAAAAAJoM/UcWflQW37oc/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+11.10.25.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="265" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-H5OjGjy_AAQ/TZRTiWZ3v0I/AAAAAAAAJoM/UcWflQW37oc/s320/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+11.10.25.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-aSDRiAwZwqU/TZRTjGiByoI/AAAAAAAAJoQ/uHYLxTqt3rA/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+11.08.51.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="136" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-aSDRiAwZwqU/TZRTjGiByoI/AAAAAAAAJoQ/uHYLxTqt3rA/s320/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+11.08.51.png" width="320" /></a></div><a href="http://www.pyroradio.com/images/uploaded/danny-dyer-business-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="http://www.pyroradio.com/images/uploaded/danny-dyer-business-2.jpg" width="320" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />These images capture our social group of the film. you can see the similarities between the three. First of all they all have very similar denotations. such as, black hair, white, with facial hair. However the character in our film is a bit younger than the other two, but still is the same sort of character with a similar personality and demeanor. We made our character to be like Jason Statham and danny dier so he is easily recognisable as a hard man gangster who doesent mess around. we done this so that the audience can easily recognise our character and he wouldent need a whole story background with him for the audience to understand him. This was our social group that we made easily recognisable.candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-5888544522472262942011-04-03T20:00:00.002+01:002011-04-07T14:08:07.546+01:00EVALUATION - Audience feedback and commentAfter viewing me and my groups thriller opening we got many comments back.<br /><br />We had many positive feedback from our thriller opening.<br /><br />The slow motion used at the begining is very good<br />Th tilt shot used at 1:19 is very impressive, also shows the setting in a fantastic way<br />The voice over used matched the actions in the opening, an example of this is when the narration says "then he penny dropped" the bottle in the characters hand drops at the same time.<br />We got many positive feedback for the accent used in the opening.<br />The titles looks very professional because of the size and font used.<br /><br /><br />Even tho we got many positive feedback we did have some negative feedback. We got told that there was too much going on for an opening, the opening looks more like a short movie because they are not sure what will happen next.<br /><br />Our original target audience was young men (around 18-25) but the feedback we got suggested that the audience is more for older men (around 30-40).<br /><br />Although our sub genre was action we did get told it felt like a gangster movie due to the accent used for the character, but the footage in the opening did make it feel like an thriller-action movie.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5So_BVGTg-k/TZjDz6av6II/AAAAAAAAKZc/zgipN7QBzKE/s1600/wordle.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="199" r6="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5So_BVGTg-k/TZjDz6av6II/AAAAAAAAKZc/zgipN7QBzKE/s320/wordle.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /><br />Here is some of the feedback i recorded <br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxSeHfplLTRpkr_HWFLUB86Tt3V5BmCFyH5KbJ843-WGIfWI-Zv7jpKwOn8nB67_qUnp74HLgBvHTjb4s06EQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzJDyBB6TZ5WO1_qnzsYim4Yz5vEsZBNeI9RUphyqepdcBxxIXAuDlNvfa6X_aOt331y3BgupBGlbcmgRyBaw' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div>candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-23401496251505781702011-04-03T18:33:00.001+01:002011-04-04T12:22:28.183+01:00EVALUATION - Who would be the audience for your media product?Here is a montage of images i have put together to show what i think my target audience will be carrying with them.<br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QYtDeKj87zU/TZimaz9zlBI/AAAAAAAAKXQ/6e6FvetI04c/s1600/wallet+with+cash.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="214" r6="true" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QYtDeKj87zU/TZimaz9zlBI/AAAAAAAAKXQ/6e6FvetI04c/s320/wallet+with+cash.jpg" width="320" /></a><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4tab9mraR0A/TZiqgWDDoWI/AAAAAAAAKXg/dcvcHNiz_j4/s1600/1million.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" r6="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-4tab9mraR0A/TZiqgWDDoWI/AAAAAAAAKXg/dcvcHNiz_j4/s200/1million.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ALqk8iqHQyI/TZiqVJ5mxmI/AAAAAAAAKXc/DvAlHVRp8t8/s1600/rolex.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" r6="true" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ALqk8iqHQyI/TZiqVJ5mxmI/AAAAAAAAKXc/DvAlHVRp8t8/s200/rolex.jpg" width="173" /></a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zQAL5zLE4_c/TZioenrJNHI/AAAAAAAAKXY/fkzufixFTxY/s1600/fitness+first+card.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" r6="true" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zQAL5zLE4_c/TZioenrJNHI/AAAAAAAAKXY/fkzufixFTxY/s200/fitness+first+card.jpg" width="200" /></a><img border="0" height="320" r6="true" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-qOUyX1TilOQ/TZilZv2N8gI/AAAAAAAAKXE/CyEpVICYO1o/s320/apple-iphone.gif" width="192" /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">David, 22, a young attractive sales assistant who loves to look good, shops in Topman and Moss.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Average day for David:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Wake up, get ready and go gym</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">After gym get ready for work</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">After work hang out with friends</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Go home and do a little workout</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Watch tv and go sleep</div>candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-38256494303868776852011-03-31T15:03:00.008+01:002011-04-07T11:45:16.447+01:00Evaluation Question 1-In what ways does your media product use, develop or challenge conventions of real media products?<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><strong>Our media film is quite similar to a lot opening sequences whether they be independent film to blockbusters to even music videos.</strong></span><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-CZdgVxomtrU/TZSEHNdeVFI/AAAAAAAAJyw/9cr5C8IsKkA/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+14.36.00.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="110" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-CZdgVxomtrU/TZSEHNdeVFI/AAAAAAAAJyw/9cr5C8IsKkA/s200/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+14.36.00.png" width="200" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MYc76HNf3X0/TZSEFAqdQLI/AAAAAAAAJys/RHBxYnHgAY4/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+14.36.55.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="112" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MYc76HNf3X0/TZSEFAqdQLI/AAAAAAAAJys/RHBxYnHgAY4/s200/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+14.36.55.png" width="200" /></a></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;">For the opening establishment shots we sourced from the video for Jay Z ft Alicia keys song New York. We fell in love with the shot immediately and we flipped it an used it showcase our vision for the gritty London scenes our film was attempting to portray.</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;">we directly mimicked the spilt screen shots to the best of our ability and we replaced them with London counterparts as you can see above. This use of intertextuality was necessary in helping our audience understand that this is a thriller.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-r2yyEkZ45JM/TZSHl07hyKI/AAAAAAAAJzI/eBevtECUe3U/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+14.55.55.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="140" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-r2yyEkZ45JM/TZSHl07hyKI/AAAAAAAAJzI/eBevtECUe3U/s200/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+14.55.55.png" width="200" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KHG8m3EhUfA/TZSHMtcpr9I/AAAAAAAAJzE/Cxjb1PL_jJo/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+14.52.38.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="114" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-KHG8m3EhUfA/TZSHMtcpr9I/AAAAAAAAJzE/Cxjb1PL_jJo/s200/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+14.52.38.png" width="200" /></a></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;">The shot below is a shot from the car chase scene in the James Bond film Die Another Day.</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;">We liked the fact that the shot was angled so it could capture the front of the car while it was being chased. so we managed to pull of our shot by shooting from behind the bus since we never had the logistics help available to us that this blockbuster film did. We used the shot of the white BMW in kings cross and placed it as part of the establishments of the gritty London our film was portraying. The use of intertexuality here helped the audience understand and relate this thriller to the other thriller referenced here.</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span> </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uClrnVC1UkQ/TZSIRdv-QEI/AAAAAAAAJzM/ybpaYHskZHk/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+14.58.25.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="116" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uClrnVC1UkQ/TZSIRdv-QEI/AAAAAAAAJzM/ybpaYHskZHk/s200/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+14.58.25.png" width="200" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AIut2DytjNY/TZSISb8JouI/AAAAAAAAJzQ/0wzCtmh5VQk/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+14.58.14.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="144" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AIut2DytjNY/TZSISb8JouI/AAAAAAAAJzQ/0wzCtmh5VQk/s200/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+14.58.14.png" width="200" /></a></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;">This shot as you can see is the ever familiar panning shot used in the film Stepfathers. We mimicked it directly to the best of our ability since the safety risk concerned if we were to used much more sharper objects. So we used a couple of tools and placed them in a white tile to show the contrast. this clear intertexual reference helped the audience understand that this is a thriller as well.</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xER4y7fif84/TZSIlx-NEJI/AAAAAAAAJzY/12d7XuyfoBY/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+14.59.50.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xER4y7fif84/TZSIlx-NEJI/AAAAAAAAJzY/12d7XuyfoBY/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+14.59.50.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="113" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-xER4y7fif84/TZSIlx-NEJI/AAAAAAAAJzY/12d7XuyfoBY/s200/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+14.59.50.png" width="200" /></a><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EL_Hs1rXq4c/TZSIlI4MF_I/AAAAAAAAJzU/Mu4WY_HH-ao/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+14.59.58.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="112" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-EL_Hs1rXq4c/TZSIlI4MF_I/AAAAAAAAJzU/Mu4WY_HH-ao/s200/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+14.59.58.png" width="200" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial;">This shot of jem being hit by asilhan above while the camera colour turns to grey and freezes was semi sourced from the shot below. this shot below was used in the film snatch which is a guy Ritchie film about the gritty streets of London and we felt it appropriate to use a shot as unique as that since we shared many elements with the film it was originally sourced from. this is the most clearest intertexual reference we used in our film to tell our audience that our film was a thriller like snatch</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"> </span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GeQXKGWrzIw/TZSJk8s8ZCI/AAAAAAAAJzc/BiuR6mYKyMg/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+15.04.15.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="145" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-GeQXKGWrzIw/TZSJk8s8ZCI/AAAAAAAAJzc/BiuR6mYKyMg/s200/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+15.04.15.png" width="200" /></a></div><br /><div><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-F9l2vROkAKc/TZSJmBwCGnI/AAAAAAAAJzg/9rzC09r1RTI/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+15.02.58.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-F9l2vROkAKc/TZSJmBwCGnI/AAAAAAAAJzg/9rzC09r1RTI/s200/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+15.02.58.png" width="185" /></a><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif;"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />This shot of jem while sitting on edge of the bed but with Rebbecca in the scene sitting at other end of the bed behind him is directly sourced from this famous shot of diddy marketing his new fragrance. I came across this shot by mere luck. i was researching famous bedroom shots in google when this result came up. the caption was totally different to what it was originally meant to be and had 'wake up in the morning feeling like p diddy' these referencing lyrics to the famous kesha song tik tok.</span></div>candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-38915154072387694712011-03-31T12:41:00.002+01:002011-04-07T15:47:08.044+01:00Question 1 - Evaluation - CORRECTED UPLOAD - In what ways does your media product use, develop or challenge forms and conventions of real media products?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dxxgHMipOZ9jjTJt23EOAQ0AuUqIsdH2X-McovrwxnQvJTNUFwb23rxNqMXiYo86q_VSrBTzsn20ccpKqocug' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Above is our thriller film opening that we have submitted for our AS grade - in this altered edit, I have used Final Cut Pro to insert the intertextuality and inspiration we used for our opening sequence. In this alternate edit of our opening, I have placed the various films and/or videos that inspired our film opening.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">This alternate edit demonstrates how we channeled the codes and conventions of thriller film openings. In the first intertextual reference in the top-right corner of the screen. I have uploaded a scene where split screen editing used within a thriller film opening. The inserted reference shows a tram passing through at two different times in the day, we used this idea of split screening during an opening for our thriller opening. We cropped our establishment shots and placed them beside each other to create the split screen effect.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Establishment shots are a key element of thriller film openings. Establishment shots provide an indication to the location of the opening of your film, and can be key determining factors of the plot. We used this code and convection of establishment shots and combined it with split-screen editing.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The second codes and conventions reference I have placed in this alternate edit of our thriller film opening, is the identification shots of the lead character of the thriller. For this we used a tracking shot of the lead character driving a car - in our case the BMW. Displaying and showing your lead character within the beginning moments of your thriller opening is a key form, code and convention of thriller openings, which we have used in our thriller opening.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The following codes and conventions reference within this alternate edit of our thriller opening, is a scene from "A Christmas Story" a french thriller. The opening scene I have inserted from the film shows a silhouette of the villain. We have used this idea of keeping a key character of the films identity hidden within the opening in our thriller opening, by applying a blurred effect to our camera and using brightness/contrasts settings in editing we have hidden our kidnappers identity until later on in the opening.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The closing code and conventions reference applied within this alternate edit of our thriller opening, is the opening sequence of Thriller film staple Guy Ritchie and his film "Snatch". In "Snatch"'s opening, key characters of the film morph into a freeze frame snapshot to highlight their significance to the film openings plot. We have developed this key thriller code and convention and used freeze frame snapshots to highlight key points within our thriller opening, as opposed to highlighting and introducing key characters.</div>candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-80773010079006469652011-03-31T12:18:00.000+01:002011-03-31T12:18:12.265+01:00In what ways does your media product use, develop or challenge forms and conventions of real media products?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dzK8ErGB7yphOsdG9ZGyQoiNR5L6NTCrQWoV84Qp1yY4PK5Dc2T7_VuIgXzhlEGB2Hg2JA7mqv8O-cZaBU_eg' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div>candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-64808464142135283502011-03-31T12:16:00.006+01:002011-04-03T17:33:30.421+01:00EVALUATION - In what way does your media product use, develop or challenge forms and conventions of real media products?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Here are a few shots from our opening scene, comparing them with other movie openings.<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uqrHZohq9Y0/TZRgoRMlRAI/AAAAAAAAJuY/YYzf8TiXetg/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+11.38.27.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none; text-align: left;"><br /><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IbqYdRE54Mw/TZRg2pT1PjI/AAAAAAAAJus/qamBccl4tI0/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+12.07.17.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; cssfloat: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-IbqYdRE54Mw/TZRg2pT1PjI/AAAAAAAAJus/qamBccl4tI0/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+12.07.17.png" /></a></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br /></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br /></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br /></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br /></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br /></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br /></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br /></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br /></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br /></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br /></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br /></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;">Here is a birds-eye view shot of equipment from the movie Stepfather, underneath is our birds-eye view shot of our own equipment.</div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br /></div><div style="border-bottom: medium none; border-left: medium none; border-right: medium none; border-top: medium none;"><br /></div></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uqrHZohq9Y0/TZRgoRMlRAI/AAAAAAAAJuY/YYzf8TiXetg/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+11.38.27.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="208" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-uqrHZohq9Y0/TZRgoRMlRAI/AAAAAAAAJuY/YYzf8TiXetg/s320/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+11.38.27.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Our birds-eye view shot.<br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uR6fGAYO6Bo/TZRgoxtPLlI/AAAAAAAAJug/OAImLLDqLII/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+12.02.26.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uR6fGAYO6Bo/TZRgoxtPLlI/AAAAAAAAJug/OAImLLDqLII/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+12.02.26.png" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Here is a split screen effect from a youtube movie, we also have used the same effect showing that there is not only one thing you should be paying attention to.<br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LqiUmSzuzwI/TZRgomu27PI/AAAAAAAAJuc/aEeP0jASE8k/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+12.02.19.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LqiUmSzuzwI/TZRgomu27PI/AAAAAAAAJuc/aEeP0jASE8k/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+12.02.19.png" /></a></div><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />Here is our split-screen shot.<br /><br /><br /><br /><img border="0" height="169" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5GjURIpdJzM/TZRgpY_tRtI/AAAAAAAAJuo/f04JR1KNwKM/s320/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+12.05.33.png" width="320" /><br /><br />This is a shot from the movie snatch. This is the opening scene, when characters are shown there is a still image with their name on the screen. This is to show the audience that these are important moments in the movie.<br /><br /><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; color: black;"></span><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-a6h0D7y_svk/TZRgpJ9FrRI/AAAAAAAAJuk/TgEJmkszDog/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+12.02.41.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; display: inline !important; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="179" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-a6h0D7y_svk/TZRgpJ9FrRI/AAAAAAAAJuk/TgEJmkszDog/s320/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+12.02.41.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">This is our shot, we freeze the screen when there is an important shot, this is to show that these actions are very important.</div>candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-48744391263302322772011-03-31T12:14:00.006+01:002011-04-07T12:13:39.744+01:00Evaluation Question 3 - Audience for my product<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5zA-x97MclA/TZRf2EgetII/AAAAAAAAJuQ/Zmvp7IlkfsA/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+12.06.13.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="165" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-5zA-x97MclA/TZRf2EgetII/AAAAAAAAJuQ/Zmvp7IlkfsA/s200/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+12.06.13.png" width="200" /></a><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-F9lGRywXw78/TZRcbT4zJ0I/AAAAAAAAJso/nSu8dOhn6ZE/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+11.49.10.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="177" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-F9lGRywXw78/TZRcbT4zJ0I/AAAAAAAAJso/nSu8dOhn6ZE/s200/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+11.49.10.png" width="200" /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="-webkit-text-decorations-in-effect: none; color: black;"></span></a></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Zymr6gr9tlc/TZRhMKgLj6I/AAAAAAAAJu4/dag2eh81Bag/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+12.11.47.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Zymr6gr9tlc/TZRhMKgLj6I/AAAAAAAAJu4/dag2eh81Bag/s200/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+12.11.47.png" width="169" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><u>Who would be my audience?</u></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1QCJjSvFxJA/TZRcrRH7fKI/AAAAAAAAJtE/ghGo1rDgqzw/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+11.52.52.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VsO8DgXjpLU/TZRcc5344LI/AAAAAAAAJs0/jeuM-MUBEqw/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+11.46.33.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="107" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VsO8DgXjpLU/TZRcc5344LI/AAAAAAAAJs0/jeuM-MUBEqw/s200/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+11.46.33.png" width="200" /></a><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sJA3QG9pnyE/TZRcdlffnKI/AAAAAAAAJs4/_24GuvsFDuM/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+11.45.10.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-sJA3QG9pnyE/TZRcdlffnKI/AAAAAAAAJs4/_24GuvsFDuM/s200/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+11.45.10.png" width="200" /></a></div><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1QCJjSvFxJA/TZRcrRH7fKI/AAAAAAAAJtE/ghGo1rDgqzw/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+11.52.52.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> </a><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-W-FQwTxH0Pc/TZRdx8SHYsI/AAAAAAAAJtk/m6qSH6KjL3w/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+11.57.28.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="148" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-W-FQwTxH0Pc/TZRdx8SHYsI/AAAAAAAAJtk/m6qSH6KjL3w/s200/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+11.57.28.png" width="200" /></a><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-O3J3mDbpYNY/TZRccGu1bII/AAAAAAAAJss/RRCMS0JRlsM/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+11.47.46.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-O3J3mDbpYNY/TZRccGu1bII/AAAAAAAAJss/RRCMS0JRlsM/s200/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+11.47.46.png" width="165" /></a><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1QCJjSvFxJA/TZRcrRH7fKI/AAAAAAAAJtE/ghGo1rDgqzw/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+11.52.52.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-1QCJjSvFxJA/TZRcrRH7fKI/AAAAAAAAJtE/ghGo1rDgqzw/s200/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+11.52.52.png" style="cursor: move;" width="136" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">A day in the life of my average target audience will consist of may activities:</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">6.30-7.30 get up, jog for a mile, go home shower, get ready for work</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">8.00-12.00 work as trainer for youth football academy till lunch</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">12.00-1.00 get a sandwich from local deli and meet up wtih collegeues</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">1.00-3.00 go to primary schools and help coach kids during their p.e lessons</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">3.00- 6.00 go to gym after work for daily workout</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">6.00-6.30 go home, shower get ready to go pub </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">7.00-9.00 get to pub and stay for only 2 hours if its a weekday then get home</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwqN0fUBthHIVCpJKFKtCcL6W5dTzz6jydfoCvV5pxkKrQWJcvnSRVH5qOJjRpv7hyZwPrWlKN6OfxH8ClFiQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">The above video was constructed by Jerome Holder, a member of my group.</div>candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-685986035902980835.post-4631072952641724742011-03-31T11:47:00.005+01:002011-04-03T17:26:11.329+01:00EVALUATION - How does your media product represent particular social groups?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">This is a shot from the movie Stepfather</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowFullScreen='true' webkitallowfullscreen='true' mozallowfullscreen='true' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dwwLvG_qDc143nT6pVid-Z2vGmj3e_s-HcBQggh8Q2ye7b5t3LkY5EESdNO91ZQUbIQzUYzXRpzZw9TGWPTZQ' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' FRAMEBORDER='0' /><i><b><u></u></b></i></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">This is a shot from our movie</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Eb_02cJhiII/TZRaSXse1wI/AAAAAAAAJr8/HaDjkuOqFsk/s1600/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+11.38.27.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="208" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Eb_02cJhiII/TZRaSXse1wI/AAAAAAAAJr8/HaDjkuOqFsk/s320/Screen+shot+2011-03-31+at+11.38.27.png" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Here you can see that we have a similar shot from Stepfather, both shots are tracking shots showing equipment. These show that the character is obsessive compulsive. Also shows that the character is pleased with his work. As you can see we do not have the same tools as they do in Stepfather this is due to our plot. In Stepfather the man's equipment is for his appearance while our shot is fixing tools.</div>candiasmedia11http://www.blogger.com/profile/03427633413810146899noreply@blogger.com0
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Much has been made about the injuries New England has gone through—some have even discredited Denver's thrilling overtime win because the Patriots were missing key players. Granted, the Pats were without some key players—and that certainly played a role in Denver's win—but that's not a good enough reason to downplay the Broncos victory.
Has everyone forgotten that Denver also lost starters T.J. Ward, Louis Vasquez, and Sylvester Williams during Sunday Night Football? Guard Evan Mathis wasn't supposed to play, either, but was forced into the lineup because of Vasquez's injury.
Injuries are part of the game, and no team is immune to them.
This year, Denver has lost four-time Pro Bowl tackle Ryan Clady, fill-in rookie starter Ty Sambrailo, promising rookie tight end Jeff Heuerman, and projected punt returner Kyle Williams to the injured reserve list.
In addition to Ward, Vasquez, Williams, Clady, Sambrailo, Heuerman, and Williams, Denver was also without eight-time Pro Bowler DeMarcus Ware and future Hall of Fame quarterback Peyton Manning for SNF.
Everybody deals with injuries.
In 2013, Denver lost two centers (Dan Koppen and J.D. Walton), superstar cornerback Chris Harris Jr., starting safety Rahim Moore, starting defensive linemen Derek Wolfe and Kevin Vickerson, Pro Bowl linebacker Von Miller, and Clady. And they still reached the Super Bowl.
Granted, Denver was smashed by Seattle in Super Bowl XLVIII, but few—if any—pundits chalked it up to Denver missing key players due to injuries. Seattle was the better team, and they played a better game.
On SNF, Denver was the better team, and they played a better game.
Don't discredit them for injuries.
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Stories for March 16th 2018
European Union (EU) finance ministers have added the Bahamas, the US Virgin Islands and St Kitts and Nevis to a tax haven blacklist, while removing St Lucia from the list. And Trinidad and Tobago remains on the list which was created last December.
The leaders of France, Germany, the US and UK say there is “no plausible alternative explanation” to Russia having been behind the nerve agent attack in the UK. They condemned the “first offensive use of a nerve agent in Europe since the Second World War”, calling it an assault on UK sovereignty.
Argentina plans to increase natural gas exports to Chile, helping to encourage production growth in the giant Vaca Muerta shale play, while importing supplies from that country to meet peak demand, Energy Minister Juan Jose Aranguren said on Thursday.
Argentine President Mauricio Macri said the government would provide some debt relief to farmers struggling through what he described as the country’s worst drought in 40 years, which has resulted in dramatic cuts to soybean and corn crop outlooks.
Argentina's Rosario Grains Exchange slashed 14% off its forecast for the country's soy crop on Thursday, saying a drought now in its fourth month would limit the harvest to 40 million tons versus its previous estimate of 46.5 million. Argentina has been suffering dry weather since last November.
British Chancellor Philip Hammond and Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson are scheduled to visit Argentina as part of the G20 ministerial round of meetings in coming weeks, announced UK ambassador Mark Kent following talks on Thursday with foreign minister Jorge Faurie.
Argentina plans to launch its first offshore licensing round in almost three decades this year, as it seeks to widen exploration for longer-term production growth, Energy Minister Juan Jose Aranguren said on Thursday.Round One will be launched in June or July for 240,000 sq km in three zones of the continental shelf, Aranguren said on the sidelines of The Economist's Argentina Summit in Buenos Aires.
Crying, chanting and screaming in anger, thousands gathered in front of the Rio de Janeiro state legislature on Thursday to say goodbye to a black city councilwoman shot in the head four times, a brazen murder that shocked Brazil and raised questions about the effectiveness of a military intervention in the country's second biggest city.
Exchanges of information between the Falkland Islands and Argentina about fish and squid stocks could begin again before the middle of this year, if all parties are in agreement. Director of Natural Resources John Barton said: “Dialogue with Argentina on the conservation of shared marine resources has the potential to allow for better management of shared fish stocks and improve sustainability of such stocks.”
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Q:
ASP.Net Exception Shows File Path
When my ASP.Net MVC application encounters an error, the full file path of the c# class is displayed in the exception even though I've only deployed binaries. E.g.
at: C:\DevelopmentServer\MVC_Project\AccountManagement.cs line 45
Where is this path information being stored? Is it in the compiled dll and is there a way to remove it?
A:
I believe this is stored in the PDB files generated during the compile, and it reflects the paths to the code on the build machine.
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Create Professional Portfolio Website on Blogger - NO CODING
After completing this step by step video lessons - you will be able to create a beautiful professional portfolio website on Blogger, which will help you to showcase your professional skills, achievements, and your professionalism in an attractive way.
Whether, you are still in study, or you're in any profession, maybe in freelancing - having a portfolio website will help you stand out from the crowd of competition in this digital arena, and you will get priority from your leaders or hiring managers!
If you are a complete beginner, and you have no previous experience of creating a website, still you will be able to create your portfolio website by following the video lessons of this course.
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hat is the next term in 90, 94, 98, 102, 106, 110?
114
What is next in 14, 33, 52, 71?
90
What is next in 1567, 3126, 4671, 6196, 7695, 9162?
10591
What comes next: -70, -140, -220, -316, -434, -580, -760, -980?
-1246
What comes next: -705, -707, -709, -711?
-713
What is the next term in 61, 232, 507, 880, 1345?
1896
What comes next: -30892, -30891, -30890?
-30889
What is the next term in -12, -4, 36, 126, 284?
528
What comes next: -6025, -12048, -18071, -24094?
-30117
What is next in 438, 461, 484, 507?
530
What comes next: 157, 207, 295, 427, 609?
847
What is next in 971, 969, 967, 965, 963?
961
What comes next: -8, -20, -32, -44, -56, -68?
-80
What is next in -259, -1048, -2365, -4216, -6607, -9544, -13033?
-17080
What is the next term in -59, -163, -255, -329, -379, -399?
-383
What comes next: 173, 170, 167?
164
What comes next: -1732, -3461, -5190?
-6919
What is next in 58, 228, 512, 910, 1422, 2048, 2788?
3642
What is next in -174, -160, -144, -126, -106, -84, -60?
-34
What is the next term in 74, 76, 90, 122, 178?
264
What is the next term in -10, -22, -34, -46?
-58
What is next in -53, -59, -65?
-71
What comes next: -3, -1, 3, 9, 17, 27, 39?
53
What is the next term in 58, 145, 254, 391, 562, 773, 1030, 1339?
1706
What is next in -218, -204, -166, -92, 30, 212, 466?
804
What is next in 4, 12, 18, 22, 24, 24, 22?
18
What is the next term in 151, 298, 445, 592, 739?
886
What is next in 27, 54, 87, 126, 171, 222, 279?
342
What comes next: 1070, 2140, 3210?
4280
What comes next: -270, -1059, -2374, -4215, -6582, -9475?
-12894
What is next in -77, -286, -633, -1118, -1741?
-2502
What is next in -1, 35, 71, 107?
143
What comes next: -1303, -5195, -11681, -20761?
-32435
What is next in 505, 1002, 1499?
1996
What comes next: -18, -11, -2, 9?
22
What is the next term in 202, 199, 196?
193
What is next in -3, 15, 23, 15, -15, -73, -165, -297?
-475
What is next in 55, 40, 15, -20, -65, -120, -185?
-260
What is next in 21, 21, 11, -15, -63, -139, -249, -399?
-595
What comes next: 9, 10, 11?
12
What is next in -93, -169, -237, -297, -349, -393, -429?
-457
What comes next: 939, 941, 941, 939, 935, 929, 921?
911
What comes next: 10, 55, 120, 199, 286, 375, 460?
535
What is next in 195, 170, 121, 42, -73, -230?
-435
What comes next: -1871, -1869, -1867, -1865, -1863, -1861?
-1859
What is the next term in -146, -295, -444, -593, -742?
-891
What comes next: -16, -35, -52, -67?
-80
What is next in -6, 12, 38, 72, 114, 164?
222
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66
What comes next: 17, 56, 121, 212, 329, 472, 641?
836
What is next in -1, -18, -47, -88, -141, -206, -283?
-372
What is next in 42, 71, 100, 129, 158?
187
What comes next: -450, -859, -1268, -1677, -2086?
-2495
What comes next: 45, 11, -31, -81, -139?
-205
What comes next: 48, 95, 142, 189, 236?
283
What is the next term in 70, 73, 76?
79
What is next in 36, 53, 70?
87
What comes next: -50, -102, -154?
-206
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122
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-13352
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255
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241
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387
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-1314
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-554
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-310
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108
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4148
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1135
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11115
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-149
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7853
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625
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1086
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-755
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-667
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1355
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21120
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216
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4017
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88
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1293
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306
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-190
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872
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6242
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-163
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-43458
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674
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-724
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-98
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-3680
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49
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-772
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741
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-30
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1188
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-491
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346
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-146
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253
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327
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1120
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-9164
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743
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2877
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12370
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-207
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226
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11294
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561
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-1172
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345
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59
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34
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3423
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4744
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876
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110
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-47
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-322
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17
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361
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-672
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454
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-90
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477
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-1046
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6351
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702
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24398
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-503
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213
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-1689
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789
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-574
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-1080
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-23
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503
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917
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-1427
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-206
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53629
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112250
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-410
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252
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11124
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-1553
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886
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325
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|
{
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
}
|
Karnataka State Open University (KSOU) will publish the Exam Time Table for the BA B.Sc B.Com 1st 2nd 3rd Year on the official page of the university @ www.karnatakastateopenuniversity.in For those applicants who were taken admission for these course as Fresher & Repeater So now the University is now going to conduct the Exam on the university campus, so applicants will able to download his Time Table from the official page in the PDF file, and after that student can attend the Exam according to the Time Table.
Every University conducts his exam for the various course according to the Time Table/ Date Sheet/ Routineprepared by the University as per the sources of all subjects. Applicants are doing their preparation seriously to get good marks in the exam and also want to pass with good percentage. So applicants give his exam as per according to the Time Table. A huge number of students are going to appear in the exam conducted by the Karnataka State Open University (KSOU).
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
It’s Middle Tenn. State football, so expectations are low – but not this low.
During the teams first game of the season against Vanderbilt Saturday night, someone who’s likely fired by now set off a firework show and sirens for an incomplete pass.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Whitley Chapel
Whitley Chapel is a village in Northumberland, England about south of Hexham, and in the parish of Hexhamshire.
Governance
Whitley Chapel is in the parliamentary constituency of Hexham.
Landmarks
In Whitley Chapel Village Hall is a plaque commemorating those fallen soldiers from Hexhamshire killed in battle during the two world wars. Local historian and publisher Hilary Kristensen was behind the idea and the plaque is the fruit of nearly three years’ work. The plaque was unveiled in 2009 by Hilary Kristensen, Mike Linklater and parish council chairman Brian Massey.
The names recorded on the plaque are:
Religious sites
The church is dedicated to St Helen.
References
External links
Northumberland Communities
Category:Villages in Northumberland
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
All data files are available at <https://dataverse.nl/dataset.xhtml?persistentId=hdl:10411/PTQG6C>.
Introduction {#sec005}
============
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed malignant tumor among women in both high-income countries (HICs) and low and middle-income countries (LMICs) \[[@pone.0200966.ref001]\]. The incidence of BC in LMICs is lower than for HICs, but mortality rates in LMICs are higher than in HICs because of advanced-staged diagnosis and inadequate access to care \[[@pone.0200966.ref002]\]. The mortality rates have been decreasing in many HICs since around 1990 due to early detection and improved treatment \[[@pone.0200966.ref002]\]. In Indonesia, BC continues to be the most common malignancy in women with an incidence rate of 40.3 percent and a mortality rate of 16.6 percent per 100,000 people \[[@pone.0200966.ref003]\].
The diagnostic process of BC and its treatments are often associated with negative effects that can lead to lower quality of life (QOL) \[[@pone.0200966.ref004], [@pone.0200966.ref005]\]. Consequently, the current intervention of BC should not only focus on illness control but also to maintain and improve QOL of women with BC. Throughout the process of hospital care, from diagnosis to treatment, the BC examinations and treatments affect the physical, psychological and social aspects of the life of a woman, which can significantly reduce her QOL, increase psychological distress \[[@pone.0200966.ref006]\], and uncertainty \[[@pone.0200966.ref007]\], negatively affect her body image and sexuality \[[@pone.0200966.ref008]\], illness perception \[[@pone.0200966.ref009]\], and increase unmet health needs \[[@pone.0200966.ref010]\]. Therefore, the information about QOL is crucial at every stage of the BC trajectory. However, most investigations explore various issues after definitive diagnosis, e.g., QOL in women with BC during treatment \[[@pone.0200966.ref009], [@pone.0200966.ref011], [@pone.0200966.ref012]\] and QOL in BC survivors \[[@pone.0200966.ref013]--[@pone.0200966.ref015]\].
To our knowledge, no previous investigation was conducted among the women before the definitive diagnosis in Indonesian women. This stage is essential because some psychosocial problems might already occur when women find abnormalities in their breasts. One of the issues may be the uncertainty about having or not having the disease and the future treatment process. The diagnosis of BC may have many consequences, not only related to life expectancy but also to QOL. Some women with BC in Indonesia have a belief that BC is an incurable and deadly disease \[[@pone.0200966.ref016]\]. On the other hand, despite having discovered the symptoms of BC, some women may assume that they have no severe health problems. Given the interrelation between demographic characteristics, QOL and health status in general \[[@pone.0200966.ref017]--[@pone.0200966.ref020]\], we also evaluated which demographic attributes might contribute to a lower QOL and health status in the women with BC symptoms.
No studies have yet been published that compared QOL and health status between undiagnosed women with BC symptoms and women in the general population in Indonesia. Therefore, the aims of this study were: (1) to assess QOL and health status of Indonesian women with BC symptoms before receiving a definitive diagnosis; (2) to compare QOL and health status between women with BC symptoms and Indonesian women in general; (3) to evaluate the association of socio-demographic factors with QOL and health status of Indonesian women with BC symptoms before the definitive diagnosis. The current study that investigated QoL and health status for women with BC symptoms before definite diagnosis may serve as a bridge for future studies to explore whether psychosocial concerns such as impaired body image and unmet needs should be taken into account for women with BC symptoms before definitive diagnosis.
Methods {#sec006}
=======
Participants {#sec007}
------------
This study consisted of two groups of participants: 1) Indonesian women with BC symptoms who already consulted the hospital but yet without a definitive diagnosis (BC Symptoms Group) and (2) Indonesian women from the general population (General Population Group).
### BC symptoms group {#sec008}
Participants were recruited from four district hospitals in West Java, Indonesia. They were new patients (outpatients) who visit the hospital with breast symptoms, which make them suspects of having BC, but yet without a definitive diagnosis. The following inclusion criteria were used: women with age 18 years and above, an adequate command of the Indonesian language (Bahasa Indonesia) and no major psychiatric disorder. The last criterion was determined by checking the medical record on a consultation history/record with the Psychiatric Department. Patients who have been seen by a psychiatrist were excluded from the study.
### General population group {#sec009}
The data of the comparison group (which will be referred to as \"general population\" in this manuscript) were women selected from a larger study focused upon the Indonesian general population, in which several questionnaires were tested in a face-to-face setting at the home/office of the interviewer or at the homes of the subjects \[[@pone.0200966.ref021]\].This study implemented a multi-stage stratified quota sampling method to ensure representativeness with the Indonesian general population, which resulted in 1054 participants being interviewed. Only the female participants with the age of 18 years and above from the aforementioned study were included in the analysis of the present study.
Instruments {#sec010}
-----------
A standard socio-demographic questionnaire was used to collect participants\' background data on residence, age, education level and income level.
QOL was measured using the Indonesian version of the WHOQOL-BREF, with a four weeks-time retrospection. WHOQOL-BREF has been utilized in several investigations in the BC populations in Asian countries \[[@pone.0200966.ref022]\], including Indonesia \[[@pone.0200966.ref009]\]. This instrument is a self-report questionnaire that consists of 26 items. The internal consistency of the WHOQOL BREF's domains in the present sample were 0.70, 0.78, 0.57, and 0.75 for physical, psychological, social, and environmental domain respectively. Two items measure QOL and health satisfaction in general. Twenty-four items measure four broad domains: (i) physical health (7 items), e.g., \"Do you have enough energy for everyday life?", (ii) psychological health (6 items), e.g., \"How much do you enjoy life?", (iii) social relationships (3 items), e.g., \"How satisfied are you with your personal relationships?" and (iv) environmental (8 items), e.g., \"How satisfied are you with the conditions of your living place?" Each item is rated using a 5-point Likert scale with varied wording on each scale depending on the item (for example 1 = very dissatisfied to 5 = very satisfied) \[[@pone.0200966.ref023]\]. The internal consistency of the WHOQOL BREF domains in the present sample were 0.70, 0.78, 0.57, and 0.75 for physical, psychological, social, and environmental domain respectively.
The health status of the participants was measured by the EQ-5D-5L \[[@pone.0200966.ref024]\]. This instrument has been used in several BC patient populations around the world \[[@pone.0200966.ref025]\]. EQ-5D-5L is a generic health-related QOL instrument based on a descriptive system that defines health in terms of five dimensions: mobility (MO), self-care (SC), usual activities (UA), pain/discomfort (PD), and anxiety/depression (AD).
Each dimension has five levels: (1) no problems, (2) slight problems, (3) moderate problems, (4) severe problems, and (5) extreme problems/unable. Therefore, the EQ-5D-5L instrument describes 3125 (5^5^) unique health states. A 1-digit number expresses the level selected for that specific dimension. A specific health state then consisted of a combination of a 5-digit number for the five dimensions. For example, state '11111' indicates 'no problems on any of the five dimensions', while state '34512' indicates 'moderate problems in walking about, severe problems washing or dressing, extreme problems doing usual activities, no pain or discomfort, and slight anxiety or depression'. This descriptive system is followed by a self-rating of overall health status on a visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS) ranging from 0 (\"the worst health you can imagine\") to 100 (\"the best health you can imagine\"). EQ-5D-5L has been proven as a valid and reliable questionnaire to be used in Indonesia \[[@pone.0200966.ref026]\].
Data collection procedures {#sec011}
--------------------------
### BC symptoms group {#sec012}
The study was approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee of Dr. Hasan Sadikin General Hospital Bandung. Participants who agreed to participate by means of oral or written consent were asked to complete the following instruments in the hospital: (1) the socio-demographic and medical history form, (2) the WHOQOL-BREF, and (3) the EQ-5D-5L. If they had difficulties in completing the instruments, the interviewers helped them by reading the items out loud and asking the participants to indicate the answers.
### General population group {#sec013}
The study was approved by the Health Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia \[[@pone.0200966.ref021]\]. A representative sample from the Indonesian general population was recruited using multi-stage stratified quota sampling. The interviewers explained the objectives of the study, followed by filling in the informed consent when the participants agreed to participate. Three instruments completed by the participants were: (1) the socio-demographic form: age, sex, income, and education, (2) the WHOQOL-BREF, (3) the EQ-5D-5L. The participants were helped by the interviewers whenever they had problems completing the questionnaires.
Data analysis {#sec014}
-------------
Demographic characteristics were summarized using descriptive statistics, including percentages for categorical data, and means and standard deviations for continuous data. The self-reported health problems obtained from the EQ-5D-5L were presented in percentages of each level of each dimension that was answered positively and then compared between the groups with the Chi-square test. Each participant's EQ-5D-5L responses then were transformed to a single index score based on the preference of the Indonesian general population, a so-called 'value set'\[[@pone.0200966.ref021]\]. For instance, the health state of '11111' corresponds to an EQ-5D-5L index score of 1.00, and '22211', which means 'slight problems in mobility, self-care and usual activities and no problems in pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression' leads to a value of 0.69. Mean and standard deviation were calculated for the EQ-VAS, EQ-5D-5L index score and each domain of the WHOQOL-BREF.
For the comparison of the QOL between the two groups, we applied an independent t-test if the data were normally distributed or the Wilcoxon rank-sum test if not normally distributed. Normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test and visual inspection of the histograms. For determining the magnitude of the differences, we calculated the effect size using Cohen\'s d, and we applied the criteria from Cohen for the interpretation: 0.2--0.5 = small, 0.5--0.8 = medium, \>0.8 = large difference \[[@pone.0200966.ref027]\].
We also applied multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) with the QOL (WHOQOL-BREF: physical, psychological, social, and environment domain scores) and health status (EQ-5D-5L: EQ-VAS and index score) scores as outcomes and a variable 'group' (BC symptoms group vs. general population group) as the predictor in the MANCOVA. Further multiple linear regression analysis was carried out to evaluate whether and if so which socio-demographic variables were significantly affect the QOL and health status scores in the BC symptom group only. Beforehand, a Spearman correlation analysis was done to check whether any significant correlation(s) between each sociodemographic variable with other demographic variables and the outcomes (QOL and health status). We found that ethnicity and religion had no significant correlation to any other variables, therefore they were excluded from the analysis. The following sociodemographic variables: residence (urban/rural), age, level of education (basic: primary school and below/middle: high school/high: all others), and monthly income (below 2 million IDR/2-4 million IDR/above 4 million IDR) were included in the multiple linear regression analysis. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS-IBM version 21; p-values \< .05 were considered statistically significant.
Results {#sec015}
=======
Characteristics of participants {#sec016}
-------------------------------
The demographic characteristics of women with BC symptoms and the general population are presented in [Table 1](#pone.0200966.t001){ref-type="table"}. The proportion of age and residence subgroups were similar between the two groups. The BC symptom group had a significantly higher level of education and monthly income than the general population group.
10.1371/journal.pone.0200966.t001
###### Demographic characteristics of the Breast Cancer (BC) symptoms sample (N = 132) and the general population sample (N = 471).
{#pone.0200966.t001g}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Characteristic Level BC Symptom General Population[^a^](#t001fn001){ref-type="table-fn"} Pearson's χ^2^ (df) P-value
----------------------------------------------------------- -------------- ------------ ---------------------------------------------------------- --------------------- --------- ------------- ---------
Age 18--30 years 48 (36.4) 157 (33.3) 0.4263 (2) 0.808
31--50 years 58 (43.9) 218 (46.3)
\> 50 years 26 (19.7) 96 (20.4)
Residence Rural 74 (56.1) 217 (46.1) 4.1196 (1) 0.042
Urban 58 (43.9) 254 (53.9)
Level of Education[^b^](#t001fn002){ref-type="table-fn"}\ Basic 22 (16.7) 172 (36.5) 18.9003 (2) \<0.001
Middle 79 (59.8) 222 (47.1)
High 31 (23.5) 77 (16.3)
Income/month[^c^](#t001fn003){ref-type="table-fn"}\ Low 60 (45.5) 403 (85.6) 93.2667 (2) \<0.001
Middle 54 (40.9) 49 (10.4)
High 18 (13.6) 19 (4.0)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
^a^based on study Purba, et al., 2017
^b^Basic: primary school and below, Middle: high school, High: all others
^c^Low:2 million IDR, Middle: 2--4 million IDR, High: above 4 million IDR
QoL and health status in BC symptoms group and general population group {#sec017}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
The mean scores of the QOL domains: measured by the WHOQOL-BREF and health status: measured by the EQ-5D-5L are summarized in [Table 2](#pone.0200966.t002){ref-type="table"}. Concerning the QOL, the BC symptoms group showed significantly lower scores (less favorable) on physical and psychological domains than the general population. The effect sizes for these differences were considered as small. For health status, the EQ-VAS and index score of women with BC symptoms were significantly lower than the general population with medium effect sizes for both scores.
10.1371/journal.pone.0200966.t002
###### Comparison of means of quality of life (QOL) and health status of the Breast Cancer (BC) symptoms and the general population sample.
{#pone.0200966.t002g}
BC symptom General population t-statistic[^a^](#t002fn001){ref-type="table-fn"} P-value Effect Size[^b^](#t002fn002){ref-type="table-fn"}
---------------------- ----------------- ------------ -------------------- --------------------------------------------------- --------- --------------------------------------------------- --------- -----
Quality of life Physical health 63.2 13.9 67.9 11.3 4.004 \<0.001 0.4
Psychological health 62.5 15.7 65.2 12.4 2.042 0.042 0.2
Social relations 62.8 14.4 62.0 13.5 -0.609 0.543 -0.1
Environment 59.3 12.6 58.4 12.9 -0.729 0.467 -0.1
Health status EQ-VAS 69.1 20.0 78.6 14.7 6.010 \<0.001 0.6
Index score 0.8 0.2 0.9 0.1 9.066 \<0.001 0.9
^a^all degress of freedom (df) = 601
^b^Effect size based on Cohen\'s d
[Table 3](#pone.0200966.t003){ref-type="table"} presents the comparison of the EQ-5D-5L self-reported health status of the BC symptom and the general population samples. The proportions of responses for each severity level of problems were significantly different for all dimensions between the two samples. It can be seen that the percentage of the BC symptoms group which reported no problems in four dimensions: self-care, usual activity, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression was lower than that of the general population. In addition, no participants from the general population group reported the worst level of problems in any dimensions, while 1.5%, 3.8%, and 6.8% of the BC symptoms group indicated unable/severe problems in usual activity, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression, respectively.
10.1371/journal.pone.0200966.t003
###### Comparison of proportions of the EQ-5D-5L self-reported health status of the Breast Cancer (BC) symptoms sample with the general population sample.
{#pone.0200966.t003g}
Level of problems Mobility Self-Care Usual Activity Pain/Discomfort Anxiety/Depression
------------------- ---------- ----------- ------------------ ----------------- -------------------- ------------------ ------ ------ -------------------- ------ ------ -------------------- ------ ------ ---------------------
No 90.9 89.0 11.95 (3); 0.008 92.4 98.0 13.20 (3); 0.004 78.0 86.7 20.88 (4); \<0.001 27.3 57.3 62.95 (4); \<0.001 18.2 63.3 147.19 (4); \<0.001
Slight 3.8 9.2 3.8 1.5 13.6 11.5 51.5 38.5 47.7 29.8
Moderate 3.0 1.5 3.0 0.2 5.3 1.7 13.6 3.1 15.9 6.5
Severe 2.3 0.2 0.8 0.2 1.5 0.0 3.8 1.2 11.4 0.4
Unable/ Extreme 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.0 3.8 0.0 6.8 0.0
BC = breast cancer symptom; GP = general population
For the MANCOVA analysis, we included the educational level and monthly income as covariates because only these two characteristics differed significantly between the two groups. The results still showed significant overall differences in the QOL between women with BC symptoms and the general population (Wilks' lambda of 0.85; p-value\<0.001). A MANCOVA conducted on the health status yielded similar results (Wilks' lambda of 0.82; p-value\<0.001).
Further multiple linear regression analysis conducted only in the BC symptoms group showed that participants who lived in a rural area demonstrated higher social domain scores than they who did not live in a rural area. Concerning education, participants with the lowest educational levels (i.e. primary school and below) demonstrated lower scores (less favorable) on physical, social, and environmental QOL domains than participants who had college/university level of education, while only physical health scores were significantly different between the middle and the lowest levels of education. Participants in the lowest monthly income group demonstrated less favorable scores in physical, psychological, and environment QOL domains than participants in the highest monthly income group, while only the social domain score was significantly different between the middle and lowest-income groups. With respect to health status (EQ-5D-5L), participants who had the lowest educational level demonstrated significantly lower EQ-5D-5L index scores than participants who achieved higher educational level. We found that age had no significant association with QOL and health status of women with BC symptoms. Details can be seen in [Table 4](#pone.0200966.t004){ref-type="table"}.
10.1371/journal.pone.0200966.t004
###### Coefficients (B-values) from multiple linear regression analysis for quality of life and health status in women with Breast Cancer (BC) symptoms.
{#pone.0200966.t004g}
Predictors Physical QOL Psychological QOL Social QOL Environmental QOL EQ-VAS Index score
------------------------------------------------- -------------- ------------------- ------------ ------------------- -------- ------------- ------ ----- ------- ------ ----- ------- ------- ----- ------- ------ ----- -------
Group[^a^](#t004fn001){ref-type="table-fn"}
BC -6.7 1.3 0.000 -4.8 1.4 0.001 -1.8 1.5 0.205 -2.0 1.3 0.141 -11.2 1.7 0.000 -0.2 0.0 0.000
Residence[^b^](#t004fn002){ref-type="table-fn"}
Urban 0.0 0.0 0.389 0.0 0.0 0.970 -0.1 0.0 0.139 0.0 0.0 0.695 -0.1 0.1 0.084 0.0 0.0 0.001
Age -1.1 1.0 0.268 -2.2 1.1 0.041 -2.7 1.1 0.017 -1.3 1.0 0.198 -3.0 1.3 0.025 0.0 0.0 0.206
Education[^c^](#t004fn003){ref-type="table-fn"}
Middle 1.8 1.1 0.109 2.1 1.2 0.091 2.4 1.3 0.065 2.5 1.2 0.034 0.4 1.5 0.777 0.0 0.0 0.051
High 2.6 1.6 0.098 4.7 1.8 0.008 5.4 1.8 0.003 6.6 1.7 0.000 4.0 2.1 0.059 0.0 0.0 0.097
Income[^d^](#t004fn004){ref-type="table-fn"}
Middle 2.5 1.5 0.084 2.0 1.6 0.223 3.8 1.7 0.022 3.6 1.5 0.020 1.9 2.0 0.345 0.0 0.0 0.027
High 7.5 2.2 0.001 7.0 2.4 0.004 5.8 2.5 0.021 9.2 2.3 0.000 5.3 3.0 0.074 0.1 0.0 0.044
Constant 67.8 1.8 0.000 64.2 2.0 0.000 63.2 2.1 0.000 56.7 1.9 0.000 82.3 2.5 0.000 0.9 0.0 0.000
^a^General population is the reference
^b^Rural is the reference group
^c^Basic education level: primary school and below is the reference group
^d^Low monthly income is the reference group
Discussion {#sec018}
==========
To our knowledge, this is the first study that compared the QOL between Indonesian women with BC symptoms before the definitive diagnosis and Indonesian women in general. We found that the QOL of Indonesian women with BC symptoms was significantly lower than in the general Indonesian population, especially in the physical and psychological domain. They also reported more problems across all dimensions, namely mobility, self-care, usual activity, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. These findings were also maintained after correction for demographic differences. In addition, we found that education and monthly income were positively associated with the QOL and health status among the women with BC symptoms.
Previous studies among patients with BC reported that pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression are the most common symptoms reported. This might be associated with lower level of HRQOL among patients across different states of BC: after primary BC, during recurrence, and metastases \[[@pone.0200966.ref028]--[@pone.0200966.ref030]\]. Our study extended these previous results by adding that in the phase of pre-definite diagnosis, the similar results occurred: a higher percentage of reported problems in pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Note that because of the EQ-5D wording in the two aforementioned dimensions, we don't know yet whether the women felt pain or discomfort and anxiety or depression. Further explorations might be needed to investigate whether participants have problems on only one or both conditions, e.g. pain or discomfort.
Concerning the group of women with BC symptoms, we found that higher levels of education and income were associated with more favorable physical, social, and environmental dimensions of QOL compared to those with lower levels of education. This finding is consistent with previous studies in other populations which demonstrated that both income \[[@pone.0200966.ref015], [@pone.0200966.ref031], [@pone.0200966.ref032]\] and education \[[@pone.0200966.ref033]\] level have a significant impact on QOL: the lower, the worse. It may be hypothesized that higher socio-economic and educational level of patients may lead to better access to information and health services; as a result, these individuals may have fewer problems and feel less uncertain.
Certain limitations of the current study should be considered. First, the sample of women with BC symptoms was obtained from only one area in Indonesia, West Java, that might not be a representative for the whole Indonesian archipelago. Second, the participants of the present study were women with BC symptoms who visited the hospital. It could be argued that these women were anxious enough about the symptoms they observed to enable them to visit the hospital, compared to the women who did not visit the hospital although they probably observed some BC symptoms. This might have biased the results. Third, the comparison group consisting of adult women from the general population, was not screened for the presence of any diseases. Therefore, it is possible that this group included a few participants with BC symptoms, a BC diagnosis, or BC survivors. This might have influenced the results, leading to an underestimation of the actual differences between the groups. Fourth, the choice of generic instruments: WHQOL-BREF and EQ-5D-5L, might be not sensitive enough to measure the QOL and health status of the patients compared to disease-specific instruments such as the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QOL Questionnaire-C30 (EORTC QLQ-C30) \[[@pone.0200966.ref034]\] and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) \[[@pone.0200966.ref035]\]. However, since the aim of the present study was to compare QOL of women with BC symptoms to women from the general population, which are less likely to have any BC symptoms, generic QOL instruments were considered as the best tool to serve this aim. Nevertheless, there are significant differences between the groups, which indicate worse QOL and health status in the group with BC symptoms. Fifth, although the EQ-5D-5L had been validated and used in breast cancer patients' population in different countries across the world \[[@pone.0200966.ref025]\], this was not the case for Indonesia. So, it is not known for certain that the psychometric properties are supported accurately in the context of this study.
Future research might investigate other factors that may contribute to the QOL of women with BC symptoms, such as social support or physical activities, and find and evaluate effective ways to promote and improve their QOL. Studies might evaluate strategies carried out by healthcare providers and professionals, e.g., physicians, nurses, psychologists, or community health workers to increase their compliance and reduce physical and psychological problems, such as provision of individualized information, symptom management, counseling, or psychosocial interventions.
Conclusions {#sec019}
===========
Our study showed that Indonesian women with BC symptoms before the definitive diagnosis reported lower physical and psychological QOL and more pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression compared to the Indonesian women in general. Awareness and support for them from the medical field might improve these aspects of QOL.
The authors thanks Hery Susanto for his support in data analysis.
BC
: Breast cancer
EQ-5D-5L
: European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions-5 Levels
HICs
: High-income countries
LMICs
: Low-middle income countries
QOL
: Quality of life
WHOQOL-BREF
: World health organization Quality of life BREF
[^1]: **Competing Interests:**The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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|
Stress testing, which evaluates how much blood flow is getting to the heart and how effectively the heart is pumping during exercise or another type of physical stress
Echocardiography, which uses ultrasound to evaluate how well the heart is pumping and whether the heart muscle has become abnormally thick as a result of high blood pressure
Coronary angiography, which involves threading a slender, flexible tube into the arteries of your heart and injecting x-ray dye to enable an interventional cardiologist to see inside your arteries, find any plaques and measure how severe they are
Conventional angiography, which is similar to coronary angiography but involves arteries that supply blood to organs other than the heart
The ankle-brachial index (ABI) is also very helpful in diagnosing PAD in the legs and determining how severe it is. During an ABI test, your doctor will use a blood pressure cuff and a special ultrasound probe to compare blood pressure readings in the arm and lower leg on the same side of the body. If the blood pressure in the ankle is substantially lower than in the arm, it is a sign that a blockage is interfering with blood flow to the lower leg. The ABI provides important information for predicting the likelihood of serious problems such as foot wounds that won't heal or the need for surgery to restore blood flow to a limb.
SecondsCount is a project of The Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions (SCAI)
This website and the information contained herein do not -- and are not intended to -- constitute professional medical services or treatment of any kind. SecondsCount.org content should not be used for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. This website should be considered as for general informational purposes only. Additional Information »
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{
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[Digoxin inhibits migration and invasion of human gastric carcinoma MKN45 cells through down-regulation of AEG-1].
This study was designed to investigate the effect of digoxin on migration and invasion of human gastric carcinoma MKN45 cells and its possible mechanism. MKN45 cells were treated with different concentrations of digoxin for 24 h. The shRNA-AEG-1 plasmid was transfected into MKN45 cells via lipofectamine to block the expression of astrocyte elevated gene-1 (AEG-1). Western blot was used to analyze the protein levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), E-cadherin and AEG-1. The result showed that digoxin reduced the abilities of migration and invasion (P < 0.05), up-regulated the protein level of E-cadherin (P < 0.05), and down-regulated the protein levels of MMP-9 and AEG-1 (P < 0.05) in MKN45 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with shControl group, shAGE-1 group showed inhibited cellular migration and invasion, higher expression level of E-cadherin, and lower expression levels of MMP-9 and AEG-1. These results suggest that digoxin suppresses the migration and invasion of human gastric carcinoma MKN45 cells in a dose-dependent manner through inhibiting the expression of AEG-1, and then resulting in the up-regulation of the protein expression of E-cadherin and the down-regulation of the protein expression of MMP-9.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
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Currently, the standard of care for cancer therapy has limited specificity to only tumor tissue, and can cause devastating side effects. Cancer vaccines utilize the immune system to generate a sustainable and specific anti-tumor response, providing a promising means to improve cancer therapy. However, delivery of vaccine antigen/peptide to dendritic cells (DCs) remains a limiting factor for persistent anti-tumor immune response. Thus, there is a profound need for designing delivery vehicles for vaccine peptides. Current nanocarriers mainly consist of liposomes and polymers, which are larger in size (>100nm in diameter) and tend to stay at injection sites while smaller nanoparticles drain into lymph nodes with subcutaneous injections. They also have known toxicities post degradation. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), on the other hand, have three advantages: potential lymph drainage due to their small size, simplistic synthesis/conjugation process and passively collection in antigen presenting cells. Although peptide conjugations on to AuNPs are not new, this proposal aim to be the first to utilize layering techniques onto AuNPs to deliver large does of vaccine peptides for enhanced anti-tumor effect. Thus, the goal of this proposal is to design an effective, simple, versatile gold-based nanovaccine (AuNV) platform for improved anti-tumor immune response. Three specific aims will be carried out to achieve this goal. In aim 1, class I peptides, which stimulate tumor-killing cytotoxic T cells, are conjugated onto polyethylene glycol (PEG) coated AuNPs. Peptides used in this proposal are from a model antigen (ovalbumin) and common melanoma antigens (gp100 and Trp-2). From preliminary characterizations of AuNVs, conjugation yield is very high (~90%) and the overall particle size remained sub-100nm. This will allow potential lymphatic drainage post subcutaneous injection. In vitro Immune response from AuNVs will be measured by interferon-? release, a marker for vaccine anti-tumor efficacy. In vivo efficacy of AuNVs will be assessed by splenocyte sensitization, tumor rejection and treatment assays. As part of aim 1, biodistribution of AuNPs from subcutaneous injections will be explored and be the first to look at distribution at the cellular level. In aim 2, class II peptdes, which stimulate helper T cells, will be incorporated in the AuNV design. In vivo enhancement of antitumor efficacies will be assessed with known class II peptides. However for unknown class II peptides situations, peptide pools will be used to incorporate both class I and class II epitopes. In aim 3, CpG, a known inflammatory stimulant used for cancer immunotherapy, on AuNPs will be combined with AuNVs for a complete vaccine regimen. Future applications of AuNVs are substantial. This design would dramatically lower the cost of immunotherapy compared cellular vaccines. They are easily synthesized, versatile and can potentially target later stage cancers by using inducing anti-tumor immunity over the whole body. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: The American Cancer Society estimated over 1.5 million new cancer cases and over half a million deaths in 2010 with national cancer care expenditures estimated to be 104.1 billion dollars since 2006. Cancer vaccines are effective but are limited by vaccine delivery methods and enormous cost for cellular based methods. Gold-based nanovaccines (AuNV) designs are cost-effective, versatile, and can improve the delivery and efficacy of cutting edge cancer immunotherapies and hopefully improve the survival and quality of life for cancer patients.
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{
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
}
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Oliver Malin
Oliver Malin is a British artist. He was raised and educated in London, where he continues to work. After completing his A-Levels he read Business & Film Studies at Oxford Brookes University. After a debut solo show, he attended The Royal Drawing School and completed a Post-Graduate Diploma in Drawing. His professional practice spans Drawing, Painting, Film-making & Live Visuals. Notable painting series include, "We Are Disposable" an ongoing series of paintings used crushed cans as a canvas that acts to document, poignant "discovered" moments in a contemporary society.
This project has taken him across the UK, Cuba and The USA. The first UK study can be seen in full thanks to a book of the series. Other notable projects include the series 'Take Away Dreams", which was first exhibited at legendary Kebab restaurant Marathon, in Camden & caught the attention of BBC London, Don't Panic The Evening Standard, London On The Inside, Culture Trip, Noctis Magazine, The Camden New Journal The Cover of Le Cool Magazine and was listed in the top three events in the whole of London by
TimeOut on a random Wednesday in December 2017
As a Filmmaker, Oliver's main area of focus has been music videos & documentary, noteworthy projects being his Direction & Production of "The Flowerpot Sessions" for Communion music which captured a week of folk music collaborations at the Flowerpot venue in Kentish Town, London. and features his now deceased Moroccan Tortoise Lionel in the opening shot, clambering across the bar, who was a recovering alcoholic at the time and had an extensive family history of the condition.
Music Video wise, he has made promos for artists such Bella Figura, Nabila Iqibal,
Bare Hunter Lovechilde, The Joker & The Thief and The Big Pink. His overall creative practice can be read about in this interview with Noctis Magazine. In Late 2018, he started combining some of his ideologoligcal approaches and interests in absurdist/surrealist humour into short video form, which found marked popularity on Instagram
References
External links
Official Instagram
Category:Living people
Category:English artists
Category:Year of birth missing (living people)
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{
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Don McLean to perform locally
McLean is one of America’s most enduring singer-songwriters and is forever associated with his hits “American Pie” and “Vincent (Starry Starry Night).” Since first hitting the charts in 1971, he has amassed over 40 gold and platinum records worldwide.
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
T-SQL Overlapping time range parameter in stored procedure
I would like to search for records that occurred in a specific time of day and between a date/time range.
Example:
My table:
ID | EmpID | AuthorizationTime
-------------------------------
1 | 21455 | '23/01/2012 12:44'
2 | 22311 | '23/01/2012 18:15'
3 | 21455 | '23/01/2012 23:04'
4 | 10222 | '24/01/2012 03:31'
5 | 21456 | '24/01/2012 09:00'
6 | 53271 | '25/01/2012 12:15'
7 | 10222 | '26/01/2012 18:30'
8 | 76221 | '27/01/2012 09:00'
Sample SP input parameters:
@from: 22/01/2012 08:00
@to: 24/01/2012 23:00
@fromtime: 18:30
@totime: 08:00
Expected Output:
EntryID EmployeeID AuthorisationTime
3 21455 '23/01/2012 23:04'
4 10222 '24/01/2012 03:31'
I've tried the following select statements in the SP:
...
Select @wAuthorizationTime=' AuthorizationTime between ''' + CONVERT(nvarchar(30), @from )+ ''' and ''' + convert(nvarchar(50),@to )+ ''' '
Select @Where = @wAuthorizationTime; Declare @wHours nvarchar(1000)='';
if (ISNULL(@fromtime,'')<>'' and ISNULL(@ToTime,'')<> '') begin Select @wHours= ' (Cast(AuthorizationTime as time) between ''' + @fromTime + ''' and '''+ @ToTime +''')'
end if (@wHours <> '') Select @Where=@Where + ' and ' + @wHours
...
The problem with this statement is that I'm not getting any results if the end time is lower than the start time (e.g. 23:00 to 03:00).
It does work if I use a time frame that doesn't overlap (e.g. 18:00 to 23:59).
What I need to do to get above results?
A:
This should give you what you want:
select *
from Times
where AuthorizationTime >= @from
and AuthorizationTime <= @to
and (
(@fromtime > @totime and ((cast(AuthorizationTime as time) between '00:00:00' and @totime) or
(cast(AuthorizationTime as time) between @fromtime and '23:59:59.999')
)
) or
(@fromtime <= @totime and cast(AuthorizationTime as time) between @fromtime and @totime)
)
SQL Fiddle
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
Dynamic styling not working in Angular2
Following is my working code, which is not giving any error in console and printing the array items and test heading as expected. BUT somehow dynamic background styling in not working, Let me know what I am doing wrong here.
import { Component } from '@angular/core';
@Component({
selector: 'my-app',
template: `
<h1>{{name}}</h1>
<div class="one" *ngFor="let item of colArr" style="background: {{item}};">{{item}}</div>
`,
styles: [`
.one {
width: 100%;
text-align: center;
padding: 10px;
margin: 5px;
}
`]
})
export class HomeComponent {
public name = 'test';
public colArr = ['#111111', '#222222', '#333333', '#444444', '#555555', '#666666', '#777777', '#888888', '#999999'];
}
Following is the output I am getting -
A:
Direct binding to style is discouraged (doesn't work well on all browsers). Use instead
<div class="one" *ngFor="let item of colArr" [ngStyle]="{background: item}">{{item}}</div>
or
<div class="one" *ngFor="let item of colArr" [style.background]="item">{{item}}</div>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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As One is a Hong KongCantopopgirl group formed by Sun Entertainment Culture and choreographer Sunny Wong. The meaning behind the group's name is based on the concept of unity, with the members united together "as one". The group consists of four members; Shin, Oli, Elfa and Nata.[1][2]
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Q:
Fetch FullCalender.io Event Objects (JSON) from Database for a specific date-range
I have a huge database and a lot of events. Every time I go to the Calendar Mainpage (monthly view) all the existing events in the database are loaded, despite I'm only viewing the current month. At the moment my html page is over 3MB big and tends to slow down my browser tab.
To solve this problem I started to change the code to fetch only the events from the current month as json. Unfortunately, the start and end dates for the date-range are not working - the page is still fetching all events from the database. I have already done a few hours of research and a lot of tweaks.
Im using FullCalendar V3.10
So far I managed to fetch my FullCalendar.io events - I have two event sources - so I used:
eventSources: [
{
url: 'include/load-calendar-event.php', // use the `url` property
color: '#008000',
},
{
url: 'include/load-calendar-event-retour.php', // use the `url` property
color: '#008000',
},
// any other sources...
],
The corresponding two files to fetch the events are almost identical - so one should be enough:
load-calendar-event.php
require_once('bdd.php');
$sql = "SELECT * FROM messages"; // this selects all rows
$req = $bdd->prepare($sql);
$req->execute();
$events = $req->fetchAll();
$data = array();
foreach($events as $event) {
$start = explode(" ", $event['start']);
$end = explode(" ", $event['end']);
if($start[1] == '00:00:00'){
$start = $start[0];
}else{
$start = $event['start'];
}
if($end[1] == '00:00:00'){
$end = $end[0];
}else{
$end = $event['end'];
}
$data[] = array(
'id'=> $event['id'],
'title'=> $event['title'],
'start'=> $start,
'end'=> $end,
'color'=> $event['color']
);
}
echo json_encode($data);
By calling the Calendar Page the browsers makes the following calls - please note the date (2020-01-01 - 2020-02-01) and data format:
...include/load-calendar-event.php?start=2020-01-01&end=2020-02-01&_=1578601056565
and
...include/load-calendar-event-retour.php?start=2020-01-01&end=2020-02-01&_=1578601056566
screenshot of call in firebug
The date format of the events are saved in the database with the following format (YYYY-MM-DD HH:mm:ss):
2020-01-11 10:00:00
Question:
Any idea how to fetch the events ONLY for the current month?
A:
Why are you selecting all the rows in the table and iterating over them?
You need to update your query to pull in the start and end values you're passing as a $_GET parameter.
require_once('bdd.php');
$sdate = $_GET['start']; //LIKE THIS
$edate = $_GET['end']; //AND THIS
$sql = "SELECT * FROM messages WHERE date >= ".$sdate." AND date <= ".$edate; // this selects all rows. Change 'date' to whatever your column name is in the database.
$req = $bdd->prepare($sql);
$req->execute();
$events = $req->fetchAll();
$data = array();
foreach($events as $event) {
$start = explode(" ", $event['start']);
$end = explode(" ", $event['end']);
if($start[1] == '00:00:00'){
$start = $start[0];
}else{
$start = $event['start'];
}
if($end[1] == '00:00:00'){
$end = $end[0];
}else{
$end = $event['end'];
}
$data[] = array(
'id'=> $event['id'],
'title'=> $event['title'],
'start'=> $start,
'end'=> $end,
'color'=> $event['color']
);
}
echo json_encode($data);
You could do this more easily by simply using PHP's date function to generate the start and end dates instead of passing in variables with your query string params. Although this will give you more flexibility. You can even include some if/else statements to generate different queries if these values are set.
See: https://www.php.net/manual/en/function.date.php
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
The New Food Economy reports Dunkin' is currently in the process of suing certain stores. In particular, they're going after some of their almost 10,000 franchisees who employ undocumented workers. They have reportedly gone after at least 30 stores since late 2018.
In a few cases, Dunkin' zeroed in on franchisees who hadn’t verified their employees' legal statuses, and upon learning there were undocumented workers among them, sought to terminate their relationship with the franchise in court.
Most recently, Dunkin' filed a suit just last month against Thomas Sheehan and Kenneth Larson, a pair that owns nine Dunkin' locations across Delaware, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts. After a two-year tax review, they claimed Sheehan and Larson were keeping outdated records of their employees, and that it wasn't verified if they were legal to work in the United States.
Per VICE, Dunkin' was particularly focused on the lack of employees' mandatory I-9o forms, as that, in their mind, equates to both a violation of immigration laws as well as their own franchising agreement. They sought to have all nine of the aforementioned locations shut down entirely.
According to Restaurant Business, some of these lawsuits were prompted by a "customer complaint," but the company hasn't commented further on any pending litigation, which has also extended to some Baskin-Robbins store owners.
Tess Koman Senior Editor Tess Koman covers breaking (food) news, opinion pieces, and features on larger happenings in the food world.
This content is created and maintained by a third party, and imported onto this page to help users provide their email addresses. You may be able to find more information about this and similar content at piano.io
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Kranski Lake
Kranski Lake is a lake in the U.S. state of Wisconsin.
The lake is named after August Kranski, an early settler. Variant names are "Kranchi Lake", "Krancks Lake", and "Kraneks Lake".
References
Category:Lakes of Wisconsin
Category:Bodies of water of Portage County, Wisconsin
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Re: Getting over on
: : : : : what is meaning "getting over on" ?? I've heard used several different ways.
: : : : It means lying and not getting caught.
: : : Bruce is likely right. I had a distinct notion that it was used (but not in the U.S.) to mean "getting an advantage over," or "getting the better of." Lying to someone successfully would fit that description. Is this expression more common in Britain? SS
: : In the UK and Ireland, the phrase would be 'getting ONE over on' which is used to mean what SS said.
: : DFG
: In the US, we'd say "putting one over on." Same sense?
As a charitable act, Lori should give us one or two examples that she has read or heard. "Putting one over on someone" is indeed a common expression. But Lori's question had to do with "getting over on," and my suspicion is that this form of words is used in the U.K. with a distinct meaning. I'm not certain what that is, and the OED is no help. True, it contains hundreds of expressions with "getting" or "get," but I looked pretty diligently with no success. Over to you, Lori. Unless, of course, Bruce has a source that he's willing to share. SS
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
---
abstract: 'We evaluate quantum corrections to conductivity in an electrically gated thin film of a three-dimensional (3D) topological insulator (TI). We derive approximate analytical expressions for the low-field magnetoresistance as a function of bulk doping and bulk-surface tunneling rate. Our results reveal parameter regimes for both weak localization and weak antilocalization, and include diffusive Weyl semimetals as a special case.'
author:
- Ion Garate and Leonid Glazman
title: 'Weak Localization and Antilocalization in Topological Insulator Thin Films with Coherent Bulk-Surface Coupling'
---
Introduction and Overview
=========================
The theoretical discovery[@ti] of 3D topological insulators (TIs) in 2006 precipitated an avalanche of experiments aimed at detecting the signature behavior of these unconventional solids. Since then, angle-resolved photoemission spectra[@hasan2011] have given evidence for the Dirac-like dispersion and the momentum-dependent spin texture of TI surface states, whereas local STM probes have indicated a characteristic suppression of backscattering off surface imperfections.[@stm] However, the most desired observation of a hallmark dc conduction confined to the surface layer of a 3D TI remains elusive.[@dimi2011] The main problem is conduction through the bulk: 3D TIs are narrow-gap semiconductors, rich in bulk carriers that are either thermally activated and/or donated by crystalline lattice imperfections. Along with attempts to reduce bulk charge carriers, experimentalists are developing techniques which allow to register a separate conduction channel on the surface of a 3D TI.[@kim2012] Chief among these are measurements of low-field magnetoresistance combined with electrostatic gating of thin-film samples.[@wang2011; @chen2010; @checkelsky2011; @he2011; @chen2011; @steinberg2011; @hong2012]
Low-field magnetoresistance measurements unveil the interference correction $\delta\sigma$ to the Drude conductivity $\sigma_D$.[@inter] At low temperatures, $\sigma_D$ is defined by independent acts of scattering of electrons off the crystal’s imperfections, and is proportional to the classical diffusion constant $D$. When the phase relaxation length $l_\phi$ is parametrically longer than the scattering mean free path, quantum interference affects the conductivity to a measurable extent. The sign of the interference correction depends on the strength of spin-orbit interactions. For weak spin-orbit interactions ($l_{\rm so}\gg l_\phi$, where $l_{\rm so}$ is the spin-orbit scattering length), it follows that $\delta\sigma<0$. This is called weak localization (WL). In contrast, strong spin-orbit interaction ($l_{\rm so}\ll l_\phi$) leads to suppression of backscattering and thus $\delta\sigma>0$. This is called weak antilocalization (WAL). Being interference effects, WL and WAL are degraded by a magnetic field $H$ when $H\gtrsim H_\phi\equiv \Phi_0/(8\pi l_\phi^2)$, where $\Phi_0=h/e$ is the flux quantum. Yet, $\sigma_D$ is nearly immune to $H$ at such low fields. Therefore, the low-field magnetoconductivity reads $\Delta\sigma(H)\equiv\sigma(H)-\sigma(0)\simeq\delta\sigma(H)-\delta\sigma(0)$.
All experiments to date report WAL in 3D TI thin films,[@kapitulnik2012] and ascribe it to the strong spin-orbit interaction in the electronic bands of these materials. For film thickness less than $l_\phi$, the measured $\Delta\sigma(H)$ agrees well with the functional form provided by 2D WAL theory, namely $$\label{eq:hikami}
\Delta\sigma(H)\simeq \alpha\,(e^2/2\pi^2 \hbar) f(H_\phi/H),$$ where $f(z)\equiv \ln z-\psi(1/2+z)$, with $\psi$ and $\alpha$ being the digamma function and a number,[@hikami1980] respectively. In a system with a single conduction channel, $\alpha$ is universal and equals $1/2$. The WAL contributions add for systems which are isolated from each other. For example, having two independent parallel conduction channels yields $\alpha=1$, irrespective of the ratio of Drude conductivities of the two subsystems.
The relation between $\alpha$ and the number of parallel channels is at the heart of recent magnetoresistance experiments in 3D TIs.[@checkelsky2011; @chen2011; @steinberg2011] Overall, the coefficient $\alpha$ is found to depend on the gate voltage. For some devices,[@checkelsky2011; @chen2011; @steinberg2011] it changes from $\alpha=1/2$ all the way to $\alpha=1$. A plausible interpretation for this variation is presented in Ref. \[\]. At zero or positive bias applied to the top gate, electrons from the $n$-doped bulk reach the surface states easily: the entire film acts as a single electron system, and $\alpha=1/2$. At negative bias, electrons are repeled from the top surface and, for strong enough bias, a depletion layer is formed adjacent to it. This depletion region separates the film into two subsystems: bulk carriers (combined with surface carriers from the bottom surface) on one side, and top-surface carriers on the other side. For a wide enough depletion layer, $\alpha=1$.
In spite of the ongoing scrutiny on the experimental front, quantum corrections to conductivity in 3D TIs have stimulated relatively little theoretical activity. Even though the WAL contribution from TI surface states has been calculated explicitly,[@lu2011a; @tkachov2011] there are no calculations that incorporate conducting 3D bulk states. The main reason for this omission may be the prevailing view that quantum corrections originating from bulk TI states ought to be conceptually identical to those in ordinary strongly spin-orbit coupled systems, i.e. of WAL type. Recently, an objection to this viewpoint has been raised,[@lu2011] declaring that quantum well states in ultrathin TI films may contribute via WL rather than WAL. Although suggestive, the calculation of Ref. \[\] is limited to quasi-2D films and disregards the coupling between bulk and surface states, which leaves out several experiments of interest. Besides, its extrapolation to 3D bulk states has not been carried out properly.
In this paper we evaluate $\Delta\sigma$ for gated 3D thin films, as a function of the bulk carrier concentration and accounting for the coupling between surface and bulk states. Our calculation applies to TI films that are thicker than the bulk mean free path, thinner than $l_\phi$, and not highly doped. In these films, bulk carriers are three-dimensional and are concentrated around the $\Gamma$ point of the electronic band structure. The resulting approximate analytical expressions for $\Delta\sigma$ (Eqs. (\[eq:magres\_bulk\]), (\[eq:res\_tot\]) and (\[eq:res\_tot5\])) are aimed at improving the interpretation of magnetoresistance measurements in TIs, in Weyl semimetals,[@burkov2011] and in some class of topologically trivial materials. Although a few of our observations resemble those developed for graphene[@mccann2006] and 2D TIs,[@tkachov2011] there are qualitative differences originating from the 3D Dirac nature of bulk carriers in 3D TIs.
Altogether, the results reported here paint a richer picture than previously anticipated. On one hand, we confirm the conventional crossover between $\alpha=1/2$ and $\alpha=1$ as a function of the gate voltage: the former corresponds to the case of coherently-coupled bulk and surface electron states, while the latter indicates a single decoupled Dirac cone on the top surface along with generic WAL from the rest of the film (containing coupled bulk and bottom surface). On the other hand, less conventional results arise when the Fermi energy is close to the bulk band edge or when the Fermi energy is much larger than the bulk bandgap: in the former regime the bulk exhibits WL with $\alpha=-1$, whereas in the latter regime the bulk exhibits an anomalous WAL with $\alpha=1$. These two “unusual” bulk regimes, combined with the surface contributions, may result in a range of $\alpha$ including $\alpha<0$ and $\alpha>1$.
The rest of this work is organized as follows. In Section II we evaluate quantum corrections to [*bulk*]{} conductivity. Readers not interested in technical details should read subsection IIA and quickly scan through IIB and IIC in order to get acquainted with the nomenclature; the main results of the section are collected in Section IID. The well-known message from IIA is that at low energies bulk electrons of TI films behave as massive 3D Dirac fermions with spin and valley (or orbital) degrees of freedom. The direction of spin is locked with that of momentum, and valleys are coupled to one another by the mass of the Dirac fermions. The special case in which the Dirac mass vanishes is a time- and inversion-symmetric Weyl semimetal.
In Section IID we identify and count the number of “soft” Cooperon modes, which determine the magnitude and sign of $\Delta\sigma$ in the bulk. Each soft Cooperon obeys a classical difussion equation and is thus associated with a conserved physical quantity. Since charge is conserved, there is at least one soft Cooperon in (non-magnetic) bulk TIs. We find that additional soft Cooperons can emerge depending on the bulk doping concentration as well as the bulk bandgap. This realization leads to the most important results in IID, Eqs. (\[eq:res\_bulk\])-(\[eq:magres\_bulk\]), which indicate that for bulk states $\alpha$ may acquire three different universal values. On one hand, WL with $\alpha=-1$ is possible when the bulk Fermi surface is “small” (as defined in the text), because in this case the spin-momentum locking of bulk states becomes weak and the spin of electrons is nearly conserved. In contrast, WAL with $\alpha=1$ can arise for bulk TIs with particularly small bandgaps, because in such case bulk electrons can be described by a 3D analogue of graphene with two nearly decoupled valleys, each contributing $1/2$ to $\alpha$. For a more generic case, in which neither valley nor spin are approximately conserved, the quantum interference is similar to that of an ordinary film with strong spin-orbit coupling and therefore $\alpha=1/2$. Magnetic fields perpendicular to the TI film can be used to induce crossovers between different universal regimes of $\alpha$. The accessible values of $\alpha$ and the corresponding crossover fields depend on the bulk electron density.
In Section III we evaluate the [*full*]{} $\Delta\sigma$ in 3D TI thin films, which comprises coupled bulk and surface contributions. Sections IIIA and IIIB cover preliminary material that is needed to derive the main results in IIIC. Section IIIA reviews the well-established fact that, in absence of magnetic order, isolated TI surface states exhibit WAL with $\alpha=1/2$ (in this paper we assume one Dirac cone per surface). Section IIIB develops a diagrammatic framework for evaluating quantum corrections to conductivity in ordinary tunnel-coupled layers. Readers who are not interested in technicalities can disregard the diagrams in the figures and concentrate on the outcome of the calculation (Eqs. (\[eq:q1\])-(\[eq:Dii\])), as well as on the subsequent discussion. One qualitative point made therein is that the crossover from weak to strong coupling (which is accompanied by a change in $\alpha$ from $1$ to $1/2$) occurs when the interlayer resistance for a square of area $l_\phi^2$ becomes smaller than the sum of the classical intralayer resistances.
Section IIIC combines results from IID, IIIA and IIIB in order to figure out quantum corrections to conductivity in experimentally realized TI films. The most important results in IIIC are Eqs. (\[eq:res\_tot\]) and (\[eq:res\_tot5\]), which describe how $\Delta\sigma$ depends on the bulk doping concentration, on the phase relaxation rate, and on the bulk-surface tunneling rate. Some special cases of these results are highlighted in Appendix \[sec:special\]. A salient conclusion is that the WL regime of isolated bulk states is generally eliminated when either one of the film surfaces is strongly coupled to bulk states, in which case the film displays $1/2\leq\alpha\leq 1$. However, WL can still be present if the TI surfaces have short phase relaxation lengths. Finally, Section IIID characterizes the electrostatics of the depletion layer and estimates the bulk-surface tunneling rate in TI films. This estimate confirms experimental indications showing that both weak and strong bulk-surface coupling are accessible by mediation of a gate voltage.
Quantum Corrections to Bulk Conductivity
========================================
This section is devoted to evaluating $\delta\sigma$ for the bulk states of a 3D TI. As a byproduct, we derive $\delta\sigma$ for a time-reversal symmetric Weyl semimetal. The contribution from TI surface states will be discarded until the next section.
Model
-----
The bulk band structure of a 3D TI near the $\Gamma$ point can be approximated by the following ${\bf k}\cdot{\bf p}$ Hamiltonian: [@zhang2009] $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:model_b}
&{\cal H}=\sum_{\bf k}\Psi^\dagger_{\bf k} h({\bf k}) \Psi_{\bf k}\nonumber\\
& h({\bf k}) \simeq \epsilon({\bf k}){\bf 1}_4+M({\bf k}){\bf 1}_2\,\tau^z+\hbar\left(v_z k_z\sigma^z+v_\perp {\bf k}_\perp\cdot{\boldsymbol \sigma}^\perp\right)\tau^x, \end{aligned}$$ where ${\boldsymbol \tau}$ is an orbital pseudospin ($\tau^z=T,B$), ${\boldsymbol \sigma}$ is the real spin ($\sigma^z=\uparrow,\downarrow$), ${\bf k}=({\bf k}_\perp,k_z)$ is the momentum measured from the $\Gamma$ point of the Brillouin zone, ${\bf 1}_N$ is an $N\times N$ identity matrix, $\Psi=(\Psi_{T\uparrow},\Psi_{T\downarrow},\Psi_{B\uparrow},\Psi_{B\downarrow})$ is a 4-spinor, $\epsilon({\bf k})=\epsilon(-{\bf k})$ is the part of the Hamiltonian that is independent of spin/pseudospin indices, $v_z$ and $v_\perp$ are the Fermi velocities, and $M({\bf k})=M_0-M_1 k_\perp^2-M_2 k_z^2$ is the mass term (independent of spin). $M_0$, $M_1$ and $M_2$ are constants. Equation (\[eq:model\_b\]) captures the bottom of the conduction band and the top of the valence band in the vicinity of the $\Gamma$ point ($k\equiv 0$), where the bandgap is smallest. It models 3D Dirac fermions with a Dirac mass that equals half the energy gap. For the purposes of this paper we ignore $\epsilon({\bf k})$, and assume $M({\bf k})=M={\rm const}>0$ as well as spherical symmetry ($v_z=v_\perp=v$). These assumptions simplify calculations without incurring in qualitative loss of generality. For instance, the XXZ anisotropy can be modeled by promoting the diffusion constant from a scalar to a matrix. Also, the $k^2$ terms in $M({\bf k})$ can be incorporated into our final results by $M\to |M({\bf k}_F)|$, where ${\bf k}_F$ is the Fermi wave vector. Note that in absence of spherical symmetry the Fermi surface does not have a constant mass; this complication will be disregarded in the present paper. Finally, $\epsilon({\bf k})$ can be absorbed into the definition of the Fermi energy.
![Bulk energy bands of an $n$-doped 3D TI near the $\Gamma$ point, in the spherical approximation. The momentum $k$ is measured from the $\Gamma$ point. The energies $\epsilon_F$ and $M$ are measured with respect to midgap.[]{data-label="fig:bands"}](./bands.eps)
The energy eigenvalues for $h({\bf k})$ in the spherical approximation are $E_{{\bf k}\pm}=\pm\sqrt{\hbar^2v^2 k^2+M^2}$, each doubly degenerate (Fig. \[fig:bands\]). The corresponding Bloch states can be written as $$\label{eq:eigen0}
|\Psi_{{\bf k}\alpha}\rangle=(1/\sqrt{V})\exp(i {\bf k}\cdot{\bf r})|\alpha {\bf k}\rangle,$$ where $V$ is the volume of the TI and $\alpha\in\{1, 2, 3, 4\}$ is a band index ($1$ and $2$ denote conduction bands, while $3$ and $4$ denote valence bands). This $\alpha$ is obviously unrelated to that of Eq. (\[eq:hikami\]); from here on it will be clear from the context which one we are referring to. For concreteness we set the chemical potential in the bulk conduction band, although all results obtained below will be directly applicable to $p$-doped bulk TIs as well. The density of conduction band electrons is then $$\label{eq:n}
n\simeq \frac{\left(\epsilon_F^2-M^2\right)^{3/2}}{\pi^2\hbar^3 v^3},$$ where $\epsilon_F$ is the Fermi energy measured from the middle of the bulk energy gap. Adopting the basis $\{|T\uparrow\rangle, |T\downarrow\rangle,|B\uparrow\rangle,|B\downarrow\rangle\}$, the two eigenspinors corresponding to the conduction bands near the $\Gamma$ point are $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:eigenstates}
|1 {\bf k}\rangle&=&\sqrt{\frac{E_k+M}{2 E_k}}\left(1,0,\frac{\hbar v k_z}{E_k+M},\frac{\hbar v k_+}{E_k+M}\right)\nonumber\\
|2 {\bf k}\rangle&=&\sqrt{\frac{E_k+M}{2 E_k}}\left(0,1,\frac{\hbar v k_-}{E_k+M},\frac{-\hbar v k_z}{E_k+M}\right),\end{aligned}$$ where $k_\pm=k_x\pm i k_y$ and $E_k=E_{{\bf k},+}$. Since all non-Hall dc transport properties of good conductors involve states close to the Fermi energy, we hereafter ignore valence bands.
Unlike in the ${\bf k}\cdot{\bf p}$ Hamiltonians for graphene and 2D (or quasi-2D) TIs, Eq. (\[eq:model\_b\]) cannot be decomposed into two $2\times 2$ block diagonal matrices (due to $M\neq 0$). In addition, the $k_z$ band dispersion absent in 2D cannot be neglected in our case. These two features make the calculations and results of this section quite different from those of Refs. \[\].
Equation (\[eq:model\_b\]) becomes inaccurate when the chemical potential moves up in the conduction band and electron pockets away from the $\Gamma$ point begin to be populated. These additional pockets contribute to quantum interference, and the total $\delta\sigma$ depends on the scattering rate between different electron pockets. Although a realistic study of the full band structure is beyond the scope of this paper, we expect calculations based on Eq. (\[eq:model\_b\]) to provide a generic understanding of quantum corrections to conductivity in 3D Dirac materials at low-to-moderate doping concentrations.
Formalism
---------
In order to quantify the conductivity of a bulk TI, we begin by characterizing the simplest possible disorder potential: $V_{\rm dis}({\bf r})=V({\bf r}){\bf 1}_4$, which is time-independent (elastic) and independent of spin as well as orbital degrees of freedom. For simplicity we assume $V({\bf r})$ to be slowly-varying at the atomic scale, yet short-ranged compared to the mean free path: $V({\bf r})=V_0\delta({\bf r})$. It is due to its slow spatial variation on atomic lenghtscales that $V_{\rm dis}$ becomes an identity operator in orbital space. With such disorder realization, the Fermi-surface lifetime $\tau_0$ for the $\alpha=1,2$ eigenstates in Eq. (\[eq:eigen0\]) obeys $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:lifetime}
\frac{1}{\tau_0} &=\frac{2\pi u_0}{\hbar}\int_{{\bf k}'}\sum_{\alpha'}|\langle\alpha {\bf k}_F|\alpha' {\bf k}_F'\rangle|^2 \delta(\epsilon_F-E_{{\bf k}'\alpha'})\nonumber\\
&\simeq\frac{\pi u_0 \nu}{\hbar} \left(1+\frac{M^2}{\epsilon_F^2}\right),\end{aligned}$$ where $\int_{\bf k}\equiv\int d^3 k/(2\pi)^3$, $u_0\equiv n_i V_0^2$, $n_i$ is the density of impurities, and $\nu$ is the density of states per band and per unit volume at $\epsilon_F$.
A related quantity is the transport scattering rate $\tau^{-1}$, $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{1}{\tau} &\equiv \frac{2\pi u_0}{\hbar}\int_{{\bf k}'}\sum_{\alpha'} (1-\hat{{\bf k}}_F\cdot\hat{{\bf k}}_F') |\langle\alpha {\bf k}_F|\alpha' {\bf k}_F'\rangle|^2 \delta(\epsilon_F-E_{{\bf k}'\alpha'})\nonumber\\
&= \frac{2}{3\tau_0}\frac{\epsilon_F^2+2 M^2}{\epsilon_F^2+M^2}.\end{aligned}$$ The momentum-dependence of $|\alpha {\bf k}\rangle$ makes $\tau_0\neq\tau$ even for $\delta$-function impurity potentials. Throughout this work we impose $(\epsilon_F-M)\tau\gg \hbar$ or equivalently $k_F l\gg 1$, where $l=(D\tau)^{1/2}$ is the elastic mean free path, $$k_F=(\epsilon_F^2-M^2)^{1/2}/(\hbar v)$$ is the Fermi wave vector and $$D=v_F^2\tau/3=v^2\tau(1-M^2/\epsilon_F^2)/3$$ is the classical diffusion constant.
Next, we consider a TI with spatial dimensions $L\times L$ in the $xy$ plane and a thickness $W$ along the $z$ direction. We take a thin film geometry with $L\gg l_\phi\gg l$ and $l_\phi\gg W\gg l$, where $l_\phi=(D\tau_\phi)^{1/2}$ is the coherence length and $\tau_\phi$ is the phase relaxation time. The conductivity of this film is $$\sigma=\sigma_D+\delta\sigma,$$ where $\sigma_D$ is the classical (Drude) part and $\delta\sigma$ is the part coming from quantum interference.
On one hand, the Drude conductivity can be approximated as $$\label{eq:sd}
\sigma_D\simeq\frac{e^2\hbar}{2\pi}\sum_{\alpha,\beta}\int_{\bf k} v^x_{\alpha\beta}({\bf k})\tilde{v}^x_{\beta\alpha}({\bf k}) G^R_\alpha({\bf k}) G^A_\beta({\bf k}),$$ where we have assumed a spatially uniform dc electric field and $\alpha,\beta\in\{1,2\}$. $v^x_{\alpha\beta}=\langle\alpha{\bf k}|{\bf v}\cdot\hat{x}|\beta {\bf k}\rangle$ is a matrix element for the $x$-component of the bare velocity operator ${\bf v}=v\tau^x{\boldsymbol\sigma}$, which obeys $$\label{eq:vbare}
{\bf v}_{\alpha\beta}({\bf k})=\hbar v^2 ({\bf k}/E_k) \delta_{\alpha\beta}\,\,\,\mbox{(for $\alpha,\beta\in\{1,2\}$)}.$$ Disorder vertex corrections renormalize Eq. (\[eq:vbare\]) to $$\tilde{{\bf v}}_{\alpha\beta}={\bf v}_{\alpha\beta}(\tau/\tau_0),$$ see Appendix \[sec:ren\]. In addition, $$\label{eq:ds}
G_\alpha^{R(A)}({\bf k})= \left[\epsilon_F-E_{{\bf k}\alpha}+(-) \frac{i\hbar}{2\tau_0}\right]^{-1}$$ is the zero-frequency retarded (advanced) Green’s function in the band eigenstate basis. Using $G^{R(A)}_1({\bf k})=G^{R(A)}_2({\bf k})\equiv G^{R(A)}({\bf k})$, Eq. (\[eq:sd\]) yields $$\sigma_D=2 e^2 \nu D.$$
![(a) Feynman diagram for $\delta\sigma_1$, defined in the text. Filled squares denote velocity operators (including disorder vertex corrections), $C$ is the Cooperon. (b) Diagrammatic representation of the Bethe-Salpeter equation for the Cooperon. Crosses correspond to impurity scattering centers. Solid lines with arrows are disorder-averaged Green’s functions. (c) Additional Feynman diagrams that contribute to conductivity of 3D TIs even when impurity scattering is isotropic.[]{data-label="fig:cofig"}](./diag0.eps)
On the other hand, the quantum correction $\delta\sigma$ can be written as $\delta\sigma\simeq\delta\sigma_1+\delta\sigma_2$, represented pictorially in Fig. \[fig:cofig\]. Following standard approximations, the expression for $\delta\sigma_1$ is $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:ds}
\delta\sigma_1 &\simeq \frac{e^2\hbar}{2\pi}\sum_{\alpha,\alpha',\beta,\beta'}\int_{\bf k} \tilde{v}^x_{\alpha\beta}({\bf k}) \tilde{v}^x_{\beta'\alpha'}(-{\bf k}) G^R_\alpha({\bf k}) G^R_{\alpha'}(-{\bf k})\nonumber\\
&~~~\times G^A_\beta({\bf k}) G^A_{\beta'}(-{\bf k})\frac{1}{W}\int \frac{d^2 Q}{(2\pi)^2} C^{\beta\beta'}_{\alpha'\alpha}({\bf k},{\bf k},{\bf Q}).\end{aligned}$$ In the second line of Eq. (\[eq:ds\]) we have exploited the condition $W\ll l_\phi$, which allows to set $Q_z=0$ everywhere. $C^{\beta\beta'}_{\alpha'\alpha}({\bf k}_1,{\bf k}_2,{\bf Q})$ are the matrix elements of the Cooperon matrix $\hat{C}$ in the band eigenstate basis. ${\bf Q}=(Q_x,Q_y)$ is the momentum of the Cooperon, whose magnitude ranges from $0$ to $\simeq (D\tau)^{-1/2}$. $\hat{C}$ obbeys the Bethe-Salpeter equation (Fig. \[fig:cofig\]b): $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:bs}
&C^{\beta\beta'}_{\alpha'\alpha}({\bf k}_1,{\bf k}_2,{\bf Q})=\Gamma^{\beta\beta'}_{\alpha'\alpha}({\bf k}_1,{\bf k}_2,{\bf Q})+ \int_{{\bf k}_3}\Gamma^{\beta\beta''}_{\alpha'\alpha''}({\bf k}_1,{\bf k}_3,{\bf Q})\nonumber\\
&~~~~~~~\times G^A_{\beta''}({\bf k}_3) G^R_{\alpha''}(-{\bf k}_3+{\bf Q}) C^{\beta''\beta'}_{\alpha''\alpha}({\bf k}_3,{\bf k}_2,{\bf Q}),\end{aligned}$$ where a sum over repeated indices is implied and $$\Gamma^{\beta\beta'}_{\alpha'\alpha}({\bf k}_1,{\bf k}_2,{\bf Q})\equiv u_0\langle\beta {\bf k}_1|\beta' -{\bf k}_2+{\bf Q}\rangle\langle\alpha' -{\bf k}_1+{\bf Q}|\alpha {\bf k}_2\rangle\nonumber$$ is the bare disorder vertex (first term on the right hand side of Fig. \[fig:cofig\]b).
Equation (\[eq:bs\]) is a complicated integral equation because $C^{\beta\beta'}_{\alpha'\alpha}$ is a function of three momenta. This is unlike in simplest examples, where the Cooperon depends only on ${\bf Q}$. The difficulty originates from the momentum-dependence of $|\alpha {\bf k}\rangle$, which cannot be overlooked as it crucially determines both the magnitude and the sign of $\delta\sigma$. One procedure[@garate2009] to solve Eq. (\[eq:bs\]) starts by writing the Cooperon in the two-particle spin/orbit basis $\{|m,m'\rangle\}$, where $m\in\{T\uparrow,T\downarrow,B\uparrow,B\downarrow\}$: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:trans}
&C^{\beta \beta'}_{\alpha' \alpha}({\bf k}_1, {\bf k}_2, {\bf Q})=\sum_{m,m',n,n'}\langle\alpha',-{\bf k}_1+{\bf Q}|m'\rangle\langle\beta {\bf k}_1|m\rangle\nonumber\\
&\times\langle n|\beta',-{\bf k}_2+{\bf Q}\rangle\langle n'|\alpha {\bf k}_2\rangle C^{m n }_{m' n'}({\bf Q}).\end{aligned}$$ We then make the ansatz that $C^{m n}_{m' n'}$ depends on ${\bf Q}$ but not on ${\bf k}_1$ and ${\bf k_2}$; the entire ${\bf k}_1$- and ${\bf k}_2$-dependence of $C^{\beta \beta'}_{\alpha' \alpha}({\bf k}_1,{\bf k}_2,{\bf Q})$ originates from the overlap matrix elements of Eq. (\[eq:trans\]). The internal consistency of this ansatz can be demonstrated by substituting Eq. (\[eq:trans\]) in Eq. (\[eq:bs\]), which produces an algebraic equation for $C^{m n}_{m' n'}$ that is more tractable than the original integral equation:$$\label{eq:C_mat}
C^{m n}_{m' n'}({\bf Q})= u_0 \delta_{m n}\delta_{m' n'}+\sum_{l,l'}U^{m l}_{m' l'}({\bf Q}) C^{l n}_{l' n'}({\bf Q}),$$ where $$\label{eq:U}
U^{m l}_{m' l'}({\bf Q})=u_0\int \frac{d^3 k}{(2\pi)^3} G_{m l}^A({\bf k})G^R_{m' l'}(-{\bf k}+{\bf Q})$$ and $$G^{R (A)}_{m l}({\bf k})=\sum_\alpha \langle m|\alpha {\bf k}\rangle G_\alpha^{R (A)}({\bf k}) \langle\alpha {\bf k}|l\rangle.$$ In matrix language, Eq. (\[eq:C\_mat\]) can be rewritten as $$\label{eq:C_mat2}
\hat{C}=({\bf 1}_{16}-\hat{U})^{-1} \hat{C}^{(0)},$$ where $\hat{C}^{(0)}=u_0 {\bf 1}_{16}$. Once we obtain $C^{m n}_{m' n'}$, we use Eq. (\[eq:trans\]) in order to recover $C^{\beta\beta'}_{\alpha'\alpha}$. During this operation we neglect ${\bf Q}$ in the overlap matrix elements, which is a good approximation because $\delta\sigma$ is dominated by elements of $C^{m n}_{m' n'}({\bf Q})$ that are strongly peaked at $Q\simeq 0$.
For $\epsilon_F$ in the conduction band, we once again limit ourselves to $\alpha,\beta,\alpha',\beta'\in\{1,2\}$ in Eq. (\[eq:ds\]). Then we can approximate ${\bf k}\simeq {\bf k}_F$ inside the Cooperon, and an integration over $|{\bf k}|$ yields $$\label{eq:ds2bis}
\delta\sigma_1 \simeq -6 \frac{e^2}{\hbar^2} \nu D \tau\tau_0\frac{1}{W}\int\frac{d^2 Q}{(2\pi)^2}\overline{C}({\bf Q}),$$ where $$\label{eq:overline_c}
\overline{C}({\bf Q}) \equiv \int \frac{d\Omega_{\bf k}}{4\pi}\hat{\bf k}_x^2\sum_{\alpha,\alpha'=1,2}C^{\alpha \alpha'}_{\alpha' \alpha}({\bf k}_F,{\bf k}_F,{\bf Q})$$ and $d\Omega_{\bf k}$ is the differential solid angle subtended by $\hat{{\bf k}}$.
Note that $\delta\sigma_1$ depends on the lifetime $\tau_0$ of Bloch states as well as on the transport relaxation time $\tau$. As mentioned above, the difference between $\tau$ and $\tau_0$ comes from the momentum dependence of $|\alpha {\bf k}\rangle$ states. At any rate, the full correction $\delta\sigma$ depends only on $\tau$ due to the additional contribution from $\delta\sigma_2$ (see Fig. \[fig:cofig\]c and Eq. (\[eq:nasty\])). Equation (\[eq:nasty\]) can be evaluated using the same procedure as for $\delta\sigma_1$. For instance, in Appendix \[sec:ds2\] we derive $$\label{eq:ds2}
\delta\sigma_2\simeq\left\{\begin{array}{ccc} 0 & {\rm if } & (\epsilon_F-M)/M\ll 1\\
-(1/3)\delta\sigma_1 & {\rm if }& (\epsilon_F-M)/M\gg 1.\\
\end{array}\right.$$ The full form of the quantum correction, $\delta\sigma_1+\delta\sigma_2$, depends only on the transport mean free path $\tau$ and has (in appropriate limits) a universal magnitude, see Eqs. (\[eq:res\_bulk\]) and (\[eq:magres\_bulk\]).
Calculations
------------
The road map to $\delta\sigma$ starts from a calculation of $\hat{U}$ in Eq. (\[eq:U\]). In Appendix \[sec:u\] we derive $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:coeffs}
U^{m l}_{m' l'} &= a\,\delta_{m l}\delta_{m' l'}+ \sum_\mu b_\mu\,\Lambda^\mu_{m' l'}\delta_{m l}\nonumber\\
&+\sum_\mu c_\mu\,\Lambda^\mu_{m l}\delta_{m' l'}+\sum_{\mu,\nu} d_{\mu\nu}\,\Lambda^\mu_{m l}\Lambda^\nu_{m' l'},\end{aligned}$$ where $\mu,\nu\in\{1,2,3,4\}$, $\Lambda^i=\sigma^i\tau^x$ for $i\in\{1,2,3\}$ and $\Lambda^4={\bf 1}_{2}\,\tau^z$. In addition, $a$, $b_\mu$, $c_\nu$ and $d_{\mu\nu}$ are ${\bf Q}$-dependent coefficients whose explicit expressions are shown in Appendix \[sec:u\]. With those, $\hat{U}$ is fully determined.
The next task is to get $C^{m n}_{m' n'}({\bf Q})$ from Eq. (\[eq:C\_mat2\]). While $({\bf 1}_{16}-\hat{U}({\bf Q}))$ can be inverted numerically, it is not possible to do so analytically for $Q\neq 0$. Since we are interested in analytical expressions, we follow an approximate three-step route.
First, we diagonalize $({\bf 1}_{16}-\hat{U})$ for $Q=0$, analytically. All eigenvalues can be written in the form $\Delta_g\tau_0$, where $\Delta_g$ is the “intrinsic” Cooperon gap or mass. We find that one of the eigenvalues has $\Delta_g=0$ for any $\epsilon_F$ and $M$, which is a reflection of combined time-reversal symmetry and charge conservation. As we elaborate in the next subsection, there may be additional eigenvalues with $\Delta_g\simeq 0$ when $(\epsilon_F-M)/M\ll 1$ and $(\epsilon_F-M)/M\gg 1$. Hereafter we refer to eigenvectors of $\Delta_g\simeq 0$ eigenvalues as gapless (or massless, or “soft”) modes. Because $\Delta_g\simeq 0$ eigenvalues make $\hat{C}$ large, $\delta\sigma$ is determined mainly by soft modes.
Second, we extrapolate the $Q=0$ case to $Q\neq 0$ perturbatively, with the objective of finding how the eigenvalues of the gapless modes depend on $Q$. To that end $\delta \hat{U} ({\bf Q})\equiv \hat{U}({\bf 0})-\hat{U}({\bf Q})$ is written in the basis that diagonalizes $\hat{U}({\bf 0})$. The shift of $Q=0$ eigenvalues under $\delta\hat{U}({\bf Q})$ is then evaluated through standard second order perturbation theory. The need to go to second order in $\delta \hat{U}$ originates from the fact that several matrix elements of $U^{m n}_{m' n'}({\bf Q})$ are linear in $Q$ (see Appendix \[sec:u\]). When $(\epsilon_F-M)/M\ll 1$ and $(\epsilon_F-M)/M\gg 1$, perturbation theory leads to eigenvalues $(D Q^2+\Delta_g)\tau_0$. The fact that $D$ contains the transport time $\tau$ rather than the scattering time $\tau_0$ is generally crucial in order to arrive at the correct result for $\delta\sigma$.
Third, we invert the diagonalized matrix, and transform its outcome to the $|m,m'\rangle$ basis by using the $Q=0$ eigenvector matrix (the change of unperturbed eigenvectors under $\delta\hat{U}({\bf Q})$ is deemed unimportant.) This yields $C^{m n}_{m' n'}({\bf Q})$.
Once we have $C^{m n}_{m' n'}({\bf Q})$, we use Eq. (\[eq:trans\]) in order to extract $C^{\alpha\beta}_{\beta\alpha}({\bf k},{\bf k}',{\bf Q})$. This is then plugged in Eqs. (\[eq:ds2bis\]) and (\[eq:nasty\]).
Results
-------
The diagonalization of Eq. (\[eq:C\_mat2\]) at $Q=0$ shows one genuinely gapless Cooperon mode ($\Delta_g=0$, c.f. Sec. IIC), with a spin-singlet and orbital-triplet eigenvector: $$\label{eq:g1}
\left[\frac{\epsilon_F+M}{2\sqrt{\epsilon_F^2+M^2}}|T T\rangle+ \frac{\epsilon_F-M}{2\sqrt{\epsilon_F^2+M^2}}|B B\rangle\right]\left(|\uparrow\downarrow\rangle-|\downarrow\uparrow\rangle\right).$$ The fact that Eq. (\[eq:g1\]) remains gapless for any $\epsilon_F/M$ is a physical manifestation of charge conservation. This situation differs qualitatively from 2D TIs in HgTe quantum wells,[@tkachov2011] where a nonzero mass term gaps all Cooperons. The reason for the difference is that in 2D TIs the mass term acts somewhat like a Zeeman field in a 2D electron gas with Rashba spin-orbit interaction. Importantly, the diagonalization of Eq. (\[eq:C\_mat2\]) reveals two qualitatively distinct regimes of quantum interference, $(\epsilon_F-M)/M\ll 1$ and $(\epsilon_F-M)/M\gg 1$, which potentially host additional gapless Cooperon modes. As we discuss below, these additional gapless modes can change and even reverse the contribution to $\delta\sigma$ coming from Eq. (\[eq:g1\]). When $(\epsilon_F-M)/M\gg 1$, we identify a slightly gapped (soft) Cooperon mode with $$\label{eq:tau_s}
\Delta_g=2 (M^2/\epsilon_F^2)\tau_0^{-1}\equiv\tau_v^{-1}\ll\tau_0^{-1},$$ whose eigenvector is a spin-singlet and an orbital-triplet: $$\label{eq:g2}
\frac{1}{2}\left(|T B\rangle+|B T\rangle\right)\left(|\uparrow\downarrow\rangle-|\downarrow\uparrow\rangle\right).$$ Physically, $\tau_v^{-1}$ is the rate of “intervalley” transitions ($|T\rangle+|B\rangle \to |T\rangle-|B\rangle$) induced by the “mass term” ($M\tau^z$) in Eq. (\[eq:model\_b\]). Because both Eq. (\[eq:g1\]) and Eq. (\[eq:g2\]) are spin-singlets, their contributions to $\delta\sigma$ are of WAL type (this is proven below).
Incidentally, $M=0$ is the physically relevant regime for Weyl semimetals, which have two degenerate Dirac points with linear energy dispersion along the three momenta axes. Unlike in graphene,[@mccann2006] where there are $4$ gapless Cooperon modes (in absence of atomically sharp defects and hexagonal warping), in a Weyl semimetal we obtain only $2$ gapless Cooperon modes. This difference stems from the fact that the SU(2) “valley symmetry” of graphene[@mccann2006] gets reduced to a U(1) symmetry in Weyl semimetals, due to the band dispersion along $z$. Acting somewhat like a Zeeman field would in a free electron gas, the $k_z$ dispersion generates a mass for orbital-singlet modes, which is why the nearly-gapless Cooperons in Eq. (\[eq:g1\]) and (\[eq:g2\]) are orbital-triplets.
When $(\epsilon_F-M)/M\ll 1$, there are three soft modes with gap $$\label{eq:tau_v}
\Delta_g=(2/9)(1-M/\epsilon_F)^2\tau_0^{-1}\equiv\tau_s^{-1}\ll\tau_0^{-1}.$$ Physically, $\tau_s^{-1}$ is the rate of spin-flip transitions induced by the “spin-orbit term” ($v {\bf k}\cdot{\boldsymbol\sigma} \tau^x$) in Eq. (\[eq:model\_b\]). The eigenvectors for the three slightly gapped modes are $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:trip}
&(\lambda_1|T T\rangle+\lambda_2|B B\rangle)|\downarrow\downarrow\rangle\nonumber\\
& (\lambda_1|T T\rangle+\lambda_2|B B\rangle)|\uparrow\uparrow\rangle\nonumber\\
& (\lambda_3|T T\rangle +\lambda_4|B B\rangle)\left(|\uparrow\downarrow\rangle+\downarrow\uparrow\rangle\right),\end{aligned}$$ where $\lambda_1,...,\lambda_4$ are coefficients that depend only on $\epsilon_F/M$, such that $\lambda_1\simeq\lambda_3\simeq 1+O[(\epsilon_F/M-1)^2]$ and $\lambda_2\simeq\lambda_4\simeq O[(\epsilon_F/M-1)]$. Therefore, the three soft modes in Eq. (\[eq:trip\]) are all spin and orbital triplets. As will be demonstrated momentarily, their contribution to $\delta\sigma$ is of WL type.
Next we determine $\overline{C}$ (c.f. Eq. (\[eq:overline\_c\])) by diagonalizing Eq. (\[eq:C\_mat\]) at $Q\neq 0$ and doing the angular integration in Eq. (\[eq:overline\_c\]). For $(\epsilon_F-M)/M\ll 1$ we obtain $$\label{eq:cav1}
\overline{C}\simeq \frac{\hbar}{6\pi\nu\tau^2}\left[-\frac{1}{D Q^2+\tau_\phi^{-1}}+\frac{3}{D Q^2+\tau_\phi^{-1}+\tau_s^{-1}}\right].$$ For $(\epsilon_F-M)/M\gg 1$, we instead get $$\label{eq:cav2}
\overline{C}\simeq \frac{3 \hbar}{8\pi\nu\tau^2}\left[-\frac{1}{D Q^2+\tau_\phi^{-1}}-\frac{1}{D Q^2+\tau_\phi^{-1}+\tau_v^{-1}}\right].$$ In the derivation of Eqs. (\[eq:cav1\]) and (\[eq:cav2\]) we have included the phase relaxation time $\tau_\phi$ and exploited $D Q^2\tau_0\ll 1$.
The first term in the square brackets of Eqs. (\[eq:cav1\]) and (\[eq:cav2\]) is large at $Q\to 0$ irrespective of $\epsilon_F/M$, and originates from the spin-singlet Cooperon mode in Eq. (\[eq:g1\]). Its negative sign means that it makes a contribution towards WAL.
Equation (\[eq:cav1\]) displays a competition between WL and WAL, which is no different from that found in an ordinary metal with spin-orbit interactions. WL terms originate from the three spin triplet modes of Eq. (\[eq:trip\]). WL prevails if $\tau_\phi^{-1}\gg\tau_s^{-1}$, whereas WAL rules if $\tau_{\phi}^{-1}\ll\tau_s^{-1}$.
Equation (\[eq:cav2\]) unveils two different regimes of WAL. On one hand, if $\tau_\phi^{-1}\gg\tau_v^{-1}$, the spin-singlet Cooperon mode of Eq. (\[eq:g2\]) makes a contribution to $\delta\sigma$ that equals that of Eq. (\[eq:g1\]). In this limit, quantum interference can be interpreted as coming from two identical and nearly-decoupled Dirac valleys. On the other hand, if $\tau_\phi^{-1}\ll\tau_v^{-1}$, the contribution from Eq. (\[eq:g2\]) becomes relatively unimportant and the magnitude of WAL is halved. In other words, when the intervalley transition rate induced by the mass term $M\tau^z$ is fast compared to the phase relaxation rate, the two valleys contribute as one. This is quite different from graphene, where strong intervalley scattering changes WAL into WL.[@mccann2006] The underlying reason for such a qualitative difference is that in graphene a gapless valley-singlet mode is responsible for producing WL, whereas in a Weyl semimetal the valley-singlet Cooperons are strongly gapped by the $k_z$ band dispersion.
Substituting Eqs. (\[eq:cav1\]) and (\[eq:cav2\]) in Eq. (\[eq:ds2\]) and doing the $Q$-integral, we arrive at $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:res_bulk}
&\delta G\simeq\alpha\, G_q\ln(\tau_\phi/\tau)\nonumber\\
&\alpha=\left\{\begin{array}{ccc} -1 & {\rm if } & \tau_\phi\ll\tau_s\\
1/2 & {\rm if }& \tau_\phi\gg(\tau_v,\tau_s)\\
1 & {\rm if } & \tau_\phi\ll\tau_v,
\end{array}\right.\end{aligned}$$ where $\delta G\equiv W\delta\sigma$ is the quantum interference correction to [*conductance*]{} and $$G_q\equiv e^2/(2\pi^2 \hbar)$$ is a universal conductance unit. In the derivation of Eq. (\[eq:res\_bulk\]) we have used Eq. (\[eq:ds2\]). The reason why $\alpha=1/2$ when $\tau_\phi\gg(\tau_v,\tau_s)$ is that in such regime there is only one gapless Cooperon mode (hence $|\alpha|=1/2$), which is a spin-singlet (hence $\alpha=|\alpha|$).
While Eq. (\[eq:res\_bulk\]) is valid in absence of external magnetic fields, the magnetoconductance $\Delta G(H)\equiv G(H)-G(0)\simeq\delta G(H)-\delta G(0)$ can be easily obtained from Eq. (\[eq:res\_bulk\]) for $H$ perpendicular to the TI thin film. The replacement of $\int d^2 Q$ by an appropriate sum over Landau levels[@hikami1980] results in $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:magres_bulk}
&\Delta G\simeq\alpha\, G_q f(H_\phi/H)\nonumber\\
&\alpha=\left\{\begin{array}{ccc} -1 & {\rm if } & \tau_H\ll\tau_s\\
1/2 & {\rm if } & \tau_H\gg(\tau_v,\tau_s)\\
1 & {\rm if } & \tau_H\ll\tau_v,
\end{array}\right.\end{aligned}$$ where $f(z)\equiv\ln z-\psi(1/2+z)$ with asymptotes $f(z)\propto z^{-2}$ for $z\gg 1$ and $f(z)\propto\ln(1/z)$ for $z\ll 1$, $\psi$ is the digamma function, $$\tau_H^{-1}\equiv \tau_\phi^{-1}+2 e D H/\hbar\,\,\mbox{ and }\,\, H_\phi\equiv\hbar/(4 e D \tau_\phi).$$
Three conclusions of experimental relevance can be extracted from Eqs. (\[eq:res\_bulk\]) and (\[eq:magres\_bulk\]), which apply when highest occupied electronic states are all located near the $\Gamma$ point. First, bulk TI bands can display $\alpha=-1$ (WL) as long as the chemical potential is sufficiently close to the bottom of the bulk conduction band. Second, bulk TI bands can produce $\alpha=1$ when $\epsilon_F/M$ is sufficiently large. Third, when $(\epsilon_F-M)/M$ is neither large nor small, $\alpha=1/2$ ensues; this is the conventional result expected for ordinary conducting thin films with strong spin-orbit coupling, and is the one that has been often presumed in experiments on TI films.[@chen2010; @checkelsky2011; @wang2011; @he2011; @chen2011; @steinberg2011] At $\tau_H\simeq\tau_s$ there is a crossover between $\alpha=-1$ and $\alpha=1/2$; likewise, at $\tau_H\simeq\tau_v$ there is a crossover between $\alpha=1/2$ and $\alpha=1$.
The particular expressions for $\tau_s$ and $\tau_v$ in Eqs. (\[eq:tau\_s\]) and (\[eq:tau\_v\]) rely on our assumption of $V_{\rm dis}\propto {\bf 1}_4$. Spin-orbit coupled impurities and/or atomically sharp disorder potentials would induce additional spin- and valley-flip processes, whose rates $\tau_{sf}^{-1}$ and $\tau_{vf}^{-1}$ would have to be incorporated via $\tau_s^{-1}\to\tau_s^{-1}+\tau_{sf}^{-1}$ and $\tau_v^{-1}\to\tau_v^{-1}+\tau_{vf}^{-1}$. If $\tau_{vf}^{-1}$ and $\tau_{sf}^{-1}$ are strong enough and insensitive to the value of $\epsilon_F/M$, then the only surviving regime of interference corrections is the conventional $\alpha=1/2$.
The conventional $\alpha=1/2$ can be found in a wide range of parameter space at low temperatures, whereas the unconventional $\alpha=-1$ and $\alpha=1$ emerge in the relatively narrow regimes $\tau\ll\tau_H\ll\tau_s$ and $\tau\ll\tau_H\ll\tau_v$ (respectively). How accessible are these unconventional regimes? Suppose $M\simeq 150 {\rm meV}$, $v\simeq 5\times 10^5 {\rm m/s}$ and a bulk carrier density of $n\simeq 3\times 10^{18} {\rm cm}^{-3}$. This situation corresponds to having a small bulk Fermi surface. Then, it follows that $\alpha\simeq -1$ for a fairly wide range of magnetic fields ($l_H/(12 l)\ll 1$, where $l_H\equiv(D \tau_H)^{1/2}$). The limit $\alpha\to 1$ is not accesible in this regime. Instead, $\alpha\simeq 1$ should be accessible in (i) Weyl semimetals or in TIs with very narrow bandgaps, (ii) in TIs with large bandgap but $M({\bf k}_F)\simeq 0$. For the latter case it must be kept in mind that in the absence of spherical symmetry $M({\bf k}_F)$ is not constant on the Fermi surface. Suppose $M\simeq 5 {\rm meV}$ and a bulk carrier density of $\simeq 2\times 10^{18} {\rm cm}^{-3}$. Then, $\alpha\simeq 1$ in the range of fields corresponding to $l_H/(10 l)\ll 1$. For typical thin films, the requirements for $\alpha=\pm 1$ are compatible with $k_F l\gg 1$.
Materials like BiTl(S$_{1-\delta}$Se$_\delta$)$_2$, where controlled changes of $\delta$ can tune $M$ from 0 to large values,[@xu2011] appear to be good candidates to observe crossovers between different regimes of magnetoresistance in Eq. (\[eq:magres\_bulk\]). Our analysis has thus far neglected surface states of the TI, which can also contribute to the measured magnetoresistance. It can be argued that surface states are unimportant and Eq. (\[eq:magres\_bulk\]) suffices in trivial insulators described by Eq. (\[eq:model\_b\]), as well as in time-reversal-invariant Weyl semimetals and in TIs with very small bulk bandgaps ($\lesssim\hbar/\tau_0$). In contrast, when the surface states of the TI are robust, Eq. (\[eq:magres\_bulk\]) is incomplete and must be generalized. Such generalization is the subject for the rest of this paper.
Quantum Corrections to Conductivity from Coupled Bulk and Surface States
========================================================================
In this section we consider the combined bulk-surface contribution to $\delta\sigma$ in 3D TIs with relatively large bandgaps. We concentrate on a particular setup that consists of a TI thin film gated on one surface. The gate voltage can produce a depletion layer that spatially separates bulk and surface carriers (Fig. \[fig:dep\]), and carriers tunnel back and forth across the depletion layer. We assume the bulk-surface tunneling rate to be much smaller than the elastic scattering time on either side of the depletion layer, so that electrons scatter many times within the bulk (surface) before tunneling to the surface (bulk). This assumption is experimentally realistic, and it simplifies the microscopic theory of this section considerably.
Single isolated TI surface
--------------------------
As a preliminary step, we recall the expression for $\delta\sigma$ on a single TI surface that is decoupled from the bulk. Taking $\epsilon_{Fs} \tau\gg 1$, where $\epsilon_{Fs}$ is the Fermi energy measured from the Dirac point of the surface states, one arrives[@tkachov2011; @lu2011a] at $$\label{eq:res_s}
\Delta G/G_q=(1/2) f(H_\phi/H)$$ for any $\tau_H$. The prefactor $1/2$ is consistent with having a gapless spin-singlet Cooperon (the spin-triplet Cooperons have large gaps due to the strong spin-momentum coupling on the surface).
Two coupled 2D layers without spin-orbit coupling
-------------------------------------------------
As another preliminary step, here we compute $\delta\sigma$ for two ordinary metallic 2D layers separated by a tunnel barrier. In a double layer system, the current flowing in layer $i$ can be written as ${\bf j}_i=\sum_j \sigma_{i j} {\bf E}_j$, where ${\bf E}_j$ is the electric field in layer $j$. For concreteness we take ${\bf E}_1={\bf E}_2\equiv {\bf E}$, so that the measured current is ${\bf j}={\bf j}_1+{\bf j}_2=\sigma{\bf E}$ with $\sigma=\sum_{i j}\sigma_{i j}$. Consequently, the quantum corrections to conductivity are $\delta\sigma=\sum_{i j}\delta\sigma_{i j}$. The goal of this section is to compute $\delta\sigma$ from microscopic theory.
![Diagrammatic representation for $\delta\sigma_{i j}$, where $i$ and $j$ are layer indices. For 2D layers without spin-orbit coupling, the Cooperon matrix elements are fully characterized by layer indices. The velocity operator is diagonal in the layer index; therefore, the Cooperons $C^{1 1}_{2 2}$ and $C^{2 2}_{1 1}$ do not enter in the expression for $\delta\sigma_{i j}$.[]{data-label="fig:dsij"}](./diag6.eps)
![Typical microscopic process that gives rise to $\delta\sigma_{1 2}$. It can be neglected when the intralayer disorder potentials in the two layers are uncorrelated.[]{data-label="fig:ds12"}](./diag3.eps)
The interference correction $\delta\sigma_{i j}$ has the diagrammatic representation shown in Fig. \[fig:dsij\]. Because the velocity operator is diagonal in the layer index, the only Cooperons that enter in the conductivity are $C^{i j}_{j i}$, with $i,j\in\{1,2\}$. In particular $\delta\sigma_{i i}$ involves intralayer Cooperons $C^{i i}_{i i}$, whereas $\delta\sigma_{1 2}$ and $\delta\sigma_{2 1}$ involve interlayer Cooperons $C^{1 2}_{2 1}$ and $C^{2 1}_{1 2}$ (Fig. \[fig:ds12\]). Assuming that disorder potentials in the two layers are uncorrelated, $C^{i j}_{j i}=0$ for $i\neq j$. This is a reasonable assumption when electrons in the two layers scatter off different sets of impurities. Hence, we are left with $\delta\sigma=\sum_i\delta\sigma_{i i}$. From here on we simplify the notation via $C^{i i}_{i i}\equiv C_i$.
When evaluating $\delta\sigma_{i i}$ we will neglect spin-orbit interactions; however, the main lessons learned in this subsection will be transferrable to the spin-orbit coupled case studied in the next subsection. In absence of interlayer coupling, a standard calculation yields $$\label{eq:dnotu}
\delta\sigma_{i i}^{(0)}\simeq -4 \frac{e^2}{\hbar^2} \nu_i D_i \tau_{d i}^2\int_{\bf Q} C_i^{(0)}({\bf Q}),$$ where $\int_{\bf Q}\equiv \int d^2 Q/(2\pi)^2$, an extra factor of $2$ is due to spin degeneracy, $\tau_{d i}$ is the scattering time in layer $i$ due to elastic impurities (we assume purely s-wave scattering, so that there is no difference between the transport scattering time and the quantum lifetime), $\nu_i$ is the density of states per unit area in layer $i$ and $$C_i^{(0)} ({\bf Q})=\frac{\hbar}{2\pi \nu_i \tau_{d i}^2} \frac{1}{D_i Q^2+\tau_{\phi i}^{-1}}$$ is the Cooperon for an isolated layer. In presence of interlayer tunneling, $C_i^{(0)}$ in Eq. (\[eq:dnotu\]) is replaced by $C_i$: $$\label{eq:dd}
\delta\sigma_{i i}\simeq -4 \frac{e^2}{\hbar^2} \nu_i D_i \tau_{d i}^2\int_{\bf Q}C_i({\bf Q}),$$ in whose prefactor we have neglected terms containing the ratio between the tunneling rate and the elastic scattering rate.
![Single-particle Green’s functions. (a) Dressing of Bloch states due to intralayer impurity scattering. (b) Dressing of disorder-averaged Green’s functions due to interlayer tunneling. The tunneling amplitude is regarded as a random variable.[]{data-label="fig:gfig"}](./diag.eps)
In order to compute $C_i$, we recognize that the influence of interlayer coupling occurs at two different levels. On one hand, it modifies the single-particle Green’s function for each layer (Fig. \[fig:gfig\]). Because the thickness of the depletion layer typically shows microscopic variations within the same film as well as from sample to sample, the interlayer tunneling amplitude can be regarded as a random variable. Consequently, the change in the ensemble-averaged Green’s function due to tunneling can be captured via $\tau_{d i}^{-1}\to \tau_{d i}^{-1}+\tau_{t i}^{-1}$, where $$\tau_{t i}^{-1}=(2\pi/\hbar) \langle|t|^2\rangle S\, \nu_j$$ is the tunneling rate from layer $i$ onto layer $j\neq i$, $\langle|t|^2\rangle$ is the averaged square of the tunneling matrix element and $S$ is the layer area. Note that $\langle|t|^2\rangle$ scales like $S^{-1}$, so that $\tau_{t i}^{-1}$ is independent of the layer area.
![(a) Cooperon $C_i^{(0)}$ without interlayer tunneling. (b) Partially dressed Cooperon $\tilde{C}_i^{(0)}$, where tunneling is included solely in the single-particle Green’s functions. $\tilde{C}_i^{(0)}$ can be directly obtained from $C_i^{(0)}$ via $\tau_{\phi i}\to\tilde{\tau}_{\phi i}$. (c) Fully dressed Cooperon $C_i$, where tunneling is incorporated both in the single-particle Green’s function and in the particle-particle correlations.[]{data-label="fig:cfig"}](./diag5.eps)
![Typical processes not included in Fig. \[fig:cfig\], as they are subdominant for $\tau_{t i}\gg\tau_{d i}$.[]{data-label="fig:nfig"}](./diag4b.eps)
On the other hand, interlayer tunneling modifies particle-particle correlations that build up Cooperons. An approximate diagrammatic expression for these correlations is shown in Fig. \[fig:cfig\]. The equation of Fig. \[fig:cfig\]c can be solved in momentum space and it yields $$\label{eq:cii}
C_i =\frac{\hbar}{2\pi\nu_i\tau_{d i}^2}\frac{D_j Q^2+\tilde{\tau}_{\phi j}^{-1}}{(D_1 Q^2+\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 1}^{-1})(D_2 Q^2+\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 2}^{-1})-\tau_{t 1}^{-1}\tau_{t 2}^{-1}}$$ for $j\neq i$. In the derivation of Eq. (\[eq:cii\]) we have introduced $$\label{eq:tau_tilde}
\tilde{\tau}_{\phi i}^{-1}\equiv\tau_{\phi i}^{-1}+\tau_{t i}^{-1}$$ as an effective phase relaxation rate that incorporates tunneling, and have used $$\int_{\bf k} G_i^R ({\bf k}) G^A_i(-{\bf k}+{\bf Q})\simeq \frac{2\pi \nu_i\tau_{d i} }{\hbar}\left(1-\frac{\tau_{d i}}{\tilde{\tau}_{\phi i}}-D_i Q^2 \tau_{d i}\right).\nonumber$$ Microscopic processes depicted in Fig. \[fig:cfig\] leave out those in which two consecutive tunneling events occur without any intralayer scattering in between. Likewise, they ignore electron trajectories in which a tunneling event precedes any intralayer scattering (Fig. \[fig:nfig\]). These processes are relatively unimportant if $\tau_{t i}\gg \tau_{d i}$. Not surprisingly, Eq. (\[eq:cii\]) arises in the coupled equations for the classical diffusive conductivity as well (see Appendix \[sec:cond\]).
It is convenient to rewrite $C_i$ in Eq. (\[eq:cii\]) as $$\label{eq:q1}
C_i=\frac{\hbar}{2\pi\nu_i D_i \tau_{d i}^2}\left[\frac{A_i}{Q^2+q_a^2}+\frac{B_i}{Q^2+q_b^2}\right],$$ where $$\label{eq:ab1}
2 q_{a (b)}^2=\frac{1}{\tilde{l}_{\phi 1}^{2}}+\frac{1}{\tilde{l}_{\phi 2}^{2}}\pm \sqrt{\left(\frac{1}{\tilde{l}_{\phi 1}^{2}}-\frac{1}{\tilde{l}_{\phi 2}^{2}}\right)^2+ \frac{4}{l_{t 1}^2 l_{t 2}^2}}$$ and $$\label{eq:ab2}
A_i = 1-B_i= (\tilde{l}_{\phi j}^{-2}-q_a^2)/(q_b^2-q_a^2)\,\,\mbox{ for $j\neq i$.}$$ In Eq. (\[eq:ab1\]) we have defined $\tilde{l}_{\phi i}\equiv(D_i\tilde{\tau}_{\phi i})^{1/2}$ as an effective coherence length and $l_{t i}\equiv(D_i\tau_{t i})^{1/2}$ as the interlayer leakage length. Besides, $q_a^2 (q_b^2)$ gets the positive (negative) sign in front of the square root. Combining Eq. (\[eq:dd\]) with Eq. (\[eq:q1\]) and using $A_1+A_2=B_1+B_2=1$, we get $$\delta\sigma=\sum_i\delta\sigma_{i i}=-2 \frac{e^2}{\pi\hbar} \int_{\bf Q} \left[\frac{1}{Q^2+q_a^2}+\frac{1}{Q^2+q_b^2}\right].$$ Therefore, the low-field magnetoconductance reads $$\label{eq:Dii}
\Delta\sigma=\sum_i\Delta\sigma_{i i}=-G_q\left[ f\left(\frac{H_a}{H}\right)+ f\left(\frac{H_b}{H}\right) \right],$$ where $$H_{a (b)}\equiv \hbar\, q_{a (b)}^2/(4 e).$$ In the limit of very strong tunneling ($\tau_{t i}/\tau_{\phi i}\to 0$), Eq. (\[eq:Dii\]) becomes $\Delta\sigma\simeq -G_q f(H_b/H)$, as though there was a single layer. In the limit of very weak tunneling ($\tau_{t i}/\tau_{\phi i}\to\infty$), $\Delta\sigma$ is the sum of contributions from two independent films.
It is helpful to understand the weak and strong coupling regimes in terms of measurable quantities like the interlayer conductance per square, $$g_t=(2\pi e^2/\hbar)\langle|t|^2\rangle S \nu_1\nu_2=\sigma_{D i}/l_{t i}^2,$$ where $\sigma_{D i}$ is the Drude conductivity in layer $i$. For simplicity suppose that $\tau_{\phi 1}\simeq\tau_{\phi 2}\equiv\tau_\phi$. In this case the crossover from weak to strong tunneling occurs when $$\label{eq:cross}
\frac{1}{g_t l_\phi^2}\lesssim \frac{1}{\sigma_{D 1}}+\frac{1}{\sigma_{D 2}}\,\,\,\mbox{(crossover condition)},$$ namely when the tunneling resistance for a square of area $l_\phi^2$ becomes smaller than the sum of the classical intralayer resistivities. Let us define $$g_c^{-1}\equiv (\sigma_{D 1}^{-1}+\sigma_{D 2}^{-1}) l_\phi^2.$$ If $g_t\ll g_c$, then $\Delta\sigma/G_q\simeq -2\ln(H/H_\phi)$ for $H\gg H_\phi$. If $g_t\gg g_c$, then $\Delta\sigma/G_q\simeq -\ln(H/H_\phi)$ for $H_\phi\ll H\ll H_\phi (g_t/g_c)$. Thus changing the interlayer conductance results in a factor-of-two change for the magnitude of the WL correction.
![Example of an interlayer scattering process that is allowed in multilayer systems. Its analog in multivalley semiconductors of Ref. \[\] is forbidden.[]{data-label="fig:fuku"}](./diag7.eps)
Limits reminiscent of the above were first discussed in inversion layers of multivalley semiconductors like Si,[@fukuyama1980] where the role of the layers is played by different electron pockets in the Brillouin zone. Similarities notwithstanding, there are clear differences between our microscopic theory and that of multivalley semiconductors. On one hand, the separation in momentum between valleys of Si prevents scattering processes such as the one in Fig. \[fig:fuku\]. These processes are not only allowed in our case, but also lead to the Cooperon dressing shown in Fig \[fig:cfig\]c. On the other hand, in our case the interlayer Cooperon vanishes due to uncorrelated disorder potentials in the two spatially separated layers. That is not the case in multivalley semiconductors, where both valleys scatter off the same set of real-space impurities and intervalley Cooperons contribute crucially to $\delta\sigma$.
Finally, it should be mentioned that Eqs. (\[eq:ab1\]), (\[eq:ab2\]) and (\[eq:Dii\]) coincide with those derived by G. Bergmann,[@bergmann1989] who invoked macroscopic arguments based on the diffusion equation. The microscopic theory of this subsection supports Bergmann’s results, insofar as $\tau_{t i}\gg \tau_{d i}$ and the disorder potentials in the two layers are uncorrelated. Incidentally, yet another way to arrive at the same results is unveiled in Appendix \[sec:coupled\_cooper\]; this later method will prove convenient in the upcoming subsection.
3D TI film with bulk-surface coupling
-------------------------------------
We now consider a 3D TI film (Fig. \[fig:dep\]) with a gate electrode placed near its top surface.
At the moment we neglect the bottom surface of the TI, which will be incorporated below. For ease of notation we use subscript “1” to refer to “bulk”, and subscript “2” to refer to “top surface”. Like in the preceding subsection we assume bulk-surface disorder correlations to be negligible, so that the quantum corrections to conductance can be written as $\delta G=\delta G_{1 1}+\delta G_{2 2}=W \delta\sigma_{1 1}+\delta\sigma_{2 2}$. $\delta G$ is approximately independent of the film thickness $W$ as long as $W\ll\tilde{l}_{\phi 1}$ , where $\tilde{l}_{\phi 1}$ was defined below Eq. (\[eq:ab2\]).
The goal of this subsection is to calculate $\delta G$ from microscopic theory. Unlike in the previous subsection, here both “layers” are spin-orbit coupled. We assume that tunneling events, albeit being time-reversal invariant, conserve neither spin nor orbital degrees of freedom. Indeed, in a TI spin is not conserved for non-momentum-conserving tunneling. Similarly, the orbital degree of freedom is not conserved due to broken inversion symmetry near the surface.
Let us begin with no tunneling. On one hand, there are four surface Cooperon modes: one gapless spin-singlet mode and three spin-triplet modes with large ($\sim\tau_{d 2}^{-1}$) gaps. On the other hand, there are sixteen bulk Cooperons, of which a spin-singlet mode (Eq. (\[eq:g1\])) is always gapless. In addition, four of the bulk modes (the spin-singlet of Eq. (\[eq:g2\]) and three spin-triplets of Eq. (\[eq:trip\])) can be “soft” depending on $\epsilon_F/M$. The rest of the bulk Cooperon modes have large gaps of order $\tau_{d 1}^{-1}$.
Let us now turn on tunneling. Since $\tau_{t i}\gg \tau_{d i}$, we can limit ourselves to analyzing the effects of tunneling within the low-energy subspace formed by the soft Cooperons. If there are no magnetic impurities in the depletion layer, the total spin of the Cooperon is a good quantum number even in presence of tunneling. Accordingly tunneling does not mix spin-singlet modes with spin-triplet modes, and the full (dressed) Cooperons can also be classified into spin-singlets and a spin-triplet.
In the regimes $\tau_{\phi 1}\ll\tau_s$ and $\tau_{\phi 1}\gg (\tau_s,\tau_v)$, tunneling dresses one soft spin-singlet Cooperon in the bulk with another soft spin-singlet Cooperon on the surface. This dressing is completed as explained in Section IIIB: first by renormalizing the phase relaxation time $\tau_{\phi i}\to \tilde{\tau}_{\phi i}$, and afterwards proceeding with the series expansion of Fig. \[fig:cfig\]c. All “blocks” appearing in this series expansion are spin-singlets. When $\tau_{\phi 1}\ll\tau_s$, the soft spin-triplet Cooperons from the bulk are dressed simply through $\tau_{\phi 1}\to\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 1}$: they do not get appreciably admixed with the spin-triplet Cooperon on the surface because the latter has a large gap.
In the regime $\tau_{\phi 1}\ll\tau_v$, there are two gapless singlet Cooperons in the bulk, each of which can hybridize with the singlet gapless Cooperon on the surface. For this situation, Fig. \[fig:cfig\]c does not capture all possible processes and the calculation from the previous subsection must be generalized; this generalization is carried out in Appendix \[sec:coupled\_cooper\].
With the above considerations in mind, we combine Eqs. (\[eq:magres\_bulk\]) and (\[eq:res\_s\]) in order to obtain the total contribution to low-field magnetoconductance: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:res_tot}
& \frac{\Delta G}{G_q}\simeq\frac{1}{2}\left\{\begin{array}{ccc}
f\left(\frac{H_a}{H}\right)+f\left(\frac{H_b}{H}\right)-3 f\left(\frac{\tilde{H}_{\phi 1}}{H}\right) &{\rm if } & \tilde{\tau}_H\ll\tau_s\\
f\left(\frac{H_a}{H}\right)+f\left(\frac{H_b}{H}\right) &{\rm if } & \tilde{\tau}_H\gg(\tau_s,\tau_v)\\
f\left(\frac{H_c}{H}\right)+f\left(\frac{H_d}{H}\right)+f\left(\frac{\tilde{H}_{\phi 1}}{H}\right) &{\rm if } &\tilde{\tau}_H\ll\tau_v,
\end{array}\right.\end{aligned}$$ where $H_l=\hbar\, q_l^2/(4 e)$ for $l\in\{a,b,c,d\}$, $$\tilde{H}_{\phi 1}\equiv \hbar/(4 e D_1 \tilde{\tau}_{\phi 1}),\,\,\,{\rm and}\,\,\, \tilde{\tau}_H^{-1}\equiv \tilde{\tau}_{\phi 1}^{-1}+ 2 e D_1 H/\hbar.$$ Note that the effective phase relaxation rate increases linearly with the bulk-to-surface tunneling rate (c.f. Eq. (\[eq:tau\_tilde\])). The characteristic momenta $q_{a (b)}$ have been introduced earlier in Eq. (\[eq:ab1\]). The additional momenta $q_{c(d)}$ are identical to $q_{a (b)}$, except for $\tau_{t 2}^{-1}\to 2\,\tau_{t 2}^{-1}$. The reason for this difference is that the surface Cooperon can decay into two gapless bulk Cooperons when $\tau_{\phi 1}\ll\tau_v$.
The first line of Eq. (\[eq:res\_tot\]) displays a competition between WL and WAL, and suggests that it is possible to induce a WAL-to-WL transition with a varying gate voltage. In the weak tunneling regime WL prevails, whereas in the strong tunneling regime WAL takes over. Similarly, a gate voltage can induce transitions between three different WAL coefficients: $\alpha\in(1/2,1)$ in the second line, and $\alpha\in(1/2,3/2)$ in the third line. The second line of Eq. (\[eq:res\_tot\]) describes quantum corrections as if they originated from two independent thin films with mixed bulk-surface character; indeed, universal results expected for the simplectic symmetry class are recovered when the effective phase relaxation times become the longest timescales of the problem. Some simple limiting cases of Eq. (\[eq:res\_tot\]) are discussed in Appendix \[sec:special\].
Thus far we have considered the coupling between the bulk and [*one*]{} (the top) surface of the TI film. As a consequence, Eq. (\[eq:res\_tot\]) applies to a TI film only if the phase relaxation time of the bottom surface (adjacent to the substrate) is short compared to other phase relaxation and tunneling times in the problem. This condition is likely not met in some recent experiments,[@checkelsky2011; @chen2011] which report on independent contributions from both surfaces. Partly motivated by these experiments, we now generalize Eq. (\[eq:res\_tot\]) so as to capture two surfaces, each coupled to bulk states.
We consider the scenario depicted in Fig. \[fig:dep\], where the bottom surface contains bulk carriers. Since there is no depletion layer near $z=W$, we assume that the bulk-surface tunneling rate therein is strong compared to the phase relaxation rate, yet weak compared to disorder scattering rate. Hence we describe the hybrid of bottom surface and bulk states via Eq. (\[eq:res\_tot2\]), and thereafter couple this hybrid to the top surface along the lines of Eq. (\[eq:res\_tot\]). The resulting expression for $\Delta G$ can be approximated as $$\label{eq:res_tot5}
\frac{\Delta G}{G_q}\simeq\frac{1}{2} f\left(\frac{H'_a}{H}\right)+\frac{1}{2}f\left(\frac{H'_b}{H}\right),$$ where $H'_{a(b)}\equiv\hbar (q'_{a(b)})^2/(4 e)$. The characteristic momenta $q'_a$ and $q'_b$ obey Eq. (\[eq:ab1\]), where “1” labels the top surface and “2” labels a hybrid between the bottom surface and the bulk.
Notably, Eq. (\[eq:res\_tot5\]) implies that WL is no longer possible once the bottom surface is strongly coupled to bulk states. Instead, conventional WAL ensues with $\alpha\in(1/2,1)$. This observation not only sheds light on why current experiments see no indication for WL, but it also gives insight as to how WL could be observed in TI films.
A possible strategy is to degrade the surfaces, e.g. by depositing magnetic impurities on them, and decoupling them from the bulk by double-sided gating. One may expect WL even if only the top surface is decoupled, while the (degraded) bottom surface is in contact with the bulk. In this case, Eq. (\[eq:res\_tot\]) reduces to Eq. (\[eq:magres\_bulk\]) derived for the sole bulk conduction, with the replacement $\tau_{\phi 1}^{-1}\to\tau_{\phi 1}^{-1}+\tau_{t 3}^{-1}$, where $\tau_{t 3}$ is the tunneling rate of electrons from bulk to the bottom surface. If the film is thick enough, then $\tau_{t 3}^{-1}$ may become sufficiently small to provide some dynamic range for observing WL behavior. This same strategy can also facilitate the observation of WAL with $\alpha>1$.
Estimates for the bulk-surface coupling
---------------------------------------
![Schematic energy band profile for a gated 3D TI thin film. $z=0$ corresponds to the top surface of the device, immediately under the gate. $z=W$ corresponds to the bottom (ungated) surface. The vertical (blue) solid lines at $z=0, W$ are surface states. The curved solid (red) line is the bulk conduction band, and the dot-dashed (brown) curve is the bulk valence band. The chemical potential is depicted by a horizontal dashed line. $z_d$ is the thickness of the depletion layer, where neither bulk nor surface carriers are present. $\epsilon_{F s}$ is the Fermi energy of the surface states measured from the Dirac point ($\epsilon_{Fs}<0$ in this figure). $\epsilon_F$ is the Fermi energy of the bulk states, measured with respect to the midgap point. []{data-label="fig:dep"}](./dep.eps)
This subsection is devoted to an approximate electrostatic and quantum mechanical analysis of the depletion layer in a TI film, which will result in quantitative estimates for the bulk-surface coupling.
For a TI with an $n$-doped bulk, a negative charge per unit area $(-Q_g)$ placed at the gate repels electrons from bulk bands at $z=0$ as well as from the surface states at $z=0$. This leaves a positive net charge on the top surface, which is equivalent to a downward shift in the local chemical potential at $z=0$: $\Delta\mu_s=\epsilon_F-\epsilon_{F s}$. Recall that $\epsilon_{Fs}$ is the Fermi energy of the surface states measured from the Dirac point (for simplicity the Dirac point is assumed to be in the middle of the bandgap at $z=0$) and $\epsilon_F$ is the Fermi energy of the bulk states measured from the middle of the bandgap. Since the chemical potential deep inside the bulk must be unaffected by the gate, $\Delta\mu_s\neq 0$ implies a band bending of magnitude $\phi_s=\Delta\mu_s$ near the gated surface (Fig. \[fig:dep\]).
When $\Delta\mu_s>(\epsilon_F-M)$ there are no bulk carriers left at $z=0$ and a depletion layer appears at $z\in(0,z_d)$, where $z_d$ is determined below. For each value of $Q_g$, $\Delta\mu_s$ (or equivalently $\epsilon_{F s})$ can be uniquely determined from the overall neutrality condition $Q_s+Q_d=Q_g$, where $Q_s$ is the positive net charge induced on the surface, and $Q_d$ is the positive net charge in the depletion layer. In the depletion approximation[@sze2002] one has $Q_d\simeq n z_d$, where $n$ (c.f. Eq. (\[eq:n\])) is equal to the density of charged donors in the depleted region. The electrostatic energy profile in the depleted region then obeys $$\label{eq:fi}
\phi(z)=\phi_b-\frac{1}{2}\frac{e^2 n}{\kappa}(z-z_d)^2,$$ where $\phi_b\equiv\phi_s-(\epsilon_F-M)=M-\epsilon_{F s}$, $\kappa$ is the static dielectric constant and $$\label{eq:depl}
z_d=\sqrt{\frac{2\kappa \phi_b}{e^2 n}}.$$ In the derivation of Eq. (\[eq:fi\]) we have assumed that the electric field vanishes at $z=z_d$, which is accurate within a screening radius. As the gate voltage is made more negative, the maximum width of the depletion layer ($z_d^{\rm max}$) is achieved when $\phi_b\simeq 2 M$. For $\phi_b>2 M$, the bulk bands get inverted at $z=0$ and $z_d$ saturates. We estimate $z_d^{\rm max}\simeq 20 {\rm nm}$ for some typical parameter values ($M=150 {\rm meV}$, $n\simeq 4\times 10^{18} {\rm cm}^{-3}$, $\kappa=50$).
Once the electrostatic profile of the TI film is characterized, we can analyze the quantum mechanical tunneling of electrons across the depletion layer. The tunneling conductance per unit area is roughly $$\label{eq:kappa}
g_t\sim (e^2/h) \lambda_F^{-2} \exp(-2\chi),$$ where $\lambda_F$ is the smallest between bulk and surface Fermi wavelengths, and $$\label{eq:kappa2}
\chi\simeq \int_0^{z_d} dz\frac{\phi_b-\phi(z)}{\hbar v}\simeq\frac{1}{6}\frac{e^2 n z_d^3}{\kappa\,\hbar v}.$$ In Eq. (\[eq:kappa2\]) we have ignored effective mass and Fermi velocity mismatches across the depletion layer. The WKB exponent $\chi$ can be tuned by a gate voltage: as $z_d$ varies from $0$ to $z_d^{\rm max}$, $\chi$ goes from $0$ to $\simeq 6$.
Drawing from the previous subsection (c.f. Eq. (\[eq:cross\])), the crossover from weak to strong bulk-surface coupling occurs when $$\label{eq:cross1}
\frac{1}{g_t l_\phi^2}\lesssim\frac{1}{\sigma_{D 1} W}+\frac{1}{\sigma_{D 2}}\simeq \frac{1}{\sigma_{D 2}},$$ where in the second equality we have assumed that $\sigma_{D 1} W\gg\sigma_{D 2}$. This is a good assumption provided that (i) the bulk mean free path is of the same order as the surface mean free path, and (ii) $k_F W\gg 1$. Plugging Eq. (\[eq:kappa\]) in Eq. (\[eq:cross1\]), the latter becomes $$\label{eq:cross2}
\frac{l_\phi}{\lambda_F}\gtrsim (k_{Fs} l_2)^{1/2} \exp(\chi),$$ where $k_{Fs}=|\epsilon_{F s}|/{\hbar v}$ is the Fermi wave vector for the surface states and we have used $\sigma_{D 2}\sim (e^2/h) k_{F s} l_2$.
When $z_d=z_d^{\rm max}$, the right hand side of Eq. (\[eq:cross2\]) reaches $\simeq 1000$, which exceeds the typical $l_\phi/\lambda_F$ in TI thin films by at least an order of magnitude. Therefore, when the depletion layer has its maximum width, the top surface and the bulk of the TI film can be regarded as weakly coupled. This state of affairs changes rapidly when the depletion layer is made thinner by a gate voltage. For instance, when $z_d=z_d^{\rm max}/\sqrt2$, the right hand side of Eq. (\[eq:cross2\]) equals $\simeq 30$, which is comparable to the typical $l_\phi/\lambda_F$. Further slight reductions in $z_d$ can subsequently drive the film into a regime of strong bulk-surface coupling. These estimates justify the interpretation of experimental data given in e.g. Ref. \[\].
Summary and conclusions
=======================
We have completed a theoretical study of low-field magnetoresistance in electrostatically gated 3D TI films. The concise analytical expressions presented here \[Eqs. (\[eq:magres\_bulk\]), (\[eq:res\_tot\]) and (\[eq:res\_tot5\])\] may shed light on the quantum magnetoresistance of TIs, Weyl semimetals, as well as some topologically trivial materials. Only magnetic fields that are perpendicular to the TI thin film have been considered in this work; for in-plane fields and small bulk bandgaps, quantum interference contributions might be masked by classical magnetoresistance anomalies.[@son2012]
A number of predictions from this work have not been articulated in previous studies and await experimental confirmation. For instance, we find that TI thin films with low bulk doping may exhibit weak localization (WL) or negative magnetoresistance, instead of the often presumed weak antilocalization (WAL) or positive magnetoresistance. Admittedly, the parameter space for WL is relatively narrow, and vanishes when either surface of the TI film is strongly coupled to bulk states. However, WL may be experimentally accessible in thicker films, or in thin films where the surfaces have short phase relaxation times. Under these conditions, a gate can induce a crossover between WL and WAL. On a separate note, we find that the “universal” prefactor for WAL varies depending on the bandgap of the TI, on the bulk doping concentration, on the phase relaxation times, and on the applied gate voltage.
The results from this work are applicable to conducting yet lighly doped TIs, with thicknesses ranging between the bulk transport mean free path and the bulk phase relaxation length. It may be useful to find out how the results derived here change in highly doped TIs containing additional electrons pockets away from the $\Gamma$ point. Likewise, it may be helpful to extend our results to thinner films. Other potentially interesting tasks involve investigating universal conductance fluctuations and determining the influence of electron-electron interactions in the magnetoresistance of doped TI films.
This research has been financially supported by a fellowship from Yale University (I.G.), and by NSF DMR Grant No. 0906498 (L.G.). L.G. thanks Pablo Jarillo-Herrero for a discussion that initiated the present work, I.G. thanks Ewelina Hankiewicz for an informative conversation, and both authors thank Aharon Kapitulnik for bringing Ref. \[\] to their attention.
Renormalized velocity operator {#sec:ren}
==============================
The velocity operators appearing in the expressions for $\sigma_D$ and $\delta\sigma$ (c.f. Sec. IIB) must be renormalized with ladder diagrams containing impurity scattering. The Dyson equation for the renormalized velocity operator is (Fig. \[fig:vertex\]) $$\label{eq:vd}
\tilde{{\bf v}}_{\alpha\beta}({\bf k})= {\bf v}_{\alpha\beta}({\bf k})+u_0\sum_{\alpha,\beta\in\{1,2\}}\int_{{\bf k}'}\langle\alpha {\bf k}|\alpha' {\bf k}'\rangle\langle\beta'{\bf k}'|\beta{\bf k}\rangle G^A({\bf k}') G^R({\bf k}') \tilde{{\bf v}}_{\alpha'\beta'}({\bf k}'),$$ where ${\bf v}_{\alpha\beta}({\bf k})=\delta_{\alpha\beta} \hbar v^2 {\bf k}/E_k$ is a matrix element for the bare velocity operator. We solve Eq. (\[eq:vd\]) by guessing a solution of the form $$\label{eq:guess}
\tilde{{\bf v}}_{\alpha\beta}({\bf k})=\gamma_k {\bf k}\delta_{\alpha\beta},$$ where $\gamma_k$ is a scalar that depends on $|{\bf k}|$ but not $\hat{\bf k}$. Although it is [*a priori*]{} not obvious that the renormalized velocity operator should be diagonal in the band indices, substituting Eq. (\[eq:guess\]) in Eq. (\[eq:vd\]) and using Eq. (\[eq:eigenstates\]) we find that $\tilde{{\bf v}}_{\alpha\beta}({\bf k})\propto\delta_{\alpha\beta}$ is indeed appropriate provided that $$\gamma_k=\frac{\hbar v^2}{E_k}\frac{\tau}{\tau_0}.$$ Here $$\frac{\hbar}{\tau}=2\pi\nu u_0\int\frac{d\Omega_{{\bf k}'}}{4\pi}\sum_{\alpha'}|\langle\alpha {\bf k}_F|\alpha' {\bf k}'_F\rangle|^2 (1-\hat{\bf k}_F\cdot\hat{\bf k}'_F)$$ is the transport scattering time. Therefore, the final result for the renormalized velocity is $\tilde{{\bf v}}_{\alpha\beta}({\bf k})={\bf v}_{\alpha\beta}({\bf k}) (\tau/\tau_0)$.
![Impurity vertex corrections for the velocity operator []{data-label="fig:vertex"}](./vertex.eps)
Evaluation of $\delta\sigma_2$ in some simple cases {#sec:ds2}
===================================================
The expression for $\delta\sigma_2$ (depicted in Fig. \[fig:cofig\]c) reads $$\label{eq:nasty}
\delta\sigma_2\simeq -2\frac{e^2\hbar}{2\pi}\int_{{\bf k}, {\bf k}'} \tilde{v}^x({\bf k}) \tilde{v}^x({\bf k}') G^A({\bf k}) G^A({\bf k}') G^A(-{\bf k})
G^A(-{\bf k}') G^R(-{\bf k}') G^R({\bf k})\sum_{\alpha\beta\alpha'\beta'}\Gamma^{\alpha\alpha'}_{\beta'\beta}({\bf k},-{\bf k}',0)
\frac{1}{W}\int\frac{d^2 Q}{(2\pi)^2} C^{\beta\alpha}_{\alpha'\beta'}({\bf k},{\bf k}',{\bf Q}),$$ where the overall factor of two stems from the fact that the two diagrams in Fig. \[fig:cofig\]c give identical contribution, and the band indices $\alpha,\beta$ etc. are summed over $1,2$. For generic $(\epsilon_F-M)/M$, the calculation of $\delta\sigma_2$ is cumbersome. Here we focus on two simple limits that are of interest: $(\epsilon_F-M)/M\ll 1$ and $(\epsilon_F-M)/M\gg 1$.
When $(\epsilon_F-M)/M\ll 1$, the momentum dependence of $|\alpha {\bf k}_F\rangle$ is negligible. Consequently, $C^{\beta\alpha}_{\alpha'\beta'}({\bf k}_F,{\bf k}_F',{\bf Q})$ and $\Gamma^{\alpha\alpha'}_{\beta'\beta}({\bf k}_F,-{\bf k}_F',0)$ become independent of ${\bf k}_F$ and ${\bf k}_F'$. Since the matrix elements of the velocity operator are odd under ${\bf k}\to -{\bf k}$ and ${\bf k}'\to -{\bf k}'$, it is clear that $$\delta\sigma_2\simeq 0.$$
The limit of $(\epsilon_F-M)/M\gg 1$ is less trivial. In this regime the Hamiltonian is approximately block diagonal both in absence and in presence of disorder, because the disorder potential we take is spin- and orbital-indpendent. Therefore we may focus on a $2\times 2$ Hamiltonian (describing a Weyl node of positive chirality), $$\label{eq:h_simple}
h'({\bf k})=\hbar v {\bf k}\cdot{\boldsymbol \sigma}+V_0({\bf r}){\bf 1}_{2\times 2},$$ where ${\bf k}=k(\sin\theta\cos\phi,\sin\theta\sin\phi,\cos\theta)$. The result for $\delta\sigma$ obtained from such Hamiltonian needs to be multiplied by two at the end, as each block makes an equal contribution. The eigenstates for $h'({\bf k})$ are $|+,{\bf k}\rangle=(\cos(\theta/2),\exp(i\phi)\sin(\theta/2))^T$ and $|-,{\bf k}\rangle=(\sin(\theta/2),-\exp(i\phi)\cos(\theta/2))^T$.
One significant simplification from Eq. (\[eq:h\_simple\]) is that there is only one band at the Fermi energy. This allows us to rewrite Eq. (\[eq:nasty\]) as $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:less_ugly}
\delta\sigma_2=& -4\frac{e^2\hbar^3}{2\pi} u_0\frac{\tau^2}{\tau_0^2}\left[\int\frac{dk k^2}{(2\pi)^2}\frac{k v^2}{E_k} (G^A)^2 G^R\right]^2\frac{1}{W}\int\frac{d^2 Q}{(2\pi)^2}\nonumber\\
&\times\int\frac{d\Omega_{{\bf k}}}{4\pi}\int\frac{d\Omega_{{\bf k}'}}{4\pi} \sin\theta\cos\phi\sin\theta'\cos\phi'\langle +,{\bf k}_F|+,{\bf k}_F'\rangle\langle +,-{\bf k}_F|+,-{\bf k}_F'\rangle C^{+ +}_{+ +}({\bf k}_F,{\bf k}_F',{\bf Q}),\end{aligned}$$ where the aforementioned extra factor of two has been accounted for. It is illustrative to compare Eq. (\[eq:less\_ugly\]) with its counterpart in $\delta\sigma_1$: $$\label{eq:pretty}
\delta\sigma_1=-2\frac{e^2 \hbar^3}{2\pi}\frac{\tau^2}{\tau_0^2}\int\frac{dk k^2}{(2\pi)^2}\frac{k^2 v^4}{E_k^2} (G^R)^2 (G^A)^2 \frac{1}{W}\int\frac{d^2 Q}{(2\pi)^2} \sin^2\theta\cos^2\phi\, C^{+ +}_{+ +}({\bf k}_F,{\bf k}_F,{\bf Q}).$$ In Section II we detailed the steps to follow for the evaluation of Eq. (\[eq:pretty\]). Applying those same steps to Eq. (\[eq:less\_ugly\]) and using $$\int\frac{dk k^2}{2\pi^2} \frac{k^2}{E_k^2} (G^R)^2 (G^A)^2 \simeq \frac{4\pi\nu\tau_0^3}{\hbar^5 v^2}\,\,\,\mbox{ and }\,\,\,\left[\int\frac{dk k^2}{(2\pi)^2}\frac{k}{E_k} (G^A)^2 G^R\right]^2 u_0 \simeq -\frac{4\pi \nu \tau_0^3}{\hbar^5 v^2},$$ we arrive at $$\delta\sigma_2=-\frac{1}{3}\delta\sigma_1=-\frac{1}{3} G_q \ln\left(\frac{\tau_\phi}{\tau}\right).$$
Evaluation of matrix elements for $\hat{U}$ {#sec:u}
===========================================
In this Appendix we calculate the coefficients entering in Eq. (\[eq:coeffs\]). These coefficients generally depend on the frequency $\Omega$ and wave vector ${\bf Q}$ of the external perturbation. Even though only $\Omega=0$ is needed for our evaluation of $\delta\sigma$, for completeness here we allow for $\Omega\neq 0$ as well.
The calculation is facilitated by rewriting Eq. (\[eq:model\_b\]) as $$h({\bf k})=\sum_\mu\eta_\mu({\bf k}) \Lambda^\mu,$$ where $\mu\in\{1,2,3,4\}$, $\eta_i({\bf k})= \hbar v k_i$ and $\Lambda^i=\sigma^i\tau^x$ for $i\in\{1,2,3\}$, $\eta_4({\bf k})=M$ and $\Lambda^4={\bf 1}_{2}\,\tau^z$. Then, the finite-frequency retarded and advanced Green’s functions read $$\label{eq:gf}
G_{m n}^{R(A)}({\bf k},\Omega)=\frac{\epsilon^{R(A)}\delta_{m n}^0+\sum_\mu\eta_\mu \Lambda_{m n}^\mu}{[\epsilon^{R(A)}]^2-E_k^2},$$ where $\epsilon^R\equiv\epsilon_F+i\gamma$ and $\epsilon^A\equiv\epsilon_F+\hbar\Omega-i\gamma$, with $\gamma\equiv\hbar/(2\tau_0)$ (c.f. Eq. (\[eq:lifetime\])). Substituting Eq. (\[eq:gf\]) in Eq. (\[eq:U\]), we get $$U^{m l}_{m' l'} = a\,\delta_{m l}\delta_{m' l'}+ \sum_\mu b_\mu\,\Lambda^\mu_{m' l'}\delta_{m l}+\sum_\mu c_\mu\,\Lambda^\mu_{m l}\delta_{m' l'}+\sum_{\mu\nu} d_{\mu\nu}\,\Lambda^\mu_{m l}\Lambda^\nu_{m' l'},$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:ints}
a&= u_0\int \frac{d^3 k}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{\epsilon^R(\epsilon^A+\hbar \Omega)}{[(\epsilon^R)^2-E_{-{\bf k}}^2][(\epsilon^A+\hbar \Omega)^2-E_{{\bf k}+{\bf Q}}^2]} \,\,\,\mbox{ ; }\,\,\,b_\mu=u_0\int \frac{d^3 k}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{\epsilon^R d_\mu({\bf k}+{\bf Q})}{[(\epsilon^R)^2-E_{-{\bf k}}^2][(\epsilon^A+\hbar \Omega)^2-E_{{\bf k}+{\bf Q}}^2]}\nonumber\\
c_\mu&=u_0\int \frac{d^3 k}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{(\epsilon^A+\hbar \Omega) d_\mu(-{\bf k})}{[(\epsilon^R)^2-E_{-{\bf k}}^2][(\epsilon^A+\hbar \Omega)^2-E_{{\bf k}+{\bf Q}}^2]}\,\,\,\mbox{ ; }\,\,\,d_{\mu\nu}=u_0\int \frac{d^3 k}{(2\pi)^3}\frac{d_\mu(-{\bf k}) d_\nu({\bf k}+{\bf Q})}{[(\epsilon^R)^2-E_{-{\bf k}}^2][(\epsilon^A+\hbar \Omega)^2-E_{{\bf k}+{\bf Q}}^2]},\nonumber\\\end{aligned}$$ and $\mu,\nu\in\{1,2,3,4\}$. In the diffusive transport regime, namely $(\epsilon_F-M)\gg\gamma\gg (\hbar v Q,\hbar \Omega)$, the integrals in Eq. (\[eq:ints\]) can be analytically performed and the outcome is $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:coeffs2}
a&\simeq a^{(0)}\left[1-\frac{1}{12}\left(1-\frac{M^2}{\epsilon_F^2}\right)\frac{\hbar^2 v^2 Q^2}{\gamma^2}-\frac{i\hbar \Omega}{2\gamma}\right]\nonumber\\
b_1 &=-c_1\simeq \frac{i}{6} a^{(0)}\left(1-\frac{M^2}{\epsilon_F^2}\right)\frac{\hbar v Q_x}{\gamma}\,\,\,\mbox{ ; }\,\,\,b_2=-c_2\simeq \frac{i}{6} a^{(0)}\left(1-\frac{M^2}{\epsilon_F^2}\right)\frac{\hbar v Q_y}{\gamma}\,\,\,\mbox{ ; }\,\,\,b_4=c_4=\frac{M}{\epsilon_F} a\nonumber\\
d_{1 1}&\simeq -\frac{1}{3}\left(1-\frac{M^2}{\epsilon_F^2}\right) a^{(0)}\left[1-\frac{1}{20}\left(1-\frac{M^2}{\epsilon_F^2}\right)\frac{(3 Q_x^2+Q_y^2) \hbar^2 v^2}{\gamma^2}-\frac{i\hbar \Omega}{2\gamma}\right]\nonumber\\
d_{2 2}&\simeq -\frac{1}{3}\left(1-\frac{M^2}{\epsilon_F^2}\right) a^{(0)}\left[1-\frac{1}{20}\left(1-\frac{M^2}{\epsilon_F^2}\right)\frac{(3 Q_y^2+Q_x^2) \hbar^2 v^2}{\gamma^2}-\frac{i\hbar \Omega}{2\gamma}\right]\nonumber\\
d_{3 3}&\simeq -\frac{1}{3}\left(1-\frac{M^2}{\epsilon_F^2}\right) a^{(0)}\left[1-\frac{1}{20}\left(1-\frac{M^2}{\epsilon_F^2}\right)\frac{\hbar^2 v^2 Q^2}{\gamma^2}-\frac{i\hbar \Omega}{2\gamma}\right]\nonumber\\
d_{4 4}&\simeq\frac{M^2}{\epsilon_F^2} a\nonumber\\
d_{1 2} &=d_{2 1}\simeq a^{(0)}\frac{1}{30}\left(1-\frac{M^2}{\epsilon_F^2}\right)^2\frac{\hbar^2 v^2 Q_x Q_y}{\gamma^2}\nonumber\\
d_{1 4}&=-d_{4 1}\simeq -i a^{(0)}\frac{M}{\epsilon_F}\left(1-\frac{M^2}{\epsilon_F^2}\right)\frac{\hbar v Q_x}{\gamma}
\,\,\,\mbox{ ; }\,\,\,d_{2 4}=-d_{4 2}\simeq -i a^{(0)}\frac{M}{\epsilon_F}\left(1-\frac{M^2}{\epsilon_F^2}\right)\frac{\hbar v Q_y}{\gamma},\end{aligned}$$ where $a^{(0)}\equiv[2 (1+M^2/\epsilon_F^2)]^{-1}$, and the elements omitted above are zero. It is worth noting that Eq. (\[eq:coeffs2\]) can be used to investigate the dynamical spin-charge coupling in doped TIs. Since this task is not directly related to the theme of this paper, it will be pursued elsewhere.
Classical conductivity of two coupled layers {#sec:cond}
============================================
In this Appendix we analyze the classical conductivity of two coupled layers. The current in layer $i$ is given by ${\bf j}_i=\sum_j \sigma_{i j} {\bf E}_j$. It is illustrative to write $\sigma_{i j}$ in terms of the diffusive density-density response, using the continuity equation $$\frac{\partial\rho_i}{\partial t}+\nabla\cdot{\bf j}+\lambda\sum_j (\rho_j-\rho_i)=0$$ along with the constitutive equation ${\bf j}_i=-D_i {\boldsymbol\nabla}\rho_i-e^2\nu_i D_i {\bf E}_i$. $\lambda$ is the interlayer tunneling rate. Thus it follows that $$\sigma_{i j}({\bf q},\omega)=-\frac{i\omega}{q^2} \chi_{i j}+\frac{\lambda}{q^2}\sum_k (\chi_{i j}-\chi_{k j}),$$ where $\chi_{i j} ({\bf q},\omega)=e^2 \nu_j D_j q^2 p_{i j}({\bf q},\omega)$ is the density-density response function and $$p_{i j}({\bf q},\omega) = \left\{\begin{array}{ccc} \tilde{p}_i^{(0)}/(1-\lambda^2 p_1^{(0)} p_2^{(0)}) & {\rm if } & i=j\\
\lambda \tilde{p}_1^{(0)} \tilde{p}_2^{(0)}/(1-\lambda^2 p_1^{(0)} p_2^{(0)}) & {\rm if } & i\neq j\end{array}\right.,$$ with $\tilde{p}_i^{(0)} \equiv(D_i q^2-i\omega+\lambda)^{-1}$. The dressed diffusion probability $p_{i i}$, derived here from the continuity equation, has identical form as Eq. (\[eq:cii\]), which was derived microscopically in Section IIIB. Here $\omega$ and ${\bf q}$ are the frequency and momentum associated with the applied electric field. A straightforward calculation shows that $\sigma_{1 2}=\sigma_{2 1}=0$ when ${\bf E}_i$ is spatially uniform (${\bf q}=0$).
Equations for coupled Cooperons {#sec:coupled_cooper}
===============================
In the first part of this Appendix we present an alternative derivation for the results of Section IIIB. In the second part of the Appendix we generalize the derivation to make it suitable for TI thin films with $\tau_{\phi 1}\ll\tau_v$, which contain two gapless singlet Cooperons in the bulk and one gapless singlet Cooperon on the surface. The outcome of such generalization is the third line of Eq. (\[eq:res\_tot\]).
Two 2D layers without spin-orbit coupling
-----------------------------------------
In this subsection we use “1” and “2” to label the two layers. The relevant Cooperon modes are then $C_{1 1}$, $C_{1 2}$, $C_{2 1}$ and $C_{2 2}$. Recognizing that Cooperons must obey a diffusion equation in absence of phase relaxation, we posit the following coupled equations: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:1}
(D_1 Q^2 +\tau_{\phi 1}^{-1}) C_{1 1}+\lambda (C_{1 1}-C_{2 1}) &=\hbar/(2\pi\nu_1\tau_{d 1}^2)\nonumber\\
(D_2 Q^2+\tau_{\phi 2}^{-1}) C_{2 1}+\lambda (C_{2 1}-C_{1 1}) &= 0\nonumber\\
(D_2 Q^2+\tau_{\phi 2}^{-1}) C_{2 2}+\lambda(C_{2 2}-C_{1 2}) &=\hbar/(2\pi\nu_2\tau_{d 2}^2)\nonumber\\
(D_1 Q^2+\tau_{\phi 1}^{-1}) C_{1 2}+\lambda (C_{1 2}-C_{2 2})&=0,\end{aligned}$$ where $\lambda$ is the interlayer tunneling rate. Note that the source term appears only for the diagonal terms of the $2\times 2$ Cooperon matrix. The solution of Eq. (\[eq:1\]) reads $$\begin{aligned}
C_{1 1}&=\frac{\hbar}{2\pi\nu_1\tau_1^2}\frac{D_2 Q^2+\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 2}^{-1}}{(D_1 Q^2+\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 1}^{-1})(D_2 Q^2+\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 2}^{-1})-\lambda^2}\nonumber\\
C_{2 2}&=\frac{\hbar}{2\pi\nu_2\tau_2^2}\frac{D_1 Q^2+\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 1}^{-1}}{(D_1 Q^2+\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 1}^{-1})(D_2 Q^2+\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 2}^{-1})-\lambda^2}\nonumber\\
C_{1 2}&=C_{2 1}=\frac{\lambda}{D_2 Q^2+\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 2}^{-1}} C_{1 1},\end{aligned}$$ where $\tilde{\tau}_{\phi i}^{-1}\equiv \tau_{\phi i}^{-1}+\lambda$. The expressions for $C_{1 1}$ and $C_{2 2}$ agree with Eq. (\[eq:cii\]). In addition, $C_{1 2}$ and $C_{2 1}$ agree with the expressions for $p_{1 2}$ and $p_{2 1}$ derived in Appendix \[sec:cond\] (where we discussed the classical diffusive conductivity). $C_{i i}$ of Eq. (\[eq:1\]) is equivalent to $C^{i i}_{i i}$ of Fig. \[fig:dsij\]. Likewise, $C_{1 2}$ and $C_{2 1}$ of Eq. (\[eq:1\]) correspond to $C^{1 1}_{2 2}$ and $C^{2 2}_{1 1}$ of Fig. \[fig:dsij\]. Although $C_{1 2}$ and $C_{2 1}$ are nonzero, they do not contribute to $\delta\sigma$ because the velocity operator is diagonal in the layer index. Therefore, we reproduce the expression of Section IIIB for $\delta\sigma$.
TI film with two gapless bulk Cooperons and one gapless surface Cooperon
------------------------------------------------------------------------
In this subsection we use “1” and “3” to label the two bulk Cooperons, and “2” to label the surface Cooperon. The generalization of Eq. (\[eq:1\]) is $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:2}
(D_1 Q^2+\tau_{\phi 1}^{-1}) C_{1 1}+\lambda(C_{1 1}-C_{2 1})&=\hbar/(2\pi\nu_1\tau_{d 1}^2)\nonumber\\
(D_2 Q^2+\tau_{\phi 2}^{-1}) C_{2 1}+\lambda(2 C_{2 1}-C_{1 1}-C_{3 1})&=0\nonumber\\
(D_1 Q^2+\tau_{\phi 1}^{-1}) C_{3 1}+\lambda(C_{3 1}-C_{2 1})&=0,\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:3}
(D_1 Q^2+\tau_{\phi 1}^{-1}) C_{1 2}+\lambda (C_{1 2}-C_{2 2}) &= 0\nonumber\\
(D_2 Q^2+\tau_{\phi 2}^{-1}) C_{2 2}+\lambda( 2 C_{2 2}-C_{1 2}-C_{3 2})&=\hbar/(2\pi\nu_2\tau_{d 2}^2)\nonumber\\
(D_1 Q^2+\tau_{\phi 1}^{-1}) C_{3 2}+\lambda(C_{3 2}-C_{2 2})&=0\end{aligned}$$ and $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:4}
(D_1 Q^2+\tau_{\phi 1}^{-1}) C_{1 3}+\lambda(C_{1 3}-C_{2 3})&=0\nonumber\\
(D_2 Q^2+\tau_{\phi 2}^{-1}) C_{2 3}+\lambda(2 C_{2 3}-C_{1 3}-C_{3 3})&=0\nonumber\\
(D_1 Q^2+\tau_{\phi 1}^{-1}) C_{3 3}+\lambda(C_{3 3}-C_{2 3})&=\hbar/(2\pi\nu_1\tau_{d 1}^2),\end{aligned}$$ Once again in Eqs. (\[eq:2\])-(\[eq:4\]) the source term appears for the diagonal components of the $3\times 3$ Cooperon matrix. In addition, a factor of $2$ has been multiplied in front of some tunneling rates associated to surface Cooperons. The rationale behind this is that the Cooperon on the surface can decay into two bulk modes, i.e. the effective decay rate becomes $\tau_{\phi 2}^{-1}+2\lambda$. Aside from this, we have assumed a unique tunneling rate $\lambda$ between all pairs of Cooperons.
The quantum correction to conductance can be written as $$\label{eq:ds_app}
\delta G=2\frac{e^2}{\hbar^2}\nu_1 D_1 \tau_{d 1}^2\int_{\bf Q} (C_{1 1}+C_{3 3})+ 2\frac{e^2}{\hbar^2}\nu_2 D_2 \tau_{d 2}^2\int_{\bf Q} C_{2 2}.$$ Solving Eqs. (\[eq:2\])-(\[eq:4\]) requires some algebra. The results for the Cooperons of interest are $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:cii_app}
C_{1 1}&=C_{3 3}=\frac{\hbar}{2\pi\nu_1\tau_{d 1}^2}\frac{(D_1 Q^2+\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 1}^{-1})(D_2 Q^2+\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 2}^{-1}+\lambda)-\lambda^2}{(D_1 Q^2+\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 1}^{-1})\left[(D_1 Q^2+\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 1}^{-1})(D_2 Q^2+\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 2}^{-1}+\lambda)-2 \lambda^2\right]}\nonumber\\
C_{2 2} &=\frac{\hbar}{2\pi\nu_2\tau_{d 2}^2}\frac{D_1 Q^2+\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 1}^{-1}}{(D_1 Q^2+\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 1}^{-1})(D_2 Q^2+\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 2}^{-1}+\lambda)-2 \lambda^2},\end{aligned}$$ which are not illuminating expressions. It is better to rewrite them as $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:ciib_app}
C_{1 1} &=C_{3 3}=\frac{\hbar}{2\pi\nu_1\tau_{d 1}^2}\frac{1}{D_1}\left[\frac{X}{Q^2+q_x^2}+\frac{Y}{Q^2+q_y^2}+\frac{Z}{Q^2+q_z^2}\right]\nonumber\\
C_{2 2} &=\frac{\hbar}{2\pi\nu_2\tau_{d 2}^2} \frac{1}{D_2}\left[\frac{A}{Q^2+q_a^2}+\frac{B}{Q^2+q_b}\right],\end{aligned}$$ so that Eq. (\[eq:ds\_app\]) transforms into $$\label{eq:ds2_app}
\delta G=\frac{e^2}{\pi\hbar}\int_{\bf Q} \left[2\frac{X}{Q^2+q_x^2}+2\frac{Y}{Q^2+q_y^2}+2\frac{Z}{Q^2+q_z^2}+\frac{A}{Q^2+q_a^2}+\frac{B}{Q^2+q_b^2}\right].$$ Comparing Eqs. (\[eq:cii\_app\]) and (\[eq:ciib\_app\]), we arrive at $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:A_app}
A &=\frac{\frac{1}{D_1\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 1}}-q_a^2}{q_b^2-q_a^2}\,\,\,\mbox{ ; }\,\,\,B = 1-A\nonumber\\
X &= \frac{(D_1 q_x^2-\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 1}^{-1})(D_2 q_x^2-\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 2}^{-1}-\lambda)-\lambda^2}{D_1 D_2 (q_x^2-q_y^2)(q_x^2-q_z^2)}\nonumber\\
Y &= \frac{ D_2 q_y^2 \tilde{\tau}_{\phi 1}^{-1}-\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 1}^{-1}(\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 2}^{-1}+\lambda)+D_1 q_y^2 (-D_2 q_y^2+\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 2}^{-1}+\lambda)+\lambda^2}{D_1 D_2 (q_x^2-q_y^2)(q_y^2-q_z^2)}\nonumber\\
Z &= \frac{ D_2 q_z^2 \tilde{\tau}_{\phi 1}^{-1}-\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 1}^{-1}(\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 2}^{-1}+\lambda)+D_1 q_z^2 (-D_2 q_z^2+\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 2}^{-1}+\lambda)+\lambda^2}{D_1 D_2 (q_x^2-q_z^2)(q_z^2-q_y^2)}\end{aligned}$$ and $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:qa_app}
2 q_{a(b)}^2 &=\frac{1}{D_1\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 1}}+\frac{1}{D_2\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 2}}+\frac{\lambda}{D_2}\pm\sqrt{\left(\frac{1}{D_1\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 1}}-\frac{1}{D_2 \tilde{\tau}_{\phi 2}}-\frac{\lambda}{D_2}\right)^2+\frac{8\lambda^2}{D_1 D_2}}\nonumber\\
q_{x (y)}^2 &=q_{a (b)}^2\,\,\,\mbox{ ; }\,\,\,q_z^2 = 1/(D_1\tilde{\tau}_{\phi 1}).\end{aligned}$$ Note that $q_{a (b)}=q_{x (y)}$, which will be important below. Also note that the expressions for $A$, $B$ and $q_{a(b)}$ are identical to the ones in Section IIIB, except for the following difference: the effective inelastic scattering rate for layer $2$ is now $\tau_{\phi 2}^{-1}+2\lambda$ instead of $\tau_{\phi 2}^{-1}+\lambda$, for the reason explained above.
Although Eqs. (\[eq:A\_app\]) and (\[eq:qa\_app\]) look cumbersome, after substituting Eq. (\[eq:qa\_app\]) back in Eq. (\[eq:A\_app\]) we find some remarkable simplifications. In particular $$Z=1/2\,\,\,\mbox{ , }\,\,\,2 X+ A=1 \,\,\,\mbox{ and }\,\,\, 2 Y+ B =1.$$ Replacing these in Eq. (\[eq:ds2\_app\]) immediately leads to $$\delta G=\frac{e^2}{\pi\hbar}\int_{\bf Q} \left[\frac{1}{Q^2+q_a^2}+\frac{1}{Q^2+q_b^2}+\frac{1}{Q^2+q_z^2}\right].$$ In consequence, we recover the third line of Eq. (\[eq:res\_tot\]) for the low-field magnetoconductance: $$\label{eq:dg}
\frac{\Delta G}{G_q}=\frac{1}{2}\left[f\left(\frac{H_a}{H}\right)+f\left(\frac{H_b}{H}\right)+f\left(\frac{H_z}{H}\right)\right],$$ where $H_a=\hbar q_a^2/(4 e)$, etc. As a reality check, let us take some simple limits.
First, consider the case of no bulk-surface coupling, $\lambda\to 0$. In this case $H_a=H_z=\hbar/(4 e D_1 \tau_{\phi 1})$ and $H_b=\hbar/(4 e D_2 \tau_{\phi 2})$, which produces $$\frac{\Delta G}{G_q}=\frac{1}{2}\left[2 f\left(\frac{H_a}{H}\right)+f\left(\frac{H_b}{H}\right)\right].$$ This is indeed the result one would have expected when bulk and surface are decoupled.
Second, suppose both $\tau_{\phi 1}$ and $\tau_{\phi 2}$ are infinitey large, for arbitrary tunneling rate. Then it follows that $H_b=0$, $$H_a=\frac{\hbar}{4 e}\lambda\left(\frac{1}{D_1}+\frac{2}{D_2}\right)\,\,\,\mbox{ and }\,\,\, H_z=\frac{\hbar}{4 e}\frac{\lambda}{D_1}$$ Then, $$\frac{\Delta G}{G_q}=\frac{1}{2}\left[f\left(\frac{H_a}{H}\right)+f\left(\frac{H_z}{H}\right)\right].$$ The fact that $H_b=0$ means that we recover the conventional WAL case (as we should when the phase relaxation times are infinitely long).
Finally, consider the case of very strong tunneling between bulk and surface states. In this case $H_a$ and $H_z$ become very large ($\propto\lambda$), whereas $H_b$ becomes independent of $\lambda$. Consequently $$\frac{\Delta G}{G_q}=\frac{1}{2} f\left(\frac{H_b}{H}\right),$$ as if we had a single channel contributing to WAL. This seems to make sense too, because when tunneling is strong, $C_{i i}$ are strongly coupled to one another ($i=1,2,3$).
Some special cases of Eq. (\[eq:res\_tot\]) {#sec:special}
===========================================
In this Appendix we analyze some simple limiting cases of Eq. (\[eq:res\_tot\]), which considers a single TI surface coupled to bulk states. First, suppose that surface-bulk tunneling is strong, so that $\tau_{t i}\ll \tau_{\phi i}$ for $i=1,2$. In this case $(H_a, H_c, \tilde{H}_1)\gg (H_b,H_d)$ and thus Eq. (\[eq:res\_tot\]) turns into $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:res_tot2}
& \frac{\Delta G}{G_q}=\frac{1}{2}\left\{\begin{array}{ccc}
f(H_b/H) &{\rm if } & \tilde{\tau}_H\ll\tau_s\\
f(H_b/H) &{\rm if } & \tilde{\tau}_H\gg(\tau_v,\tau_s)\\
f(H_d/H) &{\rm if } & \tilde{\tau}_H\ll\tau_v,
\end{array}\right.\end{aligned}$$ where $H_b \simeq \hbar/(4 e)(1/\tau_{\phi 1}+1/\tau_{\phi 2})/(D_1+D_2)$ and $H_d\simeq \hbar/(4 e)(2/\tau_{\phi 1}+1/\tau_{\phi 2})/(2 D_1+D_2)$. For simplicity we have taken $\tau_{t 1}=\tau_{t 2}$, but this assumption can be easily relaxed. In sum, WL is [*not*]{} possible when the bulk-surface coupling is strong, and the film exhibits conventional WAL ($\alpha=1/2$) regardless of the bulk carrier concentration.
Next, we consider a weak surface-bulk tunneling, so that $\tau_{t i}\gg \tau_{\phi i}$ for $i=1,2$. In this case the outcome depends on whether $D_1\tau_{\phi 1}>D_2\tau_{\phi 2}$ or $D_1\tau_{\phi 1}<D_2\tau_{\phi 2}$. Without loss of generality suppose that $D_1\tau_{\phi 1}>D_2\tau_{\phi 2}$. Then Eq. (\[eq:res\_tot\]) yields $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:res_tot3}
& \frac{\Delta G}{G_q}\simeq\frac{1}{2}\left\{\begin{array}{ccc}
f(H_{\phi 2}/H)-2 f(H_{\phi 1}/H) &{\rm if } & \tilde{\tau}_H\ll\tau_s\\
f(H_{\phi 2}/H)+f(H_{\phi 1}/H) &{\rm if } & \tilde{\tau}_H\gg(\tau_v,\tau_s)\\
f(H_{\phi 2}/H)+2 f(H_{\phi 1}/H) &{\rm if } & \tilde{\tau}_H\ll\tau_v,
\end{array}\right.\end{aligned}$$ where $H_{\phi i}= \hbar/(4 e D_i \tau_{\phi i})$ for $i=1,2$. When $H_{\phi 1}$ and $H_{\phi 2}$ are of the same order, the first line of Eq. (\[eq:res\_tot3\]) displays WL with $\alpha=-1/2$ and the third line exhibits WAL with $\alpha=3/2$. If instead $H_{\phi 1}\ll H_{\phi 2}$, $\Delta G$ is the same as if there were no surface states. This latter regime can be experimentally accessible by e.g. depositing magnetic impurities on the surface of the TI.
Last, we consider the case $\tau_{t 1}\gg\tau_{\phi i}\gg\tau_{t 2}$ for $i=1,2$. This situation may be relevant for some thicker TI films where $\tau_{t 1}/\tau_{t 2}=W\nu_1/\nu_2\gg 1$ (for thicker films, surface states have more bulk states to decay onto). The resulting magnetoconductance is once again as though there were no surface states: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:res_tot5bis}
& \frac{\Delta G}{G_q}=\left\{\begin{array}{ccc}
-f(H_{\phi 1}/H) &{\rm if } & \tilde{\tau}_H\ll\tau_s\\
\frac{1}{2}f(H_{\phi 1}/H) &{\rm if } & \tilde{\tau}_H\gg(\tau_v,\tau_s)\\
f(H_{\phi 1}/H) &{\rm if } & \tilde{\tau}_H\ll\tau_v.
\end{array}\right.\end{aligned}$$
[100]{} For reviews see e.g. J. Moore, Nature [**464**]{}, 194 (2010); M.Z. Hasan and C.L. Kane, Rev. Mod. Phys. [**82**]{}, 3045 (2010); X.-L. Qi and S.-C. Zhang, Rev. Mod. Phys. [**83**]{}, 1057 (2011). For a review see e.g. M.Z. Hasan, D. Hsieh, Y. Xia, L.A. Wray, S.-Y. Xu and C.L. Kane, arXiv:1105.0396 (2011). Z. Alpichshev, J.G. Analytis, J.-H. Chu, I.R. Fisher, Y.L Chen, Z.X. Shen, A. Fang and A. Kapitulnik, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**104**]{}, 016401 (2010); J. Seo, P. Roushan, H. Beidenkopf, Y.S. Hor, R.J. Cava and A. Yazdani, Nature [**466**]{}, 343 (2010). For a review see e.g. D. Culcer, Physica E [**44**]{}, 860 (2012) See e.g. D. Kim, S. Cho, N.P. Butch, P. Syers, K. Kirshenbaum, S. Adam, J. Paglione and M.S. Fuhrer, Nature Physics (2012), doi: 10.1038/nphysS2286; G. Zhang, H. Qin, J. Chen, X. He, L. Lu, Y. Li and K. Wu, Adv. Func. Mater. [**21**]{}, 2351 (2011). J. Chen, H.J. Qin, F. Yang, J. Liu, T. Guan, F.M. Qu, G.H. Zhang, J.R. Shi, X.C. Xie, C.L. Yang, K.H. Wu, Y.Q. Li and L. Lu, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**105**]{}, 176602 (2010). J.G. Checkelsky, Y.S. Hor, R.J. Cava and N.P. Ong, Phys. Rev. Lett, [**106**]{}, 196801 (2011). J. Wang, A.M. Silva, C.-Z. Chang, K. He, J.K. Jain, N. Samarth, X.-C. Ma, Q.-K. Xue and M.H.W. Chan, Phys. Rev. B [**83**]{}, 245438 (2011). H.-T. He, G. Wang, T. Zhang, I.-K. Sou, G.K.L. Wong, J.-N. Wang, H.-Z. Lu, S.-Q. Shen and F.-C. Zhang, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**106**]{}, 166805 (2011). J. Chen, X. Y. He, K.H. Wu, Z.Q. Ji, L. Lu, J.R. Shi, J.H. Smet and Y.Q. Li, Phys. Rev. B [**83**]{}, 241304 (2011). H. Steinberg, J.B. Laloö, V. Fatemi, J.S. Moodera and P. Jarillo-Herrero, Phys. Rev. B [**84**]{}, 233101 (2011). S.S. Hong, J.J. Cha, D. Kong and Y. Cui, Nature Communications (2012), doi:10.1038/ncomms1771. For reviews see e.g. E. Akkermans and G. Montambaux, [*Mesoscopic Physics of Electrons and Photons*]{} (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2007); B.L. Altshuler, A.G. Aronov, D.E. Khmelnitskii and A.I. Larkin, [*Quantum Theory of Solids*]{} (MIR Publishers, Moscow, 1982). After submitting our work we have been informed of a new experiment that reports on the first observation of WL (negative magnetoresistance) in TI thin films; see L. Zhang, R. Hammond, M. Dolev, M. Liu, A. Palevski and A. Kapitulnik, arXiv:1205.5832 (2012). S. Hikami, A.I. Larkin and Y. Nagaoka, Progr. Theor. Phys. [**63**]{}, 707 (1980). H.-Z. Lu, J. Shi and S.-Q. Shen, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**107**]{}, 076801 (2011). G. Tkachov and E.M. Hankiewicz, Phys. Rev. B [**84**]{}, 035444 (2011). H.-Z. Lu and S.-Q. Shen, Phys. Rev. B [**84**]{}, 125138 (2011). S. Murakami, New J. Phys. [**9**]{}, 356 (2007); A.A. Burkov and L. Balents, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**107**]{}, 127205 (2011); X. Wan, A.M. Turner, A. Vishwanath and S.Y. Savrasov, Phys. Rev. B [**83**]{}, 205101 (2011); P. Hosur, S.A. Parameswaran and A. Vishwanath, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**108**]{}, 046602 (2012). E. McCann, K. Kechedzhi, V.I. Falko, H. Suzuura, T. Ando and B.L. Altshuler, Phys. Rev. Lett. [**97**]{}, 146805 (2006). H. Zhang, C.-X. Liu, X.-L. Qi, X. Dai, Z. Fang and S.-C. Zhang, Nature Physics [**5**]{}, 438 (2009); H.-J. Zhang, C.-X Liu, X.-L. Qi, X.-Y. Deng, X. Dai, S.-C. Zhang and Z. Fang, Phys. Rev. B [**80**]{}, 085307 (2009). I. Garate, J. Sinova, T. Jungwirth and A.H. MacDonald, Phys. Rev. B [**79**]{}, 155207 (2009). S.-Y. Xu, Y. Xia, L.A. Wray, S. Jia, F. Meier, J.H. Dil, J. Osterwalder, B. Slomski, A. Bansil, H. Lin, R.J. Cava and M.Z. Hasan, Science [**332**]{}, 560 (2011). H. Fukuyama, Supplement of the Prog. of Theor. Phys. [**69**]{}, 220 (1980); H. Fukuyama, J. Phys. Soc. Japan [**49**]{}, 649 (1980). G. Bergmann, Phys. Rev. B [**39**]{}, 11280 (1989). See e.g. S.M. Sze, [*Semiconductor Devices*]{}, 2nd ed. (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2002). D.T. Son and B.Z. Spivak, arXiv:1206.1627 (2012).
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February 27, 2006
One Is Black, And One Is White. Life's An Eskimo Pie, Let's Take A Bite!
In a story that has rocked the British tabloidscape, a teen dad has named one of his twin daughters after himself. Oh, and in other news, the kid's white.
The two bi-racial parents had fraternal twin girls; one is blonde-blue-eyed, and 'white', and the other is, well, I was just about to type 'black,' but that feels like missing the whole point. I mean, is the definition of 'black' 'not white'? I don't think so. I went back and put quotes around 'white'.
I was about to rag on the headline-grabbing statistic of "a million to one" odds, but as the article goes on to explain, that's for a bi-racial couple. to have fraternal twins. with significantly disparate skin tones. including one who's white. Break it down, and there's a 1-in-100 probability that biracial parents will have a whitey white baby. So what's the big deal?
In a moment like this, the immortal words of Frank Sinatra* come to mind: "Side by side, you are my amigo, Negro, let's not fiiiiiiiight!"
3 Comments
What I was really looking for, but didn't find because my daughter is tugging on my arm asking to be read a book, is a good link about chimera babies. It's a condition in which the child's DNA doesn't necessarily match the parents', and different body parts of the same child can have different DNA. This can lead to a white child from black parents, though most chimeras look "normal" and never learn of their condition unless they have odd circumstances leading to multiple DNA tests using samples from differing parts of their body.
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President Donald Trump notoriously hates having his double chin shown during photographs, and a new book claims that he goes out of his way to avoid showing his chin in pictures.
The Washington Examiner notes that a new book — called Ultimate Insiders, White House Photographers and How They Shape History — details how Trump prevents photographers from snapping pictures of him in ways that expose the flabby area around his neck.
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Specifically, author Kenneth Walsh writes that Trump choreographs “his appearances as much as possible to minimize photos of him from the front at a low angle or from the sides, because he thought his double chin became too obvious.”
Such pictures, however, often leave Trump looking “too pugnacious” and not friendly and outgoing. Because of this, the book reports that former White House Press Secretary Sean Spicer signed off on taking photos of Trump interacting with his grandchildren to lighten up his image.
At the end of the day, however, Walsh writes that Trump is very wary of “what the called the ‘fake’ mainstream news media, including the photojournalists” who try to take photos of his very real double chin.
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Here's a free Starcraft overlay I made for everyone to use. Feedback is much appreciated!Download the 16:10 version here sta.sh/0ip061s91pa Ingame view sta.sh/02qpby4ohon How I made it www.youtube.com/watch?v=gGWjM0… You can follow me on Twitter @ twitter.com/Deadmeat1555
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Lebenets
Lebenets () is a rural locality (a village) in Nikolskoye Rural Settlement, Kaduysky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 3 as of 2002.
Geography
The distance to Kaduy is 52 km, to Nikolskoye is 16 km. Abakanovo is the nearest rural locality.
References
Category:Rural localities in Vologda Oblast
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Recently, multicarrier transmissions utilizing CDTD (Cyclic Delay Transmit Diversity) have been proposed in which a multicarrier-signal transmitting apparatus including multiple transmission antennas adds different cyclic delays to transmission signals to be simultaneously transmitted from the transmission antennas (see Non-patent Document 1). When CDTD is used, the channel frequency selectivity always increases, thereby preventing the reception power from decreasing over the entire frequency of a reception channel, and achieving excellent average BER (Bit Error Rate) characteristics in a receiving apparatus.
FIG. 11 shows a case where a signal is transmitted from transmission antennas 1a and 1b included in a multicarrier-signal transmitting apparatus to a reception antenna 2a included in a multicarrier-signal receiving apparatus. As shown in FIG. 11, signals s1 and s2 are respectively transmitted from the transmission antennas 1a and 1b, and a multiplexed wave thereof is received by the reception antenna 2a. The multicarrier-signal transmitting apparatus utilizing CDTD adds different cyclic delays to the signals s1 and s2 to be respectively transmitted from the transmission antennas 1a and 1b.
FIG. 12 shows the configuration and the power of the reception signal.
FIG. 12 (a) shows an example state of subcarriers and OFDM symbols being respectively arranged along the horizontal and the vertical axes representing frequency and time. As shown in FIG. 12, channel estimation symbols P1 to P5 are arranged at every 6 subcarriers.
FIG. 12 (b) shows a state of the reception signal being distorted in the frequency domains with respect to the power where the vertical and the horizontal axes represent frequency and power. When a transmission apparatus uses CDTD, the frequency selectivity increases as shown in FIG. 12 (b). Therefore, enhancement of the reception characteristics can be expected. Non-patent Document 1: IEICE technical report RCS2004-392, “Application of Cyclic Delay Transmit Diversity to DS-CDMA using Frequency-domain Equalization”, issued on March, 2005 by the Institute of Electronics, Information and Communication Engineers.
|
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Friedensdorf
Friedensdorf is a village and a former municipality in the Saalekreis district, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Since 31 December 2009, it is part of the town Leuna.
Category:Villages in Saxony-Anhalt
|
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Q:
Jquery file download no callback working
I am using the jquery.filedownload plugin with asp web api to download a file and display error message from the server.
I have setup the plugin and added cookies to my response as indicated on github: https://github.com/johnculviner/jquery.fileDownload
My file is being downloaded successfully, however callbacks are not working.
Js
var url = "/WebApi/PayrollBatches/GetBatchCsv?batchId=" + batchId;
$.fileDownload(url, {
successCallback: function (url) {
alert('success');
},
failCallback: function (responseHtml, url) {
alert('error');
}
});
return false;
//this is critical to stop the click event which will trigger a normal file download!
Asp Web Api
[HttpGet]
public async Task<HttpResponseMessage> GetBatchCsv(int batchId)
{
string csv;
try {
using (var Dbcontext = new RossEntities()) {
PayrollBatchExport dal = new PayrollBatchExport(Dbcontext);
csv = await dal.GetBatchCsv(batchId);
}
}
catch (Exception ex) {
HttpError myCustomError = new HttpError(ex.Message) { { "CustomErrorCode", 42 } };
return Request.CreateErrorResponse(HttpStatusCode.InternalServerError, myCustomError);
}
var cookie = new CookieHeaderValue("fileDownload", "true");
var cookiePath = new CookieHeaderValue("path", "/");
HttpResponseMessage response = new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.OK);
response.Content = new StringContent(csv);
response.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("text/csv");
response.Content.Headers.ContentDisposition = new ContentDispositionHeaderValue("attachment");
response.Content.Headers.ContentDisposition.FileName = "Export.csv";
response.Headers.AddCookies(new CookieHeaderValue[] { cookie, cookiePath });
response.StatusCode = HttpStatusCode.OK;
return response;
}
Edit
Below is what my browser console looks like when the server responds with error 500:
A:
OK, after spending some time with Fiddler, the problem was with a cookie. Notice this code inside the jquery.fileDownload.js:
function checkFileDownloadComplete() {
//has the cookie been written due to a file download occuring?
var cookieValue = settings.cookieValue;
if (typeof cookieValue == 'string') {
cookieValue = cookieValue.toLowerCase();
}
var lowerCaseCookie = settings.cookieName.toLowerCase() + "=" + cookieValue;
if (document.cookie.toLowerCase().indexOf(lowerCaseCookie) > -1) {
//execute specified callback
internalCallbacks.onSuccess(fileUrl);
...
The success callback is being called only if server returns a cookie as project page says, however the API controller wasn't returning this cookie correctly. This code works well for me and is also described of official docs
public class PayrollBatchesController : ApiController
{
[HttpGet]
public async Task<HttpResponseMessage> GetBatchCsv(int batchId)
{
string csv;
try
{
string path = System.Web.HttpContext.Current.Request.MapPath(@"~\Files\testfile.csv");
csv = File.ReadAllText(path);// await dal.GetBatchCsv(batchId);
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
HttpError myCustomError = new HttpError(ex.Message) { { "CustomErrorCode", 42 } };
HttpResponseMessage errorResponse = Request.CreateErrorResponse(HttpStatusCode.InternalServerError, myCustomError);
errorResponse.Content = new StringContent("error: " + ex.ToString());
return errorResponse;
}
HttpResponseMessage response = new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.OK);
// Set Cookie
var cookie = new CookieHeaderValue("fileDownload", "true");
cookie.Expires = DateTimeOffset.Now.AddDays(1);
cookie.Domain = Request.RequestUri.Host;
cookie.Path = "/";
response.Headers.AddCookies(new CookieHeaderValue[] { cookie });
// -------------
response.Content = new StringContent(csv);
response.Content.Headers.ContentType = new MediaTypeHeaderValue("text/csv");
response.Content.Headers.ContentDisposition = new ContentDispositionHeaderValue("attachment");
response.Content.Headers.ContentDisposition.FileName = "Export.csv";
response.StatusCode = HttpStatusCode.OK;
return response;
}
}
Please note, that for demo purposes I am not retrieving CSV data from DAL but from a testing file as the above code shows. Also, to be complete here, I am attaching the client side code:
<body>
<div>
<button id="btn" type="button">get</button>
</div>
<script src="~/Scripts/fileDownload.js"></script>
<script>
$(document).ready(function () {
$('#btn').click(function () {
var url = "/api/PayrollBatches/GetBatchCsv?batchId=1";
$.fileDownload(url, {
successCallback: function (url) {
alert('success');
},
failCallback: function (responseHtml, url) {
alert('error');
}
});
return false;
});
});
</script>
</body>
Edit: fail callback
|
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|
02 January 2007
New Year's Eve Dinner
First off, a quick roundup. In 2005, I reviewed around 450 wines. In 2006, I reviewed 320 wines, 24 beers, and 14 spirits. I'm not slacking off, I just started getting a little more selective in the tastings I attended. Basically, for the life of this blog there's roughly 800 unique beverage reviews, not to mention all of the food articles I've written.
Last Friday, I was walking through the grocery store and noticed a sale on Porterhouses for $5.39 per lb. Now, for New Year's Eve, Paul and I were planning on roasting a whole beef tenderloin like I did for my birthday. After all, we had 6-8 people attending the gathering. But I looked at that price and hatched a new plan. When doing a dinner party, I rarely get my heart set on any particular ingredient; I prefer to look for what's in season, then what looks good, and if possible, what's on sale. And this was a price I couldn't pass up. So I had the butcher cut me two three-inch thick steaks. And I had to repeat my order, and explain what I was going to do with them. Shortly thereafter I walked out the door with eight pounds of beef and an approving nod from the butcher. That's two 64 oz. steaks for those keeping score. Generally you only see steaks that large in places where there's some sort of challenge about eating the whole thing in under an hour without getting sick.
There were many delicious appetizers provided by the ladies (spinach-artichoke dip, mozzarella sticks, seven-layer dip, etc.), and these were consumed with a few glasses of the 2005 Tittarelli Torrontés Reserva from Argentina. It's bright and fruity, with a brash flavor of grapefruit peel that can be a little aggressive on its own, but pairs nicely with appetizers that include sweet and savory elements.
Torrontés isn't the most popular white grape in the world, and mainly seems to flourish in Argentina. I enjoy most of the wines I taste from this grape, and think that with some work and good marketing it can stand on its own against similarly priced Sauvignon Blancs from New Zealand. I'm continually fascinated by the European grapes that flourish in South America.
Since a few weeks ago when we talked about the big Porterhouse or T-Bone roasts, I decided I had to cook one or two of them. Here's the final plate, the beef with some fried fingerling potato chunks, a selection of fancy baby lettuces, and a homemade balsamic vinaigrette (honey really helps out). So how did I cook the steaks? I grilled them for about five minutes on each side over a really hot fire, and then transferred them to the oven into a roasting pan with a rack. I inserted digital thermometers into each and roasted the steaks at around 400°F until approximately 130°F internal temperature. This proved a little difficult, as the interior of a 3" thick Porterhouse seems to vary quite a bit in its substance (I measured from the thickest central portion of the strip). While the roast as a whole was a little more on the medium side than I would have liked, there was plenty of lush, juicy rare steak to be had, with nicely caramelized edges on the top and bottom. Throughout the roasting I basted the steaks with olive oil using a heavy stalk of homegrown rosemary.
To serve it, I simply carved off the filets and strips, and then sliced up the meat with the grain. The idea here is long slices, and then when you cut up the slices on your plate, you're slicing against the grain and thus tenderness and chewing aren't negatively impacted. I basically laid out the slices on a big platter and served the guests in the following manner: "Point to the color you like, and tell me when to stop loading your plate."
The red wine for the evening was the 2003 Bogle Phantom, made of 59% Petite Sirah, 39% Zinfandel, and 2% Mourvèdre. It's an odd California blend: ignoring grapes, is the inspiration Rhone or Bordeaux? I tasted it a few months ago, and still love this wine. Full of dark berry flavors, firm tannins, and utterly delicious. We tasted this wine when it was first opened, and then drank it after two hours in the decanter. The decanter definitely helped with some of the youthful rough edges, yet the wine didn't taste stale or oxidized--my biggest fear with letting wine sit around and breathe for so long. It also didn't seem to pick up any of the food aromas from the cooking process.
This was a great dinner; I'm still supping on sumptuous scraps. Thanks so much for preparing it. The Bogle, after decanting, was really nice. The spinach dip as an appetizer was particularly good, and of course the company was wonderful. Too bad New Year's only comes once a year.
|
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John Dendahl
John Dendahl (September 28, 1938 – November 9, 2013) was a New Mexico business executive, Republican politician, and syndicated columnist. While attending the University of Colorado, he led two NCAA champion skiing teams, won three individual NCAA titles and was a member of the U.S. ski team at the 1960 Winter Olympics. He was inducted into the University of Colorado Athletic Hall of Fame and the New Mexico Ski Hall of Fame.
Childhood and Education
Dendahl was born September 28, 1938, in Santa Fe, New Mexico where his great grandparents emigrated from Germany in the 1870s. His parents were John D. and Eleanor (née Hoge) Dendahl. The elder Dendahl owned a merchant business established in 1901 by his grandfather, Johann, and operated by the family for three generations.
Dendahl attended public schools and graduated from Santa Fe High School in 1956. He attended the University of Colorado in Boulder and graduated in 1961 with bachelor's degrees in electrical engineering (electronics) and business administration (finance). He was a member of Phi Gamma Delta fraternity and was the university's Outstanding Senior Athlete in 1960.
Business History
Following college graduation, Dendahl joined Eberline Instrument Corporation (a subsidiary of Thermo Electron Corporation) full-time as an engineer for whom he later became chief financial officer and then CEO. Later, Dendahl was the first chief financial officer of the then-new Santa Fe campus of St. John's College. In 1983, Dendahl became general manager of a partnership owning more than 20,000 acres of undeveloped land near Santa Fe. Then in 1985, he started a term as president of The First National Bank of Santa Fe during which time the bank suffered from loan quality problems and was put under special supervision by the Comptroller of the Currency a few months after Dendahl had taken his office. Improvements under the management of Dendahl and his colleagues led to termination of the special supervision in 364 days.
During and after his business career, Dendahl served on the boards of directors of numerous charitable organizations, including United Way, Sangre de Cristo Girl Scout Council, New Mexico Association of Commerce and Industry, the Santa Fe Opera, Santa Fe Preparatory School, School of American Research (now School for Advanced Research), Mountain States Legal Foundation (MSLF), and St. John's College. Dendahl was chairman of the board for St. John's College for two years.
Political History
Dendahl served as New Mexico's Secretary of Economic Developmant and Tourisim from 1988 to 1990 a position he was appointed to by Governor Garrey Carruthers. During the year prior to that appointment, Dendahl was a Carruthers appointee on the N.M. State Investment Council. In 1994 Dendahl unsuccessfully sought the Republican nomination for Governor losing to Gary Johnson. In late 1994 Dendahl was elected Chairman of the New Mexico Republican Party, a position he held until 2003.
2006 Race for Governor
Dendahl was the 2006 Republican gubernatorial nominee in New Mexico. He became so on June 17, 2006 when Dr. J.R. Damron, the unopposed Republican who won the primary election, withdrew from the election due to a lack of funds after strong encouragement to do so by the Republican party chairman Allen Weh. In accordance with state law, the Republican Party's state central committee met to name a replacement. Dendahl was the only person nominated and became the party's general election nominee. Along with lieutenant governor candidate Sue Wilson Beffort, Dendahl ran against and lost the election to the incumbent Democratic ticket of Governor Bill Richardson and Lieutenant Governor Diane Denish.
Later years
Upon retiring from New Mexico politics in 2007, Dendahl lived with his wife Jackie in Roxborough Park, Colorado just south of Denver. In 2011, Dendahl became a candidate for the Intermountain Rural Electric Association (IREA) Board of Directors, but he failed to unseat the incumbent director Mike Kempe, who won by 61.45% to Dendahl's 38.54%. Dendahl died in Denver on 9 November 2013.
References
Category:1938 births
Category:2013 deaths
Category:American athlete-politicians
Category:American businesspeople
Category:American people of German descent
Category:Cross-country skiers at the 1960 Winter Olympics
Category:Olympic cross-country skiers of the United States
Category:New Mexico Republicans
Category:Politicians from Santa Fe, New Mexico
Category:State cabinet secretaries of New Mexico
Category:State political party chairs of New Mexico
Category:American male cross-country skiers
|
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|
Around 3.7 billion years ago, Earth as we know it was still in progress. Asteroids bombarded its surface. On land, mountains rose and small areas of shallow water formed. But was that long-gone water a proving ground for the first remnants of life on Earth? As The New York Times’ Nicholas Wade reports, a newly-discovered fossil that could be Earth’s oldest is shedding new light—and plenty of controversy—on the ancient origins of our planet.
Related Content Fossils From Ancient Hot Springs Suggest Life May Have Evolved on Land
Australian and British scientists have discovered fossils in the Isua Greenstone Belt of Greenland that they claim to be the oldest ever found on Earth—a find so significant, they sat on the discovery for four years to allow enough time for verification. Now, they've finally published their research in the journal Nature.
The fossils are called stromatolites, which are layers of ancient microorganisms that grew in shallow water. The surface of the colony traps sand, which is eventually incorporated into their mat-like layers—the ancient remnants of which are recorded in the geologic record. Oddly enough, stromatolites are older than the world’s oldest rocks, since scientists think that the rocks they co-existed with (Earth’s oldest) have been crushed and destroyed by plate tectonic and erosion. The stromatolites in question were discovered in southwest Greenland, which is already home to some of Earth’s oldest rocks.
As Wade reports, it’s likely that scientists will debate many aspects of the find. Since the fossils are 220 million years older than any others yet found, they challenge scientific assumptions about how life formed on Earth.
The fossils' current estimated age means they formed toward the end of a period called the Late Heavy Bombardment, when the just-formed planet was continually pelted with asteroids and comets. But scientists are still debating how intense this bombardment was and whether it would even be possible for life to form, writes Wade. The other option is that the microbes crept in just after the bombardment ended. If that’s true, it means that life must have evolved much faster than previously thought—in just 100 million years.
If life sprung up on Earth this quickly, then perhaps another planetary neighbor could also have supported life at some point. Mars is thought to have been strikingly similar to Earth during the Late Heavy Bombardment, so it’s possible that the red planet generated life of its own during this time.
Since the discovery is so explosive, it will doubtless generate plenty of controversy. For one, natural abiotic processes could produce structures that appear to be stromatolites, reports Ed Yong at the Atlantic. Additionally, the rocks in the Isua Greenstone Belt are highly deformed and most have been twisted and smashed under high temperatures and heat.
To support their assertion that these wavy layers were once creatures, the researchers studied the chemistry of the rocks to tease out the signatures of life. “The chemical evidence could be interpreted as signs of life, but there’s always been some element of doubt,” lead author of the study Allen Nutman tells Yong. “But what we have now is something very different—something tangible and visible you can see, rather than a reading that’s come out of an instrument.”
Another concern is the difficulty in dating the most ancient objects on Earth. The scientists used radiometric dating to determine the stromatolites' age, Joel Achenbach reports for The Washington Post, a method that relies on measuring the proportion of radioactive elements in the rocks.
In an article on the find in Nature, University of Washington geobiologist Roger Buick tells Alexandra Witze that he has “about 14 queries and problems that need addressing before I believe it.” But if it is true, it might be time to update our vision of that roiling, immature Earth.
|
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Thoracoscopic sympathectomy is a valuable addition in the management of recreational intra-arterial drug injection. Pilot study.
Intra-arterial Injection (IAI) of illicit substances by drug abusers may result in acute ischemia, limb loss or permanent functional deficit. No prospective human studies have shown that any specific treatment is superior to another. Thoracoscopic sympathectomy (TS) has proven efficacy in upper limb ischemia due to organic blockade. This is a pilot study to evaluate the effect of thoracoscopic sympathectomy addition to the management protocol of recreational intra-arterial drug injection. A total of 11 victims of upper limb IAI of recreational drug were recruited (10 males) with age range from 18 to 43 years old (average 30+/-8.3 years). Tissue Ischemia Score (TIS) was used for pretreatment assessment of the degree of ischemic injury and severity of pain was evaluated pre- and post-operatively using visual analog score (VAS) and compared using Student's t test. Pre-operative VAS score was 6.9+/-1.8. All enrolled patients were treated according to the following protocol; anticoagulation, calcium channel blocker, opiates for pain, and TS. Patients received the stated protocol for minimum of 72h (range 3-8 days; mean 5; average 4.7+/-1.5 days). Freedom of amputation and improvement of pain scores were the study endpoints. No mortality, yet one case had bleeding secondary to anticoagulant and one case of post-operative pneumothorax that required chest tube drainage for 24h. No patients had wet gangrene or spreading infection. Freedom of amputation was achieved in nine patients, 81% (7 patients had normal outcome and other two had permanent neurological deficit). Two patients (18%) had tissue necrosis with dry gangrene and mummification of the affected digits with eventual amputation. Postoperative VAS pain score was 2.09+/-1.37 (p<0.05). Pain medications were suspended in 6 patients (54.5%), reduced in 4 (36%) and unchanged in 1 (9%). All patients with TIS score 2 or less had a normal outcome while those with scores 3 and 4 had a variable outcome. Using regression analysis, initial TIS was significant for outcome prediction (p=0.043) while age, arterial site, drug injected and time delay were not significant. The addition of TS was an attempt to halt the ischemic process after IAI which permitted, in our belief, optimal symptom control with maximum tissue salvage. Because the procedure is minimally invasive, safe, and associated with a low complication rate; it worth consideration whenever IAI is encountered.
|
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|
Mornay sauce
A Mornay sauce is a béchamel sauce with shredded or grated Gruyère cheese added. Some variations use different combinations of Gruyère, Emmental cheese, or white Cheddar. A Mornay sauce made with cheddar is commonly used to make macaroni and cheese.
Etymology
The name origin of Mornay sauce is debated. It may be named after Philippe, duc de Mornay (1549–1623), Governor of Saumur and seigneur du Plessis-Marly, writer and diplomat, but a cheese sauce during this time would have to have been based on a velouté sauce, for Béchamel had not yet been developed.
Sauce Mornay does not appear in Le cuisinier Royal, 10th edition, 1820. Perhaps sauce Mornay is not older than the great Parisian restaurant of the 19th century, Le Grand Véfour in the arcades of the Palais-Royal, where sauce Mornay was introduced.
In the Tout-Paris of Charles X, the Mornay name was represented by two stylish men, the marquis de Mornay and his brother, styled comte Charles. They figure in Lady Blessington's memoir of a stay in Paris in 1828–29, The Idler in France. They might also be considered, when an eponym is sought for sauce Mornay.
See also
Mother sauces
Hot Brown sandwich
Croque-monsieur
List of sauces
Macaroni and cheese
References
External links
Category:White sauces
Category:Cheese dishes
Category:French sauces
|
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|
In 2001, over 1.2 million new cases of human cancer will be diagnosed and over 0.5 million people will die from cancer (American Cancer Society estimate). Despite this, more people than ever are living with and surviving cancer. In 1997, for example, approximately 8.9 million living Americans had a history of cancer (National Cancer Institute estimate). People are more likely to survive cancer if the disease is diagnosed at an early stage of development, since treatment at that time is more likely to be successful. Early detection depends upon availability of high-quality methods. Such methods are also useful for determining patient prognosis, selecting therapy, monitoring response to therapy and selecting patients for additional therapy. Consequently, there is a need for cancer diagnostic methods that are specific, accurate, minimally invasive, technically simple and inexpensive.
Colorectal cancer (i.e., cancer of the colon or rectum) is one particularly important type of human cancer. Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer mortality in adult Americans (Landis, et al., 1999, CA Cancer J Clin, 49:8-31). Approximately 40% of individuals with colorectal cancer die. In 2001, it is estimated that there will be 135,400 new cases of colorectal cancer (98,200 cases of colon and 37,200 cases of rectal cancer) and 56,700 deaths (48,000 colon cancer and 8,800 rectal cancer deaths) from the disease (American Cancer Society). As with other cancers, these rates can be decreased by improved methods for diagnosis.
Although methods for detecting colon cancer exist, the methods are not ideal. Digital rectal exams (i.e., manual probing of rectum by a physician), for example, although relatively inexpensive, are unpleasant and can be inaccurate. Fecal occult blood testing (i.e., detection of blood in stool) is nonspecific because blood in the stool has multiple causes. Colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy (i.e., direct examination of the colon with a flexible viewing instrument) are both uncomfortable for the patient and expensive. Double-contrast barium enema (i.e., taking X-rays of barium-filled colon) is also an expensive procedure, usually performed by a radiologist.
Because of the disadvantages of existing methods for detecting colon cancer, new methods are needed.
|
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|
SUNDERLAND have no intention of selling England midfielder Jordan Henderson to Liverpool or anyone else this summer.
The 20-year-old found himself at the centre of speculation that the Merseyside club are ready to launch a big-money bid to lure him away from his home-town club.
However, while the Black Cats know every player has his price, they are certainly not looking to cash in on their highest-profile Academy graduate as manager Steve Bruce attempts to strengthen his squad for a fresh Premier League push.
Sources on Wearside have indicated that Henderson is simply not for sale, and certainly not at the £13million fee quoted in some reports.
Nevertheless, that is unlikely to quell the rumours surrounding a player who has previously been linked with both Manchester clubs.
Henderson has enjoyed a meteoric rise since emerging as a genuine first-team prospect under Bruce following a successful loan spell at Coventry before the manager’s arrival at the Stadium of Light in the summer of 2009.
The Sunderland-born player made an instant impact as a teenager last season and was handed a first senior England cap against France in November last year.
|
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10 Best Free SEO Friendly WordPress Themes [2020]
Everyone who has a WordPress blog or is willing to start a new WordPress blog, the next run after creating your blog is to run for the best theme for your blog.
Your blog’s theme must be able to attract your visitors and you must get a good looking and clean theme for your blog. Also there are other things that should be taken care of.
When you choose a theme for your blog, you must make sure that it is pre-optimized keeping SEO in mind. Also you must keep in mind that the theme must be responsive, loads faster and has clean interface. The theme also must be easily customizable in order to meet user’s needs.
Not all WordPress themes are SEO optimized and those SEO optimized wordpress theme will help you outrank your competitor in search results. After all, it is a blogger’s first dream to get a lot of traffic from search engines like Google for free.
Also Read: Complete SEO Guide For Blogspot Blog
Well when you are just starting out on blogging and don’t really can’t afford a WordPress theme or want to start out just using a WordPress theme available for free, then I am here with a list of 10 best SEO friendly WordPress themes for you in 2020 .
These best SEO friendly WordPress themes are responsive, loads faster, free from bloatware and are easily index able by search engines.
Also Read: Best Cheap Shared Web Hosting Providers in 2020
So here goes my list.
Best FREE SEO Friendly WordPress themes for 2020
1. Astra
Astra is one of the best WordPress themes for beginning your WordPress blog popular for the unparalleled speed and UX design.
It is fast, fully customizable and can be used for blog, portfolio sites and it also has Woocommerce support. In broad sense you can use Astra for any of your website needs.
The source is available on Github and you can access and make any changes if you want.
It has schema.org code integrated and is native AMP ready that makes this themesuper search engine friendly.
Also Astra works perfectly with the page builders like Elementor, DIVI etc.
Get Astra
2. Ocean WP
Ocean WP is another free multipurpose WordPress theme that can meet your premium desires for your website for free.
Here are some of the best features of Ocean WP:
Responsive design
Loads faster
Customizable for any types of Websites
Woocommerce ready
Built-in SEO for better indexing and ranking
The above features make the theme SEO friendly. Also it is extremely customizable and works with popular page builders like Elementor, DIVi etc.
Check Ocean WP
3. Blocksy
Blocksy is one of my most favorite SEO friendly WordPress themes in 2020.
As soon as I got to know about the new updates in this theme I immediately fell in love with it. Blocksy is a fast, super charged Gutenberg WordPress theme.
It comes with some amazing features as mentioned below:
Fully responsive and Lightning fast
Gutenberg Ready (100% compatible with Gutenberg editors and blocks)
Many built in variations of Header, Footer etc.
Comes with free importer sites
E-commerce ready
The theme is amazingly fast and customization. You can create amazing professional sites just with the customizer and adding Gutenberg blocks.
4. Hestia
Hestia is one of the best modern WordPress themes by Themeisle mostly for professionals.
It is fully responsive, retina ready and SEO friendly.
Hestia is a free multipurpose WordPress theme with material design.
You can use this theme for creative business, small business, online agencies, portfolio and ecommerce as well.
Also you can use Elementor page builder with this free SEO friendly theme.
Download Hestia
5. Ionmag
This is one of my personal favorites in newspaper WordPress themes. Ionmag is free modern and dynamic newspaper WordPress theme for blogging, magazine and reviews website.
Here are some of the key features of ionmag theme:
Responsive and Fast
Drop page builder and big grids
SEO friendly
Comes with a theme panel
Ion mag has a clean design, easily usable drag and drop page builder, customizable footer and header templates to choose from.
Also the theme is ad friendly and ads can be easily integrated on six spots in simple easy steps.
View Ionmag
6. GeneratePress
GeneratePress is another best SEO optimized, lightweight and secure WordPress theme.
Here are some of the cool features of GeneratePress wordpress theme:
Secure and stable
Fully responsive and fast
Search engine optimized
Ecommerce ready
This theme has schema support and can be customized easily to meet your needs. Install the theme make customizations and you are ready to go live.
Get GeneratePress
7. Schema-Lite
Schema is one of the fastest loading and search engine friendly WordPress theme developed by MyThemeShop.
It has rich snippets to help search engine identify all parts of your site and rank you better. Also it has inbuilt review system.
It is secure, lightweight with google algorithm friendly features .
It has a premium version as well which comes with a lot more features.
View Schema
8. Meridian One
Meridian one WordPress theme is a well coded free WordPress theme with a premium structure by Meridian Themes.
It is a WordPress one page theme, perfect for portfolio, business, digital agency, photography, freelancers, blog, ecommerce shop, and product showcase.
Also it loads faster and includes SEO friendly features.
Discover MerdianOne
9. Bloggist
Bloggist is another minimal and search engine optimized WordPress theme. This theme comes with a limitless customization and is easy to set up and customize.
This theme is ideal if you are starting a classic news site, blog, journal or a review site.
The design is clean and SEO friendly.
This theme is great if you are just starting out in blogging as it is clean and easy to set up and looks great.
Check Bloggist
10. Writers Blogily
Writers Blogily is a SEO friendly and fully responsive WordPress theme by ThemeEverest.
It is great for blogging, newspaper and journal writing. Also it looks clean and loads faster.
Here are some of the features of this theme:
Adsense and affiliate marketing friendly
SEO optimized
Responsive and fast
View Writers Blogily
Final Thoughts
I know as a blogger, it’s so hard to choose the best theme for your blog. So I tried to come up with the best SEO friendly WordPress themes for 2020 that are available for free.
Well, if you haven’t registered a WordPress blog yet and want to get started, contact me and I will be ready to help.
Also don’t miss genuine ways to make money online in 2020.
This is the best list I could make and I know it is not a complete list. If you know or are using a best Free SEO friendly WordPress theme then please let us know in the comments below.
Happy Blogging!
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}
|
An understanding of the relationship between malarial parasites and their hosts will ultimately aid in developing vaccine strategies. Malarial parasites release heat-stable soluble antigens into the sera of human infected with Plasmodium falciparum. The immunologic role of these antigens is unclear. We recently described a heat-stable antigen (Py117) that circulates in the sera of mice during Plasmodium yoelii infection and an immunologically-related, crossreactive protein (Pf93) that circulates in the sera of humans with P. falciparum malaria. Preliminary data suggest that soluble Py117 and an Ag of merozoites share common epitopes. This has led us to hypothesize that Py117 may provide a protective mechanism for the parasite by "tying-up antibodies before they reach important receptor molecules on the surface of merozoites. We also hypothesize that the secreted antigen is poorly immunogenic thereby increasing the probability of high levels of circulating antigen. These hypotheses will be tested using the P. yoelii-mouse model system. Experiments proposed include evaluating the antigenic relationship between the secreted and merozoite- associated forms of the antigen, determining if enhancing the immune response to Py117 by immunization or removal of immunoresponsiveness to Py117 by neonatal tolerance will alter the course of malaria infection, determining if the antibody response to Py117 is H-2 restricted and comparing the kinetics of antigenemia, anti-Py117 Ab production and possible formation of immune complexes in strains of mice that differ in susceptibility to malaria. Basic information gained from the mouse model should aid in our understanding of the human situation.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
}
|
[A Case of an Elderly Patient with Advanced Gastric Cancer Successfully Treated with Combination S-1 and Oxaliplatin Therapy].
The patient was an 80-year-old man. He had a chief complaint of epigastric pain. The upper gastrointestinal endoscopy showed a type 4 tumor of the stomach, and the CT scan showed multiple para-aortic lymph node metastases. The patient was diagnosed with cStage IV gastric cancer. At first, he could take only small amounts of liquid. After starting S-1 and oxaliplatin (SOX), he was able to resume a full diet and his general condition was improved. A CT scan after 4 courses of chemotherapy showed a significant reduction in the wall thickness of the stomach and the size of the lymph nodes. SOX chemotherapy could be a promising treatment option for elderly patients with advanced gastric cancer.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
import FWCore.ParameterSet.Config as cms
from Configuration.StandardSequences.Eras import eras
process = cms.Process('TEST', eras.Run2_2018)
# minimum of logs
process.MessageLogger = cms.Service("MessageLogger",
statistics = cms.untracked.vstring(),
destinations = cms.untracked.vstring("cout"),
cout = cms.untracked.PSet(
threshold = cms.untracked.string("WARNING")
)
)
# raw data source
process.source = cms.Source("PoolSource",
fileNames = cms.untracked.vstring("/store/data/Run2018D/ZeroBias/RAW/v1/000/320/688/00000/601A721D-AD95-E811-B21A-FA163E28A50A.root"),
#fileNames = cms.untracked.vstring("root://eoscms.cern.ch//eos/cms/store/group/phys_pps/sw_test_input/601A721D-AD95-E811-B21A-FA163E28A50A.root"),
inputCommands = cms.untracked.vstring(
'drop *',
'keep FEDRawDataCollection_*_*_*'
)
)
process.maxEvents = cms.untracked.PSet(
input = cms.untracked.int32(1000)
)
# raw-to-digi conversion
process.load("EventFilter.CTPPSRawToDigi.ctppsRawToDigi_cff")
# local RP reconstruction chain with standard settings
process.load("RecoPPS.Configuration.recoCTPPS_cff")
# define GT
process.load("Configuration.StandardSequences.FrontierConditions_GlobalTag_cff")
from Configuration.AlCa.GlobalTag import GlobalTag
process.GlobalTag = GlobalTag(process.GlobalTag, "106X_dataRun2_v26")
# override alignment settings
process.load("CalibPPS.ESProducers.ctppsRPAlignmentCorrectionsDataESSourceXML_cfi")
process.ctppsRPAlignmentCorrectionsDataESSourceXML.RealFiles = cms.vstring(
"RecoPPS/Local/test/re_alignment/align_base.xml"
)
process.esPreferLocalAlignment = cms.ESPrefer("CTPPSRPAlignmentCorrectionsDataESSourceXML", "ctppsRPAlignmentCorrectionsDataESSourceXML")
# track plotter
process.ctppsTrackDistributionPlotter = cms.EDAnalyzer("CTPPSTrackDistributionPlotter",
tagTracks = cms.InputTag("ctppsLocalTrackLiteProducer"),
outputFile = cms.string("output_tracks_base.root")
)
# processing sequences
process.path = cms.Path(
process.ctppsRawToDigi
* process.recoCTPPS
* process.ctppsTrackDistributionPlotter
)
# output configuration
process.output = cms.OutputModule("PoolOutputModule",
fileName = cms.untracked.string("output_base.root"),
outputCommands = cms.untracked.vstring(
"drop *",
'keep CTPPSLocalTrackLites_*_*_*'
)
)
process.outpath = cms.EndPath(process.output)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
2,4-Diaminopyrimidine inhibitors of c-Met kinase bearing benzoxazepine anilines.
Elaboration of the SAR around a series of 2,4-diaminopyrimidines led to a number of c-Met inhibitors in which kinase selectivity was modulated by substituents appended on the C4-aminobenzamide ring and the nature of the C2-aminoaryl ring. Further lead optimization of the C2-aminoaryl group led to benzoxazepine analogs whose pharmaceutical properties were modulated by the nature of the substituent on the benzoxazepine nitrogen. Tumor stasis (with partial regressions) were observed when an orally bioavailable analog was evaluated in a GTL-16 tumor xenograft mouse model. Subsequent PK/PD studies suggested that a metabolite contributed to the overall in vivo response.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Costa monopolizou a bizarrice em alguns momentos. Ao proferir um exaltado discurso para orientar a bancada de seu partido, o deputado do Pará defendeu a rejeição da denúncia contra Temer exclamando: "Nós, deputados da base do Governo Temer, temos moral para derrubar esses falsos moralistas e incompetentes (...) Tenham vergonha na cara! O Temer é um homem ético, transparente, tem preparo e hombridade. Vocês podem se preparar para chorar hoje no muro das lamentações", gritou e gesticulou, diante de um Jean Wyllys (PSOL) às gargalhadas. Costa também bateu no ombro ao defender o presidente. "Quem é Temer mostra a cara e até tatua o nome aqui no ombro", gritou Costa, que garante que no Pará o mandatário tem "80% de popularidade". Ao retomar o microfone para proferir seu voto, mais uma vez gritou: "Abaixo o Datafolha, abaixo o Ibope! Temer é um homem decente, preparado, honesto! Meu voto é sim!". Em outro momento, quando já estava quieto, foi flagrado pelo fotógrafo Lula Marques trocando mensagens no WhatsApp com mulheres. "Mostra a sua bunda", pedia Costa a uma delas, durante a votação.
A tatuagem mencionada por Costa foi exibida no começo desta semana por ele mesmo: uma bandeira do Brasil e palavra "Temer" em seu ombro. Ele garante que gastou 1.200 reais e que o desenho é definitivo, mas já há tatuadores experientes dizendo que é temporário. Seja como for, utilizou as redes sociais para se justificar: "Eu não sou hipócrita". Nesta quarta, deputados da oposição foram ao microfone durante a fala de Costa para pedir que mostrasse o desenho. Ele inclusive foi inspiração para os adesivos que parlamentares colaram seus ombros com a frase "Fora Temer".
O dep. da tatoo do Temer Wladimir passou parte da sessão q discutia a denúncia contra o Temer em conversas nada republicanas pelo whatsapp. pic.twitter.com/6Q66oLBrIe — Lula Marques (@LulaMarques) August 2, 2017
Sobre esses deputados da oposição, de partidos como o PT, PC do B, REDE e PSOL, Costa disse, como de costume, que formam parte de "organizações criminosas" — até que levou uma bronca do presidente da Casa, Rodrigo Maia (DEM-RJ). Depois de seu discurso, o deputado do Solidariedade se comportou como aluno de primário, enchendo dois pixulecos do ex-presidente Lula para, durante os discursos da oposição, bater um no outro e fazer barulho. Até que os deputados petistas Valmir Prascidelli e Carlos Zarattini o empurraram e rasgaram, a dentadas, um dos bonecos. Nesse momento, com a confusão instalada na Câmara, a oposição começou a jogar dinheiro falso para o alto — as cédulas foram levadas em uma mala de dinheiro, em referência a Rodrigo Rocha Loures, ex-parlamentar e homem de confiança de Temer acusado de receber 500.000 reais em nome do presidente.
Costa acusa os partidos da oposição mas também tem telhado de vidro. Ele foi julgado pelo Tribunal Regional do Pará por abuso de poder econômico, devido à suspeita de arrecadação e gastos ilícitos em sua campanha de 2014. Em julho de 2016 teve seu mandato cassado, uma vez que a Corte concluiu que o parlamentar não registrou mais de 400.000 reais de gastos. A decisão final precisa ser confirmada agora pelo Tribunal Superior Eleitoral.
Meses antes da decisão, Costa já havia protagonizado na Câmara outro show de horrores em uma sessão decisiva: a votação sobre a abertura de processo de impeachment contra Dilma Rousseff (PT). Na ocasião, também comparou os políticos petistas com os chefes do crime organizado e, em seguida, soltou uma frase de efeito: “O que Lula e Dilma fazem é um verdadeiro tiro de morte no coração, na alma do povo brasileiro”, gritou. De repente, disparou uma pistola de confetes coloridos.
O parlamentar está longe de ser alguém exemplar. Foi um dos que mais faltou a sessões em 2015, segundo o jornal Extra: de 125, compareceu a apenas 20. Quando aparece, puxa os holofotes para si e protagoniza momentos patéticos. Costa sintetiza toda a bizarrice que tomou o Congresso Nacional depois que a máscara de muitos de seus representantes corruptos caiu.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
[Effects of nitrogen deposition on diversity and composition of soil bacterial community in a subtropical Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation.]
The increasing rate of atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition has become the focus of research attention. Soil bacterial community plays an important role in soil nutrient cycling. We stimulated N deposition at the Forest Ecosystem of Fujian Normal University and Global Change Research Station in Chenda Town, Sanming City in the Fujian Province of China. We examined the effect of N deposition on the structure and composition of soil bacterial community using 16S rDNA amplification sequencing. The results showed that short-term addition of N had no significant effect on the soil bacterial diversity and composition, but high N treatment significantly affected therelative abundance of individual bacterial species, which increased the abundance of Copiotrophic group and decreased that of the corresponding Oligotrophic group, indicating that changes in soil bacterial nutrient strategies were driven by the availability of nutrients. Enhanced understanding of the responses of soil bacterial community and nutrient distribution pattern to rapid N deposition could improve the prediction ability about the future environment.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Gary Flakne
Gary W. Flakne (March 12, 1934 – January 3, 2016) was an American politician in the state of Minnesota. He was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota of Norwegian descent and was a lawyer. He was an alumnus of the University of Minnesota and William Mitchell College of Law (L.L.B. 1960). He served in the House of Representatives for District 35 from 1963 to 1974, and for District 61A in 1973. Flakne served in the Minnesota National Guard and was judge advocate general; he later served in the Minnesota Reserves. He also served as Hennepin County attorney. Flakne died on January 3, 2016 from multiple organ failure. He was married with four children.
References
Category:1934 births
Category:2016 deaths
Category:Members of the Minnesota House of Representatives
Category:Politicians from Minneapolis
Category:American people of Norwegian descent
Category:Military personnel from Minnesota
Category:Minnesota Republicans
Category:Minnesota lawyers
Category:University of Minnesota alumni
Category:William Mitchell College of Law alumni
Category:Lawyers from Minneapolis
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Effect this measure will have on costs and revenues of state government.
The stated purpose of this bill generally eliminates outmoded language concerning compensation of county elected officials. The bill repeals the requirement that the compensation of county court employees be in compliance with the Economic Stabilization Act of 1970. As of January 1, 2013 all prosecuting attorneys are required to be full-time while providing an exception for those currently part-time. The bill transfers some training program responsibilities and valuation classification of property from the State Tax Commissioner to the State Auditor. The bill also authorizes the State Auditor and State Tax Commissioner to establish training programs for certain employees. The bill removes the limitations on food, lodging, registration fees and mileage on authorized training. The bill eliminates the outdated property valuations used to determine the compensation of elected county officials. The bill further permits a county sheriff to turn over an impounded dog to the local humane society instead of killing it. Additionally, the bill eliminates references to a county position that no longer exists. The bill removes the limitation of the costs for the housing and feeding of prisoners in counties having a population of thirty thousand or less.
Passage of this bill would have no impact on State revenue.
There would be no additional costs to the State Tax Department. The training referenced in the bill is already being provided by the State Tax Department. The State Auditor would incur additional costs due to added responsibilities.
Fiscal Note Detail
Over-all effect
Effect of Proposal
Fiscal Year
2011Increase/Decrease(use"-")
2012Increase/Decrease(use"-")
Fiscal Year(Upon FullImplementation)
1. Estmated Total Cost
0
0
0
Personal Services
0
0
0
Current Expenses
0
0
0
Repairs and Alterations
0
0
0
Assets
0
0
0
Other
0
0
0
2. Estimated Total Revenues
0
0
0
3. Explanation of above estimates (including long-range effect):
Passage of this bill would have no impact on State revenue.
There would be no additional costs to the State Tax Department. The training referenced in the bill is already being provided by the State Tax Department. The State Auditor would incur additional costs due to added responsibilities.
Memorandum
The stated purpose of this bill generally eliminates outmoded language concerning compensation of county elected officials. The bill repeals the requirement that the compensation of county court employees be in compliance with the Economic Stabilization Act of 1970. As of January 1, 2013 all prosecuting attorneys are required to be full-time while providing an exception for those currently part-time. The bill transfers some training program responsibilities and valuation classification of property from the State Tax Commissioner to the State Auditor. The bill also authorizes the State Auditor and State Tax Commissioner to establish training programs for certain employees. The bill removes the limitations on food, lodging, registration fees and mileage on authorized training. The bill eliminates the outdated property valuations used to determine the compensation of elected county officials. The bill further permits a county sheriff to turn over an impounded dog to the local humane society instead of killing it. Additionally, the bill eliminates references to a county position that no longer exists. The bill removes the limitation of the costs for the housing and feeding of prisoners in counties having a population of thirty thousand or less.
Under the provisions of this bill, the State Tax Commissioner is authorized and directed to establish in-service training programs for the assessors and their assistants and employees. Those responsibilities relating to county commissioners, county clerks, sheriffs and their assistants are transferred from the State Tax Commissioner to the State Auditor.
The classification of counties under section 7-7-3 is based upon the assessed value of property in the respective counties. The review of the classification of those counties is transferred from the State Tax Commissioner, who is responsible for overseeing the valuation of property in the State, to the State Auditor.
These are the only two portions of the bill which involve the responsibilities of the State Tax Commissioner.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
The COVID-19 pandemic has overwhelmed medical facilities worldwide and caused a shortage of typically disposable personal protective equipment (PPE), forcing medical workers to reuse or work without proper PPE.[@c1] Researchers have explored decontamination procedures that might allow PPE to be reused safely,[@c3] and medical workers have begun implementing these procedures, including decontaminating disposable masks with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation.[@c5] However, UV decontamination faces several drawbacks, including an inability to kill viruses trapped within crevices that are not illuminated and a lack of availability at clinics in low-income areas and in most peoples\' homes.[@c6] Alternative methods of decontamination, namely, steam sterilization, alcohol washing, and bleach washing, are useful for glassware and other durable materials, but have been reported to degrade single-use PPE.[@c4] On the other hand, dry heat decontamination can be performed almost anywhere (including home ovens and rice cookers) and inactivates viruses within crevices without damaging the delicate PPE.[@c7] However, dry heat decontamination guidelines for SARS-CoV-2 remain limited to a few experimental measurements constrained to specific temperatures that do not apply to all heating devices.[@c11]
Meanwhile, virus transmission has been linked to variations in outdoor climate, where colder atmospheric temperatures lead to longer virus lifetimes outside of hosts. This effect has been reported for influenza,[@c12] the common cold,[@c14] SARS-CoV-2,[@c11] SARS-CoV-1,[@c16] and MERS-CoV.[@c18] Even at a local scale, a recent resurgence of COVID-19 cases in a seafood market was linked to low temperatures.[@c20] Epidemiologists would benefit from knowledge of the lifespan of SARS-CoV-2 as a continuous function of the atmospheric temperature to accurately model the spread of COVID-19. Furthermore, understanding the temperature-dictated inactivation time could help predict the resurgence of cases as colder weather returns to the Northern Hemisphere, following a similar trend to that of the seasonal flu.[@c21]
We introduce an analytical model based on the rate law for a first-order reaction and the Arrhenius equation that enables prediction of the thermal inactivation rate and lifetime of coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, as a function of temperature. These viruses are treated as macromolecules undergoing thermal denaturation; we confirm that coronaviruses undergo thermal denaturation because their inactivation behavior follows the Meyer--Neldel rule.[@c22] The time required to achieve the desired log-scale reduction in viable virions (e.g., by a factor of 10^3^ as typically used for viral decontamination[@c23]) was used to generate dry heat decontamination guidelines for SARS-CoV-2 relevant to temperature ranges accessible in commonly available heating devices. The model also predicts the lifetime of human coronaviruses as a continuous function of temperature in various climates, which will assist epidemiologists in understanding the regionally dependent lifetime of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, as well as the potential of a COVID-19 resurgence in autumn and winter.
Reports in the literature provide abundant data to construct a predictive analytical model capturing the thermal effects on virus inactivation. We specifically focused on the inactivation of coronaviruses, a group of enveloped viruses often responsible for respiratory or gastrointestinal diseases in mammals and birds.[@c27] We compiled hundreds of data points for the inactivation of five coronaviruses, with subdivisions based on (i) strains of each virus, (ii) environmental pH levels, and (iii) relative humidity (RH) conditions, resulting in 14 datasets \[[Fig. 1(a)](#f1){ref-type="fig"}\]. These viruses include (i) Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2);[@c11] (ii) Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV);[@c18] (iii) Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV);[@c31] (iv) Mouse Hepatitis Virus (MHV);[@c32] and (v) Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus (PEDV).[@c34]
{ref-type="disp-formula"}\], where the inserted chart presents the R^2^ values for the linear fits. The resulting activation energy, E~a~, and frequency factor, ln(A), were back-calculated from each linear fit according to Eq. [(2)](#d2){ref-type="disp-formula"} and plotted (b); the linear correlation between ln(A) and E~a~ indicates protein denaturation.[@c22]](APPLAB-000117-060601_1-g001){#f1}
The rate law describes the inactivation behavior of microbes.[@c35] Non-first-order rate laws have been applied to the inactivation of some microbes,[@c36] particularly bacteria with heterogeneous populations,[@c39] but the inactivation of most viruses---including the coronaviruses considered in our analysis---follows a first-order reaction, with viable virions as reactants and inactivated virions as products \[Eq. [(1)](#d1){ref-type="disp-formula"}\]: $$\left\lbrack C \right\rbrack = \left\lbrack C_{0} \right\rbrack e^{- kt}.$$The majority of primary experimental data for the inactivation of viruses is reported in plots of the log of concentration, ln(\[C\]), as a function of time, *t*, with \[C~0~\] being the initial concentration of viable virions. We applied a linear regression to each set of primary data to determine the rate constant, *k*, for the inactivation of a virus at a given temperature, *T*, determined by calculating the slope, *k* = $-$Δln(\[C\])/Δ*t*. Each of these pairs of (*k*, *T*) yields one data point in [Fig. 1(a)](#f1){ref-type="fig"}, with details in the [supplementary material](https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0020782#suppl), Figs. S1--S28.
Virus inactivation occurs due to thermal denaturation of the proteins that comprise each virion. The temperature dependence of the thermal denaturation process is captured by the Arrhenius equation,[@c40] which yields a linear relationship between ln(*k*) and 1/*T* \[Eq. [(2)](#d2){ref-type="disp-formula"}\]: $$\ln\left( k \right) = - \frac{E_{a}}{RT} + \ln\left( A \right),$$where *R* is the gas constant, *E~a~* is the activation energy associated with the inactivation of the virus (i.e., the energy barrier to be overcome for protein denaturation), and *A* is the frequency factor. In [Fig. 1(a)](#f1){ref-type="fig"}, ln(*k*) and 1/*T* are plotted according to the Arrhenius equation \[Eq. [(2)](#d2){ref-type="disp-formula"}\]. The activation energy, *E~a~*, and the natural log of the frequency factor, ln(*A*), can be obtained by equating --*E*~a~/*R* and ln(*A*) from Eq. [(2)](#d2){ref-type="disp-formula"} with the slopes and intercepts from the linear fits in [Fig. 1(a)](#f1){ref-type="fig"}, respectively, and are plotted in [Fig. 1(b)](#f1){ref-type="fig"}. The linear correlation between ln(*A*) and *E~a~* indicates that coronaviruses undergo a thermal denaturation process following the Meyer--Neldel rule,[@c22] supporting our hypothesis that they are primarily inactivated by the thermally driven degradation of proteins. In fact, the linear regression calculated in this work, \[ln(*A*) = 0.394*E*~a~ − 5.63\], is nearly identical to those calculated in two prior studies on the denaturation of tissues and cells, which report \[ln(*A*) = 0.380*E*~a~ − 5.27\][@c22] and \[ln(*A*) = 0.383*E*~a~ − 5.95\].[@c41]
The degree of inactivation of a pathogen is defined by the ratio of the concentration (amount) of a pathogen to its initial concentration, \[C\]/\[C~0~\], often in terms of orders of magnitude; an *n*-log inactivation refers to a reduction in the concentration of 10 raised to the *n*th power (\[C\]/\[C~0~\] = 10^−*n*^). Equations [(1)](#d1){ref-type="disp-formula"} and [(2)](#d2){ref-type="disp-formula"} combine to yield an analytical model used in determining the time required to achieve an *n*-log reduction in a pathogen \[Eq. [(3)](#d3){ref-type="disp-formula"}\]: $$t_{n - \mathit{\log}} = - \frac{1}{A}e^{(\frac{E_{a}}{RT})}{\ln\left( 10^{- n} \right)}.$$The U.S. Food and Drug Administration recommends a 3-log (99.9%) reduction in the number of virions for the decontamination of non-enveloped viruses (i.e., \[C\]/\[C~0~\] = 10^−3^).[@c23] Since non-enveloped viruses are shown to be more resilient to elevated environmental temperatures than their enveloped counterparts (including coronaviruses),[@c44] we refer to the time required to achieve a 3-log reduction as the coronavirus *lifetime*, indicative of a conservative prediction for both decontamination time and viable lifetime outside a host. The time required to achieve an *n*-log reduction is directly proportional to the *n* value; therefore, a more conservative decontamination time could be obtained by inserting a different value of *n* into Eq. [(3)](#d3){ref-type="disp-formula"}, which would change the *n-*log reduction predictions of lifetime by a multiplicative factor of *n~desired~*/*n~current~* (e.g., in this work, *n~current~* = 3; therefore, a 6-log reduction would require doubling of the lifetimes predicted in this work).
[Figure 2](#f2){ref-type="fig"} reports the virus lifetimes generated from Eq. [(3)](#d3){ref-type="disp-formula"} as a function of temperatures ranging from room temperature to temperatures achievable using common heating devices. In [Fig. 2(a)](#f2){ref-type="fig"}, all five types of coronaviruses are plotted to show the variation across different environmental temperatures. The plot in [Fig. 2(b)](#f2){ref-type="fig"} shows similar data, with the exception of data from Casanova, *et al.*,[@c16] due to the possible experimental error in the primary data (see the [supplementary material](https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0020782#suppl), Sec. S3), and with the lifetime axis scaled linearly to highlight the exponential dependence of lifetime on temperature. The human coronaviruses SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 exhibit a similar trend in thermal degradation, in agreement with recent work.[@c30] We observed that SARS-CoV-2 has a slightly longer mean lifetime than SARS-CoV-1 outside a host, potentially contributing to its relatively high reproduction number, *R*~0~. However, based on uncertainty analysis, [Fig. 3](#f3){ref-type="fig"} indicates that the prediction intervals (PIs) of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 overlap, suggesting that additional data would be needed to definitively support the conclusion that SARS-CoV-2 has a longer lifetime. The prediction interval is used to estimate the variation in coronavirus lifetimes predicted by the analytical model. The prediction interval can account for uncertainties corresponding to different virus strains due to genetic mutations, as well as variations in experimental conditions, such as RH and fomites, and a conservative estimate of the maximum lifetime of a coronavirus given this uncertainty can be determined with different levels of confidence (90%, 95%, and 97.5% prediction intervals are shown in [Fig. 3](#f3){ref-type="fig"}). The details of statistical uncertainty for all of the viruses are included in the [supplementary material](https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0020782#suppl), Table S3. The average lifetime for the human coronaviruses SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 is shown in [Table I](#t1){ref-type="table"}. The temperature values displayed in the table illustrate both (i) common environmental temperatures and (ii) temperatures appropriate for thermal decontamination.
{#f2}
{#f3}
######
The average lifetimes for SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 across a range of environmental and decontamination temperatures. The upper limit of a 95% prediction interval based on statistical analysis of the data is included in parentheses as a conservative estimate of the maximum lifetime across different mutations and environmental conditions. The mean lifetimes of all human coronaviruses considered in this work were greater than one month at temperatures below 10 °C.
Temperature SARS-CoV-2 lifetime, *t*~3-log~ SARS-CoV-1 lifetime, *t*~3-log~
---------------------------- ---------------------- --------------------------------- ---------------------------------
Environmental temperatures 10 °C \>1 month 29.8 d *(\> 1 month)*
15 °C 15.5 d *(\>1 month)* 10.4 d *(\> 1 month)*
20 °C 5.9 d *(\>1 month)* 3.8 d *(\> 1 month)*
25 °C 2.3 d *(25.5 d)* 1.4 d *(25.4 d)*
30 °C 22.5 h *(10.0 d)* 13.1 h *(8.26 d)*
35 °C 9.4 h *(4.2 d)* 5.2 h *(2.9 d)*
40 °C 4.0 h *(1.8 d)* 2.1 h *(1.1 d)*
Decontamination 60 °C 10.5 min *(2.3 h)* 4.8 min *(1.1 h)*
70 °C 2.5 min *(38.6 min)* 1.1 min *(18.4 min)*
80 °C \<1 min *(11.9 min)* \<1 min *(6.1 min)*
90 °C \<1 min *(4.0 min)* \<1 min *(2.3 min)*
We estimated the regional lifetime of SARS-CoV-2 based on climate temperatures in the United States. We used temperatures averaged over January to March, 2020, corresponding to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic \[[Fig. 4(a)](#f4){ref-type="fig"}\], and July to September, 2019, as a rough prediction of SARS-CoV-2 lifetimes in summer 2020 \[[Fig. 4(b)](#f4){ref-type="fig"}\]. Summer weather in the Northern Hemisphere will reduce SARS-CoV-2 outdoor-lifetime significantly, potentially slowing the transmission of COVID-19. The predictions in [Fig. 3](#f3){ref-type="fig"} are based on a constant temperature profile and do not account for daily temperature fluctuations, which may result in shorter lifetimes than predicted due to the exponential dependence of the reaction rate on temperature. Additional environmental effects, like UV from sunlight, may further reduce inactivation time; with these limitations in mind, [Fig. 4](#f4){ref-type="fig"} represents a conservative prediction of SARS-CoV-2 lifetime across the United States, and lifetimes greater than one month are not reported.
{#f4}
We tested the predictive ability of the thermodynamic model presented here by comparing the results to experimental data that had not been used to train the model. SARS-CoV-1 was reported to require 5 days at room temperature to achieve a 5-log reduction;[@c46] our model predicts an inactivation time of 4.2 days under the same conditions. In another report, SARS-CoV-1 was heated to 56 °C and required only 6 min to achieve a 6-log reduction;[@c29] our model predicts a time of 17 min. A third report claimed that SARS-CoV-1 required 30 min to achieve an approximately 6-log reduction at 60 °C;[@c47] our model predicts a time of 10 min. A more recent report shows that both SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 require 72 h for a 3-log reduction on plastic surfaces maintained around 23 °C; our model predicts lifetimes of 80 and 50 h, respectively, in good agreement with the reported data.[@c30] All of these reported lifetimes were within the uncertainty bounds of the model predictions. Considering the similarity in inactivation behavior for SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2,[@c30] validation with SARS-CoV-1 suggests that this model will be a useful tool to estimate the lifetime of SARS-CoV-2.
The model is limited to temperature-based predictive ability and does not consider relative humidity or the fomite (i.e., the surface material on which a virion rests), both of which appear to affect inactivation times.[@c11] Variations in lifetime at a given temperature due to these environmental factors can be interpreted as catalytic effects;[@c49] incorporating a corresponding adjustment to the activation energy might enable additional predictive capabilities. Another limitation of this model is its reliance on a limited set of primary data, which may contain experimental error (all primary data are reproduced in the [supplementary material](https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0020782#suppl)); statistical prediction uncertainties are described in the [supplementary material](https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0020782#suppl), Sec. S5. In addition, this model assumes that the enthalpy and entropy of the inactivation reaction are constant as temperature changes. This assumption is typically valid for macromolecules such as proteins.[@c22] Some reports suggest that multiple inactivation reaction pathways can occur near room temperature, but these reports are limited in scope and do not agree with each other, and further work would need to be done before considering or implementing such effects.[@c31] Finally, the extrapolation of our model to higher temperatures outside the range of the primary data (e.g., above 100 °C) may be unfounded if alternate inactivation reaction pathways become available at these elevated temperatures.
Fortunately, the results in [Table I](#t1){ref-type="table"} indicate that dry heat decontamination is feasible for inactivation of all types of coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2. The most common material used in surgical masks and N95 respirators is non-woven polypropylene,[@c50] which can be decontaminated with dry heat below its melting point (156--168 °C).[@c52] Cui and colleagues show that thermal cycling (75 °C, 30 min heating, applied over 20 cycles) does not degrade the filtration efficiency of N95-level facemasks,[@c9] and Lin *et al.* report no significant degradation in the effectiveness of surgical masks after heating to 160 °C for 3 min.[@c7] Therefore, we expect that dry heat decontamination is an effective decontamination method, while also feasible within relatively short times (conservatively, less than 40 min at 70 ${^\circ}C$; [Table I](#t1){ref-type="table"}) and achievable by the majority of people with access to home ovens, rice cookers, or similar inexpensive heating devices.
In summary, this work provides guidelines to medical professionals and the general public for the effective, safe thermal decontamination of PPE. In addition, the sensitivity of coronaviruses to environmental temperature variations, shown in [Table I](#t1){ref-type="table"} and [Fig. 4](#f4){ref-type="fig"}, indicates that the thermal inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 must be considered in epidemiological studies predicting its global spread and, potentially, seasonal recurrence; our model can be incorporated in these studies due to its ability to predict virus lifetime as a continuous function of environmental temperature. Finally, the modeling framework presented here offers a fundamental understanding of virus thermal inactivation that can help fight the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as future outbreaks of other coronaviruses.
See the [supplementary material](https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0020782#suppl) for primary datasets for each virus studied in this work,[@c54] tables of activation energy and frequency factor calculated from the data, temperature data in the United States corresponding to winter and summer, and details on the statistical analysis and uncertainty in predictions.[@c57]
AUTHORS\' CONTRIBUTIONS {#s2}
=======================
T.F.Y. and D.J.P. compiled and analyzed the data and developed the analytical model. All authors contributed to the interpretation of results and writing and editing the manuscript. D.J.P. guided the work. Z.L. and R.A.S. contributed equally to this work.
We gratefully acknowledge helpful discussions with Dr. Dimithree Kahanda. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. CBET-2030023.
DATA AVAILABILITY
=================
The data that support the findings of this study are available within the article and its [supplementary material](https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0020782#suppl).
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
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My Santa asked about a comment I made on camping and then she ran with it. I am so totally amazed, thrilled and just blown away. When I received my shipped notification and saw that the box was almost 13 pounds I was perplexed for the days of transit which only made the whole experience better.
The box had the cutest pink tape with flowers. Starting from the top of the box and working down were individually wrapped packages and a charming note from my Santa. Coffee from a local roaster in her area; a toaster oven size cookie sheet, a book on luxury tent camping/glamping, decadent brownie mix, amazing Hershey chocolate chip cookie mix, cake pans perfect for camping, and at the bottom was a Coleman Camp Oven, holy cow!!
We love to camp, its how our family unplugs from time to time. Thank you so very much my Arbitrary Santa, you are amazing, thoughtful and really just super cool.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Q:
Django: Custom model field does not show correct value in the form
I needed to store arbitrary data in a relational database of multiple data-types so I came up with a solution of in addition to storing the data itself also to store what is the datatype of the data (str, int, etc). This allows upon retreival to cast the string which is stored in the db into whatever proper data-type the data is. In order to store the data-type I made a custom model field:
class DataType(object):
SUPPORTED_TYPES = {
u'unicode': unicode,
u'str': str,
u'bool': bool,
u'int': int,
u'float': float
}
INVERSE_SUPPORTED_TYPES = dict(zip(SUPPORTED_TYPES.values(), SUPPORTED_TYPES.keys()))
TYPE_CHOICES = dict(zip(SUPPORTED_TYPES.keys(), SUPPORTED_TYPES.keys()))
def __init__(self, datatype=None):
if not datatype:
datatype = unicode
t_datatype = type(datatype)
if t_datatype in [str, unicode]:
self.datatype = self.SUPPORTED_TYPES[datatype]
elif t_datatype is type and datatype in self.INVERSE_SUPPORTED_TYPES.keys():
self.datatype = datatype
elif t_datatype is DataType:
self.datatype = datatype.datatype
else:
raise TypeError('Unsupported %s' % str(t_datatype))
def __unicode__(self):
return self.INVERSE_SUPPORTED_TYPES[self.datatype]
def __str__(self):
return str(self.__unicode__())
def __len__(self):
return len(self.__unicode__())
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
return self.datatype(*args, **kwargs)
class DataTypeField(models.CharField):
__metaclass__ = models.SubfieldBase
description = 'Field for storing python data-types in db with capability to get python the data-type back'
def __init__(self, **kwargs):
defaults = {}
overwrites = {
'max_length': 8
}
defaults.update(kwargs)
defaults.update(overwrites)
super(DataTypeField, self).__init__(**overwrites)
def to_python(self, value):
return DataType(value)
def get_prep_value(self, value):
return unicode(DataType(value))
def value_to_string(self, obj):
val = self._get_val_from_obj(obj)
return self.get_prep_value(val)
So this allows me to do something like that:
class FooModel(models.Model):
data = models.TextField()
data_type = DataTypeField()
>>> foo = FooModel.objects.create(data='17.94', data_type=float)
>>> foo.data_type(foo.data)
17.94
>>> type(foo.data_type(foo.data))
float
So my problem is that in the Django Admin (I am using ModelAdmin), the value for data_type in the textbox does not show up properly. Whenever it is float (and in db it is stores as float, I checked), the value displayed is 0.0. For int it displays 0. For bool it displays False. Instead of showing the string representation of the data_type, somewhere Django actually calls it, which means the __call__ is called withour an parameters, which results in those values. For example:
>>> DataType(float)()
0.0
>>> DataType(int)()
0
>>> DataType(bool)()
False
I figured out how to monkey patch it by replacing __call__ method with the following:
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
if not args and not kwargs:
return self.__unicode__()
return self.datatype(*args, **kwargs)
This displays the correct value in the form however I feel that this is not very elegant. Is there any way to make it better? I could not figure out where Django called the field value in the first place.
Thanx
A:
wrt why your DataType get called, read this: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/1.4/topics/templates/#accessing-method-calls
The clean solution might be to simply rename call to something more explicit.
|
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"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
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"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
The Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) can be logically divided into two parts: a Core Network (CN) and an Access Network (AN). The CN can be subdivided into a Circuit Switched (CS) domain, a Packet Switched (PS) domain, and an IMS. In different CN, a user must use a different access mode.
(i) CS Domain and User Access
The CS domain provides CS services for users, including voice, CS data, and fax. Typical entities of the CS domain include: a Mobile Switching Center (MSC), adapted to handle call signaling and complete call routing; a Wireless Media Gateway (WMG), adapted to set up media connections and convert voice codes; a Visitor Location Register (VLR), adapted to store information about the current location of a user and the service data; a Home Location Register (HLR), adapted to store subscription data of a user and the information about the current serving VLR; an Equipment Identity Register (EIR), adapted to store user equipment identities; and an Authentication Center (AuC), adapted to generate authentication data.
To ensure the services in the CS domain to be accessible to users, the 3GPP protocol defines a mechanism for a mobile CS user to access a CN. Through this mechanism, the network can obtain the user location information and implement network access security protection.
The network needs to handle access requests when a mobile CS user powers on a Mobile Equipment (ME), roams to a new MSC/VLR service area, updates the location periodically, or invokes a service.
A network operator can decide to use or not to use certain access-related processes, for example, authentication process, encryption process, process of allocating a Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI), in different access operations according to specific policies.
A typical access process of a 3G CS user is shown in FIG. 1. A Mobile Equipment (ME) sends a location update request to the Radio Network Controller (RNC), and sends an authentication information request to the HLR/AUC through an MSC/VLR in turn; afterward, the HLR/AUC returns an authentication request message to the MSC/VLR, RNC and ME in turn.
The process for a CS user to access a network further includes a process of starting security protection.
The identities for use in an access process of a CS user include: Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number (MSISDN), International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), and TMSI. The composition of an IMSI is shown in FIG. 2. An IMSI uniquely identifies a user in a global mobile network, and is bound to the MSISDN of the user at the time of subscription.
As shown in FIG. 2, an IMSI consists of three parts: Mobile Country Code (MCC), Mobile Network Code (MNC), and Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (MSIN). The MCC is promulgated by the ITU-T and applied globally. An MNC is allocated by the country that governs the MCC according to the actual conditions, and is expressed by two or three digits. An MSIN is allocated by an operator who holds the MCC and MNC. A National Mobile Subscriber Identity (NMSI) is expressed as “MNC+MSIN”.
As shown in FIG. 3, an MSISDN is allocated according to the ITU E.164 numbering plan and E.213 specifications, and consists of three parts: Country Code (CC), National Destination Code (NDC), and Mobile Subscriber Identification Number (MSIN). A CC is an international toll area code, and is promulgated by the ITU-T and applied globally. An NDC is defined by the country that governs the CC and allocated according to the conditions of the country. A mobile operator may have more than one NDC, for example, 135-139 held by China Mobile, and 130-134 held by China Unicom. A national number is defined by the operator holding “CC+NDC”. A national number is expressed as “NDC+SN”.
An MSISDN should be able to serve as a Global Title (GT) of the Signaling Connection Control Part (SCCP) to locate the HLR of the user. In the addressing process, the HLR that serves the user can be located according to the “CC+NDC” of the number, or optionally, plus part of the Subscriber Number (SN). The identity of the HLR related to user registration may be an HLR number compliant with the E.164 specifications, or an HLR ID. The format of an HLR number is the same as that of an MSISDN. An HLR ID consists of several parts of an IMSI, namely, the first few digits of “MCC+MNC+MSIN”.
The TMSI is a locally effective identity in the MSC/VLR service area. It is used with a Location Area Identity (LAI). Therefore, the network operator can stipulate that a TMSI should be reallocated for every access. To prevent an eavesdropper from determining the user location through a unique ID, the GSM/WCDMA network generally allocates a TMSI to the user who accesses an MSC/VLR service area initially.
The CS user who accesses the network should be authenticated. The authentication process includes: obtaining an authentication vector (AV) through the MSC/VLR (MSC is combined with VLR), and performing bidirectional authentication with the user.
The process for an MSC/VLR to obtain an AV includes: when an MSC/VLR of the CN receives a user location update request for access, if the MSC/VLR determines that the user needs authentication, the MSC/VLR requests an AV from the HLR/AUC (HLR is combined with AUC). The AUC generates several groups of AVs arranged sequentially according to the IMSI of the user. An AV includes five elements (RAND, AUTN, CK, IK, RES). The HLR returns all the generated AVs to the MSC/VLR through a response.
After obtaining an AV, the MSC/VLR performs a bidirectional authentication process with the user, including: after receiving the AV groups, the MSC/VLR selects an intact AV, removes the response (RES), and sends it to the RNC to require initiation of authentication. The RNC removes the cipher key (CK) and the integrity key (IK) of the remaining AVs, and sends an authentication request to the ME (USIM). The USIM in the ME can calculate out the CK, IK and RES in the AV group by using different algorithms shared with the network according to the key (K) which is allocated at the time of subscription and shared in the AUC of the network as well as the received random number (RAND). According to the RAND, authentication token (AUTN) and the shared key (K), the ME calculates out the MAC, and compares the value with the MAC value received from the AUTN. If the two values are the same, the ME returns the calculated RES to the MSC/VLR. The MSC/VLR compares the value with the RES stored in the AV, and, if the two values are the same, determines that the ME passes the authentication and is legal.
In a GSM system, the access process of a GSM user is similar to that of a CS user in a 3G system such as CDMA system. As shown in FIG. 4, the differences between the access process of a GSM user and that of a 3G CS user include:
The GSM system has no ME for network authentication, so the AV contains no AUTN parameter;
The GSM system has no data integrity protection, so the AV contains no IK parameter; and
A cipher key (Kc) of the GSM system contains only 64 digits while a CK used in the 3G system contains 128 digits, and the encryption algorithm applied in the 3G system is more intense.
The signed response (SRES) of a GSM system differs from the RES of a 3G system in algorithm and length.
The access process of a 3G and 2G CS user described above reveals that a security mechanism is set for the mobile CS domain to provide security assurance to some extent. The security mechanism of a 3G user is an enhancement of the GSM user security mechanism. That is, the 3G security mechanism is a smooth evolution from the 2G security mechanism.
The foregoing is an access process of the CS network and CS user. The following describes an access process of the IMS network and IMS user.
The IMS is a subsystem that is overlaid on the existing PS domain and supports IP multimedia services. It is intended to provide rich multimedia services such as audio, video, text, interactive session, or combination thereof. The IMS uses the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), and is independent of access.
As shown in FIG. 5, the function entities in an IMS include: a Call Session Control Function (CSCF) entity that controls user registration and session, an Application Server (AS) that provides various service logic control functions, and a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) that manages subscription data altogether. A user accesses the IMS through the Proxy-CSCF (P-CSCF) of a current visited location. The Serving-CSCF (S-CSCF) in the home domain controls triggering of sessions and services and interacts with the AS about service control.
In an IMS network, each user who subscribes to the IMS service owns one or more private user identities allocated by the home network operator for the purpose of registration, authorization, management and charging. Each IMS user owns one or more public user identities intended for use in service session processes and for identifying the user during communication with other users.
FIG. 6 shows the IMS subscription and the relationship between the public user identity and the private user identity in an IMS. One private user identity corresponds to one or more public user identities.
In an IMS network, the access process of an IMS user can be divided into: initial registration of the user, re-registration of the user, deregistration of the user, re-authentication initiated by the network, deregistration initiated by the network, and event subscription after registration.
In the registration initiated by a user, these parameters must be carried in the request: an IP Multimedia Public Identity (IMPU), an IP Multimedia Private Identity (IMPI), and a home domain name of the user. Other parameters such as the authentication capability and IP address of a User Equipment (UE) may also be carried.
As shown in FIG. 7, the initial registration process initiated by an IMS user includes:
The user uses the IMPU, IMPI, contact address and home domain name stored in the ISIM module to construct a SIP Register message. The message also carries the information about the type and ID of the user access network, the supported encryption, integrity algorithm options, port required for setting up a Security Association (SA) with the P-CSCF, and timeout duration. Afterward, the user sends the message to the default address of the P-CSCF found previously by the UE in the P-CSCF discovery process.
After receiving the message, the P-CSCF stores the user identity and other necessary information, queries for the address of the Interrogating-CSCF (I-CSCF) of the home domain according to the home domain name, and constructs a new Register message which carries the information about the visited network and sends the message to the I-CSCF address indicated by the query result.
According to the private identity of the user, the I-CSCF queries the HSS for the registration state of the user. If the user is not registered, the I-CSCF selects an S-CSCF for handling the Register request of the user. After selecting an S-CSCF, the I-CSCF sends the Register request to the S-CSCF for further processing.
After receiving the Register message, the S-CSCF checks and determines that the user is registered initially, and requests the HSS to allocate an authentication vector (AV) to the user. The composition of the AV is the same as that of a 3G user AV, and is a quintuplet vector. After receiving the allocation result of the HSS, the S-CSCF selects a group of vectors from the SIP 401 message, removes the XRES in the vectors and sends the vectors to the P-CSCF through the I-CSCF.
After removing the CK and IK in the AV, the P-CSCF selects a preferred algorithm according to the encryption and integrity algorithm capabilities of the P-CSCF and the UE, and sets the parameters of the security association in the P-CSCF. The P-CSCF puts such parameters into the 401 message, and initiates an authentication challenge to the UE.
The UE calculates out the CK, IK and RES according to the Authentication Key (K) shared with the network and the received RAND, and authenticates the network in the same way as in a 3G CS domain. Then it negotiates the security association according to the relevant parameters returned by the P-CSCF. After negotiation of the security association, the signaling at the UE and the network side uses the port defined by the security association for communication. After calculating the RES required by the network, the UE needs to construct a new Register message. After encryption and integrity protection, the message is sent to the P-CSCF through the security channel connected to the P-CSCF.
The P-CSCF decrypts the received message. If the message is resolved successfully, the network and the UE have completed encryption and integrity protection. Afterward, the P-CSCF sends the authentication result to the S-CSCF through the I-CSCF. After receiving the Register message, the S-CSCF compares the RES in the message with the RES stored previously. If they are the same, the authentication succeeds. After the authentication is completed, the S-CSCF notifies the HSS of authentication success, and downloads user data from the HSS. Afterward, the S-CSCF sends a 200 OK message to the UE, indicating that the registration succeeds. The message carries the registration lifetime measured in seconds, which is specified by the network. Besides, the S-CSCF may initiate third-party registration to the Application Server (AS) specified in the triggering conditions according to the triggering conditions in the user data.
After receiving a 200 OK response, the P-CSCF initiates a process of subscribing to the registration event packet of the UE to the S-CSCF. After the subscription succeeds, the S-CSCF returns the registration state to the P-CSCF.
After receiving the 200 OK response, the UE initiates a process of subscribing to the registration event packet of the UE to the S-CSCF. After the subscription succeeds, the S-CSCF returns the registration state to the UE.
After completion of the registration, the following processes may be performed for a user who accesses the IMS network:
(1) The re-registration process initiated by the user is shown in FIG. 8. Before expiry of the registration lifetime, the UE initiates re-registration to the network, and indicates support of integrity protection to the network. As shown in the figure, the S-CSCF judges whether to re-authenticate the user. If no authentication is required, the S-CSCF returns a 200 OK response to the UE.
(2) The deregistration process initiated by the user is: In the Register message, the UE set “expires” (a parameter that indicates the registration lifetime) to 0. The S-CSCF notifies the HSS that the user is deregistered. If the UE has no other triggering conditions of the unregistered state, the S-CSCF will no longer store information about the user.
(3) As shown in FIG. 9, the re-registration process initiated by an IMS network includes:
The S-CSCF in the network initiates re-registration of the UE. Re-registration is to send a SIP NOTIFY message to the UE. After the user initiates re-registration, the network decides whether to re-authenticate the user according to the operation policy.
After sending a NOTIFY message, the S-CSCF shortens the registration lifetime of the corresponding IMPI of the user. In this period, if the UE initiates no re-registration process, the S-CSCF initiates a deregistration process.
(4) The deregistration process initiated by the IMS network is shown in FIG. 10. When the user data is deleted from the HSS, or deregistration is triggered by an internal event (re-registration timer timeout) of the S-CSCF, the IMS network initiates a deregistration process. In the deregistration process, different parameters are carried in the NOTIFY message, depending on whether the IMS network expects the UE to initiate registration again.
With the development of network communication technologies, integration of an IMS network with a CS network becomes a megatrend in the industry. To meet the increasing IP multimedia application requirements, the 3GPP proposes an IMS of an all-IP service network architecture on the basis of a packet bearer network. The integrated network is intended to shield the user access mode and improve the multimedia communication experience. Therefore, a solution is required as regards how an existing CS user accesses an IMS network.
Radio interface CS signaling (for example, GSM 04.08 signaling) is used to register a mobile CS user at the CS domain, but the SIP signaling based on a PS network is used to register a user in the IMS. Therefore, a CS user is unable to be registered to the IMS directly. In the prior art, therefore, it is impossible for a CS user to access an IMS network through registration in the IMS network.
|
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|
Q:
Número de requisições simultâneas que um servidor PHP suporta
Vamos supor que tenho um servidor com um processador i7 com 4 núcleos/8 threads.
Em uma arquitetura multi-thread, assumindo que se crie uma thread por requisição, apenas será permitido 8 requisições simultâneas, uma vez que o processador possui 8 threads?
Se os servidores PHP são multi-thread, como conseguem responder a milhares de conexões simultâneas?
A:
Não fazem. Simultâneo só a quantidade de processadores existentes. Existe uma ilusão de simultaneidade, como ocorre no seu computador agora. Tem centenas ou milhares de processos rodando e parece que tudo está simultâneo, mas não está. Vai havendo troca de execução.
O sistema operacional vai agendando uma thread de cada vez em cada processador existente. Como a troca ocorre muito rápido parece superficialmente que estão executando simultaneamente, mas se fizer um teste básico de tempo verá que não é bem assim.
Estamos falando de processador. Acontece que grande parte das tarefas envolvem entrada e saída, então enquanto está lendo ou escrevendo dados externamente ao processador este fica ocioso então ter várias threads, bem mais que estas 8 pode ser útil já que enquanto uma thread espera o recurso externo responder outra que não está dependendo de recurso externo pode executar, o que ajuda dar a ilusão de simultaneidade.
Na verdade hoje é mais comum aplicações trabalharem assincronamente e não depender tanto assim de threads explícitas para compensar o uso de acessos externos.
De qualquer forma tenho minhas dúvidas se um único servidor consegue atender milhares de requisições "simultâneas" com PHP.
O Node limita à quantidade virtual de CPUs porque ele trabalha assincronamente, não tem porque usar threads em excesso porque o processador é acionado conforme a necessidade, não precisa haver concorrência de recursos de CPU. Ele enfileira as requisições em excesso já que não tem como atender mais que a capacidade do hardware, assim economiza com o gerenciamento e por isso escala muito melhor, fora o fato que o aproveitamento não fica tanto na "sorte" do momento.
O Node ficou conhecido por fazer isto, mas todas tecnologias fazem isto hoje, em geral usam a libuv. Em geral as pessoas não entendem muito do que estão fazendo, elas leem algo e acham que é aquilo que está escrito sem questionar, sem entender o que está ocorrendo ali.
Leia É sempre garantido que uma aplicação com múltiplas threads rode mais rápido que usando uma única thread? para entender melhor.
|
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LONDON (Reuters) - Britain’s Supreme Court on Tuesday rejected a last ditch bid by the British government to stop Europe’s top court from considering a case which seeks to determine whether London can unilaterally reverse Brexit.
Anti-Brexit demonstrators protest outside the Houses of Parliament in London, Britain, November 19, 2018. REUTERS/Henry Nicholls
Scottish politicians who are opposed to Britain exiting the European Union want the European Court of Justice (ECJ) to clarify whether London can withdraw its notification to leave without permission from the EU’s other member states.
Pro-EU supporters who want a second referendum are hoping the case will give the option that Britain could change its mind in a second referendum and remain in the bloc after all.
The ECJ is due to hear the case on Nov. 27.
In a final attempt to prevent the referral, the British government asked the Supreme Court whether it would hear an appeal but on Tuesday, three of the country’s top judges rejected the application.
The government had argued that whether or not Britain could reverse the decision was immaterial, since ministers had no intention of doing so.
The anti-Brexit petitioners are hoping the ECJ will rule that Britain has a legal unilateral option of staying in the EU, the world’s biggest trading bloc, once the final outcome of divorce negotiations are known.
Last week, May concluded a withdrawal agreement with the EU but many in her own party along with the small Northern Irish party which props up her minority government and opposition lawmakers have said they will oppose it.
She has said the country faces three options: backing her deal, leaving the EU in a disorderly “no deal” Brexit, which would be very disruptive for businesses and citizens, or no Brexit.
It is not clear when the ECJ might issue its ruling to clarify the interpretation of Article 50 of the EU treaty, under which London last year gave two years’ notice of its departure.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Q:
Rotating in glutIdleFunc within a specified range
Let's say I have this glutIdleFunc going in the background of an OpenGL scene containing a little creature with multiple, radially arranged legs that "pulsate":
void PulsateLegs(void)
{
lowerLegsRot = (lowerLegsRot + 1)%360;
glutPostRedisplay();
}
...where the lowerLegsRot value is used like this in the display function:
glRotatef((GLfloat)lowerLegsRot, 1.0, 0.0, 0.0);
It's hard to visualize without seeing what the little fellow actually looks like, but it's clear that this function is making the legs spin all the way around repeatedly. I want to limit this spin to a certain range (say, -15 to 50 degrees), and, furthermore, to make the legs go back and forth within the range, like a pendulum.
Since I'm going for a 65 degree swath, I tried just changing "%360" to "%65" as a first step. But this made the legs go way too fast, and I cannot use a lower increment value if I want to use modulus, which only works on ints.
Is there another way to achieve the desired first-step behavior? More importantly, how can I make the legs go back and forth? It's kind of hard to conceptualize with a function that is getting called multiple times (vs. just using a loop structure that takes care of everything, which I tried before I realized this!)
A:
and I cannot use a lower increment value if I want to use modulus, which only works on ints.
The % operator is broken anyway. You should not use integers, but floats, and use the fmod (double) or fmodf (float) function.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Bill Lichtenwald, president of Teamsters Local 20, left, State Rep. Matt Szollosi, center, and George Tucker, executive director of the Greater Northwest Ohio AFL-CIO celebrate the defeat of State Issue 2, at the Teamsters Hall in Toledo.
Ohio Senate president John Niehaus, left, Gov. John Kasich, center, and House Speaker William Batchelder talk in Columbus, Ohio, after the state's new collective bargaining law was defeated following an expensive union-backed campaign that pitted firefighters, police officers and teachers against the Republican establishment.
Ohio Senate president John Niehaus, left, Gov. John Kasich, center, and House Speaker William Batchelder talk in Columbus, Ohio, after the state's new collective bargaining law was defeated following an expensive union-backed campaign that pitted firefighters, police officers and teachers against the Republican establishment.
COLUMBUS — Ohio voters dealt a serious blow to the agenda of Gov. John Kasich and fellow Statehouse Republicans on Tuesday as they overwhelmingly rejected their law severely restricting the collective-bargaining power of some 350,000 government workers.
The fight also may have galvanized organized labor going into the 2012 presidential election.
With 97 percent of the unofficial count reported, 61 percent said "no" to Issue 2, the referendum on Senate Bill 5, compared to 39 percent who wanted to save a law that has proved to be one of the most controversial in recent memory.
Mr. Kasich, who ultimately became the primary face of the failed campaign to save the law, said it was time to "take a breath" before determining the next step.
Voters "might have said that it was too much too soon," he said. "Maybe that was it. I don't really know, except I know this: When you try to do big things, you must do a good job preparing the ground for people to understand what the issue is. … I'm not sure that we were offering them a solution to a problem that they didn't think existed."
At one point last spring, some 8,000 teachers, firefighters, police officers, nurses, clerks, and others crowded into the Statehouse and onto its grounds to protest passage of a law that they declared to be a frontal assault on working Ohioans.
That law will never take effect.
"They scapegoat public employees who are hard-working, honest-to-God [employees], and do a great job," said Richard Trumka, the national president of the AFL-CIO who spent the campaign's final days in Ohio to rally the labor troops.
Bill Lichtenwald, president of Teamsters Local 20, left, State Rep. Matt Szollosi, center, and George Tucker, executive director of the Greater Northwest Ohio AFL-CIO celebrate the defeat of State Issue 2, at the Teamsters Hall in Toledo.
"They scapegoat. For what? To give more tax breaks to the people who caused this [economic trouble]," he said. "People are saying, ‘Enough. Enough. We're not going to take that anymore.'?"
It remains to be seen whether majority Republicans will seek to enact provisions separately that require workers to pay at least 15 percent of their health-care premiums and 10 percent of their paychecks toward their pensions.
"My view is when people speak like this in a campaign referendum, you have to listen if you're a public servant," Mr. Kasich said. "There isn't any question about that. I've heard their voices. I understand their decision, and frankly I respect what people have to say. … It requires me to take a deep breath and to spend some time reflecting on what happened here."
Toledo Mayor Mike Bell, the only big-city Ohio mayor to publicly endorse Issue 2, shrugged off the defeat, saying he was "not emotionally attached to this issue one way or another."
"As I have stated before, this [was] about options," he said. "I don't have any more dollars than I did before. For mayors running cities, it would have given us more tools in the tool box."
Mr. Bell said Toledo's general fund budget for 2012, facing millions in red ink, would have been in better shape because union employees would have been required to pay more for health care and their pensions. "The budget will be much more austere and layoffs are more likely without those measures, he said. "It could have been beneficial to the taxpayers, so that is why I endorsed [Issue 2]."
Democrats had painted Issue 2 as a referendum not only on Senate Bill 5 but on Mr. Kasich's policies.
"This was an unprecedented campaign," Sue Taylor, president of the Ohio Federation of Teachers, said. "Tonight, Ohioans said loud and clear that taking away the rights of workers does not solve our state's economic problems. Voters chose to support the idea that workers should retain their right to have a voice and dignity in their workplace."
Even as the first votes were reported Tuesday night, it was organized labor's night in Toledo. They celebrated with hot dogs, beer, and cupcakes decorated with an anti-Issue 2 theme.
Usually Democrats and labor supporters greet election-night returns at the United Auto Workers hall on Ashland Avenue. This time, the party and the unions gathered at the Teamsters Local 20 hall off the Anthony Wayne Trail because it was the nerve center for the anti-Issue 2 campaign in Toledo.
"The enthusiasm just carried over and over in this whole campaign. I couldn't be more proud of the people who worked on this," George Tucker, executive secretary-treasurer of the Toledo Council AFL-CIO, said. He said he doesn't expect Mr. Kasich and his fellow Republicans to let up in what he sees as an anti-worker agenda. "They're going to keep coming at the working people again and again and again," Mr. Tucker said.
When it was announced Issue 2 had been defeated in Ohio, the hall erupted in chants of "No! No! No!," while state Rep. Matt Szollosi (D., Oregon) held hands aloft in a victory salute with Teamsters Local 20 President Bill Lichtenwald and Mr. Tucker.
Mr. Szollosi alluded to the governor's warning to opponents early in his administration that if they aren't on his bus, they'll be run over by it.
"We're not on the bus and neither are [61] percent of the people in the state of Ohio," he said. "The people have spoken loud and clear. They want the governor to keep his campaign promises and focus on jobs. He spent the first year union-busting."
Mr. Kasich and GOP legislative leaders had used Senate Bill 5 as a key component of their agenda to rein in the government's cost and improve Ohio's business climate.
Mr. Kasich said Tuesday night there would be "no bailout coming" for local governments. "Frankly, there's no money," he said.
Senate Bill 5 would have, among numerous other things, prohibited all public workers from striking, limited subjects for contract negotiations, required workers to pay at least 15 percent of their health-care premiums, prohibited local governments from paying any portion of the employee's share of his pension contributions, and scrapped binding arbitration as the means to bring finality to public-safety contract disputes.
Even as the same voters were adopting Issue 3, a constitutional amendment designed to send President Obama a message against his health-care reform law, the White House praised them for the stance they took on Issue 2.
"The President congratulates the people of Ohio for standing up for workers and defeating efforts to strip away collective-bargaining rights, and commends the teachers, firefighters, nurses, police officers, and other workers who took a stand to defend those rights," White House Press Secretary Jay Carney said.
Jon Stainbrook, Lucas County Republican Party chairman, said the defeat was not a reflection on the governor. "When John Kasich was elected governor, he was left with a state greatly in need of reform," he said. "So at least John Kasich attempted to reform government where [former Democratic Gov.] Ted Strickland did not."
Lucas County Democratic Party Chairman Ron Rothenbuhler said the ripple effects of Tuesday's vote will be felt across the entire country.
"The reaction is that people still believe that sitting down at the table to negotiate is still a better way to communicate," he said.
Both sides claimed they were on the side of the middle class. But supporters of Issue 2 apparently failed to sell their message that the law's survival would be a victory for middle-class taxpayers and private-sector workers who have seen their own pay stagnate and health-care costs climb.
Mr. Trumka said the largely Republican and corporate backers of Issue 2 miscalculated if they thought they could turn private-sector unions against public employee unions.
"Kasich's overreached," he said. "Kasich has a pretty radical agenda that he's trying to advance. This is about more than him. This is about whether common people, working people, can come together and change the economy so that they can make a decent living and raise their family. This is about defending the middle class. This is about protecting public safety and public education. …
Guidelines: Please keep your comments smart and civil. Don't attack other readers personally, and keep your language decent. Comments that violate these standards, or our privacy statement or visitor's agreement, are subject to being removed and commenters are subject to being banned. To post comments, you must be a registered user on toledoblade.com. To find out more, please visit the FAQ.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Natural occurrence of grape poisoning in two dogs.
Clinical grape poisoning in two dogs (a 1.6-year-old male Shih Tzu and a 5-year-old female Yorkshire Terrier) was described in the present study. Clinical signs included decreased urine output in the Shih Tzu and ataxia in the Yorkshire Terrier after grape ingestion. The Shih Tzu died 5 days post-grape ingestion, while the Yorkshire Terrier died 3 days post-grape ingestion. Erythematous serosae and mucosae, multifocal red small intestinal foci, and blood and grape seeds were identified in the intestinal lumen. Brownish-yellow crystals were bilaterally identified in the renal pelvis. The primary histological findings were acute tubular necrosis of the proximal convoluted tubules, severe necrosis, and mineralization in the renal cortical tubules. Blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and alanine aminotransferase were increased in the dogs. Many Korean veterinary clinicians have suspected clinical grape poisoning. However, to our knowledge, grape poisoning has not been identified by pathologic and clinicopathologic basis until this writing in Korea. Education and knowledge about the risks of grape poisoning is necessary for the prevention of accidental exposures.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Is Artificial Intelligence Good? - Anon84
https://www.forbes.com/sites/ciocentral/2019/10/14/is-artificial-intelligence-good/#6073e28e6f70
======
motivic
Are nuclear bombs good? In the end it largely depends on how they are used.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
}
|
Band 3, the major intrinsic glycoprotein constituent of the erythrocyte membrane is responsible for anion transport. Selective in situ proteolysis of this protein has been used to define domains of the protein, certain of which are glycosylated. It is the objective of this research to determine the sequence, linkage and anomeric configuration of the carbohydrate chains of band 3 and to assign them to regions of the peptide. Isolation of micromolar quantities of band 3 and its proteolytic fragments from single units of blood will be coupled wth carbohydrate structural techniques operating on the micromolar level. Since detergent solubilization of the extremely hydrophobic peptides of band 3 limits the effectiveness of exhaustive proteolysis, two new chemical methods will be used to depolymerize the peptide chain for oligosaccharide isolation. High pressure liquid chromatography will be used to fractionate long oligosaccharides while oligomers up to six residues will be gas chromatographed. The carbohydrate structures of oligosaccharides will be determined by methylation analysis, mass spectrometry of the oligosaccharides, high field proton nuclear magnetic resonance and by circular dichroism.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
}
|
Q:
Randomly choose a number in a specific range with a specific multiple in python
I have the following numbers:
100, 200, 300, 400 ... 20000
And I would like to pick a random number within that range. Again, that range is defined as 100:100:20000. Furthermore, by saying 'within that range', I don't mean randomly picking a number from 100->20000, such as 105. I mean randomly choosing a number from the list of numbers available, and that list is defined as 100:100:20000.
How would I do that in Python?
A:
Use random.randrange :
random.randrange(100, 20001, 100)
A:
For Python 3:
import random
random.choice(range(100, 20100, 100))
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Cross-reactivity between aspirin and ibuprofen in an asthmatic--a case report.
A case of an adverse reaction occurring in a 53-year-old, aspirin-sensitive asthmatic male with nasal polyps following administration of a 400-mg ibuprofen tablet is reported. Symptoms of the adverse reaction included an urticarial rash, labored breathing, laryngeal edema and tightness of the chest. Treatment consisted of isoproterenol inhalant (self-administered), subcutaneous epinephrine 0.25 mg, intramuscular diphenhydramine hydrochloride 50 mg and intravenous hydrocortisone 250 mg. The pathogenesis of the patient's adverse reaction and the possible fole of aspirin, of other analgesics and of tartrazine in its development are discussed. The adverse reaction was not mediated immunologically but rather resulted from the prostaglandin synthetase (PGS)-inhibitor activity shared by aspirin, ibuprofen and other analgesics. Selection of an analgesic for an aspirin-sensitive patient should be based on the analgesic's PGS-inhibitor activity.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Growth of bacteria in intravenous fluids under stimulated actual-use conditions.
The growth of microorganisms in nonnutritive intravenous solutions under simulated actual-use conditions was studied. Small quantities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae (final concentration 200-400 cells/ml) were injected into 500-ml containers (glass bottles and plastic bags) of 5% dextrose injection, 0.9% sodium chloride injection, and 5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Additives (ampicillin, vitamin K, lidocaine, and vitamin B complex) were included in some i.v. solutions. Administration sets were attached to the i.v. containers, and the solutions were run into collection bottles; samples were withdrawn at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 hours after contamination and plated for viable counts. Staph. aureus and K. pneumoniae remained viable in 5% dextrose injection and in 0.9% sodium chloride injection, but the numbers of these bacteria did not increase. The number of Ps. aeruginosa declined in all three solutions. In 5% dextrose and 0.9% sodium chloride injection, the number of K. pneumoniae declined but Staph. aureus maintained viability. The type of container and the drug additives had no effect on microbial growth, except that ampicillin was bactericidal to Staph. aureus. Low-level contamination of these bacteria in nonnutritive i.v. solutions under actual-use conditions does not result in large numbers of organisms within the time frame in which most solutions are administered.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
#pragma once
#include <ostream>
#include_next <unordered_map>
#include <elle/print-fwd.hh>
namespace std
{
template <typename... Args>
std::ostream&
operator <<(ostream& out,
unordered_map<Args...> const& s)
{
auto const format = is_fixed(out) ? "%s%f: %f" : "%s%s: %s";
out << '{';
auto* sep = "";
for (auto const& e: s)
{
elle::print(out, format, sep, e.first, e.second);
sep = ", ";
}
out << '}';
return out;
}
template <typename... Args>
class keys_iterator
: public std::unordered_map<Args...>::iterator
{
public:
using Super = typename std::unordered_map<Args...>::iterator;
keys_iterator() = default;
keys_iterator(Super s)
: Super(s)
{}
auto
operator*()
{
return Super::operator*().first;
}
};
template <typename... Args>
class const_keys_iterator
: public std::unordered_map<Args...>::const_iterator
{
public:
using Super = typename std::unordered_map<Args...>::const_iterator;
const_keys_iterator() = default;
const_keys_iterator(Super s)
: Super(s)
{}
auto
operator*()
{
return Super::operator*().first;
}
};
template <typename... Args>
const_keys_iterator<Args...>
iter_keys(std::unordered_map<Args...> const& c)
{
return const_keys_iterator<Args...>(c.begin());
}
template <typename... Args>
const_keys_iterator<Args...>
iter_keys_end(std::unordered_map<Args...> const& c)
{
return const_keys_iterator<Args...>(c.end());
}
template <typename... Args>
class values_iterator
: public std::unordered_map<Args...>::iterator
{
public:
using Super = typename std::unordered_map<Args...>::iterator;
values_iterator() = default;
values_iterator(Super s)
: Super(s)
{}
auto&
operator*()
{
return Super::operator*().second;
}
};
template <typename... Args>
values_iterator<Args...>
iter_values(std::unordered_map<Args...>& c)
{
return values_iterator<Args...>(c.begin());
}
template <typename... Args>
class const_values_iterator
: public std::unordered_map<Args...>::const_iterator
{
public:
using Super = typename std::unordered_map<Args...>::const_iterator;
const_values_iterator() = default;
const_values_iterator(Super s)
: Super(s)
{}
auto&
operator*()
{
return Super::operator*().second;
}
};
template <typename... Args>
const_values_iterator<Args...>
iter_values(std::unordered_map<Args...> const& c)
{
return const_values_iterator<Args...>(c.begin());
}
// http://www.open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/wg21/docs/papers/2014/n4161.htm
template <typename... Args, typename Pred>
void erase_if(unordered_map<Args...>& c, Pred pred)
{
for (auto it = begin(c); it != end(c);)
if (pred(*it))
it = c.erase(it);
else
++it;
}
}
// Local Variables:
// mode: c++
// End:
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q:
How can I determine how widespread support of OpenGL ES 3 is?
I am developing new app in OpenGL which should run on iOS and Android devices.
I'd like to use OpenGL ES 3. For iOS that's not a problem, since any iPhone newer than the 5 has GLES 3.
But I am not sure how wide-spread GLES 3 is in the Android world or if all new devices support it. How can I determine how much support exists for GLES 3 so I can determine if I should use it or fall back to an older version?
A:
The amount of how many devices support different APIs is usually easy to figure out by looking at public hardware stats of popular engines, such as unity and unreal. I recommend using multiple sources of stats to get better view of actual share of different device capabilities.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
This program continues to study the behavioral effects of brain lesions in children and adults. The aim of our experiments is directed toward five topics: 1. Language and related nonverbal capacities considered as significant indices of left-hemisphere function. 2. Certain perceptual achievements, particularly the recognition of faces and objects in atypical views, as tentative indicators of right-hemisphere processes. 3. Personal and exptrapersonal orientation, as measured in several tasks, to be varied in such a way as to permit a better distinction of learned from relatively unlearned components in performance, and of predominantly parietal from predominantly frontal lesion effects in either hemisphere. 4. Memory, as assessed in tests involving relatively short-term as contrasted with longer-term memory, and varying conditions of retrieval. 5. Mood: Specifically, we shall continue our assessment of therapeutic outcome, neurologic status, and behavioral test performance after surgical interruption of the cingulate gyrus and bundle in selected cased of persistent pain or severe affective disorders. All except the last two of these questions will be investigated, in a manner as nearly comparable as we can accomplish, in children and adults with brain pathology. We realize that there are severe difficulties, both in establishing comparability of lesions across these age groups, and in achieving any certainty of the comparability of tasks; and it will not be possible to do equal justice to all the questions in the next few years, since so much depends on the rates at which appropriate clinical cases will appear. Nevertheless, by monitoring a properly prepared set of behavioral tasks and by keeping the five topics as signposts, we are more likely to make maximal use of the patients who might come our way.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "NIH ExPorter"
}
|
/* __ *\
** ________ ___ / / ___ Scala API **
** / __/ __// _ | / / / _ | (c) 2002-2011, LAMP/EPFL **
** __\ \/ /__/ __ |/ /__/ __ | http://scala-lang.org/ **
** /____/\___/_/ |_/____/_/ | | **
** |/ **
\* */
// GENERATED CODE: DO NOT EDIT. See scala.Function0 for timestamp.
package scala
/** A tuple of 19 elements; the canonical representation of a [[scala.Product19]].
*
* @constructor Create a new tuple with 19 elements. Note that it is more idiomatic to create a Tuple19 via `(t1, t2, t3, t4, t5, t6, t7, t8, t9, t10, t11, t12, t13, t14, t15, t16, t17, t18, t19)`
* @param _1 Element 1 of this Tuple19
* @param _2 Element 2 of this Tuple19
* @param _3 Element 3 of this Tuple19
* @param _4 Element 4 of this Tuple19
* @param _5 Element 5 of this Tuple19
* @param _6 Element 6 of this Tuple19
* @param _7 Element 7 of this Tuple19
* @param _8 Element 8 of this Tuple19
* @param _9 Element 9 of this Tuple19
* @param _10 Element 10 of this Tuple19
* @param _11 Element 11 of this Tuple19
* @param _12 Element 12 of this Tuple19
* @param _13 Element 13 of this Tuple19
* @param _14 Element 14 of this Tuple19
* @param _15 Element 15 of this Tuple19
* @param _16 Element 16 of this Tuple19
* @param _17 Element 17 of this Tuple19
* @param _18 Element 18 of this Tuple19
* @param _19 Element 19 of this Tuple19
*/
case class Tuple19[+T1, +T2, +T3, +T4, +T5, +T6, +T7, +T8, +T9, +T10, +T11, +T12, +T13, +T14, +T15, +T16, +T17, +T18, +T19](_1: T1, _2: T2, _3: T3, _4: T4, _5: T5, _6: T6, _7: T7, _8: T8, _9: T9, _10: T10, _11: T11, _12: T12, _13: T13, _14: T14, _15: T15, _16: T16, _17: T17, _18: T18, _19: T19)
extends Product19[T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, T8, T9, T10, T11, T12, T13, T14, T15, T16, T17, T18, T19]
{
override def ToString() = "(" + _1 + "," + _2 + "," + _3 + "," + _4 + "," + _5 + "," + _6 + "," + _7 + "," + _8 + "," + _9 +
"," + _10 + "," + _11 + "," + _12 + "," + _13 + "," + _14 + "," + _15 + "," + _16 + "," + _17 + "," + _18 + "," + _19 + ")"
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
ISLAMABAD (AP) — Marked by the U.S. Embassy seal, advertisements condemning an anti-Islam video appeared on Pakistani television on Thursday in an apparent attempt to undercut anger against the United States, where the film was produced. Hundreds of youths, however, clashed with security officials as they tried in vain to reach the embassy in Islamabad amid anger in many countries over the film's vulgar depiction of the Prophet Muhammad.
The advertisements appear to be an effort by the U.S. government to dampen chaos surrounding the film and undo some of the damage to America's image in the Muslim world. Violence linked to the movie has left at least 30 people in seven countries dead, including the American ambassador to Libya. Two people have died in protests in Pakistan.
In recent days, the decision by a French satirical magazine to release cartoons crudely depicting the prophet has added to the tension, as may the upcoming issue of the German satirical magazine Titanic. The magazine's co-editor Martin Sonneborn said it was up to readers to decide whether the cover of an Arab wielding a sword actually depicts the Prophet Muhammad.
Most outrage appears linked to the amateurish movie, which portrays the prophet as a fraud, womanizer and child molester.
The television ads in Pakistan feature clips of President Barack Obama and Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton during press appearances in Washington in which they condemned the video. Their words were subtitled in Urdu.
"We absolutely reject its content and message," said Clinton in the advertisement.
A caption on the ad reads: "Paid Content."
The advertisements end with the seal of the American Embassy in Islamabad, the Pakistani capital. It was not known how many channels were airing the ads or whether they were being run in other Muslim countries or just Pakistan.
An embassy spokeswoman declined comment.
In an email later Thursday, the embassy sent out a link to video of ordinary Americans condemning the anti-Islam film, which appeared on YouTube.
Story continues
Protests have tapered off in many countries, but in Pakistan on Thursday, more than 2,000 people tried to reach the U.S. Embassy inside a guarded enclave that houses embassies and government offices.
Riot police used tear gas and batons to keep the stone-throwing demonstrators away from the enclave, and hundreds of shipping containers were lined up to cordon off the area. The government later called in army troops to protect the restricted areas when it appeared that police could not handle the situation.
"It is our responsibility to protect all our diplomats, all the foreigners," said Pakistani Information Minister Qamar Zaman Kaira. He criticized protesters for resorting to violence and suggested that various religious and militant groups among the crowd were to blame.
Most of the protesters appeared to be students affiliated with the Islamist hardline Jamaat-e-Islami party. Flags from other Islamist groups, Jamaat-u-Dawa and the al-Qaida linked militant group, Sipah-e-Sahaba, could be seen flying among the crowd. Such groups have used the anti-Islam film as a rallying cry for their supporters.
Demonstrators also rallied in the Pakistani cities of Lahore, Chaman, Karachi and Peshawar, although those demonstrations were peaceful.
So far, the demonstrations have been fairly small by Pakistani standards, but are expected to grow Friday, the traditional Muslim day of prayer. The Pakistani government deemed Friday a national holiday so people can demonstrate peacefully against the film.
That decision drew rare praise from the Pakistani Taliban, which is usually at war with the government. A spokesman for the militant group said it welcomed the decision but also thought the government should expel all American diplomats.
The U.S. State Department on Thursday warned all U.S. citizens to defer non-essential travel to Pakistan until further notice. Their previous travel warning only reminded Americans of ongoing security concerns in the country. American consulates across the country have been closed to the public all week.
In Indonesia, the U.S. consulate in the country's third-largest city of Medan shut its doors Thursday for a second day because of demonstrations.
About 50 students from an Islamic university gathered in Makassar, the capital of South Sulawesi province in Indonesia. They burned tires and forced a McDonald's restaurant to close.
In Iran, hundreds of students and clerics gathered outside the French embassy in Tehran to protest the publication of the caricatures of the Prophet Muhammad in the French weekly.
In Kabul, a few hundred people demonstrated area against the film before dispersing peacefully.
__
Associated Press writer Asif Shahzad in Islamabad contributed to this report.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Thermal incompatibility analysis of metal-ceramic systems based on flexural displacement data.
The feasibility of simple tests or analytical methods for prediction of residual stress states in metal-ceramic (MC) prostheses has not been demonstrated. Biomaterial metal-ceramic strips have been proposed to provide sensitive measures of transient and residual stress states through the measurement of midpoint deflection after cooling from the ceramic sintering temperature. The objective of this study was to apply the elastic-viscoelastic analogy to calculate transient and residual midpoint deflections in MC biomaterial strips and to compare these values with deflections measured with a beam-bending viscometer (BBV). Calculations and measurements were made for five MC systems that were found from a clinical study to be "thermally compatible" systems. Metal strips, 64 mm in length, 3 mm wide, and either 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, or 2.0 mm in thickness, were veneered with four 0.25-mm thick layers of opaque porcelain. Midpoint deflection of the MC strips (ceramic oriented in the posterior position) was measured during cooling from an initial temperature of 700 degrees C. In general, the directions of the measured residual deflections did not agree with the "textbook" convention that negative deflections are associated with positive thermal contraction mismatch (alpha(M) - alpha(c) > 0) regardless of metal thickness. For a metal thickness of 0.5 mm, the residual midpoint deflection for all thermal contraction mismatch cases, except one, was positive (upward deflection) whereas the residual midpoint deflections were all negative when the metal thickness was increased to 1 or 2 mm, independent of the thermal contraction mismatch. The best agreement between calculated and measured values of residual midpoint deflection (+16 microns vs. +14 +/- 2.3 microns, respectively was obtained for MC biomaterial strips with a Ni-Cr alloy (0.5 mm thick) while the largest difference (+346 microns vs. +61 +/- 43.8 microns) was obtained for MC bimaterial strips with a Au-Pd allow (0.5 mm thick). In all but one case, changes in deflection direction as a function of metal thickness were correctly predicted by the viscoelastic analysis. The results of this study indicate that a viscoelastic model is useful for estimating thermal compatibility conditions of MC systems.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Cindy loves black men because she knows that they have huge cocks and as you’ll see here today she’s not wrong and he shoves it in to her ass and cums in it and then shoves it in her pussy and cums in her mouth!
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Çukurkuyu, Bayat
Çukurkuyu is a village in the District of Bayat, Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey.
References
Category:Populated places in Afyonkarahisar Province
Category:Villages in Turkey
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{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
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Background
==========
*Streptococcus mutans* is considered the primary causative agent of dental caries, and when transiently introduced into the bloodstream following daily dental hygienic practices such as toothbrushing and flossing, this bacterium can also cause potentially lethal infective endocarditis (IE) \[[@B1]-[@B4]\]. In both infectious scenarios, the virulence of *S. mutans* depends upon its ability to form biofilms and to withstand extreme changes in environmental conditions, including fluctuations in oxygenation, shear stress, as well as nutrient source and availability. For example, in the oral cavity, *S. mutans* must be able to rapidly alter its expression of transporters and metabolic enzymes to catabolize a variety of host-derived dietary carbohydrates. Internalized carbohydrates are metabolized through the glycolytic pathway, resulting in the accumulation of acidic end-products in the environment, which favors the growth of *S. mutans* and other acid-tolerant cariogenic species. Repeated cycles of acidification can lead to a net demineralization of tooth enamel and the development of caries. Sucrose, a common dietary sweetener, can also be utilized by *S. mutans* for the production of extracellular polysaccharides \[[@B5]-[@B8]\] that facilitate bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation. Aeration has also been found to have a profound effect on carbohydrate metabolism and biofilm formation by *S. mutans*\[[@B9]-[@B11]\]. It is therefore not surprising that there is overlap in the genetic regulatory circuits responsive to carbohydrate metabolism, aeration/oxidative stress resistance and control of biofilm formation in *S. mutans*, which include CcpA \[[@B12]-[@B14]\], Rex \[[@B15]\], and Frp \[[@B16]\].
More recently, an emerging trend in the study of bacterial biofilms has been a focus on the contribution of bacterial cell death and autolysis to biofilm adherence, maturation, and dispersal. It has been demonstrated in a wide variety of bacteria that death and lysis of a subpopulation of cells can facilitate biofilm formation due to the release of DNA into the extracellular environment (eDNA) \[[@B17]-[@B22]\]. Likewise, cell death and lysis have been implicated in dispersal of cells from a mature biofilm \[[@B23]-[@B25]\]. In *Staphylococcus aureus*, the Cid/Lrg system has been shown to be involved in the regulation of cell death, autolysis, and biofilm formation \[[@B17],[@B21],[@B26]-[@B28]\]. Characterization of *S. aureus cid* and *lrg* mutants has revealed that these operons have opposing effects on cell death and murein hydrolase activity \[[@B27],[@B29]\]. These observations, combined with the fact that LrgA and CidA share structural features with the bacteriophage lambda family of holin proteins \[[@B29]\], have led to the hypothesis that CidA and LrgA control cell death and lysis in a manner analogous to effector and inhibitor holins, respectively \[[@B26],[@B30]\]. Bacteriophage holins are small membrane proteins that oligomerize in the cell membrane, acting as "molecular clocks" that regulate the timing and lysis of the host cell during lytic infection \[[@B31]\]. For example, the lambda S holin regulates cell death and lysis by the formation of large lipid-excluding "rafts" that promote cytosolic leakage as well as access of the phage-encoded endolysin (murein hydrolase) to the cell wall \[[@B32]-[@B34]\]. *S. aureus* CidA and LrgA have recently been shown to oligomerize into high-molecular-mass complexes in a cysteine disulfide bond-dependent manner, a biochemical feature also shared with holin proteins \[[@B35]\]. Although the molecular details of how Cid and Lrg function to control cell death and lysis have not yet been completely elucidated, the fact that *cid* and *lrg* homologues have been identified in a wide variety of bacterial and archeal genomes supports a fundamental and conserved role for this system in cell physiology \[[@B30],[@B36]\].
In previous work it was determined that expression of potential *cidAB* and *lrgAB* homologues in *S. mutans* is highly responsive to carbohydrate availability \[[@B12],[@B37]\] and oxygenation \[[@B11]\]. Given the potential importance of these genes to biofilm development in *S. mutans*, we previously characterized a panel of *S. mutans cid* and *lrg* isogenic mutants and found that a subset of these genes did indeed influence biofilm formation, production of glucosyltransferases (enzymes that synthesize extracellular glucan polymers that contribute to biofilm adhesion), and oxidative stress tolerance \[[@B37]\]. In this study it was also found that, as demonstrated previously in *S. aureus*\[[@B38],[@B39]\], the *S. mutans* LytST two-component system was required for activation of *lrgAB* expression, but not *cidAB* expression \[[@B37]\]. Genes homologous to *lytST* appear to be present in most Gram-positive organisms that contain *lrgAB*\[[@B30]\] and these genes are often linked to one another, inferring an important role for this two-component system in fine-tuning *lrgAB* expression in response to external environmental signals. Therefore in this study, we sought to determine if LytST is involved in regulation of *lrgAB* expression in response to glucose and oxygenation in *S. mutans*, and to elaborate on the contribution of LytST to cellular homeostasis and global control of gene expression.
Results
=======
Effects of oxygenation and glucose metabolism on *S. mutans lrg* and *cid* expression
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The LytST two-component regulatory system has been shown to positively regulate *lrgAB* expression in a wide variety of bacteria, including various staphylococcal \[[@B38]-[@B40]\] and *Bacillus* species \[[@B41],[@B42]\], as well as in *S. mutans*\[[@B37]\]. The conserved nature of this regulation in Gram-positive bacteria, combined with the known effects of LytST and LrgAB on cell death/lysis \[[@B29],[@B38],[@B39],[@B43]\], biofilm development \[[@B21],[@B37],[@B38]\], and oxidative stress resistance \[[@B37]\], suggests that LytST and LrgAB are central regulators of physiologic homeostasis. However, little is known about the environmental and/or cellular cues to which LytS responds. In *S. aureus* and *B. anthracis*, it has been shown that *lrgAB* expression is responsive to disruption of cell membrane potential in a LytST-dependent manner \[[@B41],[@B44]\]. However, we were unable to determine whether this regulation also occurs in *S. mutans*, as treatment with membrane-potential disrupting agents (gramicidin, carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone) did not have a measurable effect on membrane potential, as assessed by staining with DIOC~2~ (3) (data not shown).
In previous studies, it was shown that oxygen and glucose metabolism have a pronounced effect on *lrg* and *cid* expression in *S. mutans*, but the specific role of LytS, if any, in this regulation was not addressed \[[@B11],[@B37]\]. Therefore, *S. mutans* UA159 and its isogenic *lytS* mutant were grown under aerobic and low-oxygen conditions to exponential (EP) and stationary (SP) growth phases in media containing 11 mM or 45 mM glucose. Quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed on RNA isolated from cultures at each time point to assess changes in *lrg* expression (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). In UA159, stationary phase *lrgAB* expression was upregulated 365-fold relative to exponential phase when grown under 11 mM glucose and low-oxygen conditions (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}A)*.* Although mutation of *lytS* resulted in a severe loss of stationary phase *lrgAB* induction in cells grown in 11 mM glucose, *lrgAB* expression was not completely abolished. When grown under aerobic conditions and 11 mM glucose, stationary phase *lrgAB* expression was upregulated 2500-fold relative to exponential phase in the wild-type strain (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}A), confirming previously-published observations that aerobic growth promotes *lrgAB* expression \[[@B11]\]. However, stationary-phase *lrgAB* expression was still induced 216-fold in the *lytS* mutant during aerobic growth, suggesting that (1) other as-yet-unknown regulators also contribute to the positive control of *lrgAB* expression during aerated growth, and (2) LytST is a predominant regulator of *lrgAB* expression during low oxygen growth, compared to aerobic growth. Under low-oxygen and aerated cultures, stationary phase induction of *lrgAB* expression was dramatically reduced when grown in 45 mM glucose, and similar levels of expression were observed in the wild-type and *lytS* mutant (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}B), suggesting that growth in high levels of glucose abrogates oxygen-dependent regulation of *lrgAB* by LytST. Consistent with previously-published data \[[@B37]\], LytS did not appear to have a measurable effect on *cidAB* expression under any of the growth conditions tested here (data not shown). In summary, LytST-dependent regulation of *lrgAB* expression is much more pronounced during low-oxygen growth and at low glucose levels.
![**LytS-dependent expression of*lrgAB*in*S****.****mutans*.**Overnight cultures were diluted in THYE, containing either 11 mM (**A**) or 45 mM glucose (**B**) to an OD~600~ = 0.02 and grown at 37°C as static cultures at 5% CO~2~ ("low-O~2~") or as aerobic shaking cultures at 250 RPM ("aerobic"). RNA was harvested at exponential (EP) and stationary phase (SP). Reverse-transcription, real-time PCR reactions, and determination of copy number were performed as described previously using *lrgA* and 16S-specific primers \[[@B37],[@B77]\]. Fold-change expression of *lrgAB* and 16S under each growth condition was calculated by dividing the gene copy number of each test sample by the average gene copy number of UA159 EP. Data was then normalized by dividing each *lrgAB* fold-change value by its corresponding 16S fold-change expression value. Data represent the average of 3 biological replicates. Dark grey bars represent UA159 and light grey bars represent *lytS* mutant. Error Bars represent the standard error (SEM).](1471-2180-12-187-1){#F1}
Microarray analysis of the LytS regulon
---------------------------------------
Based on the transcriptional data presented above, the effects of LytST regulation on *lrgAB* expression are most evident while *S. mutans* is growing under conditions of low-oxygen (5% CO~2~) with a lower concentration of glucose. To begin to explore how LytST impacts critical phenotypes of *S. mutans*, RNA expression profiles in UA159 and the *lytS* mutant were compared using an RNA microarray approach. RNA was isolated from early exponential and late exponential growth phases from static planktonic cultures grown in BHI (containing 11 mM total glucose) at 37°C in a 5% CO~2~ atmosphere (Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S1 and Additional file [2](#S2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S2). At early exponential growth phase, loss of LytS affected the expression of 40 genes (12 upregulated and 28 downregulated; *P \<* 0.005; Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S1). Most of the upregulated genes in early exponential phase displayed only a modest increase in expression and included genes involved in DNA repair, purine/pyrimidine metabolism, competence, and a number of unassigned and hypothetical ORFs. RNA transcripts that were strongly down-regulated greater than 10-fold in cells lacking LytS during early exponential growth included those annotated as bacitracin/surfactin/gramicidin synthesis proteins, transport and binding proteins, and LrgAB. In contrast, loss of LytS affected the expression of a much larger number of genes in late exponential phase (136 genes total), with 79 upregulated transcripts and 57 downregulated transcripts (*P* \< 0.001; Additional file [2](#S2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S2). Aside from dramatically decreased *lrgAB* expression, affected genes included those involved in amino acid and co-factor biosynthesis, carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism, stress adaptation, toxin production, DNA repair/recombination, protein synthesis, transcriptional regulation, and competence, as well as multiple hypothetical and/or unassigned ORFs (Additional file [2](#S2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S2 and Figure [2](#F2){ref-type="fig"}). A subset of genes was differentially expressed as a function of the loss of LytS in both early exponential and late exponential growth phases (Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S1 and Additional file [2](#S2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S2). These included many genes encoded by the *S. mutans* genomic island TnSMu2 \[[@B45]\] (SMU.1335c, 1339-1342, 1344c-1346, 1354c, 1360c, 1363c, 1366c), *ssbA*, *comYB*, and *lrgAB*. Given that these genes were regulated by LytS in both growth phases examined, it is possible that they are under the direct control of LytST. To validate the microarray data, qRT-PCR was performed on late exponential phase wild-type and *lytS* mutant RNA to assess expression of 14 of the affected genes. As shown in Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}, the expression ratios (*lytS* mutant/wild-type) for each gene obtained by real-time PCR were similar to the microarray results. Interestingly, expression ratios of these genes were all close to 1.0 when comparing expression between the wild-type strain and a *lrgAB* mutant (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}), indicating that the differential expression patterns observed in the *lytS* mutant were not a consequence of down-regulated *lrgAB* expression.
{#F2}
######
Real-time PCR validation of RNA microarray results
**Microarray** **Real-time pcr**
------------ ----------------- ------------------- -------- -------- ---
(SMU.1985) *comYA (comYB)* 22.9927 6.8449 0.8163
SMU.1967 *ssbA* 5.5803 4.1076 0.8791
(SMU.1515) *vicR (vicX)* 2.6764 1.7647 1.0267
SMU.924 *tpx* 2.4148 3.6168 1.058
SMU.1739 *fabF* 2.2443 2.0333 1.084
SMU.1666 *livG* 2.1183 3.4331 1.009
SMU.80 *hrcA* 0.4953 0.6107 1.0204
SMU.1424 *pdhD* 0.4769 0.4031 1.2004
SMU.580 *xseA* 0.29849 0.5409 1.1398
SMU.1600 *celB* 0.2186 0.2825 1.2979
SMU.113 *pfk* 0.1597 0.176 1.3578
SMU.82 *dnaK* 0.1523 0.2652 0.9907
SMU.1344 *fabD* 0.0223 0.012 1.0637
SMU.1341 *grs* 0.0008 0.0121 1.1027
Results are expressed in fold-change (mutant/wild-type).
Investigation of the effect of LytST and LrgAB on competence
------------------------------------------------------------
In analyzing the microarray data in Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S1 and Additional file [2](#S2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S2, it appeared that the gene most highly upregulated in response to loss of LytS in both phases of growth was *comYB* (SMU.1985), a homologue of the *B. subtilis comGB* gene that encodes part of an ABC transporter essential for DNA binding-uptake during competence in *S. mutans*\[[@B46]\]. Interestingly, a *comYB* mutant of *S. mutans* was shown to be unaffected in competence signaling, but showed reduced biofilm formation, which was thought to be a function of its inability to bind biofilm matrix eDNA \[[@B47]\]. Since the *lytS* mutant displayed an increase in *comYB* expression (Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S1 and Additional file [2](#S2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S2), we hypothesized that this strain may display alterations in its ability to form biofilm and/or its transformability during genetic competence. However, the *lytS* mutant did not display any appreciable difference in its ability to form static biofilm in the presence of glucose or sucrose (data not shown), and likewise, did not display a difference in its ability to uptake plasmid DNA in a quantitative competence assay, relative to the wild-type strain (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Since *lrgAB* expression is so strongly regulated by LytST, the ability of isogenic *lrgA*, *lrgB*, and *lrgAB* mutants to uptake plasmid DNA via competence was also assessed (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). Of all the mutants tested, the *lrgA* mutant was the most severely impaired in its ability to uptake plasmid DNA relative to the parental strain, displaying a 26- and 24-fold decrease in transformation efficiency in the presence and absence of competence-stimulating peptide (CSP), respectively (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}), suggesting that LrgA is somehow involved in genetic transformation in a CSP-independent manner. This finding has particular significance considering that LrgAB has been linked to regulation of cell death and lysis in *S. aureus*\[[@B21],[@B29]\] and *S. mutans*\[[@B37]\], and these physiological processes are also extremely important during natural competence. It is interesting to note that, similar to the competence results described here, the *lrgA* mutant was previously shown to display decreased glucose-dependent biofilm formation and decreased glucosyltransferase production, whereas the *lrgB* and *lrgAB* mutants behaved in a manner similar to the parental strain \[[@B37]\]. These phenotypic patterns suggest that the presence of LrgB alone, rather than the lack of LrgA, may be responsible for the biofilm and competence phenotypes observed in the *lrgA* mutant.
![**Transformation efficiencies of UA159 and isogenic*lytS*and*lrg*mutants.** To compare the ability of UA159 and its isogenic *lytS*, *lrgA*, *lrgB*, and *lrgAB* mutants to take up exogenously-added plasmid DNA, a quantitative competence assay was performed on n = 4-6 biological replicates of each strain as described in Methods \[[@B83]\]. Plasmid pAT28 \[encoding spectinomycin resistance; \[[@B84]\] was used to assess transformation efficiency in UA159, *lytS*, *lrgB*, and *lrgAB* mutants. Because the *lrgA* mutant was generated with a spectinomycin-resistance cassette \[[@B37]\], plasmid pORi23 \[encoding erythromycin resistance; \[[@B85]\]\] was used to assess transformation efficiency in UA159 and *lrgA* mutant. Transformation efficiencies (Y axis) in the presence (grey bars) and absence (white bars) of CSP are expressed as the percentage of transformants (CFU/ml on BHI + selective antibiotic) among total viable cells (CFU/ml on BHI). Error bars represent SEM. Brackets with *P* values denote statistically-significant differences between two samples (Mann--Whitney Rank Sum Test).](1471-2180-12-187-3){#F3}
Effect of LytST on oxidative stress tolerance
---------------------------------------------
Previously, our investigations disclosed a strong link between oxidative stress tolerance and the Cid/Lrg system \[[@B37]\], a role for these genes that had not been described in other organisms. Specifically, we found that *lrgAB*, *lrgB*, *cidAB*, and *cidB* mutants exhibited reduced growth in the presence of paraquat, and growth of *lrgAB*, *cidAB*, and *cidB* mutants on BHI agar plates in aerobic conditions was almost completely inhibited \[[@B37]\]. It is therefore interesting to note that in the *lytS* microarray results (Additional file [2](#S2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S2), genes encoding antioxidant and DNA repair/recombination enzymes were significantly upregulated in the *lytS* mutant in late exponential phase. These included *yghU* and *tpx*, encoding the putative anti-oxidant enzymes glutathione S-transferase and thiol peroxidase, respectively, as well as *recJ*, which encodes a single-stranded DNA exonuclease protein that facilitates DNA repair in response to oxidative stress \[[@B48]-[@B51]\]. To further investigate the effect of *lytS* and *lrgAB* on oxidative stress tolerance, wild-type, *lytS*, and *lrgAB* mutants were grown as planktonic static BHI cultures in aerobic atmosphere and in the presence and absence of H~2~O~2~ (Figure [4](#F4){ref-type="fig"}). When challenged with H~2~O~2~, UA159 experienced an increased lag phase of growth, and the overall OD of the culture was 10-25% less than the untreated culture until 20 h growth. Under these assay conditions, the *lrgAB* mutant displayed a dramatic growth defect in both the presence and absence of H~2~O~2~. It is interesting to note that this aerobic growth defect was also previously observed when the *lrgAB* mutant was grown in aerobic atmosphere on BHI agar plates \[[@B37]\]. The *lytS* mutant displayed an increased lag in growth relative to UA159 when cultured in the presence of H~2~O~2~, but OD values were comparable to the wild-type strain by 16 h growth. These results suggest that the LytST regulon impacts the ability of cells to grow under conditions of oxidative stress.
{#F4}
The cell-permeable fluorescent dye CM-H~2~DCFDA (Invitrogen Molecular Probes) was also used to assess intracellular ROS in UA159 and the *lytS* mutant (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). This fluorescent compound is oxidized in the presence of H~2~O~2~ and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is considered a general indicator of intracellular oxidative stress \[[@B52],[@B53]\]. This analysis revealed that stationary-phase cultures of the wild-type and *lytS* mutant strains had similar "endogenous" intracellular levels of ROS (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}, light grey bars). When stationary-phase cells from each strain were loaded with CM-H~2~DCFDA and then challenged with 5 mM H~2~O~2~ (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}, dark grey bars), a greater increase in fluorescence was observed in the *lytS* mutant relative to UA159 (*P* = 0.009, Mann--Whitney Rank Sum Test), suggesting that loss of LytS has an impact on the ability of the cells to detoxify H~2~O~2~ and/or other intracellular ROS.
{#F5}
Discussion
==========
The transcriptome analyses presented in this study have revealed that the LytST two-component system has a widespread effect on gene expression in *S. mutans*. A much higher number of transcripts were affected by the *lytS* mutation in late exponential phase and the magnitude of changes in expression was greater (n = 136 genes, Additional file [2](#S2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S2) relative to early-exponential phase (n = 40 genes, Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S1), where most genes exhibited only a modest (1-2 fold) change in expression. These differences in gene expression patterns are unlikely to be an indirect function of altered *lrgAB* expression in the *lytS* mutant, as expression of *lytS*-regulated genes was unaltered in an *lrgAB* mutant relative to the wild-type strain (Table [1](#T1){ref-type="table"}). Taken together, these observations suggest that LytST exerts control over its transcriptome in a growth-phase dependent manner, and to our knowledge, this is the first study that has compared the scope of LytST regulation at different phases of growth. Interestingly, RNA microarray studies of *lyt* mutants have also been performed in *S. aureus*\[[@B38]\], *S. epidermidis*\[[@B40]\], and *B. subtilis*\[[@B42]\]. As we have observed here in *S. mutans*, a global effect of LytST on gene expression was also noted in *S. aureus* and *S. epidermidis*\[[@B38],[@B40]\]. In *S. aureus*, LytST appeared to exert primarily positive effects on gene expression in exponential phase when aerobic cultures were grown in media containing excess (35 mM) glucose, as only 7 genes were found to be upregulated in the *lytS* mutant \[[@B38]\]. In *S. epidermidis*, a large number of genes were up- or down-regulated as a function of the presence of LytST during exponential phase during aerobic growth in medium containing 12 mM glucose \[[@B40]\]. In contrast, mutation of *lytS* only appeared to affect the expression of *lytST* itself and genes encoding *lrgAB* and *cidAB* homologues in *B. subtilis*\[[@B42]\]. However, due to the differences in growth conditions used (glucose levels and/or culture aeration) and the differing metabolic pathways present in these organisms, it is difficult to establish direct correlations between these studies and the *S. mutans* microarray results presented here.
As demonstrated previously \[[@B37]\], expression of *lrgAB* was also shown to be tightly controlled by the LytST two-component system in *S. mutans* in this study. Specifically, we have found that LytST-dependent expression of *lrgAB* is regulated in part by glucose metabolism and oxygen in *S. mutans* (Figure [1](#F1){ref-type="fig"}). Furthermore, control of *lrgAB* expression by LytST appears to be highly growth-phase dependent: *lrgAB* expression in the *lytS* mutant exhibited only a modest decrease in expression in early exponential phase (0.49 relative to UA159, Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S1), whereas *lrgAB* expression was down-regulated some 200-fold in the *lytS* mutant at late exponential phase (Additional file [2](#S2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S2). Alternatively, it is possible that control of *lrgAB* expression by LytST is related to higher glucose availability during early exponential phase. Although detailed mechanistic studies have not yet been performed, there is mounting evidence that these proteins are critical for oxidative stress resistance in *S. mutans*: (1) *lrgAB* expression is highly regulated by oxygen (\[[@B11]\] and this study); (2) a *lrgAB* mutant was defective in aerobic growth on BHI agar plates \[[@B37]\]; (3) a *lrgAB* mutant displayed a decreased growth rate in the presence of paraquat (a superoxide-generating agent) relative to the wild-type strain \[[@B37]\]; and (4) a *lrgAB* mutant displayed a strong growth defect during static planktonic aerobic growth in BHI in the presence and absence of H~2~O~2~ challenge (this study). Interestingly, a link between LrgAB and oxidative stress was also demonstrated in *S. aureus*, where *lytSR* and *lrgAB* expression were upregulated 2-5 fold in response to azurophilic granule proteins, H~2~O~2~, and hypochlorite \[[@B54]\].
In agreement with a role for LrgAB in oxidative stress resistance, several LytST-regulated genes identified in this study have also been implicated in bacterial oxidative stress responses. Upregulated potential oxidative stress genes include *yghU*, a putative anti-oxidant enzyme \[[@B50]\], *tpx*, a predicted thiol peroxidase \[[@B55]\], and *recJ*, a single-stranded DNA exonuclease protein that facilitates DNA repair in response to oxidative stress \[[@B51]\]. Conversely, several genes belonging to the TnSMu2 gene cluster (SMU.1334c -- SMU.1359) were downregulated in the *lytS* mutant. These genes are annotated as encoding a series of gene products involved in bacitracin and gramicidin synthesis \[[@B56]\], but more recently have been shown to be responsible for nonribosomal peptide and polyketide (NRP/PK) biosynthesis of a pigment that enhances aerobic growth and tolerance to H~2~O~2~ challenge in *S. mutans* UA159 \[[@B45]\]. The altered expression of one or more of these genes may explain, in part, the increased ROS accumulation that was observed in the *lytS* mutant when challenged with H~2~O~2~ (Figure [5](#F5){ref-type="fig"}). Furthermore, it was previously found that a two-component system responsible for positive regulation of the NRP/PK genes was located on the TnSMu2 genomic island of UA140 but not in UA159 \[[@B45]\]. This observation, combined with the microarray results performed here (Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S1 and Additional file [2](#S2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S2) suggest that LytST may have taken over some of the regulatory functions of this non-core-genome two-component system that is missing in UA159.
Interestingly, H~2~O~2~ has also been shown to be a potent stimulator of competence and eDNA release in *S. sanguinis*\[[@B57]\], *S. gordonii*\[[@B57],[@B58]\], and *S. pneumoniae*\[[@B59]\]. Although the effects of H~2~O~2~ on *S. mutans* competence, cell lysis, and eDNA release have not been directly measured, it has been shown that growth under aerobic conditions promotes competence in *S. mutans*\[[@B47]\], and that expression of competence-related genes is upregulated during aerobic growth \[[@B11]\]. The results presented here have demonstrated that expression of *comYB*, a gene encoding a component of the DNA-binding uptake system in *S. mutans*\[[@B47]\] was upregulated 2-fold in early exponential phase and 22-fold in late exponential phase in the *lytS* mutant (Additional file [1](#S1){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S1 and Additional file [2](#S2){ref-type="supplementary-material"}: Table S2). The significance of high-level *comYB* expression in the *lytS* mutant at late exponential phase is unclear, given that maximal *S. mutans* competence develops in actively-growing populations \[[@B60],[@B61]\]. Accordingly, upregulation of *comYB* expression did not correlate with increased transformability of the *lytS* mutant under the conditions tested in this study (Figure [3](#F3){ref-type="fig"}). However, it was found that the *lrgA* mutant displayed a significant reduction in competence. It has been recently reported that only a subpopulation of *S. mutans* culture lyses in response to CSP, and this lysis event is controlled in part by the CipB bacteriocin and the CipI immunity protein \[[@B62]\]. Subsequent microarray analysis of a *cipI* (immunity protein) mutant showed that both *lytST* and *lrgAB* expression were highly upregulated in the *cipI* mutant \[[@B63]\]. These results, combined with the fact that LrgA/B has been shown to be involved in regulating cell lysis and eDNA release in *S. aureus*\[[@B21],[@B29]\], lends strong support to the idea that LrgA plays an important role during competence, possibly by altering membrane permeability or by modulating murein hydrolase activity.
The *S. mutans comY* operon consists of nine co-transcribed genes, of which the first eight genes are either essential to or significantly affect competence \[[@B46]\]. The ninth gene of this operon is predicted to encode acetate kinase (AckA), an enzyme that catalyzes the inter-conversion of acetyl-phosphate and acetate \[[@B46],[@B64]\]. For micro-organisms with an inefficient or incomplete TCA cycle such as *S. mutans*, AckA-mediated conversion of acetyl-phosphate to acetate is thought to be a critical mechanism of generating ATP \[reviewed in \[[@B65]\]\]. Since *ackA* (*comYI*) was previously found to be upregulated in *S. mutans* during aerated growth \[[@B11]\], it is possible that LytST is involved in the regulation of energy generation through the phosphate acetyltransferase (Pta)-AckA pathway during aerobic growth and/or during oxidative stress. In this respect, it has recently been reported that an *S. mutans pta* mutant was more susceptible to both acid and oxidative stresses \[[@B66]\].
The ability of *S. mutans* to combat H~2~O~2~ stress is critical for its survival in the oral cavity, yet H~2~O~2~ detoxifying mechanisms and their regulation have not been extensively-characterized in this organism, limited primarily to the ScnRK and VicRK two-component systems \[[@B67],[@B68]\], *ropA*\[[@B69]\], *brpA*\[[@B70]\], *luxS*\[[@B71]\] and genomic island TnSMu2 \[[@B45]\]. H~2~O~2~ has been shown to have potent antibacterial effects on *S. mutans*\[[@B72]\], and it is thought that H~2~O~2~ produced by other oral streptococcal species serves as an antagonist against *S. mutans*. For example, *S. sanguinis* and S*. gordonii* have been shown to produce H~2~O~2~ via pyruvate oxidase under aerobic growth conditions, and this H~2~O~2~ production allows them to compete effectively against *S. mutans* when co-cultured under aerobic growth conditions \[[@B57]\]. It is therefore possible that the *S. mutans* LytST regulon mediates a pleiotropic protective response against these H~2~O~2~-producing niche competitors. On-going and future studies by our group will focus on experimental testing of this hypothesis.
Conclusions
===========
In summary, the LytST two-component system has been shown to have a pleiotropic effect on gene expression in *S. mutans*. This is congruent with microarray analyses of *lytS* mutants in *S. aureus*\[[@B38]\] and *S. epidermidis*\[[@B40]\]. However, unlike in other organisms, we have been able to identify a pattern of LytS-mediated gene expression that suggests a role for this regulon in responding to oxidative/H~2~O~2~ stress. Although we have not yet been able to identify the external signal to which LytS responds, it is likely linked to an oxidative stress-sensing mechanism, such as H~2~O~2~-mediated membrane damage (ie. lipid peroxidation) via its large number of transmembrane domains, or oxygen/ROS interactions with its predicted cytoplasmic GAF domain, a ubiquitous signaling domain that has been shown to detect changes in the redox state of bound iron or oxygen in *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*\[[@B73]-[@B75]\]. Establishing mechanistic links between the LytST regulon, H~2~O~2~ resistance, and competence regulation will provide valuable new insights into *S. mutans* survival and virulence in the oral cavity.
Methods
=======
Bacterial strains, media, and growth conditions
-----------------------------------------------
For all experiments, frozen glycerol stocks of *S. mutans* UA159 and its isogenic *lytS* (SAB111; Δ*lytS*::NPKm^r^), *lrgA* (SAB113; Δ*lrgA*::NPSp^r^), *lrgB* (SAB119; Δ*lrgB*::NPEm^r^), and *lrgAB* (SAB115; Δlrg*AB*::ΩKm^r^) mutants \[created previously in \[[@B37]\] were freshly streaked for isolation on either Todd Hewitt Yeast Extract (THYE) or Brain Heart Infusion (BHI), containing selective antibiotic as appropriate: kanamycin (Km) -- 1000 μg/ml, erythromycin (Em) -- 10 μg/ml, spectinomycin (Sp) - 1000 μg/ml). With the exception of SAB115 (*lrgAB* mutant), all mutants were created using non-polar (NP) antibiotic-resistance markers \[[@B37]\]. Unless otherwise indicated, all *S. mutans* cultures were grown as static cultures in BHI or THYE broth at 37°C and 5% CO~2~.
Analysis of *lrgAB* expression
------------------------------
To measure the effects of oxygen and glucose on *lrg* expression, overnight THYE cultures of UA159 and the *lytS* mutant (n = 3 biological replicates each, grown at 0 RPM, 37°C and 5% CO~2~) were each inoculated to an OD~600~ = 0.02 into THYE containing either 11 mM or 45 mM glucose. For "low O~2~" cultures, 2 L culture flasks each containing 400 ml media were grown at 0 RPM, 37°C, and 5% CO~2~. For aerobic cultures, 500 ml culture flasks each containing 100 ml media were grown at 37°C and 250 RPM. Total RNA was isolated from all cultures sampled at exponential (EP; OD~600~ = 0.2 -- 0.4) and stationary (SP; OD600 = 1.4 -- 1.7) growth phase, with an RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen) and FASTPREP (MP Biomedicals) using previously-described methods \[[@B76]\]. Real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR and data analysis using *lrgA* and 16S primers was performed using previously described primers \[[@B37]\] and methods \[[@B77]\]. Fold-change expression of *lrgA* and 16S under each growth condition (11 mM low-O~2~, 11 mM aerobic, 45 mM low-O~2~, 45 mM aerobic) was calculated by dividing the gene copy number of each test sample by the average gene copy number of UA159 EP. Data was then normalized by dividing each *lrgA* fold-change expression value by its corresponding 16S fold-change expression value.
RNA microarray analysis of UA159 and *lytS* mutant
--------------------------------------------------
To assess the effect of LytS on global gene expression, overnight BHI cultures of UA159 and *lytS* mutant (n = 3 biological replicates per strain) were diluted to an OD~600~ = 0.02 in BHI, and grown as static cultures at 37°C and 5% CO~2~. Total RNA was isolated from each culture at early-exponential (OD~600~ = 0.15) and late exponential phase (OD~600~ = 0.9), using previously-published methods \[[@B77]\]. RNA microarray analysis was performed using *S. mutans* UA159 microarrays provided by The Institute for Genomic Research, and previously-described methods and data analysis \[[@B11],[@B70],[@B78]\]. In brief, 2 μg total bacterial RNA was used in each reverse-transcription and cDNA labeling reaction (performed as described in \[[@B70],[@B78]\]), and a single preparation from each culture was hybridized per microarray slide in a Maui hybridization chamber (BioMicro Systems, Salt Lake City, UT). The resulting microarray slides were scanned, analyzed, and normalized using TIGR Spotfinder software (<http://www.tigr.org/software/>), and in-slide replicate analysis was performed with the TIGR microarray data analysis system (MIDAS; <http://www.tigr.org/software/>). Statistical analysis was carried out with BRB array tools (<http://linus.nci.nih.gov/BRB-ArrayTools.html/>) with a cutoff *P* value \< 0.005 for the early exponential-phase data and *P* \< 0.001 for the late exponential phase data. To validate the microarray results, real-time quantitative RT-PCR was performed on a subset of the differentially-expressed genes, as described previously \[[@B77],[@B79]\]. All real-time PCR primers were designed with Beacon Designer 4.0 software (Premier Biosoft International, Palo Alto, CA), and standard curves for each gene were prepared as published elsewhere \[[@B80]\]. The microarray data obtained from these studies have been deposited to NCBI's gene expression omnibus (GEO) \[[@B81]\] (GEO Accession \#GSE39470) and comply with MIAME guidelines \[[@B82]\].
Quantitative competence assays
------------------------------
To compare the ability of UA159 and its isogenic *lytS*, *lrgA*, *lrgB*, and *lrgAB* mutants to take up exogenously-added plasmid DNA, a quantitative competence assay was performed on n = 4-6 biological replicates of each strain using a previously-published protocol \[[@B83]\] with the following modifications: Overnight cultures of each strain were diluted to an OD~600~ = 0.02 in BHI, and grown in a 96-well plate to an OD~600~ = 0.15 prior to addition of 500 ng plasmid DNA with and without 100 ng CSP. Plasmid pAT28 (encoding spectinomycin resistance; \[[@B84]\]) was used to assess transformation efficiency in UA159, *lytS*, *lrgB*, and *lrgAB* mutants. Because the *lrgA* mutant was generated with a spectinomycin-resistance cassette \[[@B37]\], plasmid pORi23 \[encoding erythromycin resistance; \[[@B85]\]\] was used to assess transformation efficiency in UA159 and *lrgA* mutant. After 2.5 h incubation in the presence of plasmid DNA +/- CSP, cultures were serially diluted and plated on BHI agar with and without selective antibiotic. CFU/ml of each culture were enumerated after 48 h growth at 37°C and 5% CO~2~, and transformation efficiencies were calculated as the percentage of transformants (CFU/ml on BHI + selective antibiotic) among total viable cells (CFU/ml on BHI).
H~2~O~2~ assays
---------------
To assess of the ability of UA159, *lytS,* and *lrgAB* mutants to grow in the presence of H~2~O~2~, overnight cultures of each strain (n = 6 biological replicates) were each diluted 40-fold into BHI. 1 ml aliquots of each diluted culture were either untreated or challenged with 1 mM H~2~O~2~. Aliquots of each (500 μl per well, 2 wells total) were then immediately transferred to an optically-clear 48-well tissue culture plate (Costar 3548), which was incubated for 20 h at 37°C (aerobic atmosphere) in a Biotek Synergy microplate reader. OD~600~ measurements of each well were recorded at 2 h intervals.
Oxidative stress measurements
-----------------------------
To assess intracellular oxidative stress in UA159 and *lytS* mutant, single isolated colonies of each strain (n = 3-6 biological replicates per strain) were inoculated into culture tubes containing 4 ml BHI, and grown in "low-O~2~" conditions (37°C, 0 RPM, 5% CO~2~). After 20 h growth, 2 × 1 ml aliquots of each culture were harvested by centrifugation in a microcentrifuge (3 min at 13,000 RPM). The culture supernatants were discarded, and cell pellets were each resuspended in 1 ml Hanks Buffer (HBSS) containing 5 μM chloromethyl 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diaceate (CM-H~2~DCFDA; Invitrogen Molecular Probes), a cell-permeable fluorescent compound that is oxidized in the presence of H~2~O~2~ and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is considered a general indicator of cellular oxidative stress \[[@B52],[@B53]\]. Cell suspensions were incubated at 37°C for 60 min to "load" the cells with CM-H~2~DCFDA, followed by centrifugation (3 min at 13,000 RPM). Supernatants were discarded, and cell pellets were washed once with HBSS prior to resuspension in 1 ml HBSS or in 1 ml HBSS containing 5 mM H~2~O~2~. Each cell suspension was transferred into triplicate wells (200 μl per well) of an optically-clear 96 well plate (Costar 3614), and the plate was transferred to a Biotek Synergy microplate reader. Fluorescence in relative fluorescence units (RFU; using 492-495 nm excitation and 517-527 nm emission) and OD~600~ readings of each well were recorded after 30 min incubation at 37°C.
Statistical analysis
--------------------
All statistical analyses, unless otherwise indicated, were performed using Sigmaplot for Windows 11.0 software (Build 11.0.0.75, Systat Software, Inc.).
Competing interests
===================
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors\' contributions
=======================
SJA carried out the RNA microarray experiments and associated data analysis, performed all real-time PCR studies, participated in the conception and design of the study, and helped draft the manuscript. MDQ carried out all of the RNA isolations for comparing the effects of glucose and oxygenation on *lrgAB* expression. ER optimized and carried out all of the quantitative competence assays. RAB participated in the design and coordination of the study, and helped draft the manuscript. KCR participated in the conception and design of the study, performed the H~2~O~2~ assays, intracellular ROS measurements, and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Supplementary Material
======================
###### Additional file 1
**Table S1.**Genes differentially expressed by loss of LytS at early-exponential phase (P\< 0.005).
######
Click here for file
###### Additional file 2
**Table S2.**Genes differentially expressed by loss of LytS at late exponential phase (P\< 0.001).
######
Click here for file
Acknowledgements
================
This work was supported by a University of Florida HHMI-Science for Life Undergraduate Research Award to M. D. Q., NIH-NIDCR grants R03 DE019179 (KCR) and R01 DE13239 (RAB). We thank Christopher Browngardt for technical assistance in editing microarray data.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
. Solve -g*d + 0 - 4 = 0 for d.
-1
Let j be (-1)/3 - 80/(-24). Let z(n) = -n**3 + 9*n**2 - 11*n + 29. Let c be z(8). Solve c*b = j*b + 2 for b.
1
Suppose 0 = -58*j + 100 + 132. Solve -j*q + 25 = 9 for q.
4
Suppose 5*t + 3*a = 521, -4*t + 4*a + 408 = 2*a. Suppose 99*j - t*j + 60 = 0. Solve 0 = 5*p - j + 35 for p.
-4
Suppose 3*n - 33 = 24. Let y(x) = -x**3 + 21*x**2 - 39*x + 22. Let f be y(n). Solve 2*l + l = f for l.
1
Suppose 0 = 3*g - 5*x - 11 - 28, -2*g = 3*x - 7. Suppose -4*d = r - 11, d - 3*d = 4*r - 2. Solve d*o - 20 = g*o for o.
-4
Suppose 0 = -6*k - 166 - 158. Let c = -39 - k. Solve x = -4*x + c for x.
3
Suppose 34*o = 32*o. Solve 2*p = -o*p - 0*p for p.
0
Suppose -47 = 7*r + 9. Let g be 3/9 + r/(-3). Solve -m + 8 = -g*m for m.
-4
Let g be (2 - -7) + (1 - 3). Suppose -2*v = 2*v + y - 17, 3*v + 4*y = 29. Solve 16 = v*n - g*n for n.
-4
Let w(d) = 5*d - 10. Let b be w(-6). Let p = 40 + b. Let c(t) = -t**3 + 4*t**2 + t - 4. Let r be c(3). Solve p = -2*x - 0*x + r for x.
4
Suppose -5*b + 30 = -5*a + 5, -5*b - 4*a = -16. Let w(y) = -23*y. Let r be ((1 - 4) + 2)*1. Let x be w(r). Solve b*l + 3 = x for l.
5
Let r = -3 - -8. Suppose u - 3*x - 6 = 0, -3*u = r*x + 7 - 39. Suppose 3*z + 3 - u = 0. Solve 2*j + z = 3*j for j.
2
Let x = 120 + -168. Let m = 31 + x. Let c = -17 - m. Solve 10 = -c*p - 2*p for p.
-5
Suppose 5*b - 78 = -4*t, 5*t = 14 - 4. Solve b*z - 18*z = 0 for z.
0
Suppose -4*t + 15 = 3*u, -14*t + u = -18*t + 5. Solve t = 4*v + 138 - 122 for v.
-4
Let w = 505 - 498. Solve 11*b - w*b = 16 for b.
4
Let c(j) = -j**2 + 6*j - 5. Let k(o) = -o**2 + 6*o - 5. Let s(t) = -5*c(t) + 6*k(t). Let z be s(4). Suppose 0 = -4*g + 5*g - z. Solve g = -w + 8 for w.
5
Let h = 8 - 2. Suppose -h*f + 4*f = -i + 1, -f = -5*i - 40. Let o be (i/(-4))/((-6)/(-16)). Solve 2*p - 12 = o*p for p.
-3
Suppose -3*y - 212*n + 211*n = 0, -11 = -5*y + 2*n. Solve 0 = -7*l + 36 - y for l.
5
Let l(h) = -h + 10. Let c be l(6). Let p be 52/(-91) - c/(-7). Suppose p*n + 8 = 4*n. Solve -n*g = 8 - 0 for g.
-4
Suppose 3*s + 0 = 2*b + 8, s = b + 2. Let c = 1 + 1. Solve s = c*j - j for j.
4
Suppose 20 = -c - 5*s, -c + s + 3*s + 16 = 0. Suppose 5*j = -r + 4, -2*r + 6 = -j - 2. Solve v + 3*v - r = c for v.
1
Let l(o) = -o**3 + 9*o**2 - 18*o - 2. Let v be l(6). Let j be (-40)/30*(3/6 + v). Solve -u - j*u + 6 = 0 for u.
2
Let b = -1767 - -1792. Solve b*w - 7 = 18*w for w.
1
Let y(b) = 8*b - 1. Let o be y(-4). Let l = o + 37. Solve 3*z = l*z for z.
0
Let y be 0/((0 + -12)/4). Suppose -2*z - 65 = -3*n - y*z, -22 = -2*n - 4*z. Solve -5*h + n + 6 = 0 for h.
5
Let s = 18 - 36. Let p = -13 - s. Solve 22 = p*l + 7 for l.
3
Let k be (-12)/(-8)*-2 + 59. Let c = 81 - k. Suppose -2*o + 0*o = -4*z - 26, 2*z + c = 5*o. Solve 0*i + o*i = -12 for i.
-4
Suppose -2*a - 40 = -7*a. Suppose 335 = 64*f + 3*f. Solve m + a = f*m for m.
2
Suppose 3*g + 6 - 18 = -3*z, 3*g - z = 12. Suppose -2*a = g*a. Solve a = -3*c + 1 - 16 for c.
-5
Let q be (-1 - -1)/(-18 - -15). Solve o - 5*o = q for o.
0
Let o be 4/(-1*8/(-12)) - 0. Let q be ((-4)/o*6)/(-2). Solve 6 = -q*j + 14 for j.
4
Suppose -5*x - 5*d + 8 = -12, 3*x - d = 0. Let b be x/(-2)*((0 - 0) + -2). Solve 5 = -4*p + b for p.
-1
Let a = 0 + 0. Let l(m) be the first derivative of -m**3/3 - 5*m**2/2 - 4*m + 25. Let z be l(-3). Solve -z*x + a*x + 10 = 0 for x.
5
Suppose -49*y = 23*y - 4320. Solve 45 = y*o - 51*o for o.
5
Suppose 5*r - 2*x - 4 = r, 5*r + 5*x = 20. Solve -9*w - 33 = r*w for w.
-3
Let v = -3 + 1. Let z be -2 - 0 - v*5. Let f(c) = c**3 - 8*c**2 + 1. Let k be f(z). Solve k = 5*o - 4 for o.
1
Let m = -75 - -75. Suppose 4 = 6*l - 4*l. Solve -l*r + r = m for r.
0
Suppose a = -3*a + 24. Let g be (-2)/(-7) - (-264)/(-42). Let w(t) = t + 11. Let z be w(g). Solve a*o = o - z for o.
-1
Suppose -4 = 13*f - 56. Suppose 4*o + 0 + 4 = f*z, 3*z + 2*o = 13. Solve 2*c - z*c - 4 = 0 for c.
-4
Let v(d) = 0*d - 5*d + 4*d. Suppose -3*n = 5*g - 5, 2*g = -4*n + 5*n + 13. Let m be v(n). Solve 0 = 7*p - 2*p + m for p.
-1
Suppose 5*j + 235 = 5*s, -9 + 24 = -3*j. Solve s*h + 64 = 26*h for h.
-4
Let o = -69 - -71. Let p be (-4)/(-4)*(-2 + o). Solve -4*q + p*q = -4 for q.
1
Suppose 0*b - 190 = -2*b. Let f be (-2)/(-5)*b/2. Let k = f + -19. Solve -2*d - 4 = -k*d for d.
-2
Let f(p) = 15*p - 790. Let y be f(53). Solve -6*x = -y*x + x for x.
0
Let r(l) = l**2 + l. Let q = -2 + 2. Let o be r(q). Suppose -4*y + o*y - 14 = -5*x, 3*x = 2*y + 8. Solve 0 = 3*w + 1 + x for w.
-1
Suppose -4*t = -3*v + 7, 14*t - 3*v = 15*t - 17. Solve -37 + 27 = -t*x for x.
5
Let b = -656 + 663. Solve 2*z + 5*z = b for z.
1
Let h be (-8)/(-6) - 12/(-18). Suppose -2*b - 4 = -6*b. Let n be ((-1)/2)/(b/(-6)). Solve -p + n = -h for p.
5
Let i(o) be the third derivative of o**4/12 - 7*o**3/3 - 11*o**2. Let s be i(7). Solve s = 4*w - w for w.
0
Suppose 0 = -3*n - n. Suppose 0 = 6*d - 4274 + 4184. Solve 3*g + n = d for g.
5
Suppose -5*v + 19 + 41 = 0. Let r be 1*-2 - (-16 + v). Let j be r + (4/2 - -2). Solve 6 = 3*d - j for d.
4
Let j(t) = 5*t**2 + 6*t - 2. Let f(d) = 4*d**2 + 7*d - 3. Let g(x) = -3*f(x) + 2*j(x). Let h be g(-5). Solve h*v = -v for v.
0
Let x be (1*9)/((-7)/(-42)). Suppose 6 = -0*r - 3*r, x = 5*d + 3*r. Solve -5*m = 3 + d for m.
-3
Let o be (3 - 10 - -12) + 6/(-2). Let u = -1 - -6. Let l(r) = r - 3. Let m be l(u). Solve -t = -m*t + o for t.
2
Let m(v) = 2*v**3 - 16*v**2 + 6*v - 5. Let w be m(8). Solve -w = -5*p - 63 for p.
-4
Suppose 0 = -3*o - 5*n + 26, -n = 3*o - 2*n - 56. Solve 0 = o*i - 20*i - 12 for i.
-4
Suppose -3*l + 5*l = 16. Let u = l - 1. Let b(j) = j**3 - 9*j**2 + 9*j - 3. Let h be b(8). Solve h*y = -18 - u for y.
-5
Suppose -2*c = m + 66, -3*m - 47 = 2*c + 23. Let a be 6 - (-3 + 1)/(16/c). Solve -6*r = -a*r - 20 for r.
5
Let j = -14 - -30. Let r be -2 + -4 + 21/9*3. Solve -r = -5*m - j for m.
-3
Suppose 6 = 4*j - 2. Let f(u) = 11*u - 11. Let r be f(j). Solve 2*x - 5 = -r for x.
-3
Let b(t) = -5*t - 11. Let n be b(-7). Suppose 6*h - 2*h = n. Solve -w - w = h for w.
-3
Let n(z) = z**3 + 4*z**2 - 4*z + 7. Let l be n(-5). Suppose 4*i - 16 = l*b + 4, 3*b + 14 = 2*i. Suppose 0 = 4*u + 106 - 118. Solve i*r - u*r = 4 for r.
4
Let v(y) = 3*y**2 - 20*y + 16. Let i(x) = 2*x**2 - 13*x + 10. Let z(p) = 7*i(p) - 5*v(p). Let m = 15 + -8. Let d be z(m). Solve -d = -s - 7 for s.
-3
Let g = -50 - -54. Let u be (g + (-27)/6)*8/(-2). Solve -2 = u*x + 2 for x.
-2
Let l(c) = c**2 - 6*c + 7. Let u be l(9). Suppose -10 - u = -11*a. Suppose -2*w + 3*v = -5, 4*w + 2*v - 41 = 9. Solve -3*t + w = a for t.
2
Let g(y) = -y**2 - 12*y - 18. Let a be g(-10). Suppose 0 = f - a*f - 2. Let x be (2 - 2)/(f - -3). Solve h - 4 = -x*h for h.
4
Suppose 0*p + 8*p = 0. Suppose 3*b - 44 - 16 = p. Solve z - 6*z + b = 0 for z.
4
Let o(l) = -l - 10. Suppose 0 = -4*f + 5*j - 33, f - j = 6*f + 63. Let b be o(f). Suppose -2*y - 10 = -4*u + 3*u, 15 = -5*u - 3*y. Solve b*g = -u*g - 10 for g.
-5
Let p be -1*(-1)/7*0. Solve 1 = -p*q + q for q.
1
Let h be (2 - 3) + 3 - -4. Let k(j) be the first derivative of -j**2/2 + 2*j + 5. Let d be k(-2). Solve 5*o = d + h for o.
2
Let y = 8 - 32. Let u = y + 29. Solve 5*k - 5 = u for k.
2
Let x = -2242 + 2251. Solve -x*o - 29 = -2 for o.
-3
Let t be (0 + (-8)/3)*-3. Suppose 0 = 5*y - 7 - t. Let v be (1 - y)/(3/(-6)). Solve 0*m + v = -2*m for m.
-2
Let d(o) = -38*o + 10. Let g be d(0). Solve 3*n + g = -5 for n.
-5
Let j be (-1 + 1 + 2)*1. Let h be -2*(j - (-3 - -6)). Suppose -3*c = h*c - 15. Solve -k = -0*k + c for k.
-3
Let c = -1 + 3. Suppose 0 = -c*u + 7*u - 115. Suppose -2*b - 4*j + 2*j + 14 = 0, 4*b = -3*j + u. Solve d = -b*d for d.
0
Let h = -23 - -20. Let g be ((-60)/(-40))/(h*(-2)/40). Solve 0 = 5*i + 15 + g for i.
-5
Let x(v) = -v - 3. Let u be x(-3). Suppose 125 = 11*w - 51. Suppose -m = 1 - w. Solve u = -8*g + 3*g + m for g.
3
Let t(f) = -2*f**2 - 15*f + 6. Let k be t(-4). Solve -3 = -k*l + 35*l for l.
-3
Suppose -97*f + 94*f = -9. Solve f*q = -5 + 2 for q.
-1
Let j = 9 - 17. Let s be (-52)/(-14) - j/28. Suppose -5*q = -q + s*g - 4, 4*q - 2 = -5*g. Solve 4*k + q = 5*k for k.
3
Let r(s) = -s + 10. Let b be r(5). Suppose -2*o + t = -4 - 11, o - 35 = -b*t. Let v = 16 - o. Solve -h = -v*h for h.
0
Let v(i) = -i**3 + i**2 - 3*i + 4. Let q(p) = p**3 + p - 1. Let m(g) = -2*q(g) - v(g). Suppose 3 =
|
{
"pile_set_name": "DM Mathematics"
}
|
Impact of variant pulmonary vein anatomy and image integration on long-term outcome after catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation.
To investigate the impact of variant pulmonary vein (PV) anatomy and the use of three-dimensional image integration (3D-II) on long-term efficacy of catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation (AF). Consecutive procedures from 2002 to 2007 were analysed from a prospective database. All patients underwent wide area circumferential ablation, with linear lesions added and complex fractionated electrograms targeted for persistent AF. Imaging was segmented on Carto to assess PV anatomy. Three hundred and fifty patients underwent 1.9 ± 0.9 procedures. The mean age was 57 ± 11 years, 73% males, and 55% paroxysmal AF. Freedom from AF/atrial tachycardia was 42% for paroxysmal AF and 20% for persistent AF at 3.1 years after the first procedure, or 86 and 66%, respectively, at 2.5 years after the last procedure. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed a trend towards improved single-procedure efficacy with 3D-II (8.9% difference, P = 0.087) and a reduction in the number of procedures per patient from 2.1 ± 1.1 to 1.8 ± 0.9 (P < 0.0001). The use of 3D-II improved single-procedure efficacy with Carto (13.3% difference, P = 0.018), but not with Ensite NavX. Variant PV anatomy was identified in 28% and was associated with a lower single-procedure efficacy (10.0% difference, P = 0.024) but with no effect on final outcome. Multivariate analysis confirmed the impact of 3D-II [hazard ratio (HR) for recurrence of AF 0.67, P = 0.020] and variant PV anatomy (HR 1.37, P = 0.044). The use of 3D-II improves single-procedure efficacy of PV isolation for AF. Variant PV anatomy was associated with a lower single-procedure success rate.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
10000 Meridian Way N #13, Palm Beach Gardens, FL - $82,500
An Active Adult 55+ Community. Great For The Single Person Who Wishes To Downsize. New Bath, Electric Panel & Water Heater W/new Plumbing. Ac Has Been Serviced And New Kitchen Updating Including Appliances. It's Fully Furnished But Owner Can Disp...
282 Cypress Point Drive #282, Palm Beach Gardens, FL - $74,900
Enjoy The Beautiful Lake Views And Sunsets From The Covered Balcony And Living Areas From This Lovely One Bedroom, One Bath Condo Located In The Cypress Point Subdivision Of Pga National Resort And Spa In The Heart Of Palm Beach Gardens. Excelle...
6231 Pga Boulevard #s-140-3-4, Palm Beach Gardens, FL - $48,000
Qualifying Agent For Realty And Certified General Contracting Permitting Business Available In St Lucie, Martin, Palm Beach, Broward And Miami Dade Counties For $48,000 A Yea. No Fees Collected By Qualifying Agent On First Five Transactions Per ...
REDUCED
2401 Pga Blvd, Palm Beach Gardens, FL - $30,000
Are You Interested In Starting Your Own Business And Being Your Own Boss? Does The Idea Of Putting Smiles On Peoples' Faces Appeal To You? Look No Further Than The First Family Spa Franchise, Primp And Play. Buy Early And Take Advantage Of A Wide...
12027 Leucandra Court, Palm Beach Gardens, FL - $29,500
Exquisite 2 Story Residence On Desirable 1/2 Acre Home Site With Stunning Golf And Lake View. This Incredible Home Boasts A First Floor Master Suite With His And Her Bathrooms, Expansive Closets, Handsome Club Room, Loft, Custom Built Ins, Light ...
11904 Palma Drive, Palm Beach Gardens, FL - $20,000
Beautiful Cottage With 4 Expansive Master Suites And Great Room Plan. All The Comforts Of Home, Just Bring A Suite Case! There Is 1 Designee Membership Available (at An Additional Cost) Which Will Provide Full Access To The Club And Amenities. T...
11302 Caladium Lane, Palm Beach Gardens, FL - $18,000
Not Available Until April 2019! Beautifully Decorated 4 Bedroom Serena Floor Plan On Desirable 1/4 Acre Home Site With Private Water Feature View. This Light And Bright Home Features An Open Concept Great Room With Luxurious Master Suite, Smart H...
11503 Green Bayberry Drive, Palm Beach Gardens, FL - $17,000
Gorgeous Home Overlooking The 3rd Fairway In Old Palm. Beautifully Updated Gourmet Kitchen. Enjoy The Outdoor Living Area Perfect For Entertaining Guests. The Elevator Leads You Upstairs To The Master Bedroom Overlooking The Golf Course. Home Is B...
11206 Orange Hibiscus Lane, Palm Beach Gardens, FL - $14,900
Beautiful Flora Floor Plan On 1/4 Acre Home Site With Private Water Feature View. This Light And Bright 3 Bedroom Home Was Recently Painted And Updated With New Furniture, Beautiful Wood Floors In The Bedrooms, Marble Floors Throughout The Main L...
60 Laguna Terrace, Palm Beach Gardens, FL - $13,000
This Gracious Private Pool Home Of Ballenisles Represents The Pinnacle Of Plush Furnishings And Amenities. Available Dec 30th Minimum 4 Month Turn-key Rental. Inclusive Of Full Club Membership: Golf, Tennis, Social, Fitness, Spa, One Of The Most...
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Prediction of somatic and non-somatic depressive symptoms between inpatient rehabilitation and follow-up.
Longitudinal. We identified changes in the association of somatic and non-somatic symptoms (as measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, PHQ-9) between inpatient rehabilitation after spinal cord injury (SCI) and 1 year after discharge. A specialty hospital in the Southeastern USA. A total of 584 adults with traumatic SCI were administered the PHQ-9 during inpatient rehabilitation. Of them, 227 completed the PHQ-9 by survey at 1-year follow-up. We performed time-lagged regression between times of measurement for somatic and non-somatic factors of the PHQ-9. The non-somatic factor at baseline was significantly predictive of the non-somatic (r=0.67, P=0.002) and somatic factors at follow-up (r=0.53, P=0.019). The somatic factor did not significantly predict either the somatic (r=0.10, n.s.) or non-somatic factors at follow-up (r=-0.01, NS). Factor analysis also indicated changing factor structure between inpatient rehabilitation and follow-up. Our results question the interpretation of somatic items during inpatient rehabilitation, as they are not predictive of either somatic or non-somatic symptoms at follow-up.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Genotyping field strains of African swine fever virus by partial p72 gene characterisation.
A PCR-based sequencing method was developed which permits detection and characterization of African swine fever virus (ASFV) variants within 5 and 48 h, respectively, of receipt of a clinical specimen. Amplification of a 478 bp fragment corresponding to the C-terminal end of the p72 gene, confirms virus presence with genetic characterization being achieved by nucleotide sequence determination and phylogenetic analysis. The method was applied to 55 viruses including those representative of the major ASF lineages identified previously by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Results confirmed that the p72 genotyping method identifies the same major viral groupings. Characterization of additional viruses of diverse geographical, species and temporal origin using the PCR-based method indicated the presence of ten major ASF genotypes on the African continent, the largest of which comprised a group of genetically homogeneous viruses recovered from outbreaks in Europe, South America, the Caribbean and West Africa (the ESAC-WA genotype). In contrast, viruses from southern and East African countries were heterogeneous, with multiple genotypes being present within individual countries. This study provides a rapid and accurate means of determining the genotype of field and outbreak strains of ASF and is therefore useful for molecular epidemiological clarification of ASF.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
{#sp1 .340}
{#sp2 .341}
{#sp3 .342}
{#sp4 .343}
{#sp5 .344}
{#sp6 .345}
{#sp7 .346}
{#sp8 .347}
{#sp9 .348}
{#sp10 .349}
{#sp11 .350}
{#sp12 .351}
{#sp13 .352}
{#sp14 .353}
{#sp15 .354}
{#sp16 .355}
{#sp17 .356}
[^1]: Locke\'s Essay on the Human Understanding. Abridged by J. Murray, LL.D. Dublin, 1852.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
/**
* Update: 15-5-11
* Editor: qihongye
*/
var fs = require('fs');
var path = require('path');
var fis = require('../lib/fis.js');
var _ = fis.file;
var defaultSettings = (require('../lib/config.js')).DEFALUT_SETTINGS;
var expect = require('chai').expect;
var u = fis.util;
var config = null;
describe('config: config',function(){
beforeEach(function(){
fis.project.setProjectRoot(__dirname);
fis.config.init(defaultSettings);
process.env.NODE_ENV = 'dev';
});
it('set / get', function () {
fis.set('namespace', 'common');
expect(fis.get('namespace')).to.equal('common');
fis.set('obj', {a:'a'});
fis.set('obj.b', 'b');
expect(fis.get('obj')).to.deep.equal({a:'a', b:'b'});
expect(fis.get('obj.c', {c: 'c'})).to.deep.equal({c:'c'});
expect(fis.get('obj.a')).to.equal('a');
expect(fis.get('obj.b')).to.equal('b');
});
it('media', function () {
fis.set('a', 'a');
fis.set('b', 'b');
fis.media('prod').set('a', 'aa');
expect(fis.get('a')).to.equal('a');
expect(fis.media('prod').get('a')).to.equal('aa');
expect(fis.media('prod').get('b')).to.equal('b');
expect(fis.media('prod').get('project.charset')).to.equal('utf8');
});
it('fis.match',function(){
fis.match('**', {
release: 'static/$&'
}); // fis.config.match
fis.match('**/js.js', {
domain: 'www.baidu.com',
useHash: false
}, 1);
path = __dirname+'/file/ext/modular/js.js?__inline';
var f = _.wrap(path);
var url = f.getUrl();
expect(url).to.equal('www.baidu.com/static/file/ext/modular/js.js?__inline');
//without domain
// useDomain 已经去除，所以应该不收其影响了
fis.match('**/js.js', {
useDomain: false
}, 2);
path = __dirname+'/file/ext/modular/js.js?__inline';
var f = _.wrap(path);
var url = f.getUrl();
expect(url).to.equal('www.baidu.com/static/file/ext/modular/js.js?__inline');
fis.match('**/js.js', {
release: null
}, 3);
//without path
path = __dirname+'/file/ext/modular/js.js?__inline';
var f = _.wrap(path);
var url = f.getUrl();
expect(url).to.equal('www.baidu.com/file/ext/modular/js.js?__inline');
// with ()
fis.match('**/v1.0-(*)/(*).html', {
release: '/$1/$2'
});
path = __dirname+'/file/ext/v1.0-layout/test.html?__inline';
var f = _.wrap(path);
var url = f.getUrl();
expect(url).to.equal('/layout/test.html?__inline');
fis.match('!**/js.js', {
release: '/static/$&',
useHash: true,
domain: 'www.baidu.com'
});
//with !
path = __dirname+'/file/ext/modular/js.js?__inline';
var f = _.wrap(path);
var url = f.getUrl();
expect(url).to.equal('www.baidu.com/file/ext/modular/js.js?__inline');
// with ! but not match
path = __dirname+'/file/ext/modular/js.less?__inline';
var f = _.wrap(path);
var url = f.getUrl();
expect(url).to.equal('www.baidu.com/static/file/ext/modular/js_'+ f.getHash() +'.less?__inline');
});
it('match ${}', function() {
fis.match('**/*.js', {
release: null,
useHash: false
})
fis.set('coffee', 'js');
fis.match('**/js.js', {
release: '/static/$&'
});
path = __dirname+'/file/ext/modular/js.js?__inline';
var f = _.wrap(path);
var url = f.getUrl();
expect(url).to.equal('/static/file/ext/modular/js.js?__inline');
path = __dirname+'/file/ext/modular/j.js?__inline';
var f = _.wrap(path);
var url = f.getUrl();
expect(url).to.equal('/file/ext/modular/j.js?__inline');
});
it('match 混合用法', function() {
fis.set('ROOT', 'js');
fis.match('**', {
useHash: false
});
fis.match('(**/${ROOT}.js)', {
release: '/static/js/$1'
});
fis.match('(**/${ROOT}.less)', {
release: '/static/js/$1'
});
path = __dirname+'/file/ext/modular/js.js?__inline';
var f = _.wrap(path);
var url = f.getUrl();
expect(url).to.equal('/static/js/file/ext/modular/js.js?__inline');
path = __dirname+'/file/ext/modular/js.less?__inline';
var f = _.wrap(path);
var url = f.getUrl();
expect(url).to.equal('/static/js/file/ext/modular/js.less?__inline');
});
it('del', function(){
fis.config.del();
var origin = fis.config.get();
fis.set('a.b', 'b');
fis.media('pro').set('a.b', 'b');
fis.config.del('a.b');
expect(fis.get('a')).to.deep.equal({});
expect(fis.media('pro').get('a.b')).to.equal('b');
fis.config.del('a');
expect(fis.get()).to.deep.equal(origin);
fis.media('pro').del('a');
expect(fis.media('pro').get()).to.deep.equal({});
});
it('getSortedMatches', function() {
fis.media('prod').match('a', {
name: ''
});
var matches = fis.media('prod')._matches.concat();
var initIndex = matches[matches.length - 1].index;
fis.match('b', {
name: ''
}, 1)
fis.match('c', {
name: ''
}, 2)
fis.media('prod').match('b', {
name: 'prod'
}, 1)
fis.media('prod').match('c', {
name: 'prod'
}, 2);
var result_gl = [
{
raw: 'b',
reg: u.glob('b'),
negate: false,
properties: {name: ''},
media: 'GLOBAL',
weight: 1,
index: initIndex + 1
},
{
raw: 'c',
reg: u.glob('c'),
negate: false,
properties: {name: ''},
media: 'GLOBAL',
weight: 2,
index: initIndex + 2
}
], result_prod = [
{
raw: 'a',
reg: u.glob('a'),
negate: false,
properties: {name: ''},
media: 'prod',
weight: 0,
index: initIndex + 0
},
{
raw: 'b',
reg: u.glob('b'),
negate: false,
properties: {name: ''},
media: 'GLOBAL',
weight: 1,
index: initIndex + 1
},
{
raw: 'b',
reg: u.glob('b'),
negate: false,
properties: {name: 'prod'},
media: 'prod',
weight: 1,
index: initIndex + 3
},
{
raw: 'c',
reg: u.glob('c'),
negate: false,
properties: {name: ''},
media: 'GLOBAL',
weight: 2,
index: initIndex + 2
},
{
raw: 'c',
reg: u.glob('c'),
negate: false,
properties: {name: 'prod'},
media: 'prod',
weight: 2,
index: initIndex + 4
},
];
var xp = fis.config.getSortedMatches();
expect(xp).to.deep.equal(result_gl);
var xp2 = fis.media('prod').getSortedMatches();
expect(xp2).to.deep.equal(result_prod);
});
it("hook",function(){
fis.config.hook("module");
expect(fis.env().parent.data.modules.hook[1]['__plugin']).to.equal('module');
});
it("unhook",function(){
fis.config.unhook("module");
expect(fis.env().parent.data.modules.hook.length).to.equal(1);
});
});
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
How Google Deals With A Recession - nreece
http://www.alleyinsider.com/2008/12/how-google-deals-with-a-recession-goog
======
nostrademons
I just tried the same query he has in the screenshot - no ads in the suggest
box. Same with a bunch of other queries that I thought would likely come with
ads.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
}
|
Temperature-strain discrimination in distributed optical fiber sensing using phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry.
A method based on coherent Rayleigh scattering distinctly evaluating temperature and strain is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for distributed optical fiber sensing. Combining conventional phase-sensitive optical time-domain domain reflectometry (ϕOTDR) and ϕOTDR-based birefringence measurements, independent distributed temperature and strain profiles are obtained along a polarization-maintaining fiber. A theoretical analysis, supported by experimental data, indicates that the proposed system for temperature-strain discrimination is intrinsically better conditioned than an equivalent existing approach that combines classical Brillouin sensing with Brillouin dynamic gratings. This is due to the higher sensitivity of coherent Rayleigh scatting compared to Brillouin scattering, thus offering better performance and lower temperature-strain uncertainties in the discrimination. Compared to the Brillouin-based approach, the ϕOTDR-based system here proposed requires access to only one fiber-end, and a much simpler experimental layout. Experimental results validate the full discrimination of temperature and strain along a 100 m-long elliptical-core polarization-maintaining fiber with measurement uncertainties of ~40 mK and ~0.5 με, respectively. These values agree very well with the theoretically expected measurand resolutions.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
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