ceaglex/VisualTTS_Chem · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 19 206
dVdQsZ8kmWg-018\|So the acid strength should change.
dVdQsZ8kmWg-019\|And indeed, you can calculate the oxidation number of this carbon, and that's a good exercise.
dVdQsZ8kmWg-020\|You can draw those Lewis dot structures, and remember how to calculate oxidation numbers from Lewis dot structures.
dVdQsZ8kmWg-023\|So the strongest acid here, the weakest acid here, and the weakest acid will have the strongest conjugate base.
65q2f8Naf8M-001\|Now, remember, standard state with this little degree sign, that means all gases are present at one atmosphere of pressure.
65q2f8Naf8M-002\|If there's a concentration, it's one molar.
65q2f8Naf8M-003\|Liquids and solids are present in their pure state.
65q2f8Naf8M-004\|So with that in mind, which of these is a plot of standard state free energy versus temperature for H2O liquid going to H2O gas?
65q2f8Naf8M-012\|We're talking about the liquid-to-gas phase change for water, trying to plot the free energy in the standard state versus temperature.
65q2f8Naf8M-017\|If you look at this in terms of a line, this looks like y equals mx plus b.
65q2f8Naf8M-019\|So if delta S is positive, the slope of this system must be negative because there's a negative sign there.
65q2f8Naf8M-020\|So this slope must be negative.
65q2f8Naf8M-021\|So let's see.
65q2f8Naf8M-022\|We've got negative slope here, negative slope here.
65q2f8Naf8M-026\|In order for liquid water to go to gaseous water, we have to absorb energy.
65q2f8Naf8M-027\|Absorbing energy, that's a positive delta H.
65q2f8Naf8M-028\|That says the intercept of this line must be positive.
65q2f8Naf8M-029\|So now, between C and A, here we have a negative intercept.
65q2f8Naf8M-033\|You could have said, well, water, liquid water going to gaseous water, that's favorable at high temperatures.
65q2f8Naf8M-035\|The higher temperature you go, the more gas is favored.
65q2f8Naf8M-036\|So one atmosphere, because we're talking about standard state, one atmosphere of gas is favored at higher temperatures.
65q2f8Naf8M-037\|So delta G should be negative at higher temperatures.
65q2f8Naf8M-038\|And the lower the temperature, the liquid should be favored.
65q2f8Naf8M-039\|So delta G should be positive.
65q2f8Naf8M-040\|And that's what you have here-- low temperatures, positive delta G, high temperatures, negative delta G.
65q2f8Naf8M-041\|And that's the only situation where that's true.
65q2f8Naf8M-042\|So two ways to arrive at answer C.
9HIhEu8J79A-000\|When electromagnetic radiation interacts with matter, that radiation can be changed, or it can be emitted, or it can be absorbed in some way.
9HIhEu8J79A-001\|This is a really important phenomenon in chemistry.
9HIhEu8J79A-002\|Because we can't see atoms and molecules with our eyes.
9HIhEu8J79A-003\|In fact, when you see on TV, a scientist, they'll always have a lab coat, he'll have some safety glasses.
9HIhEu8J79A-004\|And regardless of what kind of scientist is being portrayed, they'll always have a microscope.
9HIhEu8J79A-005\|And when they want to tell you something about an atom or a molecule, they look through their microscope, and they say, oh, yeah, well, that molecule is blue.
9HIhEu8J79A-006\|That is just crazy.
9HIhEu8J79A-007\|We can't see-- there's no optical microscope that can resolve atoms and molecules.
9HIhEu8J79A-008\|What we do is we have radiation of various wavelengths interact with atoms and molecules.
9HIhEu8J79A-009\|And we deduce things about the molecules based on how those atoms and molecules interact with the radiation.
9HIhEu8J79A-010\|So when radiation hits a molecule or atom or any kind of matter, many things can happen.
9HIhEu8J79A-011\|It can be absorbed.
9HIhEu8J79A-012\|Radiation can be emitted by excited atoms.
9HIhEu8J79A-013\|The radiation can change from high frequency to low frequency radiation.
9HIhEu8J79A-014\|There can be a reflection process-- all kinds of different things that help us understand the matter.
9HIhEu8J79A-015\|So let's talk about absorption and emission.
9HIhEu8J79A-016\|It can happen in many different ways.
9HIhEu8J79A-017\|You can have a continuous absorption.
9HIhEu8J79A-018\|So you can have a continuous absorption of many wavelengths, so a band of wavelengths, different colors hitting you all at once.
9HIhEu8J79A-019\|So for instance, when we see white light, that's all the colors mix together coming at us.
9HIhEu8J79A-022\|And this is actually why you perceive color.
9HIhEu8J79A-023\|When white light, a combination of all the colors, hits an object, some of those colors can be absorbed.
9HIhEu8J79A-024\|The colors that aren't absorbed pass through or are reflected back and hit your eyeballs.
9HIhEu8J79A-025\|And the wavelengths that hit your eyeballs can be either red or blue or green.
9HIhEu8J79A-033\|So we can actually look at absorption and emission from atoms.
9HIhEu8J79A-034\|And I can show you a continuous emission spectrum.
9HIhEu8J79A-035\|It's actually several lines being emitted at once from atoms.
9HIhEu8J79A-036\|So let's look at that.
jp_X4YHAygg-001\|So let's keep track of the energetics of chemical reactions, and we'll do that in a subject called thermodynamics.
jp_X4YHAygg-002\|Thermodynamics involves heat transfer and tracking of the energy of systems and surroundings.
jp_X4YHAygg-003\|When we work in thermodynamics, we'll define a system and say OK, everything that happens in this beaker will be the system.
jp_X4YHAygg-004\|Everything else will be the surroundings.
jp_X4YHAygg-005\|And we'll track how heat moves between the system and the surroundings.
jp_X4YHAygg-006\|Now, energy-- and I'll use the symbol E-- is going to change in these systems.
jp_X4YHAygg-011\|Heat and work are mechanisms by which energy is transferred.
jp_X4YHAygg-015\|So we give heat that leaves the system the negative sign.
jp_X4YHAygg-016\|We call that exothermic-- heat that leaves the system.
jp_X4YHAygg-019\|And we give that heat a positive sign.
jp_X4YHAygg-024\|That's kind of a natural thing that you might already understand.
jp_X4YHAygg-025\|If some of your energy is used to do work, then that should lower your internal energy, and we'll give that work a negative sign.
jp_X4YHAygg-029\|By conserved, we mean energy isn't lost or created.
jp_X4YHAygg-030\|If it goes from the system to the surroundings, it goes joule for joule.
jp_X4YHAygg-033\|And I do that with heat and work.
jp_X4YHAygg-034\|Energy is a state function, and that means it depends only on the initial and final states of the system, not on the path to get there.
jp_X4YHAygg-035\|That is, if I'm at the top of a hill and I jump down to the bottom of the hill, my gravitational potential energy changes.
jp_X4YHAygg-036\|I have more potential energy here than I do here.
jp_X4YHAygg-037\|And that doesn't matter if I jump off the hill directly, or if I run down the hill in circles, or if I fly up in the air and then come down to the bottom of the hill.
jp_X4YHAygg-038\|If I start here and I end here, the energy change, that difference is always the same.
jp_X4YHAygg-039\|But the work I do to get from here to here might be different.
jp_X4YHAygg-040\|So work and heat are not state functions.
jp_X4YHAygg-041\|They depend on the path you take.
jp_X4YHAygg-042\|But the energy change is a state function.
jp_X4YHAygg-043\|Energy is a state functions, it's conserved, and when energy is moved from a system to the surroundings, it's moved joule for joule.
jp_X4YHAygg-044\|If I do a joule of work on the surroundings, I lose a joule of work.
jp_X4YHAygg-045\|If a joule of heat is absorbed by me from the surroundings, that's joule for joule.
jp_X4YHAygg-046\|The surroundings lose a joule of heat, I gain a joule of heat.
jp_X4YHAygg-047\|That's the essence of the first law of thermodynamics.
gAWuFYOUPSg-000\|Now let's talk about the atoms.
gAWuFYOUPSg-001\|Here's hydrogen atoms, slightly excited state, helium atoms, excited state, lithium atoms.
gAWuFYOUPSg-002\|So no charge on the species.
gAWuFYOUPSg-003\|They're all neutral atoms but slightly excited.
gAWuFYOUPSg-004\|Which atom has the lowest ionization energy?
gAWuFYOUPSg-010\|We're talking about ionizing three atoms.
gAWuFYOUPSg-011\|Each of the atoms is in a slightly excited state.
gAWuFYOUPSg-012\|So we have hydrogen in a 2p state, helium in the 3p state, and lithium in a 4p state.
gAWuFYOUPSg-013\|So we've talked about this already.
gAWuFYOUPSg-014\|When there's s electrons shielding p electrons, the shielding is very effective.
gAWuFYOUPSg-015\|So helium with its two plus charges has a 1s electron shielding and outer 3p.
gAWuFYOUPSg-016\|That one s shields almost one full nuclear charge.
gAWuFYOUPSg-017\|The minus one of the electron shields almost plus one on the nucleus.
gAWuFYOUPSg-019\|Same thing for the lithium.
gAWuFYOUPSg-020\|It has three protons in its nucleus, but it has two s electrons shielding that 4p electron.
gAWuFYOUPSg-021\|So those two s electrons do a very effective job of shielding nearly two full positive charges.

dVdQsZ8kmWg-018|So the acid strength should change.

dVdQsZ8kmWg-019|And indeed, you can calculate the oxidation number of this carbon, and that's a good exercise.

dVdQsZ8kmWg-020|You can draw those Lewis dot structures, and remember how to calculate oxidation numbers from Lewis dot structures.

dVdQsZ8kmWg-023|So the strongest acid here, the weakest acid here, and the weakest acid will have the strongest conjugate base.

65q2f8Naf8M-001|Now, remember, standard state with this little degree sign, that means all gases are present at one atmosphere of pressure.

65q2f8Naf8M-002|If there's a concentration, it's one molar.

65q2f8Naf8M-003|Liquids and solids are present in their pure state.

65q2f8Naf8M-004|So with that in mind, which of these is a plot of standard state free energy versus temperature for H2O liquid going to H2O gas?

65q2f8Naf8M-012|We're talking about the liquid-to-gas phase change for water, trying to plot the free energy in the standard state versus temperature.

65q2f8Naf8M-017|If you look at this in terms of a line, this looks like y equals mx plus b.

65q2f8Naf8M-019|So if delta S is positive, the slope of this system must be negative because there's a negative sign there.

65q2f8Naf8M-020|So this slope must be negative.

65q2f8Naf8M-021|So let's see.

65q2f8Naf8M-022|We've got negative slope here, negative slope here.

65q2f8Naf8M-026|In order for liquid water to go to gaseous water, we have to absorb energy.

65q2f8Naf8M-027|Absorbing energy, that's a positive delta H.

65q2f8Naf8M-028|That says the intercept of this line must be positive.

65q2f8Naf8M-029|So now, between C and A, here we have a negative intercept.

65q2f8Naf8M-033|You could have said, well, water, liquid water going to gaseous water, that's favorable at high temperatures.

65q2f8Naf8M-035|The higher temperature you go, the more gas is favored.

65q2f8Naf8M-036|So one atmosphere, because we're talking about standard state, one atmosphere of gas is favored at higher temperatures.

65q2f8Naf8M-037|So delta G should be negative at higher temperatures.

65q2f8Naf8M-038|And the lower the temperature, the liquid should be favored.

65q2f8Naf8M-039|So delta G should be positive.

65q2f8Naf8M-040|And that's what you have here-- low temperatures, positive delta G, high temperatures, negative delta G.

65q2f8Naf8M-041|And that's the only situation where that's true.

65q2f8Naf8M-042|So two ways to arrive at answer C.

9HIhEu8J79A-000|When electromagnetic radiation interacts with matter, that radiation can be changed, or it can be emitted, or it can be absorbed in some way.

9HIhEu8J79A-001|This is a really important phenomenon in chemistry.

9HIhEu8J79A-002|Because we can't see atoms and molecules with our eyes.

9HIhEu8J79A-003|In fact, when you see on TV, a scientist, they'll always have a lab coat, he'll have some safety glasses.

9HIhEu8J79A-004|And regardless of what kind of scientist is being portrayed, they'll always have a microscope.

9HIhEu8J79A-005|And when they want to tell you something about an atom or a molecule, they look through their microscope, and they say, oh, yeah, well, that molecule is blue.

9HIhEu8J79A-006|That is just crazy.

9HIhEu8J79A-007|We can't see-- there's no optical microscope that can resolve atoms and molecules.

9HIhEu8J79A-008|What we do is we have radiation of various wavelengths interact with atoms and molecules.

9HIhEu8J79A-009|And we deduce things about the molecules based on how those atoms and molecules interact with the radiation.

9HIhEu8J79A-010|So when radiation hits a molecule or atom or any kind of matter, many things can happen.

9HIhEu8J79A-011|It can be absorbed.

9HIhEu8J79A-012|Radiation can be emitted by excited atoms.

9HIhEu8J79A-013|The radiation can change from high frequency to low frequency radiation.

9HIhEu8J79A-014|There can be a reflection process-- all kinds of different things that help us understand the matter.

9HIhEu8J79A-015|So let's talk about absorption and emission.

9HIhEu8J79A-016|It can happen in many different ways.

9HIhEu8J79A-017|You can have a continuous absorption.

9HIhEu8J79A-018|So you can have a continuous absorption of many wavelengths, so a band of wavelengths, different colors hitting you all at once.

9HIhEu8J79A-019|So for instance, when we see white light, that's all the colors mix together coming at us.

9HIhEu8J79A-022|And this is actually why you perceive color.

9HIhEu8J79A-023|When white light, a combination of all the colors, hits an object, some of those colors can be absorbed.

9HIhEu8J79A-024|The colors that aren't absorbed pass through or are reflected back and hit your eyeballs.

9HIhEu8J79A-025|And the wavelengths that hit your eyeballs can be either red or blue or green.

9HIhEu8J79A-033|So we can actually look at absorption and emission from atoms.

9HIhEu8J79A-034|And I can show you a continuous emission spectrum.

9HIhEu8J79A-035|It's actually several lines being emitted at once from atoms.

9HIhEu8J79A-036|So let's look at that.

jp_X4YHAygg-001|So let's keep track of the energetics of chemical reactions, and we'll do that in a subject called thermodynamics.

jp_X4YHAygg-002|Thermodynamics involves heat transfer and tracking of the energy of systems and surroundings.

jp_X4YHAygg-003|When we work in thermodynamics, we'll define a system and say OK, everything that happens in this beaker will be the system.

jp_X4YHAygg-004|Everything else will be the surroundings.

jp_X4YHAygg-005|And we'll track how heat moves between the system and the surroundings.

jp_X4YHAygg-006|Now, energy-- and I'll use the symbol E-- is going to change in these systems.

jp_X4YHAygg-011|Heat and work are mechanisms by which energy is transferred.

jp_X4YHAygg-015|So we give heat that leaves the system the negative sign.

jp_X4YHAygg-016|We call that exothermic-- heat that leaves the system.

jp_X4YHAygg-019|And we give that heat a positive sign.

jp_X4YHAygg-024|That's kind of a natural thing that you might already understand.

jp_X4YHAygg-025|If some of your energy is used to do work, then that should lower your internal energy, and we'll give that work a negative sign.

jp_X4YHAygg-029|By conserved, we mean energy isn't lost or created.

jp_X4YHAygg-030|If it goes from the system to the surroundings, it goes joule for joule.

jp_X4YHAygg-033|And I do that with heat and work.

jp_X4YHAygg-034|Energy is a state function, and that means it depends only on the initial and final states of the system, not on the path to get there.

jp_X4YHAygg-035|That is, if I'm at the top of a hill and I jump down to the bottom of the hill, my gravitational potential energy changes.

jp_X4YHAygg-036|I have more potential energy here than I do here.

jp_X4YHAygg-037|And that doesn't matter if I jump off the hill directly, or if I run down the hill in circles, or if I fly up in the air and then come down to the bottom of the hill.

jp_X4YHAygg-038|If I start here and I end here, the energy change, that difference is always the same.

jp_X4YHAygg-039|But the work I do to get from here to here might be different.

jp_X4YHAygg-040|So work and heat are not state functions.

jp_X4YHAygg-041|They depend on the path you take.

jp_X4YHAygg-042|But the energy change is a state function.

jp_X4YHAygg-043|Energy is a state functions, it's conserved, and when energy is moved from a system to the surroundings, it's moved joule for joule.

jp_X4YHAygg-044|If I do a joule of work on the surroundings, I lose a joule of work.

jp_X4YHAygg-045|If a joule of heat is absorbed by me from the surroundings, that's joule for joule.

jp_X4YHAygg-046|The surroundings lose a joule of heat, I gain a joule of heat.

jp_X4YHAygg-047|That's the essence of the first law of thermodynamics.

gAWuFYOUPSg-000|Now let's talk about the atoms.

gAWuFYOUPSg-001|Here's hydrogen atoms, slightly excited state, helium atoms, excited state, lithium atoms.

gAWuFYOUPSg-002|So no charge on the species.

gAWuFYOUPSg-003|They're all neutral atoms but slightly excited.

gAWuFYOUPSg-004|Which atom has the lowest ionization energy?

gAWuFYOUPSg-010|We're talking about ionizing three atoms.

gAWuFYOUPSg-011|Each of the atoms is in a slightly excited state.

gAWuFYOUPSg-012|So we have hydrogen in a 2p state, helium in the 3p state, and lithium in a 4p state.

gAWuFYOUPSg-013|So we've talked about this already.

gAWuFYOUPSg-014|When there's s electrons shielding p electrons, the shielding is very effective.

gAWuFYOUPSg-015|So helium with its two plus charges has a 1s electron shielding and outer 3p.

gAWuFYOUPSg-016|That one s shields almost one full nuclear charge.

gAWuFYOUPSg-017|The minus one of the electron shields almost plus one on the nucleus.

gAWuFYOUPSg-019|Same thing for the lithium.

gAWuFYOUPSg-020|It has three protons in its nucleus, but it has two s electrons shielding that 4p electron.

gAWuFYOUPSg-021|So those two s electrons do a very effective job of shielding nearly two full positive charges.