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1. Field of the Invention
The invention relates to a belt traveling unit, an image forming apparatus using the same, to a belt traveling unit which detects a position of a belt, an image forming apparatus including the same, and a method of forming an image.
2. Discussion of the Background
An image forming apparatus which forms not only a single color image, but also a multiple color image has been commonly used.
An image forming apparatus capable of forming a multiple color image includes a tandem-type color image forming apparatus.
The tandem-type color image forming apparatus may be equipped with a plurality of photoreceptor drums arranged along a spanned surface, for example, a belt, and directly transfers the color images formed on each of the respective color photoreceptor drums onto the belt. The photoreceptor drums may be in radial or at least partial circumferential contact with the belt. Accordingly, a multiple-color image is formed.
Alternatively, the tandem-type color image forming apparatus may sequentially overlay the color images formed on each of the respective color photoreceptor drums onto a recording sheet transported by the belt. Thereby, a multiple-color image is formed.
When using a belt, in a case where the tension balance is changed in a belt width direction, there may be such a problem that the belt may drift toward a roller around which the belt is wound or toward a shaft direction of a pulley.
When the belt is utilized as a transfer belt on which the toner image is directly transferred from the photoreceptor drum, instead of a belt used as a sheet conveyance purpose, when belt drift occurs, the positional misalignment or color misalignment of toner images of different colors may occur, thereby causing the quality of an image to deteriorate.
For this reason, ways to correct the drift of the transfer belt may be necessary.
In order to correct the drift of the transfer belt, a position detection mechanism and a drift correction mechanism have been proposed, for example.
The position detection mechanism may detect, for example, a position of the transfer belt in the width direction thereof.
Based on a detection signal from the position detection mechanism the drift correction mechanism may control a tilt angle of one of the rollers which support the transfer belt as a drift correction roller.
Accordingly, the transfer belt may be shifted in the width direction thereof, e.g., in response to the tilt angle control, so that the transfer belt returns to its reference position.
The technical difficulty of the drift correction may be to accurately detect the position of the edge of the transfer belt in the width direction without misdetection.
One example of a detection method for detecting the edge position of a belt in the width direction thereof will be described with reference to FIG. 1.
As shown in FIG. 1, the edge position detector at least includes a contact member 130, a spring 170 and a drift detector 150.
The contact member 130 is L-shaped, and the bent portion thereof has a spindle 140 which allows the contact member 130 to rotatively move around the spindle 140 along with the traveling motion of the transfer belt 100.
The spring 170 allows a vertical side 130b of the contact member 130 to abut the edge of the transfer belt 100.
The drift detector 150 is disposed facing a horizontal side 130a of the contact member 130 and serves as a detector which detects the belt position.
According to the above-described structure, when the contact member 130 moves in directions indicated by arrows C1 and C2, in accordance with a traveling motion of the transfer belt 100 in the width direction, the distance between the drift detector 150 and the portion 130a of the contact member 130 may change.
Accordingly, when the drift detector 150 detects the change in the distance, it is possible to detect the position of the transfer belt 100.
The amount of a detectable drift, that is, the traveling amount of the transfer belt 100 in the width direction may be determined by a distance Y which is a distance from the spindle 140 to the transfer belt 100, and a distance X which is a distance from the spindle 140 to the drift detector 150.
With reference to FIG. 2, there is shown an example of characteristics of the drift detector used as a position detector which detects the position of the transfer belt in the width direction.
In FIG. 2, a horizontal axis indicates a distance (mm) between the drift detector and an object to be measured. A vertical axis indicates an output voltage (V).
For example, when the drift detector 150 with the detection range of 2.0 mm is used, the detectable amount of the shift of the transfer belt 100 in the width direction may be 2.0 mm, where X equals Y (X=Y).
In this case, the ratio of X to Y is 1:1 (X:Y=1:1). Thus, the accuracy of the detection of the shift amount of the transfer belt 100 may be equal to the detection accuracy of the drift detector 150.
However, when using the drift detector with the detection range of 5.5 mm to detect the belt position located outside the range of the general use of the detection sensor, for example, the range less than 5.5 mm, the drift correction mechanism may misdetect the position of the transfer belt.
For example, when the position of the transfer belt is at 3.5 mm, the drift correction mechanism may misdetect the position to be at 5.0 mm.
Consequently, the drift correction of the transfer belt may not function properly, and thus the convergence time for recovering the transfer belt to its reference position may be extended. Furthermore, there may be a possibility that the transfer belt is damaged.
In light of the above, it is necessary to detect the amount of the shift of the belt in the width direction in a wide range. When the ratio of X to Y is 1:2, that is, X:Y=1:2, the shift amount of the transfer belt 100 may be 4.0 mm.
On the other hand, while detection in a wide range is made possible, the detection accuracy of the edge position of the transfer belt 100 may be reduced to half the detection accuracy of the drift detector 150.
Thus, the above method may not be desirable. In order to correct the drift of the transfer belt, the edge of the belt needs to be accurately detected.
Other structures for correcting the drift of the transfer belt have been proposed.
One example of such a structure allows the position of the transfer belt in the width direction to be detected within the range of the general use of the drift detector.
In addition, two drift detectors may be used to define the positional relationship of the two drift detectors so that the position of the transfer belt in the width direction may widely be detected, and thus the drift may be corrected.
However, when two drift detectors are used to detect the position of the transfer belt in the width direction, the cost may increase.
In addition, when detecting the belt position at the range less than 5.5 mm of the general use of the drift detector, there is a possibility that the detectors may misdetect the belt position due to characteristics of the drift detector.
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"Take cover!" "Take cover!" " " "Move. !" "Now. !" " Bravo One, this is Alpha Two under heavy fire." "" " Casualties." "Request extraction." " No!" "Alpha Two, your rendezvous is 25 north by 16 east." " We're a hundred klicks away from the A. R. D. with no cover." " Aw, we're gonna get Spammed!" "We got cover." "There's our ride out." "So we're gonna be Spam in a can." "Let's move!" "Move!" "Go!" "Go!" "Go!" "Go!" "Let's go. !" "Come on." "Let's go. !" "Let's go. !" "Move. !" " Move!" "" "Shane!" " She's bleeding." " I got her." "I got her." " Let's get some help over here. !" "" " She's bleeding." " I got her." " Hang tight." "" " Ah, come on." "Come on!" "" " Hey, open the freakin'hatch. !" "You guys have gotta be kiddin'." "Does it look like there's an "open house" sign out front?" "Man, my butt ain't never gonna un-pucker." "Excuse me." "" " Louie Fox, Sergeant First Class, Seventh Cavalry." "From Custer's Last Stand to here." "If there's a massacre, we're in it." "Outta my way, doll-face." "Let's go." "Come on, baby." "You know it's your Louie, right?" " Do it for daddy, sweetheart." "" "Who loves ya, baby?" "Your Louie." "Come on, sweetheart." " Okay, here's the big one." "" " Attagirl. !" "" "Hey, diddle, diddle." "Straight up the middle." "Yee-hah!" "~~" "~~" "We thought we were alone." "We believed the universe was ours." "Until one night in 2063, on an Earth colony 16 light- years away... they struck." "And now we are at war." "My name is Lieutenant Colonel T. C. McQueen." "I'm an InVitro, a race of artificially gestated humans." "I command a Marine Corps squadron- the 58th." "They call us the Wild Cards." "We fight when called- in space, on land and at sea." "To lose this war means more than defeat." "To surrender is to never go home." "All of us must rise to the call above and beyond." " She needs medical attention." " We'll pull off at the next exit." "Look, Sergeant, my people are important to me." "So can the wisecracks and drive this APC." "You might think I'm some sort of army dogface, but Pearly is my tank... and when you're in my tank, I spout whatever the hell I please, capisce?" "This is our alternate rendezvous designation." " Two days, easy, maybe more with the Chigs on our tail." " That's cuttin'it close." "Extraction's in two days." "We need to radio for another location." "Hey, Pearly took some bad hits back there, all right?" "Radio's long since gone." "It's draining' our power cells." "I got one to spare" " The one I risked my ass for when you bogarted my tank." "So we'll just have to get there." "Sorry, Colonel." "I, uh" " I tend to get a little testy without my morning coffee." "You understand." "Mmm." "Oh, yeah." "Good stuff, sir." "Good stuff." "Uh, hold on to your Skivvies!" "Ah!" "Damn Chigs." "They got the whole planet booby-trapped." "But me and Pearly here, we got this simpatico thing goin', huh?" "Yeah." "You know what your Louie likes." "Don't you, sweet thing, huh?" "Come on." "Give us a little sugar." "Give us a little sugar, baby." "Come on." "Mwah!" "Looks like you and your APC are out of simpatico." " Tank!" " No need to get ugly, Sergeant." "Pearly is not an armored personnel carrier." "She's a tank." "You call her an APC one more time, I'll use your guts to grease her treads!" "Sir, Vansen's wound's reopened." " She's got a fever." "I think the infection's spreading." " Here." " You had ampicillin all along?" " Didn't think she'd make it." "Didn't wanna waste 'em." "The only thing we can't afford to waste is any time gettin' to the rendezvous point." " Well, let's get motivated, ladies." " Keep an eye on her." "Damn tank ditches." "Stinkin' Chigs got 'em everywhere." "Jiminy H. Christmas on a Popsicle stick." "Give me a small break." "Oh, man." "You've gotta be kidding me." "A broken tread?" "I know all's fair in love and war, but this is ridiculous!" "Here." "You jarheads take this." "You take these cables." "You attach 'em to the back." " I'm gonna fix the treads, all right?" "Let's move it." " All right." "Baby, what'd they do to you?" "|" " Still bein' followed?" " You saw 'em, huh?" "Yep." "I dunno who it is, but they've been tracking' us since we turned tail and ran." " Good show." "" " Went rather well, wouldn't you say?" " Identify yourself." "Major Cyril Mackendrick of His Majesty's Coldstream Guards." " Colonel!" " Yanks, eh?" "Do you have any gin?" "Ah." "Many apologies." "This trap was meant for the Chigs." "You see, I constructed that anticline to resemble an enemy land mine... the thought being, they'd avoid it, and right into this trap they'd go." "However, you did.|" "Are there others with you?" "We're tryin' to reach a rendezvous point." "We could use some help." "My entire battalion was killed at the Battle of Mandrake Ridge." "That was eight months ago." "You've been here alone all this time?" "Yes." "Quite alone." "We have an injured marine." "She needs medical attention now." "You have supplies?" "You have women traveling with you?" "If you help us, we'll return the favor and take you with us." " You have a problem with that?" " I won't be long." "Major!" " How do I know you'll come back?" " You have my word." "Your word means nothing to me till I see it backed up by actions." "Very well." "Can the girl be moved?" "My bunker's just over there." "Right." "Follow me." "I'm stayin' here and fixin' my honey." "Earth forces have been here 10 months." "Could've left anytime he wanted to." "You're not thinking he could be workin' with the enemy?" "Keep an eye on him." "Watch for any..." "odd behavior." "Mmm." "Oh, this is scrummy." "Can't remember last time I ate something other than a berry or a leaf." "Mm." "Mm." "I rather like this gelatinous substance over the layer of chunked beef." ""M. R. E. " What does that stand for?" " "Meals rejected by the enemy. " " "Vanessa should join us." " She's on watch." " Oh." "Remember, only half a cup of water each." "I know the lovely captain is ill, still, we must conserve." "I thought I'd die of thirst in the first few weeks." "Luckily, I came across an abandoned Earth Forces camp and found a URN-41." "Urine purification system- that's how I get this water." " And you haven't seen anyone for eight months." " No, sir." "You have a radio." "Couldn't you have signaled for help?" "It cannot transmit." "I can only receive transmissions." " Troop movements, Earth Forces positions." " Right." " Any trouble keeping busy?" " Of course." "However, I make it a point to stick to a strict schedule:" "Make three cups of water a day... brush my teeth twice a day and a daily constitutional two on a good day." " Yee- haw. !" "If you stop taking pride in your personal appearance and hygiene, you might as well be dead." "Viva la Pearly." "We fixed her treads... we laid down some traction, and old Pearly just hopped right on out." "Right." "Then you'd best be on your way." "I'll mark a path on your map." "It'll take you through an area light in enemy activity." "Perhaps the major should go with us." " Gather your gear, Major." " No, I-I don't care to leave." "You can't just choose to stay here, Major." "That's desertion." "You insult me, Colonel." " I have not nor would I ever desert- " " Chig attack jets." " I don't hear nothin'." "They've locked on a target." "They must have spotted the tank." "Get inside." "Damphousse, get inside!" "Take cover." "Everybody take cover." "Do as I say!" "I ain't taking' cover." "They're after my baby!" "Sergeant, get back here!" "Here I come, baby." " Get back here, Sergeant." " Daddy's comin'." "Come on, you mother- lovin'Chigs." "Take some of this. !" "You want some Louie?" "You want some Louie?" "None of us heard the enemy planes." "How did you know they were coming?" "They told me." "What, like that?" "Let me check the manual." " You think this thing's gonna make it on one spare power cell?" " Sure." "The hell is this?" "If the Chigs come across the grave, they'll dig it up and mutilate the body." "Do you realize they had no concept of a life after death... until they heard it from us?" "My theory is, they believe half of us are living dead" " An army of zombies." "Did they tell you that as well?" "The theories of burial are derived from study and observation of their behavior." "Knowing they were going to attack the tank is derived solely... from hearing their communications over the radio for an extended period." "You see, the Chigs emit whistles and clicks at various frequencies... similar to cetacea- dolphins and such." "I've heard them long enough to discern various echolocation patterns of Chigese... and associate them with subsequent events, such as the strafing." "You believe I've been out here too long." "What I believe is, we have to get moving, or we're not gonna reach our rendezvous point." "And yes, you are going with us." "Let's do this and move out." "Almighty God, through thy infinite love and mercy... graciously grant to the soul of this, thy dear departed servant, that he should achieve" "Sir." "Excuse me." "Um, since we're pressed for time, I was" "I-I figured Sergeant Fox might've preferred this." "I found it in his APC manual." ""Pearly..." ""what can I write that hasn't been said?" ""I never understood those techno-obsessed geeks..." ""who cared more about their computers than a human being..." ""but on this day, when my crew, my friends" ""four lives were lost, you saved mine." ""It gets me mad that there's no way to repay you for this..." ""except to change your power cells when you're low..." ""and keep you supplied with frags when you're out..." ""and grease your treads when you feel like you can't go on." ""I've never been able to trust anyone, believe in something, as much as you." "I know you're only a tank and all, but I feel like you believe in me. '"" "I think we've been followed since our retreat from the battle back there." "We can't waste time by stopping." "Up ahead we have to go around that land formation." "I want you to fall quietly back, gather what information you can... cut across that hill and meet us on the other side." "Yes, sir." "May I see your hall pass?" " Get off me!" " Say the magic word." "I'll give you a hint." "It's "master. "" "Say it:" ""Please, Master Elroy, may I get up?"" " Say it." " Go to hell." "Can't you just kill anyone without all the theater?" "No, no, no, no, no." "My sweet Feliciti, please." "We need him to get the part to make you well." "You're never getting anything from me again." ""Again?"" "I killed non-combatants." "I dropped bombs on civilian populations." "I destroyed the innocent." "Are you guilty of war crimes?" " Yes." " Hm." "And how does what you've done make you feel, Lieutenant?" "I feel shame." "Ah-h-h-h." "Well, well, well, my darling." "Another Elroy-EL model... has already broken this carbonite at the Kazbek penal facility." "Yes." "Confessed to war crimes, did we?" "Oh-|" "Your friends will think that's a very bad thing." "Get him up." "Hands on your head." "" " Feliciti." " Feliciti, my sweet." "" " Are you all right, my love?" " Shut up." "Just get the battery." "" " May I confide in you, Lieutenant?" "Yes?" "Feliciti O. H. and myself were separated from our silicate patrol." "She has been wounded by stray weapons fire... and her power is fading." "I, too, am sick." "Now, perhaps it is a silicate virus, perhaps it is just spring..." " but I have developed certain... feelings- " "For the Feliciti OH unit that I am not programmed to understand." "Thus, I am willing to take a chance, if you are." "Yes." "One power unit from the APC... could restore her to 87. 4% capacity." "If you bring back one cell..." "I promise that I will erase internally... the memory bank of your confession." "Your mistake, Wang Paul, will never have taken place." "If you don't, then I promise... that I will play the disk loud and clear for your fellow marines... your family and all your friends back home." "Nothing to report, sir." "So, Vanessa" " Do you mind if I call you "Vanessa"?" " Yeah, that's fine." "It's an enchanting name, wouldn't you say?" "Va-nes-sa- rolls off the tongue like nectar." "" " Did you know "Vanessa" means "butterfly" in Greek?" "Oh?" "Really?" "" " Power cell's dead." "Pop in the last one." "Got it." "It's gone." "Who moved it?" " You sure, Hawkes?" " Yeah." "I put it right here." "Well, we're screwed without it." " It had to be Mackendrick." " Yeah." "He never did want to leave." "The guy speaks Chigese, for God's sake." "A little too close to the enemy for me." "What seems to be the problem?" " You tell us." " What?" "The tank is missing a spare power cell, Major." "You all think I stole your blasted power cell?" "|" "I should strand us out in the middle ofbloody nowhere... when just as easily I could have done it back at my bunker, where I could give us some shelter?" "Why would I steal this power cell anyway?" "You could be working with the Chigs." "I'm a human being, for God's sake." "There are no double agents in this blasted war." "The 58th has been together too long, Major." "We know each other too well." "I've lived through eight months of hell... only to face a kangaroo court of wet-behind-the-ears grunts?" "Not bloody likely!" "You want loyalty?" "I can trace my family's service in my very regiment... back to the Coldstream Guards fighting against Cromwell!" " No!" "" "Major, your weapon." "Please." "Wang." "Major, you're under arrest by order of the United States Marines." "Let's get this set up early." "We need at least two hours' sunlight to recharge enough juice... to reach the rendezvous point." "Minerva's sun sets 2335 our time." "That's only 85 minutes." "Looks like we got some cloud cover moving' in." " Can we make it in time on foot, sir?" " No way." "We had that power cell, we'd make it with time to spare." "Feed the line up." "The power port's on top." "I guess all we can do is put our faith in Pearly." "Shane, it's dinner." "You gotta eat somethin'." "Oh, Hawkes, minced ham." "That's worse than a shrapnel wound." "She's feelin' better." "She's startin' to bitch again." "Jolly good." "Wonderful how you can demonstrate such care and concern for one human being... while unjustly turning on another." "Bravo." " You know, Sedgwick" " Mackendrick." "I've spent a lot of time alone before." "I don't know what you think is so great about it." "Well, to begin with, when alone... one rarely ties oneself up and holds oneself prisoner." "For me, bein' so alone was like bein' in a prison." "You know?" "Yes." "Yes, Lieutenant, that's true." "Then why'd you wanna stay so bad that you'd take our power cell and leave us stranded?" "I didn't take the blasted cell." "Lieutenant Hawkes, the entire time in His Majesty's service, I was assigned as... what you young Americans would call a "pencil-pushing geek. "" "Supply, support." "And every year, I would request a transfer to a unit that would taste the sting of battle... so that I might do my part to serve my country and my planet." "And every year they turned me down." "Eight months ago, at the Battle of Mandrake Ridge... the Chigs hit our supply lines... and I finally felt..." "battle's sting." "I saw..." "men and women so dear to me... so mutilated... they were unrecognizable as human forms... let alone as people I loved." "I'm sure you know." "No, I don't like being alone, Mr. Hawkes." "But it has offered me the chance to study our enemy- learn his tactics and some of his language to a degree I'm certain no human has achieved." "And one day I will return with what I've learned here, alone... and that information will help defeat this horrific enemy that massacred my friends." "But if I were to return now... they'd have me back on inventory of packaged foods and blankets... while completing Forms 18, stroke, 79." "And while I realize the vital importance of that role" "It's not enough... for me- for those friends I've lost... it's not enough." "But in the meantime, I'm perfectly happy... suffering this indignity at the hands of my allies." "Minced ham?" "Will you untie me so that I may not suffer the further humiliation of being spoon-fed?" "Then bug off!" "I gotta go to Congress." " Where's the latrine?" " This whole planet's a head." " West, you got my copy of Stars and Stripes?" " Yeah." "No." "That's mine." "Don't make it last, Wang." "I'm goin' too." ""Death, that hath sucked the honey of thy breath... hath had no power yet upon thy beauty. "" "Looks like you're not gonna need that power cell." "Put your hands on your head." "She's dead, you're dead." " " "Return, my love." "Yes." "" " Yes." "Wang. !" "Wang. !" " What the hell happened?" " See, I just" "I just found the power cell." " Where, here?" " Yeah." "I was walking, and I heard something... and I, uh, ran after the noise, and I came up over the hill, rifle ready... and, uh, man, I just ate it on a branch." " Right here, on the ground?" " Yeah." "Whoever took it must have totally freaked out and took off when they heard me comin'." "Least we got it back." "Come on." "Let's move out." "Let's move it." "We've only got 30 minutes of daylight left." "Hey!" "You found it?" " Hey, Paul found the power cell!" " Wang!" " So, where'd you find this?" " It's a long story." "I" "I was goin' to the head." "I heard this noise, and it was just sittin' there in the clearing." "Now we can get outta here, right?" "Wrong." "This cell is empty." "West, what are you doin'?" "West. !" "Major didn't take the power cell." "Tell 'em who did, Paul." "I did it." "One time, I was in a car accident." "It was my fault." "The light turned from yellow to red, and I gunned it." "And a guy in a truck was making a left... and I ran into him." "And I'll always remember how fast your mind works." "In a second" " In less than a second- I thought..." ""I should've hit the brakes. "" "I even remember thinking..." ""I wish I could have that second back, so I could stop. "" "And that's when I hit the other car." "Imagine that moment- that feeling- gnawing at you every... minute of your life... only the consequences of your actions were much more life affecting- like some kids who didn't take a second to use a rubber and a teenager ends up pregnant... or... somebody doesn't take a moment to lock the gun cabinet, and a child dies." "A marine... who didn't stop to think he was betraying the Corps" "His country" "Wang, those A. I. 's tortured you, man." "What else could you do?" "I could've let 'em kill me!" "Paul, no one ever believes those confessions." "Everyone knows that you're not a war criminal." "That's not the point of them!" "The point is to show that they can break your spirit." "Why couldn't my body have broken down before my soul?" "They may as well have cut off a hand or a leg... because they took something from me I can never get back." "It so obsessed me- so possessed me- that when the chance arose to erase it without anyone knowing, I took it." "I swear, I never" "Never intended to give them the cell." "I just wanted the optical disk with the confession." "I thought I could get back what they took." "I needed it back... even if I was risking your lives" "Lives that mean more to me than" "Than my own." "" " We have no choice but to see how far the... partially-recharged fuel cell will take us by morning." "Paul, I know how alone you feel." "You have people in your life now... who can help you get back what you lost." "Major, I'd like to apologize for not coming forward when you were accused." "I'm the one who can't be trusted." "Apology accepted, Lieutenant." "Shall we move on to the rendezvous point?" "All right." "Here goes." " " "Come on, Pearly." "Who loves ya, huh?" "You know it's me, baby." "" " Yes!" "All right, all right." " That weirds me out on so many different levels." " Be prepared." "This area coming up's heavy with Chig activity." "" " Oh, I think the power cell's fading." "" " Come on, baby." "Come on, Pearly." "Sunrise is only 30 minutes away." "" " Hey!" "Hey!" "Did you hear that?" " I hear it." "" "That's a Chig T-77 tank." "If we had a radio, I could figure out if they were heading towards us." " We turn the main power off, maybe they won't spot us." " We probably don't have... enough power left to engage them anyway." " " "Well, we just can't sit here blind." "Let's open up her eyes." "Ah, no way." "He's movin'at us like he knows exactly where we are." "That's how they were homing in." "Five hundred meters to range solution." "Do it." "Tank stops, we run our ass off to the rendezvous point." "Let's move!" " I need someone on the battlesight range input." " I'm on it." " I'm on the scope." " I need a gunner topside on the twin. 50s." " I'll do it." "Do you mind?" " Who's the loader?" " No loader." "It's automatic." " Chig 75 meters at noon." " Target acquired." " Tallyho!" "Tallyho, you monsters!" " Neato." " Hold on, guys." "This beer's on you, Chiggie boy." " Direct hit." "" "But still coming." "Tallyho, ya monstrous creatures!" "You crustaceans!" "Chig T-77 has a high-density ceramic front end." "We'll need a side hit with a sabot." " I got the wheels." "You just tell me where to go." " Sixty-five degrees port, hard!" "" " We're losing power." " Tallyho. !" " There's no way we can outmaneuver 'em." " Bloody monsters. !" " Just keep movin'." "You'll get the side shot." " Paul!" " Trust me." "Ten degrees north, closing!" " He's locked on us!" " I can't shake 'em!" "Wang Paul... you have done a very bad thing." "You took the battery... and now my sweet Feliciti belongs to the ages" "" " And so will you." "Splendid marksmanship, Lieutenant." "I'm not so bad either, I'm delighted to say." "Here's the optical hard drive." "It'll have your confession on it." "I hope that'll get your moment back for you, Paul." "" " Come on." "This should be the place." "Hawkes, check it out." "You got it." "Hey!" "Hey, guys, we got 'em!" "Whoo!" "" " Move out!" "Guys, right here!" "Oh, come on. !" " Well, I knew she could make it." " There's even a little extra juice to spare." "Let's go!" "|" " Hey!" " Come on!" "Hey!" "Let's go!" "Let's go!" "We got a Chig squadron 300 klicks out." "Come on!" "Let's go!" "Come on!" "Let's go, let's go, let's go!" " They're in." "Wheels up." " Where's Mackendrick?" "God save the king!" "Ah, let him go." "A couple of more months, he'll be our best weapon." "Watch your hands." "Watch your hands."
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Is living kidney donation the answer to the economic problem of end-stage renal disease?
The escalating number and cost of treating patients with end-stage renal disease is a considerable economic concern for health care systems and societies globally. Compared with dialysis, kidney transplantation leads to improved patient survival and quality of life, as well as cost savings to the health payer. Despite efforts to increase kidney transplantation, the gap between supply and demand continues to grow. In this article we explore the economic consideration of both living and deceased transplantation. Although living kidney donation has several advantages from an economic perspective, efforts to increase both deceased and living donation are required. Strategies to increase kidney donation are underfunded, and even costly strategies are likely to lead to net health care savings. However, demonstration of efficacy of these strategies is required to ensure efficient use of resources.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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{#sp1 .42}
{#sp2 .43}
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Central"
}
|
Intracerebral hemorrhage from a metastatic brain tumor. Importance of differential diagnosis preceding stereotaxic hematoma aspiration.
Three cases of sudden intracerebral hemorrhage, which were diagnosed as hemorrhage from metastatic brain tumors following stereotaxic aspiration of a hematoma, are reported. Two cases had subcortical hemorrhage and one had cerebellar hemorrhage. Neither contrast-enhanced computed tomography scans nor angiograms revealed any findings other than those indicating the hematoma in all three cases. However, retrospective study of the anamnesis showed very mild symptoms due to metastasis to the brain or spinal cord in one case each. In cases of intracerebral hematoma located at atypical sites, extreme care is required for the differential diagnosis.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
How to access and parse posted json in vb.net
I'm New to vb.Net, I googled this but didn't find what I'm looking for,
the case is that I'm posting json using ajax to http handler, the json looks like:
[
{Id:1, view,:true , write:false},
{Id:2, view: true , write:true}, ..etc
]
the posting part is working fine, but I'm stuck on how to get access to tree_data inside the httphandler and how to get the values of all the properties of the tree_data param.
usually I'm accessing the posted values this way:
Dim tree_data = context.Request("tree_data") \\ This Returning Nothing here, I think this way is used when the data type is not json
My Ajax code:
var tree_data = getTreeData();
// alert(tree_data.length);
$.ajax({
url: "Profiles_SubmitPermissions.ashx",
type: "POST",
data: JSON.stringify(tree_data),
async: false,
contentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8",
dataType: "json",
error: function (xhr, status, error) {
alert(error)
}
}).done(function (data) {
CreateTree('ACTMNG');
});
The Code Inside http Handler:
Imports System.Web
Imports System.Web.Services
Imports System.Web.Script.Serialization
Public Class Profiles_SubmitPermissions
Implements System.Web.IHttpHandler
Sub ProcessRequest(ByVal context As HttpContext) Implements IHttpHandler.ProcessRequest
context.Response.ContentType = "text/plain"
context.Response.Write("Hello World!")
Dim jsonSerializer As System.Web.Script.Serialization.JavaScriptSerializer = New System.Web.Script.Serialization.JavaScriptSerializer()
Dim connectionString As String = UserIdentity.ClientConfig.ConnectionString
'Get parameters
'I need to get access to tree_data json
'I need to access to json properties such as id, view , write
End Sub
ReadOnly Property IsReusable() As Boolean Implements IHttpHandler.IsReusable
Get
Return False
End Get
End Property
End Class
A:
The C# Answer Suggested By @N0Alias whas very help full,
Vb.Net Version is:
Imported Libraries:
Imports System.Web.Script.Serialization
Imports System.IO
The Part of the code that will get the json from the request:
Dim tree_data As String = Nothing
HttpContext.Current.Request.InputStream.Position = 0
Using inputStream As StreamReader = New StreamReader(HttpContext.Current.Request.InputStream)
tree_data = inputStream.ReadToEnd()
End Using
Dim jsonSerializer As System.Web.Script.Serialization.JavaScriptSerializer =
New System.Web.Script.Serialization.JavaScriptSerializer()
Dim permissions = jsonSerializer.Deserialize(Of List(Of Object))(tree_data)
The Part of the code that parsing the json to extract values, and may be this piece of code can be written in a different way but that's what I used:
For Each obj In permissions
Dim id As Integer
Dim view As Boolean
Dim write As Boolean
For Each pair In obj // each object is a pair of key and value
If pair.Key.Equals("Id") Then
id = pair.Value
ElseIf pair.Key.Equals("view") Then
view = pair.Value
ElseIf pair.Key.Equals("write") Then
write = pair.Value
End If
Next
// Do something with the current id , view ,write parameters
Next
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Speech perception and brain laterality: the effect of ear advantage on auditory event-related potentials.
Dichotic listening has been used for assessing asymmetries in processing auditory stimuli. It is known that there is better recognition of dichotic stimuli in the right ear with verbal stimuli (right ear advantage, REA) by the majority of the subjects. We were interested in the psychophysiological correlates of ear advantage as it is manifested in event-related potentials (ERP). We compared ERPs to monaural and dichotic syllables in stable REA and LEA subjects. The most consistent finding was that REA subjects show larger positive ERP deflections over the left hemisphere (maximal at T5) and LEA subjects over the right hemisphere (maximal at T6) both at the latency range of 320-340 msec. Thus, brain event-related potentials support the contention that the REA and LEA reflect differential activation of the left and right hemispheres, respectively.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Le célèbre artiste britannique aurait débuté son passage dans la capitale mercredi, à l'ocassion de la journée mondiale des réfugiés.
Des œuvres engagées, et une chasse au trésor qui enthousiasme les passionnés. Banksy, figure incontestée du street-art, aurait réalisé au moins six œuvres dans Paris, rapporte le site de Telerama samedi 23 juin.
Le célèbre artiste britannique aurait débuté son passage dans la capitale mercredi, à l'ocassion de la journée mondiale des réfugiés. Avec une première œuvre assez frappante située porte de la Chapelle, à quelques pas de l'ancien Centre de premier accueil des réfugiés. On y voit une petite fille recouvrir une croix gammée d'un motif de tapisserie rose.
Non loin de là, sur l'avenue de Flandres (19e arrondissement), Banksy a détourné le célèbre tableau de Jacques-Louis David, Bonaparte franchissant le Grand-Saint-Bernard.
Un autre pochoir montre un homme proposer à un chien à qui il manque une patte l'os qu'il vient de lui enlever, tandis que trois autres œuvres, plus modestes, mettent en scène des rats (à voir ici, ici et là).
Pour Télérama et le site spécialisé Artistik Rezo, pas de doute : qu'il s'agisse de la technique utilisée ou des thématiques abordées, de nombreux indices laissent penser que Banksy est bien l'auteur de ces œuvres. Mais le mystère ne pourra jamais être vraiment levé : la légende britannique du street-art a en effet pris l'habitude de ne plus signer sa production.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
“We’re currently working with the ATF to make sure the gun doesn’t fall afoul of the laws against producing a ‘destructive device.’” Isn’t that always the way? You build something that does what it’s supposed to do better than anyone else and the world (i.e. the government) puts a barrier to the path to your […]
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Beta Status
Here you can try the most recent version of the application - these features, which are not officially released yet, but worth to try, or some quick fixes, are available in Beta builds. Feel free to try new builds listed here (if available), or just take a look at the list of features we are going to implement soon.
What's new in latest Beta builds?
Dec 5, 2016 - Version 3.15 build 816 (beta)
.
Improvements:
• This app version is created using brand new set of compiler tools and libraries. We've upgraded the project to Visual Studio C++ 2015 (previously it was VC++ 2005, which is 10 years of difference!), including all set of third-party library updates, such as PNG lib and ZLib, as well as many other system-related dependencies. Was added better support to Windows 10 (though it was already totally supported), but as a side effect we had to abandon Windows 2000 support as it's way too outdated and current version of Visual C++ libs are not compatible with it.
Fixes:
• Fixed issue with some app preferences being set to random valued on very, very rare occasions.
• Fixed issue with maximizing resizable windows on multi-monitor systems, in some rare cases windows could be expanded to slightly bigger area than monitor size is, which is incorrect. It looks like the issue is driver-specific, but after all we've managed it and all works correctly now.
• Many other tiny application improvements and fixes linked to new SDK update.
• Some other various refinements and fixes, including all these that where made in version 2.xx lately
Jul 25, 2015 - Version 3.12 build 797 (beta)
.
Improvements:
• Added Catalan language. Translation performed by Xavier Colome.
• Greatly updated Arabic translation to include all recently added strings and huge amount of old strings where revised and corrected as needed.
• Revised and updated to include recent strings Spanish language translation. Thanks to Xavier Colome for this work!
• On exporting multiple notes a separator text line is added between notes (can be configured in .ini file).
• Implemented sorting text within single table cell.
Fixes:
• On creating new hyperlink within text the cursor is placed after hyperlink text. Previously it was highlighting whole text, which could lead to accidental hyperlink deletion if to do not unselect hyperlink text and type something at once. Reported here.
• Fixed issue with tracking/loading changes done by external app to attachments stored in AllMyNotes Organizer. During the UI prompt (which appeared even in background after first file change detection), the file was exclusively locked, and all further changes by external app where blacked which was preventing third-party app from saving changes. Reported here.
• Added keyboard shortcuts to increase/decrease font size - Ctrl+[and Ctrl+], to increase/decrease font size (especially needed for German users, as German keyboard < and > characters are on the same key, so old keyboard shortcut wasn't working for them.
• Extended Free edition functionality - now hyperlinks, pasted from the web-browser or other apps are clickable! Though automatic URL/phone/e-mail recognition in plain text is still available in Deluxe edition only.
• Added text Strikethrough effect toolbar button to the text editor. This feature (strikethrough text effect) was available for long time already, but was accessible using keyboard shortcut, and, as appears, many users were unaware of it, way too many, so we've decided to make it more accessible.
Fixes:
• Fixed issue with saving attachments to disk - certain characters where lost in the file name.
Apr 25, 2014 - Version 3.10 build 781 (beta)
Improvements:
• Implemented automatic attachments modification tracking. When you are viewing/editing file attachmnets using the third-party app, and the file attachment got modified, you'll be notified about it and will be able to save modifications back in to AllMyNotes with a single mouse click.
• Extended automatic recognition of phone numbers, to recognize numbers in XXXX-XXXX format, which, as appears, is a valid local phone number format for certain locales.
• Default export file format changed from .rtf to .html, as the HTML file format is becoming more advanced and widely used.
• Improved export of file attachments to HTML file format. Now it's possible to export file attachments in HTML format. Attached files are exported as local files, and the hyperlink to these files is created on export.
Fixes:
• Fixed issue with auto-closing password-protected folder on folders when the app was configured to close to the system tray it wasn't working as expected - Reported on the forum.
• Fixed issue with menu items selection using the mouse, in some systems randomly mouse clicks on menu items where ignored. The issue was happening only once out of many clicks, therefore was not easy to reproduce it, but still it was annoying for some users.
• Fixed issue with validating values stored in the configuration file, cause in some cases of manual .ini file editing it was possible to make app crash, now it will not happen, the app will automatically recognize such errors, correct, and proceed as normal, transparently to the end user. It was also a case of video hardware changes - if on app launch old window position was outside of new visible area (ex: dual monitor position changes, screen resolution decrease, etc.)
• Fixed issue with maximizing main window on multi-monitor computers, when the first and the second monitors where switched in Windows Monitor settings - when maximizing on the left-side monitor, main window width was even wider than left monitor width.
• Fixed crash on exiting from the app, related to alarms and was happening very rarely.
• Some other minor refinements and fixes.
Dec 24, 2013 - Version 3.09 build 771 (beta)
.
Improvements:
• Many enhancements and fixes in synchronization algorithm. Particularly, fixed major issue with handling moves of hierarchy tree items that could lead to incorrect item positioning on all further synchronizations.
• Updated Russian and Ukrainian translations to include all newly added strings.
• New feature: added password Hint field for password-protected files and folders, to ease password entering. Despite big demand on this feature we have to warn you that password hint must be hard to guess for other people who potentially can access your computer. Therefore, make sure to make it as obfuscated as possible.
• New feature: Auto-close of all expanded password-protected folders on minimizing/closing the app to the system tray. Previously it was happening only on exiting from the app, but, we can see, many users are leaving their computers turned on for many days, do not turn them off, and prefer to minimize the app rather than to exit from it.
• Improved interface for opening password-protected folders, also for changing/disabling passwords directly from the main view.
• Added new keyboard shortcut to the Global Search window to Go To selected item in the search result list - F3 and Ctrl+F. Which allows mouse-free operation.
• Improved text sorting performance. Though it was fast already, but still... :)
Fixes:
• Fixed issue with pasting images from Chrome resources inspector panel, these pictures are base64-encoded and are embedded in to the html source text. Chrome resource inspector is not the only place where such images may appear, therefore it will work also on importing and on Drag&Drop of HTML text from other apps.
• Fixed major performance issue which had place for Deluxe trial users - in trial mode unneeded license verifications where unintentionally called without need, which could cause screen re-paint slowness.
• Fixed issue with importing data from .txt and .html formats, in some rare cases a dead loop could happen which was preventing from data importing.
• Fixed issue with First Start Wizard, on some systems it wasn't invoked automatically on first start.
• Few other minor fixes and improvements.
Sep 24, 2013 - Version 3.09 build 771 (beta)
.
Improvements:
• Some minor improvements and fixes in the workgroup/multi-PC seamless data Synchronization algorithm, by the way, you are welcome to give it a serious spin, read guidelines how to configure synchronization here.
• Udated Spanish translation (by Diego Lameiro).
• Implemented automatic attachments modification tracking by external app. When the user is viewing/editing file attachments using an external app, and the attachment file got modified, you'll be notified about it and will be asked for confirmation to save updated file back to AllMyNotes, all with a single mouse click :)
• Improved HTML parser, now it is able to detect encoded URLs in the <a> and <img> hyperlinks, which makes these hyperlinks more readable/editable in AllMyNotes.
• Increased cut/deletion speed in tree view.
• Added better support for PhonerLite dialer app - now, when passing the phone number to the dialer we are stripping off all characters that this app doesn't like, though, other apps (like Skype) may accept it.
Fixes:
• File attachment name is displayed within text when exporting/copying to plain text format (.txt).
• Fixed issue with importing accented characters from non-ANSI encoded .html files according to ?xml and meta tags. Added support to decode such encodings as KOI-8x, UTF-8, UTF-7, ISO-8859-x, Windows-125x, Windows 874, Euc-JP, Shift-Jis, ISO-2002-JP, csISO2022JP, hz-gb-2312, Big5, ks_c_5601-1987, tis-620, and some others, to cover all major encodings used by e-mail clients and web-browsers.
• Fixed issue with entering text at once after the hyperlinks, such texts where hyperlinked too, which is not quite correct. Described here.
• Fixed issue with exporting data in to .html format - when exported file path had accented characters, and exported note had images, these images where not displayed correctly when viewed using the web-browser.
• Corrected issue with exporting some non-English characters via the clipboard HTML format, and, on exporting using HTML file format. Described on the forum.
Jul 15, 2013 - Version 3.07 build 763 (beta)
.
Improvements:
• Many improvements and fixes in workgroup data Synchronization algorithm, since this version you are welcome to give it a serious spin :), you can read guidelines how to configure synchronization here.
Fixes:
Jun 5, 2013 - Version 3.06 build 757 (beta)
.
Improvements:
• New feature: Format Painter! Available in Deluxe edition. Added toolbar button, and keyboard shortcuts - Alt+C and Alt+V, which is bit different combination comparing to MS-Word, but otherwise there would be conflicts with other, already implemented, keyboard shortcuts. Reported on the forum.
• Updated Hebrew localization to include some strings that where previously missing (by Aviad Golan).
• Added option to disable Animated Cursor position Highlighting. Use Tools -> Options -> Interface -> "Enable Animated Cursor Position Highlighting" checkbox for that. Cursor animation is now more visible on passing focus from other apps. So now there is two sorts of animations - one for passing focus, and another one for cases if cursor position is far from old position.
• Updated the Installer to request admin password to escalate installer rights, which supposed to make installation easier on PCs with complex file permission restrictions.
• New feature: Animated Caret Position Highlighting, it greatly eases locating text input position for the user. Works on passing focus to the text editor, and, in some other cases, for example, when the new cursor position is too far from the previous one. Note: this feature works only when the system is able to provide enough free CPU resources to enable flicker-free animation. Reported on the forum.
• Enhanced data security by automatic deletion of temporary file attachments saved for viewing with third-party apps. Also, exactly same thing is done on copy-pasting and Drag&Drop of data from AllMyNotes to third-party programs - in HTML format images had to be saved in temporary disk location, and, now, on exiting from the program, or, on switching data files, temporary attachment and image files are being deleted automatically. Reported at the forum.
• Enhanced web-clipping (by copy-pasting and drag and drop from the browser app), extended support of secure HTTPS protocol, now images and web-objects are properly carried to the app. Also, much optimized by performance image pasting from the web, particularly, by caching already loaded images, and by loading images simultaneously.
• Added option to add original page URL (if provided in the clipboard by the browser) for pasted and dropped text, works for majority of browsers - IE, Firefox, Chrome, all, except Opera, which, currently, doesn't support any sort rich-text exporting. Note: this option slows down web-clipping, as the program needs to connect to the source server in attempt to retrieve source page title, therefore this option is disabled by default. See Options -> Tools -> Internet screen to turn it on. Requested on the forum.
• Updated manual to include additional/alternative instructions for data import from Info Select app. Reported on the Forum.
• Updated export from Evernote, item creation date is being parsed/extracted in AllMyNotes.
Fixes:
• Fixed few issues with web-clipping and importing text from HTML file format, for example, importing checkboxes wasn't working in the last app build. A squire braces where placed after each checkbox by error.
• Fixed Find & Replace toolbar buttons behavior - these buttons should be enabled only when folder is selected, while it should be available for notes only.
Dec 5, 2012 - Version 3.04 build 725
• Tested for compatibility with Windows 8, some minor issues where found and fixed, though basically the app works very well on this new OS, even older versions! :)
• Huge improvement in Right-To-Left (RTF) languages support. Now our Hebrew and Arabic customers can enjoy horizontally reversed window layout, including menus and hierarchy tree. There is still remaining small space for improvement, particularity in the Rich Text editor, which, hopefully, will be completed in the app version update.
• Hebrew and Arabic language are automatically selected for Hebrew/Arabic Windows version on first launch.
• New feature: now we support numbered lists. Our implementation is bit different from MS-Word, cause it mostly automatically formats new text lines, which allows changing of numeration in user-defined order. Currently we support numeration in number-dot format, in the future we'll extend it to roman/alphabetical numeration as well.
• Improved Sorting of Rich Text Objects (ex: checkboxes, alarms, images, attachments), which might be useful for sor sorting table by completion (by checkbox status), or by alarm (alarm date is taken in to account allowing to sort table rows by associated alarm time, e.g.
• Fixed issue with leading Checkbox removal on entering new line before the Checkbox.
• Improved note caption displaying in the outline hierarchy tree for notes that have empty first line. Now AllMyNotes will search for the first line with next, not just first visible text line, which could be empty. This feature was reported on the forum.
• Greatly updated Korean language, now it includes all recently introduced strings. Many thanks to Jeong-Ho Kang for this translation.
• Fixed issue with pasting text to the Chrome browser. Particularly, it wasn't working in some cases for Google Mail. This issue was reported on the forum.
• Fixed issue with moving text lines. In some cases such text modification wasn't saved in to the data file. reported at the forum.
• Skin theme "Holy Crown - Coffee" renamed (was "Cofee", by error). Not a big deal, though, if it's your favorite skin, after the upgrade you'll need to re-select the skin - due to the name change.
Aug 29, 2012 - Version 3.03 build 714
• New language added - Romanian! The translation was generously performed by Alexandru Bogdan Munteanu.
• Greatly updated Danish localization. Many thanks to Bent Munch for his efforts!
• Improved Hebrew translation, now majority string are translated.
• Improved Global Search and Search/Replace windows - from now on these windows will remember recent search history, even between app sessions, and also enabled auto-completion to ease search for recently searched text.
• Improved Drag&Drop in feature in hierarchy Tree view. Now you can drag&drop data in HTML, RTF, and DIB (images) format from other applications. For example, it may ease data import from such applications as Info Select, or, OneNote, or... serve for better Web-Clipping. No more need to create Note to drop dragged text in AllMyNotes Organizer, now you can simply Drag&Drop text pieces/images directly to hierarchy outline tree, and new note will be created under the cursor position.
• New App icon.
• Greatly improved skin "Deep" - now it's fashioned under grayscale style, all icons are now consistently gray, new toolbar appearance, reworked look of buttons and even window title is different. Who knows, possibly now you'll like it even better then default skin "Holy Crown"?.. Enjoy!
• Improved Deluxe Trial expired interface. Now if to select Free edition, it switches the edition immediately and asking for no other questions. Previously it was returning to trial expiration dialog box, which is incorrect and confusing for the user.
• No First Start Wizard on launching .ddb file from command line, which is convenient for case if the app is This feature is good if need to launch the app launched directly from CD/DVD
• Fixed issue with searching for upper-case texts - for some non-English locales such texts where ignored in Global Search.
• Fixed horizontal scrollbar painting issue in the Holy Crown skin.
• Fixed minor issue in the Password generator. For some very complex passwords the generator was saying "weak".
• Fixed issue with exporting some hyperlinks in html format. When whole line was a hyperlink, it was exported as a plain text.
• Fixed issue with installing different versions of the app to different folders. As result, was used skin from one of them, which could lead to the case when newer app version had an older app skin, which was odd to see.
• Fixed issue with handling .DDB file extension. Previously only upper-case extensions could be handled properly while upper-case where ignored when file name was provided as a command line argument.
• Fixed two annoyances with incorrect auto-scrolling - on expanding/collapsing folder, and on deleting item while the Recycle Bin folder was expanded.
• Fixed IME text input issue for Japanese, Korean, and Chinese, which was specific to some edit fields (not main text editor window) - IME input window had incorrect size, which was making very difficult entering some characters.
• Fixed OUTDATED BETA notification message. We would like to apologize for this message. Apparently it's not wise from our end to limit app functionality by time, even though it was enough to download fresh app update, we've corrected it by (1) extending beta version 3.03 period from 90 to 250 days, now it's only as a recommendation message which will not prevent the app from launch, this message will provide more information how to download the update.
• Many other minor updates and fixes.
Jun 20, 2012 - Version 3.02 build 710
. This is the third public beta release of version 3 - discuss on the Forum.
• New feature: Multi-Selection on hierarchy tree. Now you can perform operations on multiple items at once. Previously such feature was available in Folder view only.
• Imporved Holy Crown skin appearance (the default skin) - new toolbar button effects, applied rounded corner effect to edit controls, lists, scroll bars, improved selection bar appearance + many other minor refinements.
• Greatly updated Danish localization. Many thanks to Bent Munch for his efforts!
• Updated Polish language translation to include recently added strings. Many thanks to Sebastian Pieczynski!
• Updated Chinese language translation to include recently added strings. Translation is performed by Rujun Jiang, thank you Rujun Jiang!
• Updated Dutch language translation to include newly added strings.
• Updated Spanish language translation to include recently added texts.
• Added option "Print captions" to Printing window, available on printing multiple notes/folders.
• Printing window now remembers last printer settings even between app restarts.
• Fixed issue with error message "Cannot load default language module" on app startup, hopefully it will not happen anymore. The issue is easy to fix from user end, but still we want app to handle this thing automatically.
• Fixed issue with printing big amount of notes and scale ratio was set to more than 150%. In some rare cases the app could go in to a dead loop.
• Improved Tab key handling when typing/renaming Note caption, now it immediately passes focus to the text editor area. Reported on the forum.
• Implemented Click.To support to enable even better clipping, added command line key - /PasteClipboard . Reported on the forum - read this forum topic for details
• Improved smooth scrolling of hierarchy tree view, in some cases it could freeze for a short moment on sliding the scroll bar, which could lead to bad visual experience.
• Fixed issue with exporting data from AllMyNotes - captions where missing (the issue appeared in recent app version only).
• Fixed issue with issue with importing from big KNT files - in some cases random notes could be missing.
between folders in various .ddb files. Synchronization is pretty powerful - enabling big workgroups to work on same data simultaneously, sync their changes seamlessly and quickly. Note: sync algorithm is pretty fresh, many enhancements will be added to it soon, yet use it on your own risk and make sure to backup your data before using it. Sync over web will be available later.
• Added 8 new color Themes for skin "Holy Crown" - Pink, Sea, Rose, Green Grass, Green Sea, Purple Light, Purple, Blue Purple.
• Added many new menu icons - almost all menu items have menu icons assigned now.
• A Calculator. Built-in directly in to the text editor! Just type 1+1=, and AllMyNotes will do the calculation. Similar to OneNote, except that in AllMyNotes no need to hit Enter to get the calculation done. Supported following math functions and constants: pi, phi, e, abs, sqrt, sinh, cosh, tanh, arctan, ln, log, exp, sin, cos, tan, cot, arcsin, arccos, int, rad, deg, sign, arsinh, arcosh, artanh, kgv, ggt. As you can notice - more then in OneNote :)
• Smooth Scrolling of text editor, lists, and hierarchy tree. BTW, still needs some tuning for case of heavy CPU loading, but for normal use is totally OK.
• Some other minor improvements.
As it's a very early beta, please do not send us bug reports, we know, many things can be improved, this is a public preview only, please allow us some time for improvements. At a same time, you are always welcome to send us your comments, ideas, and feedback.
Note: When the app is in Beta-testing state, new features are being added daily, please expect new versions to be released every 1-2 weeks. So don't forget to visit us from time to time.
POLL: Help us define in which direction to develop the app, vote now!!!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
187 F.2d 610
WEISS,v.UNITED STATES.
No. 192, Docket 21936.
United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit.
Argued Feb. 16, 1951.Decided March 7, 1951.
Sidney Morse, of Brooklyn, N.Y., for plaintiff-appellant.
Thomas E. Walsh, Atty., Dept. of Justice, of Washington, D.C. (Frank J. Parker, U.S. Atty., and Nathan Borock, Asst. U.S. Atty., both of Brooklyn, N.Y., Newell A. Clapp, Acting Asst. Atty. Gen., and D. Vance Swann, Atty., Dept. of Justice, of Washington, D.C., on the brief), for defendant-appellee.
Before AUGUSTUS N. HAND, CHASE, and CLARK, Circuit Judges.
CLARK, Circuit Judge.
1
The plaintiff, Adele Weiss, is the sister of a veteran Eugene Morse who, while serving in the Armed Forces of the United States, took out two certificates of level premium term National Service Life Insurance, each for $5,000, naming her as beneficiary. He was honorably discharged on December 7, 1945, and died on August 27, 1948, having failed to pay the premiums after March 31, 1947- a period of some seventeen months. She brought suit for the proceeds, the government moved for a dismissal on the ground that, as the complaint disclosed, the insurance had lapsed, and the district court granted the motion. She now appeals. There is no dispute in these underlying facts and the case is to be decided upon the basis of the governing statute and the regulations issued thereunder. The plaintiff does not deny, indeed herself pleaded, the non-payment of the premiums; rather for the keeping in force of the insurance she relies upon (1) the existence of an insurance reserve based upon unearned premiums or undeclared dividends sufficient and effective for the purpose or (2) the insured's total disability for injuries during the period and consequent waiver of the premiums as provided by law. The government's defense is that the regulations issued pursuant to law explicitly prohibit such an interpretation of the obligations which were placed upon it in the issuance of veterans' insurance.
2
In accord with the district judge we think this defense complete and unanswerable and regard the plaintiff's contentions as based upon a form of governmental contract which, however equitable it might be considered, would be distinctly other than was actually proffered. The learned judge first wrote a reasoned opinion and then a supplemental opinion after he had given opportunity to the parties to submit later rulings, if any, of the Administrator of Veterans' Affairs. 92 F.Supp. 322. We agree with his rationale and find little more to say. Before turning to the statute and regulations, we may note that the appeal is in form from four district court orders: the dismissal of the complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted, the denial of a motion for reargument, the denial of leave to amend, and the denial of an order compelling delivery of certain regulations to the plaintiff. The second and third appeals are but iterations of the main point of law to which we shall now address ourselves. As to the fourth, whether or not there was any improper denial to plaintiff of the governing literature of the case, we now have all the material presented to us and this particular side issue has obviously become moot.
3
The National Service Life Insurance Act, passed in 1940, provided for the granting to persons in active service, upon application and payment of premiums, of insurance on the five-year level premium term plan. 38 U.S.C.A. § 802(a). The Act went on to provide, inter alia, for the setting of premium rates upon 'the net rates based upon the American Experience Table of Mortality and interest at the rate of 3 per centum per annum,' Sec. 802(e); for the privilege of conversion of the term insurance into other plans upon payment of the difference in reserve within the five-year-term period, Sec. 802(f); for the establishment of a permanent trust fund in the United States Treasury, known as the National Service Life Insurance Fund, to receive the premiums paid in, together with interest, to be available 'for the payment of liabilities under such insurance, including payment of dividends and refunds of unearned premiums. Payments from this fund shall be made upon and in accordance with awards by the Administrator,' Sec. 805(a); and for the power to the Administrator 'to make such rules and regulations, not inconsistent with the provisions of this chapter, as are necessary or appropriate to carry out its purposes,' Sec. 808.1 Regulations, 38 CFR, 1941 Supp., Secs. 10.3414-10.3416, provided for grace periods of 31 days for the payment of any premium, cited the method of computation of the period, covering such matters as its expiration on Sunday or a legal holiday, and concluded in Sec. 10.3416: 'If any premium be not paid when due, the National Service Life Insurance policy shall cease and become void, except as otherwise provided in the policy.'
4
With respect to dividends the Act in the subdivision cited above providing for conversion into other form of life policies then stated: 'All five year level premium term policies shall cease and terminate at the expiration of the five year term period. Provisions for cash, loan, paid up, and extended values, dividends from gains and savings, refund of unearned premiums, and such other provisions as may be found to be reasonable and practicable, may be provided for in the policy of insurance or from time to time by regulations promulgated by the Administrator.' Sec. 802(f). No dividends were, however, declared for many years. Indeed this delay in the declaration of dividends is made one of the grounds of complaint by the plaintiff. It was explained by defendant on the ground that for the duration of the war the government's liability could not be accurately determined and thereafter it was placed in doubt by the decision in Zazove v. United States, 7 Cir., 162 F.2d 443, which threatened to enlarge it 'by billions' until reversal on June 14, 1948, in United States v. Zazove, 334 U.S. 602, 68 S.Ct. 1284, 92 L.Ed. 1601. A regulation promulgated in the spring of 1949, 38 CFR, 1949 Ed., Sec. 8.26a, provided: 'Any special National Service life insurance dividend that may be declared shall be paid in cash only. Such special dividends shall not be accepted to accumulate on deposit. Unpaid special dividends shall not be available to pay premiums.' An earlier regulation, 38 CFR, 1949 Ed., Sec. 8.26, had provided that dividend accumulations and unpaid dividends should not be available for the payment of insurance premiums except at the written request of the insured made before default in payment of a premium- a request, of course, never made by this insured.2
5
The plaintiff discounts these clear indications of administrative policy by saying that she is not relying upon declared and accumulated dividends, but rather upon the Administrator's breach of duty in failing to declare dividends. Her contention is that there had been built up in the National Service Life Insurance Fund a reserve on these certificates of the basis of premiums paid in which, not having been declared as dividends, must now be treated as applicable upon these certificates to render them fully paid-up policies for a period beyond the time of the death of the insured. This theory appears to have been developed because of the Administrator's present program of paying certain dividends in cash upon all policies, even those which had lapsed. In view of this there may perhaps be some fireside equity in the concept that instead of cash payments available now the money should have been used to keep the main policies alive so long as possible. Be that as it may, we do not see how that can be made a compulsion upon the government when the regulations under the statute, having the force of law because quite consistent with it, are so obviously based on the contrary principle. Provisions as to lapse are necessary if the scheme of requiring premiums from the veterans for their insurance is to be given any force at all. The further restriction upon the use of dividends is a natural and perhaps a necessary bookkeeping development under the circumstances under which dividends were contemplated and were eventually granted. Presumably the Administrator could not have undertaken the responsibility of declaring dividends even when he did if his act was to have the effect of reviving innumerable policies already lapsed. Nor is there anything apparent in the legislation requiring the earlier declaration of dividends while the liability of the government was thus inchoate. The cases arising after World War I, and to date after the last war, seem quite clear that payments, including dividends, on veteran policies are to be only as the governing regulations provide and that the United States cannot be held estopped into other or greater payments. United States v. Huie, 5 Cir., 73 F.2d 305; James v. United States, 4 Cir., 185 F.2d 115; United States v. Norton, 5 Cir., 77 F.2d 731; Wilber Nat. Bank of Oneonta, Adm'r, v. United States, 294 U.S. 120, 55 S.Ct. 362, 79 L.Ed. 798. Several recent unreported cases in the district courts have also been cited to us. We have therefore no doubt but that the plaintiff's contention cannot be supported.
6
Her second ground of suit, namely, that the insurance was in force at the insured's death because of waiver of premiums for disability, stands in no better shape. The allegations of the complaint fall far short of meeting the conditions set in the Act itself, Sec. 802(n), as amended, of continuous total disability of the insured, 'which continues or has continued for six or more consecutive months' subsequent to his application and 'while the insurance was in force under premium-paying conditions,' and of application by the insured within the times specified. These conditions are not in any way removed or nullified by the provisions of Sec. 807(b) for the bearing of the cost by the United States beyond the amount of reserve of the policy.
7
Affirmed.
1
Several of the provisions cited here and below have been expanded or elaborated by amendments, notably in 1946 and 1947; since the changes do not affect the substance of the issues here involved, citation of detail appears unnecessary
2
See also the provisions of 38 C.F.R., 1947 Supp., Sec. 10.3426 that dividends 'will be paid in cash except that at the request of the insured they may be left to accumulate on deposit provided the policy is in force on a basis other than extended term insurance or level premium term insurance'- a distinction made between different types of insurance which is carried into Secs. 10.3428-10.3430
|
{
"pile_set_name": "FreeLaw"
}
|
Eyedea Worx and Notion Worx are here to help our clients create any kind of custom branded merchandise for promotion. Because we love working with such a large variety of different businesses, we create all kinds of different branded merchandise beyond standard shirts, stickers, and other more “traditional” items that might come to mind for promotional giveaways and branded retail-ready items.
Here are a few examples of some of the different items we’ve created recently:
Branded Glass Pipes
With so many legal medical and recreational marijuana businesses thriving here in Colorado, branded merchandise to sell at the checkout of a dispensary just makes sense! We work with many cannabis dispensaries to provide shirts, stickers, and branded glass pipes like the one shown above with logo and their choice of text. Bands or other businesses with a fan-base who might want a branded pipe instead of a standard shirt or other merch table item should give us a call!
Custom Molded Stress Relievers
Eyedea Worx and Notion Worx create many stress relievers that are stock items that are simply imprinted with a company’s logo, but we also can make custom-molded items from scratch to create a unique piece that says something special about your business. This particular piece is a to-scale model of the actual item the company produces, making it the perfect branded promotional item to get potential customers interested in the real thing.
Custom Molded USB Flash Drives
We’ve shown off many of our custom printed USB flash drives on our blog and website before, but much like with stress relievers, we can create a new mold from scratch to make a unique drive that makes not just a logo but all of your artwork standout and be instantly recognizable.
Branded Golf Balls
Another great item to get your brand directly seen by interested clients or as a way to say thank you to good repeat customers are custom printed golf balls with your logo printed directly on the balls and sleeves. It’s just another good way to stand out and give something memorable to clients to keep your name on their minds.
These are just a few of the over 500,000 products currently available to be branded with YOUR logo! Just visit the Notion Worx website to browse the many options available for custom printed items- and if you are interested in something that isn’t listed on the site, just contact us and tell us what we can brand for YOU!
info@eyedeaworx.com
800-973-9383
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
The present invention relates generally to systems and methods for lending transactions involving loan initiation. More particularly, the invention is a system and method for ensuring that loans provided by lending institutions comply with the most current federal, state and local regulations. This is accomplished by extracting data from a lending institution's loan origination system and forwarding the data over a secure communication connection to a server located at a service provider's site. The server archives the lending institution's data and processes the data to assess whether every mortgage loan originated by the institution complies with all federal, state and local regulations applicable to each loan initiation.
As the standard of living for more people has increased over the last decade, many have sought to own their own home. This has brought an increase in the number of home mortgage loan applications. There are tens of millions of mortgage loan applications processed every year resulting in over a trillion dollars in new residential real estate loans. It is estimated that between five and six percent of the principal amount of these loans was paid out in fees, charges and expenses to consummate these transactions, amounting to between $60 and $72 billion. To protect consumers involved in these credit transactions, the Federal government as well as state and local municipalities have enacted laws and regulations that impose requirements on institutions and personnel involved in the business of originating and closing mortgage loans. These laws and regulations establish transactional standards and disclosure requirements that are enforced by state and Federal agencies. As new laws, regulations, licenses and rules are added over time, mortgage loan applications have become more varied, complex and prone to error, resulting in an increase in exposure to non-compliance liabilities of the institutions that process these applications. With the growing complexity of the mortgage loan industry, consumers have sometimes been subjected to compliance errors, overcharges and careless lending practices.
Federal and state regulators are conducting increasingly aggressive policing campaigns to ensure compliance by the mortgage industry. These efforts have significantly increased the costs for non-compliance in terms of monetary penalties and legal expenses, as well as in terms of tarnished reputations to the lending institutions. Because of the substantial growth in Internet and multi-state lending activities, the potential for serious compliance violations is likely to increase along with a corresponding increase in compliance scrutiny and enforcement activities by Federal and state regulatory agencies. The mortgage industry, including mortgage-backed securities investors, face the prospect of significant losses if they are forced to refund fees and charges, repurchase noncompliant loans, and pay civil and criminal penalties. To counter these potential losses, the industry will incur increased expenses associated with compliance audits and compliance policies, procedures and reporting.
In order to overcome these problems and to satisfy regulatory compliance requirements, institutions offering mortgage loans have attempted to audit loan compliance on a manual basis. This approach results in a tedious, time-consuming and costly process that allows only a small statistical sample of loan applications to be examined for compliance with requirements. The results of this process are also oftentimes inconsistent due to factors such as varying degrees of understanding, differences in interpretation and processing errors. With greater competition in the mortgage loan market, there is also a strong need to reduce the cost of regulatory compliance as well as to reduce penalties for failure to meet compliance requirements. Some mortgage companies have attempted to employ risk management techniques, which have proved inadequate as a solution to the compliance and related liability problems.
While the home mortgage loan industry is probably more regulated than other industries, the compliance difficulties are also encountered in many other areas. Other applications where automated compliance assessment would reduce costs and speed transaction processing include automobile and other consumer loans.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
"Maybe they were just hopeful," Chaffetz said, "but they regularly complain about lack of resources and more money for maintenance budgets and this is a small item but I want to know if there was communication and were they being truthful with the governor and the delegation."
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Once you select us to obtain your home loan, you'll be amazed at how quickly and simply the loan process moves. Before you know it, you'll have a mortgage that suits your lifestyle and saves you money.
Throughout the loan-application process, we provide you with regular updates. You can also e-mail us with questions or new information. And if you want assistance, a mortgage expert who can answer questions is just a phone call away.
Here's an overview of the loan-application process
STEP ONE -- Be Prepared
When you've decided to buy a home or refinance your current home click one of the links on the left to fill out our Got A Minute application or you can request a free consultation.
STEP TWO -- You are Pre-Approved!
You can now go searching for the perfect home for you. Once you have a signed contract make sure to get it to us as soon as possible.
We will work with you and your realtor to ensure a smooth and successful home loan process.
Keeping it simple and LOCAL for your benefit. Reasonable costs, quick processing and closings.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Heroes of Might and Magic IV
Heroes of Might and Magic IV is a turn-based strategy game developed by Gus Smedstad through New World Computing and published by the 3DO Company for Microsoft Windows-based personal computers in 2002. A Macintosh port was subsequently developed by Contraband Entertainment and released by the 3DO Company. The fourth installment of the popular Heroes of Might and Magic franchise, it is the sequel to Heroes of Might and Magic III, and was the last to be developed by New World Computing.
Gameplay
Heroes of Might and Magic IV introduced a number of major changes to the series.
Heroes
Unlike previous games, where they had little active role in combat, heroes became present on the battlefield with their troops. They can attack, and be attacked. If a hero is killed in combat he/she must be brought to a friendly town to be revived. It is possible to have armies with more than one hero, or with no heroes at all, although armies without a hero are incapable of performing certain tasks, such as capturing enemy towns or structures.
The skill system also underwent a significant overhaul, and all Heroes of a given class start out with the same skills. The player has significantly more control over the development of the Hero than in previous games in the series, and Heroes "evolve" into over 40 different specialized classes. A Hero can select up to five of the nine available primary skills, and each primary skill makes available three secondary skills. Each of these 36 skills have five levels of progression as opposed to the three levels in the previous games.
Combat
Both the adventure and combat maps were converted to a fixed-view isometric 3D display. The traditional hexagon-based battle grid was converted into a much higher-resolution square-based grid, making it easier to feature units of different sizes. Non-hero spellcasting units were given proper spell selections. Retaliation was allowed simultaneously with the attack, and ranged units were given the capability to retaliate against ranged attacks. Projectile attacks and spells now required direct line of sight to the target.
World map
Each individual troop unit was given its own movement allowance on the adventure map, with units possessing the ability to split off independently of the main army; however, the troops can no longer be "shuttled" from hero to hero to move an army large distances in a single turn. Logistics were restricted by eliminating or weakening travel spells. This, in turn, was partially compensated for by the elimination of the need to revisit resource-producing structures each week, and the introduction of caravans, which can quickly and safely transport heroes and remotely recruit troops from external dwellings.
Units
A small number of these skills are shared with earlier games, and some of the new skills can dramatically affect strategy (e.g., a Hero with Grandmaster Stealth is invisible to all non-allied units). Troop units may no longer be upgraded, and there are four recruitable ranks of units, down from seven. Each rank has two dwellings that can be built, but beyond the first rank, building one dwelling precludes the other. The creature dwellings themselves accumulate new creatures every day, as opposed to the start of each new week.
Story
Following the events of Heroes Chronicles: The Sword of Frost, Gelu, the leader of AvLee's Forest Guard and wielder of Armageddon's Blade, attacks Kilgor, the Barbarian King of Krewlod, in an attempt to claim and destroy the Sword of Frost. As foretold by a prophecy, when Armageddon's Blade and the Sword of Frost clash in battle, the result is a massive explosion (known as the Reckoning), which destroys the world of Enroth. Many of the inhabitants of the planet, however, escape through mysterious portals that appear during the Reckoning that lead them to another world, called Axeoth – also the setting for Might and Magic IX. Included among the refugees are many of the heroes of previous installments of the series, and many return to their old ways shortly after arriving on their new home.
The story of Heroes of Might and Magic IV unfolds primarily through the game's six campaigns, each of which establishes how the major kingdoms of one of Axeoth's continents were forged in the wake of the Reckoning, and the arrival of the Enrothian refugees on Axeoth. Each of the campaigns centers on a faction leader, and tells the story of how that leader came to prominence. Unlike Heroes of Might and Magic III, all of the six campaigns are accessible from the beginning, and each unfolds as a stand-alone tale.
In the Haven campaign, The True Blade, Lysander, a loyal knight formerly in the service of Queen Catherine Ironfist, rules over the nascent kingdom of Palaedra, inhabited mainly by refugees from the kingdom of Erathia. His command, however, is challenged by a usurper named Sir Worton, who claims to be the only surviving heir to the Gryphonheart dynasty. Many of Lysander's generals are drawn to Worton, forcing the lord to expose Worton as a fraud or lose control of his kingdom.
At the start of the Stronghold campaign, Glory of Days Past, Waerjak, a barbarian chieftain, despairs over the changes that have come over the barbarian community. In the wake of Kilgor's death, his people have descended into interfactional strife, and are in danger of wiping themselves out. Intent on restoring the barbarian kingdom to its more peaceful state before Kilgor's ascension, Waerjak sets out to prove his strength and to subdue his rivals, guided by his mentor, Tarnum (previously the protagonist of the Heroes Chronicles series).
The game's Academy campaign, The Price of Peace tells the story of Emilia Nighthaven, the peasant daughter of an Enrothian glassblower. On Axeoth, however, she finds herself taking command of a community of frightened refugees and forging them into the kingdom of Great Arcan. Queen Emilia's success, however, attracts the attention of Gavin Magnus, the Immortal King of Bracada from Heroes of Might and Magic III and Might and Magic VII, and his genie servant, Solmyr, who seek to prevent Axeoth from meeting the same fate as Enroth (i.e. being destroyed) by magically depriving its entire population of their free will.
In the Preserve campaign, Elwin and Shaera, Elwin, a simple elf from the Elven kingdom of Aranorn (mainly populated by survivors from AvLee), is in love with Shaera, but their romance is threatened by Lord Harke, a powerful rival for Shaera's affection. Elwin's continued pursuit of his beloved plunges the region into internecine war, and whoever emerges the victor will not only win Shaera's hand in marriage, but the throne of Aranorn, as well.
Half-Dead, the Necropolis campaign, relates the tale of Gauldoth Half-Dead, the half-human, half-lich victim of a necromantic spell that he cast to save his life which went horribly wrong. Tired of living on the scraps of food he can steal from fearful villagers, Gauldoth unites the forces of the surviving Necromancers and demonic Kreegans from Enroth's old kingdoms of Deyja and Eeofol into Nekross, a powerful and feared kingdom, but he is forced to act as a protector for both the living and the dead when a powerful being from another dimension arrives with plans to end all life in the universe.
A Pirate's Daughter, the game's Asylum campaign, introduces the only daughter of a famous pirate, Tawni Balfour. Tawni inherits her father's ship and crew following his unfortunate death. Sailing down the coasts of the Gold Sea, fighting feared buccaneers, sea monsters and mermaids alike, Tawni intends to claim her father's mantle as Axeoth's most feared pirate captain, all while having to face her own shady past.
Expansion packs
Two expansion packs were released for Heroes IV: Heroes of Might and Magic IV: The Gathering Storm (2002) and Heroes of Might and Magic IV: Winds of War (2003), both for Microsoft Windows only.
The Gathering Storm offers six campaigns, more than 20 maps, 16 additional artifacts, four new creatures, and a multiplayer update. Each of the first five campaigns features a new specialty hero. The Gathering Storm also features an upgraded editor, which allows full access to new heroes, adventure objects, artifacts and creatures. A new soundtrack is also included.
Winds of War introduces three new creatures and six new campaigns, which collectively tell the story of the invasion of the kingdom of Channon by the leaders of its five neighboring kingdoms. Winds of War was the last installment of the entire Heroes of Might and Magic series to be developed by New World Computing. Afterwards, the bankruptcy of the 3DO Company led to the sale of the Might and Magic franchise to Ubisoft for $1.3 million.
Reception
Sales
In the German market, Heroes of Might and Magic IV debuted at #5 on Media Control's computer game sales chart for April 2002. It climbed to fourth in its second month, before dropping to 12th and 19th in June and July, respectively.
Critical reviews
The critic aggregator Metacritic determined that reviewers found the game to be generally favorable, with a weighted score of 84 out of 100. GameSpot wrote that "Heroes IV is clearly a worthy successor to the series and has very clearly been worth the wait", praising New World Computing for being "able to incorporate so many new and interesting features into this sequel while still making sure it kept all the core elements that made all the previous games so great". PC Gameworld was slightly less favorable, saying, "The spark might be there, but it doesn’t burn as bright as it has in the past."
The expansions were less well received by professional reviewers, with metascores of 64 out of 100 for The Gathering Storm and 58 out of 100 for Winds of War.
Heroes of Might and Magic IV was a nominee for The Electric Playgrounds 2002 "Best Strategy Game for PC" award, but lost to Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos.
Notes and references
External links
Heroes of Might and Magic IV at MobyGames
Category:2002 video games
Category:Video games about angels
Category:Turn-based strategy video games
Category:Heroes of Might and Magic
Category:Video games with isometric graphics
Category:Mac OS games
Category:New World Computing games
Category:The 3DO Company games
Category:Video games developed in the United States
Category:Video games featuring female protagonists
Category:Video games with expansion packs
Category:Windows games
Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Multiple sclerosis: a quantitative and qualitative study of immunoglobulin-containing cells in the central nervous system.
Autopsy material from the brains and spinal cords of twenty-three patients with multiple sclerosis was examined with immunoperoxidase (PAP) method to compare the distribution of immunoglobulin (Ig)-containing cells in demyelinated plaques and normally myelinated tissue. Ig-containing cells were much more numerous within plaques than outside them and were more common in recent than in old plaques. Most of the heavy chain present was IgG with small amounts also of IgA. More cells were demonstrated to contain light chains than heavy chains. It is suggested on the basis of the pattern of distribution of Ig-containing cells that a stimulus to B-cell proliferation and maturation resides within plaques.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
package com.glumes.openglbasicshape.draw.texture
import android.content.Context
import android.opengl.GLES20
import android.opengl.GLES30
import com.glumes.openglbasicshape.R
import com.glumes.openglbasicshape.base.LogUtil
import com.glumes.openglbasicshape.draw.BaseShape
import com.glumes.openglbasicshape.utils.MatrixStateOnly
import com.glumes.openglbasicshape.utils.ShaderHelper
import com.glumes.openglbasicshape.utils.TextureHelper
import io.reactivex.Observable
import java.nio.ByteBuffer
import java.nio.ByteOrder
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit
import javax.microedition.khronos.egl.EGLConfig
import javax.microedition.khronos.opengles.GL10
/**
* Created by glumes on 09/05/2018
*/
class CubeTexture(context: Context) : BaseShape(context) {
private val U_VIEW_MATRIX = "u_ViewMatrix"
private val U_MODEL_MATRIX = "u_ModelMatrix"
private val U_PROJECTION_MATRIX = "u_ProjectionMatrix"
private val A_POSITION = "a_Position"
private val A_TEXTURE_COORDINATE = "a_TextureCoordinates"
private val U_TEXTURE_UNIT = "u_TextureUnit"
private var uModelMatrixAttr: Int = 0
private var uViewMatrixAttr: Int = 0
private var uProjectionMatrixAttr: Int = 0
private var aPositionAttr: Int = 0
private var aTextureCoordinateAttr: Int = 0
private var uTextureUnitAttr: Int = 0
private var mTextureId: IntArray? = null
var vertexFloatBuffer = ByteBuffer
.allocateDirect(8 * 4)
.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder())
.asFloatBuffer()
var textureFloagBuffer = ByteBuffer
.allocateDirect(8 * 4)
.order(ByteOrder.nativeOrder())
.asFloatBuffer()
val CubeSize = 1.0f
val HalfCubeSize = CubeSize / 2
var eyeX = 0.0f
val eyeY = 0.0f
var eyeZ = 2.0f
val eyeDistance = 3.0f
val lookX = 0.0f
val lookY = 0.0f
val lookZ = 0.0f
val upX = 0.0f
val upY = 1.0f
val upZ = 0.0f
private val mMatrixStateOnly: MatrixStateOnly
init {
LogUtil.d("cube texture")
mProgram = ShaderHelper.buildProgram(mContext, R.raw.texture_vertex_shader, R.raw.texture_fragment_shader)
GLES20.glUseProgram(mProgram)
initVertexData()
initTextureData()
POSITION_COMPONENT_COUNT = 2
mMatrixStateOnly = MatrixStateOnly()
}
// 六个面的顶点，都是一样的坐标，通过变换矩阵来转换位置进行绘制。
private fun initVertexData() {
val faceLeft = -CubeSize / 2
val faceRight = -faceLeft
val faceTop = CubeSize / 2
val faceBottom = -faceTop
val vertices = floatArrayOf(
faceLeft, faceBottom,
faceRight, faceBottom,
faceLeft, faceTop,
faceRight, faceTop
)
vertexFloatBuffer.put(vertices)
vertexFloatBuffer.position(0)
}
// 六个面的纹理坐标，都是一样的坐标，通过变换矩阵来转换位置进行绘制。
private fun initTextureData() {
val texCoords = floatArrayOf(
0.0f, 1.0f,
1.0f, 1.0f,
0.0f, 0.0f,
1.0f, 0.0f
)
textureFloagBuffer.put(texCoords)
textureFloagBuffer.position(0)
}
override fun onSurfaceCreated(gl: GL10?, config: EGLConfig?) {
super.onSurfaceCreated(gl, config)
GLES20.glClearColor(0f, 0f, 0f, 1.0f)
//打开深度检测
GLES30.glEnable(GLES30.GL_DEPTH_TEST)
//打开背面剪裁，面剔除，优化显示速度
GLES30.glEnable(GLES30.GL_CULL_FACE)
aPositionAttr = GLES20.glGetAttribLocation(mProgram, A_POSITION)
uModelMatrixAttr = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(mProgram, U_MODEL_MATRIX)
uViewMatrixAttr = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(mProgram, U_VIEW_MATRIX)
uProjectionMatrixAttr = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(mProgram, U_PROJECTION_MATRIX)
aTextureCoordinateAttr = GLES20.glGetAttribLocation(mProgram, A_TEXTURE_COORDINATE)
uTextureUnitAttr = GLES20.glGetUniformLocation(mProgram, U_TEXTURE_UNIT)
mTextureId = TextureHelper.loadCubeTexture(mContext, TextureHelper.CUBE)
GLES20.glUniform1i(uTextureUnitAttr, 0)
}
override fun onSurfaceChanged(gl: GL10?, width: Int, height: Int) {
super.onSurfaceChanged(gl, width, height)
GLES20.glViewport(0, 0, width, height)
val ratio = width.toFloat() / height
val left = -ratio
val bottom = -1.0f
val top = 1.0f
val near = 1.0f
val far = 12.0f
Observable.interval(30, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
.subscribe {
eyeX = eyeDistance * Math.sin((radian * num).toDouble()).toFloat()
eyeZ = eyeDistance * Math.cos((radian * num).toDouble()).toFloat()
num++
if (num > 360) {
num = 0
}
}
mMatrixStateOnly.setCamera(eyeX, eyeY, eyeZ, lookX, lookY, lookZ, upX, upY, upZ)
mMatrixStateOnly.setProjectFrustum(left, ratio, bottom, top, near, far)
mMatrixStateOnly.setInitStack()
mMatrixStateOnly.rotate(-30f, 0f, 0f, 1f)
mMatrixStateOnly.scale(0.398f, 0.555f, 0f)
mMatrixStateOnly.translate(0.5f, 0.8f, 0f)
}
var num = 0
var RotateNum = 360
val radian = (2 * Math.PI / RotateNum).toFloat()
override fun onDrawFrame(gl: GL10?) {
super.onDrawFrame(gl)
GLES20.glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f)
GLES20.glClear(GLES20.GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT or GLES20.GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
// GLES20.glClear(GLES20.GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT)
vertexFloatBuffer.position(0)
GLES20.glVertexAttribPointer(aPositionAttr, POSITION_COMPONENT_COUNT, GLES20.GL_FLOAT, false, 0, vertexFloatBuffer)
GLES20.glEnableVertexAttribArray(aPositionAttr)
textureFloagBuffer.position(0)
GLES20.glVertexAttribPointer(aTextureCoordinateAttr, POSITION_COMPONENT_COUNT, GLES20.GL_FLOAT, false, 0, textureFloagBuffer)
GLES20.glEnableVertexAttribArray(aTextureCoordinateAttr)
GLES20.glActiveTexture(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE0)
// 控制调整相机来观察不同的面
mMatrixStateOnly.setCamera(eyeX, eyeY, eyeZ, lookX, lookY, lookZ, upX, upY, upZ)
GLES20.glUniformMatrix4fv(uProjectionMatrixAttr, 1, false, mMatrixStateOnly.getProMatrix(), 0)
GLES20.glUniformMatrix4fv(uViewMatrixAttr, 1, false, mMatrixStateOnly.getVMatrix(), 0)
mMatrixStateOnly.pushMatrix()
// val time = SystemClock.uptimeMillis() % 10000L
// val angleInDegrees = 360.0f / 10000.0f * time.toInt()
// 通过改变旋转矩阵来观察不同的面
// MatrixState.rotate(angleInDegrees, 0f, 1.0f, 0f)
// 开始绘制立方体的每个面
// 前面
mMatrixStateOnly.pushMatrix()
mMatrixStateOnly.translate(0f, 0f, HalfCubeSize)
GLES20.glUniformMatrix4fv(uModelMatrixAttr, 1, false, mMatrixStateOnly.getMMatrix(), 0)
GLES20.glBindTexture(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, mTextureId!![0])
GLES20.glDrawArrays(GLES20.GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4)
mMatrixStateOnly.popMatrix()
// 后面
mMatrixStateOnly.pushMatrix()
mMatrixStateOnly.translate(0f, 0f, -HalfCubeSize)
mMatrixStateOnly.rotate(180f, 0f, 1f, 0f)
GLES20.glUniformMatrix4fv(uModelMatrixAttr, 1, false, mMatrixStateOnly.getMMatrix(), 0)
GLES20.glBindTexture(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, mTextureId!![1])
GLES20.glDrawArrays(GLES20.GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4)
mMatrixStateOnly.popMatrix()
// 上面
mMatrixStateOnly.pushMatrix()
mMatrixStateOnly.translate(0f, HalfCubeSize, 0f)
mMatrixStateOnly.rotate(-90f, 1f, 0f, 0f)
GLES20.glUniformMatrix4fv(uModelMatrixAttr, 1, false, mMatrixStateOnly.getMMatrix(), 0)
GLES20.glBindTexture(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, mTextureId!![2])
GLES20.glDrawArrays(GLES20.GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4)
mMatrixStateOnly.popMatrix()
//下面
mMatrixStateOnly.pushMatrix()
mMatrixStateOnly.translate(0f, -HalfCubeSize, 0f)
mMatrixStateOnly.rotate(90f, 1f, 0f, 0f)
GLES20.glUniformMatrix4fv(uModelMatrixAttr, 1, false, mMatrixStateOnly.getMMatrix(), 0)
GLES20.glBindTexture(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, mTextureId!![3])
GLES20.glDrawArrays(GLES20.GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4)
mMatrixStateOnly.popMatrix()
// 左面
mMatrixStateOnly.pushMatrix()
mMatrixStateOnly.translate(HalfCubeSize, 0f, 0f)
mMatrixStateOnly.rotate(-90f, 1f, 0f, 0f)
mMatrixStateOnly.rotate(90f, 0f, 1f, 0f)
GLES20.glUniformMatrix4fv(uModelMatrixAttr, 1, false, mMatrixStateOnly.getMMatrix(), 0)
GLES20.glBindTexture(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, mTextureId!![4])
GLES20.glDrawArrays(GLES20.GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4)
mMatrixStateOnly.popMatrix()
// 右面
mMatrixStateOnly.pushMatrix()
mMatrixStateOnly.translate(-HalfCubeSize, 0f, 0f)
mMatrixStateOnly.rotate(90f, 1f, 0f, 0f)
mMatrixStateOnly.rotate(-90f, 0f, 1f, 0f)
GLES20.glUniformMatrix4fv(uModelMatrixAttr, 1, false, mMatrixStateOnly.getMMatrix(), 0)
GLES20.glBindTexture(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, mTextureId!![5])
GLES20.glDrawArrays(GLES20.GL_TRIANGLE_STRIP, 0, 4)
mMatrixStateOnly.popMatrix()
mMatrixStateOnly.popMatrix()
GLES20.glDisableVertexAttribArray(aPositionAttr)
GLES20.glDisableVertexAttribArray(aTextureCoordinateAttr)
GLES20.glBindTexture(GLES20.GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0)
}
override fun onSurfaceDestroyed() {
super.onSurfaceDestroyed()
GLES20.glDeleteProgram(mProgram)
}
fun getMatrixStateOnly(): MatrixStateOnly {
return mMatrixStateOnly
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
SARAJEVO (Bosnia and Herzegovina), January 22 (SeeNews) – The Executive Board of the International Monetary Fund plans to consider the first review under its three-year loan deal with Bosnia and Herzegovina on February 9, the IMF told SeeNews on Monday.
"We confirm that a meeting of the IMF Executive Board is scheduled for February 9 and that the first review under the Extended Fund Facility (EFF) with Bosnia and Herzegovina is on the agenda", a spokesperson for the Fund's office in Bosnia said in response to a SeeNews enquiry.
Following the meeting, Bosnia can expect the disbursal of some 76 million euro ($93.2 million).
In December, the IMF announced it has reached a staff-level agreement with Bosnia to conclude the first review under the EFF.
At the time, the Fund noted that before the Executive Board convenes on the issue, Bosnia must fulfil a number of conditions. "The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) parliament is expected to adopt the 2018 budget in line with IMF staff recommendations. And, the FBiH government is expected to initiate the due diligence of two FBiH state-owned telecom companies, BH Telecom and HT Mostar”, IMF mission chief for Bosnia and Herzegovina, Nadeem Ilahi, said.
The Federation's budget was finally adopted on Friday by the House of Peoples of the the entity's Parliament, however steps are yet to be taken towards conducting a due diligence process in the telecom operators.
In September 2016, the IMF approved a three-year 553.3 million euro loan to Bosnia to support the country's economic reform agenda. However, the IMF delayed the release of the second loan tranche in May, after the Bosnian authorities failed to meet the agreed economic reform targets.
The Fund released the first tranche of the loan in the amount of 79.2 million euro in 2016, while the remainder was said to be made available in 11 installments subject to quarterly reviews.
($=0.815630 euro)
|
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The late, great crime novelist Elmore Leonard’s novel Killshot opens like this: “The Blackbird told himself he was drinking too much because he lived in this hotel and the Silver Dollar was close by, right downstairs. Try to walk out the door past it. Try to come along Spadina Avenue, hundreds of light bulbs in your face, and not be drawn in there.”
When the news came this week that the Silver Dollar might be closing — possibly temporarily, it turns out — my friend Lynda Spark shared a story of going to see Leonard read when Killshot was still a work in progress. “Later in the reading he mentioned the clientele of old drunks; people down on their luck. But the bar was under new management then, just starting to book bands,” Lynda says. “When I went to get a book signed, I decided to mention this to Mr. Leonard. ‘Well I just drove by, and it looked pretty disreputable to me,’ he said, testily.”
But when the book was published, sure enough there was a change in that section: “Also, there were more punks coming in there, crazy ones who coloured their hair pink and green; he didn’t like the way they called him Blackbird, the way they said it.” Leonard died in 2013, so there’s no way to check with him if Lynda inspired a revision of his hardboiled Toronto, or not. But Lynda is both trustworthy and perpetually cool, and when she was my copy editor for years, she made a million helpful tweaks, so I will choose to believe she was also involved in this one.
But I like this story for another reason, as we lament that the Silver Dollar is closing while construction and redevelopment takes place around it, and suspect that it will be a changed place if and when it reopens, even if the sign and bar and stage and terrazzo tiles of it are protected by city law. Killshot reminds us that the place we knew and loved was the impostor version in someone else’s mind — since opening in 1958, the Silver Dollar has been an upscale hotel bar, then a seedy dive, then a jazz hot spot, then a seedy dive again, then a blues landmark, then an indie rock institution. Maybe there have been more lives lived there than that, ones that live on in the memories of former regulars. But you gotta figure at every stage, there was a group of people who shook their heads at what the place they knew was turning into, who didn’t like the new crowd, didn’t like their haircuts or the way they said things.
Read more:
Is Toronto facing a live-music crisis?
In a city growing and changing and developing as fast as Toronto, we get occasions for nostalgia almost daily as another familiar signpost of the city gets boarded up or torn down — Dangerous Dan’s burger joint is now closing, across the street from where the hot pink neon lights of Jilly’s peeler bar turned off for good a few years ago; last year saw the death of the Brunswick House and Honest Ed’s and Come as You Are; the Victory Pub has just recently poured its last pint, the HMV record store chain is in its final weeks.
I like marking the passings, both those I wish weren’t happening and those I think are probably for the best. In either case, a place that has provided memories is good to memorialize, worth marking on the personal civic historical record, an entry in book of stories that add up to what Toronto is to us.
But I also think it’s worthwhile to realize, and remember, that where the stories start and end, what the key conflicts and who the main characters are and what it all means — these are different for each of us, and ever changing. For everyone who wanders down Princes’ Boulevard and feels the phantom cold of steel bleachers under their butt from the years they cheered Damaso Garcia at Exhibition Stadium, there is a Toronto FC fan following a drumbeat to BMO Field to see the Atomic Ant make Canadian soccer history. Both may feel their own version of Toronto sports history in that spot is the real story and represents the authentic experience of the city. Neither is wrong.
A significant feature of the Queen St. W. in my mind is sipping cocktails at the Cameron House on Sunday nights while Kevin Quain and the Mad Bastards perform gravel-voiced cabaret — and even while I was there seeing it happen in person more than a decade ago, there was someone beside me recalling Big Rude Jake smoking cigars on the bartop, and Quain himself was singing about memories of the dear departed Squeeze Club. The sign over the bar said “This is Paradise,” and for each of us, in a different way, it was. For those who go there now every Sunday to see New Grease Revival, it probably still is. The sign over the bar is still there.
Whatever you used to do, and love doing, people are probably still doing it, or something like it, somewhere. Wherever you used to do it, people are probably still doing something there, or will. And probably those things and places are as meaningful to them as the old ones were to you. There’s room in this city for all those competing and overlapping versions of How Things Should Be. And if we’re lucky, some of the buildings and signs and physical markers of our personal definitive version remain in place, forming an impression on the shroud outlining the sacred things that have passed.
Another Spadina Ave. live music institution, we learned recently, will soon be reopening. The El Mocambo — which was the setting for live albums by the Rolling Stones, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Elvis Costello, April Wine and others, and was at one time programmed by Dan Burke, who is now leaving the Silver Dollar — closed in 2014, but will reopen this summer. It will feature a new recording studio alongside the famous stage. No doubt it will be different than it was, again — just as when it was reborn under new management in 1989, 2001, and 2012. But it will still have the neon palm-tree sign, and the name, and the stories. And now there will be new songs to go with the old ones still stuck in our heads.
Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading... Loading...
That’s the way things go, all over the city: things ain’t what they used to be, it’s true. But then again, they never were.
|
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!-- Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved. Licensed under the MIT License. See LICENSE in the project root for license information. -->
<Project xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/developer/msbuild/2003">
<PropertyGroup>
<MSBuildAllProjects>$(MSBuildAllProjects);$(MSBuildThisFileFullPath)</MSBuildAllProjects>
<HasSharedItems>true</HasSharedItems>
<SharedGUID>280C91F4-96B5-4BDE-9E02-E573E1DEF583</SharedGUID>
</PropertyGroup>
<PropertyGroup Label="Configuration">
<Import_RootNamespace>SplitButton_TestUI</Import_RootNamespace>
</PropertyGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<Page Include="$(MSBuildThisFileDirectory)DropDownButtonPage.xaml">
<SubType>Designer</SubType>
<Generator>MSBuild:Compile</Generator>
</Page>
</ItemGroup>
<ItemGroup>
<Compile Include="$(MSBuildThisFileDirectory)DropDownButtonPage.xaml.cs">
<DependentUpon>DropDownButtonPage.xaml</DependentUpon>
</Compile>
</ItemGroup>
</Project>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
#ifndef __SOUND_ICE1712_H
#define __SOUND_ICE1712_H
/*
* ALSA driver for ICEnsemble ICE1712 (Envy24)
*
* Copyright (c) 2000 Jaroslav Kysela <perex@perex.cz>
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
*
*/
#include <sound/control.h>
#include <sound/ac97_codec.h>
#include <sound/rawmidi.h>
#include <sound/i2c.h>
#include <sound/ak4xxx-adda.h>
#include <sound/ak4114.h>
#include <sound/pt2258.h>
#include <sound/pcm.h>
#include <sound/mpu401.h>
/*
* Direct registers
*/
#define ICEREG(ice, x) ((ice)->port + ICE1712_REG_##x)
#define ICE1712_REG_CONTROL 0x00 /* byte */
#define ICE1712_RESET 0x80 /* reset whole chip */
#define ICE1712_SERR_LEVEL 0x04 /* SERR# level otherwise edge */
#define ICE1712_NATIVE 0x01 /* native mode otherwise SB */
#define ICE1712_REG_IRQMASK 0x01 /* byte */
#define ICE1712_IRQ_MPU1 0x80
#define ICE1712_IRQ_TIMER 0x40
#define ICE1712_IRQ_MPU2 0x20
#define ICE1712_IRQ_PROPCM 0x10
#define ICE1712_IRQ_FM 0x08 /* FM/MIDI - legacy */
#define ICE1712_IRQ_PBKDS 0x04 /* playback DS channels */
#define ICE1712_IRQ_CONCAP 0x02 /* consumer capture */
#define ICE1712_IRQ_CONPBK 0x01 /* consumer playback */
#define ICE1712_REG_IRQSTAT 0x02 /* byte */
/* look to ICE1712_IRQ_* */
#define ICE1712_REG_INDEX 0x03 /* byte - indirect CCIxx regs */
#define ICE1712_REG_DATA 0x04 /* byte - indirect CCIxx regs */
#define ICE1712_REG_NMI_STAT1 0x05 /* byte */
#define ICE1712_REG_NMI_DATA 0x06 /* byte */
#define ICE1712_REG_NMI_INDEX 0x07 /* byte */
#define ICE1712_REG_AC97_INDEX 0x08 /* byte */
#define ICE1712_REG_AC97_CMD 0x09 /* byte */
#define ICE1712_AC97_COLD 0x80 /* cold reset */
#define ICE1712_AC97_WARM 0x40 /* warm reset */
#define ICE1712_AC97_WRITE 0x20 /* W: write, R: write in progress */
#define ICE1712_AC97_READ 0x10 /* W: read, R: read in progress */
#define ICE1712_AC97_READY 0x08 /* codec ready status bit */
#define ICE1712_AC97_PBK_VSR 0x02 /* playback VSR */
#define ICE1712_AC97_CAP_VSR 0x01 /* capture VSR */
#define ICE1712_REG_AC97_DATA 0x0a /* word (little endian) */
#define ICE1712_REG_MPU1_CTRL 0x0c /* byte */
#define ICE1712_REG_MPU1_DATA 0x0d /* byte */
#define ICE1712_REG_I2C_DEV_ADDR 0x10 /* byte */
#define ICE1712_I2C_WRITE 0x01 /* write direction */
#define ICE1712_REG_I2C_BYTE_ADDR 0x11 /* byte */
#define ICE1712_REG_I2C_DATA 0x12 /* byte */
#define ICE1712_REG_I2C_CTRL 0x13 /* byte */
#define ICE1712_I2C_EEPROM 0x80 /* EEPROM exists */
#define ICE1712_I2C_BUSY 0x01 /* busy bit */
#define ICE1712_REG_CONCAP_ADDR 0x14 /* dword - consumer capture */
#define ICE1712_REG_CONCAP_COUNT 0x18 /* word - current/base count */
#define ICE1712_REG_SERR_SHADOW 0x1b /* byte */
#define ICE1712_REG_MPU2_CTRL 0x1c /* byte */
#define ICE1712_REG_MPU2_DATA 0x1d /* byte */
#define ICE1712_REG_TIMER 0x1e /* word */
/*
* Indirect registers
*/
#define ICE1712_IREG_PBK_COUNT_LO 0x00
#define ICE1712_IREG_PBK_COUNT_HI 0x01
#define ICE1712_IREG_PBK_CTRL 0x02
#define ICE1712_IREG_PBK_LEFT 0x03 /* left volume */
#define ICE1712_IREG_PBK_RIGHT 0x04 /* right volume */
#define ICE1712_IREG_PBK_SOFT 0x05 /* soft volume */
#define ICE1712_IREG_PBK_RATE_LO 0x06
#define ICE1712_IREG_PBK_RATE_MID 0x07
#define ICE1712_IREG_PBK_RATE_HI 0x08
#define ICE1712_IREG_CAP_COUNT_LO 0x10
#define ICE1712_IREG_CAP_COUNT_HI 0x11
#define ICE1712_IREG_CAP_CTRL 0x12
#define ICE1712_IREG_GPIO_DATA 0x20
#define ICE1712_IREG_GPIO_WRITE_MASK 0x21
#define ICE1712_IREG_GPIO_DIRECTION 0x22
#define ICE1712_IREG_CONSUMER_POWERDOWN 0x30
#define ICE1712_IREG_PRO_POWERDOWN 0x31
/*
* Consumer section direct DMA registers
*/
#define ICEDS(ice, x) ((ice)->dmapath_port + ICE1712_DS_##x)
#define ICE1712_DS_INTMASK 0x00 /* word - interrupt mask */
#define ICE1712_DS_INTSTAT 0x02 /* word - interrupt status */
#define ICE1712_DS_DATA 0x04 /* dword - channel data */
#define ICE1712_DS_INDEX 0x08 /* dword - channel index */
/*
* Consumer section channel registers
*/
#define ICE1712_DSC_ADDR0 0x00 /* dword - base address 0 */
#define ICE1712_DSC_COUNT0 0x01 /* word - count 0 */
#define ICE1712_DSC_ADDR1 0x02 /* dword - base address 1 */
#define ICE1712_DSC_COUNT1 0x03 /* word - count 1 */
#define ICE1712_DSC_CONTROL 0x04 /* byte - control & status */
#define ICE1712_BUFFER1 0x80 /* buffer1 is active */
#define ICE1712_BUFFER1_AUTO 0x40 /* buffer1 auto init */
#define ICE1712_BUFFER0_AUTO 0x20 /* buffer0 auto init */
#define ICE1712_FLUSH 0x10 /* flush FIFO */
#define ICE1712_STEREO 0x08 /* stereo */
#define ICE1712_16BIT 0x04 /* 16-bit data */
#define ICE1712_PAUSE 0x02 /* pause */
#define ICE1712_START 0x01 /* start */
#define ICE1712_DSC_RATE 0x05 /* dword - rate */
#define ICE1712_DSC_VOLUME 0x06 /* word - volume control */
/*
* Professional multi-track direct control registers
*/
#define ICEMT(ice, x) ((ice)->profi_port + ICE1712_MT_##x)
#define ICE1712_MT_IRQ 0x00 /* byte - interrupt mask */
#define ICE1712_MULTI_CAPTURE 0x80 /* capture IRQ */
#define ICE1712_MULTI_PLAYBACK 0x40 /* playback IRQ */
#define ICE1712_MULTI_CAPSTATUS 0x02 /* capture IRQ status */
#define ICE1712_MULTI_PBKSTATUS 0x01 /* playback IRQ status */
#define ICE1712_MT_RATE 0x01 /* byte - sampling rate select */
#define ICE1712_SPDIF_MASTER 0x10 /* S/PDIF input is master clock */
#define ICE1712_MT_I2S_FORMAT 0x02 /* byte - I2S data format */
#define ICE1712_MT_AC97_INDEX 0x04 /* byte - AC'97 index */
#define ICE1712_MT_AC97_CMD 0x05 /* byte - AC'97 command & status */
/* look to ICE1712_AC97_* */
#define ICE1712_MT_AC97_DATA 0x06 /* word - AC'97 data */
#define ICE1712_MT_PLAYBACK_ADDR 0x10 /* dword - playback address */
#define ICE1712_MT_PLAYBACK_SIZE 0x14 /* word - playback size */
#define ICE1712_MT_PLAYBACK_COUNT 0x16 /* word - playback count */
#define ICE1712_MT_PLAYBACK_CONTROL 0x18 /* byte - control */
#define ICE1712_CAPTURE_START_SHADOW 0x04 /* capture start */
#define ICE1712_PLAYBACK_PAUSE 0x02 /* playback pause */
#define ICE1712_PLAYBACK_START 0x01 /* playback start */
#define ICE1712_MT_CAPTURE_ADDR 0x20 /* dword - capture address */
#define ICE1712_MT_CAPTURE_SIZE 0x24 /* word - capture size */
#define ICE1712_MT_CAPTURE_COUNT 0x26 /* word - capture count */
#define ICE1712_MT_CAPTURE_CONTROL 0x28 /* byte - control */
#define ICE1712_CAPTURE_START 0x01 /* capture start */
#define ICE1712_MT_ROUTE_PSDOUT03 0x30 /* word */
#define ICE1712_MT_ROUTE_SPDOUT 0x32 /* word */
#define ICE1712_MT_ROUTE_CAPTURE 0x34 /* dword */
#define ICE1712_MT_MONITOR_VOLUME 0x38 /* word */
#define ICE1712_MT_MONITOR_INDEX 0x3a /* byte */
#define ICE1712_MT_MONITOR_RATE 0x3b /* byte */
#define ICE1712_MT_MONITOR_ROUTECTRL 0x3c /* byte */
#define ICE1712_ROUTE_AC97 0x01 /* route digital mixer output to AC'97 */
#define ICE1712_MT_MONITOR_PEAKINDEX 0x3e /* byte */
#define ICE1712_MT_MONITOR_PEAKDATA 0x3f /* byte */
/*
* Codec configuration bits
*/
/* PCI[60] System Configuration */
#define ICE1712_CFG_CLOCK 0xc0
#define ICE1712_CFG_CLOCK512 0x00 /* 22.5692Mhz, 44.1kHz*512 */
#define ICE1712_CFG_CLOCK384 0x40 /* 16.9344Mhz, 44.1kHz*384 */
#define ICE1712_CFG_EXT 0x80 /* external clock */
#define ICE1712_CFG_2xMPU401 0x20 /* two MPU401 UARTs */
#define ICE1712_CFG_NO_CON_AC97 0x10 /* consumer AC'97 codec is not present */
#define ICE1712_CFG_ADC_MASK 0x0c /* one, two, three, four stereo ADCs */
#define ICE1712_CFG_DAC_MASK 0x03 /* one, two, three, four stereo DACs */
/* PCI[61] AC-Link Configuration */
#define ICE1712_CFG_PRO_I2S 0x80 /* multitrack converter: I2S or AC'97 */
#define ICE1712_CFG_AC97_PACKED 0x01 /* split or packed mode - AC'97 */
/* PCI[62] I2S Features */
#define ICE1712_CFG_I2S_VOLUME 0x80 /* volume/mute capability */
#define ICE1712_CFG_I2S_96KHZ 0x40 /* supports 96kHz sampling */
#define ICE1712_CFG_I2S_RESMASK 0x30 /* resolution mask, 16,18,20,24-bit */
#define ICE1712_CFG_I2S_OTHER 0x0f /* other I2S IDs */
/* PCI[63] S/PDIF Configuration */
#define ICE1712_CFG_I2S_CHIPID 0xfc /* I2S chip ID */
#define ICE1712_CFG_SPDIF_IN 0x02 /* S/PDIF input is present */
#define ICE1712_CFG_SPDIF_OUT 0x01 /* S/PDIF output is present */
/*
* DMA mode values
* identical with DMA_XXX on i386 architecture.
*/
#define ICE1712_DMA_MODE_WRITE 0x48
#define ICE1712_DMA_AUTOINIT 0x10
/*
*
*/
struct snd_ice1712;
struct snd_ice1712_eeprom {
unsigned int subvendor; /* PCI[2c-2f] */
unsigned char size; /* size of EEPROM image in bytes */
unsigned char version; /* must be 1 (or 2 for vt1724) */
unsigned char data[32];
unsigned int gpiomask;
unsigned int gpiostate;
unsigned int gpiodir;
};
enum {
ICE_EEP1_CODEC = 0, /* 06 */
ICE_EEP1_ACLINK, /* 07 */
ICE_EEP1_I2SID, /* 08 */
ICE_EEP1_SPDIF, /* 09 */
ICE_EEP1_GPIO_MASK, /* 0a */
ICE_EEP1_GPIO_STATE, /* 0b */
ICE_EEP1_GPIO_DIR, /* 0c */
ICE_EEP1_AC97_MAIN_LO, /* 0d */
ICE_EEP1_AC97_MAIN_HI, /* 0e */
ICE_EEP1_AC97_PCM_LO, /* 0f */
ICE_EEP1_AC97_PCM_HI, /* 10 */
ICE_EEP1_AC97_REC_LO, /* 11 */
ICE_EEP1_AC97_REC_HI, /* 12 */
ICE_EEP1_AC97_RECSRC, /* 13 */
ICE_EEP1_DAC_ID, /* 14 */
ICE_EEP1_DAC_ID1,
ICE_EEP1_DAC_ID2,
ICE_EEP1_DAC_ID3,
ICE_EEP1_ADC_ID, /* 18 */
ICE_EEP1_ADC_ID1,
ICE_EEP1_ADC_ID2,
ICE_EEP1_ADC_ID3
};
#define ice_has_con_ac97(ice) (!((ice)->eeprom.data[ICE_EEP1_CODEC] & ICE1712_CFG_NO_CON_AC97))
struct snd_ak4xxx_private {
unsigned int cif:1; /* CIF mode */
unsigned char caddr; /* C0 and C1 bits */
unsigned int data_mask; /* DATA gpio bit */
unsigned int clk_mask; /* CLK gpio bit */
unsigned int cs_mask; /* bit mask for select/deselect address */
unsigned int cs_addr; /* bits to select address */
unsigned int cs_none; /* bits to deselect address */
unsigned int add_flags; /* additional bits at init */
unsigned int mask_flags; /* total mask bits */
struct snd_akm4xxx_ops {
void (*set_rate_val)(struct snd_akm4xxx *ak, unsigned int rate);
} ops;
};
struct snd_ice1712_spdif {
unsigned char cs8403_bits;
unsigned char cs8403_stream_bits;
struct snd_kcontrol *stream_ctl;
struct snd_ice1712_spdif_ops {
void (*open)(struct snd_ice1712 *, struct snd_pcm_substream *);
void (*setup_rate)(struct snd_ice1712 *, int rate);
void (*close)(struct snd_ice1712 *, struct snd_pcm_substream *);
void (*default_get)(struct snd_ice1712 *, struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol);
int (*default_put)(struct snd_ice1712 *, struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol);
void (*stream_get)(struct snd_ice1712 *, struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol);
int (*stream_put)(struct snd_ice1712 *, struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol);
} ops;
};
struct snd_ice1712 {
unsigned long conp_dma_size;
unsigned long conc_dma_size;
unsigned long prop_dma_size;
unsigned long proc_dma_size;
int irq;
unsigned long port;
unsigned long ddma_port;
unsigned long dmapath_port;
unsigned long profi_port;
struct pci_dev *pci;
struct snd_card *card;
struct snd_pcm *pcm;
struct snd_pcm *pcm_ds;
struct snd_pcm *pcm_pro;
struct snd_pcm_substream *playback_con_substream;
struct snd_pcm_substream *playback_con_substream_ds[6];
struct snd_pcm_substream *capture_con_substream;
struct snd_pcm_substream *playback_pro_substream;
struct snd_pcm_substream *capture_pro_substream;
unsigned int playback_pro_size;
unsigned int capture_pro_size;
unsigned int playback_con_virt_addr[6];
unsigned int playback_con_active_buf[6];
unsigned int capture_con_virt_addr;
unsigned int ac97_ext_id;
struct snd_ac97 *ac97;
struct snd_rawmidi *rmidi[2];
spinlock_t reg_lock;
struct snd_info_entry *proc_entry;
struct snd_ice1712_eeprom eeprom;
unsigned int pro_volumes[20];
unsigned int omni:1; /* Delta Omni I/O */
unsigned int dxr_enable:1; /* Terratec DXR enable for DMX6FIRE */
unsigned int vt1724:1;
unsigned int vt1720:1;
unsigned int has_spdif:1; /* VT1720/4 - has SPDIF I/O */
unsigned int force_pdma4:1; /* VT1720/4 - PDMA4 as non-spdif */
unsigned int force_rdma1:1; /* VT1720/4 - RDMA1 as non-spdif */
unsigned int midi_output:1; /* VT1720/4: MIDI output triggered */
unsigned int midi_input:1; /* VT1720/4: MIDI input triggered */
unsigned int own_routing:1; /* VT1720/4: use own routing ctls */
unsigned int num_total_dacs; /* total DACs */
unsigned int num_total_adcs; /* total ADCs */
unsigned int cur_rate; /* current rate */
struct mutex open_mutex;
struct snd_pcm_substream *pcm_reserved[4];
struct snd_pcm_hw_constraint_list *hw_rates; /* card-specific rate constraints */
unsigned int akm_codecs;
struct snd_akm4xxx *akm;
struct snd_ice1712_spdif spdif;
struct mutex i2c_mutex; /* I2C mutex for ICE1724 registers */
struct snd_i2c_bus *i2c; /* I2C bus */
struct snd_i2c_device *cs8427; /* CS8427 I2C device */
unsigned int cs8427_timeout; /* CS8427 reset timeout in HZ/100 */
struct ice1712_gpio {
unsigned int direction; /* current direction bits */
unsigned int write_mask; /* current mask bits */
unsigned int saved[2]; /* for ewx_i2c */
/* operators */
void (*set_mask)(struct snd_ice1712 *ice, unsigned int data);
unsigned int (*get_mask)(struct snd_ice1712 *ice);
void (*set_dir)(struct snd_ice1712 *ice, unsigned int data);
unsigned int (*get_dir)(struct snd_ice1712 *ice);
void (*set_data)(struct snd_ice1712 *ice, unsigned int data);
unsigned int (*get_data)(struct snd_ice1712 *ice);
/* misc operators - move to another place? */
void (*set_pro_rate)(struct snd_ice1712 *ice, unsigned int rate);
void (*i2s_mclk_changed)(struct snd_ice1712 *ice);
} gpio;
struct mutex gpio_mutex;
/* other board-specific data */
void *spec;
/* VT172x specific */
int pro_rate_default;
int (*is_spdif_master)(struct snd_ice1712 *ice);
unsigned int (*get_rate)(struct snd_ice1712 *ice);
void (*set_rate)(struct snd_ice1712 *ice, unsigned int rate);
unsigned char (*set_mclk)(struct snd_ice1712 *ice, unsigned int rate);
int (*set_spdif_clock)(struct snd_ice1712 *ice, int type);
int (*get_spdif_master_type)(struct snd_ice1712 *ice);
char **ext_clock_names;
int ext_clock_count;
void (*pro_open)(struct snd_ice1712 *, struct snd_pcm_substream *);
#ifdef CONFIG_PM
int (*pm_suspend)(struct snd_ice1712 *);
int (*pm_resume)(struct snd_ice1712 *);
unsigned int pm_suspend_enabled:1;
unsigned int pm_saved_is_spdif_master:1;
unsigned int pm_saved_spdif_ctrl;
unsigned char pm_saved_spdif_cfg;
unsigned int pm_saved_route;
#endif
};
/*
* gpio access functions
*/
static inline void snd_ice1712_gpio_set_dir(struct snd_ice1712 *ice, unsigned int bits)
{
ice->gpio.set_dir(ice, bits);
}
static inline unsigned int snd_ice1712_gpio_get_dir(struct snd_ice1712 *ice)
{
return ice->gpio.get_dir(ice);
}
static inline void snd_ice1712_gpio_set_mask(struct snd_ice1712 *ice, unsigned int bits)
{
ice->gpio.set_mask(ice, bits);
}
static inline void snd_ice1712_gpio_write(struct snd_ice1712 *ice, unsigned int val)
{
ice->gpio.set_data(ice, val);
}
static inline unsigned int snd_ice1712_gpio_read(struct snd_ice1712 *ice)
{
return ice->gpio.get_data(ice);
}
/*
* save and restore gpio status
* The access to gpio will be protected by mutex, so don't forget to
* restore!
*/
static inline void snd_ice1712_save_gpio_status(struct snd_ice1712 *ice)
{
mutex_lock(&ice->gpio_mutex);
ice->gpio.saved[0] = ice->gpio.direction;
ice->gpio.saved[1] = ice->gpio.write_mask;
}
static inline void snd_ice1712_restore_gpio_status(struct snd_ice1712 *ice)
{
ice->gpio.set_dir(ice, ice->gpio.saved[0]);
ice->gpio.set_mask(ice, ice->gpio.saved[1]);
ice->gpio.direction = ice->gpio.saved[0];
ice->gpio.write_mask = ice->gpio.saved[1];
mutex_unlock(&ice->gpio_mutex);
}
/* for bit controls */
#define ICE1712_GPIO(xiface, xname, xindex, mask, invert, xaccess) \
{ .iface = xiface, .name = xname, .access = xaccess, .info = snd_ctl_boolean_mono_info, \
.get = snd_ice1712_gpio_get, .put = snd_ice1712_gpio_put, \
.private_value = mask | (invert << 24) }
int snd_ice1712_gpio_get(struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol);
int snd_ice1712_gpio_put(struct snd_kcontrol *kcontrol, struct snd_ctl_elem_value *ucontrol);
/*
* set gpio direction, write mask and data
*/
static inline void snd_ice1712_gpio_write_bits(struct snd_ice1712 *ice,
unsigned int mask, unsigned int bits)
{
unsigned val;
ice->gpio.direction |= mask;
snd_ice1712_gpio_set_dir(ice, ice->gpio.direction);
val = snd_ice1712_gpio_read(ice);
val &= ~mask;
val |= mask & bits;
snd_ice1712_gpio_write(ice, val);
}
static inline int snd_ice1712_gpio_read_bits(struct snd_ice1712 *ice,
unsigned int mask)
{
ice->gpio.direction &= ~mask;
snd_ice1712_gpio_set_dir(ice, ice->gpio.direction);
return snd_ice1712_gpio_read(ice) & mask;
}
/* route access functions */
int snd_ice1724_get_route_val(struct snd_ice1712 *ice, int shift);
int snd_ice1724_put_route_val(struct snd_ice1712 *ice, unsigned int val,
int shift);
int snd_ice1712_spdif_build_controls(struct snd_ice1712 *ice);
int snd_ice1712_akm4xxx_init(struct snd_akm4xxx *ak,
const struct snd_akm4xxx *template,
const struct snd_ak4xxx_private *priv,
struct snd_ice1712 *ice);
void snd_ice1712_akm4xxx_free(struct snd_ice1712 *ice);
int snd_ice1712_akm4xxx_build_controls(struct snd_ice1712 *ice);
int snd_ice1712_init_cs8427(struct snd_ice1712 *ice, int addr);
static inline void snd_ice1712_write(struct snd_ice1712 *ice, u8 addr, u8 data)
{
outb(addr, ICEREG(ice, INDEX));
outb(data, ICEREG(ice, DATA));
}
static inline u8 snd_ice1712_read(struct snd_ice1712 *ice, u8 addr)
{
outb(addr, ICEREG(ice, INDEX));
return inb(ICEREG(ice, DATA));
}
/*
* entry pointer
*/
struct snd_ice1712_card_info {
unsigned int subvendor;
char *name;
char *model;
char *driver;
int (*chip_init)(struct snd_ice1712 *);
int (*build_controls)(struct snd_ice1712 *);
unsigned int no_mpu401:1;
unsigned int mpu401_1_info_flags;
unsigned int mpu401_2_info_flags;
const char *mpu401_1_name;
const char *mpu401_2_name;
const unsigned int eeprom_size;
const unsigned char *eeprom_data;
};
#endif /* __SOUND_ICE1712_H */
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q:
Python re.sub(): Replacing a char between two different categories
I want to convert a nested bracketted structure into the JSON formatted square bracketted structure.
input_string = '( np ( ap ( !b ( 显微 ) ) !np ( !n ( 解剖学 ) )'
output_string = '[ "np", [ "ap", [ "!b" , "显微" ] ] [ "!np", [ "!n" , "解剖学" ] ] ]'
so, I need to make three changes.
Replace the pattern english_letter ( english letter with "english_letter", [ "english_letter"
for example, ap ( !b -> "ap", [ "!b"
Replace the pattern english_letter ( chinese letter with "english_letter", "chinese_letter"
for example, !b ( 显微 -> "!b" , "显微"
Replace the pattern ) english_letter with ] [ "english_letter"
I cannot figure out how to work it out, especially the second one. I've tried out classifying letters into two lists, i.e. Chinese and English, but I have no idea how to match the pattern of english_letter ( chinese letter
A:
I'm assuming the last ] of your output_string is a typo, because this bracket does not match any opening bracket. Here's an attempt, does this fulfill your requirements? It should at least get you started. It certainly can be optimized.
>>> input_string = re.sub('\(', '[', input_string)
>>> input_string
'[ np [ ap [ !b [ 显微 ) ) !np [ !n [ 解剖学 ) )'
>>> input_string = re.sub('\)', ']', input_string)
>>> input_string
'[ np [ ap [ !b [ 显微 ] ] !np [ !n [ 解剖学 ] ]'
>>> input_string = re.sub(r'([a-zA-Z!]+)', r'"\1",', input_string)
>>> input_string
'[ "np", [ "ap", [ "!b", [ 显微 ] ] "!np", [ "!n", [ 解剖学 ] ]'
>>> input_string = re.sub(r'(",\ )\[\ ([^\x00-\x7F]+)',r'\1"\2"' ,input_string)
>>> input_string
'[ "np", [ "ap", [ "!b", "显微" ] ] "!np", [ "!n", "解剖学" ] ]'
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a power generation controller of a vehicle power generator and, more specifically, to a power generation controller provided in a wound-field type synchronous generator for use with a vehicle with which a favorable voltage controllability is implemented when control is exercised over a to-be-generated voltage through ON/OFF switching of voltage application to a field winding.
2. Description of the Related Art
An exemplary conventional controller of a vehicle power generator is found in Japanese Patent No. 3329402 (referred to as Patent Document 1), which is shown in FIG. 9.
With such a controller, power generation control is exercised through pulse width modulation with ON/OFF switching that is taken place for voltage application to a field winding. For such power generation control, the ON/OFF switching is digitally timed by a microcomputer.
In FIG. 9, a generator 1 includes an armature winding 21, and a field winding 22. A microcomputer 30 includes a processor 301, ROM 302, RAM 303, a pulse width modulation (PWM) timer 304, an analog-digital (A/D) converter 305, a timer 306, and others.
In the generator 1, a rotor part is connected to a power source that is not shown and exemplified by internal combustion engine directly or indirectly via a belt or others. When the rotor part rotates, alternating current (AC) voltage induction responsively occurs to the armature winding 21, and the AC voltage is converted into direct current (DC) voltage by a rectifier 2.
The rectifier 2 is connected with an electrical load 5 through a battery 3 or a switch 4 for supply of a DC power.
Described next is the operation of a power generation controller 6. That is, first of all, the voltage of the battery 3, and current information equivalent to a field current indicating the voltage level and flowing into the field winding 22 via a shunt resistor 23 are forwarded to the A/D converter 305 via an interface 26. Such an input is subjected to digital value conversion for input to the processor 301. A rotation sensor 24 or a vehicle speed sensor 25 detects a rotation signal. Thus detected rotation signal is forwarded to the processor 301 via the timer 306, indicating the rotation speed of the generator 1.
In the processor 301, a deviation is calculated between the voltage of the battery 3 and a power generation target voltage Vref for first proportional integral (PI). Such an operation is hereinafter referred to as AVR operation. Another deviation is calculated between any detected field current value if and a first current limit value ifcMAX for second proportional integral (PI). Such an operation is hereinafter referred to as ACR operation.
With this being the case, the output result of the AVR operation will be a command value ALPHV for a current flow rate of the field winding, and the output result of the ACR operation will be a command value ALPHI therefor.
The AVR and ACR operations are not executed simultaneously but selectively in consideration of the value relationship among the detected field current value if, the first current limit value ifcMAX, and a second current limit value ifcMAX2, and the level relationship between the battery voltage and the power generation target voltage Vref. Those first and second current limit values are so set as to be ifcMAX>ifcMAX2. Such a setting allows switching between AVR and ACR operations with a difference hysteresis between the first and second current limit values ifcMAX and ifcMAX2.
To be specific, when the output current coming from the generator 1 is low in level with a low field current, the AVR operation is so executed that a to-be-generated voltage agrees with a target voltage, and the command value ALPHV drives a field switching element 7. On the other hand, when the field current exceeds any predetermined value ifcMAX2, control is so exercised that the maximum value of the field current becomes ifcMAX2 or lower. The ACR operation is then executed so as to prevent generator damage and belt slip, and the command value ALPHI drives the field switching element 7.
The issue here is that such a conventional technology poses a problem of varying power generation controllability depending on the operating point of a generator. In more detail, the to-be-generated power shows a change responsively when the field current changes, and the amount of change varies with the operating point. It means that, against the change of the operation amount of AVR for power generation control=current flow rate of a field winding, power to be generated by the generator varies differently with the operating point. Therefore, the change of battery voltage=input amount of AVR operation will not be uniform.
That is, even if a transient phenomenon of a sudden generator load change at a given operating point is defined by an operation constant of proportional integral with any appropriate response characteristics, it is still uncertain if any other operating points can derive desired response characteristics.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a spout installation method and a spout installation apparatus for installing a spout to a pouch.
2. Description of Related Art
The following description sets forth the inventors' knowledge of related art and problems therein and should not be construed as an admission of knowledge in the prior art.
For example, as shown in FIG. 7A, in a pouch container SP1 with a spout to which a spout S1 serving as a tap or a pouring mouth is installed to the upper edge portion UE of the pouch P1 having a side gusset portion formed by a flexible sheet made of, e.g., a synthetic resin film, a pouch P1 having a non-heat-sealed upper edge portion UE is preliminarily manufactured, and then, after inserting a spout S1 into the opened upper edge portion UE of the pouch P1 as shown in FIG. 7B, the spout S1 is installed to the pouch P1 by heat sealing the upper edge portion UE. Such spout installation work is performed by, for example, a spout installation apparatus 50 as shown in FIG. 8. The shaded portion in FIGS. 7A and 7B denotes a heat sealed region of the pouch P1.
As shown in FIG. 8, the aforementioned spout installation apparatus 50 is provided with a spout supply unit 51 for sequentially supplying a spout S1 by conveying it, a pouch supply unit 52 for sequentially supplying a pouch P1 with a non-heat-sealed upper edge portion UE, a rotary type spout installation portion 53 provided with a plurality of spout installation heads, and a discharge unit 54 for sequentially discharging a pouch container SP1 with a spout formed by the spout installation portion 53. The spout installation unit 53 is configured to insert the spout S1 supplied from the spout supply unit 51 to the upper edge portion UE of the pouch P1 supplied from the pouch supply unit 52 and then heat seal the upper edge portion UE of the pouch P1 to thereby form the pouch container SP1 with a spout. The pouch supply unit 52 is configured to deliver the pouch P1 in a standing state such that the non-heat-sealed upper edge portion UE of the pouch P1 faces upward.
Each spout installation head of the spout installation unit 53 is provided with a spout clamper for holding a portion of a spout S1 between the upper and lower flange portions with a pair of holding arms, a pouch holder for sucking and holding both the front and rear surfaces of the pouch P1 with a pair of sucking and holding arms disposed at a lower side of the spout clamper, and a heat sealer having a pair of seal bars disposed between the spout clamper and the pouch holder. Thus, while conveying the spout S1 held by the spout clamper and the pouch P1 sucked and held by the pouch holder at the lower side of the spout S1 on the same conveyance line, the upper edge portion UE of the pouch P1 is opened by opening the pair of sucking and holding arms sucking and holding both the front and rear surfaces of the pouch P1, and then the sucking and holding arms are raised to insert the spout S1 into the opened upper edge portion UE of the pouch P1, and the upper edge portion UE is heat sealed by the heat sealer. (see, e.g., Japanese Unexamined Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2003-311851, and Japanese Unexamined Laid-open Patent Publication No. H06-48401)
As such a pouch container with a spout, other than the aforementioned pouch container with a spout installed to the upper edge portion of the pouch, for example, there is a pouch container in which a spout S is installed to the angled side edge portion (spout installation edge portion) SE as shown in FIG. 9A. In the aforementioned spout installation apparatus 50, however, it is not considered to obliquely install a spout S to a non-heat-sealed spout installation portion SE of a pouch P. Therefore, a spout S cannot be installed to the angled side edge portion SE of the pouch P. The shaded portion in FIGS. 9A and 9B denotes a heat sealed region of the pouch P1.
On the other hand, Japanese Unexamined Laid-open Patent Publication No. H06-48401 discloses an automatic filling-packing system in which a spout is installed to an angled side edge portion of a pouch in a standing state. This automatic filling-packing system is configured to intermittently perform various processing, such as, (a) supplying a pouch with a non-heat-sealed upper edge portion, (b) cutting the upper end corner portion of the pouch, (c) inserting a spout into the angled side edge portion formed by the cutting, (d) heat sealing the angled side edge portion in which the spout is inserted, (e) forming a filling opening for filling contents, (f) filling of contents, (g) heat sealing the filling opening, and (h) discharging a pouch container with a spout filled with contents, respectively, at each station. Therefore, there is a problem that this system is not suitable for high-speed processing.
The description herein of advantages and disadvantages of various features, embodiments, methods, and apparatus disclosed in other publications is in no way intended to limit the present invention. For example, certain features of the preferred embodiments of the invention may be capable of overcoming certain disadvantages and/or providing certain advantages, such as, e.g., disadvantages and/or advantages discussed herein, while retaining some or all of the features, embodiments, methods, and apparatus disclosed therein.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Massive osteolysis of the cervical spine. A case report.
This study described the course of a case of massive osteolysis (Gorham's disease) of the cervical spine and discussed the literature data. To describe a case of massive osteolysis of the cervical spine with fatal outcome and to discuss the classification of the disease among osteolysis and its therapeutic modalities. Massive osteolysis is a rare condition (fewer than 100 cases reported in the literature) of unknown etiology, which may involve any bone in the body, with a propensity for the shoulder and pelvic girdle. Few cases of cervical spine involvement were reported. The case of a 32-year-old man with fatal progressive massive osteolysis of the cervical spine despite multiple attempts to achieve surgical stabilization was reported. Massive osteolysis was characterized by complete destruction of all or part of a bone by angiomatous tissue and may have represented a local disturbance of osteoclastic activity. No successful therapy was proposed, and the prognosis of spine involvement was very poor. Massive osteolysis is a rare condition with no successful therapy. The hypothesis of involvement of circulating preosteoclasts in the osteolytic process may suggest treatment attempts with diphosphonates because of the futility of standard bone grafting techniques in spine involvement.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
12V device to a Raspberry Pi
For my school engineering project, I have a coin acceptor device which I would like to link to the Raspberry Pi. However the device requires 12V in power. I have an idea of what to do to power the device, however I have heard that there is a risk of blowing the Pi when I hook the device up to the GPIO ports/breadboard.
Is there anything I can do to get around this? Or is this not likely to happen?
Here's the link to the coin acceptor I'm hoping to use:
http://www.amazon.co.uk/Sintron-Acceptor-Vending-Machine-Message/dp/B00C16P03I/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1385370033&sr=8-1&keywords=coin+acceptor
A:
As I read your question, you need to power the Coin Acceptor using 12v, and reading the output using your RPi.
To power the Coin Acceptor it is best you use an external power supply, as the coil in the acceptor might reset the RPi as it draws a relative large ammount of current when it operates.
Find a 12v power supply, connect - on the PSU to a common ground and + on the PSU to the coin acceptor. That should allow you to configure the coins that should be validated.
I have a similar coin validator, and mine works by connecting the COIN pin to ground or leaving it unconnected (not entirely, it just has a large resistance). Depending on your setting on the switch, COIN is either NC/Normally Closed (default GND) or NO/Normally Open (default not connected). When the acceptor delivers a pulse, the mode switches and you can detect the change using the RPi.
In order to be able to detect the change, you need to drive the COIN pin to a higher voltage, else it will be a voltage comparable to GND at all times.
Wire the COIN pin to the input on the RPi, through a resistor (try 1k ohm).
To pull up (when COIN is on the acceptor is open), wire the 3.3v on the RPi to the input on the RPi (I suggest you use the same resistance).
That will lead to a voltage of ~3.3 v when the contact is open, and a voltage of about half when the contact is closed. If the RPi becomes unstable, you might be drawing too much current, so try to move it up. If the RPi can't detect anything on the pin, try to go with a smaller resistor.
Make sure to measure everything before you connect it to the RPi, as your coin acceptor might work in a different way. If you can find another 3.3v or 5v source, try to connect instead of 3.3v on the RPi, and measure over GND and the RPi input using a multimeter or oscilloscope.
You can get a really good help with any of this on the electronics stackoverflow - they can help you with wiring and components, so you make sure you don't blow anything up. :-)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Q:
Teachable AI Chatbot
I'm starting on AI chatbots and don't know where to actually start.
what I've imagined is something like this:
Empty chat bot that doesn't know anything
Learns when user asks question and if the bot doesn't know the answer, it'd ask for it
Records all the data learned and parse synonymous questions
Example procedure:
User: what is the color of a ripped mango?
Bot: I don't know [to input answer add !@: at the start]
User: !@:yellow
User: do you know the color of ripped mango?
Bot: yellow
A:
Chatbots, or conversational dialogue systems in general, will have to be able to generate natural language and as you might expect, this is not something trivial. The state-of-the-art approaches usually mine conversations of human-human conversations (such as for example conversations on chat platforms like Facebook or Twitter, or even movie dialogs, basically things which are available in large quantities and resemble natural conversation). These conversations are then for example labelled as question-answer pairs, possibly using pretrained word embeddings.
This is an active area of research in the field of NLP. An example category of used systems is that of "End-to-End Sequence-to-Sequence models" (seq2seq). However, basic seq2seq models have a tendency to produce repetitive and therefore dull responses. More recent papers try to address this using reinforcement learning, as well as techniques like adversarial networks, in order to learn to choose responses. Another technique that improves the system is to extend the context of the conversation by allowing the model to see (more) prior turns, for example by using a hierarchical model.
If you don't really know where to start, I think you will find all the basics you will need in this free chapter of "Speech and Language Processing." by Daniel Jurafsky & James H. Martin (August 2017). Good luck!
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Ilmi Hallsten
Ilmi Lovisa Hallsten (née Bergroth; 25 December 1862, in Föglö – 4 January 1936) was a Finnish secondary school teacher and politician. She was a member of the Parliament of Finland from 1919 to 1922, representing the National Coalition Party. She was married to Onni Hallsten.
References
Category:1862 births
Category:1936 deaths
Category:People from Föglö
Category:People from Turku and Pori Province (Grand Duchy of Finland)
Category:National Coalition Party politicians
Category:Members of the Parliament of Finland (1919–22)
Category:Finnish educators
Category:Finnish schoolteachers
Category:Women members of the Parliament of Finland
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Child and adult steiner education
Being clever is not enough in our times; the solid human qualities of freed will and healthy deep feeling must accompany clear thought.
Why are children taught reading later?
Regardless of the capacity of a child we defer formal reading until the child has reached class 1. This allows a child to defer abstract training until their change of teeth, and so enjoy the immersive, dreamy world of early childhood. A simple yet rich range of experiences without academic stimulation strengthens children’s well being and provides a strong foundation for physical health, future work and future thinking.
Will my child have equivalent academic skill to children at other schools?
While there may be some variance during early junior school, students from MRSS have comparable academic skills by the time they enter senior school and equal skills and outcomes by the end of their schooling. They may also have a greater depth of understanding, a more creative, independent outlook and greater resilience overall.
Will my child be able to compete with students from other schools for places at university?
Students from MRSS achieve excellent scores at the end of year 12 and achieve entry into their preferred courses.
Does Steiner education suit all children?
Our education suits a wide range of children and is helpful to children who enjoy insightful teachers and a warm and friendly environment. The confidence and support of parents who have a good understanding of the schools’ aims is very helpful to their children.
Why are computer skills not taught in junior school?
During junior years we value all possible time spent in tactile activities such as crafts, arts, music and movement and reading, writing and calculating using simple materials. These strengthen the physical health of children, their fine motor skills and sensory development and nurture their feelings and imaginative life in rich yet subtle ways, leading to clarity of thinking later on. The cool, abstract qualities of computers are more appropriate to students in later years, where the appropriate skills can be developed quickly as needed.
Why no television?
There is an increasing amount of evidence from various bodies that the passivity inherent in watching television and using other electronic media is counterproductive to learning and healthy development in the young child.
In choosing a Steiner school education parents realize that they are choosing a philosophy that strongly advises against the use of television and other electronic media in the children’s lives, most especially in their junior years.
Class teachers cannot stress enough that without exposure to these media, children benefit greatly both in the short and long term. In the classroom these children tend to exhibit a wholesome interest in their work, show considerable will to engage in all activities and most importantly of all retain that most vital power of childhood.
Parents of young children are urged to resist the convenience of electronic media and instead to consider that our mutual aim is to nurture fully engaged individuals. Meaningful activities are not so hard to dream up once you begin! Baking together, digging the veggie garden, walking, drawing, indoor building… Setting aside routine times daily to engage in these activities creates a rhythm or routine within the family. Children – young and old - who are used to creating, playing and working with their imaginations tend to emerge as self empowered, resourceful and independent individuals.
The educational ramifications are enormous and pronounced: regained childhood, improved ability to concentrate at will, to participate in lessons, creative imagination, penetrative thinking and improve sociability.
|
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A wellness message for Cesar Chavez Day
UC Berkeley Chancellor Carol Christ, Executive Vice Chancellor and Provost Paul Alivisatos, Vice Chancellor for Equity and Inclusion Oscar Dubón, and Chief People and Culture Officer Eugene Whitlock sent the following message to faculty and staff on Friday:
Tomorrow is Cesar Chavez Day, a holiday honoring the principles of fairness, social justice, and the struggle for equity in the workplace and all of society. As we continue to adjust to our new reality created by COVID-19, both with respect to work and our personal lives, it is more important than ever to pause and think about the broader values and personal meaning that this day represents. Managers should encourage all employees (unless required to perform emergency services) to take the time to rest, reflect and renew. We offer special recognition to those who continue to maintain our critical campus operations during this crisis and who support the most vulnerable members of our community.
These are uncertain times. As the news and guidance around COVID-19 change and intensify, it is normal to feel overwhelmed and experience stress and anxiety. The current circumstances are particularly difficult for those who do not have necessary resources, or for whom home or the location of shelter is not physically or psychologically safe.
Please know that despite social distance, you are not alone. Campus resources are still available for you, including those listed at the end of this message. We also invite you to compassionately support others, as you are able. Everyone deserves support.
We are so grateful for how Berkeley staff and faculty are finding time to come together with their colleagues in healthy and creative ways during this crisis. We encourage you to read this Berkeley News article about how some of our community members are connecting via virtual happy hours, online art classes, livestreamed yoga sessions, and more. The central campus is looking into other methods of bringing us together while we’re physically apart, and is collecting suggestions for how to make the best of our current situation. We encourage you to view and take part in these efforts.
With best wishes for your well-being on Cesar Chavez Day, and all those to follow.
Wellness Resources
Employees can access free, confidential support from a licensed mental health professional through Be Well at Work – Employee Assistance. Appointments, including phone and video options, can be scheduled:
The PATH to Care Center offers confidential and free support around sexual assault, sexual harassment, interpersonal violence, stalking, and invasion of sexual privacy. Most advocacy is taking place remotely, but accompaniments to medical care, court, and law enforcement are still available. These services are available for all employees and students.
People and Culture Resources
The campus has set up a Job Exchange program to allow supervisors and managers to (1) request additional support from staff and student employees, and (2) identify staff and student employees who are currently underutilized and may be able to support other operations on campus.
We’ve also built a curated list of the most popular People and Culture resources to help with working remotely, including tips and tools related to telecommuting, managing teams, leave agreements and much more.
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Q:
Java / convert ISO-8601 (2010-12-16T13:33:50.513852Z) to Date object
How to parse a String in ISO 8601 format with Zulu time?
javax.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter.parseDateTime("2010-12-16T13:33:50.513852Z")
returns
IllegalArgumentException: '2010-12-16T13:33:50.513852Z' weist ein falsches Format auf.
Which mean something like wrong format, anyone have a clue what iss wrong in here?
A:
tl;dr
Instant.parse( "2010-12-16T13:33:50.513852Z" )
java.time
The newer java.time classes can handle this string input.
The Z on the end is short for Zulu and means UTC, an offset of zero +00:00.
Instant
The Instant class represents a moment on the timeline in UTC with a resolution of nanoseconds (up to nine (9) digits of a decimal fraction).
Instant instant = Instant.parse( "2010-12-16T13:33:50.513852Z" );
Time zone
You may want to apply a time zone ZoneId to get a ZonedDateTime. Search Stack Overflow for those class names to learn more, as well as for classes OffsetDateTime and DateTimeFormatter.
Conversion
Best to avoid the troublesome old legacy class of java.util.Date. But if you insist, call the new conversion methods added to the old classes.
java.util.Date date = java.util.Date.from( instant );
About java.time
The java.time framework is built into Java 8 and later. These classes supplant the troublesome old legacy date-time classes such as java.util.Date, Calendar, & SimpleDateFormat.
The Joda-Time project, now in maintenance mode, advises migration to the java.time classes.
To learn more, see the Oracle Tutorial. And search Stack Overflow for many examples and explanations. Specification is JSR 310.
Where to obtain the java.time classes?
Java SE 8 and SE 9 and later
Built-in.
Part of the standard Java API with a bundled implementation.
Java 9 adds some minor features and fixes.
Java SE 6 and SE 7
Much of the java.time functionality is back-ported to Java 6 & 7 in ThreeTen-Backport.
Android
The ThreeTenABP project adapts ThreeTen-Backport (mentioned above) for Android specifically.
See How to use ThreeTenABP….
The ThreeTen-Extra project extends java.time with additional classes. This project is a proving ground for possible future additions to java.time. You may find some useful classes here such as Interval, YearWeek, YearQuarter, and more.
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“IAEA Sending Spies, not Inspectors” – Iran
Iranian intelligence minister Heidar Moslehi has said that inspectors sent by the International Atomic Energy Agency had engaged in espionage and the Vienna-based agency must take responsibility for their actions, Reuters reported. Iran has been critical of Ithe AEA for leaking information of its nuclear programme to the US. In June, Iran banned two U.N. nuclear inspectors from entering the country, claiming they had leaked false information about the country’s disputed nuclear program.
“Among the individuals the IAEA sends as so-called inspectors, there are spies from foreign intelligence services. The IAEA must be held responsible for this,” state TV quoted Moslehi as saying. An IAEA spokesperson responded to the allegation in Vienna, saying the agency had no comment. Iran’s allegation comes a week after an Iranian nuclear scientist, Dr Majid Shahriari, was assassinated, in a bomb attack. Another scientist, Dr Fereydoon Abbasi, was wounded in a separate attack. Iran’s nuclear negotiator, Saeed Jalili, called the assassination of the nuclear scientist a disgrace for the Security Council. He said the assassination was linked to the international sanctions slapped on Iran by the Security Council, the US and the EU, and was a part of the western countries’ covert campaign to sabotage Iran’s nuclear programme.
Iran said the campaign includes abduction of Iranian nuclear scientists, sale of faulty nuclear equipment and placing of destructive computer worms such as stuxnet into the computer systems of the Iran nuclear programme. Computer worms brought Iran’s nuclear activity to a halt for a brief period in November. Iran accused Israel’s Mossad, Britain’s MI6 and the US’ CIA of being behind the sabotage activities.
Nuclear talks between Iran and P5+1 (Five permanent members: the US, Britain, France, Russia and China, plus Germany) broke down last year when Iran rejected the UN-drafted plan to swap Iran’s low enriched uranium with reactor-ready fuel rods. According to the plan, Iran has to ship its low enriched fuel abroad, to be kept in Russia. Then, a like quantity of ready-to-use fuel rods will be sent to Iran from France, as per the plan. Iran rebuffed the plan: it already had bitter experience with France, which did not supply fuel to Iran as promised in return for Iran’s investment in a French nuclear plant.
As a result, the US lobbied extensively for slapping a fourth round of sanctions on Iran, with Chinese and Russian cooperation. It succeeded in persuading China and Russia to place sanctions on Iran’s business interests and Iranian individuals having bank accounts abroad. The US and the EU also separately imposed their own sanctions. Russia condemned this separate sanctioning but who is caring? China did not express as much solidarity with Iran as even Russia did. Many countries around the world condemned the sanctions, saying sanctions are an old tactic. The Iranian president described the sanctions as a “used handkerchief.”
Iran’s foreign minister Mottaki requested neighbouring Arab and Muslim countries to be alert to the divide-and-rule tactics of the western countries, referring to the Saudi prince requesting the US to attack Iranian nuclear facilities, as revealed in the latest communication from Wikileaks.
One has to wonder, while expressing extreme worries over Iran’s nuclear programme, why these so-called world-protecting western countries do not question Israel’s nuclear policy of piling up hundreds of nuclear warheads which threaten the security of their Arab neighbours. Moreover, Iran is saying that its programme is for peaceful purposes, and US intelligence has confirmed that fact. On the other hand, Israel never disclosed a single piece of information about its nuclear warheads; it did not allow IAEA inspectors into the country. This double standard by the Security Council, the US and its allies should be condemned by the international community.
Perhaps Israel and the US, along with their allies, are the primary threat to world peace, as they have already attacked independent countries, disregarding the opinions of the international community. Destruction of thousands of warheads by the nuclear powerhouses is the essential pre-condition for world peace to prevail. Until then, countries like Iran, North Korea, India and Pakistan will have every right to pursue and build nuclear technology for peaceful as well as weapons purposes.
Aw… Poor Persian mad mullahs! Their nuclear program is being sabotaged by the very people they want to kill – da Joos!
They can cry in my underwear.
Perhaps Israel and the US, along with their allies, are the primary threat to world peace, as they have already attacked independent countries, disregarding the opinions of the international community.
What a crock! MY people have been under existential attack for a whole damned century, from the founding of the Anti-Semite party in Vienna in 1906 until today. And you foreigners did nothing to stop this century long attempt at murdering us off. We don’t owe any of you the fucking time of day, let alone listening to “the opinions of the international community.” You have all the moral makeup of savages, of cannibals who eat their children and sell their daughters into slavery and prostitution, who abuse young boys for sex, who dump infants in garbage pails to die, and who abort infants (in India aborting girls) for convenience alone. In short, you barely meet the humane part of humanity. You are humans in the biological sense only.
The Nazis taught us well how to commit genocide. Let me define it for you so you comprehend what it is, in modern day terms. Genocide is what the Hindus did to the Muslims in India’s partition in 1948 – and what the Muslims have done to the Hindus in Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) over the last six decades. Genocide is the stink of blood arising from Central Asia over the last six decades.
But that is cheap stuff. Genocide is what the Russians did to the Ukrainians, what the Turks did to the Armenians, and what they want to do to the Kurds. But most of all, genocide is what Israel is CAPABLE of doing to Egypt – the destruction of the Aswan High Dam would kill about 50 million Egyptians.
We CAN do this. And in a situation of extremis, we will. But unlike the rest of the nations above – WE HAVEN’T. If that sounds like I’m saying we are better than the rest of you – you are most perceptive. WE ARE!
Ruvy, those filthy words chosen by you are not acceptable for exchange of views. Kindly try to restrain yourself from using them.
As I observe on this forum, whenever a country is criticized for some reason in an article, people belonging to that country are up in arms criticizing author’s country expecting him to stop writing or to embarrass him. I pity with such practice.
Almost every country has its own ways to mistreat less privileged and poor sections of their people. It is Black & white in the US, racism in Europe, Australia and South East Asia, casteism and religious fanaticism in India, tribal wars in Africa and so on. All these disparities are encouraged and perpetrated by ruling and top rung sections of every country in order to perpetuate their economic exploitation. They use those disparities so that exploited will be immersed in fighting among themselves and will not concentrate on their real problem of economic exploitation.
This is divide and rule policy. If people find no reason in fighting among themselves they will start to see the real system from where their problems originate. Once they realize who is causing problems to them, they will start to fight against it unitedly, due to which the handful people of rich and ruling sections will lose their control over the economic construction of the system. In order to prevent it, these handful of people provoke cultural and social issues that are actually byproducts of the exploitative economic system. These people have strong connections and bonds beyond national boundaries. But unfortunately people of those countries lack it. People who work and create wealth around the world have not yet learned to unite against cultural and social odds. But, they will.
If I say US is the enemy to the world, I don’t to include US people. Because, people of the US do not want wars, do not want racism originally. Such disparities are already there when they born. They take it as if it is natural. But, after proper education and after acquiring self conscience, they will begin to reject it. There the governments controlled by handful of rich privileged sections step in and divert their ideas using several tools. TV, cinema, fake cultures, false education, religion etc… are some of such tools. Irrespective of one agrees or not, religions have a long history of aiding ruling and privileged people in ideological oppression of working masses.
People have to realize the difference between the state and the people. If state sides with working masses such nation can be called truly democratic. We don’t have such truly democratic countries in the world as of now. People are carrying struggles in a bid to acquire such state that rules for them. That’s another matter.
So, my point is, bad qualities of any country is not actually quality of that country’s people. For ex. caste is the tool in the hands of Indian rich, privileged sections to provoke one caste people against other caste, so that they will not bother about their problem of land. If people start struggle for land reforms, a few sections of the people who own the large swaths of land defying land laws, will have to lose their land wealth. During such struggles ruling sections provoke caste differences to divert the struggles.
Ruvy, you need not get agitated when I say Israel is fueling tensions in the middle east. What I actually mean is Israel state is fueling tensions. There are plenty of Israelis who recognize Arabs have been displaced. Who do not recognize will soon do so. People have to stop believing what their political leaders say when they preach about the supremacy of one race over the other. When all conditions are favorable, people do not think about supremacy,
Ruvy
I’m sorry, Sekhar. Your complaining does not impress me one bit. If you want to talk about the Israeli state apparatus or the American state apparatus, you need to do so in plain English. You have not done so. You need to edit for clarity. But that is besides the point.
Before you call US, whether it is the pathetic state apparatus in Israel, or the Jewish people living in Israel, primary threats to world peace, you need to look at the real threats to world peace – Iranian mullahs and their poodles who threaten to destroy Israel; the North Korean regime which spreads nukes; the Pakistani lack of supervision over its nuclear arsenal that can allow the use of the “Muslim bomb” anywhere its missiles can reach; and finally, the Chinese government which openly threatens – both verbally and by its actions – to use nuclear weapons on the United States.
And if you are going to call us threats to world peace, you also need to recognize – whether you want to or not – the moral stink that comes out of East and Central Asia, with its culture of murder, foeticide, childhood sexual slavery, systematic impoverishment and shunning of millions on religious grounds – AND communal violence. These are all more threats to the peace of the world – far more than Israelis knocking off nuclear scientists in Persia, or crippling the hostile intentions of a war-mongering regime.
And I will not back down on calling you or Europeans savages who are barely human. By your murderousness in your nations your have proven your savagery. I’m not directing this at a man with dark skin. This is not racism. Germans, Frenchmen, Dutchmen and Turks – all with far whiter skin than you – fit in the same category of savagery.
China threatens US? I never come across this. Only thing I know is China is increasingly ascertaining its position in Asia. Why should US bother about it? It is far away from Asia. Moreover, the US attacked Afghanistan, one of the neighbors of China, in the name of war on terrorism, bombed it and killed thousands. It is trying to woo India against China to fulfill its interests. If US has security concerns in Asia, why doesn’t China or India? The US is pursuing world supremacy using military force, but China is not.
Israel attacked Lebanon, Iraq’s supposed nuclear sites, blockaded Gaza denying Gaza people their fundamental rights of right to live, right to work and right to peace. These two regimes are actively pursuing their military, political and economic goals but not any other country. Of course, European countries (NATO) are also somewhat active by aiding US attacks. But they themselves do not launch attacks independently. Their role is secondary. Israel fulfills American interests in the middle east. That’s why US regards it as the most closest ally.
In this background, I consider the US and Israel, the primary enemies to peace. Iranian mullahs, what can they do except sponsoring sporadic bombings and blasts? They don’t have state level active backing. They might not have surfaced if the US did not pursue its world hegemonic goals in Arab world by encouraging oppressive Israeli state (not Israeli people again). Iranians, Iraqis, Afghans and others are just resisting US’ barbaric and inhuman attacks on human civilizations. What they lack is full fledged ideology to resist effectively and decisively. Their religion based resistance is handicapped. Their killing of innocent civilians through terrorist acts are isolating them from the world. That is the tragedy. People like you are effectively using their terrorist acts as excuses for pursuing hegemonic interests.
The US’ war on terrorism is a farce. It gave birth to Bin Laden to fight against Russia occupation of Afghanistan. It helped Saddam to fight against Iran. It helped Pakistan to prop up Taliban. You can only give birth to terrorism; once it acquires hold, it rises beyond your control. That’s what happened for the US. Terrorism brought up by the US for its interests, has latter turned against the US itself. Then only terrorism has become a world threat. Until then it was good.
You can see the disparities and oppressions mentioned by you, everywhere in the world. Don’t you find them in US? Yes you do. Here I’m talking about nature of states. (By the way what is the problem with my response in #2? Are there language mistakes?)
Jordan Richardson
Ruvy often gets his “facts” from some very special mailing lists, Sekhar. That may explain why his view of things is, shall we say, unique.
Ruvy
China threatens US? I never come across this. Being an Indian, that might not concern you too much. But since I have relatives in LA and San Francisco, not to mention friends there, things like this do matter to me. So, here are a few links to educate you. I haven’t even mentioned that ICBM the Chinese sent off of LA to show everyone they actually could hit the States.
CHINA the ENEMY! ACT of WAR
Reports from August, 2005 and January 2005. The January report has some nonsense about visions worked in, but the bottom line is that there was an Navy sub “accident” that was never really explained satisfactorily.
Prior to Zhu’s comments, many pro-Chinese government websites were circulating a headline article published by the Chinese Weekly of Extensive Military Knowledge, a top military newspaper sponsored by the People’s Liberation Army, with similar messages, but it was receiving little attention by the international media.
All the information at the links provided by you are based on views expressed by a Chinese general. As you see, he acknowledged that the views are his own. Still, if we consider his views, they are primarily concerned with the relations between China and the renegade state Taiwan. It is true that Taiwan is part of China. Over the time, I think, China and Taiwan can resolve their differences. The process has already been initiated. They have developed economic relations that were once unimaginable. They are one race, and very likely to get reconciled. Why should US worry about it?
All Chinese military build up stems from self defense but not hegemonic interests. If China starts forceful interference, and start overseas military bases, then world certainly would have something to worry. China did not claim its interests elsewhere -near North America, Africa or Latin America- other than Taiwan and sea waters adjacent to its land. If it does, it would certainly be a threat to world peace. But, for now, it is not.
In US case, it is already fighting two wars sending its troops to other than its continent; Hillary Clinton claimed US’ interests in Asia, Africa, Latin America several times in her speeches. The US had toppled many democratically elected governments, Venezuela and Honduras being the recent cases. China’s military build up is only defensive but not offensive. Where as America’s is totally offensive for more than a half century. It has a history of dropping two atomic bombs on foreign land. It is forcefully keeping its troops in Japan against the interests of the Japanese people. It is maintaining hundreds of military bases around the world. And, you are talking about China threat instead of US’ threat. How silly?
Ruvy
Sekhar,
I don’t know if you noticed, by I didn’t comment on your criticisms of the US regime. I have as much use for it as I have for the Israeli regime – which is not a threat to “world peace” as much as it is a mortal threat to the Jewish people. Most of those who died in the recent fire outside of Haifa were goons of this regime. This was not mere chance. An Opinion was being Registered by One far more important than the trash who run around in the White House or the other chancelleries of the planet. But because you are not Jewish, you wouldn’t comprehend that.
As for the motives of Chinese aggressiveness towards the United States, they are fairly clear. In addition to making sure the dummies in Washington understand who owns Taiwan, they want to make sure the dummies in Washington don’t forget who owns America.
|
{
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/*
* Ultra Wide Band
* Dynamic Reservation Protocol handling
*
* Copyright (C) 2005-2006 Intel Corporation
* Inaky Perez-Gonzalez <inaky.perez-gonzalez@intel.com>
* Copyright (C) 2008 Cambridge Silicon Radio Ltd.
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License version
* 2 as published by the Free Software Foundation.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
*/
#include <linux/kthread.h>
#include <linux/freezer.h>
#include <linux/slab.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>
#include "uwb-internal.h"
/* DRP Conflict Actions ([ECMA-368 2nd Edition] 17.4.6) */
enum uwb_drp_conflict_action {
/* Reservation is maintained, no action needed */
UWB_DRP_CONFLICT_MANTAIN = 0,
/* the device shall not transmit frames in conflicting MASs in
* the following superframe. If the device is the reservation
* target, it shall also set the Reason Code in its DRP IE to
* Conflict in its beacon in the following superframe.
*/
UWB_DRP_CONFLICT_ACT1,
/* the device shall not set the Reservation Status bit to ONE
* and shall not transmit frames in conflicting MASs. If the
* device is the reservation target, it shall also set the
* Reason Code in its DRP IE to Conflict.
*/
UWB_DRP_CONFLICT_ACT2,
/* the device shall not transmit frames in conflicting MASs in
* the following superframe. It shall remove the conflicting
* MASs from the reservation or set the Reservation Status to
* ZERO in its beacon in the following superframe. If the
* device is the reservation target, it shall also set the
* Reason Code in its DRP IE to Conflict.
*/
UWB_DRP_CONFLICT_ACT3,
};
static void uwb_rc_set_drp_cmd_done(struct uwb_rc *rc, void *arg,
struct uwb_rceb *reply, ssize_t reply_size)
{
struct uwb_rc_evt_set_drp_ie *r = (struct uwb_rc_evt_set_drp_ie *)reply;
unsigned long flags;
if (r != NULL) {
if (r->bResultCode != UWB_RC_RES_SUCCESS)
dev_err(&rc->uwb_dev.dev, "SET-DRP-IE failed: %s (%d)\n",
uwb_rc_strerror(r->bResultCode), r->bResultCode);
} else
dev_err(&rc->uwb_dev.dev, "SET-DRP-IE: timeout\n");
spin_lock_irqsave(&rc->rsvs_lock, flags);
if (rc->set_drp_ie_pending > 1) {
rc->set_drp_ie_pending = 0;
uwb_rsv_queue_update(rc);
} else {
rc->set_drp_ie_pending = 0;
}
spin_unlock_irqrestore(&rc->rsvs_lock, flags);
}
/**
* Construct and send the SET DRP IE
*
* @rc: UWB Host controller
* @returns: >= 0 number of bytes still available in the beacon
* < 0 errno code on error.
*
* See WUSB[8.6.2.7]: The host must set all the DRP IEs that it wants the
* device to include in its beacon at the same time. We thus have to
* traverse all reservations and include the DRP IEs of all PENDING
* and NEGOTIATED reservations in a SET DRP command for transmission.
*
* A DRP Availability IE is appended.
*
* rc->rsvs_mutex is held
*
* FIXME We currently ignore the returned value indicating the remaining space
* in beacon. This could be used to deny reservation requests earlier if
* determined that they would cause the beacon space to be exceeded.
*/
int uwb_rc_send_all_drp_ie(struct uwb_rc *rc)
{
int result;
struct uwb_rc_cmd_set_drp_ie *cmd;
struct uwb_rsv *rsv;
struct uwb_rsv_move *mv;
int num_bytes = 0;
u8 *IEDataptr;
result = -ENOMEM;
/* First traverse all reservations to determine memory needed. */
list_for_each_entry(rsv, &rc->reservations, rc_node) {
if (rsv->drp_ie != NULL) {
num_bytes += rsv->drp_ie->hdr.length + 2;
if (uwb_rsv_has_two_drp_ies(rsv) &&
(rsv->mv.companion_drp_ie != NULL)) {
mv = &rsv->mv;
num_bytes +=
mv->companion_drp_ie->hdr.length + 2;
}
}
}
num_bytes += sizeof(rc->drp_avail.ie);
cmd = kzalloc(sizeof(*cmd) + num_bytes, GFP_KERNEL);
if (cmd == NULL)
goto error;
cmd->rccb.bCommandType = UWB_RC_CET_GENERAL;
cmd->rccb.wCommand = cpu_to_le16(UWB_RC_CMD_SET_DRP_IE);
cmd->wIELength = num_bytes;
IEDataptr = (u8 *)&cmd->IEData[0];
/* FIXME: DRV avail IE is not always needed */
/* put DRP avail IE first */
memcpy(IEDataptr, &rc->drp_avail.ie, sizeof(rc->drp_avail.ie));
IEDataptr += sizeof(struct uwb_ie_drp_avail);
/* Next traverse all reservations to place IEs in allocated memory. */
list_for_each_entry(rsv, &rc->reservations, rc_node) {
if (rsv->drp_ie != NULL) {
memcpy(IEDataptr, rsv->drp_ie,
rsv->drp_ie->hdr.length + 2);
IEDataptr += rsv->drp_ie->hdr.length + 2;
if (uwb_rsv_has_two_drp_ies(rsv) &&
(rsv->mv.companion_drp_ie != NULL)) {
mv = &rsv->mv;
memcpy(IEDataptr, mv->companion_drp_ie,
mv->companion_drp_ie->hdr.length + 2);
IEDataptr +=
mv->companion_drp_ie->hdr.length + 2;
}
}
}
result = uwb_rc_cmd_async(rc, "SET-DRP-IE",
&cmd->rccb, sizeof(*cmd) + num_bytes,
UWB_RC_CET_GENERAL, UWB_RC_CMD_SET_DRP_IE,
uwb_rc_set_drp_cmd_done, NULL);
rc->set_drp_ie_pending = 1;
kfree(cmd);
error:
return result;
}
/*
* Evaluate the action to perform using conflict resolution rules
*
* Return a uwb_drp_conflict_action.
*/
static int evaluate_conflict_action(struct uwb_ie_drp *ext_drp_ie, int ext_beacon_slot,
struct uwb_rsv *rsv, int our_status)
{
int our_tie_breaker = rsv->tiebreaker;
int our_type = rsv->type;
int our_beacon_slot = rsv->rc->uwb_dev.beacon_slot;
int ext_tie_breaker = uwb_ie_drp_tiebreaker(ext_drp_ie);
int ext_status = uwb_ie_drp_status(ext_drp_ie);
int ext_type = uwb_ie_drp_type(ext_drp_ie);
/* [ECMA-368 2nd Edition] 17.4.6 */
if (ext_type == UWB_DRP_TYPE_PCA && our_type == UWB_DRP_TYPE_PCA) {
return UWB_DRP_CONFLICT_MANTAIN;
}
/* [ECMA-368 2nd Edition] 17.4.6-1 */
if (our_type == UWB_DRP_TYPE_ALIEN_BP) {
return UWB_DRP_CONFLICT_MANTAIN;
}
/* [ECMA-368 2nd Edition] 17.4.6-2 */
if (ext_type == UWB_DRP_TYPE_ALIEN_BP) {
/* here we know our_type != UWB_DRP_TYPE_ALIEN_BP */
return UWB_DRP_CONFLICT_ACT1;
}
/* [ECMA-368 2nd Edition] 17.4.6-3 */
if (our_status == 0 && ext_status == 1) {
return UWB_DRP_CONFLICT_ACT2;
}
/* [ECMA-368 2nd Edition] 17.4.6-4 */
if (our_status == 1 && ext_status == 0) {
return UWB_DRP_CONFLICT_MANTAIN;
}
/* [ECMA-368 2nd Edition] 17.4.6-5a */
if (our_tie_breaker == ext_tie_breaker &&
our_beacon_slot < ext_beacon_slot) {
return UWB_DRP_CONFLICT_MANTAIN;
}
/* [ECMA-368 2nd Edition] 17.4.6-5b */
if (our_tie_breaker != ext_tie_breaker &&
our_beacon_slot > ext_beacon_slot) {
return UWB_DRP_CONFLICT_MANTAIN;
}
if (our_status == 0) {
if (our_tie_breaker == ext_tie_breaker) {
/* [ECMA-368 2nd Edition] 17.4.6-6a */
if (our_beacon_slot > ext_beacon_slot) {
return UWB_DRP_CONFLICT_ACT2;
}
} else {
/* [ECMA-368 2nd Edition] 17.4.6-6b */
if (our_beacon_slot < ext_beacon_slot) {
return UWB_DRP_CONFLICT_ACT2;
}
}
} else {
if (our_tie_breaker == ext_tie_breaker) {
/* [ECMA-368 2nd Edition] 17.4.6-7a */
if (our_beacon_slot > ext_beacon_slot) {
return UWB_DRP_CONFLICT_ACT3;
}
} else {
/* [ECMA-368 2nd Edition] 17.4.6-7b */
if (our_beacon_slot < ext_beacon_slot) {
return UWB_DRP_CONFLICT_ACT3;
}
}
}
return UWB_DRP_CONFLICT_MANTAIN;
}
static void handle_conflict_normal(struct uwb_ie_drp *drp_ie,
int ext_beacon_slot,
struct uwb_rsv *rsv,
struct uwb_mas_bm *conflicting_mas)
{
struct uwb_rc *rc = rsv->rc;
struct uwb_rsv_move *mv = &rsv->mv;
struct uwb_drp_backoff_win *bow = &rc->bow;
int action;
action = evaluate_conflict_action(drp_ie, ext_beacon_slot, rsv, uwb_rsv_status(rsv));
if (uwb_rsv_is_owner(rsv)) {
switch(action) {
case UWB_DRP_CONFLICT_ACT2:
/* try move */
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv, UWB_RSV_STATE_O_TO_BE_MOVED);
if (bow->can_reserve_extra_mases == false)
uwb_rsv_backoff_win_increment(rc);
break;
case UWB_DRP_CONFLICT_ACT3:
uwb_rsv_backoff_win_increment(rc);
/* drop some mases with reason modified */
/* put in the companion the mases to be dropped */
bitmap_and(mv->companion_mas.bm, rsv->mas.bm, conflicting_mas->bm, UWB_NUM_MAS);
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv, UWB_RSV_STATE_O_MODIFIED);
default:
break;
}
} else {
switch(action) {
case UWB_DRP_CONFLICT_ACT2:
case UWB_DRP_CONFLICT_ACT3:
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv, UWB_RSV_STATE_T_CONFLICT);
default:
break;
}
}
}
static void handle_conflict_expanding(struct uwb_ie_drp *drp_ie, int ext_beacon_slot,
struct uwb_rsv *rsv, bool companion_only,
struct uwb_mas_bm *conflicting_mas)
{
struct uwb_rc *rc = rsv->rc;
struct uwb_drp_backoff_win *bow = &rc->bow;
struct uwb_rsv_move *mv = &rsv->mv;
int action;
if (companion_only) {
/* status of companion is 0 at this point */
action = evaluate_conflict_action(drp_ie, ext_beacon_slot, rsv, 0);
if (uwb_rsv_is_owner(rsv)) {
switch(action) {
case UWB_DRP_CONFLICT_ACT2:
case UWB_DRP_CONFLICT_ACT3:
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv,
UWB_RSV_STATE_O_ESTABLISHED);
rsv->needs_release_companion_mas = false;
if (bow->can_reserve_extra_mases == false)
uwb_rsv_backoff_win_increment(rc);
uwb_drp_avail_release(rsv->rc,
&rsv->mv.companion_mas);
}
} else { /* rsv is target */
switch(action) {
case UWB_DRP_CONFLICT_ACT2:
case UWB_DRP_CONFLICT_ACT3:
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv,
UWB_RSV_STATE_T_EXPANDING_CONFLICT);
/* send_drp_avail_ie = true; */
}
}
} else { /* also base part of the reservation is conflicting */
if (uwb_rsv_is_owner(rsv)) {
uwb_rsv_backoff_win_increment(rc);
/* remove companion part */
uwb_drp_avail_release(rsv->rc, &rsv->mv.companion_mas);
/* drop some mases with reason modified */
/* put in the companion the mases to be dropped */
bitmap_andnot(mv->companion_mas.bm, rsv->mas.bm,
conflicting_mas->bm, UWB_NUM_MAS);
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv, UWB_RSV_STATE_O_MODIFIED);
} else { /* it is a target rsv */
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv, UWB_RSV_STATE_T_CONFLICT);
/* send_drp_avail_ie = true; */
}
}
}
static void uwb_drp_handle_conflict_rsv(struct uwb_rc *rc, struct uwb_rsv *rsv,
struct uwb_rc_evt_drp *drp_evt,
struct uwb_ie_drp *drp_ie,
struct uwb_mas_bm *conflicting_mas)
{
struct uwb_rsv_move *mv;
/* check if the conflicting reservation has two drp_ies */
if (uwb_rsv_has_two_drp_ies(rsv)) {
mv = &rsv->mv;
if (bitmap_intersects(rsv->mas.bm, conflicting_mas->bm,
UWB_NUM_MAS)) {
handle_conflict_expanding(drp_ie,
drp_evt->beacon_slot_number,
rsv, false, conflicting_mas);
} else {
if (bitmap_intersects(mv->companion_mas.bm,
conflicting_mas->bm, UWB_NUM_MAS)) {
handle_conflict_expanding(
drp_ie, drp_evt->beacon_slot_number,
rsv, true, conflicting_mas);
}
}
} else if (bitmap_intersects(rsv->mas.bm, conflicting_mas->bm,
UWB_NUM_MAS)) {
handle_conflict_normal(drp_ie, drp_evt->beacon_slot_number,
rsv, conflicting_mas);
}
}
static void uwb_drp_handle_all_conflict_rsv(struct uwb_rc *rc,
struct uwb_rc_evt_drp *drp_evt,
struct uwb_ie_drp *drp_ie,
struct uwb_mas_bm *conflicting_mas)
{
struct uwb_rsv *rsv;
list_for_each_entry(rsv, &rc->reservations, rc_node) {
uwb_drp_handle_conflict_rsv(rc, rsv, drp_evt, drp_ie,
conflicting_mas);
}
}
static void uwb_drp_process_target_accepted(struct uwb_rc *rc,
struct uwb_rsv *rsv, struct uwb_rc_evt_drp *drp_evt,
struct uwb_ie_drp *drp_ie, struct uwb_mas_bm *mas)
{
struct uwb_rsv_move *mv = &rsv->mv;
int status;
status = uwb_ie_drp_status(drp_ie);
if (rsv->state == UWB_RSV_STATE_T_CONFLICT) {
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv, UWB_RSV_STATE_T_CONFLICT);
return;
}
if (rsv->state == UWB_RSV_STATE_T_EXPANDING_ACCEPTED) {
/* drp_ie is companion */
if (!bitmap_equal(rsv->mas.bm, mas->bm, UWB_NUM_MAS)) {
/* stroke companion */
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv,
UWB_RSV_STATE_T_EXPANDING_ACCEPTED);
}
} else {
if (!bitmap_equal(rsv->mas.bm, mas->bm, UWB_NUM_MAS)) {
if (uwb_drp_avail_reserve_pending(rc, mas) == -EBUSY) {
/* FIXME: there is a conflict, find
* the conflicting reservations and
* take a sensible action. Consider
* that in drp_ie there is the
* "neighbour" */
uwb_drp_handle_all_conflict_rsv(rc, drp_evt,
drp_ie, mas);
} else {
/* accept the extra reservation */
bitmap_copy(mv->companion_mas.bm, mas->bm,
UWB_NUM_MAS);
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv,
UWB_RSV_STATE_T_EXPANDING_ACCEPTED);
}
} else {
if (status) {
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv,
UWB_RSV_STATE_T_ACCEPTED);
}
}
}
}
/*
* Based on the DRP IE, transition a target reservation to a new
* state.
*/
static void uwb_drp_process_target(struct uwb_rc *rc, struct uwb_rsv *rsv,
struct uwb_ie_drp *drp_ie, struct uwb_rc_evt_drp *drp_evt)
{
struct device *dev = &rc->uwb_dev.dev;
struct uwb_rsv_move *mv = &rsv->mv;
int status;
enum uwb_drp_reason reason_code;
struct uwb_mas_bm mas;
status = uwb_ie_drp_status(drp_ie);
reason_code = uwb_ie_drp_reason_code(drp_ie);
uwb_drp_ie_to_bm(&mas, drp_ie);
switch (reason_code) {
case UWB_DRP_REASON_ACCEPTED:
uwb_drp_process_target_accepted(rc, rsv, drp_evt, drp_ie, &mas);
break;
case UWB_DRP_REASON_MODIFIED:
/* check to see if we have already modified the reservation */
if (bitmap_equal(rsv->mas.bm, mas.bm, UWB_NUM_MAS)) {
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv, UWB_RSV_STATE_T_ACCEPTED);
break;
}
/* find if the owner wants to expand or reduce */
if (bitmap_subset(mas.bm, rsv->mas.bm, UWB_NUM_MAS)) {
/* owner is reducing */
bitmap_andnot(mv->companion_mas.bm, rsv->mas.bm, mas.bm,
UWB_NUM_MAS);
uwb_drp_avail_release(rsv->rc, &mv->companion_mas);
}
bitmap_copy(rsv->mas.bm, mas.bm, UWB_NUM_MAS);
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv, UWB_RSV_STATE_T_RESIZED);
break;
default:
dev_warn(dev, "ignoring invalid DRP IE state (%d/%d)\n",
reason_code, status);
}
}
static void uwb_drp_process_owner_accepted(struct uwb_rsv *rsv,
struct uwb_mas_bm *mas)
{
struct uwb_rsv_move *mv = &rsv->mv;
switch (rsv->state) {
case UWB_RSV_STATE_O_PENDING:
case UWB_RSV_STATE_O_INITIATED:
case UWB_RSV_STATE_O_ESTABLISHED:
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv, UWB_RSV_STATE_O_ESTABLISHED);
break;
case UWB_RSV_STATE_O_MODIFIED:
if (bitmap_equal(mas->bm, rsv->mas.bm, UWB_NUM_MAS))
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv, UWB_RSV_STATE_O_ESTABLISHED);
else
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv, UWB_RSV_STATE_O_MODIFIED);
break;
case UWB_RSV_STATE_O_MOVE_REDUCING: /* shouldn' t be a problem */
if (bitmap_equal(mas->bm, rsv->mas.bm, UWB_NUM_MAS))
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv, UWB_RSV_STATE_O_ESTABLISHED);
else
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv, UWB_RSV_STATE_O_MOVE_REDUCING);
break;
case UWB_RSV_STATE_O_MOVE_EXPANDING:
if (bitmap_equal(mas->bm, mv->companion_mas.bm, UWB_NUM_MAS)) {
/* Companion reservation accepted */
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv, UWB_RSV_STATE_O_MOVE_COMBINING);
} else {
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv, UWB_RSV_STATE_O_MOVE_EXPANDING);
}
break;
case UWB_RSV_STATE_O_MOVE_COMBINING:
if (bitmap_equal(mas->bm, rsv->mas.bm, UWB_NUM_MAS))
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv, UWB_RSV_STATE_O_MOVE_REDUCING);
else
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv, UWB_RSV_STATE_O_MOVE_COMBINING);
break;
default:
break;
}
}
/*
* Based on the DRP IE, transition an owner reservation to a new
* state.
*/
static void uwb_drp_process_owner(struct uwb_rc *rc, struct uwb_rsv *rsv,
struct uwb_dev *src, struct uwb_ie_drp *drp_ie,
struct uwb_rc_evt_drp *drp_evt)
{
struct device *dev = &rc->uwb_dev.dev;
int status;
enum uwb_drp_reason reason_code;
struct uwb_mas_bm mas;
status = uwb_ie_drp_status(drp_ie);
reason_code = uwb_ie_drp_reason_code(drp_ie);
uwb_drp_ie_to_bm(&mas, drp_ie);
if (status) {
switch (reason_code) {
case UWB_DRP_REASON_ACCEPTED:
uwb_drp_process_owner_accepted(rsv, &mas);
break;
default:
dev_warn(dev, "ignoring invalid DRP IE state (%d/%d)\n",
reason_code, status);
}
} else {
switch (reason_code) {
case UWB_DRP_REASON_PENDING:
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv, UWB_RSV_STATE_O_PENDING);
break;
case UWB_DRP_REASON_DENIED:
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv, UWB_RSV_STATE_NONE);
break;
case UWB_DRP_REASON_CONFLICT:
/* resolve the conflict */
bitmap_complement(mas.bm, src->last_availability_bm,
UWB_NUM_MAS);
uwb_drp_handle_conflict_rsv(rc, rsv, drp_evt, drp_ie, &mas);
break;
default:
dev_warn(dev, "ignoring invalid DRP IE state (%d/%d)\n",
reason_code, status);
}
}
}
static void uwb_cnflt_alien_stroke_timer(struct uwb_cnflt_alien *cnflt)
{
unsigned timeout_us = UWB_MAX_LOST_BEACONS * UWB_SUPERFRAME_LENGTH_US;
mod_timer(&cnflt->timer, jiffies + usecs_to_jiffies(timeout_us));
}
static void uwb_cnflt_update_work(struct work_struct *work)
{
struct uwb_cnflt_alien *cnflt = container_of(work,
struct uwb_cnflt_alien,
cnflt_update_work);
struct uwb_cnflt_alien *c;
struct uwb_rc *rc = cnflt->rc;
unsigned long delay_us = UWB_MAS_LENGTH_US * UWB_MAS_PER_ZONE;
mutex_lock(&rc->rsvs_mutex);
list_del(&cnflt->rc_node);
/* update rc global conflicting alien bitmap */
bitmap_zero(rc->cnflt_alien_bitmap.bm, UWB_NUM_MAS);
list_for_each_entry(c, &rc->cnflt_alien_list, rc_node) {
bitmap_or(rc->cnflt_alien_bitmap.bm, rc->cnflt_alien_bitmap.bm,
c->mas.bm, UWB_NUM_MAS);
}
queue_delayed_work(rc->rsv_workq, &rc->rsv_alien_bp_work,
usecs_to_jiffies(delay_us));
kfree(cnflt);
mutex_unlock(&rc->rsvs_mutex);
}
static void uwb_cnflt_timer(unsigned long arg)
{
struct uwb_cnflt_alien *cnflt = (struct uwb_cnflt_alien *)arg;
queue_work(cnflt->rc->rsv_workq, &cnflt->cnflt_update_work);
}
/*
* We have received an DRP_IE of type Alien BP and we need to make
* sure we do not transmit in conflicting MASs.
*/
static void uwb_drp_handle_alien_drp(struct uwb_rc *rc, struct uwb_ie_drp *drp_ie)
{
struct device *dev = &rc->uwb_dev.dev;
struct uwb_mas_bm mas;
struct uwb_cnflt_alien *cnflt;
unsigned long delay_us = UWB_MAS_LENGTH_US * UWB_MAS_PER_ZONE;
uwb_drp_ie_to_bm(&mas, drp_ie);
list_for_each_entry(cnflt, &rc->cnflt_alien_list, rc_node) {
if (bitmap_equal(cnflt->mas.bm, mas.bm, UWB_NUM_MAS)) {
/* Existing alien BP reservation conflicting
* bitmap, just reset the timer */
uwb_cnflt_alien_stroke_timer(cnflt);
return;
}
}
/* New alien BP reservation conflicting bitmap */
/* alloc and initialize new uwb_cnflt_alien */
cnflt = kzalloc(sizeof(struct uwb_cnflt_alien), GFP_KERNEL);
if (!cnflt) {
dev_err(dev, "failed to alloc uwb_cnflt_alien struct\n");
return;
}
INIT_LIST_HEAD(&cnflt->rc_node);
setup_timer(&cnflt->timer, uwb_cnflt_timer, (unsigned long)cnflt);
cnflt->rc = rc;
INIT_WORK(&cnflt->cnflt_update_work, uwb_cnflt_update_work);
bitmap_copy(cnflt->mas.bm, mas.bm, UWB_NUM_MAS);
list_add_tail(&cnflt->rc_node, &rc->cnflt_alien_list);
/* update rc global conflicting alien bitmap */
bitmap_or(rc->cnflt_alien_bitmap.bm, rc->cnflt_alien_bitmap.bm, mas.bm, UWB_NUM_MAS);
queue_delayed_work(rc->rsv_workq, &rc->rsv_alien_bp_work, usecs_to_jiffies(delay_us));
/* start the timer */
uwb_cnflt_alien_stroke_timer(cnflt);
}
static void uwb_drp_process_not_involved(struct uwb_rc *rc,
struct uwb_rc_evt_drp *drp_evt,
struct uwb_ie_drp *drp_ie)
{
struct uwb_mas_bm mas;
uwb_drp_ie_to_bm(&mas, drp_ie);
uwb_drp_handle_all_conflict_rsv(rc, drp_evt, drp_ie, &mas);
}
static void uwb_drp_process_involved(struct uwb_rc *rc, struct uwb_dev *src,
struct uwb_rc_evt_drp *drp_evt,
struct uwb_ie_drp *drp_ie)
{
struct uwb_rsv *rsv;
rsv = uwb_rsv_find(rc, src, drp_ie);
if (!rsv) {
/*
* No reservation? It's either for a recently
* terminated reservation; or the DRP IE couldn't be
* processed (e.g., an invalid IE or out of memory).
*/
return;
}
/*
* Do nothing with DRP IEs for reservations that have been
* terminated.
*/
if (rsv->state == UWB_RSV_STATE_NONE) {
uwb_rsv_set_state(rsv, UWB_RSV_STATE_NONE);
return;
}
if (uwb_ie_drp_owner(drp_ie))
uwb_drp_process_target(rc, rsv, drp_ie, drp_evt);
else
uwb_drp_process_owner(rc, rsv, src, drp_ie, drp_evt);
}
static bool uwb_drp_involves_us(struct uwb_rc *rc, struct uwb_ie_drp *drp_ie)
{
return uwb_dev_addr_cmp(&rc->uwb_dev.dev_addr, &drp_ie->dev_addr) == 0;
}
/*
* Process a received DRP IE.
*/
static void uwb_drp_process(struct uwb_rc *rc, struct uwb_rc_evt_drp *drp_evt,
struct uwb_dev *src, struct uwb_ie_drp *drp_ie)
{
if (uwb_ie_drp_type(drp_ie) == UWB_DRP_TYPE_ALIEN_BP)
uwb_drp_handle_alien_drp(rc, drp_ie);
else if (uwb_drp_involves_us(rc, drp_ie))
uwb_drp_process_involved(rc, src, drp_evt, drp_ie);
else
uwb_drp_process_not_involved(rc, drp_evt, drp_ie);
}
/*
* Process a received DRP Availability IE
*/
static void uwb_drp_availability_process(struct uwb_rc *rc, struct uwb_dev *src,
struct uwb_ie_drp_avail *drp_availability_ie)
{
bitmap_copy(src->last_availability_bm,
drp_availability_ie->bmp, UWB_NUM_MAS);
}
/*
* Process all the DRP IEs (both DRP IEs and the DRP Availability IE)
* from a device.
*/
static
void uwb_drp_process_all(struct uwb_rc *rc, struct uwb_rc_evt_drp *drp_evt,
size_t ielen, struct uwb_dev *src_dev)
{
struct device *dev = &rc->uwb_dev.dev;
struct uwb_ie_hdr *ie_hdr;
void *ptr;
ptr = drp_evt->ie_data;
for (;;) {
ie_hdr = uwb_ie_next(&ptr, &ielen);
if (!ie_hdr)
break;
switch (ie_hdr->element_id) {
case UWB_IE_DRP_AVAILABILITY:
uwb_drp_availability_process(rc, src_dev, (struct uwb_ie_drp_avail *)ie_hdr);
break;
case UWB_IE_DRP:
uwb_drp_process(rc, drp_evt, src_dev, (struct uwb_ie_drp *)ie_hdr);
break;
default:
dev_warn(dev, "unexpected IE in DRP notification\n");
break;
}
}
if (ielen > 0)
dev_warn(dev, "%d octets remaining in DRP notification\n",
(int)ielen);
}
/**
* uwbd_evt_handle_rc_drp - handle a DRP_IE event
* @evt: the DRP_IE event from the radio controller
*
* This processes DRP notifications from the radio controller, either
* initiating a new reservation or transitioning an existing
* reservation into a different state.
*
* DRP notifications can occur for three different reasons:
*
* - UWB_DRP_NOTIF_DRP_IE_RECVD: one or more DRP IEs with the RC as
* the target or source have been received.
*
* These DRP IEs could be new or for an existing reservation.
*
* If the DRP IE for an existing reservation ceases to be to
* received for at least mMaxLostBeacons, the reservation should be
* considered to be terminated. Note that the TERMINATE reason (see
* below) may not always be signalled (e.g., the remote device has
* two or more reservations established with the RC).
*
* - UWB_DRP_NOTIF_CONFLICT: DRP IEs from any device in the beacon
* group conflict with the RC's reservations.
*
* - UWB_DRP_NOTIF_TERMINATE: DRP IEs are no longer being received
* from a device (i.e., it's terminated all reservations).
*
* Only the software state of the reservations is changed; the setting
* of the radio controller's DRP IEs is done after all the events in
* an event buffer are processed. This saves waiting multiple times
* for the SET_DRP_IE command to complete.
*/
int uwbd_evt_handle_rc_drp(struct uwb_event *evt)
{
struct device *dev = &evt->rc->uwb_dev.dev;
struct uwb_rc *rc = evt->rc;
struct uwb_rc_evt_drp *drp_evt;
size_t ielength, bytes_left;
struct uwb_dev_addr src_addr;
struct uwb_dev *src_dev;
/* Is there enough data to decode the event (and any IEs in
its payload)? */
if (evt->notif.size < sizeof(*drp_evt)) {
dev_err(dev, "DRP event: Not enough data to decode event "
"[%zu bytes left, %zu needed]\n",
evt->notif.size, sizeof(*drp_evt));
return 0;
}
bytes_left = evt->notif.size - sizeof(*drp_evt);
drp_evt = container_of(evt->notif.rceb, struct uwb_rc_evt_drp, rceb);
ielength = le16_to_cpu(drp_evt->ie_length);
if (bytes_left != ielength) {
dev_err(dev, "DRP event: Not enough data in payload [%zu"
"bytes left, %zu declared in the event]\n",
bytes_left, ielength);
return 0;
}
memcpy(src_addr.data, &drp_evt->src_addr, sizeof(src_addr));
src_dev = uwb_dev_get_by_devaddr(rc, &src_addr);
if (!src_dev) {
/*
* A DRP notification from an unrecognized device.
*
* This is probably from a WUSB device that doesn't
* have an EUI-48 and therefore doesn't show up in the
* UWB device database. It's safe to simply ignore
* these.
*/
return 0;
}
mutex_lock(&rc->rsvs_mutex);
/* We do not distinguish from the reason */
uwb_drp_process_all(rc, drp_evt, ielength, src_dev);
mutex_unlock(&rc->rsvs_mutex);
uwb_dev_put(src_dev);
return 0;
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Q:
switch statement registering as default when i input case triggers
switch not working quite correctly not sure why, thanks cheerz
disregard possible incorrect math ill figure it out later, or u can fix it too :P
it just skips to the default statement if i put c or C
the first two input seem to work fine
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main()
{
int decider;
double radius, height, circumference, surfaceArea, volume;
const double PI = 3.14159265;
printf("please enter radius in cm:");
scanf("%lf", &radius);
printf("please enter height in cm:");
scanf("%lf", &height);
printf("C. Calculate and display the circumference of the base of the cone\n"
"S. Calculate and display the surface area of the cone\n"
"V. Calculate and display the volume of the cone\n");
scanf("%d", &decider);
switch(decider)
{
case 'c':
case 'C':
circumference = (2.0f*PI)*radius;
printf("%lf cm", circumference);
break;
case 's':
case 'S':
surfaceArea = PI * (pow(radius, 2)) + (PI * radius) * (sqrt((pow(height, 2)) + (pow(radius, 2))));
printf("%lf cm sqaured", surfaceArea);
break;
case 'v':
case 'V':
volume = PI * (pow(radius, 2)) * (height/3.0f);
printf("%lf cm cubed", volume);
break;
default:
printf("An invalid option was selected!");
}
getch();
return 0;
}
A:
The variable decider has type int and you're using the %d format specifier to read in a value, which expect a decimal integer as input. So unless you enter in a number that is the ASCII code for one of the given letters, you'll always go to the default.
You're looking for a character, so make decider a char instead and use %c to read it:
char decider;
...
scanf(" %c", &decider);
Also note the space before %c. The space will absorb any whitespace characters, including the newline that finished the last line of text. This is needed for %c because unlike other format specifiers, %c will read and store a whitespace character.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
play stop mute unmute max volume repeat
[F4M] Adopted Cat Girl's Homecoming [Script by /u/stray_thoughts] [Cat girl] [Pet play] [Giggles] [Collar play] [Purring] [Hissing] [Light petting] [Some "Daddy" mentions] [Wholesome] [No sex]
This was so cute, I had to do it right away. :) Script by the awesome /u/stray_thoughts
|
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}
|
Apologies for technical issues that have prevented live streaming, but here is the unedited press conference as it happened on 26 June 2014. You may notice the press was polite and asked relevant questions. It’s hard not to think some of them were dumbstruck as they realized there was almost nothing any sane person could argue with there.
Having sorted out technical difficulties, we will do our best to start livestreaming tomorrow’s event first thing, and to get the raw video of Friday’s (today’s) event up for unedited viewing tomorrow as well.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Initiative aims to stop the spread of disinformation in the social media-obsessed country
This article is more than 1 year old
This article is more than 1 year old
Indonesia’s communications ministry has announced plans to hold weekly briefings on fake news, in an effort to educate the public about the spread of disinformation in the world’s third-largest democracy.
Communications minister Rudiantara said the initiative was designed to help the Indonesian public “sort through the news” in the lead up to what is widely expected to be a heated presidential election scheduled for next April.
The initiative would be kicked off as soon as possible, said the minister, and fake news stories – known locally as “hoax” news or “black campaigns” – would be accompanied by factual explanations.
'I felt disgusted': inside Indonesia's fake Twitter account factories Read more
“Every week we will announce hoax news,” Rudiantara told CNN Indonesia. “The ministry will not just stamp a story as hoax, but we will also provide facts.”
Urging Indonesians to refrain from spreading fake news on their social media accounts, Rudiantara said the exercise was part of the ministry’s push for ‘digital literacy’ in the political arena.
In Indonesia, which has one of the highest rates of Facebook and Twitter usage among its citizens, fake news is regularly spread on social networks to fan existing social, ethnic and religious divisions for political gain.
Analysts have expressed concern about the role fake news might play in the upcoming election, as well as the spread of hate speech.
Rudiantara said the weekly briefings were designed to encourage Indonesians to think more critically about the news they consume.
A specialised ministerial content control team, comprised of 70 people, will be tasked with identifying fake news stories.
In addition to the public briefings, information will also be posted on stophoax.id, a website designed by the ministry.
Days after the presidential campaign officially kicked off last week, with both pairs of candidates committing to a peaceful campaign and releasing symbolic white doves, a salacious website detailing the alleged affairs of one of the candidates appeared online.
The privately registered website has since been blocked by the communications ministry.
|
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"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Edit: thinking about it, it won't help to drop a singleton king off-side. Just as good to duck in both hands, then finesse, I think.
Slight variation on this. If you had arrived in 4♥ via a transfer and the hand holding ♥83 is playing the contract, I would lead a low heart from dummy towards the closed hand. Gives the defence a chance to go wrong.
http://bridge.esmarkkappel.dk/ is a useful resource, though not as good as Suitplay. It suggests that either cashing the Ace first or ducking a round first both win in the same cases, namely when trumps are 3-2 with the King onside (about 34%).
It suggests that either cashing the Ace first or ducking a round first both win in the same cases
Actually it doesn't even say you should duck. Suitplay agrees that cashing the Ace and low to the Queen are both the identical 34% (with low to the queen, unless they play the 2 when you should duck, being the best MP line).
Feel free to send me a friend challenge of any format as often as you like. I'll always accept :)
Sir,Cashing the ACE and then leading low towards the Queen does not help much as if West plays the 10 or J one is left to a pure guess .Then if the guess is wrong there are always two losers.. Ducking all round after cashing the ace will win whenever a doubleton king appears from either opponent.And lastly if for some reason one is sure that the finesse is a losing proposition then one has to hope for a doubleton king offside . I am poor at mathematics so I do not know the percentages .
You are missing KJ1092 so to lose only one trick you need to find the king onside with trumps splitting 3-2 or 2-3. You will always lose two tricks if the king is offside or if trumps break 4-1. There is therefore no difference between taking a finesse or cashing the ace first.
You are missing KJ1092 so to lose only one trick you need to find the king onside with trumps splitting 3-2 or 2-3. You will always lose two tricks if the king is offside or if trumps break 4-1. There is therefore no difference between taking a finesse or cashing the ace first.
Sir,Cashing the ACE and then leading low towards the Queen does not help much as if West plays the 10 or J one is left to a pure guess .Then if the guess is wrong there are always two losers.. Ducking all round after cashing the ace will win whenever a doubleton king appears from either opponent.And lastly if for some reason one is sure that the finesse is a losing proposition then one has to hope for a doubleton king offside . I am poor at mathematics so I do not know the percentages .
A then low to Q IS better. A then small unnecessarily loses two tricks to all cases (6) of Kxx onside (W) (and hence J/10/9x offside) and only gains in the (4) cases of Kx offside. As Cyberyeti says, cashing the A first avoids 3 losers when there's a singleton K.
Many years ago I was playing the equivalent suit (I think it was AQxxx opposite xxx). I cashed the Ace (in my hand, not dummy, crossed to dummy and led a spot. I was playing opps for whom I did not have a great deal of respect (in terms of bridge skill, not as 'people') and when RHO played the 10 smoothly on the second round, I decided to play him for J10x, and ducked, so that the now-stiff King beat the air.
That play is definitely anti-percentage against anyone with any reasonable level of ability, but weak players will tend to flinch on the second round, if only because they may not understand the cash of the Ace first, and so are confused.
The percentage play is to lead towards the queen on the second round: thus one cashes the Ace first or one ducks all around.
There is one tiny edge to ducking all around.....if you lead from your hand first. LHO, with KJ1092, may play the 2, and all will laugh when the 4 holds the first trick...anyone who has played long enough will have seen the equivalent of this play.
'one of the great markers of the advance of human kindness is the howls you will hear from the Men of God' Johann Hari
You clearly have an insight into the whole hand that the rest of us lack. How did you deduce that the hand with the short trumps also has a shortage in another suit to get a ruff?
While I think the idea of not attacking trumps is silly, on this suit layout and absent some very strong indication to the contrary, I don't know that Phil is suggesting trying for ruffs in the short hand.
There is a recognized technique called elopement, where one tries to score small trumps by ruffing. As an example, say we suspected RHO to hold KJ109 over dummy (perhaps we are doubled) and dummy has shortness in a suit where we know/hope/infer that RHO has length. We would strive to score ruffs. Not only would we score low tricks, but by shortening dummy's trump we increase the odds of being able to endplay RHO to lead, eventually, into the AQ.
Elopement is not a tactic one employs in the usual case when one has a 6-2 fit, but it all depends on the hands and the auction.
'one of the great markers of the advance of human kindness is the howls you will hear from the Men of God' Johann Hari
You won't. As above the best MP line is immediately low to the queen (unless West plays the 2, in which case you just duck). If East wins the King, you play low to the Ace (unless West plays the 2). You only lose 2 tricks.
Feel free to send me a friend challenge of any format as often as you like. I'll always accept :)
The percentage play is to lead towards the queen on the second round: thus one cashes the Ace first or one ducks all around.
These are both just the tiniest bit inferior to leading towards the queen instantly. As above, this doesn't cost when there is a singleton king offside, while each of your lines costs a trick with a 5-0 split.
Feel free to send me a friend challenge of any format as often as you like. I'll always accept :)
You clearly have an insight into the whole hand that the rest of us lack. How did you deduce that the hand with the short trumps also has a shortage in another suit to get a ruff?
I was basing my reply on "Murphy's Law" If anything can go wrong,it will. I was visulalising the possibility of the trumps splitting badly
such as a 4-1 split over declarer. if you try to draw trumps it means you are having to use up two of your trumps to pull one of the opponent
that holds the length. That's why its more feasible to try to make your trumps individually..
"It is not enough to be a good player, you must also play well"
- Dr Tarrasch(1862-1934)German Chess Grandmaster
Bridge is a game where you have two opponents...and often three(!)
"Any palooka can take tricks with Aces and Kings; the true expert shows his prowess
by how he handles the two's and three's" - Mollo's Hideous Hog
These are both just the tiniest bit inferior to leading towards the queen instantly. As above, this doesn't cost when there is a singleton king offside, while each of your lines costs a trick with a 5-0 split.
You are mistaken and I will take the time to spell it out for you:
If LHO has J1092, plays the 2 on the 1st trick, and the Queen loses to the stiff King, you will lose 3 tricks in the suit: one to the King and two more to the J109 sitting in front of the A7xx
Whereas if you pop the A on the first round, you drop the stiff King and now lose the same two tricks to the J109 sitting in front of the Q7xx. The difference is that the King lost the trick on this line, whereas it won a trick on your line. Obviously, the King wins a trick if you duck all around, but that comes back because now the J109 holding takes only one more trick...we have both the A and the Q left.
If the suit is 3-2 or 2-3, you lose one trick when the K is onside and two when it is offside, regardless of whether one starts with low to the Queen, or ducking all around, or Ace then low to the Q.
If the suit is 4-1, onside, then you lose 2 tricks whenever the King is onside, again regardless of which of the 3 plausible lines you take
If the suit is 4-1 offside, then you lose 3 tricks unless the King is stiff onside and, again, this is unrelated to how you play the 1st round....if you lead low from dummy, for example, the stiff King scores a trick it won't otherwise score, but now you have the AQ to draw 2 of the 3 outstanding trumps.
The key difference between the two plays of Ace first or duck completely first, on the one hand, and low to the Queen on the other, is when the suit is 4-1, stiff King offside. Now the 1st two lines gain a trick.
It doesn't much matter what you do when the trumps are 5-0, although as I noted above one can sometimes score a pleasing coup by leading the 3 towards dummy and having a lazy LHO play the 2: now the first trick is won by the 4, provided that you are ducking all the way around.
'one of the great markers of the advance of human kindness is the howls you will hear from the Men of God' Johann Hari
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
These notes accompany the Stanford CS class CS231n: Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Recognition . For questions/concerns/bug reports, please submit a pull request directly to our git repo
|
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|
So getting up at five AM isn’t something I do very often anymore, which has hurt my surfing patterns, but improved the level of grumpy, for which my family is grateful.
However, the opportunity to hit a Pro Day as a fully media credentialed writer for the Draftbible and Draftguys is always welcome and as I am two hours away from San Jose and the workouts started at 8am – well sacrifices were made.
Somehow I am still awake. Or this could be a dream.
It was an incredibly smooth running day as well as an early one. Just a handful of years ago, San Jose State was fighting to keep the football program alive and now it’s cranking out Pro level players. If Coye Francies and Chris Owens pan out, some people were joking it’s going to get titled ‘Cornerback U’.
I’m awaiting confirmation on the exact number of personnel and teams, but there were easily between 20-25 teams represented, 30+ people and two head Coaches – Carolina’s John Fox and new Jets Head Coach Rex Ryan. More on both is a bit.
The three biggest focal points were the aforementioned Francies and Owens, as well as Defensive End Jarron Gilbert.
Francies was hot after the Senior Bowl, but since then, Owens has started to overtake him and today may have locked that down. That isn’t to say Francies won’t make a fine corner in the NFL – he probably will. But Owens is hot.
Owens was faster overall, running a pair of 4.40’s in the 40, while Francies was clocked between a 4.59 and a 4.65.
Side note- when it comes to timing, here’s how it goes at a Pro Day. We (that is to say, media and Scouts) all have our own stop watches and do our own timing. Often right after a run, we’ll all double check the time with people around us. After all the speed drills are done, the scouts convene in a seperate location and get a consensus time or range of times.
Francies’ was a wide range. I don’t know how or why, but the range on his runs was wider than I’ve seen in the year and a half I’ve been there. For what that’s worth.
Regardless of how wacky those numbers were, Owens was faster by a margin.
Of course, straightline speed isn’t everything to a cornerback. Both corners worked out well in the position drills and looked good. Both tracked the balls well and looked good overall. Francies looked good flipping his hips and turning to move upfield. Owens looked great tracking the ball and very fluid.
It’s close. I will say that Jets Coach Ryan (told you we’d touch on him again) made a point to chat with Owens and it was clear they had talked before. He might have doen the same with Coye, but I didn’t see it. But Ryan definitely looked interested in Owens and given that he likes current Jet and former Spartan Dwight Lowery, it wouldn’t be surprising to see the Jets go to that well again. (I realize he didn’t make that pick, but GM Mike Tannenbaum did and I’m sure he chatted it up to Ryan.)
I wonder how the Jets might get Owens as it’s hard to know where he might go and it’s possible he won’t be there with the Jets’ second round pick. Will the Jets move up like they did for Dustin Keller last year?
They certainly might.
But the guy who seemed to be Ryan’s biggest focus was Gilbert. When it was time for the D-line drills, Ryan stepped in and led them. While he spent plenty of time with the other two Spartan DEs there (Marcus Keli and Jeff Schweiger, who I will talk about in a minute), he worked with Gilbert the most and definitely was focused on testing and probing him.
I walked away thinking that the Jets have to be thinking Gilbert is a high priority. Like Owens, you have to wonder how they would pick him up. He’s slotted on many sites to be a guy who could go somewhere in the second or third (I lean towards second) so again, the Jets might have to make a move to get him.
By the way, many sites have him listed as a Defensive Tackle but he can play Tackle or End, specifically end as a five technique in a 3-4 which could fit what the Jets are looking at.
I call him an End because that’s what he was in school.
Whatever you call him, he too looked solid in drills and is definitely more than a YouTube video and some stats. Gilbert ran a 4.76/4.83 40 with a good 10 yard time of 1.66. Not the fastest bloke, but quick enough.
When guys like Gilbert, Francies and Owens attract a spotlight, sometimes it splashes on some other players as well. One player I am looking more into is defensive End Jeff Schweiger.
Schweiger was a transfer from USC and had an OK, though not spectacular season in 2008. He had a very good workout today, including a 4.71/4.74 40 time, with a quick 4.56 short shuttle which looked pretty solid. Add to it a 35 1/2 vert and a 10 foot broad jump and he’s an intriguing guy who isn’t on many radars.
I’m not saying he’s a first round pick. I’m saying he may have gotten himself enough notice to have a good shot at being a rookie street free agent if not a late second day pick.
It only takes one team to fall in love to make that happen. He’s already worked out for the Atlanta Falcons.
I’ll be looking at his film this week and am curious to see how he looks.
Finally, I wanted to touch on the bonus portion of the day’s program – the workout by players from Cal-Poly, Sacramento State and other small schools.
This took place after the San Jose State day and a bunch of scouts stuck around. It was a long day by the time it was done – from 8am to after 1pm.
Of course, the teams who stayed (including John Fox) were there to see Cal-Poly wideout Ramses Barden do his thing. I think Carolina has to be looking at him given that they have nobody behind Smith and Dwayne Jarrett hasn’t worked out. Barden is a big guy, like Jarrett was, and as he learns to use his size and hands to beat corners high, he could be a great complement to anyone, Smith included.
Among the other teams remaining were the Giants, Rams, Panthers, Pats, Dolphins and Packers. The Panthers had two other men there along with Coach Fox, who busted me up more than once with little side comments.
There’s a guy I dearly want to have a beer with. He strikes me as a fellow who could make an evening fairly entertaining.
Back at the workout, Barden smoked his Combine 40 time, which was listed as a 4.58, with his first run timed at a speedy 4.51. His second run was a 4.55, closer to the Combien time but still solid. By the way, I clocked his first run at a 4.48. Barden told me he liked that time best and who am I to argue?
Barden was good in his workout as well and between the Combine and today, helped himself quite a bit. His 39 arm length, 10′2″ broad jump and 7.1 three cone drill helped also.
One other guy I am looking into after watching him in the second half of the day is Montana State Running Back Demetrius Williams. Williams had speedy 40 times of 4.44 and 4.45 (although one scout had him at 4.39) and overall had a good workout.
Liek Schweiger, Williams may benefit from the teams who stuck around to watch Barden and get himself some workouts. I’m curious to look more closely at his game and examine if he might be able to catch onto a practice squad or on a special teams unit.
|
{
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|
Convention Judges NeededAny advisor, volunteer or state staff already attending Convention, please consider volunteering to judge a Proficiency area. We have 27 award areas that do not have enough judges right now! Proficiencies will be judged Thursday, October 31, 12 - 5pm. Email judges@ffa.org to receive an invitation to register to judge.
Convention Proficiency Room Hosts NeededProficiency room hosts are needed on Thursday, October 31 from 10:30am -5pm in Kentucky International Convention Center (KICC). Room hosts are voluntary. FFA does not cover any expenses. Submit nominations to rcarter@ffa.org please include name and email address of each nominee.
Sign up now for the FFA virtual convention and expoThere?s still time to sign up for the inaugural National FFA Virtual Convention & Expo, the perfect way to bring the national convention and expo straight to your classroom.
Last Reminder ? NAAE activities at National FFA conventionAs you?re packing those last important items for National FFA convention, be sure to mark your schedule to attend Teachers? World professional development, visit the internet café, send your students to our Teach Ag booth, visit us in the collegiate career fair, or take in General Session 5, where our teachers will be sharing why agricultural education is a great career. There are lots of opportunities to grow as a professional and get your students thinking about a career as an ag teacher ? don?t leave Louisville without taking advantage of them!
Region 2- Teacher Turn the Key Award WinnerClayton Sallee, agricultural educator at Field Kindley Memorial High School in Coffeyville, Kan., received the 2012 Teacher Turn the Key Award. Sallee has been at Field Kindley since 2010, and has been instrumental in securing new funding and starting new courses. Read more about the award program and Sallee here.
FFA Link Insights Wednesday, October 30. 4:30-7 p.m.
Kentucky Exposition Center, KEC, C205
Sponsored by the National FFA Alumni and Collegiate FFA, this event is specifically for Juniors in high school to young adults who have been out of high school for less than five years. FFA Link Insight will feature a panel of high-level industry executives talking about career opportunities in the implementation, sales and agricultural engineering fields. Following the panel discussion, Charlie O?Brien, Sr. VP for the Association of Equipment Manufactures (AEM), will share words of wisdom on achieving success in the industry of agriculture. Please encourage students you know attending convention to participate in both the FFA Link Insights and Meet-up.


FFA LINK MEETUP WEDNESDAY Wednesday, OCTOBER 30, 6:00 P.M. ? 7:00 P.M.
Kentucky Exposition Center, KEC, outside C205
Following the FFA Link Insights we invite attendees to stay for the Link Meet-up and encourage FFA Alumni, exhibitors and other professionals to attend. FFA Link Meet-ups are an opportunity for young adults to interact with professionals across the agricultural industry to network, possibly identify a mentor, learn about opportunities, or just gain feedback from those who have gone before them. FFA Alumni, please mark your calendars to participate in the first ever FFA Link networking event!
NASDCTEc
Analysis of State CTE StandardsIn October, NASDCTE released a report featuring An Analysis of State CTE Standards. This report provides national views on states adopting, organizing, and implementing CTE standards at secondary and postsecondary levels. Read more and download the report.
CAST
Friday, Oct. 25, 2013: Biotech crops fill the headlines, and school food programs are important in the U.S. and abroad. And what does a fox really say?
STEM in high demandThe STEM shortage is real and profound, according to recent findings published by Bayer, and is particularly relevant for occupations requiring two- and four-year degrees. Read more on the study and the blog post here.
The National Council for Agricultural Education will host the 2014 Agricultural Education Summit, January 27 -30, 2014 in Indianapolis, Indiana. The theme of the 2014 National Agricultural Education Summit, “Renewal of Experiential Learning and Supervised Agricultural Experience within Agricultural Education” will be the focus of the summit for local, state and national Team Ag Ed participants.The development of student skill and competency through experiential learning methods such as the Supervised Agricultural Experience (SAE) has long been a core component of school based agricultural education. As the nation begins to deal with the skills gap that exists between current educational components and what will be needed for the future workforce the general education community is looking to experiential learning as a key solution. Unfortunately, even though agricultural education has a long and successful history with the methods, the most recent research has identified the following concerns. This suggests a need for national, state and local Team Ag Ed to recommit to the experiential learning component, and in particular the use of the SAE at the middle and secondary level.
Less agricultural students coming from family farming operations
Larger numbers of urban and suburban students who do not possess adequate home facilities to engage in traditional projects
Many school based agricultural education programs are significantly larger than they were in the past limiting the instructor’s ability to give personalized attention to all students
Lack of time within agricultural education training programs to place an emphasis on preparing future educators in the management and assessment of SAE programs
Decrease in the number of extended contracts that allowed instructors time after school and in the summer months to manage student learning
More stringent labor regulations inhibiting the depth to which students can explore some career fields in agriculture
Registration Information:
For those attending the Summit in Indianapolis, registering early will save you $100. Early registration cost is $199 and will cover meals and related conference expenses. Online early registration will be available October 22, 2013, and will close on December 13, 2013. For those registering December 14, 2013, or after registration cost is $299. All participant fees must be paid before January 30, 2014, to allow participation. Only credit cards payments accepted. There are NO refunds.Thanks to the generous sponsorship of John Deere and partnership with the National FFA Organization each state will be eligible to receive two travel stipends to offset the majority of the costs for two participants. These will be managed through state agricultural education staff.
More details on this program will be shared during the NASAE conference in Louisville in the coming weeks.For more information contact Mike Honeycutt atmhoneycutt@ffa.org.
FFA
Convention Judges NeededAny advisor, volunteer or state staff already attending Convention, please consider volunteering to judge a Proficiency area. We have 27 award areas that do not have enough judges right now! Proficiencies will be judged Thursday, October 31, 12 - 5pm. Email judges@ffa.orgto receive an invitation to register to judge.
Convention Proficiency Room Hosts NeededProficiency room hosts are needed on Thursday, October 31 from 10:30am -5pm in Kentucky International Convention Center (KICC). Room hosts are voluntary. FFA does not cover any expenses. Submit nominations to rcarter@ffa.org please include name and email address of each nominee.
Convention and expo app now availableDownload the 86th National FFA Convention and Expo app, now available at www.FFA.org/guidebook. Get the latest on the event, including the schedule of events, workshops, session highlights and more.
Courtesy Corp shifts allow one-of-a-kind look at convention and expoAre your students interested in seeing some of the “behind the scenes” that goes into the planning and implementation of the National FFA Convention & Expo? If so, we have Courtesy Corp shifts still available for this year’s big event that will fit your student’s various skills and interests. Visit the Courtesy Corp website to sign up your students for a variety of shifts and times.
If you have any questions, contact Angie Green with the National FFA Organization, agreen@ffa.org or 317-802-4204.
Sign up now for the FFA virtual convention and expoThere’s still time to sign up for the inaugural National FFA Virtual Convention & Expo, the perfect way to bring the national convention and expo straight to your classroom.
NAAE at National FFA ConventionBe sure to mark your schedule to take in all the great NAAE and Teach Ag activities happening at this year’s National FFA Convention. Here’s the rundown:
Teach Ag booth: Your students can walk the red carpet, put their star on our walk to fame, and get their photo taken while we talk to them about a future career in agricultural education
NAAE booth: We think current teachers are the real stars! Pick up your swag bag, and if you’re a current college student who’s majoring in agricultural education, fill out your Classroom Bound card and we’ll send you home with a t-shirt.
Teachers’ World: Get some professional development while your students are taking in the expo or drop by the internet café to network, get online, and recharge your device. See the workshop schedule here.
General Session 5: Be inspired by three very special agricultural educators who will share why they love to teach agriculture.
Friday, Oct. 18, 2013: Food security is the buzzword at the World Food Prize, and biotech takes center stage; the Farm Bill may have come back from the dead; Oarfish-nado might be the next horror film; and many other ag news items.
The Shutdown ends. What does that mean for CTE?With the last minute decision to end the government shut down, how will these decisions affect CTE? And what does the future look like for our government and CTE? Read the CTE Policy Watch blog to find out.
Member Organization Spotlight: Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities (APLU)One of the most recent additions to The Council’s lineup of partnering organizations is the Association of Public and Land-Grant Universities (APLU). The Council’s primary engagement with APLU is through the Academic Program Section (APS). APS is comprised of the associate deans responsible for academic programs at our nation’s colleges of agriculture and related disciplines. Overall, APS represents 160+ institutions having academic programs in agriculture, natural resources, life, and related sciences.
The vision of APS is to provide academic instruction and other programs that prepare society-ready graduates with the skills and competencies necessary to sustain and enhance the food, agriculture, natural resource and life science systems needed by professionals and the general public. This involves the engagement of faculty in the development and implementation of relevant undergraduate and graduate curricula, establishing effective advisement systems for students, and the mentoring of faculty to become accomplished teachers in a learning community environment.
So why partner with The Council? There are challenges in carrying out this vision for which school based agricultural education and alliance to organizations, such as The Council, are part of the solution. Some of these issues include:
Declining enrollments in some undergraduate and graduate programs are occurring at a time when student demand for higher education is on an escalating track.
The higher education student population does not match the rapidly changing demographics of our nation’s population. The same is true for faculty.
Insufficient graduates to meet the needs of the systems we populate with professionals.
The demographics of those currently in professional positions suggest that within five years, in excess of 50% will be eligible for retirement.
Our institutions are continuing to see shrinkage in state funding for all higher education programming.
Our curricula in our colleges of agriculture and life sciences may not adequately reflect the opportunities for students to gain the skills and competencies they will need in an increasingly high technology driven and global economy.
To learn more about APLU visit http://www.aplu.org. APLU is represented on The Council Board of Directors by Dr. Bryan Garton, associate dean of the College of Agriculture, Food and natural Resources at the University of Missouri.
FFAConvention Judges NeededAny advisor, volunteer or state staff already attending Convention, please consider volunteering to judge a Proficiency area. We have 27 award areas that do not have enough judges right now! Proficiencies will be judged Thursday, October 31, 12 - 5pm. Email judges@ffa.orgto receive an invitation to register to judge.
Convention Proficiency Room Hosts NeededProficiency room hosts are needed on Thursday, October 31 from 10:30am -5pm in Kentucky International Convention Center (KICC). Room hosts are voluntary. FFA does not cover any expenses. Submit nominations to rcarter@ffa.org please include name and email address of each nominee.
The new FFA membership numbers are in and wow, they are impressive! Looking for a handy resource that breaks down the numbers and provides a nice overview of the organization? Click here.
Major FFA hunger exhibit to help fight food insecurityExperience an important, interactive exhibit on food insecurity on the expo floor (Booth #1629) during the 86th National FFA Convention & Expo. Learn about the causes of food insecurity and how to take positive action in your community to address it. "Running on Empty: A Journey through Hunger" will kick off a year-long FFA Hunger Heroes Challenge. Don't miss it!
NAAE
Apply to be a 2014 National Agriscience Teacher AmbassadorThe DuPont National Agriscience Teacher Ambassador Academy provides agriscience teachers the opportunity to learn how to incorporate more science into their curriculum and make learning fun and challenging for students. The ambassadors will also conduct workshops at National FFA Convention and NAAE Convention to help other teachers learn how to be more effective in the classroom. Click here for more information and to download the application.
Attending National FFA Convention? Make Time for Professional Development!While your students are participating in events at National FFA convention, take time to participate in Teacher’s World professional development. Topics range from agriscience to anatomy and more. Get the complete workshop schedule (and find out what awesome prizes you could win for attending) on the NAAE website.
2013 National Agriscience Preservice Teacher Program Participants SelectedThe DuPont National Agriscience Preservice Teacher Program promotes inquiry-based teaching methods and the enhancement of science in agriculture to preservice teachers in agricultural education across the nation. This year 16 agricultural education majors were selected to participate in the inaugural class of the National Agriscience Preservice Teacher program, which will happen during the National FFA Convention. Learn more about the program and see this year’s participants.
Wilbur Chancellor: Region V Lifetime Achievement AwardWilbur Chancellor, former agricultural teacher at Choctaw County Vocational Center, contributed not only his knowledge to high school agriculture programs, but stepped up to fill several positions after retirement. After 25 years of teaching at Choctaw, Chancellor served as State FFA Advisor, State FFA Coordinator, and State Supervisor. Read more on Chancellor and other awards here.
The success of the agricultural industry is dependent on an educated workforce trained to meet the ever-changing landscape of a rural America where addressing world population food and fiber needs will have the greatest impact. These changes will require providing educational training that is not only appropriate but timely to address the geographically diverse of the industry.The National Postsecondary Agricultural Student Organization (PAS) is an organization associated with approved postsecondary institutions offering degrees, diplomas and/or certificates in agriculture, agribusiness, natural resources and related curriculum areas. These institutions provide students with the necessary training and skills to seek immediate employment within the industry and to become valuable employees that will help revitalize rural America.As a member of The Council, the National PAS Organization role in agricultural education has been to provide a continuation of leadership training through industry focused activities within the educational institutions serving those students who will become the leaders of our rural communities. We offer an opportunity for those students enrolled in postsecondary program to strengthen their connections through our motto of "Uniting Education and Industry in Agriculture." Our rural communities have continued to experience a shortage of workers for many of the industries served by them. The National PAS Organization will continue to provide opportunities for students to develop their leadership skills as they become leaders in the revitalization of rural America.As a member of The Council, the National PAS Organization has the opportunity to provide a stronger connection between our current agricultural education systems and the demands of a diverse industry.Craig A. McEnanyExecutive Director, National PAS OrganizationBoard Member, National Council for Agricultural Education
NAAE
XLR8 Participants NamedCongratulations to the teachers selected to participate in the inaugural class of the XLR8 Institute. This professional development opportunity for agriculture teachers who have been teaching between 7 and 15 years is sponsored by CSX as a special project of the National FFA Foundation.
Rock National FFA Convention 2013 with NAAE!Walk The Red Carpet at the Teach Ag BoothVisit the Teach Ag booth (#619) and give the paparazzi what they've been dying for - shots of rock star future ag teachers! Students can sign up for the campaign, put their name on our Walk to Fame (as an ag teacher) and leave with a brand new Teach Ag t-shirt, Owly (like an Oscar, but better), and a Polaroid shot to commemorate their rise to stardom as an agriculture teacher!
Groom Your Rock Star Skills with Teachers' World Professional DevelopmentRock out your classroom with the ideas and skills you gather at Teachers' World professional development sessions. While your students get their picture on the Teach Ag red carpet, visit Teachers' World exhibits and take a breather in the Internet Cafe, sponsored by Monsanto. Get details about Teachers' World interactive workshops here.
Grab some Swag at the NAAE boothStop by the NAAE booth (1200) and pick up your swag bag, filled with goodies to help you survive the week. While you're there, find out about NAAE convention and other opportunities for NAAE members.Ag Ed majors - Are you headed to the classroom? Fill out a card for our Classroom Bound display and get a free shirt.
Get Inspired at General Session 5Don't miss General Session 5, at noon on Friday, when three very special agricultural educators will share their stories and inspire students to become agriculture teachers themselves.
National Teach Ag DayThe fourth annual National Teach Ag Day celebration was a huge success, thanks to the staff at North Carolina A&T and everyone else who contributed. 464 different sites joined the 2-hour livestream with a rough-estimate of more than 2,000 total viewers. There were 1200 #taglive13 tweets from 615 contributors reaching 229,000 accounts. 47 states tuned in at some point during the livestream. 73 people attended the live celebration in Greensboro. 16 people representing 10 states and 11 affiliate organizations directly participated in the event. Countless college campuses, high school classrooms and stakeholder groups joined the livestream remotely or celebrated in their own way. The archived version of the Teach Ag Day webcast is available here.
Scholarship Opportunity for High School SeniorsThe American Soybean Association is excited to offer a scholarship to high school seniors. Visit this page for more information.
NAAE Membership BenefitAs a NAAE member, you can receive discounts at Choice Hotels International chains. Visit this page to read more about the discount and plan your next vacation today!
FFAComing soon- the 2014 National FFA Collegiate Scholarship Program!Although "go live" isn't until Nov. 15, 2013, we are sending a reminder about important changes to the scholarship application deadlines.New for 2014:
Please help spread the word about the application deadline changes. Direct questions, comments or concerns via email to Scholarships@FFA.org.
Convention Judges NeededAgriscience Fair and National Chapter will be judged on Wednesday, October 30. Proficiencies and Stars will be judged Thursday, October 31. Convention judging is voluntary. FFA does not cover any judging expenses. Submit nominations to judges@ffa.org, please include name and email address of each nominee.
Convention Proficiency Room Hosts NeededProficiency room hosts are needed on Thursday, October 31 from 10:30am -5pm in Kentucky International Convention Center (KICC). Room hosts are voluntary. FFA does not cover any expenses. Submit nominations to rcarter@ffa.org please include name and email address of each nominee.
Teach Ag!Another successful National Teach Ag Day has passed but celebrating agricultural education as a profession is a year-round occasion at FFA.Watch now as National FFA President Clay Sapp talks about why agriculture educators are so important and learn the top five reasons to teach ag.
FFA Alumni Ignite!All FFA Alumni members and guests are invited to attend several great events during the 2013 National FFA Alumni Convention in Louisville, Ky. New this year: the National FFA Alumni Awards Reception and FFA Link Insights, featuring leaders in the implement industry. All members are also invited to attend the live auction and the awards and business sessions. Click here to learn more.
Live benefit auction to help FFA membersSeveral items are up for sale at the National FFA Alumni Live Benefit Auction to raise money for FFA member scholarships. This year our featured item is a 2014 Ford F-150 XLT SuperCrew, along with many other items from sponsors such as New Holland and Claas. Mark your calendars for Thursday, Oct. 31 at 6 p.m. for this fun event.
Still needed: Volunteers for Alumni NationRegister now to volunteer to work at Alumni Nation during the 86th National FFA Convention & Expo. This interactive area is where alumni, friends and supporters can gather to share stories and to encourage others to become Forever Blue with the alumni. Important note: Everyone must register to attend the convention and expo. Volunteering with the FFA Alumni does not include convention passes, parking passes or hotel accommodations. Sign up here.
CAST
Friday, Oct. 4, 2013: The cold political freeze in D.C. affects agriculture and the Farm Bill; the Peterson Brothers have a new parody; and many other ag news items light up this harvest-time edition.
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Q:
Enable custom taxonomies in WooCommerce product search
What I want: modify the query of the WooCommerce search form (in frontend) to display the products by searching in the name, description and product_tag of the products.
What I have: I'm trying with this code inspired from this answer that return a result for the name and description of the product. But if i make a search with the tags names, no results. The search query don't search in tags of the product.
How to reproduce this issue (put the code below in functions.php file of your active theme):
function search_product_by_tag( $search, &$query_vars ) {
global $wpdb, $pagenow;
if ( 'edit.php' == $pagenow || empty($search) ) {
return $search;
}
$args = array(
'posts_per_page' => -1,
'post_type' => 'product',
'meta_query' => array(
array(
'key' => 'taxonomy',
'value' => 'product_tag',
'field' => 'name',
'terms' => array($query_vars->query['s']),
'compare' => 'LIKE',
)));
$posts = get_posts( $args );
if ( empty( $posts ) ) return $search;
$get_post_ids = array();
foreach($posts as $post){
$get_post_ids[] = $post->ID;
}
if ( sizeof( $get_post_ids ) > 0 ) {
$search = str_replace( 'AND (((', "AND ((({$wpdb->posts}.ID IN (" . implode( ',', $get_post_ids ) . ")) OR (", $search);
}
return $search;
}
add_filter( 'posts_search', 'search_product_by_tag', 999, 2 );
Example: I've one product : Black Chocolate with the product tag "confection". With this code, if i search "Chocolate" in the search form, the product will be returned. But if i search "confection" : no results.
A:
There are a lot of mistakes and errors in your code (a tax query is required for example).
To include WooCommmerce product tag terms in WooCommerce product search only (front end) use the following:
add_filter( 'posts_search', 'woocommerce_search_product_tag_extended', 999, 2 );
function woocommerce_search_product_tag_extended( $search, $query ) {
global $wpdb, $wp;
$qvars = $wp->query_vars;
if ( is_admin() || empty($search) || ! ( isset($qvars['s'])
&& isset($qvars['post_type']) && ! empty($qvars['s'])
&& $qvars['post_type'] === 'product' ) ) {
return $search;
}
// Here set your custom taxonomy
$taxonomy = 'product_tag'; // WooCommerce product tag
// Get the product Ids
$ids = get_posts( array(
'posts_per_page' => -1,
'post_type' => 'product',
'post_status' => 'publish',
'fields' => 'ids',
'tax_query' => array( array(
'taxonomy' => $taxonomy,
'field' => 'name',
'terms' => esc_attr($qvars['s']),
)),
));
if ( count( $ids ) > 0 ) {
$search = str_replace( 'AND (((', "AND ((({$wpdb->posts}.ID IN (" . implode( ',', $ids ) . ")) OR (", $search);
}
return $search;
}
Code goes in functions.php file of your active child theme (or active theme). Tested and works.
To make it work On WordPress search too replace:
if ( is_admin() || empty($search) || ! ( isset($qvars['s'])
&& isset($qvars['post_type']) && ! empty($qvars['s'])
&& $qvars['post_type'] === 'product' ) ) {
By the following:
if ( is_admin() || empty($search) || ! ( isset($qvars['s']) && ! empty($qvars['s']) ) ) {
For WooCommerce product category you will replace:
$taxonomy = 'product_tag'; // WooCommerce product tag
with:
$taxonomy = 'product_cat'; // WooCommerce product category
For WooCommerce product brands you will replace:
$taxonomy = 'product_tag'; // WooCommerce product tag
with:
$taxonomy = 'product_brand'; // WooCommerce product Brands
For multiple taxonomies.
To enable the search for both product category terms and product tag terms, you will use:
add_filter( 'posts_search', 'woocommerce_search_product_tag_extended', 999, 2 );
function woocommerce_search_product_tag_extended( $search, $query ) {
global $wpdb, $wp;
$qvars = $wp->query_vars;
if ( is_admin() || empty($search) || ! ( isset($qvars['s'])
&& isset($qvars['post_type']) && ! empty($qvars['s'])
&& $qvars['post_type'] === 'product' ) ) {
return $search;
}
// Here set your custom taxonomies in the array
$taxonomies = array('product_tag', 'product_cat');
$tax_query = array('relation' => 'OR'); // Initializing tax query
// Loop through taxonomies to set the tax query
foreach( $taxonomies as $taxonomy ) {
$tax_query[] = array(
'taxonomy' => $taxonomy,
'field' => 'name',
'terms' => esc_attr($qvars['s']),
);
}
// Get the product Ids
$ids = get_posts( array(
'posts_per_page' => -1,
'post_type' => 'product',
'post_status' => 'publish',
'fields' => 'ids',
'tax_query' => $tax_query,
) );
if ( sizeof( $ids ) > 0 ) {
$search = str_replace( 'AND (((', "AND ((({$wpdb->posts}.ID IN (" . implode( ',', $ids ) . ")) OR (", $search);
}
return $search;
}
Code goes in functions.php file of your active child theme (or active theme). Tested and works.
To make it work On WordPress search too replace:
if ( is_admin() || empty($search) || ! ( isset($qvars['s'])
&& isset($qvars['post_type']) && ! empty($qvars['s'])
&& $qvars['post_type'] === 'product' ) ) {
By the following:
if ( is_admin() || empty($search) || ! ( isset($qvars['s']) && ! empty($qvars['s']) ) ) {
New Thread: Extend WooCommerce product search to custom taxonomies and custom fields
|
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|
Sure looks that way. If you head on over to the BlackBerry Tour 9630 software download page, you'll see the above PDF listed when you click on the "Benefits of Software Upgrade" link. While the download appears to of have not been activated yet (still shows OS 5.0.0.591) Verizon looks to be at the very least, getting set to release the OS at some point. Its been suggested that the OS will go live some time today, lets hope that pans out.
I recently made the android switch to the incredible. COULDN'T BE HAPPIER. I had many reservations, especially touch screen, but it works great. Took a few days to adjust and learn a new OS, but in the end, I like it much better. If you live and die by emails, then BB is definitely better for you, but if you switch to a gmail account, the droid will work great. Battery life will never compare to a BB, but it gets me through the day. Hopefully this update "fixes" the quirks from .591 like the browser click. Still have my tour active running a leaked OS. You will miss BBM, but google talk will work across platforms text free, but without delivery notices like BBM. Handcent is a good sms app for android that will give you delivery notification of delivered/read for texts to other phones on your carrier.
I don't see anything on the page listing the enhancements & changes that addresses the battery leak issue or the browser click issue. I REALLY hope they fix the issues that I've had since I "upgraded" to .591...
Those issues were fixed with the .662 leak. I've been running it for awhile now and I'm a HEAVY data user, no battery leak and absolutely zero browser click problems. Hop on over to Driphter.com and check out the many hybrids they've built over this leak as well - smokin' fast!
Not everyone has the time, access or know how to load a leak or hybrid. Many of us just want a Blackberry to work how it supposed to with out having to load an unofficial OS or Hybrid.
Verizon has been telling me since the last update there is nothing they can do to fix the problem. They acknowledged the issue and then said there is nothing that can be done. That I would have to wait for my upgrade to roll around and get another BB. Oh wait, they did offer to replce my Tour with another Tour (which they addmitted would have the same problem because it is a software issue)or an 8330.
loading a leak is just like loading an official for the most part, and is far more strait forward than loading a hybrid.
i've been running the leaked .662 os since its been out, and i gotta say its working flawless. if this is a verizon leaked os for the tour, you dont have to even remove the vendor.xml.
but tbh, i dont recall the last time i had to delete the vendor file.. iirc i loaded a sprint version on this phone and didnt delete the vendor file. so that makes it even easier to load.
while i do sympathize with people who are in the dark about these things, i dont feel bad for the majority of people who are on CB, who know about leaks, who read about the fact they fix the problems they have, and still dont do anything about them. this sites got all the info a person needs to sort things out, if a person has the time to read this site, or install an official release.. they have time to read this site and install a leak... or a hybrid.. though hybrids arent my thing..
I'm sure that the upgrades to this build consist of more than just PTT stuff, they may not list it all. If .662 got rid of the browser issue, I would imagine that .732 would carry that along for the ride...
They included some pretty mundane crap in the PDF. You'd think something as widespread as the browser click would be one of the big things. They should be shouting from the hills "HEY GUYS WE FIXED YOUR BIGGEST ISSUE" if they actually intended to fix it. We Tour owners are going to be left up a creek. We were promised the best of the best when we were sold the Tour. We've been left with a shunned device that was nothing but trouble right from the start. The day I switch to an Android device will be a day long remembered.
murialita has it right, if it is fixed (and I really hope it is), I am not surprised it is not announced on the PDF. I used to write release notes for software and it is embarrasing to officially fess up to bugs like this.
Wow, every article about verizon tours always has comments about switching to Android. I love it. I was there too. I have made the switch and it is not an easy one, but if you survive the first week, you will like it better. The grass is not always greener on the other side, but I do believe once you get over the loss of BBM you will enjoy the android experience. Email is NOT the same and never will rival BB. My wife is dependent on the emails, so I stay informed, but every day here reminds me I'm glad I replaced my wife's 8330 with my tour, and I got the Incredible. If anyone is considering the switch, Androidcentral.com just had a good article with advice for those thinking about it and whether it is good for your needs.
I'm fully prepared for the switch from BBM to Google Talk. Most of my friends are on both so the few stragglers will just have to deal with my SMS for a while until they wise up and get non-BB friendly.
I don't even own an Android phone yet. the fact that folks like me are coming along to say they're ditching RIM because of the Tour must say something about the product and the company's willingness to see it through its service life. VZW and RIM have shoved the Tour to the side and alienated a lot of people like myself who already are/would have become very loyal Blackberry users. I'm sorry you didn't get your RIM circle jerk.
Well then, stop talking about it and be about it already. Nobody wants to come on to read about an update for their phone and see it blasted over and over again because people don't like it. I'm not riding any particular phones nuts like some of the people are, I would just prefer not to see the PR ad every single time the word "Tour" is in a home page sentence.
I was once a RIM defender too. But look at the stats, almost 40% of new Android users are former BB users. What does that tell you about RIM? There are a few things I do miss from my BB, but overall, my incredible is well, more incredible. If all I wanted were emails and BBM, then my tour would be fine, but when it comes to apps (bb app world is a joke) and internet, a bb just can't compete. If OS 6 provides a better experience, what are they waiting for? it will be at least a year till anyone sees it. Not willing to shell out $30 bucks month to wait when I can be experiencing it.
Rest assured that it will be gone with 732. Your choice if you don't want to install a leak or a hybrid. 662 radio with 732 java has been great on my Tour. Excellent battery life. Thanks VZW for making this one official (hopefully).
CrackBerry is in no way Affiliated with BlackBerry. We take pride in our unbiased content, however do occasionally receive free products from vendors that we review or discuss. For more info click here.
|
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Is Web Typography Completely Broken?
23rd Mar 2016
I recently came across an article titled “Web typography is broken. Here’s how we can fix it”. A mix of emotions rushed through me while I read through it. I realized that the biggest argument Tom was making in the article was that web typography is broken because type doesn’t sit perfectly on a baseline grid.
On one hand, I was happy to see people coming up with ideas to push code to their limits.
On the other hand, I’m unsettled. I asked myself: “Is there a need to make every line of text sit on the baseline“? I knew the importance of Vertical Rhythm and the baseline grid. I also knew that details matter when it comes to design. But is this one detail enough to break web typography?
As I browsed through the internet looking for answers, I found out that even great designers like Mark Boulton remarked that it would be cool if CSS gave us a pain free baseline grid.
This increased my urge to find out if web typography was completely broken. After all, if a great designer said the same thing, then sticking perfectly to the baseline grid should be important. Right?
Before I dig deep into this question, let’s take a look and see why we have the baseline problem in the first place.
Baseline Grids on the Web
The Baseline grid is primarily the manifestation of Vertical Rhythm at a work. In Vertical Rhythm, we try to keep vertical spaces between elements on a page consistent with each other with the help of a baseline – A common denominator used to create the consistent spaces.
When these baselines are stacked together onto the same page, we have a baseline grid.
A baseline grid
On the web, the baseline is determined by the line-height property of the body text. If the computed line-height value is 24px, the baseline is 24px.
Creating the baseline grid on the web used to be difficult. We could only visualize this baseline with the help of images. Now, we can use linear-repeating-gradient() to generate a baseline grid easily.
The second method (slightly more purist way) is to reposition all text elements such that they sit on the baseline grid instead of changing the position of the grid.
p {
position: relative;
top: 6px;
}
The situation becomes slightly more complicated when you have text elements with different line-heights. Let’s say you have a <h1> element with a line-height of 48px (twice of the baseline).
You’ll discover that the <h1> element sits slightly above the baseline no matter which method you use to “fix the baseline grid”.
H1 sits above baseline
One way to fix this “off-alignment” issue is to push the header down slightly with a top property. You’ll have to do the same step for every element that doesn’t sit on the baseline.
h1 {
position: relative;
top: 6px;
}
Pushing h1 to baseline
In reality, making text sit on the baseline grid isn’t as simple as what you’ve seen so far. It gets more complicated as you increase the number of typefaces. It also gets more complicated when you have to cater for responsive websites. So far, what I’ve done in this process is to manually adjust <h1> and <p> after eyeballing the results.
As you can see, MegaType uses position, top and margin properties. Also pretty complex stuff.
It’s amazing how Jake and Tom came up with ideas like these to correct the baseline. It’s these ingenious solutions that’ll eventually push the web to a better place.
That’s it for background knowledge. Let’s move on and find out if placing text on the baseline is indeed important. To do so, I first tried to understand why we use baseline grids.
The Why of a Baseline Grid
As I mentioned above, baseline grids is manifestation of Vertical Rhythm at work. The reason we’re using baselines is to help enforce Vertical Rhythm.
Vertical Rhythm, in turn, is important because we’re following the principle of repetition. To be specific, we’re repeating a spatial relationship. I’ve dug deep into the purpose of Vertical Rhythm in a previous article so check that out if you want to find out more.
Since we’re following the principle of repetition, the key to finding out whether it’s important to make text sit on a baseline is to repeat more elements.
Comparing Print And Web Baseline Grids
I decided to compare print and web baselines side by side while repeating more elements. Here’s the result:
Pay attention to the spatial rhythm between the two implementations. What do you think?
It seems to me that type set with print baseline follows a more consistent rhythm. Type set with the web baseline seems to break the rhythm slightly whenever <h1> appears. (It’s the extra few pixels between the header and paragraph elements that stand out).
Now, let’s try repeating some more elements:
More repetitions on the web baseline.
When you look at it now, the web baseline implementation doesn’t seem to go out of whack anymore, does it? It seems like the difference between web and print baseline grids becomes insignificant as the number of repetitions increases.
Wait. Don’t form a conclusion yet. There’s more to discuss.
There’s more to web design than pure text elements. Sometimes, we have elements that contain text, like a button for example:
A button
When you have elements like a button, how would you place them on the baseline? Would you put the button’s edges, the text, or both of them on the baseline?
Variations of placing a button on a baseline
Both Jake’s Sassline and Tom’s MegaType seem to suggest that we should place both the edges and text on the baseline:
Sassline and MegaType suggests we placeboth the edges and text on the baseline
Personally, I don’t agree with Sassline nor MegaType because it’s weird to see buttons with uneven top and bottom spaces. I find that the rhythm gets broken immediately.
Instead of accepting their answers as the correct one, I decided to test all three variations to see if one was better than the other. Here are the results if I compared all four variations (plus the web one) with their respective baselines turned on.
All three variations vs web baseline grid
While creating this test, I tweaked the <h1>‘s font-size to 1.728em (using a modular scale of 1.2) instead of leaving it at the default 2em to make the comparison more realistic.
When I changed the <h1>’s font-size, I also realized that I had to create a baseline that was half the line-height value for the first scenario or it will look really weird.
Let me turn off the baseline grid now. Take a look and see which you prefer.
The only one that stands out from this group is Version 3. It’s obvious that the vertical space between the header element and text is much smaller than the vertical space between the header text and it’s edges. The rhythm is broken here.
Since versions 1,2 and 4 are similar, is it worth the extra effort to push text to the baseline?
¯\_(ツ)_/¯
I’ll let you decide.
Moving on, these four variations are hypothetical scenarios I came up with. I wanted to test with some real scenarios as well. So, for the next step, I decided to check out three well-designed sites to see if they set their text with the print baseline.
Vertical Rhythm in Real Websites
Here, I shortlisted Medium, Awwwards and Dribbble as the three websites I think are well-designed. I’ll walk you through what I did, and what I’ve found.
Case Study 1: Medium
Medium has a beautiful design with long-form text. It’s a perfect case to test for Vertical Rhythm.
To conduct the case study, I picked a random article and inspected the paragraph tag.
Medium’s CSS
Here, I found out what Medium uses a font-size of 21px and a line-height of 1.58. This means the baseline should be 21px * 1.58 = 33.18px.
Note: Medium changes the font-size at different device widths. What I mentioned above is the sizes when viewed on a desktop.
The next step was to create a baseline grid on Medium with repeating-linear-gradient(). Here’s what I found
Medium with a Baseline grid
Note: I tested the grid with Firefox, which is the only browser I had that didn’t get affected by subpixel rounding errors.
Is Medium abiding completely to Vertical Rhythm?
Nope.
As I looked deeper, I realized that Medium uses a margin of 29px between paragraph elements, which pushes the rhythm off slightly. It also uses a margin-top of 56px on all h3 elements, which is slightly less than 2x of 29px.
So, here’s a food for thought: Does Medium have a bad design because it’s not following Vertical Rhythm exactly?
Let’s look at the rest of the websites before I say what I think.
Case Study 2: Awwwards
Awwward’s design is radically different from Medium’s. I picked it because I wanted to see if image-focused sites like Awwwards follow strictly to a Vertical Rhythm.
There isn’t much text on the page itself, so I picked the only text container I could see to hypothesize a baseline.
Assuming a baseline from Awwwards’s text container
Here, I see that Awwwards uses a font-size of 16px and a line-height of 1.9.
Awwward’s font-size and line-height
This means Awwwards should have a baseline of 16px * 1.9 = 30.4px. Here’s what it looks like when I added a baseline grid to Awwward:
Baseline grid on Awwward
So, does Awwwards follow Vertical Rhythm?
Nope.
As I looked deeper, I noticed that Awwwards repeats a padding of 20px in multiple places:
Awwwards uses 20px padding in multiple places
Also, it doesn’t seem like Awwwards is forces text to sit on the baseline. I couldn’t find any margin,padding or position hacks that Sassline or MegaType uses.
Another food for thought: Does Awwward’s design suck because it doesn’t follow a Vertical Rhythm exactly?
Let’s take a look at the last case study before I conclude.
Case Study 3: Dribbble
For the third test, I wanted to find a page that uses both images and text to see if Vertical Rhythm is applied. Here I’ve chosen the shot page to conduct the test.
Dribble’s shot page uses a font-size of 16px and a line-height of 1.5, which means the baseline should be 24px.
Dribbble with a baseline grid
So, does Dribbble follow completely to a baseline grid?
Nope.
As I dug further, I noticed that Dribbble also used multiples of 5px as margins or paddings all around.
Dribbble repeats a rhythm of 5px all around
However, Dribbble uses a margin of 14px between paragraph elements! 😱😱😱😱 A 1px difference!
So… Once again, does Dribbble’s design suck since it doesn’t follow a Vertical Rhythm perfectly?
You would have noticed by now that all three sites don’t follow a perfect Vertical Rhythm. Yet, they are all well-designed sites, aren’t they?
So, Does This Mean Vertical Rhythm is not Important?
On the contrary, Vertical Rhythm IS important. Following it to the pixel isn’t.
Earlier, we mentioned the principle behind Vertical Rhythm and baseline grids is the principle of repetition.
If you’ve read my article on why Vertical Rhythm is important, you would have know that repetition breeds familiarity. It has the ability to make things feel as if they belong together. It gives the feeling that someone has thought it all out, like it’s part of the plan.
The more you repeat elements, the more a design comes together. It also applies to any spatial relationships (including those that are not on the rhythm).
Since repetition is the important thing, is there a need to push pixels and make text sit on the baseline grid?
¯\_(ツ)_/¯
Wrapping Up
We’ve gone through a ton of stuff in this article. First of all, we talked about the differences between a web baseline grid and a print baseline grid. We also found out how to convert a web baseline grid to a print one.
Next, we compared both types of baseline grids together. Here, I discovered that there’s a small (almost no) difference between print and web baseline grids when elements are repeated multiple times.
Finally, we looked at three well-designed sites to see if we can find real-life examples of Vertical Rhythm at work. None of them enforce a perfect rhythm. However, we noticed that they do repeat spatial relationships around the entire site.
After digging deep into Vertical Rhythm and baseline grids, I feel that it’s not important to push pixels and make text sit on a baseline grid. Instead, it’s more important to internalize the design principles so we can use or break them if we need to.
What’s your take? I’ll love to hear them in the comments below.
(If you liked this article, I'd appreciate it if you could share it. 🤗)
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
This isn't about storing silver coins or canned food or getting an AK-47.
It's about saving your soul not your skin.
It's about the tendency to obsess on the New World Order, get depressed and become unbearable.
The situation is depressing. A satanic cult controls the credit of the world and rules through myriad proxies. It is determined to destroy civilization and institute an Orwellian police state.
Complete article here:
http://www.conspiracyplanet.com/channel.cfm?channelid=67&contentid=3131&page=1
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome-Associated Kaposi Sarcoma in a Child Presenting as a Solitary Plantar Hyperkeratotic Plaque.
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated Kaposi sarcoma (KS) among the pediatric population is a rare entity in North America and Europe, and its cutaneous manifestations are not well defined in the literature. The investigators report the case of a boy with an AIDS-associated KS presenting as an infiltrated hyperkeratotic plaque of the plantar arch. An 11-year-old African boy with congenital human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) had a skin biopsy of the plantar lesion that was consistent with a KS. The patient also presented intestinal and pulmonary symptoms; combined chemotherapy regimen and highly active antiretroviral therapy were given in the presence of systemic involvement. AIDS-associated KS poses a particular challenge to clinical diagnosis, since it can manifest with a variety of lesions. Dermatologists should have a low threshold for performing a skin biopsy in patients with HIV.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
---
# Run the Infra steps (step000, step001,step002)
################################################################################
################################################################################
############ Step 000 Pre Infrastructure Deploy Tasks
################################################################################
################################################################################
- import_playbook: pre_infra.yml
tags:
- step000
- pre_infra_tasks
#################################################################################
#################################################################################
############# Step 001 Deploy Infrastructure
#################################################################################
#################################################################################
- import_playbook: "../../cloud_providers/{{ cloud_provider }}_infrastructure_deployment.yml"
tags:
- step001
- deploy_infrastructure
# Before continuing this playbook, assert that there is at least one new node
- hosts: localhost
connection: local
gather_facts: false
become: false
tasks:
- name: Assert new_node_instance_count and node_instance_count are setup properly.
tags: assert_new_node
assert:
that:
- (groups['nodes'] | length) == (node_instance_count|int)
- groups['newnodes'] | length > 0
- name: Ensure one bastion is present
assert:
that: groups['bastions'] | length > 0
#################################################################################
#################################################################################
############# Step 002 Post Infrastructure Deploy Tasks
#################################################################################
#################################################################################
- import_playbook: post_infra.yml
tags:
- step002
- post_infra_tasks
#################################################################################
#################################################################################
############## Step 003 Pre Software Deploy Tasks
#################################################################################
#################################################################################
# Run pre-software steps on new nodes, or all of them if we can't do just the new nodes ( pre_software playbook)
- name: Configure all hosts with Repositories, Common Files and Set environment key
hosts:
- "newnodes"
become: true
gather_facts: False
tags:
- step004
- common_tasks
roles:
- { role: "set-repositories", when: 'repo_method is defined' }
- { role: "common", when: 'install_common' }
- { role: "set_env_authorized_key", when: 'set_env_authorized_key' }
- name: PreSoftware flight-check
hosts: localhost
connection: local
gather_facts: false
become: false
tags:
- flight_check
tasks:
- debug:
msg: "Pre-Software checks completed successfully"
# Run openshift-node role on the new hosts
- name: Configuring openshift-nodes
gather_facts: False
become: yes
hosts:
- newnodes
roles:
- host-ocp-node
tags:
- openshift_node_tasks
- name: Step 00xxxxx bastion preparation for OpenShift deployment
hosts: bastions
become: true
gather_facts: False
tags:
- openshift_host_templates
tasks:
- name: generate ansible hosts file, keep it under output_dir
template:
src: "./files/hosts_template.j2"
dest: "{{output_dir}}/scaleup_hosts-{{ env_type }}-{{ guid }}"
delegate_to: localhost
become: false
tags:
- generate_ansible_hosts_file
- name: Copy over ansible hosts file
copy:
src: "{{output_dir}}/scaleup_hosts-{{ env_type }}-{{ guid }}"
dest: /etc/ansible/scaleup_hosts
## Run Scaleup playbook
- name: Run OpenShift Scaleup playbook on first bastion
gather_facts: False
become: yes
hosts: bastions[0]
tags:
- installing_openshift
## Change to scale up, and change inventory file
tasks:
- name: run scaleup playbook
shell: "ansible-playbook -i /etc/ansible/scaleup_hosts /usr/share/ansible/openshift-ansible/playbooks/byo/openshift-node/scaleup.yml"
register: openshift_install_log
tags:
- openshift_installer
- name: show output of the scaleup playbook
debug:
var: openshift_install_log
verbosity: 2
- name: Tag freshly created node as node
hosts: localhost
connection: local
become: False
gather_facts: False
tags:
- generate_ansible_hosts_file
tasks:
# untag nodes, remove newnode tag
- name: Ensure tags 'newnode' for instance is set to 'false'
ec2_tag:
region: "{{ aws_region }}"
resource: "{{ hostvars[item].instance_id }}"
tags:
newnode: false
with_items: "{{ groups['newnodes'] }}"
when: cloud_provider == 'ec2'
- name: Remove hosts from group newnodes
gather_facts: False
become: yes
hosts: newnodes
tasks:
- group:
name: newnodes
state: absent
## Generate new /etc/ansible/hosts file
- name: Update /etc/ansible/host file on bastion
hosts: bastions
become: true
gather_facts: False
tags:
- openshift_host_templates
tasks:
- debug:
msg: "WARNING: s3user credentials not set"
when: s3user_access_key is not defined
- name: generate ansible hosts file, keep it under output_dir
template:
src: "./files/hosts_template.j2"
dest: "{{output_dir}}/hosts-{{ env_type }}-{{ guid }}"
delegate_to: localhost
become: false
tags:
- generate_ansible_hosts_file
- name: Copy over ansible hosts file
copy:
src: "{{output_dir}}/hosts-{{ project_tag }}"
dest: /etc/ansible/hosts
backup: yes
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
About This PhD Project
Project Description
This PhD project has been submitted to the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare (UFAW) for consideration for funding. The project must have a named student attached to it to be successful in this application therefore we are seeking an enthusiastic and dedicated student to apply for funding with this project. The success of the funding application is very dependent on the calibre of this student. The deadline for the final application to UFAW is mid January 2016 and the project, if funded, will commence in May 2016.
This project gives the student the opportunity to make a major contribution to the welfare of fish at slaughter. It will investigate the methodologies currently used by researchers to evaluate effective stunning in other species, for example: (a) analysis of the abolition of evoked potentials e.g. visual evoked potentials (b) the presence of polyspike activity in the electroencephalogram (EEG) followed by EEG suppression to ≤10% of the total power content of the EEG compared with the pre stun total power content (c) the use of EEG spectral analysis (d) the assessment of chaotic signals within the EEG and determine whether these criteria can be applied to a range of fish species. In addition, if necessary, new techniques will be investigated to further our understanding of stunning effectiveness in farmed fish based on detailed analysis of EEG and evoked potentials. This project will also evaluate currently recommended behavioural signs of ineffective stunning and relate them to the signs of effective stunning determined in the laboratory using the newly developed stunning/killing systems to give a better understanding of the welfare of farmed fish at stunning and slaughter.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
/*
* Copyright (c) 2017, Intel Corporation
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
* copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
* to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
* the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
* and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
* Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
* in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
* OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
* FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL
* THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR
* OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE,
* ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR
* OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
*/
//!
//! \file mhw_state_heap_hwcmd_g11_X.cpp
//! \brief Auto-generated definitions for MHW commands and states.
//!
#include "mhw_state_heap_hwcmd_g11_X.h"
#include "mos_utilities.h"
mhw_state_heap_g11_X::INTERFACE_DESCRIPTOR_DATA_CMD::INTERFACE_DESCRIPTOR_DATA_CMD()
{
DW0.Value = 0;
DW1.Value = 0;
DW2.Value = 0;
DW2.FloatingPointMode = FLOATING_POINT_MODE_IEEE_754;
DW2.ThreadPriority = THREAD_PRIORITY_NORMALPRIORITY;
DW2.SingleProgramFlow = SINGLE_PROGRAM_FLOW_MULTIPLE;
DW2.DenormMode = DENORM_MODE_FTZ;
DW2.ThreadPreemptionDisable = THREAD_PREEMPTION_DISABLE_DISABLE;
DW3.Value = 0;
DW3.SamplerCount = SAMPLER_COUNT_NOSAMPLERSUSED;
DW4.Value = 0;
DW5.Value = 0;
DW6.Value = 0;
DW6.SharedLocalMemorySize = SHARED_LOCAL_MEMORY_SIZE_ENCODES0K;
DW6.RoundingMode = ROUNDING_MODE_RTNE;
DW7.Value = 0;
}
mhw_state_heap_g11_X::BINDING_TABLE_STATE_CMD::BINDING_TABLE_STATE_CMD()
{
DW0.Value = 0;
}
mhw_state_heap_g11_X::RENDER_SURFACE_STATE_CMD::RENDER_SURFACE_STATE_CMD()
{
DW0.Value = 0;
DW0.MediaBoundaryPixelMode = MEDIA_BOUNDARY_PIXEL_MODE_NORMALMODE;
DW0.RenderCacheReadWriteMode = RENDER_CACHE_READ_WRITE_MODE_WRITE_ONLYCACHE;
DW0.TileMode = TILE_MODE_LINEAR;
DW0.SurfaceHorizontalAlignment = 0;
DW0.SurfaceVerticalAlignment = 0;
DW0.SurfaceFormat = SURFACE_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32FLOAT;
DW0.SurfaceType = SURFACE_TYPE_SURFTYPE1D;
DW1.Value = 0;
DW1.SampleTapDiscardDisable = SAMPLE_TAP_DISCARD_DISABLE_DISABLE;
DW1.CornerTexelMode = CORNER_TEXEL_MODE_DISABLE;
DW1.EnableUnormPathInColorPipe = ENABLE_UNORM_PATH_IN_COLOR_PIPE_UNNAMED1;
DW2.Value = 0;
DW3.Value = 0;
DW3.StandardTilingModeExtensions = STANDARD_TILING_MODE_EXTENSIONS_DISABLE;
DW3.TileAddressMappingMode = TILE_ADDRESS_MAPPING_MODE_GEN9;
DW4.Value = 0;
DW4.NumberOfMultisamples = NUMBER_OF_MULTISAMPLES_MULTISAMPLECOUNT1;
DW4.MultisampledSurfaceStorageFormat = MULTISAMPLED_SURFACE_STORAGE_FORMAT_MSS;
DW4.RenderTargetAndSampleUnormRotation = RENDER_TARGET_AND_SAMPLE_UNORM_ROTATION_0DEG;
DW5.Value = 0;
DW5.CoherencyType = COHERENCY_TYPE_GPUCOHERENT;
DW5.TiledResourceMode = TILED_RESOURCE_MODE_NONE;
DW5.EwaDisableForCube = EWA_DISABLE_FOR_CUBE_ENABLE;
DW6.Value = 0;
DW6.Obj0.HalfPitchForChroma = HALF_PITCH_FOR_CHROMA_DISABLE;
DW6.Obj1.AuxiliarySurfaceMode = AUXILIARY_SURFACE_MODE_AUXNONE;
DW6.Obj2.YuvInterpolationEnable = YUV_INTERPOLATION_ENABLE_DISABLE;
DW7.Value = 0;
DW7.ShaderChannelSelectAlpha = SHADER_CHANNEL_SELECT_ALPHA_ZERO;
DW7.ShaderChannelSelectBlue = SHADER_CHANNEL_SELECT_BLUE_ZERO;
DW7.ShaderChannelSelectGreen = SHADER_CHANNEL_SELECT_GREEN_ZERO;
DW7.ShaderChannelSelectRed = SHADER_CHANNEL_SELECT_RED_ZERO;
DW7.MemoryCompressionMode = MEMORY_COMPRESSION_MODE_HORIZONTAL;
DW8_9.Value[0] = DW8_9.Value[1] = 0;
DW10_11.Value[0] = DW10_11.Value[1] = 0;
DW10_11.Obj0.ClearValueAddressEnable = CLEAR_VALUE_ADDRESS_ENABLE_DISABLE;
DW12.Value = 0;
DW13.Value = 0;
DW14.Value = 0;
DW15.Value = 0;
}
mhw_state_heap_g11_X::MEDIA_SURFACE_STATE_CMD::MEDIA_SURFACE_STATE_CMD()
{
DW0.Value = 0;
DW0.Rotation = ROTATION_NOROTATIONOR0DEGREE;
DW1.Value = 0;
DW1.CrVCbUPixelOffsetVDirection = CRVCBU_PIXEL_OFFSET_V_DIRECTION_UNNAMED0;
DW1.PictureStructure = PICTURE_STRUCTURE_FRAMEPICTURE;
DW2.Value = 0;
DW2.TileMode = TILE_MODE_TILEMODELINEAR;
DW2.AddressControl = ADDRESS_CONTROL_CLAMP;
DW2.MemoryCompressionMode = MEMORY_COMPRESSION_MODE_HORIZONTALCOMPRESSIONMODE;
DW2.CrVCbUPixelOffsetVDirectionMsb = CRVCBU_PIXEL_OFFSET_V_DIRECTION_MSB_UNNAMED0;
DW2.CrVCbUPixelOffsetUDirection = CRVCBU_PIXEL_OFFSET_U_DIRECTION_UNNAMED0;
DW2.SurfaceFormat = SURFACE_FORMAT_YCRCBNORMAL;
DW3.Value = 0;
DW4.Value = 0;
DW5.Value = 0;
DW5.SurfaceMemoryObjectControlState = SURFACE_MEMORY_OBJECT_CONTROL_STATE_DEFAULTVAUEDESC;
DW5.TiledResourceMode = TILED_RESOURCE_MODE_TRMODENONE;
DW6.Value = 0;
DW7.Value = 0;
}
mhw_state_heap_g11_X::SAMPLER_STATE_CMD::SAMPLER_STATE_CMD()
{
DW0.Value = 0;
DW0.LodAlgorithm = LOD_ALGORITHM_LEGACY;
DW0.MinModeFilter = MIN_MODE_FILTER_NEAREST;
DW0.MagModeFilter = MAG_MODE_FILTER_NEAREST;
DW0.MipModeFilter = MIP_MODE_FILTER_NONE;
DW0.CoarseLodQualityMode = COARSE_LOD_QUALITY_MODE_DISABLED;
DW0.LodPreclampMode = LOD_PRECLAMP_MODE_NONE;
DW0.TextureBorderColorMode = TEXTURE_BORDER_COLOR_MODE_OGL;
DW1.Value = 0;
DW1.CubeSurfaceControlMode = CUBE_SURFACE_CONTROL_MODE_PROGRAMMED;
DW1.ShadowFunction = SHADOW_FUNCTION_PREFILTEROPALWAYS;
DW1.ChromakeyMode = CHROMAKEY_MODE_KEYFILTERKILLONANYMATCH;
DW2.Value = 0;
DW2.LodClampMagnificationMode = LOD_CLAMP_MAGNIFICATION_MODE_MIPNONE;
DW2.SrgbDecode = SRGB_DECODE_DECODEEXT;
DW2.ReturnFilterWeightForNullTexels = RETURN_FILTER_WEIGHT_FOR_NULL_TEXELS_DISABLE;
DW2.ReturnFilterWeightForBorderTexels = RETURN_FILTER_WEIGHT_FOR_BORDER_TEXELS_DISABLE;
DW3.Value = 0;
DW3.TczAddressControlMode = TCZ_ADDRESS_CONTROL_MODE_WRAP;
DW3.TcyAddressControlMode = TCY_ADDRESS_CONTROL_MODE_WRAP;
DW3.TcxAddressControlMode = TCX_ADDRESS_CONTROL_MODE_WRAP;
DW3.TrilinearFilterQuality = TRILINEAR_FILTER_QUALITY_FULL;
DW3.MaximumAnisotropy = MAXIMUM_ANISOTROPY_RATIO21;
DW3.ReductionType = REDUCTION_TYPE_STDFILTER;
}
mhw_state_heap_g11_X::SAMPLER_STATE_8x8_AVS_COEFFICIENTS_CMD::SAMPLER_STATE_8x8_AVS_COEFFICIENTS_CMD()
{
DW0.Value = 0;
DW1.Value = 0;
DW2.Value = 0;
DW3.Value = 0;
DW4.Value = 0;
DW5.Value = 0;
DW6.Value = 0;
DW7.Value = 0;
}
mhw_state_heap_g11_X::SAMPLER_STATE_8x8_AVS_CMD::SAMPLER_STATE_8x8_AVS_CMD()
{
DW0.Value = 0;
DW0.GainFactor = GAIN_FACTOR_UNNAMED44;
DW0.WeakEdgeThreshold = WEAK_EDGE_THRESHOLD_UNNAMED1;
DW0.StrongEdgeThreshold = STRONG_EDGE_THRESHOLD_UNNAMED8;
DW0.R3XCoefficient = R3X_COEFFICIENT_UNNAMED5;
DW0.R3CCoefficient = R3C_COEFFICIENT_UNNAMED5;
DW1.Value = 0;
DW2.Value = 0;
DW2.GlobalNoiseEstimation = GLOBAL_NOISE_ESTIMATION_UNNAMED255;
DW2.NonEdgeWeight = NON_EDGE_WEIGHT_UNNAMED1;
DW2.RegularWeight = REGULAR_WEIGHT_UNNAMED2;
DW2.StrongEdgeWeight = STRONG_EDGE_WEIGHT_UNNAMED7;
DW2.R5XCoefficient = R5X_COEFFICIENT_UNNAMED7;
DW2.R5CxCoefficient = R5CX_COEFFICIENT_UNNAMED7;
DW2.R5CCoefficient = R5C_COEFFICIENT_UNNAMED7;
DW3.Value = 0;
DW3.SatMax = SAT_MAX_UNNAMED31;
DW3.HueMax = HUE_MAX_UNNAMED14;
DW3.Enable8TapFilter = ENABLE_8_TAP_FILTER_UNNAMED0;
DW3.Ief4SmoothEnable = IEF4SMOOTH_ENABLE_UNNAMED0;
DW3.SkinToneTunedIefEnable = SKIN_TONE_TUNED_IEF_ENABLE_UNNAMED1;
DW4.Value = 0;
DW4.ShuffleOutputwritebackForSample8X8 = SHUFFLE_OUTPUTWRITEBACK_FOR_SAMPLE_8X8_UNNAMED0;
DW4.DiamondMargin = DIAMOND_MARGIN_UNNAMED4;
DW4.UMid = U_MID_UNNAMED110;
DW4.VMid = V_MID_UNNAMED154;
DW5.Value = 0;
DW5.DiamondDv = DIAMOND_DV_UNNAMED0;
DW5.DiamondTh = DIAMOND_TH_UNNAMED35;
DW5.HsMargin = HS_MARGIN_UNNAMED3;
DW5.DiamondDu = DIAMOND_DU_UNNAMED2;
DW5.Skindetailfactor = SKINDETAILFACTOR_UNNAMED0;
DW6.Value = 0;
DW6.YPoint1 = Y_POINT_1_UNNAMED46;
DW6.YPoint2 = Y_POINT_2_UNNAMED47;
DW6.YPoint3 = Y_POINT_3_UNNAMED254;
DW6.YPoint4 = Y_POINT_4_UNNAMED255;
DW7.Value = 0;
DW8.Value = 0;
DW8.P0L = P0L_UNNAMED46;
DW8.P1L = P1L_UNNAMED216;
DW9.Value = 0;
DW9.P2L = P2L_UNNAMED236;
DW9.P3L = P3L_UNNAMED236;
DW9.B0L = B0L_UNNAMED133;
DW9.B1L = B1L_UNNAMED130;
DW10.Value = 0;
DW10.B2L = B2L_UNNAMED130;
DW10.B3L = B3L_UNNAMED130;
DW11.Value = 0;
DW12.Value = 0;
DW12.P0U = P0U_UNNAMED46;
DW12.P1U = P1U_UNNAMED66;
DW13.Value = 0;
DW13.P2U = P2U_UNNAMED150;
DW13.P3U = P3U_UNNAMED236;
DW13.B0U = B0U_UNNAMED143;
DW13.B1U = B1U_UNNAMED163;
DW14.Value = 0;
DW14.B2U = B2U_UNNAMED200;
DW14.B3U = B3U_UNNAMED140;
DW15.Value = 0;
DW152.Value = 0;
DW152.DefaultSharpnessLevel = DEFAULT_SHARPNESS_LEVEL_UNNAMED0;
DW153.Value = 0;
DW153.RgbAdaptive = RGB_ADAPTIVE_DISBLE;
DW153.AdaptiveFilterForAllChannels = ADAPTIVE_FILTER_FOR_ALL_CHANNELS_DISBLE;
DW153.BypassYAdaptiveFiltering = BYPASS_Y_ADAPTIVE_FILTERING_ENABLE;
DW153.BypassXAdaptiveFiltering = BYPASS_X_ADAPTIVE_FILTERING_ENABLE;
MOS_ZeroMemory(&Reserved4928, sizeof(Reserved4928));
}
mhw_state_heap_g11_X::SAMPLER_STATE_8x8_CONVOLVE_COEFFICIENTS_CMD::SAMPLER_STATE_8x8_CONVOLVE_COEFFICIENTS_CMD()
{
DW0.Value = 0;
DW1.Value = 0;
DW2.Value = 0;
DW3.Value = 0;
DW4.Value = 0;
DW5.Value = 0;
DW6.Value = 0;
DW7.Value = 0;
}
mhw_state_heap_g11_X::SAMPLER_STATE_8x8_CONVOLVE_CMD::SAMPLER_STATE_8x8_CONVOLVE_CMD()
{
DW0.Value = 0;
DW0.SizeOfTheCoefficient = SIZE_OF_THE_COEFFICIENT_8BIT;
DW0.MsbHeight = MSB_HEIGHT_NOCHANGE;
DW0.MsbWidth = MSB_WIDTH_NOCHANGE;
MOS_ZeroMemory(&Reserved32, sizeof(Reserved32));
}
mhw_state_heap_g11_X::SAMPLER_STATE_8x8_ERODE_DILATE_MINMAXFILTER_CMD::SAMPLER_STATE_8x8_ERODE_DILATE_MINMAXFILTER_CMD()
{
DW0.Value = 0;
DW1.Value = 0;
DW2.Value = 0;
DW3.Value = 0;
DW4.Value = 0;
DW5.Value = 0;
DW6.Value = 0;
DW7.Value = 0;
}
mhw_state_heap_g11_X::SAMPLER_INDIRECT_STATE_CMD::SAMPLER_INDIRECT_STATE_CMD()
{
DW0.Value = 0;
DW1.Value = 0;
DW2.Value = 0;
DW3.Value = 0;
MOS_ZeroMemory(&Reserved128, sizeof(Reserved128));
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Is a patient's type of substance dependence (alcohol, drug or both) associated with the quality of primary care they receive?
Primary care clinicians' attitudes may differ based on patients' substance dependence type (alcohol, other drugs or both). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether substance dependence type is associated with primary care quality (PCQ). We tested the association between substance dependence type and six PCQ scales of the Primary Care Assessment Survey (PCAS) in multivariable linear regression models. We studied alcohol- and/or drug-dependent patients followed prospectively who reported having a PCC ( n = 427) in a primary care setting. We used the Composite International Diagnostic Interview-Short Form to assess substance dependence type and we used the PCAS questionnaire to measure primary care quality. Dependence type was significantly associated with PCQ for all PCAS scales except whole-person knowledge. For the significant associations, subjects with drug dependence (alone or together with alcohol) had lower observed PCAS scores compared with those with alcohol dependence only, except for preventive counselling. Drug dependence was associated with worse PCQ for most domains. Understanding the reasons for these differences and addressing them may help improve the quality of primary care for patients with addictions.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Log In
Plans afoot for new Sydney-US fibre link
Kiwi big wigs plan new Pacific cable.
Competition could be looming for the Southern Cross Cable that carries the majority of Australia and New Zealand's Internet traffic, if a group of New Zealand hi-tech business people behind a second fibre-optic link get their way.
Pacific Fibre has announced plans to build a new international link between Los Angeles, Auckland and Sydney, with potential expansion plans to Perth and Singapore.
Caption: Pacific Fibre
The Internet industry luminaries behind Pacific Fibre are Rod Drury of SaaS accounting site Xero, Sam Morgan who founded auction site Trade Me and Mark Rushworth, a Telecom New Zealand, ihug and Vodafone veteran.
Sir Stephen Tindall of The Warehouse and backer of wireless ISP Woosh, John Humphrey, formerly of IPSTAR satellite system and management consultant Lance Wiggs - who advised on the sale of Trade Me to Fairfax for NZ$750 million - are also listed as founders of Pacific Fibre.
Rushworth says the new cable will compete head-on with the existing Southern Cross Cable System (SCCS) on price and performance. By utilising newer technology with no hops between Auckland and Los Angeles, Rushworth says the Pacific Fibre cable will have substantially lower latency than the SCCS. This in turn will make it more attractive to customers with demanding real-time applications such as banks and financial institutions.
The cable is estimated to cost just under NZ$900 million Rushworth says, and the goal is to complete it in three years' time. The proposed capacity of the Pacific Fibre cable will be 5.12 Terabits per second and this can be upgradeable to 12 Terabits per second.
Initially, the Pacific Fibre cable will run from LA - Auckland - Sydney with a leg to the NZ capital Wellington.
However, Rushworth says that as part of a second phase as suggested by interested parties to Pacific Fibre, a Sydney - Perth -Singapore leg is being considered, to improve connectivity to Asia.
Internet entrepreneurs Drury and Morgan have been vocal advocates of better network infrastructure and lifting of meagre data caps in New Zealand, and Rushworth says he hopes Pacific Fibre will enable just this by lowering international data transit pricing.
"With around 90 per cent of NZ traffic going to the US, international data pricing is a major reason for the low data caps here," Rushworth says.
State-owned enterprise Kordia, that operates in both NZ and Australia was quick to welcome the Pacific Fibre initiative.
CEO Geoff Hunt says Kordia has been talking to Drury and the other founders over the past few months, and says it will team up with Pacific Fibre.
Kordia is currently proposing to build a trans-Tasman link, the PPC-2, that connects to Pipe Networks in Australia.
All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed in any form without prior authorisation.Your use of this website
constitutes acceptance of nextmedia's Privacy Policy and
Terms & Conditions.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
The latest skirmish over the nation’s first smart gun, marked this week by death threats against a Maryland gun dealer who wanted to sell the weapon, has raised doubts about its future and prompted some gun-control advocates to back away from legislative efforts to mandate the technology.
Engage Armament, a Rockville gun shop, endured an outpouring of vitriol from gun rights activists who fear the technology will be used to curtail their Second Amendment rights by limiting the kinds of guns they can buy in the future.
The protests echoed those against the Oak Tree Gun Club, a Los Angeles area store that offered to sell the smart gun and — like Engage Armament — quickly dropped the idea after opposition mounted. Electronic chips in the Armatix iP1 can communicate with a watch that can be bought separately. Then the gun cannot be fired without the watch.
Gun rights advocates are worried about a New Jersey law under which only smart handguns can be sold there within three years of being sold anywhere in the country. The law, they fear, will be replicated in other states. Similar proposals have been introduced in California and Congress.
On Friday, New Jersey’s Senate majority leader offered a compromise that might allay fears that smart gun technology will become a backdoor form of gun control. State Sen. Loretta Weinberg (D),who sponsored the landmark 2002 law, said she would ask the legislature to drop the mandate if the National Rifle Association, a fierce critic of smart gun technology, promises not to stand in the way of the development and sale of the weapons.
“I’m willing to do this because eventually these are the kinds of guns people will want to buy,” Weinberg said.
In response to questions about Weinberg’s proposal, the NRA issued a terse statement from Chris W. Cox, executive director of the NRA’s Institute for Legislative Action. “The NRA is interested in a full repeal of New Jersey’s misguided law,” Cox said.
Stephen Teret, a public health expert at Johns Hopkins University and smart gun proponent who helped with the New Jersey law, said “bullying” gun store owners was “reprehensible.” But he said it might be better for New Jersey to get rid of the mandate and let market forces dictate the future of smart guns.
“At the time, the New Jersey law made a great deal of sense,” he said. “But a number of things of have changed. Most importantly, the technology has improved. And number two, there’s a market demand for these kinds of guns. Given those changes, if New Jersey wants to rely on market forces instead of legislation, that’s certainly a reasonable approach.”
And given what happened in Maryland this week, it might be the only way to get the guns into buyers’ hands.
Andy Raymond, the co-owner of Engage Armament, had decided to offer the Armatix iP1 smart gun, despite the furor it had caused in California. He was fiercely opposed, he said, to banning the sale of any kind of gun and thought smart guns could expand the market for firearms to buyers concerned about safety.
But after word spread that he would sell the gun, vehement protests emerged online, with people calling him a traitor, a communist and various expletives. The protests were fueled, in part, by gun rights blogs alerting gun owners to Raymond’s plans. Although Raymond doesn’t think the NRA was behind the attacks, the organization later tweeted news that Raymond had backed down.
Belinda Padilla, chief executive of Armatix’s U.S. operations, had initially hailed Raymond for selling the weapon.
“He’s very knowledgeable about what happened in California,” she said. “But he is interested in providing a safer handgun for those that want one. He believes in the freedom of choice.” After he changed his mind, she did not respond to a request for comment.
During the blitz of calls and e-mails, someone told one of Raymond’s workers that the store wouldn’t sell the gun because there wouldn’t be a store; it would be burned down.
At another point, Raymond picked up the phone and said, “Hi, this is Andy. How can I help you?” The caller asked, “You’re the guys selling the smart gun?” Raymond tried to reason with him. But the caller said, “You’re going to get what’s coming to you, [expletive].”
Raymond took that as a death threat. Even his dog, Brutus, did not escape the vitriol.
Raymond was shaken, and late Thursday night — sitting at a table with a bottle of liquor, surrounded by assault rifles and puffing on a cigarette — Raymond recorded a video later posted to Facebook in which he vowed not sell the gun. He apologized for messing up and spoke directly to the people of New Jersey.
“I did not know I would be screwing you over,” Raymond said in the video. “I’m terribly sorry. . . . You don’t have anything to worry about from me.” He was furious about the death threats. “That’s a great thing for gun rights,” he said, “when you threaten to shoot somebody.”
At one point, he grew agitated and said that instead of shooting him, people should shoot the politicians who restrict gun rights. He took the video down from his store’s Facebook page Friday.
After finishing the video, Raymond feared what would happen to the store if he left. He slept there until until 3 a.m., then went home and returned at 6 a.m. to stand guard.
“I thought what I was doing was right,” he said. “I didn’t want my shop burned down.”
Raymond did receieve messages of support, with many people commenting online that it should be a buyer’s choice. Some gun owners denounced calls for violence against him.
“I have no doubt that the people who threatened Andy were gun owners,” someone wrote on MdShooters.com, an online forum. “People often say ‘We are all on the same side.’ No we are not. Only a complete idiot who hasn’t been around gun people would say such a moronic thing. Andy is seeing the real side of a section of gun owners.”
Meanwhile, gun-control advocates such as Teret were clearly disappointed and frustrated that protest had caused another potential seller to back off. Advocates think the technology will reduce gun violence, suicides and accidental shootings. While Armatix uses a watch to enable users to fire its smart gun, other companies are trying rings, grips, fingerprints and even voice recogintion.
“It makes no sense to me why gun rights people would say certain types of guns shouldn’t be purchased,” Teret said.
That was Raymond’s reasoning, too. And then the wrath unfolded. Told about the idea of doing away with the New Jersey mandate, Raymond said, “Well, yeah, that would be great.”
“But we still won’t carry it,” he said. “I just can’t.”
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
TORONTO — Ontario’s finance minister apologized Tuesday after calling an NDP MPP an “idiot” during question period.
NDP deputy leader Sara Singh was asking Vic Fedeli about the rocky rollout of online cannabis sales in Ontario.
Two weeks ago, Ontario’s ombudsman confirmed that his office received more than 1,000 complaints about the Ontario Cannabis Store (OCS) since it opened on Oct. 17. The ombudsman said most beefs are from customers frustrated with delayed deliveries, billing problems and poor customer service.
Singh asked Fedeli about the warehouse operator, and how it was selected. In response, Fedeli had this to say:
“We understand how business works. I can appreciate very much that the NDP don’t quite understand how business works, but as the security of the OCS warehouse is a top priority, we will not be sharing further information on the day-to-day operation. That’s how business works. Idiot.”
His response drew a standing ovation from the Progressive Conservative caucus just as he levelled the attack on Singh — which wasn’t immediately heard by the opposition in the legislature.
Vic Fedeli rises in the house to apologize for unparliamentary language. He doesn’t say what he said but he can be heard saying “idiot” in response to a question from the NDP about the Ontario Cannabis Store #onpoli
WATCH 👇🏻 pic.twitter.com/NP7j7a59JD — Marieke Walsh (@MariekeWalsh) November 13, 2018
In his apology, Fedeli didn’t name the person to whom he’d been speaking, but said: “I unreservedly apologize.”
Fedeli wasn’t made available to reporters after question period, but when iPolitics ran into him later on, he would only repeat that he had “stood in the legislature and apologized.”
The comment came during a tense question in which Premier Doug Ford was repeatedly asked to defend controversial decisions by his government.
On Monday, the Globe and Mail reported that Ford’s chief of staff, Dean French, intervened in an Ontario Power Generation staffing decision. According to the report, French asked the Crown corporation to fire Patrick Brown’s former chief of staff on the first day of his new job.
Then on Tuesday morning, the former executive director of the PC caucus office made public that he has hired high-profile lawyers in the wake of his exit from the job last week.
Singh said she’s concerned by the lack of decorum in the legislature.
“To hurl a personal insult is pretty petty, but also detracts from what we’re here to do,” she said. “My job is to ask questions, and I would hope that, rather than throwing out personal insults, I’d get answers.”
The Liberals called the comment disrespectful, but interim leader John Fraser said it’s “typical of the finance minister,” adding, “that’s his M.O.”
Green Party Leader Mike Schreiner said the incident was yet another example of the “significantly” deteriorating tone in the legislature.
Follow @MariekeWalsh
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
package org.eternity.movie.step01;
public enum MovieType {
AMOUNT_DISCOUNT, // 금액 할인 정책
PERCENT_DISCOUNT, // 비율 할인 정책
NONE_DISCOUNT // 미적용
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Can you give me some examples of DMM users?
We sure can. DMM has been fortunate to include in our list of loyal users many of the leading shopping center development companies, retail chains, investment firms, service and supply vendors, academic institutions, brokers, technology and analytic consulting firms. Additionally start-ups and new retailers and specialty tenants have also found DMM to be a great partner for finding the right shopping center data they need for their latest venture.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Citizens Gather in LA to Take Back the Media
This year’s Just Media: L.A. Media Reform Summit, held Feb. 26 at Occidental College, drew 200 activists, speakers and concerned members of the public for an all-day conference on how to build a better news and information environment for our communities. This was L.A. Media Reform’s fourth summit and was our best attended so far. Marty Kaplan, Director of The Norman Lear Center at the University of Southern California kicked off the day with a fascinating talk about how the kinds of news media people consume (public television, cable, or local news) determine their depth of knowledge of current events.
Marty Kaplan
The afternoon’s panel session, Objectivity vs. Hate Speech & Fear-Mongering, featured Leslie Berestein Rojas, who writes KPCC’s Multi-American blog; Rick Jacobs, chair and founder of the Courage Campaign; Amanda Garces and Pedro Espinoza of the Mobile Voices Project; and Shakeel Syed, Executive Director of the Islamic Shura Council. Will Coley, L.A. Media Reform member and and founder of Aquifer Media, moderated the panel. The panelists engaged in a lively discussion about the corrosive effects of hate speech in the media that targets immigrants, religious minorities and people of color.
Attendees then fanned out into various workshops focusing on issues as diverse as public radio, blogs and the Internet, net neutrality, broadband and independent filmmaking. Our evening speaker, Beth McConnell, Executive Director of the Media & Democracy Coalition, closed with an inspiring talk encouraging citizens to create their own media to better inform their communities. Attendees later gathered at a networking reception featuring delicious hors d’oeuvres from Oxy’s student catering club, Well Fed. I hope that this year’s summit inspired more people to make improving our media climate a top priority, and helped them come up with ideas about how to use alternative media to make their voices heard.
DISCLAIMER: The opinions expressed here are those of the individual contributor(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the LA Progressive, its publisher, editor or any of its other contributors.
About Sylvia Moore
Sylvia Moore is a Los Angeles-area blogger, writer and activist who spent several years as a newspaper reporter in central California. Sylvia has volunteered on behalf of healthcare, media reform and getting money out of politics. She is Second Vice President for the Culver City Democratic Club, a member of the 54th AD Democratic Club, and an elected delegate to the Democratic Party State Central Committee. Sylvia is also a part-time Blog Editor for California OneCare (www.californiaonecare.org), an organization working to pass a universal, single-payer healthcare system in California. In her spare time, Sylvia organizes Los Angeles Progressive Friends (http://www.meetup.com/lAProgressiveFriends/), a social group for L.A.-area liberals. – See more at: https://www.laprogressive.com/author/sylvia-moore/#sthash.8z90JW22.dpuf
Comments
Thanks Sylvia for using my picture (the one one the LA Progressive main page) I’d really appreciate it if next time you’d credit me with taking it. I am aware that you just took it from Will’s collection without asking him for the source.
Sylvia had nothing to do with placing the photos in this article. Yes, she wrote it but the photos were inserted by Dick and Sharon. We have given you credit for the photo you mention. Did you take others?
Los Angeles
Michael Krikorian: There may be more doomed locales in town – the coroner’s identification room, a hospice where the only hope is that the end will soon come – but, for a mass gathering of gloom, nothing beats the CJ crowd on a Sunday.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Huckabee: 'Bed-Wetting' GOP Afraid Trump Will Win, Not That He'll Lose
WATCH: Hannity Takes On High-Profile Democrats in Post-Debate 'Spin Room'
Juanita Broaddrick: Trump Apologized; Where's Hillary Clinton's, Bill's Apology?
At least three media organizations have "ordered their employees to destroy Donald Trump," Bill O'Reilly said this morning.
Sitting down with Bill Hemmer to analyze last night's second debate between Trump and Hillary Clinton, O'Reilly said he's "100 percent convinced" of the media plot against Trump.
"I'm talking about big conglomerates. ... News organizations have sent, not officially but through the corporate grapevine, [word] that we don't want anybody supporting Trump. If you study it, you can see which ones they are," he said.
O'Reilly said the first 30 minutes were crucial for Trump after the 2005 hot mic comments about groping women's genitals surfaced on Friday.
"That was the key to Donald Trump's life. Not just the presidential race, his life. If he had faltered in those first 30 minutes, his brand was done, he was done and the election was over and everything. But he didn't falter. He took what came at him and he turned it into at least a stalemate," said O'Reilly, calling that portion a "huge win" for Trump.
He said Trump was then able to go on offense for much of the final hour, "sometimes effectively, sometimes not."
Watch the clip above and more from Bill and Charles Krauthammer, here.
Don't miss O'Reilly's interview with Donald Trump, Tuesday night on The Factor at 8:00pm ET on Fox News Channel.
Luntz Focus Group Dials-Up the Debate: 'She Sounded Like Bernie Sanders'
Stirewalt: A 'Dream Debate' for Trump Supporters
Pence: Reports About Possible Exit from Ticket 'Absolutely False'
Gingrich: Once Trump 'Gets Into Substance, Hillary Starts to Disintegrate'
Krauthammer: Trump May Have 'Saved His Campaign' at 2nd Debate
|
{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
|
Maine
Social Studies
Applications of Social Studies Processes, Knowledge, and Skills: Students apply critical thinking, a research process, and discipline-based processes and knowledge from civics/government, economics, geography, and history in authentic contexts.
Civics and Government: Students draw on concepts from civics and government to understand political systems, power, authority, governance, civic ideals and practices, and the role of citizens in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Economics: Students draw on concepts and processes from economics to understand issues of personal finance and issues of production, distribution, and consumption in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Social Studies
Applications of Social Studies Processes, Knowledge, and Skills: Students apply critical thinking, a research process, and discipline-based processes and knowledge from civics/government, economics, geography, and history in authentic contexts.
Civics and Government: Students draw on concepts from civics and government to understand political systems, power, authority, governance, civic ideals and practices, and the role of citizens in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Economics: Students draw on concepts and processes from economics to understand issues of personal finance and issues of production, distribution, and consumption in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Social Studies
Applications of Social Studies Processes, Knowledge, and Skills: Students apply critical thinking, a research process, and discipline-based processes and knowledge from civics/government, economics, geography, and history in authentic contexts.
Civics and Government: Students draw on concepts from civics and government to understand political systems, power, authority, governance, civic ideals and practices, and the role of citizens in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Economics: Students draw on concepts and processes from economics to understand issues of personal finance and issues of production, distribution, and consumption in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Social Studies
Applications of Social Studies Processes, Knowledge, and Skills: Students apply critical thinking, a research process, and discipline-based processes and knowledge from civics/government, economics, geography, and history in authentic contexts.
Civics and Government: Students draw on concepts from civics and government to understand political systems, power, authority, governance, civic ideals and practices, and the role of citizens in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Economics: Students draw on concepts and processes from economics to understand issues of personal finance and issues of production, distribution, and consumption in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Social Studies
Applications of Social Studies Processes, Knowledge, and Skills: Students apply critical thinking, a research process, and discipline-based processes and knowledge from civics/government, economics, geography, and history in authentic contexts.
Civics and Government: Students draw on concepts from civics and government to understand political systems, power, authority, governance, civic ideals and practices, and the role of citizens in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Economics: Students draw on concepts and processes from economics to understand issues of personal finance and issues of production, distribution, and consumption in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Social Studies
Applications of Social Studies Processes, Knowledge, and Skills: Students apply critical thinking, a research process, and discipline-based processes and knowledge from civics/government, economics, geography, and history in authentic contexts.
Civics and Government: Students draw on concepts from civics and government to understand political systems, power, authority, governance, civic ideals and practices, and the role of citizens in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Economics: Students draw on concepts and processes from economics to understand issues of personal finance and issues of production, distribution, and consumption in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Social Studies
Applications of Social Studies Processes, Knowledge, and Skills: Students apply critical thinking, a research process, and discipline-based processes and knowledge from civics/government, economics, geography, and history in authentic contexts.
Civics and Government: Students draw on concepts from civics and government to understand political systems, power, authority, governance, civic ideals and practices, and the role of citizens in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Economics: Students draw on concepts and processes from economics to understand issues of personal finance and issues of production, distribution, and consumption in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Social Studies
Applications of Social Studies Processes, Knowledge, and Skills: Students apply critical thinking, a research process, and discipline-based processes and knowledge from civics/government, economics, geography, and history in authentic contexts.
Civics and Government: Students draw on concepts from civics and government to understand political systems, power, authority, governance, civic ideals and practices, and the role of citizens in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Economics: Students draw on concepts and processes from economics to understand issues of personal finance and issues of production, distribution, and consumption in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Social Studies
Applications of Social Studies Processes, Knowledge, and Skills: Students apply critical thinking, a research process, and discipline-based processes and knowledge from civics/government, economics, geography, and history in authentic contexts.
Civics and Government: Students draw on concepts from civics and government to understand political systems, power, authority, governance, civic ideals and practices, and the role of citizens in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Economics: Students draw on concepts and processes from economics to understand issues of personal finance and issues of production, distribution, and consumption in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Social Studies
Applications of Social Studies Processes, Knowledge, and Skills: Students apply critical thinking, a research process, and discipline-based processes and knowledge from civics/government, economics, geography, and history in authentic contexts.
Civics and Government: Students draw on concepts from civics and government to understand political systems, power, authority, governance, civic ideals and practices, and the role of citizens in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Economics: Students draw on concepts and processes from economics to understand issues of personal finance and issues of production, distribution, and consumption in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Social Studies
Applications of Social Studies Processes, Knowledge, and Skills: Students apply critical thinking, a research process, and discipline-based processes and knowledge from civics/government, economics, geography, and history in authentic contexts.
Civics and Government: Students draw on concepts from civics and government to understand political systems, power, authority, governance, civic ideals and practices, and the role of citizens in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Economics: Students draw on concepts and processes from economics to understand issues of personal finance and issues of production, distribution, and consumption in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Social Studies
Applications of Social Studies Processes, Knowledge, and Skills: Students apply critical thinking, a research process, and discipline-based processes and knowledge from civics/government, economics, geography, and history in authentic contexts.
Civics and Government: Students draw on concepts from civics and government to understand political systems, power, authority, governance, civic ideals and practices, and the role of citizens in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Economics: Students draw on concepts and processes from economics to understand issues of personal finance and issues of production, distribution, and consumption in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Social Studies
Applications of Social Studies Processes, Knowledge, and Skills: Students apply critical thinking, a research process, and discipline-based processes and knowledge from civics/government, economics, geography, and history in authentic contexts.
Civics and Government: Students draw on concepts from civics and government to understand political systems, power, authority, governance, civic ideals and practices, and the role of citizens in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
Economics: Students draw on concepts and processes from economics to understand issues of personal finance and issues of production, distribution, and consumption in the community, Maine, the United States, and world.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
A Thoughtful Look at Life
Another way to answer your child’s questions
Today I’m drawing inspiration (forgive
the pun) from Calvin and Hobbes and its creator Bill Waterson. Sadly, I
don’t have permission from United Press Syndicate to put the strip up on our
web page – Hobbes charges a pretty hefty appearance fee.
Sorry about that – it’d be awesome
to have it up here.
But we still have two options that
don’t involve breaking copyright law.
Simply read on! I’ve transcribed
this strip below. (In case you haven’t got a lot of time, rest assured: it’s
only about as long as a Haiku. For those of you who haven’t got a lot of time and who don’t know what a Haiku is, it’s about
as long as a Tweet….)
Scene: Daytime. Calvin and Parents driving over a
bridge in the family car. At the foot of the bridge, a sign reads: “Load Limit
10 Tons”
Calvin: How do they know the load limit on Bridges?
Dad: They drive bigger and bigger trucks over the bridge until it
breaks. Then they weigh the last truck and rebuild the bridge.
Calvin: Oh. I should’ve guessed.
Mom (to Dad): Dear, if you don’t know the answer, just tell him!
I have read this comic many times
over the years. It stirs up mixed emotions for me.
I find it reassuring, funny, and sad all at the same time.
For me it’s reassuring because my parents weren’t
like Calvin’s dad.
They respected my childhood curiosity. To them, being
curious was natural and necessary.
I remember being very young and asking
questions at the dinner table. Invariably, my mom would jump up and run to the
shelf of New World Encyclopedias in our living room. She’d grab the right volume
and page through it to find answers.
That’s one way she joined me in my
curiosity. She made it safe to ask questions. And she demonstrated that even
mom’s don’t know everything.
Unlike lots of adults, it seems my
parents get more and more Curious every year. And my wife and I do our best to
pass on this spirit of Curiosity to our son.
So, that’s why I find this comic reassuring: It reminds me that I have
parents who tune into me, who acknowledge and embrace my curiosity, who do
their best to listen.
Who in your life helps you know it’s ok to ask questions? Who makes it
safe to be brave enough to say, “I don’t know”?
What about funny?
I don’t know about you, but a
bunch of things come together in this comic to make me smile.
Firstly, there’s the look on the dad’s face as he tells this outrageous fib to his kid. He
is smiling the purest, most innocent smile. No smirk, no snickering, just a
joyful expression.
And the line itself. “They drive bigger and bigger trucks over the bridge
until it breaks” – to me that’s smart-funny.
It’s a witty line.
In the 19th century
Calvin’s dad could’ve riffed with Oscar Wilde. In the 21st century,
he could win an Epic Rap Battle.
Though Calvin’s dad, despite his
wit wouldn’t do either, of course.
And that’s the sad part:Calvin’s dad
has sort of given up on Curiosity.
I don’t mean to put too fine a point on it,
but it seems to me that his witticism collapses the very bridges his son is trying
to build.
Meanwhile, Calvin, is so jam
packed with Curiosity he’s bursting with it.
That’s why his hair looks like an
explosion: Calvin is literally bursting with Curiosity. And like all kids, what
Calvin really wants is for someone to burst with curiosity with him. To join him in his wonderment and to help
him make sense of the world around him.
At minimum, joining with a child in their curiosity really is a multi-stage process:
Join the child, engage their curiosity, then answer.
Or, if you don’t know (or are willing to pretend not to
know for a while), team up with the child to find out the answer to their
question.
This does a lot of things:
It honours their
inquisitive spirit
It models love and
attentiveness
It opens the door to
doing something way more interesting than playing Candy Land for the zillionth
time that day (any thing but Candy Land, or the Game of Life. Yuck!)
It collaborates and empowers. Kids often love working together on stuff. And, hey, don’t worry,
it might hurt your feelings a bit to be rejected by a seven year old, but you
can handle it! If they don’t opt in to investigating with you, at least you’ve
offered, you’ve gone over and above in order to build bridges with them.
IT FEELS REALLY, REALLY
GOOD! You know just as well as I do that there is nothing more precious than a child with her eyes lit up with curiosity and passion for something.(…Nothing more precious, except, let’s be honest, a sleeping child.)
In short, save your cynicism for
the next time a teenaged stranger asks you to pick him up a six pack “Cuz I
left my ID at home, man”.
Or when you glance at the
magazines at the check-out line. “Really?!
I could have a body like that in only 6 weeks?! Yeah, right!”
Young people haven’t learned to fear Curiosity. They don’t know yet
that it’s a sign of weakness to not know stuff or to be really, super
passionate about the world around them. They need us to acknowledge that
Curiosity is human kind’s truest form of engagement with the wonderment of the
world. (It also helps us to know stuff we don’t already know, like how to put
on our pants without getting both legs in the same leg-hole.)
Without Curiosity, our questions
harden.
They become rhetorical: Why did you
do that? (Meaning: Only a right and
proper idiot would do that.)
Without acknowledgement that
Curiosity matters, we become defensive or snap back in anger.
Or maybe we simply shut down and shut up.
For me, Calvin’s response is the
saddest of all:
“Oh,” he says,
“I should’ve guessed.”
So, on behalf parents and of all
of our inner-children I offer this correction:
[And feel free to try responding
like this, if you don’t already, next time a child asks you a question.]
“Calvin, you asked a clear
question. You saw the sign that said “Load Limit 10 Tons”. You read it correctly.
And you wanted to know how they got that number 10 Tons. I don’t know the
answer, but your curiosity makes me feel curious too….
Do you have any guesses, Calvin, about how they got know the load
limit for that bridge? What are some ways to figure out how strong a bridge is?
[I’m sure Calvin has lots of ideas – I would have when I was his age.]
…Maybe when we get home, Calvin, we
can look it up…
…in the New World Encyclopedia.
In my next post I’ll write about
how we can fully embrace Curiosity in ourselves and in the children in our
lives.
After all, without the Courage to be Curious, we’re left in
the dark valley…
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Higher PDCD4 expression is associated with obesity, insulin resistance, lipid metabolism disorders, and granulosa cell apoptosis in polycystic ovary syndrome.
To investigate the expression and clinical significance of programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4), a novel metabolism-associated gene, during polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) pathogenesis. Case-control study. University hospital. A total of 77 PCOS patients and 67 healthy women as matched controls. PDCD4 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and apoptosis of granulosa cells (GCs) detected by flow cytometry, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL), and small-interfering RNA. PDCD4 expression, body mass index (BMI), insulin 0, insulin 120, glucose 120, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), homeostasis model assessment for β-cell function (HOMA-β), triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and GC apoptosis. The PCOS patients had higher PDCD4 expression, but BMI was similar as matched with the obese group, which positively correlated with BMI, insulin 0, insulin 120, glucose 120, HOMA-IR, HOMA-β, triglycerides and negatively correlated with HDL (P<.05). After metformin treatment, PDCD4 expression was distinctly down-regulated for the obese women with PCOS with insulin resistance. Compared with the healthy controls, the apoptosis percentage of GCs was higher in the PCOS group and was decreased by knocking down PDCD4. Furthermore, expression of proapotosis factor Bax and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio were lower, whereas the expression of antiapoptosis factor Bcl-2 was increased. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, the level of PDCD4 expression independently related to the odds of PCOS risk after controlling for estradiol and insulin 120 (odds ratio 1.318). Our study suggests for the first time that higher PDCD4 expression might play an important role in PCOS pathogenesis by affecting obesity, insulin resistance, lipid metabolism disorders, and GC apoptosis.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Revised. Amendments from Version 1
==================================
We thank all reviewers for their comments and suggestions. In response to Prof. Reto Strasser's suggestions, we have made modifications for some expressions of the JIP test nomenclature used in this article.
We have added three more parameters in this part. They are the maximal trapping flux (TR ~o~) to the reaction center of PS II, the maximal electron transport flux (ET ~o~) between PS II and PS I, and the maximal heat dissipation flux (DI ~o~) of PSII per the light flux absorbed (ABS) by PS II antenna.We have added more information for the definition of PI(abs).We have added more information for the expressions of Φ(Po) and Φ(Do) about the relationships between energy flux and fluorescence signal. We have changed Ψ as Ψ(Eo) to avoid the same expression Ψ as leaf water potential used in this article.
Introduction
============
Karst topography features soluble bedrock, which is usually carbonate rock such as limestone or dolomite ^[@ref-1]^. Karst topography is characterized by a very slow formation of soil from the carbonate rock, leading to low water retention capacity ^[@ref-1],\ [@ref-2]^. China's karst topography is located mainly in the southwestern region, which is also characterized by diversified landscape types and a dense population. Deforestation was once one of the most serious environmental problems in China's karst region, and was mainly due to fuel wood production, agricultural expansion, and livestock husbandry. This land use has caused the ecosystem of the karst region to degrade beyond its already poor condition. As a result, many woodlands have degraded to rocky desert in many of the karst regions in southwest Guizhou Province. Karst ecosystems are very fragile. If destroyed, the soil regeneration process is slow, and thus karst ecosystems are only restored gradually, if at all. Precipitation is sufficient in this region, but the woody plants are supposedly subjected to temporary water stress. This water stress results from low soil water-holding capability, and the high leakiness of limestone rock ^[@ref-2],\ [@ref-3]^. Numerous studies have simulated the above environments, and the data generated has shown that plants are suffering from conditions of temporary water-stress ^[@ref-2],\ [@ref-3]^. In most of these studies, potted seedlings were used, and the experiments were conducted under controlled environments (e.g. greenhouses). It is risky to extrapolate the situation for mature tree species in their natural conditions from data from potted seedlings under controlled conditions. So far, reports on woody plant growth and physiological response to temporary water deficiency in the karst field areas have been sparse. This is particularly so for mature woody plants. Investigating how woody plants respond functionally to differently degraded habitats will help understand the adaptive mechanisms that these indigenous species have to their habitats. This will also help in optimizing the selection of tree species for forest ecosystem restoration in karst regions.
For our study, we selected two types of forests with contrasting karst habitats in the west and southwest of Guizhou Province: a well-developed secondary deciduous and evergreen broad-leaved mixed forest at Tianlongshan Mountain, and a severely degraded forest dominated by spare deciduous woody species at Daxiagu. We made *in situ* measurements of eco-physiological traits for the dominant tree species in three consecutive growth seasons (2007--2009) to address the following questions:
1\) Compared with tree species in the well-developed forest habitat, are the eco-physiological traits down-regulated for the tree species in the degraded karst habitat?
2\) Is there a difference in stomatal sensitivity between tree species in the two contrasting forests?
3\) How do nutrients affect the eco-physiological characteristics of the tree species in the two contrasting forests?
Materials and methods
=====================
Study areas
-----------
For the purpose of making comparisons of how the tree species adapt to their own different karst habitats, we designed the experiment at two contrasting mature forest habitats. Tianlongshan, located in the west of Guizhou Province, has a relatively well-developed karst secondary forest. Daxiagu, located in the southwest of Guizhou Province, has a severely degraded karst forest.
Tianlongshan is located about 10 km south of Puding County in western Guizhou Province (26°15′N, 105°44′E) at an altitude of about 1200 m. This region is dominated by a humid monsoon climate. The mean annual temperature is 15.1°C ^[@ref-4]^. The mean annual precipitation is 1398 mm, and 60--70% of the rainfall events occur during the growth season between May and October ^[@ref-4]^. Tianlongshan has a well-developed secondary evergreen and deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest growing in lime yellow soil. Tree heights range from 3--7 m.
Daxiagu is located 20 km southwest of the town of Huajiang in southwestern Guizhou Province (25°42′N, 105°35′E) at an altitude of about 900 m. This area has a warm temperate climate and a mean annual temperature of 18.4°C ^[@ref-4]^. The mean annual precipitation is 1100 mm, with 83% of this precipitation occurring during the growth season between May and October. Vegetation in this region is characterized by sparsely distributed secondary deciduous trees and shrubs on bare rocks.
Field investigations and collections of tree leaf samples in these two sites did not require specific permits. For the purposes of our work, collaboration with local (provincial) universities or research institutes was required. The locations of our field investigations are neither privately-owned nor protected lands. The tree species used in our investigations and sampling were not endangered or protected.
The dominant tree species in Tianlongshan and Daxiagu found in this study are listed in [Table 1](#T1){ref-type="table"}.
###### Characteristics of the tree species examined in this study.
For leaf phenology, D represents deciduous and E represents evergreen; For location, T represents Tianlongshan and Dx represents Daxiagu.
Species Leaf phenology Location Measurement year
---------------------------------------------- ---------------- ---------- ------------------
*Platycarya longipes* D T 2008, 2009
*Lithocarpus glabra* D T 2007,2008,2009
*Celtis sinensis* D T, Dx 2008, 2009
*Ligustrum lucidum* E T 2007, 2008, 2009
*Quercus aliena* var. *acutiserrata* D T 2007, 2008, 2009
*Lindera communis* E T 2007, 2008, 2009
*Daphniphyllum oldhami* E T 2008, 2009
*Stachyurus obovatus* E T 2007, 2008, 2009
*Carpinus pubescens* D T 2007, 2008, 2009
*Itea chinensis* E T 2007, 2008, 2009
*Zanthoxylum ovalifolium* var. *spinifolium* D T 2009
*Ilex chinensis* E T 2007
*Alangium chinense* D Dx 2008, 2009
*Rhus chinensis* D T, Dx 2008, 2009
*Picasma quassioides (D. Don) Benn* D Dx 2008, 2009
*Broussonetia papyrifera* D Dx 2008, 2009
*Mallotus japonicus* var. *floccosus* D Dx 2008, 2009
*Rhamnella franguloides* D Dx 2008, 2009
*Viburnum chinshanense* D Dx 2008, 2009
*Sapium sebiferum* D Dx 2007, 2008, 2009
*Ficus benguetensis* E Dx 2007, 2008, 2009
*Melia azedarach* Linn. D Dx 2007
*Solanum verbascifolium* D Dx 2007
*Mallotus barbatus* D Dx 2007
*Vernicia fordii* D Dx 2007
*Alchornea davidii* D Dx 2007
*Mallotus philippensis* E Dx 2007
*Flemingia philippinensis* D Dx 2007
*In situ* photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll *a* fluorescence transient measurements
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3--4 trees for each species were randomly (the nearest one every 20--30 m distance) selected from the study sites, and a detached branch from each tree was obtained from the top or middle sunny side (south-facing) of the canopy. Branches were detached using a pair of pruning shears mounted on a 5 m pole. The detached branch was immediately immersed in a water-filled bucket. The end of each branch was re-cut twice under water, ensuring continuity of the xylem conduit. Photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (g ~s~), transpiration rate (Tr), and instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) were measured with new, fully expanded leaves from the detached branches using a LI-6400 photosynthesis system (LI-COR Inc., Lincoln Nebraska, USA). Measurements were conducted around 8:30--13:00 (Beijing Standard Time). Measurement conditions were set at a PAR (photosynthetically active radiation) level of 1000 µmol m ^-2^s ^-1^. Leaf temperature and humidity were at their ambient conditions during the measurement period of June--July 2007 and 2008. During this time, the leaf temperatures were 22--25°C in Tianlongshan and 30--33°C in Daxiagu.
Plant stomatal sensitivity was obtained using Lohammar's hyperbolic function method ^[@ref-5]--\ [@ref-7]^. We measured g ~s~-VPD (leaf-air vapor pressure deficiency) curves in July 2009, in which the VPD was manually set from saturated vapor \[over 85% of relative humidity (RH)\] to the driest vapor (about 5% of RH). Leaf temperature was held at 30°C, and PAR at 1000 µmol m ^-2^s ^-1^. The g ~s~-VPD curves were fitted using the modified Lohammar's function: g ~s~ = -m × ln D + b, to estimate stomatal sensitivity (m) ^[@ref-8]^. In this equation, g ~s~ and D stand for stomatal conductance and VPD, respectively, and m and b are parameters generated in a least square regression analysis.
Chlorophyll *a* fluorescence transients were measured in the leaves from the branches collected as detailed above for photosynthetic gas exchange measurements using a Handy-PEA portable fluorometer (Hansatech Instruments Ltd., Norfolk, UK). Before measurements were taken, the leaves were darkened for at least 30 min using leaf clips (Hansatech Instruments Ltd., Norfolk, UK). The polyphasic chlorophyll *a*fluorescence transients OJIP \[fluorescence levels O: F ~o~ (50 μs); J: F ~J~ (2 ms); I: F ~I~ (30 ms), and P: F ~p~=F ~m~ (tF ~max~)\] were analyzed according to the JIP test procedure ^[@ref-9],\ [@ref-10]^. The JIP test procedure has been widely used in studies of eco-physiology and stress physiology ^[@ref-10]^. Several parameters can be derived from the following fluorescence values: 50 μs (Fo, step O), 100 μs (F100), 300 μs (F300), 2ms (step J), 30 ms (step I), and the maximum (Fm, step P), using Biolyzer software (version 3.0.7.2 and available by contacting Dr. Reto Strasser at <Reto.Strasser@unige.ch>). According to Strasser *et al.* ^[@ref-9],\ [@ref-10]^, the definition of the JIP test parameters used in this study can been summarized as follows: As flux ratios or quantum yields expressed as maximal trapping flux (TRo) to the reaction center of PS II, maximal electron transport flux (ETo) between PS II and PS I, and maximal heat dissipation flux (DIo) of PSII per the light flux absorbed (ABS) by PS II antenna. Φ(Po), maximum quantum yield of primary photochemistry; Φ(Eo), quantum yield of electron transport, probability that an absorbed photon will move an electron into electron transport further than Q ~A~ ^-^; Φ(Do), quantum yield of dissipation; PI(abs), performance index on the basis of light energy absorption, which is responsible for the performance of the electron transport from water to plastoquinone.
Φ(Po)=1--(Fo/Fm)=Fv/Fm=TRo/ABS; Fo=F50 μs, minimal fluorescence at O-step (50 μs); Fm=FP, maximal fluorescence at P-step;
Φ(Eo)=(Fv/Fm)×Ψ(Eo); Ψ(Eo)=(1--V ~J~), V ~J~=(F ~J~-Fo)/(Fm--Fo), F ~J~=F2ms, fluorescence at J-step (2ms) of O-J-I-P;
Φ(Do)=1--Φ(Po)=Fo/Fm=DIo/ABS;
PI(abs)=(RC/ABS)×\[Φ(Po)/(1--Φ(Po))\]×\[Ψ(Eo)/(1-Ψ(Eo))\]; RC=reaction center, ABS=absorption flux.
Leaf water potential
--------------------
The midday leaf water potential (Ψ) was determined for each species at the two habitats using a PSYPRO Water Potential System (Wescor, Inc., USA). The measurements were carried out between 11:00 and 14:00 hours (Beijing Standard Time) in August 2009 on leaves from the same detached branches from which the photosynthesis/fluorescence measurements were taken.
Leaf nutrient assay
-------------------
Leaf total N content and soil total organic N content (%) were determined using the Kjeldahl acid-digestion method (Kjeltec 2200 Auto Distillation Unit, Foss, Denmark). Leaf total phosphorus (P) content and soil total P content (%) were analyzed colorimetrically (UV-visible spectrophotometer, UV-2550, Shimadzu Corporation, Japan).
Statistical analysis
--------------------
Before the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was carried out, all data was examined graphically for the normality of distribution (probability plots for residual analysis), and the homogeneity of variance (scatter plots) using Data Desk (version 6.01, Data Description, Inc., 1996). After examination using the above methods, all data except leaf water potential satisfied the assumption for ANOVA for normal distribution and homogeneity of variance. The data for leaf water potential were log-transformed, and the transformed data satisfied the normal distribution assumption for ANOVA. The effects of habitat (i.e. the severely degraded karst habitat vs. well-developed secondary forest habitat) and life form (i.e. deciduous vs. evergreen) were tested using the two-way ANOVA procedure in Data Desk.
Results
=======
Photosynthetic gas exchange
---------------------------
When measured under their respective ambient conditions in 2007 and 2008 (i.e. ambient temperature and humidity, and PAR set at 1000 µmol m ^-2^s ^-1^), the photosynthetic rate (Pn) across all investigated tree species was much higher in Daxiagu (around 2--3 times, P \< 0.001) than in Tianlongshan ( [Figure 1](#f1){ref-type="fig"}). The g ~s~ and Tr of the investigated tree species in Daxiagu were also much higher (P \< 0.001) than those in Tianlongshan ( [Figure 1](#f1){ref-type="fig"}). However, when measurements were taken under controlled conditions in 2009 (i.e. PAR was set at 1000 µmol m ^-2^s ^-1^, leaf temperature at 30°C, and VPD at 1 KPa), there was no significant habitat effect on Pn ( [Figure 1](#f1){ref-type="fig"}). There was a significant difference in Pn between deciduous and evergreen tree species across all investigated tree species in the two habitats. The Pn of deciduous tree species was significantly higher (P \< 0.01) than the Pn of evergreen tree species ( [Figure 1](#f1){ref-type="fig"}). The g ~s~ and Tr of the deciduous tree species were also significantly higher than the g ~s~ and Tr of evergreen tree species (P \< 0.05 and 0.01, respectively). The habitat effect on gs and Tr was not statistically significant ( [Figure 1](#f1){ref-type="fig"}). The effects of leaf phenology (deciduous vs. evergreen) and habitat were not significant for instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) under either ambient or controlled measurement conditions in either habitat.
{#f1}
Photosynthesis dataPhotosynthetic traits of the dominant tree species as well as the environmental factors at Daxiagu Tianlongshan were measured in the summer seasons of 2007, 2008 and 2009.Click here for additional data file.
Chlorophyll fluorescence
------------------------
Leaf phenology and habitat had no significant (P \> 0.05) effect on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in 2007 ( [Figure 2](#f2){ref-type="fig"}). However, the effect of leaf phenology became significant (P \< 0.05) for maximal PSII efficiency (Φ(Po)), quantum yield of PSII electron transport (Φ(Eo)), quantum yield of dissipation (Φ(Do)), and the comprehensive parameter for assessing plant's vitality: performance index (PI(abs)), for all investigated tree species in 2008 and 2009 ( [Figure 2](#f2){ref-type="fig"}). The Φ(Po), Φ(Eo), and PI(abs) of the evergreen tree species were significantly higher than those of the deciduous tree species, while the opposite effect of leaf phenology was seen in Φ(Do).
{ref-type="fig"} for other explanations.](f1000research-2-3069-g0001){#f2}
Chorophyll fluorescence dataChlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of the dominant tree species at Daxiagu and Tianlongshan were measured in the summer seasons of 2007, 2008, and 2009.Click here for additional data file.
Stomatal sensitivity, leaf water potential, and specific leaf area
------------------------------------------------------------------
Habitat had a significant effect on stomatal sensitivity (m) (P \< 0.05), and the stomatal sensitivity (m) was much higher in Daxiagu than in Tianlongshan ( [Figure 3](#f3){ref-type="fig"}). There was an interactive effect of habitat and leaf phenology on leaf water potential, and the leaf water potential of deciduous tree species in Daxiagu was significantly lower than the leaf water potential in Tianlongshan ( [Figure 3](#f3){ref-type="fig"}). Leaf phenology had a significant effect on the specific leaf area (SLA): the SLA of deciduous species was significantly (P \< 0.05) higher than that of evergreen species ( [Figure 3](#f3){ref-type="fig"}).
{ref-type="fig"} for other explanations.](f1000research-2-3069-g0002){#f3}
Leaf nutrients and their efficiencies for photosynthesis
--------------------------------------------------------
Habitat had significant effects on leaf total N content expressed on the basis of either dry mass or leaf area (P \< 0.01) ( [Figure 4](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). Leaf total nitrogen content in Daxiagu was much higher than leaf total nitrogen content in Tianlongshan. Leaf phenology also had a significant effect on leaf total nitrogen content expressed on the basis of either dry mass or leaf area (P \< 0.01 and P \< 0.05, respectively). The mass-based leaf total N content of the deciduous species was much higher than that of the evergreen species. However, when leaf total nitrogen content was expressed on the basis of leaf area, the leaf total N content of the evergreen species was significantly higher than the leaf total N content of the deciduous species. The habitat had a significant effect on leaf total phosphorus content expressed on the basis of either dry mass or leaf area (P \< 0.001). The leaf total phosphorus content in Daxiagu was much higher than leaf total phosphorus content in Tianlongshan ( [Figure 4](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). However, when leaf total phosphorus content was expressed on basis of leaf area, the values of the evergreen species were much higher than those of deciduous species, especially in Daxiagu. The habitat also had a significant effect on the ratio of leaf total N to P (N:P) for all measured tree species. The N:P ratio in Tianlongshan was significantly (P \< 0.001) higher than the N:P ratio in Daxiagu ( [Figure 4](#f4){ref-type="fig"}). Leaf phenology had a significant (P \< 0.001) effect on photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency (PNUE), and the PNUE of deciduous species was much higher that of evergreen species ( [Figure 5](#f5){ref-type="fig"}). Both habitat and leaf phenology had significant (P \< 0.001) effects on photosynthetic phosphorus use efficiency (PPUE). The PPUE of the woody species in Tianlongshan was much higher than that in Daxiagu (P \< 0.001), and the PPUE of deciduous species was much higher than that of evergreen species (P \< 0.001) ( [Figure 5](#f5){ref-type="fig"}).
{ref-type="fig"} for other explanations.](f1000research-2-3069-g0003){#f4}
{ref-type="fig"} for other explanations.](f1000research-2-3069-g0004){#f5}
Water potential dataLeaf water potential of the dominant tree species at Daxiagu and Tianlongshan was measured in the summer season of 2009.Click here for additional data file.
Leaf nutrient and specific leaf area dataMass- and area-based nitrogen and phosphorus content, and specific leaf area of the dominant tree species at Daxiagu and Tianlongshan.Click here for additional data file.
Discussion
==========
Plants in karst regions are thought to be subject to temporary drought stress in their growth seasons due to the poor water holding capacity of the soil. This is thought to be particularly so in severely degraded karst habitat ^[@ref-2],\ [@ref-3]^. However, the data from this study for chlorophyll fluorescence (e.g. (Φ(Po)), Φ(Eo), and PI(abs)) in the three consecutive growth seasons suggests that drought stress does not occur in all of the investigated tree species during their growth seasons. The chlorophyll fluorescence technique has been used as a powerful tool to assess plant vitality in response to environmental stresses ^[@ref-10]^. So-called \"temporary drought stress\" may not occur at all. Further, if such temporary stress really does occur, then it may not be severe for most woody plants in the karst areas of western and southwestern Guizhou Province. Further, the indigenous/native trees adapt well to their habitats, including plants in the most severely degraded karst habitat (Daxiagu in this study). This might be due to karst plants' adaptive structural strategies (e.g. absorbing water from deep soil through roots penetrating into rock crevasses, according to Zhu ^[@ref-2]^), or the plants' adaptive functions (e.g. stomatal sensitivity to changed environments). It may also be due to the ample precipitation found in the studied areas (annually around 1000 mm, mainly occurring during the growth season). Liu *et al.* ^[@ref-11]^ did find that soil water stress (withholding water) affected photosynthesis and growth, and re-watering could remove or alleviate these effects in potted tree seedlings from almost the same karst area as in our study. However, the water stress treatment (withholding water) period in Liu's *et al.* experiment was as long as 20 days. According to Zhu *et al.* ^[@ref-12]^, during the growth season, the most common period between two precipitation events in this region is less than 20 days. Further, the available soil water from a heavy rain event could meet tree transpiration needs for 7--14 days ^[@ref-13]^. This implies that in most cases, temporary soil water stress events would not occur during the growth season of this region. The data for leaf δ ^13^C value from Yang *et al.* ^[@ref-14]^ and Fan *et al.* ^[@ref-15]^ also confirms the above conclusions based on chlorophyll fluorescence analyses. They report that the average leaf δ ^13^C values of more than 50 tree species in three karst sites across Guizhou are -27.63% ^[@ref-14]^, and -28.14% ^[@ref-15]^. These values are only higher than the values of the tree species of tropic rain forests in Yunnan Province (e.g. -33.11% reported by Qu *et al.* ^[@ref-16]^), and mostly lower than other areas of China (e.g. -26.24% of temperate forest ^[@ref-17]^ and -27.00% of desert vegetation ^[@ref-18]^). This indicates that the average long-term WUE in tree species in the karst area is low, and that they do not experience severe long-term drought stress.
Nevertheless, we did find a difference in photochemical traits of PSII (i.e. Φ(Po), Φ(Eo), and PI(abs)) between the deciduous and evergreen tree species in the 2009 growth season. This is consistent with the results of midday leaf water potential ( [Figure 3](#f3){ref-type="fig"}), suggesting that the capacity for maintaining leaf hydro-physiological function in evergreen tree species was higher than that in deciduous trees. Fan *et al.* ^[@ref-15]^ also confirmed that evergreen tree species had higher water stress tolerance for maintaining branch hydraulic conductivity than did deciduous trees species. This is based on data for the branch's hydraulic characteristics for roughly the same tree species in the two habitats. In addition, there was a much lower Ψ50 (xylem tensions at 50% of loss in hydraulic conductivity) in evergreen tree species than in deciduous tree species ^[@ref-15]^.
WUE is an intrinsic trait that indicates plant strategies for environmental adaptation, and is understood in terms of a trade-off between carbon gain and water loss. WUE is also a reliable indicator for determining plant survivorship in arid areas ^[@ref-19]^. To adapt to changed environments, in comparison with plants with low VPD, plants with high leaf-atmosphere VPD will generally increase their WUE ^[@ref-20],\ [@ref-21]^. That there is no significant variation in the effects of habitat and leaf phenology on WUE also partly confirms that plants adapt well to their environments, even to severely degraded karst habitat. Furthermore, our data on photosynthetic gas exchange showed that the photosynthetic rates (Pn) of the tree species in Daxiagu (the severely degraded habitat) are nearly 2--3 times higher than those of the tree species in Tianlongshan (the well developed secondary forest habitat) under ambient conditions. This indicates that to determine the CO ~2~ assimilation of plants in these areas, it would be more important to take light and temperature into consideration than it would be to consider precipitation. The Daxiagu habitat has much less vegetation coverage than the Tianlongshan habitat. The tree species in Daxiagu are distributed sparsely and most tree canopies receive almost full sunlight. The tree canopies in Tianlongshan are closed and the light environment is lower for the middle and lower canopy leaves. The temperature in Daxiagu in the growth season is clearly higher than in Tianlongshan (with a difference of about 3--5, and -28.14°C). Many studies confirm that leaves exposed to sunlight have higher Rubisco activity, chlorophyll *a*/ *b*ratio, maximum photosynthetic rate, and light saturation points than do shaded-leaves ^[@ref-22]--\ [@ref-25]^. In other words, when precipitation (water supply for soil) is guaranteed, full sunlight and higher temperatures improve the photosynthetic capacity of the plant.
In China, soil phosphorus deficiency occurs more commonly in the southern region than in the northern region. Furthermore, soil total phosphorus density in tropical and subtropical areas is much lower than in other areas ^[@ref-26]^. Soil phosphorus deficiency has a negative effect on plant absorption of nitrogen from the soil; thus phosphorus limitation inhibits plant growth. According to the stoichiometric relationship between N and P, the biomass N:P ratios could be effective indicators of the status of nitrogen and phosphorus in a plant ^[@ref-27]--\ [@ref-29]^. The average N:P ratio for terrestrial plant species in their natural field habitats is 12--13 ^[@ref-30]--\ [@ref-32]^. Koerselman and Meuleman ^[@ref-28]^ suggest that phosphorus deficiency occurs when the N:P ratio is higher than the critical value of 16. The much higher leaf N:P ratio in Tianlongshan (mean=20.32) as compared to Daxiagu (mean = 12.26) suggests that there was severe phosphorus limitation in Tianlongshan. Because phosphorus deficiency has negative effects on nitrogen absorption ^[@ref-33],\ [@ref-34]^, phosphorus limitation could partly explain why the Pn was lower in Tianlongshan than in Daxiagu, while PPUE was more stimulated in Tianlongshan than in Daxiagu. There is also a marked difference in tree species composition between the two habitats: more than 90% of the tree species measured in Daxiagu are deciduous, while evergreen tree species account for 50% of the measured tree species in Tianlongshan. A great deal of data has shown that the photosynthetic capacity of deciduous species is higher than the photosynthetic capacity of evergreen species ^[@ref-25]^.
The stomatal sensitivity of woody species in open habitats (i.e. Daxiagu) is much higher than in closed habitats (i.e. Tianlongshan), again suggesting that the light, ambient humidity, and temperature conditions are much more important than precipitation in shaping the stomatal response of woody plants to changed leaf-air VPD. The study of the sensitivity of stomata to changed leaf-air VPD conditions in *Ligustrum sinense* also confirmed that the relationship between stomatal conductance and stomatal aperture for high-light leaves was more significant than that of low-light leaves ^[@ref-35]^. Higher stomatal sensitivity will help maintain the physiologically required water status of a plant ^[@ref-35]^. This could explain the difference in the stomatal sensitivity of the woody species between the two habitats. This could also explain why there was no difference in photosynthetic instantaneous WUE between the two habitats, although there was a significant difference in water consumption through transpiration in the woody species.
10.5256/f1000research.3069.r2542
Referee response for version 2
Gurevitch
Jessica
1
Referee
Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
**Competing interests:**No competing interests were disclosed.
7
7
2014
Version 2
This is a very comprehensive ecophysiological study carried out on a wide range of woody species in two contrasting karst sites over the course of three years. The extent and duration of the study is far greater than most comparable field studies, and the paper provides a great deal of valuable information on the physiological responses of woody species in these sites. The differences found between the degraded and intact karst forest must be considered as hypotheses rather than conclusive demonstration of differences between degraded and intact forest, because of the limitations of the experimental design, as discussed in [my review of the previous version](http://dx.doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.1217.r1026). Because of the way the study was set up, a more accurate title would be: Ecophysiological responses of dominant tree species in two karst forest sites in southwestern China. I understand that this paper represents an enormous amount of work; ideally, the experimental design could have been thought through with respect to being able to test the factors most of interest before initiating all of that excellent work. In addition, the study design is not a factorial ANOVA; it is a hierarchical design with a nested structure and thus should have been analyzed as such (thereby changing the F tests and P levels); the reported values for the ANOVA are therefore inaccurate.
I have read this submission. I believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard, however I have significant reservations, as outlined above.
Zhang
Shouren
Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
**Competing interests:**No competing interests were disclosed.
17
7
2014
We sincerely thank Prof. Jessica Gurevitch for her new comments on our revised version. We would like to accept Prof. Jessica Gurevitch's advice and pay attention on the experimental design in our future work. In response to Prof. Jessica Gurevitch's comments on statistical issues, we will check our data and calculations, and may update the statistical results later. Regarding the article title, Prof. Jessica Gurevitch suggested to replace eco-physiological adaptation with eco-physiological response. The trees we used for measurements were mature ones which had been naturally grown there more than 20 years old, so the differences in trees' eco-physiological traits between the two types of karst forests could reflect the variations of the trees' adaptation to their local habitats. Anyway, we would like to change our mind in this regard if more convincing reasons are kindly provided.
Again, we thank Prof. Jessica Gurevitch for her new comments and suggestions.
10.5256/f1000research.3069.r2700
Referee response for version 2
Strasser
Reto
1
Referee
Professor Emeritus for Bioenergetics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
**Competing interests:**Whilst not directly connected to this article, Reto Strasser was the original developer of the techniques and equations used in the data analysis software Biolyzer, which was used in this study.
9
12
2013
Version 2
This revised version is in my opinion fully acceptable. The authors have followed the recommendations of the reviewers, and I've no additional comments.
I have read this submission. I believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.
10.5256/f1000research.1217.r2396
Referee response for version 1
Strasser
Reto
1
Referee
Professor Emeritus for Bioenergetics, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
**Competing interests:**Whilst not directly connected to this article, Reto Strasser was the original developer of the techniques and equations used in the data analysis software Biolyzer, which was used in this study.
13
11
2013
Version 1
I read this manuscript several times with great interest. Immediately the reader gets the impression of a carefully conducted and complex investigation. The topic is a case study of ecophysiology as you find it *in vivo*, *in situ* in nature.
The title alone informs the reader that a complex multiparametric ecological experiment is presented.
The areas of this investigation were forests in southwestern China with contrasting habitats, in the Guizhou Province called Tianlongshan and Daxiagu.
Some of the main contrasts are listed and compared below: **Altitude above sea level:** 1200m (Tianlongshan) and 900m (Daxiagu)**Karst:** Well-developed secondary forest with a humid monsoon climate (Tianlongshan) and severely degraded mixed forest with warm temperatures (Daxiagu)**Precipitation:** 1398 mm/year (Tianlongshan) and 1100mm/year (Daxiagu)**Rain during growth season:** 60% to 70% (Tianlongshan) and 83% (Daxiagu)**Vegetation:** Well developed secondary evergreen and deciduous (Tianlongshan) and secondary deciduous trees and shrubs (Daxiagu)Branches were cut from both places and used for measurements such as gas exchanges (CO ~2~), stomatal conductance, transpiration and water use efficiency (WUE), on new fully expanded leaves. Many *in vivo in situ* fast fluorescence transients were collected and analyzed according to the equations of the JIP test, which reveals the bioenergetics constellation of the samples.
It is seldom that a research team is able to use so many quite different techniques on the same plant material within a short time span and outside in the forest. All techniques are precisely presented in the manuscript and the execution of the measurements appears to have been done very carefully.
Several years ago I had the opportunity to accompany a research group of the same institute as a guest for another project, to make such measurements in the forest. I became aware of the high professionalism of experimentation which was invested to get the experimental data recorded. E.g. black socks or sock-shaped towels were used to slip over branches on the trees to guarantee dark adaptation in a non-invasive way during the daytime.
In short, I can say that the investigation is technically very complex, however has been executed with a lot of skill and imagination.
I have seen the comments of the previous two reviewers. I fully agree with the scientific statements given by the reviewers who have pointed out the high quality of the data. For some logically understandable reasons one reviewer has given the article a 'Not approved' rating. Formally that reviewer is right, that some comparisons bypass strict rigor due to the chosen forest constellation which we cannot change. Most probably there is no better place available for performing these experiments in that area. For ecological investigations we are often forced to select a good site, but even so not all parameters may be optimal. Nevertheless the challenge is to make valid deductions of a non-complete or non-perfect data set. My saying is: A Scientist is allowed to do whatever he likes, as long he is saying what he is doing and how he is doing it. Often even incomplete information provides good hints for a better understanding of the topic. With many repetitions of the measurements and the testing of many samples the authors take care regarding the heterogeneity of the plant material, and minimize the risk of making important errors. My impression is that in the given situation the authors are fully aware about the strong and less strong results or conclusions they are giving in the manuscript.
It needs courage, skill and perseverance to do these experiments and to present the experimental data in the form given in this article. It's an excellent investigation, written in a well balanced form, based on solid data. All these facts together are arguments to conclude that the manuscript deserves to be approved but the authors should take into account some modifications proposed by the reviewers.
For better understanding I'm proposing some minor changes at the end of the materials and methods section: The JIP test parameters used in this study can be summarized as follows: As flux ratios or quantum yields expressed as maximal trapping flux ( **TR ~o~**) to the reaction center of PS II, or as maximal electron transport flux ( **ET ~o~**) between PS II and PS I, or as maximal heat dissipation flux ( **DI ~o~**) of PSII per the light flux absorbed ( **ABS**) by PS II antenna.As partial and cumulated performances (or so called driving forces DF = log of the performances derived in analogy to the redox potentials **.**). Please make the frame of Figure 1 taller, so that the labeling of the ordinates on the graphs is better readable and not squashed.The partial yields or probabilities or performances are based on the functional flux-ratios and can be correlated to the following experimental signals: **F** **~P~** **~o~** **=**TR ~o~ /ABS = 1-Fo/Fm = Fv/Fm
**y** **~E~** **~o~** = ET ~0~ /TR ~o~ = (1-V ~J~ ) where V ~J~ = (F ~J~ -- Fo)/(Fm -- Fo) is the relative variable fluorescence at the J-step, and the structural ratio:
**g** **~RC~** = Chl ~RC~ / Chl ~total~ = Chl ~RC~ / Chl ~(RC+Antenna) ~or
g ~RC~/(1-g ~RC~) = Chl ~RC~ / Chl ~Antenna~ = RC/ABS = 1/ Antenna size of PS II
Quantum yield (this means: per absorption ABS) for primary photochemistry **:**
**F** **~P~** **~o~** **=**TR ~o~ /ABS
Quantum yield for electron transport **:**
**F** **~E~** **~o\ ~** **=** F ~P~ ~o~ ~\*~y ~E~ ~o~ **=**ET **~o~** ** /**ABS as the probability that a photon absorbed by PS II will move an electron into the electron transport chain further than Qa ^-^.
Quantum yield for heat dissipation by PS II:
**F** **~D~** **~o~** = 1 - F ~P~ ~o~ = DI ~o~ /ABS (please use y ~E~ ~o~ to distinguish it from y, which you are using for the midday leaf water potential.)
The performance index **PI ~ABS~**, which is responsible for the performance of the electron transport from water to plastoquinone is written as:
**PI ~ABS~** = ((g ~RC~/(1-g ~RC~)) x ((F ~P~ ~o~/ (1-F ~P~ ~o~)) x ((y ~E~ ~o~ /(1- y ~E~ ~o~))
The multi parametric approach to this realistic field study is appreciated and proves that the authors have a good ecological feeling and understanding.
I have read this submission. I believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.
10.5256/f1000research.1217.r1026
Referee response for version 1
Gurevitch
Jessica
1
Referee
Department of Ecology and Evolution, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
**Competing interests:**No competing interests were disclosed.
26
6
2013
Version 1
Scientific study of the ecologically interesting karst forests of southwestern China has been limited, particularly in the English-language literature, making this study potentially valuable. The comparison of *in situ* with common environment performance was excellent. However, major design flaws make it impossible to reach scientifically valid conclusions from this study. Most importantly, the study compares one degraded forest with one more-intact forest in order to reach conclusions about the ecophysiology of trees in degraded karst forests in comparison to intact forests. This is not possible with one forest of each type; the fallacy in this kind of comparison has been highlighted in the ecological literature for decades (sometimes called "pseudoreplication"). One cannot reach any valid conclusions from comparing trees in a single forest of one type with those of a single forest of a different type. The anova also fails to account for the nested design structure, a very common problem in the ecological literature.
I have read this submission. I believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above.
Zhang
Shouren
Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
**Competing interests:**No competing interests were disclosed.
9
7
2013
We appreciate the invaluable comments from Prof. Jessica Gurevitch. We agree with Prof. Gurevitch's comments on the experimental design in our study. However, at least two factors prevented us from selecting more sites for each forest type. Firstly, field acquisition of physiological parameters, such as the photosynthetic rate and maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII, is very time-consuming. Our ability to make the simultaneous measurements needed to compare different sites is therefore limited by resource constraints. Secondly, since these physiological parameters vary significantly throughout the day, they need to be measured at similar times of day to make sense of the comparison. For example, in this study we measured photosynthetic gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence from late-morning to noon, which is thought to be the daily based maximal photosynthetic functional period for the sampled trees. These factors make physiological investigations under controlled conditions on multiple sites unpractical. We note, also, that although we compared only two sites, the trees sampled within one site in our study were distributed over a large area (roughly 1 km ^2^), and therefore could be regarded as growing on different sub-sites with quite different local environmental situations. Most importantly, however, the physiological data in our study were collected over three consecutive years in field. Such long-term investigations of physiological processes in field are very scarce in eco-physiological literature.
10.5256/f1000research.1217.r968
Referee response for version 1
Wang
Jian Rang
1
Referee
Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada
**Competing interests:**No competing interests were disclosed.
29
5
2013
Version 1
The title is appropriate for the content of the article. The authors used two contrasting habitats (degraded versus well developed) and leaf phenology (deciduous versus evergreen) across many major tree species to address the ecophysiological adaptation of different tree species to habitat change. The research was well designed and relatively long-term (three year measurements) for ecophysiological study. The information presented in the study will provide significant insight to our understanding of tree species adaptation to climate change and habitat degradation. The conclusions from the study will provide useful guidance for biodiversity management and restoration of degraded sites.
I have read this submission. I believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to confirm that it is of an acceptable scientific standard.
[^1]: \*These authors equally contributed to this study.
[^2]: SZ and DF conceived and designed the experiment; SZ, DF, QW, HY and XX conducted the field measurements; SZ analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. DF revised the manuscript.
[^3]: **Competing interests:**No relevant competing interests were disclosed.
|
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}
|
Q:
Ambiguous Reference To Member 'Subscript' when using UIApplicationShortcutItem
I am trying to migrate my code to Swift 3, and came across an error regarding trying to handle 3D Touch shortcuts..
I get the following error
Performing segue using 3D Touch Shortcut - Ambiguous Reference To
Member 'Subscript'
For the following line
func application(_ application: UIApplication, didFinishLaunchingWithOptions launchOptions: [NSObject: Any]?) -> Bool {
if let shortcutItem = launchOptions?[UIApplicationLaunchOptionsShortcutItemKey] as? UIApplicationShortcutItem {
handleShortcutItem(shortcutItem)
}
}
I am not sure why I am getting this, does anyone else know ?
Here's how I am handling the shortcuts
enum ShortcutItemType: String {
case First
case Second
case Third
init?(shortcutItem: UIApplicationShortcutItem) {
guard let last = shortcutItem.type.components(separatedBy: ".").last else { return nil }
self.init(rawValue: last)
}
var type: String {
return Bundle.main.bundleIdentifier! + ".\(self.rawValue)"
}
}
fileprivate func handleShortcutItem(_ shortcutItem: UIApplicationShortcutItem) {
if let rootViewController = window?.rootViewController, let shortcutItemType = ShortcutItemType(shortcutItem: shortcutItem) {
let rootNavController = rootViewController.childViewControllers.first as! UINavigationController
let viewController = rootNavController.childViewControllers[1]
switch shortcutItemType {
case .First:
viewController.performSegue(withIdentifier: "firstSegue", sender: self)
break
case .Second:
viewController.performSegue(withIdentifier: "secondSegue", sender: self)
break
case .Third:
//Segue to view controller from first then perform another segue to a modal view.
viewController.performSegue(withIdentifier: "thirdSegue", sender: self)
break
}
}
}
func application(_ application: UIApplication, performActionFor shortcutItem: UIApplicationShortcutItem, completionHandler: (Bool) -> Void) {
handleShortcutItem(shortcutItem)
}
A:
The method header of application(_:didFinishLaunchingWithOptions:) has changed to:
func application(_ application: UIApplication,
didFinishLaunchingWithOptions launchOptions: [UIApplicationLaunchOptionsKey : Any]? = nil)
The symbol UIApplicationLaunchOptionsShortcutItemKey has been replaced with UIApplicationLaunchOptionsKey.shortcutItem.
And this may be another issue, but application(_:performActionFor:completionHandler:) needs to have this header:
func application(_ application: UIApplication,
performActionFor shortcutItem: UIApplicationShortcutItem,
completionHandler: @escaping (Bool) -> Void)
Try fixing all of them.
|
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"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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commandlinefu_id: 13705
translator:
weibo: ''
hide: true
command: |-
find . -name "*.pdf" -print0 | xargs -r0 stat -c %y\ %n | sort|awk '{print $4}'|gawk 'BEGIN{ a=1 }{ printf "mv %s %04d.pdf\n", $0, a++ }' | bash
summary: |-
rename files (in this case pdfs) numerically in date order
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
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In the past 3 years, I have been involved in 3 elephant parturitions in Asia. The animals were privately owned under relatively good conditions, but quite old for getting their first calf (39-40 years). During the night they were able to forage in the forest, while during day time they were used for tourism, until four months before the expected calving date. Their blood progesterone levels were monitored weekly throughout the major part of their pregnancy. During the last month of pregnancy, total plasma calcium was also monitored, fluctuating between 2.2 and 2.7 mmol/L. The birth process in these three old females was stagnated: several days after progesterone had dropped to baseline, there was still no sign of a beginning parturition as confirmed by transrectal ultrasonographic examination. I had the privilege to assist two of these calvings "hands-on" till the end. And similar to what I observed in other elephant parturitions in European zoos in the past, the intravenous administration of calcium-magnesium borogluconate explicitly increased the contractibility of the uterus. In the first animal, I found the calf "floating" in the vagina when I first examined her 10 days after the drop of progesterone. At that time the total serum calcium concentration was 2.2 mmol/L. Rectal stimulation of the pelvic wall to induce the Fergusson reflex had no effect. After slow IV infusion of 1.0 liter of calcium-borogluconate (110 g/L), the Fergusson reflex resulted in uterine contractions ([Figure 1](#F0001){ref-type="fig"}). Adding 50 IU of oxytocin during the last 20 minutes of the IV-drip resulted in labor activities and the birth of the calf 4 hours later.
{#F0001}
I found the second elephant 3 days after progesterone had dropped completely (day 3). Total blood calcium level was 2.4 mmol/L and the cervix was still closed. The Fergusson reflex could not be induced by rectal massage of the pelvic wall. On day 4 the cervix started to dilate after transrectal application of 400 mg estradiol. Three hours later, the animal was given 55 g calcium-borogluconate in a slow IV-infusion. One hour later, a lot of clear vaginal mucous was discharged from the vulva, the cervix opened even more and one foot of the calf could now be visualized by transrectal ultrasonography. The elephant was repeatedly given IV-infusions of calcium-borogluconate. Each time both front feet of the calf appeared on the cranial side of the cervix. During the next 72 hours, however, 3 hours after each infusion, the calf "dropped back" into the abdomen. Unfortunately, there was no follow up of blood total calcium levels, but it was quite obvious that the calcium infusions consequently resulted in uterine contractions, even in the absence of exogenous oxytocin administration.
For many years I have been intrigued by the calcium metabolism in Asian elephants. The first time was during a stagnating parturition in what later on appeared to be a severe hypocalcaemic elephant (total calcium 0.84 mmol/L, ionised calcium concentration 0.37 mmol/L in heparine-plasma). We set up a pilot study (study A) at Rotterdam zoo involving 4 Asian elephants (*Elephas maximus*) by supplementing their diet with calcium and we concluded that "captive Asian elephants might be subclinically hypocalcaemic. Based on the findings we suggested that the normal serum concentration of total calcium in Asian elephants should be around 3.6 mmol/L and the normal heparine-plasma concentration of ionised calcium around 1.25 mmol/L." Another conclusion was that the calcium uptake in Asian elephants should be compared with horses (van der Kolk et al. [@CIT0006]).
A purely descriptive paper (study B) recorded the serum parameters related to the calcium metabolism in captive African elephants (*Loxodonta africana*) in Florida, where the UVB-radiation is more favorable for tropical animals than in the Netherlands (Miller et al. [@CIT0002]). The average serum total calcium level in these animals was 2,7 ± 0.90 mmol/L, while 25(OH)D~3~ levels did not fluctuate significantly over the 4 seasons.
Stimulated by the outcome of the first study, a larger research project (study C) was initiated, involving both elephant species in 4 different zoos in a temperate climate (van Sonsbeek et al. [@CIT0007]). These herds were alternating supplemented with oral calcium or vitamin D3. The conclusion of this study was that Asian elephants depend predominantly on dietary calcium, while African elephants depend more on the vitamin D3 supplementation and solar UVB-exposure. In contrast to the findings in Florida, the African elephants in study C showed a significant higher serum 25(OH)D~3~ concentration in summer compared to winter. Based on the significant difference in length of the small intestines (in Asian elephants 2 times longer than in African elephants) (Shoshani et al. [@CIT0004]), it was hypothesized that this might explain why Asian elephants profit more from dietary calcium intake than African elephants.
Recently, another paper on the calcium metabolism in elephants was published (study D) (Childs-Sanford et al. [@CIT0001]). Relevant blood parameters (25-hydroxyvitamin D, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, parathyroid hormone, total calcium, ionised calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium) in serum samples of 6 adult Asian elephants kept in the northern temperate climate were measured as well as several related parameters in their diet and exposure to UVB. Over the year no differences in serum/heparine-plasma parameters were noticed. Calcium (2.7 mmol/L) and ionised calcium (1.4 mmol/L) were within expected ranges (Species 360). The authors conclude that *".... this study suggest that vitamin D metabolism in Asian elephants has fundamental differences from many other animal species but may be similar to domestic horses".* This conclusion is in line with the previous statements from study A and C. Interestingly, the serum values for ionised calcium (1.4 mmol/L) in study D were higher than the suggested reference value in study A (1.25 mmol/L), while total calcium (2.7 mmol/L) in study D was much lower than proposed as reference value (3.6 mmol/L) in study A. The proposed reference value in study A was based on the finding that oral calcium supplementation in Asian elephants resulted in an increase of serum ionised calcium from 0.93 to 1.25 mmol/L and total calcium from 2.9 to 3.6 mmol/L. As the calcium metabolism is aiming to stabilize the blood level of ionised calcium, it is interesting to observe the difference in total calcium concentrations between studies A and C and this recent study. Apparently captive Asian elephants are capable to maintain their ionised calcium concentrations at adequate levels for maintenance, while their serum total calcium buffer is in the low range or even too low. This brings me back to my experience with stagnating parturitions in elephants. The fact that in my own experience IV-infusions with calcium had a positive effect on the contractibility of the uterus, suggests that these females suffered of hypocalcemia at the time of calving.
There has been some debate amongst zoo veterinarians about the time span between progesterone drop to baseline value (the lowest value during the follicular phase) and the moment when the calf should be on the ground. The *Veterinary guidelines for reproduction-related management in captive female elephants* of the European elephant TAG, considers 72 hours as the period to be pursued, while sporadically calves have been born alive even after 10 days (Schaftenaar and Hildebrandt [@CIT0003]). Unfortunately, in these anecdotal cases the influence of IV-infusions of calcium was not tested.
We can learn from these stories and research projects that there is still much more to investigate. So called reference values for zoo animals are based on common practice in zoos worldwide, even including animals kept under climatological circumstances that differ from their natural habitat and fed an artificial diet (Species 360). We should not always take these reference values for granted and try to collect more data (including ionised calcium) from free ranging animals. We need to share data (at least serum total calcium and and ionised calcium) of captive elephants during parturition, as during this critical phase their calcium metabolism is heavily challenged. I encourage clinicians working with elephants to collect and share their data with researchers for the benefit of these unique animals.
Willem Schaftenaar
Elephant Taxon Advisory Group, European Association of Zoos and Aquaria
W.Schaftenaar\@Rotterdamzoo.nl
|
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Plant--pollinator interactions are essential for both actors and are an important ecosystem service for natural and agricultural systems ([@bib59]; [@bib120]). However, climate change may put this critical interaction at risk ([@bib42]; [@bib101]). For example, the spring ephemeral *Corydalis* *ambigua* Cham. & Schltdl. is flowering earlier in mountain habitats due to earlier snowmelt, but the pollinators (*Bombus* *hypocrita* and *B. hypnorum koropokkrus*), whose emergence is associated with soil temperature, are not always synchronized with flowering commencement, resulting in lower seed production ([@bib65]). Here I review methods used to assess how climate change affects this interaction with a focus on flowering phenology of plants and emergence or floral visitation phenology by pollinators.
Environmental alterations associated with climate change include the following: seasonally distinct temperature increases with greater winter warming; geographically distinct temperature increases that are greatest in the Arctic followed by other northern regions; altered precipitation resulting in changed annual means and altered seasonal variation; increasing CO~2~ and N~2~O; and greater frequency of extreme events ([@bib56]). The unpredictability and geographic variation of these abiotic consequences of climate change make it very difficult to make global predictions regarding the effect on species. These changes are expected to affect the timing of developmental events (phenology) of organisms because some environmental cues (CO~2~, ozone, temperature, and precipitation) are changing ([@bib52]; [@bib46]; [@bib67]). There is growing evidence that many species are shifting their phenologies, including plants and their pollinators, which could result in mismatching between the timing of flowering and pollinator foraging ([@bib7]; [@bib47]; [@bib18]; [@bib81]). Furthermore, species distributions are changing as habitat suitability is altered by these changes ([@bib48]; [@bib36]). Thus, the actors of plant--pollinator interactions are facing spatial and temporal shifts in their abiotic environment and are responding with biotic shifts in spatial (distribution) and temporal (phenology) dimensions. Because of the complexity associated with temporal and spatial variation in the effects of and the subsequent responses to climate change, creative approaches are needed to quantify and comprehend the consequences for plant--pollinator interactions.
Here I review some approaches used to assess the impact of climate changes on plant--pollinator interactions, with a focus on phenological changes. My goal is to present a wide diversity of approaches, particularly creative or unique methods. I included many studies that focus on either plants or pollinators (without explicitly assessing interactions) because these studies also have unique and useful methods. As part of this review, I very briefly discuss limitations or strengths associated with different general approaches. My aim is to provide a resource of approaches with suggestions as to what is still needed and to provide inspiration for further development.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
=====================
To identify papers used in this review, I used the search engine Web of Science (1988 to present) using the following sets of key words: "climate change" and "pollinator\*" (371 references); "climate change" and "flower\* phenology" (357); "climate change" and "plant--pollinator\* (134)"; "climate change" and "plant--pollinator\* and "networks" (32). Using Web of Science, I also did a forward search on two highly cited papers ([@bib75] and [@bib14]). From these search results, I read the abstracts to determine if they were potentially a good fit for this review. After reading the full text of over 500 potential papers, I identified a subset where the authors clearly assessed impacts of climate change. Papers were excluded if they only discussed implications of their results for climate in the conclusion section of the paper. From this set, I identified 323 papers for more careful consideration, and from their citations, more than 50 additional papers were included.
This review is organized into four major sections based on the primary taxonomic focus (plant or pollinator) or type of interactions (network or not). I have separated general interaction studies, which can range from one plant species and its pollinator to the entire community of plants and pollinators, from network studies, which are community interaction studies but typically take a more holistic approach toward their questions and statistical approaches (e.g., [@bib84]; [@bib28]). Within each major section, results are organized by the types of approaches used (for an overview see [Fig. 1](#fig1){ref-type="fig"}). For three of these major sections, tables provide further details of discussed examples, as well as unique aspects of additional studies beyond those discussed in the text (Appendices S1, S2, and S3). Within each of these tables, the studies are organized into the same subsections as the main text.
{#fig1}
PLANT-FOCUSED STUDIES
=====================
The measurement of flowering phenology includes the onset, end, and duration of flowering, abundance of flowers, and the flowering community ([@bib17]). Depending on the method chosen, these different aspects of flowering phenology can be quantified.
Historic records
----------------
Herbarium specimens are available for a wide diversity of species and are potentially available across a species' range; these are increasingly accessible electronically (e.g., [www.idigbio.org](www.idigbio.org)). Other types of historical records include naturalists' notes, dated photos, and long-term observations ([@bib88]).
Herbarium specimens and current observations are often combined with temperature data to determine if phenology is changing in relation to temperature (Appendix S1: Table A). For example, herbarium specimens and field observations of Hungarian terrestrial orchids enabled assessment of phenology of species for which conservation concerns have limited the number of more recent herbarium specimens ([@bib79]). [@bib79] included phylogenetic relatedness and several life-history traits to determine which predict the responsiveness of flowering phenology to temperature changes (Appendix S1: Table A).
To determine whether herbarium specimens are a valid approach for assessing change in flowering phenology in response to climate, two formal analyses have compared herbarium specimens to long-term field observations ([@bib96]; [@bib20]). Comparison of temperature (3-mo mean) and peak flowering time using herbarium specimens (1848--1958) of an orchid revealed the same relationship (slope) with mean temperatures as recorded observations of peak flowering from 1975--2006 in one site ([@bib96]). Comparing these approaches for plant communities, [@bib20] compared estimates of flowering onset from herbarium specimens (late 1800s to mid-1900s) with several field observation data sets of flowering onset (1852--2013) for 20 species near Concord, Massachusetts, USA. Analyses of the slope of individual species from a regression of temperature and flowering onset from specimens or field observations (as the response variable) did not reveal any significant differences. However, the estimates did differ when examining all of the slope estimates collectively for many species, which was attributed by [@bib20] to limited data from the long-term field observations.
Some limitations are associated with the use of herbarium specimens, particularly the inability to assess all aspects of the phenology. The assumption is made that the flowering on the herbarium specimen reflects peak flowering of that population and year, but if the collectors obtained specimens at either the onset or end of the flowering period, this assumption is not met ([@bib89]). [@bib89] classified specimens at peak flowering for a location if over 50% of the flowering buds on a specimen were open when collected, which provides a method to standardize interpretation for herbarium specimens. If herbarium samples are from a broader region, where seasonal differences could make comparisons inaccurate, [@bib68] suggest making an adjustment for the collection date (to estimate flowering peak) using location differences in snowmelt dates to account for seasonal differences. While there are some limitations, creative approaches incorporating herbarium specimens can be a strong asset, as demonstrated in these examples and those in Appendix S1: Table A, which all found that at least some species are now flowering earlier.
Field observations
------------------
Recorded observations of flowering phenology, often collected by one person over many years, vary in the level of detail but typically involve observations of the entire plant community (Appendix S1: Table B). [@bib32] recorded the date of flowering onset for 557 species over a 47-yr period in south-central England. Focusing on the 385 species that were present in the data set for at least 23 yr, they assessed the extent of phenological shifts in 10-yr increments to detect when changes have been the greatest. Inclusion of temperature (monthly means) in a further analysis enabled them to determine which month was the most significant predictor of deviation in first flowering day ([@bib32]). As illustrated with this example and others (Appendix S1: Table B), these long-term observation data sets have been a valuable resource for documenting the degree of shifting of flowering onset over the time that the climate has been changing, but there is limited availability of this type of data. Furthermore, often only flowering onset is recorded, limiting assessment of any temporal shift in duration and abundance of flowers, which are likely key for pollinator interactions (for creative analysis of this type of data and discussion of the limitations, see [@bib24]).
Because the rate of temperature and precipitation change is greatest in alpine and arctic environments ([@bib56]), researchers have focused on these habitats. Ecologists have been studying the dynamics of plant reproductive biology and plant--pollinator interactions (see below) in these same habitats, resulting in very detailed long-term data sets that are now being analyzed to understand the impacts of climate change (Appendix S1: Table B). Of note are the long-term study plots established in 1973 by [@bib55] in dry to wet mountain meadows at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (Crested Butte, Colorado, USA). [@bib55] obtained a very comprehensive record of the community flowering phenology and abundance by counting the number of flowers opened and number of ramets every two to three days over the growing season for over 35 yr. Snowmelt date was also tracked over this time, and this cue for flowering onset for many alpine species changes with the warming climate (Appendix S1: Table B). These very detailed data (1973--2012) provide evidence of phenological shifts for many species and which aspects of phenology (onset, peak, and last flower) shifted in response to the changing climate ([@bib17]). [@bib17] with further analysis quantified the extent of changes in coflowering between species over a 39-yr period.
Extensive collections of data for plants and animals have been organized by phenological networks in many countries where the data are often collected by volunteers using particular protocols and for specific species (e.g., [www.naturescalendar.org.uk](www.naturescalendar.org.uk)). Using statistical and modeling approaches, researchers have been able to assess the impact of changing temperature on flowering onset, as well as address other questions using these data sets (Appendix S1: Table B). To develop a statistical approach to assess the relative phenology changes in 276 U.S. National Parks and Preserves across the contiguous United States and Alaska, [@bib81] used species-specific spring indices for three nonnative indicator species (a cloned lilac cultivar and two honeysuckle species commonly found in these locations). Spring indices included first leaf and first bloom indices, which are based on the number of accumulated growing degree-days. The authors used variable time interval lengths (10, 20, and 30 yr) of historic temperatures across the parks, with the spring indices to determine the spatial patterns of recent variability compared to historic variability in spring onset in the parks and preserves ([@bib81]). While these studies provide insights to changes in the phenology of these varieties, the use of nonnative indicator species for monitoring by the phenological network sampling groups could limit the application of the results from these models to native communities.
Many long-term studies rely on a diversity of participants to collect phenological data. This approach has the positive broader educational impact of including citizen scientists, but data quality could be an issue in these cases ([@bib43]). Use of methods for removal of biased data along with sufficient training of the volunteers can improve quality ([@bib43]; [@bib113]; [@bib104]; [@bib45]; [@bib41]). Digital photography provides a visible record of phenology, allowing removal of potential bias ([@bib19]). A formal assessment of the accuracy of trained citizen scientists compared to a professional ecologist found that some phenological stages and species were not correctly recorded, but overall volunteers correctly identified the phenological stage 91% of the time ([@bib38]). Formal assessment of volunteers' data could inform project organizers as to the common errors being made and what type of further training may be necessary. Citizen scientists are likely to be key for long-term data collection, with a concomitant educational benefit that is invaluable for them when they actively quantify data likely to reveal the impact of climate change; thus, the development of training approaches and further tools that can later verify data will be essential.
While a complete assessment of flowering phenology would quantify the onset, peak, and duration of flowering, the above approaches often only assess flowering onset. To validate if flowering onset is sufficient to estimate the flowering phenology for entire populations, [@bib77] modeled the impact of population size and sampling frequency using the data sets of recorded observations from Gothic, Colorado, and Concord, Massachusetts, USA. They found that flowering onset was a fair predictor of flowering peak in the Colorado data set. Changes in population size affected estimates of flowering onset, with declining population size delaying onset but increasing population size advancing the beginning of flowering. Changes in sampling frequency affect the ability to detect changes in flowering onset. [@bib77] recommend avoiding the confounded effects of population size and sampling frequency when obtaining estimates of flowering onset by quantifying the entire flowering distribution.
A newer effort by a group of cooperative entities led by the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) has been designed to collect data for 30 yr across 47 sites representing multiple habitats, using standardized protocols to quantify plant phenology and environmental information ([@bib27]). Projects such as NEON have advantages including rigorous experimental design and extensive types of data, which should enable clear tests of hypotheses with very reliable results and robust conclusions. While substantial funding is required to sustain the network, the products of projects from NEON may indicate the best methods for quantifying phenology changes that could be reapplied to smaller-scale studies.
Experimental
------------
Experiments in which the abiotic conditions that are expected to shift with climate change are manipulated in natural or experimental communities and growth chambers can demonstrate effects on phenology (Appendix S1: Table C). Alternatively, researchers have used natural variation across an environmental gradient, sometimes combined with reciprocal transplants ([@bib29]; [@bib71]; see next subsection). Using formal genetic designs, evolutionary responses and phenotypic plasticity of responses to abiotic changes have also been determined (Appendix S1: Table C; [@bib29], [@bib30]).
Looking at one of these studies' approaches in greater detail, [@bib123] conducted a four-year study in a semiarid temperate steppe habitat of Inner Mongolia, China, experimentally altering temperature and nitrogen. Temperature was increased during the growing season using infrared radiators for treatments that differed in the timing of warming (daytime only, nighttime only, continuous warming, or no warming \[control\]). Nitrogen was added to half of the control and continuous warming plots. Both the rate of warming and addition of nitrogen were designed to simulate the known changes in this location. [@bib123] assessed the reproductive phenology of eight focal species. For forbs, this included: unopened buds, open flowers, postanthesis flowers, initiated fruits, expanding fruit, and dehisced fruit. Their assessment of phenology involved fitting their phenology scores (based on observations) into the Richard growth equation ([@bib123]), enabling a more comprehensive evaluation of climate change. The realistic simulation of the environmental changes enables clear assessment of the implications of their results. The broader type of phenology data collected (flowers and fruits) allowed for more inclusive assessment of the reproductive phenology. Because the effects of year and year by warming treatment interaction on phenology were both significant, longer-duration studies should be implemented when possible.
The duration of a phenological study may limit a researcher's ability to correctly measure effects of any treatment. The response of the plants to warming can be delayed for years with an accumulative effect expressed later, and variation among years also limits our ability to detect a treatment effect ([@bib49]). Plant phenology responses to long-term warming can decline as other factors limit further response ([@bib62]; [@bib3]; Appendix S1: Table C). The results of these studies suggest that long-term investigations are essential for understanding the consequences of experimental warming. Other environmental factors (e.g., drought), to my knowledge, have not been experimentally altered in long-term studies. Furthermore, the biological implications of the results of these experimental approaches depend on how well the specific study simulates the expected environmental changes.
A unique approach by [@bib110], [@bib111]) used stored seeds (1992) compared to recently collected seeds (2010) from a region that has seen a pollinator decline. These seeds were used in two common garden experiments to compare flowering phenology and plant mating system traits ([@bib110], [@bib111]; Appendix S1: Table C). Except for potential problems with lower germination for older seeds and confounding maternal effects, this approach could provide unique insights regarding how floral traits may change with pollinator declines. For example, [@bib111] found that selection occurred for earlier flowering but not for longer duration for flowering. The potential confounding with maternal effects can be estimated by specific experimental designs or limited by growing plants in the same conditions ([@bib105]; [@bib111]). Many botanic gardens (such as Chicago Botanic Garden's Dixon National Tallgrass Prairie Seed Bank) actively store seeds for long-term conservation and research, which could be used for studies of this type.
In northern regions, temperature changes are expected to be greatest in the winter; however, fewer studies have focused on winter compared to other seasons ([@bib63]; [@bib56]). Warming winters may have specific impacts, including insufficient vernalization for flowering ([@bib63]). [@bib83] used chambers with different coverings to create seasonally asymmetric warming (greater warming in the winter), resulting in lower flowering frequency (Appendix S1: Table C).
A strength of these experimental studies (above and Appendix S1: Table C) is that they typically quantify more aspects of flowering phenology (onset, peak abundance, duration), which are useful to determine the potential for negative impact with pollinators.
Environmental gradients
-----------------------
Studies involving observations or transplants across an environmental gradient can determine how the different environmental conditions affect plants, and can represent both present and future abiotic conditions ([@bib29]). In the absence of long-term temporal data on flowering phenology, spatial gradients can be used to quantify how flowering phenology may change with the future climate (Appendix S1: Table D). Studies with long-term observations across spatial gradients enable detection of environment-dependent phenology changes (Appendix S1: Table D). Experimental spatial and temporal approaches can assess how distribution and phenological shifts will impact the potential for plant--pollinator interactions to be retained ([@bib82]).
A unique approach involved reciprocally transplanting soil blocks (100 cm^2^ with 30--40 cm depth), with the grassland community intact, into four common garden sites along an altitudinal gradient (3200--3800 m) in the Qilian Mountains, China ([@bib119]). For comparison, [@bib119] moved soil blocks containing the plant community within the altitude for the four sites. Using environmental sensors, they tracked air and soil temperature along with soil moisture in the four common garden sites. This experimental design enabled comparisons of the impact of increased temperature (moved to lower elevation), decreased temperature (moved to higher elevation), and no short-term temperature change on flowering onset of six focal species that included early and later seasonally flowering species ([@bib119]). The authors developed a conceptual model for considering the relative phenological responses of the plants to warming and cooling. Species from the early season responded more to cooling, while the later season species responded more to warming ([@bib119]). For further studies using these experimental plots, see Appendix S1: Table D.
Phylogenetic considerations
---------------------------
Whether a species is constrained in how its phenology changes in response to climate change may depend on its evolutionary history, so some researchers have included a phylogenetic analysis in their investigation (Appendix S1: Table E). A phylogenetic assessment of multiple data sets, with global representation, concluded that related species were likely to have a similar response to climate change ([@bib74]; for details on this study see Appendix S1: Table E). [@bib74] suggested that predictions could be made for unstudied species based on results from related species.
POLLINATOR-FOCUSED STUDIES
==========================
This subsection highlights some methods that could be integrated into a broader study on plant--pollinator interactions; it also includes some methods and concerns discussed in the entomological literature to bring them to a botanical audience. For an overview of field methods to measure bee diversity, see [@bib120], in which the authors used multiple methods in a diversity of habitats and compared the results from different techniques.
Historic records
----------------
Pollinator specimens in museum collections can be used to characterize the relative rates of changes in species diversity and richness. To test if ecological or species traits predict changes in a species' abundance, [@bib4] combined trait data with abundance changes using bee specimens from museums and university collections, as well as a database, to better inform how pollinator diversity could be changing over time (for details, see Appendix S2). Other studies have used museum collections of insects along with plant data (see the section on Interaction-Focused Studies below).
Field observations
------------------
The first spring activity of honeybees are cleansing flights (to excrete feces), which have been quantified by beekeepers in Poland. Comparing 25 yr of these flight records with temperature data, [@bib107] concluded the bees were starting their flights a month earlier, which over time is associated with increased temperatures occurring earlier in the season.
Many long-term butterfly observations are from national monitoring networks and monitoring programs at research sites (see "Field observations" in Appendix S2). To determine which types of butterflies are more likely to shift their arrival time, [@bib23] used the mean first date of appearance across transects obtained from the UK Butterfly Monitoring Scheme (weekly observations started in 1976; <http://www.ukbms.org/>), along with insect species traits suggested in other studies to affect butterflies' response to climate change. Many of these are the same traits that [@bib4] identified, namely diet breadth (number of host species), dispersal ability, voltinism, overwintering stage, and range size. While [@bib23] found evidence for the date of first appearance advancing in butterflies, some of the results were not as expected. For example, butterfly species that appeared earlier exhibited narrower diets, which is unexpected as host plants may be limited at that time ([@bib23]). Assessments of which species traits are more often associated with either changes in species abundance ([@bib4]) or shifts in phenology ([@bib23]) can produce testable predictions for researchers looking for mismatching occurring between plants and their pollinators. Other butterfly studies have combined long-term data sets with habitat characteristics to provide further context to the species-specific phenological responses to changing temperature (Appendix S2).
Given the resources necessary for long-term monitoring, some have proposed the use of distribution records in which location and date have been recorded. [@bib8] compared estimates of phenological parameters (mean date of the seasonal activity flight time and seasonal duration of activity) for butterflies (univoltine species only) assessed from distribution records (1995--2009) collected in Britain to observation records from the UK Butterfly Monitoring Scheme. The distribution records predicted the mean flight date correctly for 22 of 30 species, but the records were less successful in predicting flight duration ([@bib8]). Thus, if direct observations are not available, this approach using distribution records may provide some insights at least for first appearance date.
Experimental
------------
Several experimental approaches have been used to assess if the earlier phenology of pollinators is due to faster development in the life stages of bees with warmer temperatures, if diapause is shortened or lost in response to warmer winter temperatures, and whether social changes in bees result from warmer temperature (Appendix S2).
In Northern Europe, where bees are typically in diapause during the winter, some species are now skipping diapause, or have a shortened diapause and now establish new late season colonies. If bees skip diapause, they may not survive the winter. If they have a shortened diapause, they may not survive the extreme seasonal temperature variation. To evaluate *Bombus terrestris audax*'s cold tolerance, [@bib85] used experimental treatments consisting of exposure to low and very low temperatures, sometimes with changes in diet (pollen and nectar vs. nectar only); these treatments were designed to test physiological mechanisms that insects use for cold tolerance. They found that queens were more cold tolerant than workers, who would only survive a mild winter without diapause ([@bib85]).
These studies quantify the response of bees by testing the bees at controlled but biologically relevant temperatures. This complements field studies where temperatures are less controlled, making it more difficult to draw conclusions ([@bib85]; Appendix S2).
Environmental gradients
-----------------------
Because long-term observations are usually rare, researchers have used gradients as a substitute for time (as has been done with plants). To obtain phenological data, two studies used elevation gradients across different mountain ranges in Spain. The butterfly communities were monitored with frequent visits to 10--40 sites ([@bib21]; [@bib53]; Appendix S2). Although these studies found an overall pattern of a delay in mean flight date with higher elevation, this pattern was not consistent for many of the butterfly species. Particularly, the seasonally later flying species were mostly synchronized in mean flight date across elevations. The lack of change with elevation was proposed to be due to the limited season at higher elevation and selection for emergence at lower temperatures ([@bib53]). The use of a reciprocal transplant approach could assist in resolving the cause behind species' variable responses. These studies illustrate the limitations in using gradients as a replacement for long-term observations for butterflies.
INTERACTION-FOCUSED STUDIES
===========================
This section provides a review of approaches used in studies of plants and their pollinators. The studies differ in whether the focus is on the interaction(s) explicitly, or whether the emphasis is on the dynamics of the two groups with less direct assessment of their interactions. Studies using a network approach (the entire plant--pollinator community with an emphasis on the collective dynamics of the entire set of interactions) are in a separate section because the questions and analysis can be very different. Therefore "plant--pollinator interactions" is a more general term that can refer to a range of interactions from between one plant species and one pollinator species, to the entire community of plants and pollinators. Additional studies with further details are included in Appendix S3 and organized by the general approach, as are the following subsections.
Historic records
----------------
To determine if mismatching is occurring between the presence and abundance of plants and their pollinators, researchers have combined museum and herbarium specimens with climate information and statistical models (Appendix S3). Although the focus of the study by [@bib102] was to determine if bee species diversity and abundance has declined after agriculture intensification during the 20th century, their methods of establishing a historic record of interactions are broadly applicable to studies of plant--pollinator interactions over time. Given the concerns of bee species declines in the Netherlands, [@bib102] used a combination of historic collections of bees from multiple museums, a long-term observational data set (European Invertebrate Survey--Netherlands \[<http://www.eis-nederland.nl>\]), and current floral seasonal diversity in the agricultural landscape. To determine the historic record of plant--pollinator interactions using bee museum specimens, pollen was removed and mounted in glycerine jelly, identified to plant taxa using a reference collection, and the relative abundance of the identified pollen on each specimen was calculated ([@bib102]). From this information, the authors determined the interactions of both plants and bee visitors and any change over time. They determined the change in the bees' (abundance and range) population dynamics over time using the monitoring data for the Netherlands. These data were combined in a set of models to determine which predictor best explained the decline of bees. The authors concluded that the change in the bees' interactions with plants has led to the decline in bee abundance ([@bib102]). Researchers are using a diversity of creative methods with historical specimens to obtain information about past interactions.
Field observations
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Studies differ in the extent of the community considered (from a few focal species to most of the plant and pollinator community), study duration, environmental cues measured, and consideration of consequences from phenology shifts (Appendix S3). To explore if butterflies (*Pieris rapae*) and *Prunus* tree species would respond the same to a series of different environmental cues, [@bib26] designed a statistical approach. They used the flowering phenology data set collected by the Japan Meteorological Agency from 1953 to 2002 at the Nobeyama Solar Radio Observatory (Nagano, Japan); this data set is based on the date when five to six flowers are open ("unfolding"), a date when ∼80--100% of the flowers are open ("full flowering"), and "flowering speed" (difference in days between full flowering minus unfolding). The Japan Meteorological Agency also recorded the arrival date of the butterfly *Pieris rapae* for the same years. For climate data, the authors used air temperature and total precipitation from the same location. In their analyses, they examined the relationships between phenology of the plants or butterflies as the response variable with temperature and precipitation as predictor variables, using 13 different time-length windows from the proceeding 365 d to the phenological event. This allowed [@bib26] to test for the species-specific response to environmental cues of different duration. Differences in environmental cues for phenology, as found in this study, could lead to mismatching in timing between plants and their pollinators.
As an explanation for the decline of some long-tongued bee species in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, USA, [@bib78] proposed and tested for functional mismatches. Using museum specimens of bees (from 1966--1969) and recently collected bees in the same area, the authors measured tongue length to determine if it changed within species over time. To determine if the bumblebee species composition had changed due to competition from immigrating subalpine species, they resampled the bumblebee community. To assess if flower depth changed, they compared herbarium specimens and historic data sets to their measurements in the current populations, where some of the same plots were sampled as previously ([@bib78]). This study illustrates how the use of historical and current data, combined with rigorous statistical analysis, can reveal mechanisms behind the changes in bee species.
Experimental
------------
Some approaches have altered the timing of flowering and then observed plant--pollinator interactions and the consequences for plant reproduction (Appendix S3; [@bib91]). Other investigations have altered the pollinator community and assessed the consequences (Appendix S3; [@bib10]), while still others have altered drivers of climate change (carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide), which may directly affect flowering phenology and floral traits, and thus plant--pollinator interactions (Appendix S3; [@bib51]).
### Altering flowering
A comparison of a historic data set (1935--1945) to a more recent data set (1977--2007) revealed that some plant species of the prairies and woodlands of Wisconsin, USA, have shifted to earlier flowering onset (i.e., historically advanced) but others have not changed ([@bib91]). Using 14 of these plant species (including six historically advanced species), [@bib91] proposed to test whether the impact of earlier flowering on interactions with their pollinators differed between these groups (historically advanced vs. no change). The authors advanced and delayed the flowering onset of these species by raising seedlings in warmer (with supplemental lighting) or cooler greenhouses. To determine if the differences in flowering onset would alter their attractiveness to pollinators, they quantified the sucrose content and volume of nectar. Using these plants with experimentally delayed, advanced, or unchanged flowering (of historically advanced or unchanged species), arrays were established in an arboretum with prairie and woodland habitats to assay pollinator visitation rate and diversity over the season. This experimental design allowed the authors to determine if specific species were constrained in their ability to alter flowering onset as a result of a lack of visitation by their pollinators. For example, if no pollinators visited, the plants would not set seed, thus flowering onset would be constrained by pollinators. They found that visitation to early flowers was higher for the historically advanced species, suggesting species that have advanced their phenology are less constrained by pollinators ([@bib91]).
### Altering pollinators
It has been proposed that pollinator networks have enough redundancy so that loss of species will result in functional replacement by other species. To test if the loss of pollinator species (a *Bombus* species) will impact plant reproduction (of *Delphinium barbeyi* (Huth) Huth) or if other species of *Bombus* will fill in the gap due to functional redundancy in the *Bombus* community, the most abundant *Bombus* species were temporally removed via netting from field plots in the Rocky Mountains (Colorado, USA) ([@bib10]). To determine floral fidelity of the bumblebees, the authors assessed the *Bombus* species behavior and pollen load in plots with and without bumblebee removal. To determine if the pollen deposited on plant stigmas changed with bumblebee removal, they bagged unopened flowers of *D. barbeyi*, and then bags were removed at the start of the bumblebee observations. In the field, stigmas were removed and prepared for counting and identification of the pollen. Seeds of these flowers were counted. With this approach, the authors could detect a significant impact due to short-term removal of the most abundant *Bombus* species. In the removal plots, remaining *Bombus* species visited a greater diversity of plant species, which increased the species diversity of pollen deposited on stigmas and lowered seed production of *D. barbeyi* ([@bib10]).
These experimental studies (above and in Appendix S3) illustrate that carefully designed manipulations and assays have the potential to provide insights that are not possible without manipulations.
Environmental gradients
-----------------------
Because species interactions may depend on the abiotic environment, studies across environmental gradients or contrasting microhabitats may provide essential insights on predicting how plant--pollinator interactions could be altered with climate change (Appendix S3; [@bib72]). Studies differ in whether manipulations are used or historical data are included with current observations; reciprocal transplants enable assessment of local adaptation (Appendix S3).
Often observers of plants record the seasonal phenology of pollinator activity. However, without observations of pollinator activity made separately from the plants, it cannot be determined if they are responding to the same or different cues. To separately quantify pollinator activity from that of plants, [@bib35] used nest traps for bees and wasps in 14 sites across an elevation gradient in the Rocky Mountains (Colorado, USA) (2007--2010, see paper for different trap designs). To verify that insects are responding to local conditions and that results were not reflecting local genotype responses, they reciprocally transplanted nest traps between two of the sites, moving the nest traps in the autumn to expose the insects to winter temperatures of the other site. To assess the effect of snowmelt at one of the higher-elevation sites, they positioned nest traps at different heights. For all of the nest traps, they quantified emergence of pollinators (into vials that were frequently checked) and air temperature (recorded hourly at the nests using dataloggers). To monitor the flowering phenology, at each of the sites they established and frequently monitored three to four belt transects. Plant phenology was quantified by counting the number of open flowers on the same days the nest traps were checked. Their experimental design allowed the authors to build thermal threshold models of the bees and wasps, as well as plants. Overall, [@bib35] concluded that the insects had higher temperature requirements than the plants, but plants were more likely to respond to warming temperature by flowering earlier. Pollinator phenology studies would benefit by more direct methods to determine the cues for the pollinators, as demonstrated by this study.
Spring climate
--------------
Extreme weather events are expected to increase in frequency with climate change, including increasing spring temperature variation resulting in later spring frosts ([@bib56]). Frosts are also more likely to occur as protective snow melts earlier or is not present when earlier-flowering spring plants may be particularly sensitive to extreme temperatures ([@bib54]; [@bib2]; Appendix S3).
[@bib15] designed an approach to experimentally test if frost sensitivity is different between vegetative vs. reproductive structures of plants and if there are seasonal differences among plants. Using pairs of congeneric species (one seasonally earlier-flowering species and one seasonally later-flowering species) from subalpine habitat of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, USA, healthy leaves and flowers were randomly collected from multiple plants for temperature assays. Using temperatures similar to the minimum temperature after snowmelt in early spring at this site (0°C to −10°C), they tested samples in a temperature chamber. For all trials, they started at 5°C, then lowered the temperatures to the target (over a 6-h period), held the target temperature for 2 h, and increased the temperature in 1 h. Frost damage was assessed visually (wilting and discoloring) and compared to untreated cut leaves or flowers. Flowers were more sensitive than leaves to the warmer test temperatures but both showed damage at the lower temperatures. The analyses comparing the results of early- vs. later-flowering species were variable; thus, whether earlier-flowering species are more sensitive to frosts cannot be concluded ([@bib15]). This experiment nicely complements field studies (Appendix S3) in which long-term observational data sets that include frost events have provided insights to the impacts on flower and pollinator visitation.
NETWORK STUDIES
===============
A more comprehensive approach to plant--pollinator interactions is evaluation of the dynamics of plant--pollinator networks. Changes in phenology can impact the structure of these networks ([@bib84]; [@bib28]). To address the extent of specialization present in the plant--pollinator interactions of a network, [@bib86] used a data set consisting of four years of recorded year-round observations from a nature reserve in Daphni, Greece. In part, they compared annual networks (one year of data) vs. a network from the complete four years of data to assess the network properties. [@bib86] found that specialized interactions changed over time, suggesting that interactions in pollinator networks can be temporally plastic. If this is generally true, then the extent of specialized interactions may be rare, and effects from habitat fragmentation to climate changes could have less of a negative impact than expected. This approach of network assessment needs to be applied to additional network data sets and longer-term data sets for which the climate has changed over the monitoring period.
Because species can respond to climate change temporally through their phenology or spatially by changing geographic distributions, plant--pollinator networks need to be assessed on these scales. In a review on spatial and temporal dynamics of plant--pollinator networks, [@bib11] also conclude that the interactions and other structural aspects of networks could be more variable (plastic) across these scales than previously thought.
Relative to the other types of studies in this review, fewer studies on pollinator networks have explicitly examined the effects of climate change.
Field observations
------------------
Two complementary investigations ([@bib75]; [@bib14]) addressed changes in networks based on the same historic observations, but these studies provided different insights. [@bib98] reported flowering and pollinator visitation from 1884 to 1916 in central/western Illinois, USA, for 429 plant species and 1420 pollinators in prairies and woodlands. To explore how phenological shifts in plants and pollinators can impact the pollinator community, [@bib75] used Robertson's data set, along with the expected climate changes for this region of Illinois and estimates of the phenological responses of species due to climate changes in northern regions of the United States and United Kingdom. They simulated the climate change effect via randomly advancing phenology (1, 2, or 3 wk) for plant taxa and pollinator taxa at two different activity levels for the pollinator. Then, using the pollinator network derived from Robinson's data, they determined the potential impact of these simulated changes on temporal gaps in food supply for the pollinators. While this is an interesting approach, it would be good to test this method using current data, but this is difficult because \<0.1% of the historical prairie habitat remains in Illinois; the loss of habitat is likely to have already caused a decline in these network interactions.
In a further use of [@bib101] data set, [@bib14] focused on the spring flowering community of the woodlands and their pollinators in central/western Illinois, including more recent observations (1970--1971 by Marlin and 2009--2010 by Burkle and Knight in 14 sites; [@bib14]). They compared the network from Robertson's data with the network from their recently collected data, calculating the gains and loss of interactions and taxa. Because bee taxa were extirpated in many of the locations, they compared the traits of the bees to determine if particular characteristics (i.e., historic diet breadth, nesting habit, sociality, historical phenological overlap) were associated with loss from sites. To determine if the bee extirpations could be attributed to phenology or were due to changes in diversity, they created a null model. After each run with the model, the authors determined whether interactions remained after phenological change. Further analysis of this community determined if pollinator diversity and fidelity for one of the common plants (*Claytonia virginica* L.) had been altered with land-use changes, using aerial photographs to quantify changes from 1968 to 2005 ([@bib14]). Overall, their different approaches for comparing networks over time enabled the authors to determine the extent of changes and attribute some to specific causes (i.e., phenological and land-use changes). As many habitats are impacted by land-use alteration and other influences along with climate changes, approaches that can tease apart the different causes of the loss of plant--pollinator networks will be particularly useful.
Experimental
------------
The effect of species richness on specialization in plant--pollinator networks was tested using experimental climate treatments in 15 grasslands positioned along an elevation gradient in the German Alps ([@bib50]). Snowmelt date was altered by adding or removing snow, or drought was imposed using rainout shelters (4 × 4-m coverings for 43 d, with a canister and funnel to measure the amount of water excluded). These treatments were designed to simulate extreme climate events where air temperature at the soil surface and moisture probes quantified the treatment effect (but the addition of snow did not significantly delay snowmelt). The plant--pollinator networks were quantified multiple times over the season. In part, [@bib50] found that species diversity was negatively influenced by drought and higher elevations, particularly for pollinators. While the advance of snowmelt date did not impact species diversity, it increased the degree of specialization within a network. A limitation of their study, as discussed by the authors, is that the experimental plots were limited in area (4 m^2^), which could underestimate specialized interactions.
Phylogenetic considerations
---------------------------
Given the concerns about the impact of species loss on mutualism networks, [@bib95] evaluated the phylogenetic relationships of species in mutualistic networks to determine whether extinctions are random or are more likely to occur among related species. Using published networks, they simulated extinction cascades by removal of one species (starting with a specialist or the least linked species), followed by assessment of all of the remaining species; if a species was without interactions, it went extinct. The resulting network was evaluated for the decrease in species diversity and phylogenetic relatedness. When compared to null models, related species with similar roles within the networks experienced higher than expected extinctions if evolutionary relationships did not structure these networks ([@bib95]).
If climate changes impact a pollinator's phenology such that interactions with plants are negatively affected (i.e., interactions are lost or weakened with few visits), are related plant species more likely to be negatively affected compared to unrelated species with similar floral traits? Using a linear model approach with phylogenetic information (i.e., phylogenetic linear mixed models \[PLMNs\]), in which the strength of interactions between plants and pollinators is the response variable, [@bib92] developed an approach to test if the phylogenetic relationships can predict changes in interactions. Using their data from a field study, [@bib92] constructed two types of models---one based on plant traits and the other on phylogenetic relationships. These models were applied to their data assessing the effects of phenology and floral traits on the pollinator community. Plant traits were key in predicting pollinator responses; if a plant's traits are not known, the plant's phylogenetic relationships can be used to determine which species are susceptible to changes in pollinator composition ([@bib92]). While this phylogenetic approach can be very rigorous and very useful, the application to this specific data set may not have been the best example, given the limited and nonrandom set of plants.
To determine whether multiple factors (including phylogenetic relationships) imposed constraints on the structure of plant--pollinator networks, [@bib118] developed a conceptual model that used a matrix statistical approach to include several potential constraining factors. They found a weak phylogenetic signal in a plant--pollinator network based on data from a desert ecosystem, but only plants (and not pollinators) affected the network structure ([@bib118]).
Given the real potential of species loss with climate change, particularly when combined with other aspects of environmental degradation, and considering further nonrandom extinctions due to phylogenetic relationships, phylogenetic analysis should be incorporated into studies of how networks or communities respond to environmental changes.
DISCUSSION
==========
I have presented an overview of the diversity of approaches used to study the impacts of climate change on the phenology of plants, pollinators, and their interactions. Here, I will first highlight some of the strengths and limitations of approaches (for details on specific studies see Appendices S1, S2, and S3). As the strengths and limitations of the general type of methodological approach are often not taxon specific, I will combine this discussion across the main sections (taxon) and organize it by the subsections (study type). I will then discuss research directions that are understudied in the climate change literature but critical for a more comprehensive evaluation of the impacts on plant--pollinator interactions.
Limitations and concerns
------------------------
### Historic records
Evaluations of climate change impacts are greatly strengthened by clear assessments of how phenology (and other traits) have changed over time. Thus, herbarium specimens of plants and museum specimens of pollinators are vital for obtaining this historical perspective. Strengths of using these specimens to reconstruct historic dynamics include: a long time period of available specimens predating climate change; many specimens with collection date and geographic location; high diversity of taxa represented in the collection; the collection encompasses the geographic/habitat range of taxa; and repeated collections at a site allow for community studies. For plants, the phenological stage and flower/fruit abundance can be determined from these specimens. Bee specimens can be used to determine the following information: their social caste, sex of individuals, and pollen collected for species that can be identified to taxa. This biological history can be combined with climate variables typically available from governmental agencies for many years, but older records may be less frequent and cover fewer locations.
One limitation of using these specimens for evaluation of phenological responses to climatic change in plants is that they may only represent a snapshot of time; for example, while we can see the stage (e.g., flowering, fruiting) for the specimen, it does not tell us about all of the flowering phenological stages for the other individuals or populations. Similarly, for pollinators, the start and duration of their activity in a location may not correspond to dates of collected specimens. Sampling effort for specimens is largely unknown. Thus, they represent an imperfect historical record, which researchers have nonetheless been able to successfully use, often combined with creative approaches (e.g., [@bib4]; [@bib97]; [@bib73]).
### Field observations
The strengths and limitations of field observations vary across studies because they depend on the design and protocol for the specific study. Some of the potential strengths of field observations include the following: long-term observations that often predate climate change environmental effects; comprehensive seasonal collection of plant and pollinator phenology; and given the multiple environmental factors that are changing, long-term records of how species are responding to multiple factors. When combined with long-term environmental data, these studies can provide insights into how natural communities are responding to environmental changes.
Limitations of field observations include the following issues: first flowering day or first arrival is often the only phenology measurement; sampling effort is not verified (which is an issue for quantifying plant--pollinator interactions for communities and networks); observations sometimes occur on nonnative species (by some national phenology groups); when observations are the only approach used, determining the drivers and mechanisms behind phenotypic changes can be difficult to interpret ([@bib93]; [@bib33]); pollinator emergence may not be monitored independently of flowering phenology ([@bib35]); and extensive time and/or effort is required for more detailed phenology, particularly for community and network studies. Many studies have focused phenology assessment on the start of seasonal activity. However, as climate change includes longer summer and fall seasons, phenological shifts in the response to these later seasonal events would be missed ([@bib24]).
The sampling concerns below apply to observation/monitoring and other approaches (experimental and environmental gradients) whenever plant--pollinator interactions are being estimated. Although it is desirable to assess pollinator networks in multiple environments to obtain a comprehensive assessment of the impact of the environment on the network, obtaining a complete sample of the network requires substantial effort. A four-year study was designed to determine the extent of sampling and observations needed to determine the network's structure ([@bib17]). After intensive effort, their sample included 80% of the pollinators, but was missing many of the interactions. The authors concluded that most published networks are incomplete, suggesting that greater sampling efforts are needed as well as approaches to verify the completeness of the networks ([@bib17]). To further quantify species interactions, methods beyond direct observations may need to be considered. The assessment of the pollen on the captured pollinators, where pollen can be identified via comparison to a reference collection or via DNA barcoding ([@bib5]), is one complementary approach. The use of digital video recorders could also supplement the observations ([@bib40]).
Another sampling concern with assessment of plant--pollinator interactions is that data from single visits by a pollinator are often used for constructing pollinator networks or to assess the relative effectiveness of a pollinator; however, this may be a poor approach and potentially overestimates the degree of specialization of plant--pollinator interactions ([@bib58]).
### Experimental
While researchers may debate the problems with observations vs. experimental approaches to assess climate change impacts, I tend to see them as complementary, where experiments can test response mechanisms posed by results from long-term observations. Experimental approaches enable direct tests of specific environmental variables and response variables, while the data from observations can inform hypotheses and experimental treatments.
Strengths of experimental studies include the following: detailed and comprehensive data on phenology, and clear cause and effect due to the specific treatment(s). Limitations of experimental studies include that they are often conducted for a limited time that could be inadequate to detect a response. For example, a formal comparison of long-term observations and short-term warming experiments that assessed flowering onset or leafing out concluded that the experiments were underestimating the changes in the observations ([@bib122]). While [@bib122] were unable to find a specific factor in their data set that could explain this difference, they recommend collection and analysis of further environmental data, although comparison of studies using different timeframes could be problematic.
### Environmental gradients
Overall observational or experimental studies that incorporate environmental gradients are particularly advantageous for assessment of climate change impacts. As climate changes, the responses of species occur on temporal and spatial scales, which can be incorporated into studies across environments over time.
Strengths of environmental gradient approaches include the following: when combined with longer-term studies, they can incorporate spatial and temporal scales; they can assess multiple natural environments; they can potentially use environmental gradients (spatial variation) for temporal responses (e.g., [@bib69]); reciprocal transplants within a gradient can be used to determine whether a population will respond to future climate conditions, as well as the extent of evolutionary potential and local adaptation ([@bib29], [@bib30]; [@bib82]).
The main limitation of environmental gradient approaches is that spatial variation is not always equivalent to temporal variation. Thus, it is not always possible to use an environmental gradient study to replace the lack of historical data ([@bib53]).
Research needs
--------------
Further research would be particularly valuable in the following areas.
### Community plant--pollinator interactions and network studies
Both plant and pollinator communities have been found to be changing in their phenologies and seasonal overlap ([@bib17] \[see section on Plant-Focused Studies, above\]; [@bib87] \[see Appendix S2\]). Because the dynamics of plant--pollinator interactions is a community-level process, studies are needed that assess community changes such as temporal dynamics of coflowering and pollinator communities (e.g., [@bib6]; [@bib64] \[see Appendix S3\]).
### Floral traits for pollinator attraction and climate change
While the overlap in timing of phenological events is vital for successful plant--pollinator interactions, other floral characteristics are critical for attracting pollinators. Some of the key traits for attracting pollinators are directly altered by climate change. For example, nectar production (estimated via microcapillary tubes) and sugar concentration (estimated via handheld refractometer) were affected by warming treatments in the field or climate chamber ([@bib83]; [@bib109]). Flower display and size decreased with drought, warming, and snowfall in field studies ([@bib99]; [@bib22]; [@bib12]). A metanalysis of many long-term Arctic warming studies found that flowering was earlier with warming, but the effect on the number of flowers was not consistent across species ([@bib3] \[see Appendix S1: Table C\]). For some species, floral volatiles (volatile organic compounds collected by portable volatile collection systems and measured by gas chromatography) were reduced by drought associated with climate change ([@bib12], [@bib13]). Ultraviolet reflection of flowers (i.e., bullseyes), which is a key visual cue in bees, is altered with changing irradiance associated with atmospheric changes and climate change. [@bib60], [@bib61]) found geographic patterns of floral bullseyes in ultraviolet reflection of fresh and pressed flowers. Because floral traits are key for attraction, quantification of changes in these traits will enable a more comprehensive assessment of impacts on plant--pollinator interactions in communities where plants potentially compete for fewer pollinators. The ecophysiological perspective that integrates plant attraction traits and pollinator foraging traits is reviewed elsewhere by [@bib100].
### Consequences of changing phenology for plant reproduction
Given the expected changes in phenology with the altered climate, the next step is to determine if there are consequences for the actors. Here I will focus on examples of the types of studies needed to assess the consequences for reproduction given climate change and potential declines in pollinator service.
Herbarium specimens used to assess flower phenology may also be used to determine if fruit production is declining. For example, [@bib80] quantified fruit production for 150 yr in herbarium specimens of orchid species.
A few of the studies tracking flowering phenology also quantified reproduction ([@bib66]; [@bib71] \[see Appendix S1: Table D\]). For example, in an unusually warm year in Japan, spring ephemerals flowered earlier and bee-pollinated species had lower seed production compared to other years. However, fly-pollinated species flowered earlier but did not exhibit reduced seed production ([@bib66]). Including estimates of seed production enables phenotypic selection analysis of changing phenology and floral traits (e.g., [@bib34]).
Other studies investigating climate change that combined plant--pollinator interactions with reproduction used the following approaches: sites with differing climates were used to determine the impact of specific environmental conditions ([@bib106]); pollinator-exclusion and pollen-addition treatments were used along with open-top chambers to determine effects on flower longevity and reproduction ([@bib1]); long-term observations were combined with pollen addition and pollinator exclusion/enrichment studies ([@bib112] \[see Appendix S3\]); and pollinator observations were combined with quantification of seeds ([@bib39]; [@bib94] \[see Appendix S3\]).
### Pollen limitation and climate changes
Because seasonally earlier-flowering species are expected to be more likely to shift their phenology in response to climate change compared to later-flowering species, the extent of pollen limitation may differ during the season. To address whether this occurs, earlier- and later-flowering plants were compared in a warming treatment vs. ambient temperatures ([@bib114]; [@bib34]). Seed production and mass were quantified in both studies, enabling the authors to test if earlier flowering leads to pollen limitation or lower seed quality ([@bib114]). Although the assessment of pollen limitation is typically studied via addition of outcross vs. natural pollen, pollen limitation is likely to be overestimated if plants naturally receive a mixture of self and outcrossed pollen ([@bib112]). Thus, a combination of approaches is recommended to better assess if plants are pollen limited.
### Consequences of changing plant--pollinator interactions on plant mating systems
Given the potential lack of pollinators as a result of population declines or temporal mismatching, increased selfing may evolve over time ([@bib70]). Several studies have used different experimental approaches to test if floral traits changed, as expected for greater selfing ([@bib9]; [@bib57]; [@bib108]; [@bib116]; [@bib110], [@bib111] \[see Appendix S1: Table C\]; [@bib124]). To assess if floral traits would evolve toward increased selfing, [@bib9] conducted a five-generation selection experiment, in the presence or absence of bumblebees. Similarly, to determine if treatments resembling the changes found with climate change would favor plants with traits associated with selfing, [@bib116] used the genetic variation among populations to examine the response of floral traits to different moisture and temperature treatments. Although not all traits responded as expected, both studies found a decrease in relative anther and stigma separation in the absence of bees or with drier treatments. Whether floral traits are changing toward increased rates of selfing needs to be quantified in additional studies.
### Demographic impacts of shifting phenology
The consequences of shifting phenology and mismatching are potentially wide ranging; poor reproduction and altered mating systems for plants, as well as reduced pollinator longevity, may result in demographic effects for both plants and pollinators ([@bib31]). However, studies assessing demographic consequences are rare.
### Species distribution shifts in response to climate change
Although this review did not include studies on species distribution shifts, pollinators and plants may differ in their range shifts in response to climate changes. Thus, approaches that include spatial and temporal responses to climate changes are critically needed to assess impacts on mutualisms. Long-term observational community studies across environmental gradients have found that plants and bees respond temporally or spatially to these changes ([@bib90] \[see Appendix S3\]). For assessment of plant phenology across larger spatial scales, satellite imagery could be a useful approach ([@bib25]).
### Winter and spring climate
Changes in winter temperatures, which are changing at a faster rate, also have specific impacts; however, this change has been relatively less studied ([@bib63]). Extreme late frost events during the spring are predicted, while seasonally early species are expected to flower earlier ([@bib54]; [@bib2]). Further assessments are needed of the impact of extreme frost events, lack of snowpack, and alteration of insect diapause on plant--pollinator interactions ([@bib83] \[see Appendix S1: Table C\]; [@bib37] \[see Appendix S2\]; and others in the Spring Climate group of studies \[see Appendix S3\]).
### Impacts of other drivers of climate change
Many studies of climate effects on plant--pollinator dynamics have focused on temperature and aspects of precipitation; however, other factors that are drivers of climate change (such as CO~2~ and N~2~O) have been less well studied, although they are also known to impact multiple aspects of plants reproduction. These drivers, along with other anthropogenic impacts (e.g., habitat fragmentation, invasive species), may interact to further affect plant--pollinator interactions as well as other multitrophic interactions ([@bib115]; [@bib103]; [@bib42]). Thus, it is essential to assess climate change impacts in different environmental contexts ([@bib44]).
Restorations and interactions given climate change impacts
----------------------------------------------------------
Given the global loss of natural habitat, there are many regions of the world where habitat restoration projects are underway. The inclusion of species interactions is increasingly being considered during habitat restorations ([@bib121]). Given the changes in flowering phenology with climate change, the availability of floral resources during the season needs to be included in restoration design. Considering the potential of changing plant phenologies to result in resource gaps for pollinators, [@bib76] tested the impact of different seed mixtures (with or without wind-pollinated species) that are expected to differ in seasonal food availability for bumblebee pollinators. The mixtures were planted along field margins, the plant--pollinator networks were determined, and the impact of climate changes on the networks was simulated. Although this study found differences in the gaps of food availability for the bees, very few species were left with no food resources. This study provides an assessment of how climate change affects bumblebees' diet and how restoration projects can be designed to protect the pollinator communities against the effects of climate change ([@bib76]). This approach can be more widely applied to managed habitats for conservation efforts with climate change, thus assisting the restoration of this key interaction.
Supplementary Material
======================
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[^1]: I would like to thank T. M. Culley for encouragement of this review, the Botany 2016 symposium, and this special issue for *Applications in Plant Sciences*; S. M. Chang for co-organizing the symposium, co-editing the special issue, and for early discussions about this review; and C. E. Bristow, V. A. Borowicz, T. M. Culley, and two anonymous reviewers for providing feedback on earlier versions of this review.
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Let us embrace our American culture
Jonah Goldberg Tribune Media Services
October 5, 2007|Jonah Goldberg Tribune Media Services
In a recent speech at the National Press Club, Katie Couric expressed somber disapproval of the jingoistic excesses after 9-11. Among the things that vexed her: "The whole culture of wearing flags on our lapel and saying 'we' when referring to the United States." From what I can tell, nobody among the journalistic swells bothered to ask, "Who isn't 'we,' Kemo Sabe?"
I don't want to revisit those supposedly Orwellian flag pins, which sat so heavily on so many journalistic lapels. But it's worth recalling that during World War II, civilian correspondent Walter Cronkite - whose anchor job Couric now holds - gladly wore a uniform, not just a pin, and subjected himself to military censors. He also used, I'm sure, the word "we" when referring to Americans.
To be clear, I have no interest in questioning Couric's patriotism. Rather, I'm interested in questioning her definition of it.
I've come around to the view that the culture war can best be understood as a conflict between two different kinds of patriotism. On the one hand, there are people who believe being an American is all about dissent and change, that the American idea is inseparable from "progress." America is certainly an idea, but it is not merely an idea. It is also a nation with a culture as real as France's or Mexico's. That's where the other patriots come in; they think patriotism is about preserving Americanness.
Yet the strangest and most ironic aspect of our national culture is that we have an aversion to talking about a national culture. Samuel Huntington, one of the country's premier social scientists, has become something of a pariah for constantly reminding people (in books such as The Clash of Civilization and Who Are We?) that America is a nation, not just a government and a bunch of interest groups.
Many liberals hear talk of national culture and shout "Nativist!" first and ask questions later, if at all. They believe it is a sign of their patriotism that they hold fast to the idea that we are a "nation of immigrants" - forgetting that we are also a nation of immigrants who became Americans.
As the host of the Today show in 2003, Couric said of the lost crew members of the space shuttle Columbia: "They were an airborne United Nations - men, women, an African-American, an Indian woman, an Israeli. ..." As my National Review colleague Mark Steyn noted, they weren't an airborne U.N., they were an airborne America. The "Indian woman" came to America in the 1980s, and, in about a decade's time, she was an astronaut. "There's no other country on Earth where you can do that," Steyn rightly noted.
For cosmopolitans like Couric, however, the very best thing you could say about those heroic astronauts was that they weren't part of the national "we" but of the global "we," for the only "we" that counts is that of "we are the world." That also seems to be the view of the elite crowd that chews the foie gras at places like Davos or wherever the Clinton Global Initiative meets. For such globalists, it seems obvious that the U.S. Supreme Court should consult polls of Africans or the laws of France to glean the real meaning of the American Constitution. And, of course, John Kerry was right to say that there's a "global test" for what America can do in the name of its national interest.
The hitch to this kind of thinking is that it rules out the possibility that the American "we" might have answers to problems that the global "we" doesn't.
In Europe and Canada, the cure for every malady seems to be multiculturalism. This is the odd notion that all cultures are equal - except for that of your own nation, which should be made to constantly bend to the aggrieved sensibilities of minority cultures. In Vancouver, Canada, smoking has been banned pretty much everywhere, except in Muslim-run hookah parlors. British schools were advised to ban crosses and crucifixes but not Muslim symbols. Honor killings among Muslims have gone ignored by police in progressive European countries out of some twisted sense of respect for Muslim culture.
The dirty, embarrassing secret is that this sort of multiculturalism has made Europe a wellspring of Islamic radicalism and terrorism, but America's Muslim community has remained overwhelmingly peaceful. Why? Well, if the answer doesn't lay in President Bush's "outreach" - and few think it does - or in Euro-style multicultural condescension, maybe it has something to do with the American "we" that Couric and so many others seem so embarrassed by.
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The aviation industry must invest in its staff to give them the skills to understand, monitor and maintain their mental wellbeing, says a new position paper from the British Psychological Society.
The paper, Aviation and aerospace psychology: Pilot mental health and wellbeing, gives a psychological perspective on the unique working environment of airline pilots and looks at factors that may increase their risk of developing mental health conditions.
The research was commissioned in the aftermath of the Germanwings crash in the French Alps in 2015. All 150 people on board were killed and co-pilot Andreas Lubitz is believed to have intentionally brought down the aircraft amid alleged mental health issues. The paper has been written by a group of expert psychologists, chaired by Professor Robert Bor.
Unique environment, reluctance to talk
Aviation personnel, says the paper, work in a unique environment and endure a range of stressors that may place them at increased risk of developing mental health issues. The incidence of mental health conditions in aviation workers is difficult to determine as pilots are reluctant to disclose problems for fear of losing their licence to fly.
Regulatory body records suggest mental health conditions are second only to cardiovascular disease as a reason for loss of licence, so the application of psychology and use of qualified psychologists should be an integral part of the aviation industry's investment in the wellbeing of their staff.
Aviation and aerospace psychology says airlines should bring in policies for the psychological upskilling of the wider aviation workforce to promote its optimum wellbeing. They should insist on high-quality psychological assessment throughout a pilot's career, while pilots should be encouraged to understand their own mental health.
Averting a crisis
Professor Robert Bor says: "Commercial airline pilots are responsible for the safe carriage of thousands of people every day and the demand for air travel is predicted to double over the next 20 years.
"The aviation industry must invest in the wellbeing of their workforce to meet this demand and ensure safety is not compromised. It is very important that the application of psychology and the use of qualified psychologists is an integral part of that investment.
"The prevention and identification of mental health conditions before they lead to a crisis can be achieved if airlines implement high quality psychological monitoring and support and, where needed, assessment by qualified practitioners."
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**A**SUM would like to draw your attention to recent research conducted by the University of London and the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium, published in the November 2011 issue of *Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynaecology*.
The studies suggest that given inter‐observer variability in ultrasound measurements and the significant variation in early embryonic growth, a more conservative approach to the diagnosis of early pregnancy loss is warranted.
The recommendation which has been temporarily endorsed by the RCOG suggests a mean sac diameter (MSD) cut off \> 25 mm and a crown rump length (CRL) cut off\> 7 mm be introduced to minimise the risk of a false positive diagnosis of miscarriage.
While this research awaits confirmation from other centres ASUM suggests interim caution and highlights the importance of transvaginal confirmation of early pregnancy failure.
It should also be noted that many other factors are used when assessing early pregnancy failure, including the presence of a yolk sac, shape of the gestation sac, position within the uterine cavity or cervix, progress from a previous scan and correlation with known gestational age especially in IVF pregnancies.
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On June 6, 2018, at 1:30 p.m., the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene was notified of three related women who had arrived at a hospital 4 hours earlier for evaluation for acute nausea, dizziness, blurred vision, slurred speech, ptosis, thick-feeling tongue, and shortness of breath. Two patients developed respiratory failure, requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation in the emergency department, and the third patient was intubated at 7 p.m. that evening. The combination of cranial nerve palsies and respiratory failure in multiple patients suggested botulism, a paralytic illness caused by botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), most commonly produced by *Clostridium botulinum.*
Approximately 14 hours before arriving at the hospital, the patients had shared a homemade potato salad containing home-canned peas. The family's freezer had malfunctioned, and, to preserve some commercially produced frozen peas, one of the patients had home-canned the peas 1--2 weeks before consumption. After consultation with CDC (<https://www.cdc.gov/botulism/health-professional.html>), botulinum antitoxin was released by CDC and administered to all patients within approximately 12 hours of arrival at the hospital. All three patients survived but required prolonged intensive care (range = 34--54 days) and rehabilitation.
Blood specimens were collected from two patients before administration of antitoxin, and stool specimens were collected from all three after antitoxin administration. Testing included mouse bioassay at the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene Public Health Laboratory and mass spectrometry, reverse transcription--polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and culture at the New York State Department of Health Wadsworth Center. All three stool specimens tested positive by RT-PCR for BoNT type A with a silent B gene (BoNT type A(B)). A wash from the empty jar that previously held the peas and residual food from the salad bowl also tested positive by RT-PCR for BoNT type A(B). Whole genome sequencing demonstrated that the isolates recovered from two stool specimens were indistinguishable from the salad bowl isolate. Other environmental samples, including different home-canned vegetables from the same batch, were negative for BoNT, confirming that the peas were the outbreak source.
The patient who prepared the home-canned peas was a novice home canner. She used a peach preserves recipe with a boiling water technique, replacing the peaches with frozen vegetables. The patient was unaware that low-acid foods (e.g., vegetables) must be canned in a pressure canner rather than a boiling water canner to eliminate *C. botulinum* spores ([@R1]). After the jars cooled, the patient correctly checked for jar seal. One of the jars of peas was not sealed, so the patient covered and refrigerated it, and the family consumed the peas in the potato salad. The U.S. Department of Agriculture guidelines state that "foods in single unsealed jars could be stored in the refrigerator and consumed within several days" ([@R1]). However, this recommendation applies only to cans that have been correctly processed. In the absence of a pressure-canning step, *C. botulinum* spores were not eliminated, and the closed jar created an anaerobic environment allowing spore germination and BoNT production.
This outbreak illustrates the importance of educating home canners on safe home-canning practices to prevent botulism. Home-canned food, even when made with commercially processed ingredients, can lead to morbidity or mortality if canned incorrectly. Safe home-canning guidelines need to be followed ([@R1]), especially with low acidity foods, and when processing errors occur, foods should be discarded or reprocessed according to recommended guidelines within 24 hours.
New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene; Christopher D'Andrea, Paula Del Rosso, Cecilia Kretz, Si Jin Lai, Stephen Lavoie, Tereza Rodriguez-Sanchez, Eliza Wilson, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health; Pascal LaPierre, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Allison Chang, Michelle Ordoveza, Gabriel Rose, Jonathan Stoever.
All authors have completed and submitted the ICMJE form for disclosure of potential conflicts of interest. Dost Sarpel reports personal fees from Gilead Pharmaceuticals and TRIO Health Network, outside the submitted work. Jennifer Rakeman reports grants from APHL, outside the submitted work. No other potential conflicts of interest were disclosed.
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Reagent
A reagent is a substance or compound added to a system to cause a chemical reaction, or added to test if a reaction occurs. The terms reactant and reagent are often used interchangeably—however, a reactant is more specifically a substance consumed in the course of a chemical reaction. Solvents, though involved in the reaction, are usually not called reactants. Similarly, catalysts are not consumed by the reaction, so they are not reactants. In biochemistry, especially in connection with enzyme-catalyzed reactions, the reactants are commonly called substrates.
Organic chemistry
In organic chemistry, the term "reagent" denotes a chemical ingredient (a compound or mixture, typically of inorganic or small organic molecules) introduced to cause the desired transformation of an organic substance. Examples include the Collins reagent, Fenton's reagent, and Grignard reagents. In analytical chemistry, a reagent is a compound or mixture used to detect the presence or absence of another substance, e.g. by a color change, or to measure the concentration of a substance, e.g. by colorimetry. Examples include Fehling's reagent, Millon's reagent, and Tollens' reagent.
Commercial or laboratory preparations
In commercial or laboratory preparations, reagent-grade designates chemical substances meeting standards of purity that ensure the scientific precision and reliability of chemical analysis, chemical reactions or physical testing. Purity standards for reagents are set by organizations such as ASTM International or the American Chemical Society. For instance, reagent-quality water must have very low levels of impurities such as sodium and chloride ions, silica, and bacteria, as well as a very high electrical resistivity. Laboratory products which are less pure, but still useful and economical for undemanding work, may be designated as technical, practical, or crude grade to distinguish them from reagent versions.
Biology
In the field of biology, the biotechnology revolution in the 1980s grew from the development of reagents that could be used to identify and manipulate the chemical matter in and on cells. These reagents included antibodies (polyclonal and monoclonal), oligomers, all sorts of model organisms and immortalised cell lines, reagents and methods for molecular cloning and DNA replication, and many others.
Tool compounds are also important reagents in biology; they are small molecules or biochemicals like siRNA or antibodies that are known to affect a given biomolecule—for example a drug target—but are unlikely to be useful as drugs themselves, and are often starting points in the drug discovery process. Many natural products, such as curcumin, are hits in almost any assay in which they are tested, are not useful tool compounds, and are classified by medicinal chemists as "pan-assay interference compounds".
See also
Substrate
Product
Limiting reagent
Common reagents
References
External links
__notoc__
Category:Chemical reactions
Category:Biological techniques and tools
Category:Reagents for biochemistry
|
{
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|
Even
one of my heroes, Eric Voegelin, thought this was a well-framed
question, as I once did.
Why Is There Something
Rather Than Nothing?
Anthony Flood
The word “something” needs
clarification. We ordinarily use “something” to refer to an
unidentified particular in a general way (e.g., “I just heard something;
what was that?”). The question, “Why is there something rather than
nothing?,” however, seems to ask in a general way about the totality of
things.
The
grammatical form of a question can be misleading. “Why is there
something rather than nothing?” is grammatically similar to “Why is
there salt in the soup rather than pepper?” or “Why are there swallows
in Capistrano rather than bald eagles?,” but they are logically quite
different from our question. The other questions can be answered by
investigating other parts of the world (culinary practice and the nature
of certain birds, respectively). The explanation in each case lies
outside the thing to be explained. But the question, “Why is there
everything [‘something’] rather than nothing at all?,” logically does
not permit any such investigation. There is nothing “outside”
everything that could yield an explanation.
In The
Mystery of Existence, Milton K. Munitz argues that, unlike “Why is
there something rather than nothing?,” the question “Why does the
observed world exist?” is well-framed, but unanswerable. (A genuine
mystery, according to Munitz, is a question that can be neither
dismissed nor answered.) He rejects the theistic answer, i.e., the
observed world exists because God created it, but that rejection does
not affect what we have said above. The mystery of existence is neutral
with respect to theism. Whether or not God exists, there is nothing
outside the totality of existing things (including or excluding a God)
and therefore nothing that can yield an explanation for its existence.
That is, whether the totality equals “just the observed world” or “God
plus the observed world,” there is – there can be – nothing
outside that totality which explains it. Even when, according to
theism, God was all that existed, there was no explanation for that
fact, for there were no other facts than his existence to which possible
explanatory appeal could be made.
As Paul Edwards put it in his (also
highly recommended) essay, “Why?,” in The Encyclopedia of Philosophy:
“. . . the word ‘why’ loses its meaning
when it becomes logically impossible to go beyond what one is trying
to explain. This is a matter on which there need not be any
disagreement between atheists and theists or between rationalists and
empiricists.”
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
Q:
Обход XML документа
Подскажите пожалуйста каким образом в XML документе найти узел и его дочерние элементы и при этом вернуть объект класса соответствующий этим данным.
Вот пример:
XML нужно вывести все дочерние элементы INSTANCE CLASSNAME="ORG"
<?xml version="1.0" encoding='UTF-8'?>
<!DOCTYPE CIM SYSTEM "CIM_DTD_V20.dtd"
[<!ENTITY lt "&#60;">
<!ENTITY gt ">">
<!ENTITY amp "&#38;">
<!ENTITY apos "'">
<!ENTITY quot """> ]>
<CIM CIMVERSION="2.0" DTDVERSION="2.2">
<DECLARATION>
<DECLGROUP>
<VALUE.OBJECT>
<INSTANCE CLASSNAME="Header">
<PROPERTY NAME="Date" TYPE="string">
<VALUE>01/11/2019</VALUE>
</PROPERTY>
<PROPERTY NAME="Application" TYPE="string">
<VALUE>*</VALUE>
</PROPERTY>
</INSTANCE>
</VALUE.OBJECT>
<VALUE.OBJECT>
<INSTANCE CLASSNAME="ORG">
<PROPERTY NAME="ID" TYPE="string">
<VALUE>1</VALUE>
</PROPERTY>
<PROPERTY NAME="ORG_NAME" TYPE="string">
<VALUE>Клиент у которого обслуживаем технику</VALUE>
</PROPERTY>
<PROPERTY NAME="ORG_SEARCHCODE" TYPE="string">
<VALUE>КЛИЕНТ-1</VALUE>
</PROPERTY>
<PROPERTY NAME="ORG_OID" TYPE="string">
<VALUE>282</VALUE>
</PROPERTY>
<PROPERTY NAME="RCT_NAME" TYPE="string">
<VALUE>Заказчик</VALUE>
</PROPERTY>
</INSTANCE>
</VALUE.OBJECT>
<VALUE.OBJECT>
<INSTANCE CLASSNAME="CI">
<PROPERTY NAME="ID" TYPE="string">
<VALUE>3</VALUE>
</PROPERTY>
<PROPERTY NAME="NAME" TYPE="string">
<VALUE>NULL</VALUE>
</PROPERTY>
<PROPERTY NAME="TOWN" TYPE="string">
<VALUE>NULL</VALUE>
</PROPERTY>
<PROPERTY NAME="ADR" TYPE="string">
<VALUE>NULL</VALUE>
</PROPERTY>
<PROPERTY NAME="MODEL" TYPE="string">
<VALUE>HP LaserJet</VALUE>
</PROPERTY>
<PROPERTY NAME="TID" TYPE="string">
<VALUE>NULL</VALUE>
</PROPERTY>
<PROPERTY NAME="SERNUM" TYPE="string">
<VALUE>NULL</VALUE>
</PROPERTY>
<PROPERTY NAME="SC" TYPE="string">
<VALUE>MFU-STANDART-1</VALUE>
</PROPERTY>
<PROPERTY NAME="CAT" TYPE="string">
<VALUE>МФУ</VALUE>
</PROPERTY>
<PROPERTY NAME="ORG_OID" TYPE="string">
<VALUE>282</VALUE>
</PROPERTY>
<PROPERTY NAME="BLOCKED" TYPE="string">
<VALUE>0</VALUE>
</PROPERTY>
</INSTANCE>
</VALUE.OBJECT>
Вот код запроса:
private static void ReadXML(string patch)
{
XDocument xdoc = XDocument.Load(patch);
var items = from xe in xdoc.Element("CIM").Element("DECLARATION").Element("DECLGROUP").Element("VALUE.OBJECT").Elements("INSTANCE")
where xe.Attribute("CLASSNAME").Value == "ORG"
select new Organization
{
Id = xe.Attribute("ID").Value,
Org_name = xe.Attribute("ORG_NAME").Value,
Org_searchcode = xe.Attribute("ORG_SEARCHCODE").Value,
Org_oid = xe.Attribute("ORG_OID").Value,
Rct_name = xe.Attribute("RCT_NAME").Value
};
foreach (var item in items)
Console.WriteLine("${item.Id} - {item.Org_name} - {item.Org_oid} -" +
"{item.Org_searchcode} - {item.Rct_name}");
}
A:
Во-первых, элементов "VALUE.OBJECT" много, а не один. Поэтому нужно писать .Elements("VALUE.OBJECT") - обратите внимание на множественное число (Elements).
Во-вторых, вы получили запросом коллекцию элементов "INSTANCE", а нужно продвинуться ещё на шаг глубже - к элементам "PROPERTY".
В-третьих, "ID", "ORG_NAME" и т. д. - это не названия атрибутов, а значения атрибута NAME.
Итого:
var items =
from xe in xdoc
.Element("CIM").Element("DECLARATION").Element("DECLGROUP")
.Elements("VALUE.OBJECT").Elements("INSTANCE")
where xe.Attribute("CLASSNAME").Value == "ORG"
let ps = xe.Elements("PROPERTY")
select new Organization
{
Id = ps.First(p => p.Attribute("NAME").Value == "ID").Value,
Org_name = ps.First(p => p.Attribute("NAME").Value == "ORG_NAME").Value,
Org_searchcode = ps.First(p => p.Attribute("NAME").Value == "ORG_SEARCHCODE").Value,
Org_oid = ps.First(p => p.Attribute("NAME").Value == "ORG_OID").Value,
Rct_name = ps.First(p => p.Attribute("NAME").Value == "RCT_NAME").Value
};
Можно сократить код, используя метод Descendants. Но его применение ухудшает производительность, поэтому на больших документах лучше оставить как есть.
Ещё можно написать метод расширения:
public static string GetValue(this IEnumerable<XElement> enumerable, string name)
{
return enumerable.First(p => p.Attribute("NAME").Value == name).Value;
}
С ним код становится намного короче:
var items =
from xe in xdoc.Descendants("INSTANCE")
where xe.Attribute("CLASSNAME").Value == "ORG"
let ps = xe.Elements("PROPERTY")
select new Organization
{
Id = ps.GetValue("ID"),
Org_name = ps.GetValue("ORG_NAME"),
Org_searchcode = ps.GetValue("ORG_SEARCHCODE"),
Org_oid = ps.GetValue("ORG_OID"),
Rct_name = ps.GetValue("RCT_NAME")
};
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
A Heated Debate Between Two Charismatic Geniuses: A Cardinal Fan (Jeff Lung) and a Tiger Fan (Allen Krause)
The Rules: Good Television Edition
This is the 21st century. And armed with both an MLB.TV subscription AND an MLB Extra Innings package on Direct TV, you never have an excuse to sully your brain again (unless Las Vegas is involved).
There are three basic rules.
Number One:
Watch Tony Campana. That’s right. I can’t help but tune into this wily sCrUB. He’s great television! Seriously, the dude looks like he should be delivering my newspaper every morning on a magenta, one-speed Huffy, not working a walk so he get on base to haunt opposing pitchers. Perhaps it’s because my imagined baseball skill-set is similar to that of Campana’s that I often find myself glued to his base-running. Or maybe it’ s just because the guy is a buzzing gnat in a game full of free-swinging giants.
Number Two:
WATCH the American League East. Doesn’t matter the team. Yankees. Drama. Red Sox. Drama. Orioles? DRAMA! Blue Jays? MORE DRAMA! Rays… oh the Rays… they are the KINGS of DRAMA. On any given night no one knows what the hell is gonna happen in this division. It’s a baseball fanatic’s wet — okay. Sorry, chuggin’ the verklempt there.
Number Three:
Bryce. Friggin’. Harper.
Watch this dude. Seriously.
I gotta tip my cap to Mike Rizzo and the Nats. Both of their high profile picks have delivered early in their careers, not with just talent, but with poise and brass balls. Watch Bryce Harper play a baseball game and tell me he doesn’t love it more than anything else on the planet, that he doesn’t live his every waking second for the opportunity to play the game we love so much to the best of his ability, AT ALL TIMES.
Meta
The following are trademarks or service marks of Major League Baseball entities and may be used only with permission of Major League Baseball Properties, Inc. or the relevant Major League Baseball entity: Major League, Major League Baseball, MLB, the silhouetted batter logo, World Series, National League, American League, Division Series, League Championship Series, All-Star Game, and the names, nicknames, logos, uniform designs, color combinations, and slogans designating the Major League Baseball clubs and entities, and their respective mascots, events and exhibitions.
|
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"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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Home
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|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
The Story of Jonathan Dickinson
The year was 1696. Jonathan Dickinson was a Quaker merchant from Jamaica. By August, he had made the decision to settle his family in Philadelphia, a promising city in the New World. Having recently survived a horrific earthquake that destroyed much of Jamaica’s chief port city, Dickinson would soon find himself on an adventure that would prove even more harrowing.
The day was August 23rd. Twenty-five people boarded the Reformation, atri-masted barkentine. Its destination was Philadelphia via the straits of Cuba and Florida. The ship’s manifest included a captain (Kirle), eight mariners, a Quaker missionary (Robert Barrow), and the fifteen members of Dickinson’s party: Dickinson, his wife, his infant son, a kinsman named Benjamin Allen (exact relationship unknown), and eleven slaves.
The bark set sail that day with a convoy led by the Royal Navy frigate HMS Hampshire. The first few days were uneventful and pleasant. However, trouble began before the week was over. Having unintentionally separated from the convoy and its protective frigate, the Reformation soon drifted alone. Then, days later, more trouble ensued. The captain broke his leg the same day a young slave girl died from an unknown illness.
But that was just the beginning of the difficulties that the ship’s crew and her passengers would face. During the night of September 24th (exactly 316 years ago) a great storm, believed to be a hurricane, sent the ship into a reef off the coast of (modern-day) Jupiter, Florida.
Fortunately, all survived the shipwreck, making it ashore without incident; however, several were sick, including the Dickinson’s baby. To make matters worse, the party was soon discovered by the Jobe Indians, who were terribly threatening in both appearance and action. The travelers had heard tales of cannibals along the Florida shore, and they were certain that the Indians would be their undoing.
Rev. Barrow called for his fellow castaways to place their faith in God. Most of the party did so, at least to the extent that they responded peacefully to the natives’ threats. The Indians, meanwhile, surmised that the shipwrecked party were English, calling them “Nickaleer”. Some of those among the shipwrecked began speaking Spanish to the Jobe’s leader, the Cacique (spelled “Cassekey”). It is believed that this made the Jobe more reluctant to harm the stranded travelers as the Spanish were a powerful presence throughout Florida.
Over the course of the next two months, the survivors of the Reformation would be forced to endure a great deal of hardship. They were stripped naked, starved, and forced to walk most of the two hundred miles of open beach that lay between Jupiter and St. Augustine. In addition, they were threatened, harassed, and routinely mistreated by various tribes, including the Jobe, the Ais, and the Timacuan.
On November 15, nineteen (of the original twenty five) passengers arrived safely in St. Augustine where they were welcomed into the Governor’s House. By this time six had died altogether; a few passed just days before making it to the Spanish city.
Fourteen days later, the survivors left the Florida coast in route to Charles Town (Charleston), South Carolina. On April 1, 1697, Jonathan Dickinson, along with his family and Rev. Barrow, arrived in Philadelphia. Sadly, Barrow died only three days later.
Jonathan Dickinson, however, would go on to become the first mayor of the city of Philadelphia, serving two terms as the city’s leader. But that would not be the Quaker’s legacy. Rather, his journal, which first appeared in 1699 among the Quakers, would become the faithful servant’s gift to future generations. Reprinted at least sixteen times in both England and America with several Dutch and German translations, the journal would experience significant popularity throughout the 18th and 19th centuries.
It is not known exactly when Dickinson penned his account of those horrific events; what is known, however, is that by time of his death in 1722, many lives had been touched and many hearts had been stirred by the real life tale of man’s faith and God’s deliverance.
To learn more about Jonathan Dickinson and his experiences, click here.
|
{
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|
The present invention relates to a seagoing barge having a physical configuration and operative means which permit the barge to be partially submerged into bottom-supported gravity contact with the sea floor. More specifically, it relates to a barge and platform construction which can be submerged in a stable vertical path onto the sea floor.
The term "barge" as employed herein means a vessel which is capable of providing buoyancy for surface-floating transit as a first operational mode. The term "platform" is intended to mean a structure which rests on the sea floor and has a portion thereof elevated above the water surface. The barge disclosed herein has a surface-floating transit mode and a bottom-resting fixed position mode of operation.
Barges and platforms of the type above-referred-to are used for offshore oil exploration and production drilling purposes. When the barge/platform is to be utilized in benign sea areas a wide variety of platform configurations and erection techniques can be employed since low wave heights and ice-free weather conditions prevail. The barge/platform of the present invention can be used in such benign sea areas but can also be used in harsh sea areas such as those encountered in the arctic and antarctic latitudes.
When a barge/platform is to be used in arctic conditions such as those encountered in the Beaufort Sea, the Chukchi Sea, or the Bering Sea, specialized barge/platform designs must be employed. In many parts of the arctic latitudes the seas are generally covered with ice from October through June. A landfast ice cover begins to form in early October and grows seaward reaching a maximum thickness of approximately seven feet by May. Break-up usually begins in early June and continues throughout the remainder of the summer. This landfast ice consists of two distinct zones. The first zone extends about 15 miles outwardly from the shore to a water depth of about 33 feet. This zone usually consists of smooth first-year ice with a maximum thickness of seven feet. The second zone covers a water depth range of 33 to about 66 feet and contains a number of first-year pressure ridges. On some occasions, the ice in the second zone contains multi-year ice floes that are more consolidated than the first-year ice. Beyond the second zone and out to a position just past the Continental Shelf, at water depths exceeding 200 feet, is the transition zone which contains large pressure ridges that move around in sporadic motion. Beyond this zone is the permanent polar ice pack which is composed primarily of multi-year ice. This description of ice conditions holds particularly for the south part of the Beaufort Sea between Harrison Bay and the Prudhoe Bay.
Another environmental condition encountered in the Beaufort Sea area is that the sea floor consists mainly of pleistocene clays and holocene silts which have low force-bearing properties. As a result of this soft sea floor, some oil production equipment such as the well cap valve and tube systems known as "Christmas trees" have been known to sink into and disappear in the silt unless adequately buoyed.
The combination of ice floes on the surface of the sea and soft, low force-bearing, sea floor soil conditions presents special problems for barge/platform design and operations. The first problem is that the ice floes impact any support member extending through the water surface and this, in turn tends to push the entire platform off of its drilling location. The force of the ice floe has been calculated to be sufficient to move a large multiton platform. Due to the soft sea floor soil conditions such platforms cannot be adequately secured to the sea floor by piles or other economically feasible means. One suggested offshore structure in U.S. Pat. No. 4,048,943 to Gerwick is to employ a floating caisson which is maintained in position by mooring lines. In this structure, a cone-shaped surface is utilized as an ice breaking feature. However, many ice floes are sufficiently compact so that the mooring lines will break or the anchors will fail to hold before the ice floe is broken up by the conical surface.
Another form of barge/platform is shown in U.S. Pat. No. 4,080,796 which includes a ring shaped mat which is lowered into contact with the sea floor by the downward movement of three support legs. This vessel construction has two problems with respect to vessel operation. The first is that the ring-shaped bottom surface of the mat has an insufficient area of contact with clay and silt which are present on extensive areas of the sea floor to enable the development of large frictional contact so that the vessel will not be pushed off of location by the ice floes. This problem is accentuated because there are three support columns for contact with the ice floe. Thus, it is necessary in the operation of this platform to bury the ring-shaped mat below the sea floor in order to resist the lateral ice forces which develop overturning moments. Another problem is that the drilling operations must occur down through one of the support legs so that the drill string is not exposed to ice floes which are present beneath the upper hull. This requires then the placement of the drilling derrick over one of the legs which then creates an overturning moment about the center of the platform.
Barge/platform designs which utilize multiple support columns all encounter the problem of presenting multiple surfaces which would be impacted by ice floes in arctic seas such as described above. These designs have limited utility in such harsh sea conditions. Representative disclosures are shown in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,873,581 to Hazak; 2,895,301 to Casagrande et al.; 2,953,904 to Christenson; 3,872,679 to Fischer; and 3,001,370 to Templeton.
Another type of offshore structure is set forth in representative U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,831,385 to Hudson et al.; 3,952,527 to Vinieratos et al.; 4,037,424 to Anders and 4,314,776 to Palmer et al. which shows bottom resting platforms which penetrate the water surface. These structures are very large and heavy and either do not have the necessary buoyancy for towing or only tow very poorly. These are not then barges. Also, difficulties are encountered in placing these structures at the drilling site. The difficulties arise due to two separate problems. The first is that, even when such structures are provided with sufficient buoyancy to float, the large volume of the structure submersed in the water creates high towing resistance. A second problem is that when the structure is submerged into bottom-resting contact with the sea floor the vessel can tilt and rapidly submerge into a bottom-contacting mode in which a large portion of the footing structure will submerge in the clay and silt sea floor. This will necessitate additional tug work for moving the structure to achieve a vertical attitude.
The problem of platform submergence at a high contact angle with the sea floor can be seen in U.S. Pat. No. 4,222,682 where container 1 and platform 111 are submerged from floating positions on the surface to sea floor contacting positions. If the sea floor is rocky and uneven, severe damage to the structures can occur from the high angle of impact shown in FIGS. 3, 14, and 15 of this patent.
Some offshore structures, mainly known as jack-up platforms, are towed to a use site and the bottom footing flooded to send it to the sea floor, then the top deck is jacked up out of the wave action. U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,996,754 to Lowery and 4,265,568 to Herrmann et al. are representative of this type. In some units of this type large flotation shells have been provided as in U.S. Pat. No. 3,086,367 to Foster and 4,142,819 to Challine et al. Operating problems occur during use of these shells since these are often flexibly connected to the main structure of the units to provide for movement relative thereto, and wave action on such large shells causes the connecting gear to break and foul. The dynamic loading forces generated on these large offshore structures by wave action can exceed the design limits of the connecting gear.
Yet other offshore structures require extensive construction work in order to erect the same, which often necessitates the use of mobile crane barges such as shown in FIG. 8 of U.S. Pat. No. 3,927,535 to Giblon.
The mobile barge/platform of the present invention overcomes the above-described problems and provides a structure for offshore oil field development which has unique operational properties.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "USPTO Backgrounds"
}
|
Q:
URLEncoding from a string
I am familiar with urlencode, which encodes a dictionary of parameters. How would I encode a string such as the following to a url-safe string?
s = 'http://google.com/search?q='
+ 'パイレーツ・オブ・カリビアン／呪われた海賊たち（日本語吹替版）'
+ ' '
+ 'site:imdb.com/title'
urlencoded_str = ?
A:
Here's one possibility (the encoding line is to tell Python the encoding of the file):
# vim: encoding=utf-8
import urllib
base_url = 'http://google.com/search'
params = dict(
q=('パイレーツ・オブ・カリビアン／呪われた海賊たち（日本語吹替版）'
+ ' site:imdb.com/title'))
query = urllib.urlencode(params)
print base_url + '?' + query
For better solutions look at this question: urllib.urlencode doesn't like unicode values: how about this workaround?
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Category: Sports
LiverppolLiverpool have confirmed the signing of Stoke City winger Xherdan Shaqiri on a long-term deal. The Switzerland international, who featured for his country at the World Cup in Russia, was unable to stop the Potters from slipping into the Championship last season. The 26-year-old scored 15 goals in 84 league appearances for the Potters in three years at the bet365 Stadium. He told the club’s official website he was delighted to be arriving at Anfield. Shaqiri revealed: “It’s a huge club with big history, big players and a fantastic coach.…
Chelsea have confirmed Maurizio Sarri as their new manager, a day after sacking Antonio Conte. The ex-Napoli boss, 59, has signed a three-year at Stamford Bridge. “I am very happy to be coming to Chelsea and the Premier League. It is an exciting new period in my career. “I look forward to starting work and meeting the players on Monday ahead of travelling to Australia, where I will be able to get to know the squad and begin our match action. “I hope we can provide some entertaining football for…
Written by Robert Kiyosaki There are a lot of great entrepreneurs out there, but one of my favorites is Thomas Edison. I think I’m such a fan because, like me, he failed so much more than he succeeded. Of course, he learned how to turn those failures into golden lessons. When I was a kid, we learned about Thomas Edison in school. When I told my rich dad that we were studying Edison’s life, he asked me if they’d taught me how he became so prolific. “No,” I replied. “We…
By Robert Kiyosaki Opportunities surround us. You see others take advantage of them and think, “Why not me?” It’s so much easier to sit back and watch someone else take the risk, isn’t it? I’m not making excuses for you, but I understand. What happens if you fail, better not to try at all right? Everyone has hardships and difficulties. For some debt. From others it’s an supportive spouse. For some it’s time…or money…or fear… or belief. There are infinite obstacles to success. But there are just as many opportunities.…
I wish I had trusted my gut rather than listening to everyone else. Making your own decisions and feeling confident in the decisions you make gives us fulfilment and joy from life. Going against your gut only breeds resentment and bitterness. I wish I’d taken better care of myself. Premature health problems or ageing always makes you wonder if you’d eaten healthier, exercised more and been less stressed, would you be where you are today? I wish I’d taken more risks. Everyone has their own idea of what’s risky, but…
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
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|
Investment bank Goldman Sachs wants the Chargers to move to Los Angeles. They also want the Rams to stay in St. Louis, and out of Los Angeles.
The firm is working diligently on both fronts.
Those are not Goldman’s publicly stated positions, of course, but it doesn’t take much analysis to arrive at this conclusion.
SportsBusiness Journal’s Daniel Kaplan, citing unnamed sources, reported Monday that Goldman Sachs will finance the Chargers’ costs of moving to L.A. by covering “any operating losses suffered by the team in the first few years in that city as well as costs for any renovations needed in a temporary venue.” If they relocate, the Chargers are expected to play in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum or the Rose Bowl while a new L.A.-area stadium is under construction.
Chargers special counsel Mark Fabiani confirmed to ESPN that the Chargers have a long-standing working relationship with Goldman and that the firm will work with them on financing a new stadium in the Los Angeles market.
“We are in a hyper-competitive environment regarding Los Angeles at this moment, and so we won’t be releasing specifics on our work with Goldman Sachs,” Fabiani told ESPN. “The bottom line is that we, along with Goldman Sachs, are completely confident that the Raiders/Chargers L.A. stadium proposal can feasibly be financed.”
Fabiani has been less than fully transparent about the Chargers’ dealings with Goldman Sachs as recently as January, when he refuted a report out of St. Louis that the team and firm had reached an agreement to build a stadium in L.A.
Goldman’s relationship with the Chargers is not new. (Nor are Fabiani and Goldman strangers.) Covering the team’s losses and renovation costs related to relocation, if true, is definitely a new wrinkle.
Meanwhile, Goldman Sachs managing director Greg Carey is advising Missouri Gov. Jay Nixon’s task force on building a publicly funded stadium to keep the Rams from moving to Los Angeles. The St. Louis Regional Convention and Sports Complex Authority hired Goldman two years ago to find ways to keep the Rams, or at least NFL football, in St. Louis.
Bloomberg:
the [Missouri task force] has a potent player in Greg Carey, a 54-year-old Goldman Sachs Group Inc. banker who is known in professional sports circles as the guru of stadium financing. Under Carey, Goldman Sachs has worked on more than two dozen stadium deals, the company says, amounting to more than $11 billion in financing. Carey’s specialty is crafting deals that are lucrative for team owners, often at the expense of taxpayers. What sets him apart, say his clients and critics, is his ability to steer projects through conflicting interests of teams and local government officials. He often does so by using obscure tools available in public finance to help owners get low-interest loans, avoid taxes or tap subsidies.
Carey also steered financing of the San Francisco 49ers $1.27 billion stadium in Santa Clara, cited by Fabiani as a template for the proposed Raiders/Chargers stadium in Carson.
49ers management and Goldman executives touted their work on the Santa Clara stadium in a promotional video.
“It was one of the most exciting transactions that I’ve been able to work on in my career,” Carey says in the video. “We actually committed $850 million of our own capital as a construction loan to ensure that the stadium could be built.” (It’s slightly more complicated than that.)
Carey was understandably excited about financing an $850 million loan. San Diegans might be less than excited about the implications of Goldman’s involvement with the Chargers and their prospects of remaining in San Diego.
Goldman Sachs could not expect to earn nearly as much in commissions, fees and interest from a San Diego stadium as they would from the proposed Raiders/Chargers stadium in Carson. The Carson proposal is for a privately financed $1.7 billion stadium, modeled after the financing used for the 49ers stadium in Santa Clara.
The Chargers described their view of the different market situations in a statement announcing their partnership with the Raiders:
A stadium can be financed in Los Angeles because the LA-Orange County-Inland Empire marketplace is able to support the sale of hundreds of millions of dollars of Personal Seat Licenses (PSLs) or Stadium Builder Licenses (SBLs). These licenses provide a significant amount of funding for the stadium project, as the City of Santa Clara and the 49ers recently demonstrated with the public-private partnership and the record-breaking SBL sales that helped make possible the financing of Levi’s Stadium. In addition, the LA-Orange County-Inland Empire area is the second-largest media market in the country, and as a result, revenues from the sale of naming rights, advertising, and sponsorships will be significantly larger than they would be in San Diego. Taken together, simple economic realities make a financing reliant solely on stadium-generated revenues possible in a large market such as Los Angeles.
It’s all about PSLs/SBLs and their ability to raise hundreds of millions of private dollars for building a stadium. The Chargers and Goldman Sachs don’t think the San Diego market can generate enough PSLs to build a stadium privately.
National University System Institute for Policy Research President Eric Bruvold is preparing a study that concludes San Diego County would have to cover up to 65 percent of the cost of a new stadium. Bruvold said San Diego might buy $50 million to $100 million in PSLs, but not a large proportion of the overall package. That would mean much less private financing for lenders to the project.
That’s where the shadow of a potential conflict arises.
Goldman Sachs would substantially benefit from a privately built stadium in Carson. Their paid advocacy for the St. Louis Stadium Authority also compels them to strive for a solution that keeps the Rams in Missouri, which would bring an ancillary benefit of keeping the L.A. market open for the Carson stadium.
If the Chargers end up with a San Diego stadium solution, Goldman Sachs will have done their duty to their client, in that they would have helped them reach a satisfactory outcome. But will Goldman act as an honest broker if they are involved in negotiations to build a stadium in San Diego? It would go against their own financial interests in Los Angeles and St. Louis. They stand to gain much less if a stadium is built here.
I asked representatives of the Chargers, the mayor and the mayor’s task force to comment on Goldman’s possible involvement in the stadium process in San Diego.
Citizens Stadium Advisory Group spokesman Anthony Manolatos said the group hasn’t had any contact with Goldman Sachs. He didn’t dismiss the idea of the group meeting with Goldman at some point, though.
“Possibly, but probably not. The focus of the advisory group is on determining what site is best, then developing a financing plan for public consideration. It’s not all that interested in what’s going on Carson,” Manolatos said.
“It would appear to me that Goldman Sachs would be conflicted. I expect if it got that far, negotiations would have to be with another investment bank,” Manolatos said. “It appears there would be a conflict.”
Craig Gustafson, the mayor’s spokesman, said he needed to look into the issue and get back to me. I’ll update this post if I hear back.
I emailed several questions to Chargers special counsel Mark Fabiani. At first, he offered just a boilerplate response: “Goldman Sachs has been the team’s longtime investment banker, something that we have been very public about over the years. A Goldman representative even spoke at the Carson2gether press conference on February 20. So our relationship with the firm is hardly news.”
When I pressed him on the questions I’d asked, he wrote: “With regard to the City of San Diego, we of course have not yet seen any specific ideas from the Mayor or the task force, but we will certainly be prepared to have the appropriate experts from our side evaluate whatever might be proposed in the future.” He added: “To date Goldman has not met with the Mayor or any task force members.”
So, would “appropriate experts from our side” mean Goldman could advise the Chargers on a future San Diego stadium proposal?
“I can’t answer that hypothetical question since we have no idea what specific issues will be raised by the task force or the mayor. We would always try to bring the best expertise to bear on a particular issue, after evaluating what’s needed, checking for client conflicts, and so on,” Fabiani said.
Oh, and the NFL’s “point man on the L.A. market“? That’d be NFL Senior Vice President Eric Grubman — a former Goldman banker.
Goldman Sachs representatives declined to comment for this story.
It isn’t ethically or legally wrong for Goldman Sachs to be the Chargers’ financial partner and stadium adviser. If, however, San Diego officials end up in stadium negotiations with Dean Spanos and his investment banker, they may wonder whether the Carson stadium is too lucrative for Goldman to let fail.
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{
"pile_set_name": "OpenWebText2"
}
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Provision of dental pensions.
Compulsory financial commitments are seldom popular. Once one such expenditure, which has been required spending for those working in the NHS for up to 40 years, becomes no longer mandatory, it is hardly surprising that those who are suddenly presented with an opportunity to reconsider their position should seek to explore the alternatives. Indeed, it is wise to do so.
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{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
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Q:
What are # and : used for in Qbasic?
I have a legacy code doing math calculations. It is reportedly written in QBasic, and runs under VB6 successfully. I plan to write the code into a newer language/platform. For which I must first work backwards and come up with a detailed algorithm from existing code.
The problem is I can't understand syntax of few lines:
Dim a(1 to 200) as Double
Dim b as Double
Dim f(1 to 200) as Double
Dim g(1 to 200) as Double
For i = 1 to N
a(i) = b: a(i+N) = c
f(i) = 1#: g(i) = 0#
f(i+N) = 0#: g(i+N) = 1#
Next i
Based on my work with VB5 like 9 years ago, I am guessing that a, f and g are Double arrays indexed from 1 to 200. However, I am completely lost about this use of # and : together inside the body of the for-loop.
A:
: is the line continuation character, it allows you to chain multiple statements on the same line. a(i) = b: a(i+N) = c is equivalent to:
a(i)=b
a(i+N)=c
# is a type specifier. It specifies that the number it follows should be treated as a double.
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Q:
list and data frames manipulation
I have a dataframe df with one of the column "values". It contains -
values
[u'12f4',u'ff45',u'tr23']
[u'125g4',u'ff145',u'trr523']
[u'12f34',u'ff2345',u'trg23a']
I have a separate list 'list1' containing some of the values -
[u'trg23a',u'ff2345',u'ff45',u'fg567ui',u'45ty78',u'125g4',u'ff145']
I want to create a new column in df called "values1" containing only those values that exist in "list1". So output should be like -
values values
[u'12f4',u'ff45',u'tr23'] [u'ff45']
[u'125g4',u'ff145',u'trr523'] [u'125g4',u'ff145']
[u'12f34',u'ff2345',u'trg23a'] [u'ff2345',u'trg23a']
I have tried below code, but it doesn't seem to be working.
df['values1'] = [element for element in
df['values'] if element not in list1]
A:
Use apply or nested list comprehension:
print (type(df.loc[0, 'values']))
<class 'str'>
from ast import literal_eval
#convert string values to lists
df['values'] = df['values'].apply(literal_eval)
print (type(df.loc[0, 'values']))
<class 'list'>
df['values1'] = df['values'].apply(lambda x: [element for element in x if element in list1])
print (df)
values values1
0 [12f4, ff45, tr23] [ff45]
1 [125g4, ff145, trr523] [125g4, ff145]
2 [12f34, ff2345, trg23a] [ff2345, trg23a]
Or:
df['values1'] = [[element for element in x if element in list1] for x in df['values']]
print (df)
values values1
0 [12f4, ff45, tr23] [ff45]
1 [125g4, ff145, trr523] [125g4, ff145]
2 [12f34, ff2345, trg23a] [ff2345, trg23a]
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{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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Rubinius wants to help you make Ruby better - raju
http://www.engineyard.com/blog/2010/rubinius-wants-to-help-you-make-ruby-better/
======
ubernostrum
Once again reminding people to be careful about how they interpret the LSP:
[http://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/7zy40/writing_u...](http://www.reddit.com/r/programming/comments/7zy40/writing_unit_tests_is_reinventing_functional/c07w5bx)
------
kingkilr
IMO the authors understanding of the LSP is incorrect. The way he uses it ANY
change would be invalid, for example adding a new method would change the
property of "raises AttributeError when attempting to access XYZ" (in Python
parlance).
~~~
btilly
What you are criticizing isn't the author's understanding of the Liskov
Substitution Principle. It is Barbara Liskov's attempt to formalize the Liskov
Substitution Principle.
I dare say that she knows her own intent better than you do. It is also
unsurprising if her formulation is imperfect.
In a practical world what the LSP means is that you should be able to replace
an object of a given type with another object of any subtype and it should
still work. If it doesn't, then that wasn't really a subtype. As you correctly
pointed out, the challenge in dynamic languages with exception handling is
that it is possible to write code that depends on a particular method not
existing. Similar code in C++ would give a compilation error. Therefore no
subtype can quite be perfect in some languages.
Still even though perfection is impossible, it is good to be aware of the
principle, and adhere to it as closely as is practical. Meaning make your
changes be one that will break the smallest amount of code that your code
change is likely to encounter at any point in the future.
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{
"pile_set_name": "HackerNews"
}
|
2017 Charity Sponsors:
Tag-it-Ons
March 2016 Project
Quilter's of all skill levels and a Boy Scout Troop gathered to make 12" scrappy blocks. Since this event, the blocks have become 28 beautiful quilts and were donated to Sub for Santa in Roosevelt, UT.
1
2
0
2016 Charity Sponsors
BIG SHOUT OUTS to the following who have provided scraps of material for the 12 X 12 Blocks making!
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{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
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Q:
Proper way to say "Look at the sky"
I've been learning japanese for quite a few weeks but I'm still pretty new to it so maybe this question will sound silly, if that's the case, I'm sorry.
Because I really love the way it sounds and looks, I tryed learning japanese. And now, I'd like to get myself a tattoo.
"Look at the sky" (which is one of the last things someone told me before passing away).
Then again I'm learning with books (not the best way, is it?) so I'm running into a doubt.
Would you rather spell it :
空を見て - Sora o mite
or
空を見上げて - Sora wo miagete
I'm having a hard time figuring out the difference (as I'm still a newbie in japanese) and as it's an important decision (the tattoo I mean) I'd really like if someone could explain the difference.
A:
空を見て is "Looking at the sky," and 空を見上げて is "Looking up at the sky". Both are grammatical and make perfect sense as a Japanese sentence.
They are reasonable choices for a book title or a line in a poem, for example. This may also be acceptable on a souvenir T-shirt, a mug or a fan. However, I have to say such a tattoo looks weird and funny to the eye of Japanese people for several reasons.
First of all, Japanese people are very wary of tattoos in the first place, and traditional Japanese tattoos do not have any readable character. But I won't go into detail about cultural things for now. Even if we accept the idea of readable character tattoos, this sentence may not be suitable as the design of a tattoo. People usually expect something that looks cool and exotic in a tattoo. However 空を見(上げ)て is a very plain, casual and easy sentence even a 3-year-old Japanese kid can make. In general hiragana has a cute and/or childish image as a design element, which is probably not what you want for a tattoo. If you used this sentence, it might end up looking as if it were a tattoo in Comic Sans to those who can actually read it.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
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A subchronic toxicity study of two inhaled aerosolized atropine sulfate formulations in rats and dogs.
The potential subchronic (21 days) toxicity of inhaled metered aerosol formulations (solution and suspension) of atropine sulfate was investigated in rats and dogs. The doses administered to rats were 0.78 and 2.5 mg/kg/day (solution) or 1.4 and 3.2 mg/kg/day (suspension). In the dog, the daily doses achieved were 0.5 and 1.3 mg/kg/day, regardless of formulation. In both species, sham control animals inhaled air only and vehicle control animals inhaled either placebo solution or placebo suspension. There was no mortality or other evidence of a toxic effect of atropine sulfate. The expected mydriatic effect of atropine sulfate was seen in both species and, similarly, the pupillary light reflex was impaired in rats and dogs receiving either formulation of atropine sulfate at both dose levels. Reduced salivation was also noted and ophthalmologic examinations in both species were unremarkable. In dogs, atropine sulfate (high-dose) caused tachycardia but there was no evidence of an adverse effect on the electrocardiogram or on systolic blood pressure. In both species, atropine sulfate did not alter body weight, food consumption or clinical pathology parameters. Necropsy observations and histopathological findings revealed no effect of atropine sulfate in either species although, in the rat, adrenal gland hypertrophy in both sexes followed inhalation of the suspension at both dose levels. With this possible exception, nothing but the expected pharmacological effects of atropine sulfate were seen in either rats or dogs.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
Q:
How to refactor method returning closure to be pickleable?
My particular problem is Django related, but I rewrote the relevant code to general Python for better understanding.
import pickle
class FieldTracker(object):
def patch_save(self, instance):
original_save = instance.save
def save(**kwargs):
ret = original_save(**kwargs)
# use properties of self, implement new stuff etc
print 'Used patched save'
return ret
instance.save = save
class Model(object):
name_field = 'joe'
field_tracker = FieldTracker()
def __init__(self):
self.field_tracker.patch_save(self)
def save(self):
print 'Used default save'
model = Model()
model.save() # Uses patched version of save
pickle.dumps(model) # Fails
Model is representation of DB row. FieldTracker tracks changes to fields in Model (name_field in this case). FieldTracker needs to patch save method after Model is instantiated. Patched save is closure inside of patch_save as it uses properties from FieldTracker, calls methods from passed instance etc.
FieldTracker cannot be pickled as one if its methods contains closure. From what I tried, save cannot be moved to class level as I get TypeError: can't pickle instancemethod objects. When I tried to move patch_save to top level it produced the same exception as above code (surprise, surprise). Moving save to top level would probably mean usage of global variables, which I want to avoid (but I haven't actually tried it).
And the question is: Is it possible to refactor FieldTracker code to be pickleable or should I use different approach (like move overriden save to model mixin)?
This is real FieldTracker if anyone cares.
A:
Why bother refactoring? I'm guessing your really interested in pickling the classes and instances as you wrote them, right? To do this, I'd use dill, which can pickle almost anything in python.
>>> import dill
>>> class FieldTracker(object):
... def patch_save(self, instance):
... original_save = instance.save
... def save(**kwargs):
... ret = original_save(**kwargs)
... print("Used patched save")
... return ret
... instance.save = save
...
>>> class Model(object):
... name_field = 'joe'
... field_tracker = FieldTracker()
... def __init__(self):
... self.field_tracker.patch_save(self)
... def save(self):
... print("Used default save")
...
>>> model = Model()
>>> model.save()
Used default save
Used patched save
>>> _model = dill.loads(dill.dumps(model))
>>> _model.save()
Used default save
Used patched save
Dill also has some good tools for helping you understand what is causing your pickling to fail when your code fails.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Medical devices; general hospital and personal use devices; classification of the intravascular administration set, automated air removal system. Final order.
The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is classifying the intravascular administration set, automated air removal system into class II (special controls). The special controls that will apply to the device are identified in this order and will be part of the codified language for the intravascular administration set, automated air removal system's classification. The Agency is classifying the device into class II (special controls) in order to provide a reasonable assurance of safety and effectiveness of the device.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
List of governors of North Carolina (1712–1776)
The Governor of North Carolina (1712–1776) was the representative of the British monarch in North Carolina. From 1729 to 1776, he was appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Secretary of State for the Southern Department and the Board of Trade. The role of the governor was to act as the de facto head of state, and he was responsible for appointing members of the provincial government after a general election. The governor served as the commander in chief of the provincial militia and had sole responsibility for defence and security.
Besides the governor, other colonial officials included a secretary, attorney general, surveyor general, the receiver general, Chief Justice, five Customs Collectors for each of the five ports in North Carolina, and a council. The council advised the governor and also served as the upper house of the legislature. The President of the Council occasionally served as acting Governor.
List of Governors of North Carolina (1712–1776)
References
Category:1712 establishments in the British Empire
Category:1776 disestablishments in North Carolina
Category:Colonial North Carolina
Category:Province of North-Carolina
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Wikipedia (en)"
}
|
Q:
Grabbing a custom product image label in Magento?
I have a block on my front page that is grabbing the two newest products with a custom product image called image_feature_front_right.
I use this code as the query:
$_helper = $this->helper('catalog/output');
$_productCollection = Mage::getModel("catalog/product")->getCollection();
$_productCollection->addAttributeToSelect('*');
$_productCollection->addAttributeToFilter("image_feature_front_right", array("notnull" => 1));
$_productCollection->addAttributeToFilter("image_feature_front_right", array("neq" => 'no_selection'));
$_productCollection->addAttributeToSort('updated_at', 'DESC');
$_productCollection->setPageSize(2);
I am able to get:
the image: echo $this->helper('catalog/image')->init($_product, 'image_feature_front_right')->directResize(230,315,4)
the product url: echo $_product->getProductUrl()
the product name: $this->stripTags($_product->getName(), null, true)
The only thing I am unable to get is the custom images label. I have tried echo $this->getImageLabel($_product, 'image_feature_front_right'), but that seems to do nothing.
Can anyone point me in the right direction?
Thanks!
Tre
A:
I imagine this is some sort of magento bug. The issue seems to be that the Magento core is not setting the custom_image_label attribute. Whereas for the default built-in images [image, small_image, thumbnail_image] it does set these attributes - so you could do something like:
$_product->getData('small_image_label');
If you look at Mage_Catalog_Block_Product_Abstract::getImageLabel() it just appends '_label' to the $mediaAttributeCode that you pass in as the 2nd param and calls $_product->getData().
If you call $_product->getData('media_gallery'); you'll see the custom image label is available. It's just nested in an array. So use this function:
function getImageLabel($_product, $key) {
$gallery = $_product->getData('media_gallery');
$file = $_product->getData($key);
if ($file && $gallery && array_key_exists('images', $gallery)) {
foreach ($gallery['images'] as $image) {
if ($image['file'] == $file)
return $image['label'];
}
}
return '';
}
It'd be prudent to extend the Magento core code (Ideally Mage_Catalog_Block_Product_Abstract, but I don't think Magento lets you override Abstract classes), but if you need a quick hack - just stick this function in your phtml file then call:
<?php echo getImageLabel($_product, 'image_feature_front_right')?>
|
{
"pile_set_name": "StackExchange"
}
|
Jane's Blog
Tips, News, and Thoughts from the Jane Team
Sign & Lock Charts
Some new charting features are coming next week and we wanted to give you a head’s up. They’re pretty exciting, especially since they were inspired by requests that came from you!
The big change revolves around how chart entries are finished and, then, how any future changes are tracked. Right now, Jane considers a chart entry complete 24 hours after it’s created, and then quietly tracks any changes to a chart behind the scenes, to comply with electronic charting requirements. You’ve told us that this system is a bit too lenient, so we’ve been working on a new workflow to make this process more overt.
The New Workflow
Chart entries will be in a draft state, until you choose to “Sign” them. Signing a chart entry is your way of saying, “Hey, this entry is complete, and no more changes should be made to it.”
In a patient’s chart, you will see if an entry is a draft or if it has been signed and locked.
You can also upload an image of your signature, which will be added to any signed, printed or PDF chart entries.
If you need to make a change to a signed chart entry, you can enter an Amendment, which will clearly indicate to any reader that the chart has been edited.
These changes will take effect as of Monday, November 10th.
To help everyone transition to this new workflow, we will mark all chart entries older than 48 hours as Signed & Locked. This will give you a chance to finish up any entries from the weekend.
If you have any questions or requests about how we transition your charts to the new system, let us know before the weekend. Thanks! Go Jane, Go.
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|
Algorithm for image reconstruction in multi-slice helical CT.
Efforts are being made to develop a new type of CT system that can scan volumes over a large range within a short time with thin slice images. One of the most promising approaches is the combination of helical scanning with multi-slice CT, which involves several detector arrays stacked in the z direction. However, the algorithm for image reconstruction remains one of the biggest problems in multi-slice CT. Two helical interpolation methods for single-slice CT, 360LI and 180LI, were used a starting points and extended to multi-slice CT. The extended methods, however, had a serious image quality problem due to the following three reasons: (1) excessively close slice positions of the complementary and direct data, resulting in a larger sampling interval; (2) the existence of several discontinuous changeovers in pairs of data samples for interpolation; and (3) the existence of cone angles. Therefore we have proposed a new algorithm to overcome the problem. It consists of the following three parts: (1) optimized sampling scan; (2) filter interpolation; and (3) fan-beam reconstruction. Optimized sampling scan refers to a special type of multi-slice helical scan developed to shift the slice position of complementary data and to acquire data with a much smaller sampling interval in the z direction. Filter interpolation refers to a filtering process performed in the z direction using several data. The normal fan-beam reconstruction technique is used. The section sensitivity profile (SSP) and image quality for four-array multi-slice CT were investigated by computer simulations. Combinations of three types of optimized sampling scan and various filter widths were used. The algorithm enables us to achieve acceptable image quality and spatial resolution at a scanning speed that is about three times faster than that for single-slice CT. The noise characteristics show that the proposed algorithm efficiently utilizes the data collected with optimized sampling scan. The new algorithm allows suitable combinations of scan and filter parameters to be selected to meet the purpose of each examination.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
You are here
Facilities
McKeon PavilionMcKeon Pavilion is the home to the Saint Mary's men's basketball, women's basketball and volleyball teams. The Pavilion features a 3,500-seat basketball court with six moveable baskets. Large, boisterous crowds are the norm for Saint Mary's games, giving the Gaels a great haven and supplying the opposition's coaches numerous nightmares.
The Pavilion is a part of the Brother U. Albert Rahill Activity Center, which also includes Madigan Gymnasium, Saint Mary's Stadium and the SMC Recreation Field. The Center derives its name from the late Brother U. Albert Rahill, "Mr. Saint Mary's", a man who was a Christian Brother for over fifty years and served as President of the College from 1935-1941.
The Pavilion bears the name of the late George R. McKeon, a former member of the Saint Mary's College Board of Regents and a major benefactor towards the building's construction. Plaques bearing the names of all the Pavilion's benefactors, a listing of Saint Mary's Athletic Hall of Fame membership, banners featuring retired numbers of "Squirmin' Herman" Wedemeyer, Matthew Dellavedova, Patrick Mills, Anja Bordt and Tom Meschery and several trophies, mementos and team and individual honors of Saint Mary's athletes are located in the building.
Saint Mary's StadiumSaint Mary's Stadium is the home to the men and women's soccer, and club rugby teams. Located in the southeast corner of campus with views of the rolling hills of Moraga, Saint Mary's Stadium seats 5,500 spectators in one of the most picturesque settings in the country.
The first game played at Saint Mary's Stadium was on September 22, 1973 as the Gael football team opened its season with a 35-0 victory over Southern Oregon. On that date, the Edward P. "Slip" Madigan Memorial Plaza was dedicated. Located in front of the Stadium, the Plaza was built in honor of the legendary coach who led the Gaels from 1921-1939 and guided the team to a victory in the 1939 Cotton Bowl.
In the fall of 2014, the field underwent a major renovation. More than 100,000 square feet of sod was laid in the stadium by Delta Bluegrass Company in mid-September under the direction of Mercado Landscaping. A turf consisting of Hybrid Bermudas was laid for the playing surface and a 90/10 Tall Fescue and a Special Shade Blend was installed on the outlying areas adjacent to the field. In addition, Ghilotti Bros., Inc. removed existing bleachers at the South end of the field to expand the size of the competition area. Soccer field dimensions were increased to 75 by 120 yards and landscaped grass berms were installed around two-thirds of the field.
The stadium also features a new state-of-the-art Daktronics scoreboard, which displays time, score and various statistical categories throughout the match. The specific information displayed on the board is customized for rugby matches during the spring.
Louis Guisto FieldLocated in the front of the campus, Louis Guisto Field is set amongst towering pine trees with views of the campus and the surrounding Moraga hills. Just a few steps away from various types of student housing, the field provides Saint Mary's students a popular venue to enjoy the California sunshine and support the Gaels.
In 2012, the Gaels opened the new Louis Guisto Field, built 400 feet down the right field line from the old location. The new Louis Guisto Field's dimensions are 330 feet down the left and right field lines, 400 feet to dead center and 375 feet in the gaps. Louis Guisto Field will be a part of the much larger Athletics and Recreation Corridor that includes the Joseph L. Alioto Recreation Center, which is attached to the approximate 1,500 person baseball stadium and state-of-the-art press box, which will be introduced over the next three years.
Originally named the Brother Agon Field, the field was renamed after legendary baseball-great Louis Guisto. After a Hall of Fame career as a member of the Saint Mary's Phoenix, Guisto was instrumental in leading a successful drive to restore the baseball program after it was dropped in 1958.
Cottrell FieldConstructed almost entirely by the Saint Mary's Buildings and Grounds staff, Cottrell Field was named a 2000 NFCA Regional Turface Field Winner. The sandbased field was completed in October, 1999 with 80 percent blue and 20 percent rye turf area, and a stabilizer red skinned infield and warning track system.
The 2000 softball season marked the first year of competition on Cottrell Field. SInce that time, the facility has hosted collegiate conference and high school sectional championships.
The field of dreams became a reality thanks to the donation of Elizabeth Larson. A member of the Board of Trustees, and a tremendous supporter of women's athletics. Larson requested the field be dedicated to the memory of Dr. John Cottrell and his wife Katherine Casassa Cottrell.
Timothy Korth Tennis ComplexSince the winter of 1990, the Timothy Korth Tennis Complex has housed the Saint Mary's men's and women's tennis teams. The complex features 12 courts, offices for coaches, and is located steps away from Louis Guisto and Cottrell Fields.
The complex has hosted the West Coast Conference championships numerous times as well as numerous Rolex, NorCal and North Coast Section high school tournaments.
SMC Recreation FieldConstructed in the summer of 2011, the Saint Mary's Recreation Field provides year-round field space for recreational and athletics programs at Saint Mary's College.
Designed by Verde Design, Inc. and installed by Carone & Company, Inc., the field features a state-of-the-art Mondo Sport Turf artificial surface that provides field use regardless of weather conditions. Construction workers broke ground on the renovation on June 6, 2011 finished two months later.
The lighted field serves as a practice and competition site for the women's intercollegiate lacrosse program as well as a practice and training facility for various club sport and intercollegiate sport programs. It is also utilized extensively for outdoor campus recreation and intramural programs.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
"""An observation wrapper that augments observations by pixel values."""
import collections
import copy
import numpy as np
from gym import spaces
from gym import ObservationWrapper
STATE_KEY = 'state'
class PixelObservationWrapper(ObservationWrapper):
"""Augment observations by pixel values."""
def __init__(self,
env,
pixels_only=True,
render_kwargs=None,
pixel_keys=('pixels', )):
"""Initializes a new pixel Wrapper.
Args:
env: The environment to wrap.
pixels_only: If `True` (default), the original observation returned
by the wrapped environment will be discarded, and a dictionary
observation will only include pixels. If `False`, the
observation dictionary will contain both the original
observations and the pixel observations.
render_kwargs: Optional `dict` containing keyword arguments passed
to the `self.render` method.
pixel_keys: Optional custom string specifying the pixel
observation's key in the `OrderedDict` of observations.
Defaults to 'pixels'.
Raises:
ValueError: If `env`'s observation spec is not compatible with the
wrapper. Supported formats are a single array, or a dict of
arrays.
ValueError: If `env`'s observation already contains any of the
specified `pixel_keys`.
"""
super(PixelObservationWrapper, self).__init__(env)
if render_kwargs is None:
render_kwargs = {}
for key in pixel_keys:
render_kwargs.setdefault(key, {})
render_mode = render_kwargs[key].pop('mode', 'rgb_array')
assert render_mode == 'rgb_array', render_mode
render_kwargs[key]['mode'] = 'rgb_array'
wrapped_observation_space = env.observation_space
if isinstance(wrapped_observation_space, spaces.Box):
self._observation_is_dict = False
invalid_keys = set([STATE_KEY])
elif isinstance(wrapped_observation_space,
(spaces.Dict, collections.MutableMapping)):
self._observation_is_dict = True
invalid_keys = set(wrapped_observation_space.spaces.keys())
else:
raise ValueError("Unsupported observation space structure.")
if not pixels_only:
# Make sure that now keys in the `pixel_keys` overlap with
# `observation_keys`
overlapping_keys = set(pixel_keys) & set(invalid_keys)
if overlapping_keys:
raise ValueError("Duplicate or reserved pixel keys {!r}."
.format(overlapping_keys))
if pixels_only:
self.observation_space = spaces.Dict()
elif self._observation_is_dict:
self.observation_space = copy.deepcopy(wrapped_observation_space)
else:
self.observation_space = spaces.Dict()
self.observation_space.spaces[STATE_KEY] = wrapped_observation_space
# Extend observation space with pixels.
pixels_spaces = {}
for pixel_key in pixel_keys:
pixels = self.env.render(**render_kwargs[pixel_key])
if np.issubdtype(pixels.dtype, np.integer):
low, high = (0, 255)
elif np.issubdtype(pixels.dtype, np.float):
low, high = (-float('inf'), float('inf'))
else:
raise TypeError(pixels.dtype)
pixels_space = spaces.Box(
shape=pixels.shape, low=low, high=high, dtype=pixels.dtype)
pixels_spaces[pixel_key] = pixels_space
self.observation_space.spaces.update(pixels_spaces)
self._env = env
self._pixels_only = pixels_only
self._render_kwargs = render_kwargs
self._pixel_keys = pixel_keys
def observation(self, observation):
pixel_observation = self._add_pixel_observation(observation)
return pixel_observation
def _add_pixel_observation(self, wrapped_observation):
if self._pixels_only:
observation = collections.OrderedDict()
elif self._observation_is_dict:
observation = type(wrapped_observation)(wrapped_observation)
else:
observation = collections.OrderedDict()
observation[STATE_KEY] = wrapped_observation
pixel_observations = {
pixel_key: self.env.render(**self._render_kwargs[pixel_key])
for pixel_key in self._pixel_keys
}
observation.update(pixel_observations)
return observation
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
<?php
/**
* Zend Framework
*
* LICENSE
*
* This source file is subject to the new BSD license that is bundled
* with this package in the file LICENSE.txt.
* It is also available through the world-wide-web at this URL:
* http://framework.zend.com/license/new-bsd
* If you did not receive a copy of the license and are unable to
* obtain it through the world-wide-web, please send an email
* to license@zend.com so we can send you a copy immediately.
*
* @category Zend
* @package Zend_Service
* @subpackage Ebay
* @copyright Copyright (c) 2005-2011 Zend Technologies USA Inc. (http://www.zend.com)
* @license http://framework.zend.com/license/new-bsd New BSD License
* @version $Id: Items.php 22804 2010-08-08 05:08:05Z renanbr $
*/
/**
* @see Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding_Response_Histograms
*/
require_once 'Zend/Service/Ebay/Finding/Response/Histograms.php';
/**
* @category Zend
* @package Zend_Service
* @subpackage Ebay
* @copyright Copyright (c) 2005-2011 Zend Technologies USA Inc. (http://www.zend.com)
* @license http://framework.zend.com/license/new-bsd New BSD License
* @uses Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding_Response_Histograms
*/
class Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding_Response_Items extends Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding_Response_Histograms
{
/**
* @link http://developer.ebay.com/DevZone/finding/CallRef/types/PaginationInput.html
*/
const PAGE_MAX_DEFAULT = 100;
const PAGE_MAX_INFINITY = 0;
/**
* Indicates the pagination of the result set.
*
* Child elements indicate the page number that is returned, the maximum
* number of item listings to return per page, total number of pages that
* can be returned, and the total number of listings that match the search
* criteria.
*
* @var Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding_PaginationOutput
*/
public $paginationOutput;
/**
* Container for the item listings that matched the search criteria.
*
* The data for each item is returned in individual containers, if any
* matches were found.
*
* @var Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding_Search_Result
*/
public $searchResult;
/**
* @var Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding_Response_Items[]
*/
protected static $_pageCache = array();
/**
* @return void
*/
protected function _init()
{
parent::_init();
$ns = Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding::XMLNS_FINDING;
$this->_attributes['searchResult'] = array(
'count' => $this->_query(".//$ns:searchResult[1]/@count[1]", 'string')
);
$node = $this->_xPath->query(".//$ns:searchResult[1]", $this->_dom)->item(0);
if ($node) {
/**
* @see Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding_Search_Result
*/
require_once 'Zend/Service/Ebay/Finding/Search/Result.php';
$this->searchResult = new Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding_Search_Result($node);
}
$node = $this->_xPath->query(".//$ns:paginationOutput[1]", $this->_dom)->item(0);
if ($node) {
/**
* @see Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding_PaginationOutput
*/
require_once 'Zend/Service/Ebay/Finding/PaginationOutput.php';
$this->paginationOutput = new Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding_PaginationOutput($node);
}
}
/**
* @param Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding $proxy
* @param integer $number
* @throws Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding_Exception When $number is invalid
* @return Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding_Response_Items
*/
public function page(Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding $proxy, $number)
{
// check page number
if ($number < 1 || $number > $this->paginationOutput->totalPages) {
/**
* @see Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding_Exception
*/
require_once 'Zend/Service/Ebay/Finding/Exception.php';
throw new Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding_Exception(
"Page number '{$number}' is out of range.");
}
// prepare arguments
$arguments = array();
switch ($this->_operation) {
case 'findItemsAdvanced':
$arguments[] = $this->getOption('keywords');
$arguments[] = $this->getOption('descriptionSearch');
$arguments[] = $this->getOption('categoryId');
break;
case 'findItemsByCategory':
$arguments[] = $this->getOption('categoryId');
break;
case 'findItemsByKeywords':
$arguments[] = $this->getOption('keywords');
break;
case 'findItemsByProduct':
$productId = $this->getOption('productId');
if (!is_array($productId)) {
$productId = array('' => $productId);
}
$arguments[] = array_key_exists('', $productId)
? $productId['']
: null;
$arguments[] = array_key_exists('type', $productId)
? $productId['type']
: null;
break;
case 'findItemsIneBayStores':
$arguments[] = $this->getOption('storeName');
break;
default:
/**
* @see Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding_Exception
*/
require_once 'Zend/Service/Ebay/Finding/Exception.php';
throw new Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding_Exception(
"Invalid operation '{$this->_operation}'.");
}
// prepare options
// remove every pagination entry from current option list
$options = $this->_options;
foreach (array_keys($options) as $optionName) {
if (substr($optionName, 0, 15) == 'paginationInput') {
unset($options[$optionName]);
}
}
// set new pagination values
// see more at http://developer.ebay.com/DevZone/finding/CallRef/types/PaginationInput.html
$entriesPerPage = $this->paginationOutput->entriesPerPage;
$options['paginationInput'] = array('entriesPerPage' => $entriesPerPage,
'pageNumber' => $number);
// add current options as last argument
ksort($options);
$arguments[] = $options;
// verify cache
$id = serialize($arguments);
if (!array_key_exists($id, self::$_pageCache)) {
if ($number == $this->paginationOutput->pageNumber) {
// add itself to cache
$new = $this;
} else {
// request new page
$callback = array($proxy, $this->_operation);
$new = call_user_func_array($callback, $arguments);
}
self::$_pageCache[$id] = $new;
}
return self::$_pageCache[$id];
}
/**
* @param Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding $proxy
* @return Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding_Response_Items
*/
public function pageFirst(Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding $proxy)
{
return $this->page($proxy, 1);
}
/**
* @param Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding $proxy
* @param integer $max
* @return Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding_Response_Items
*/
public function pageLast(Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding $proxy, $max = self::PAGE_MAX_DEFAULT)
{
$last = $this->paginationOutput->totalPages;
if ($max > 0 && $last > $max) {
$last = $max;
}
return $this->page($proxy, $last);
}
/**
* @param Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding $proxy
* @param integer $max
* @return Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding_Response_Items
*/
public function pageNext(Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding $proxy, $max = self::PAGE_MAX_DEFAULT)
{
$next = $this->paginationOutput->pageNumber + 1;
$last = $this->paginationOutput->totalPages;
if (($max > 0 && $next > $max) || $next > $last) {
return null;
}
return $this->page($proxy, $next);
}
/**
* @param Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding $proxy
* @return Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding_Response_Items
*/
public function pagePrevious(Zend_Service_Ebay_Finding $proxy)
{
$previous = $this->paginationOutput->pageNumber - 1;
if ($previous < 1) {
return null;
}
return $this->page($proxy, $previous);
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
Author
Topic: TFM-15CB (Read 1398 times)
So, I'm finding very little info on the net. Do any of you guys have experience with this amp? I picked it up at the GW today for $5. I haven't hooked it into a system yet, but I only got 0.4 mV left channel and 0.2 mV right channel. So either it isn't functioning or it is functioning really well. Plus, I heard some hum coming off the amp when I powered it on, so I am very suspect. The meters light up and sure look cool.
I will post back when I've tested it and look forward to the impressions of owners/users.
With the amp powered on and no input signal your measured values are superb. No DC offset...hopefully. Is the hum mechanical? Cabinet vibrating? Maybe its a loose transformer or some other metal chassis component. If you have a set of junk/test speakers go for it. If you don't I can loan you a pair.
But...as you said...it either completely dead or it has superb DC offset specs.
Dead. Completely and utterly dead. The meter lights and hum are still the only signs of life. Still, for $5, with an obvious hum, this might be a good learner unit to clean relays and look for obvious issues. If I can't find it, I hear there are some folks nearby who are pretty good with Carver stuff.
Should be a fun project. Can you describe the hum better just saying a hum? I'm guessing you can't hear the relays click? They don't really need cleaned, but if they don't click when you start it up then that means that they aren't getting the proper voltage to them. Probably something bad in the power supply, causing draw on that transformer which is why it's buzzing (guess). There may be fuses internally also, easy to check.
Note: If the fuses are blown, there's often a reason! Often that reason is cause something is messed up! Or someone had too much fun with the volume knob and then tossed the unit when it gave out. Do not just jump the fuse holder or your repair can get much more complicated aka expensive. Put the same value or a lower value fuse in if that's the direction you need to go.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Pile-CC"
}
|
The genome of Schistosoma mansoni: isolation of DNA, its size, bases and repetitive sequences.
DNA has been prepared from adults and cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni utilizing a technique that involves centrifugation through cesium chloride. The DNA isolated from S. mansoni adults and that isolated from cercariae were found to be indistinguishable in all analyses. No modified bases were detected by chromatography or comparative endonuclease restriction. Cot analysis demonstrated that the haploid genome of S. mansoni is 0.26 pg (2.7 X 10(8) base pairs) and that the genome contains both moderately and highly repeated components. Some of the repetitive fraction of DNA consists of tandemly repeated ribosomal genes of which there are 500-1000 copies per genome (1.8-3.6% of the total DNA). Four other non-ribosomal repetitive sequences (comprising at least a further 2.0% of the total DNA) have been isolated from a DNA clone bank and their arrangement within the S. mansoni genome investigated by restriction and Southern blot analysis. These cloned segments of DNA appear in many different locations within the genome and thus are reminiscent of the interspersed DNA sequences described in higher eukaryotic organisms.
|
{
"pile_set_name": "PubMed Abstracts"
}
|
{
"private": true,
"dependencies": {
"@types/jest": "24.0.13",
"@types/node": "12.0.2",
"@types/react": "16.8.17",
"@types/react-dom": "16.8.4",
"jqwidgets-scripts": "^7.2.0",
"react": "^16.8.6",
"react-dom": "^16.8.6",
"react-scripts": "3.0.1",
"typescript": "3.4.5"
},
"scripts": {
"start": "react-scripts start",
"build": "react-scripts build",
"test": "react-scripts test",
"eject": "react-scripts eject"
},
"eslintConfig": {
"extends": "react-app"
},
"browserslist": {
"production": [
">0.2%",
"not dead",
"not op_mini all"
],
"development": [
"last 1 chrome version",
"last 1 firefox version",
"last 1 safari version"
]
}
}
|
{
"pile_set_name": "Github"
}
|
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