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Continue the following story in Rutooro: Okuswerangana kwa Burungibuliza na Magurugasiganjuranamuyaga kukaba kw'okusemererwa okutakabonwaga. Kyonka habwa bagenzi be okutiina akabi k'entwiga, kikahanuurwa ngu hatalibaho ekintu kyona Magurugasiganjuranamuyaga na mukazi we eki balikora batabandize okwehanuuzaaho Kamanyi n... | neejuga, n'embwa na zo italekeriire okugiboigoorra, enyana egi ekakwata omuhanda gwayo yagenda. Ekakwata ogurukugya omba Isaza, omukama w'omukasumi ako oku baamwetaga. Obwire kwija kuba itumbi ekaba ehikire ira omumasaazi g'ente za Isaza. Etabambire rugo na rumu, kyonka ekarora omwisaazi nk'aho yabyama. Obwire nibukya,... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: Hati Magurugasiganjuranamuyaga obu yaboine oku alemesiibwe okuzoora ekintu kyona omunda ya kyegira nyana egi, akacwamu okutwarra kimu omukono gwe omunda yayo okuhikya guhikirwe omwibega. Baitu noobu aliba yakozire eki, nikyo kimu nabwo atagire kintu kyona eki yahikireho. Obu aka... | ruhuumuleho. Obu rukaba nirugwa hansi ruti, ahonaaho nirufooka nyantwiga eri, eyaraganiize kwita Magurugasiganjuranamuyaga. "Magurugasiganjuranamuyaga, ntakugambire nti ndiija ndi kintu ekya buli mulingo gwona ndi kwita?" Ebi nibyo bigambo ebi yamukagwize obu yamazire kugwa hansi erekiire n'omukono gwe okuruga omunda y... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: Nyambwa zaawe kuraara zihuliire iraka lya mukama wazo, ahonaaho zigarukwamu amaani maingi muno, zitandika okwirukira kimu okufa n'okukira. Nyantwiga kwija kujumbuutuka, zo zimazire ira kuhika. Mukama wazo akazigambira ekigambo kimu kyonka ati, "Mwehiire!" Ahonaaho zaatandikiraho... | eki yagabuliiremu Burungibuliza. Hanyuma y'okumara ebiro naakyalya kandi naanywa n'abooruganda rwe hamu n'abantu abandi boona abaijaga okumujwahukiirra, hati akasaba bagenzi be bamusendekereza agende kweranga hali Isaza hamu n'embwa ze. Abantu obu baakihuliire ngu Magurugasiganjuranamuyaga naagonza kugya kweranga hali ... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: (i) Ekintana n'Abaana Baakyo Baawanswa: Katabarwa genda, Kadondora genda. Abaana bange abo, kuba nyina ebyoya, Mba mbagenziremu kwezinira amadeeku n'amaderule. (ii) Enyamuhebe n'Omwissi w'Enswa: Kora omunjuba oyeenyinye, ezindi omiisire iguru. Omukazi n'omwana olifa nawe? Ee ee!... | aizire? Ngu araha? Taroho! Taroho! Ayebere! Ayebere! Muze!Muze! Muze! Muze! Kibbaate kya Kaseegu ibara erirukumanyisa omuntu na ise kimuzaara. Bantu baingi omubusinge obwa ira abaayetwaga amabara aga mulingo ogu. Soma agamu hali go kandi olengeho n'okuzoora ekyaleeteraga amabara ga mulingo ogu kumanyisa omuntu na ise r... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: Obu Ndikura Tindifa Omusaija omu, Benedikito Karutaba akaba ali w'emyaka asatu n'etaano ey'obukuru abafumu be basatu ha baamumanyisiize amakuru ag'okutiinisa kandi ag'obujune, nkooku asigaizeeyo ameezi mukaaga gonka afe, aruge omunsi. Omunyeeto ogwa mbere akaba agurugiremu, bait... | bataahi be abamu, abaasigaire omu Uganda, abataratungire omugisa gw'okwegesibwa nk'okwe aheeru y'ensi y'owaitu. Akaba ali mwana w'omu bantu. Ise akaba ali w'Isaza omu Bukama bwa Bunyoro. Akaba atungire, ayeyombekiire kandi amanyire kukozesa itungo kurungi. Akaba azaire abaana bbana, baitu hanyuma y'emyaka ena nambere K... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: Karutaba akaba atarukwenda itungo lingi, ente akaba atarukwesiga ngu niisobora kwikara kurungi mukama wazo ataroho, nahabweki ezirukukira obwingi yazitunda ensimbi yazita omu bbanka. Nahabweki sente ise ezi yasigire, oteho na zinu ezarugire omu nte, oyongerezeeho n'omusaara gwe,... | baakumuragiire. Obu bamazire kumukebera boona omurundi ogwa ha mpero, bakamurangira n'obujune bati, "Tukukebiire twakwekebiija weena, baitu eky'okusaalirwa oina oburwaire omu sagama yaawe, kandi oburwaire obu nubwija okukwita omumyezi mukaaga kuruga hati. Busaho mubazi ogumanyirwe omunsi yoona ogusobora okukutambira." ... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: Ekikuru eki nkaba ningonza okukora nukwo ensita enu kugirinda n'okugisereka abantu boona, n'okukira muno nyina nyowe. Kandi nkateererra n'abafumu bange kutagambiraho muntu weena ebi bangambiire. Nyina nyowe akaba ali mukaikuru muno, ninyowe mwana omu wenka ou akaba asigaize omu ... | obutiini bw'okufa n'esanduuko y'okunziikamu, n'ekituuro, natandika okuteekereza n'amaani nk'oku ndaamara ebiro byange ebi ebike ebisigaireyo omu bwomeezi bwange. Nkaba nyina sente ezirukumara omu bbanka, omugurusi akaba ansigiire nyingi n'ezi naihire omu nte zaali nyingi. Nkaba nyine ezindi omu Iusuwarensi, kandi obu o... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: Ha kiro ekya kabiri, obu nkaba ndi omuka aho akaana akamu akaisiki k'emyaka etaano yonka ey'obukuru, baakeetaga Felisite kakaija kaikarra aho twatandika okubaza. Obu tukaba nitubaza tuti, nkahurra omwana yatulika n'ebigambo ebi nkaba ntarukumunihiramu, baitu ebi natangiriire n'e... | abamu abaahandikire ebizina ebituzina, nka, Charles Wesley na Kaabagangara boona bakyali boomezi, ensi zoona niibaijuka. Abandi bahandiika ebitabu nk'eky'Omutambuze ekyahandikirwe omusaija ibara lye linyebere". Nyowe hanu mwijukya nti: 'Nuwe Yohaana Banyani'. Agira ati "Otyo! nuwe Banyani" ati "ogu hati bunu tarukukira... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: "Nyowe n'omutima gwange ogwijwire omuhimbo habw'ebigambo by'amagezi eby'omwana onu yangambiire, namweta yaija namuteeka ha kibero ky'okuguru kwange, nabaza na uwe mutunuuliire omu maiso namugira nti: Ruhanga naija kukuha amagezi n'ebitabu noobihandiika, n'ebizina noobicwererra. ... | ha nazairwe n'abazaire bange ha baarugire. Ebi byona obu namazire okubihandiika mbitaireho omukono na baakaiso na bo bataireho kyonka batarozire ebi mpandiikire, nabirorra omu bbanka nabitamu, naragira nti: "Ebbahaasa egi erisumururwa mmazire kufa." "Hati nkaba nsigaliize ekintu kimu kyonka hali ebi omwana wa nyinento ... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: Ow'Engonzi Zaanuukule Ezange Nkamusanga omumusiri gw'ebyakyo. Naanywegera ekyakyo kya Rooza. Obu yaimukire amaiso yandeeba, Yayesisaniza nk'atamboine. Baitu nkooku itaserekwa engozi ndikaitwa, Ebiimwemwe byamuhaagura amatama. Namweyuna n'ekihika nindaata, Namuramukya niimwatura ... | sineema?" Nyakazaana amugarukamu naasandaara ati, "Ngira nyowe hati bunu nkatandika kulya nk'ente, olindiisa onsobole?" Ha rubaju orundi orw'esimu Rweyamura obu yamazire okuseka yamugarukamu, na uwe naazaana ati: "Noobu oraakalya nubwo oraalya okize nyowe!" Rweyamura ekisandaaro ky'Abboki kikaba kimazire okumwoleka ngu... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: Esaaha z'okwinuka zikahika Rweyamura akyaroho. Obu akaba naasa kugenda Kayongo amutanga namugira ati, "Leka Atwije tugendere hamu". Ategura ofiisi. Akaba aina ensimbi nke eza kaasi nka kikumi rundi bibiri, ezi baali basaswire kiro eki, habw'okwikara naabaza na munywani we, atagi... | oli musuma?" Rweyamura agarukamu bitarukwija ati. "Nangwa tindi musuma iwe omboine nkwasire ki?" Nyizire okurora Offii....." Rwambuya ayongerra kimu kubaliza haiguru atarukumwikiriza n'okumarayo ebye arukubaza, agira ati, "Muntu ki ou oraboine naagenda kurora ofiisi omu itumbi ly'akahogo" (kunu obu itumbi likaba litaka... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: Obu yamwetegeriize, Rweyamura akacwekwa enkizi ei akaba atakacwekwaga omu bwomeezi bwe bwona, habwokuba omwisiki ou akaba atunurraine na uwe omu kairimairima k'omunda ya motoka, akaba atali ondi n'ondi, baitu ni Nyakazaana omurungi we! Kandi hati enkizi, ensoni obutiini n'etuutu... | byona. Ekyakasatu naasobora kugenda hali omuntu wa Ruhanga omukuru w'eby'ediini naamwaturra byona. Hanu yaijuka ngu babarahiza okutaatura ensita z'omuntu weena anyakugenda hali bo okweijukya. Yaijuka kandi ebigambo ebi basoma Omu Kereziya ngu, "Omusiisi obu azira akaleka ebikorwa ebibi----- alijuna obwomeezi bwe." Hanu... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: Habwokuba ebijumburro bya Majege hali iba arukugonzebwa Kakonko bikamuleetera okubiihirwa kukooto okwarugirwemu Kakonko omunyeete okwebiriikirra Majege we enganzi hali isezaara Rufundamu Omusaigi omuka ye ey'ekyaro Busaiga. Naayoleka isezaara asaliirwe. ati, "Majege omukazi wamp... | tiinyina sente, ezi nyikaire nyinaho nizo ngulizeemu sukaali n'ebyokulya by'abaana." Rurondooka aguniriza ati, "Kandi ezaasigaraho waitaha? Omu bwato bw'amaarwa bwona nihasobora kurugamu siringi ezi zonka? Obu oraaba noogonza obusinge, leeta sente hati hati. Amahembe galiira ha nte." Kyaligonza na uwe akayukire amugaru... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: Omu ihangwe Rurondooka yagaruka omuka, kunu tiyakikoraga obutoosa. Akagenda okurora ebintu nkooku bikaba biri omu kasumi ako rundi manyeki taikara kusanga n'omukazi yagaruka; baitu akasanga eka yoona eculiire, efukire nkooku yagisigire nyenkya. Musana ogu atalye ekyanyamusana, a... | Baabakunira nk'engeso yaabo oku eri, baabajuna emiigo, baabaikaliza kurungi, baabaterurra omwani obu baamazire kubaramukya. Emitooro egi ey'okubanza obu yamazire okuhwa n'abantu boona abaraaliziibwe okusorrokana, otaireho na baakibwetaahya abaabu Rusota n'omukazi - aba Barwenda baikaliire bonka n'aba Isezaarabo bonka, ... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: Hanyuma y'okuhinguraho omwanya muke buli muntu nabaza na mutaahi we anyakumuheriire, ensimbi ziri ha meeza "n'ebbenge" yayo ejuumikire ha rubaju rwazo, nubwo Rweru yabalize n'iraka likooto abandi boona baaculera ati, "Ebintu byona abakazi babitulekiire. Okucwa okwabu kuhoire, bo... | mpero ya sabbiiti obu ntagenda omu ofiisi." Yaculeera okumara akacu hanyuma yayongeraho na kinu nk'arukuhaya ati, "Ekya kasatu, omuntu weena ou aligaruka kuunyeta ibara lya Rurondooka rundi kulyeta abaana bange rundi omukazi wange ndifa na uwe." Kaakulikaakunu yamugarukamu akyanganukire ati, "Byona obigarukiremu masaij... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: Omunda mpurra ekihika kyankwata, omutima gwatandika okuntaigira. Nyinunuka ndora izooba nsanga obwire bukyaikaire. Ngambira Kasozi nyineeka nti, 'Owaitu nahurra baanyeta. Ninyinja kuraba omu katongo nseeri ndigaruka kiro kindi. Ntandika okurubata ninjwambura okubungira Katongons... | zinu nsorooza ninta omu nsahu. Omwanya gutaabe mwingi amairu gange gampwaho. N'amasahu goona gaabooga habwokuba akatongo kanu koona Kakaba kaijwire entuutu nizisisana nkooku bagamba Entonzi etakabonaga muhoro. Nkaba ntaha w'okuruga aho kuba isenkati omutima gwange Atarantimire naagamba ati, "Ebirungi bisigwa Ateenyi En... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: Hati mmazire okumanya nti ekyehohooro ky'encwera Nikisa ifuro kwonka, Amahwa gakakitaagura n'amatojo gaakicwacwana Nkaba ntandikire okwegonza omu karorro k'akatongo Orusulizo ntaire ha munwa, nindubata nk'ali owaitu; Baitu akayaga obu kaahindwire, kaateera nikangarurra okusemere... | bwa nyinako Kajobe n'amagezi ga iseko Kapucu. Kaagonzaaga muno okubaza n'okukaguza ebikaguzo ha buli kantu koona aka kaaroraga n'aka kaijaga omu mutwe. Ise ko Kapucu akaba ali musaija omwetegereza, omugumiisiriza, atarayekanasaaga ebikaguzo by'abato. Uwe na uwe na Kajobe bakaba beekambisize abaana baabo okubatebezaaga ... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: Ha Munwa Gw'Ekituuro Ha saaha ikumi n'emu z'ekiro zonyini, Kanyonyi omukozi omu Gavumenti akaba amazire okwimuka naaboha naayeeteekaniza okugenda okubungira amasomero Busongora. Mukazi we akaba amuraliize cai omu fulasika, n'emigaati ye enyakwokezeeho ha murro akaraara agiteekan... | Amuhigiza airra omu rwigi arora kurungi, bamukwataho baamutengesaho nibamweta ibara baitu akaba atarukusobora kubaanukura, akaba naahiriita, baitu atakacwekaine. Nandi Kasaija ati, "Tukoleki hati? Tuteere enduuru?" Murusuura ati, "Ego eki ogambire nikihika, ebya hati, tibaikara kugira ngu niitwe twamwita. Kandi ekindi ... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: Omu irwarro Medikoro abafumu basatu, bakatandika ahonaaho okurwana obulemu okujuna obwomeezi bwa Kanyonyi. Akaba arugirwemu esagama nyingi, nahabweki baarora omu bihandiiko byabu anyakwina esagama nk'eye nukwo bamuhandiikire aije bwango abahe ekikopo ky'esagama y'okumwongeramu, ... | omuntu weena okukora. Baitu mutaahi we ondi nubwo yamurozire yamukwataho ahonaaho ati, "Weewe nookora mahano ki? Lindaho kake, n'omufumu w'okukubuya omu karungu kanu titumwine." Haroho abantu abanyakugonza kusandaara noobu baba bali ha bintu ebikuru bita rundi eby'akabi! Hanyuma baamalirra okwemerra enyuma ya Jipu egi,... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: Ekindi, omugisa gwatukwata abagenzi boona baasangwa bataahire omu lyato baikaliire balindiriire okwimukya akasumi koona. Nkamanya nti naasemerra kuba aine siringi nyingi omu nsahu ye habwokuba nkamanya nti aikaire ataine eki yakwikozeseze omu ihanga litali ly'owaabu nka kunu. Ni... | omuzinzi nuwe n'omu nagwisikaniize naaruga hansi y'orutindo, ningumya akaba naaruga kurora kururaba rugumire kurabaho motoka. Girikooti na sikaafu ebitumusangire ajwaire nibiikirraniza n'okusoborra kwa Kanyonyi ayatuhaire. Kaheesi obu yamazire kuhandiika Repoota enu anu yagitweka hali bakuru be. Ebyahanyuma Omu Ibaagir... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: Engeso Zaitu ez'Obuhangwa Kikahandiikwa<br>Y. R. K. MULINDWA<br>na<br>V. K. K. G. KAGORO Fountain Publishers P. O. Box 488 Kampala Tel: 256-(41)259163/241112 Fax: 251160 E-mail: fountain@starcom.co.ug (C) Y. R. K. Mulindwa, V. K. K. G. Kagoro 1968 First published 1968 Fountain e... | yaligendamu, okurwanisa Nyaika. Obulemu bwali bw'amaani muno, kandi n'abantu baingi muno bakafa. Ngu ha baarwaniire Kaseese empanga z'abantu na hati hoona noosobora kwirora igarangataine. Hanyuma y'okurwana omwanya mukooto, Nyaika akasingura Kabuzi, yaguma ha ngoma ye. Nyaika atakole kubi abaana ba Kabuzi akabatungisa.... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: ABANTU N'EBINTU BY'OMU KIKAALI (1) Abantu Abambukya baroleerra amaizi g'okwoga n'okunaaba Abookya nubo abacumbi Abaamura boogya engaaju Omujweki arolerra ensimbi. Abaduuma barolerra amaarwa Abakoona balinda ebitebe. Abakumirizi barolerra obukomo. Isaabakaaki mukuru w' Abakumiriz... | nsiika, Kaaruziika. Maherre, na Kaabwizi biri Kyambukya (3) Amahango Kimuli kyokya mahanga Kinegena Kaitantaahi Kiraazankamba Nyamuhaibona enganzi y'okwezi Kaiziriijo Katasongerwa mukuru atahwita Mutasimburwa Dabongo (Goti-Goti) (4) Amaju g'Omukama Kaaruziika Rwengo Kihuukya Kadebede Icwamitwe Kyokya Ibandiro Ihundiro ... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: OKUSWAGIRRA OMUKAMA Omukama aramibwa "Engundu Zoona Okaali" Obu azooka abantu bagamba "Kaboneke Agutamba" Obu ataaha omu nju bagamba "Ha mulyango Mbaire" Obu aikarra bagamba "Kahangirize Nkyanungi". Obu aba ayemeriire bagamba "Omubyemo Wamara" Obu aba naagenda rundi naaruga omu ... | Musanga abantu bakurata. Obu akuba abantu bataaha n'omunyoro na uwe agenda owaabu n'abe nibajaguza, engoma neegamba. Omunyoro obu aba ali mukuru amakondere n'entimbo bimusendekereza bimutaahya. Obu aba naaruga omu kikaali omukumirizi amusaba ente y'omukama. Omunyoro aha omukumirizi ogu sente kusigikira okugonza kwe oku... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: Owiisaza: Bujenje Owiigomboorra Omuhangura Bikonzi " " Omubongoya Bwijanga " " Omugwera Biiso " " Omunyabyara Buliisa " " Omutalehesa Budongo " Omurwana Kyabigambire Owiisaza: Bululi Owiigomborra Omuhambya Ihungu " " Omuhangane Kimengo " " Omuhuukya Pakaanyi " " Omusuuga Miirya ... | Omukwiri Omukwiri Kyanyaisoke " Omuhinya Mabaale Owiisaza: Bugangaizi Owiisaza Owiigomborra Kikuukuule Kakumiro " " Omukwenuzi Kasambya " " Omuhemba Nkooko " " Omugwara Kakindo " " Omwambu- Bwanswa kya Owiisaza Omujwenge Nyalweyo AMABARA G'ABEMIRUKA Munyoka Murabaraba Mutuba III Munyoka Murabaraba Munyoka Murabaraba Sa... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: Owiisaza: Mwenge Owiigomboorra Omutaleesa Butiiti Omugoroba Nyantungo Omugoroo- bra Matirl Omutalya Katooke Omutalemwa Nyamabuga Omwebambe Mirongo AMBARA G'Emiruka Omwanguhya Omwanguhya Omusorooza Omusiza Omutooza Omugorra Omukingira Omuhana (omu Ruganda Omunnyoka) (omu Ruganda ... | omunyonza yakamira mukazi we amata yanywa amazire kuzaara. Obu yahikire owaise yamubihirirwa yamucwera obwiko kandi yamwoleka nkooku omunyonza nuwe mwene waabu. Okuruga obu yaba munyonza n'abaana beyazaire baaba banyonza. Ekyokurorraaho ekindi ekirukusisana kinu omu kucwerangena obwiko nikyo eky'Abaitira n'Abacwamba. A... | monolingual_generation |
Continue the following story in Rutooro: Ira omuntu ayaitaga esega baamwitaga. Obugara bwarra Kagando omu Kikaali, ira busaho muntu yaikirizibwaga kubwarra omu nju ye. EBITANGAAZO Ebitangaazo biba bigambo omuntu ebi ayatura obu aba ahuniiriire rundi obu aba naarahira. Abakazi nubo bakira okutangaaza. Haroho enganda ezi... | baterranganira yoga embaale. Buli muntu agonza eze nizo ibanze inywe, kandi omuntu kutamura ente ya mugenzi we embuga akagiteeraho obu buli obulemu bwacweka. Okuhaagura embuga kintu ky'omugiijo n'omutooro mahano. Abantu obu baba nibagaruka baija bajagwize nibazina kandi beeharaga itaka rundi obundi balyetona. Zinu nizo... | monolingual_generation |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: A Guide for Advanced Learners and Teachers of Runyakitara | Makerere University Press P.O. Box 7062 Kampala, Uganda Email: sales@press.mak.ac.ug managing.editor@press.mak.ac.ug (C) Oswald K. Ndoleriire, 2020 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photoc... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Table of Contents | Table of Contents ..... v Acronyms and Abbreviations ..... ix Preface ..... xi Acknowledgements ..... xvi About the Contributing Authors ..... xvii Chapter 1 THE PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY OF RUNYAKITARA Oswald Ndolerire & Gilbert Gumoshabe ..... 1 Introduction ..... 1 Theoretical Framework ..... 1 Scope of the Study ....... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Preface | This book introduces a language that we call Runyakitara. You may wonder what Runyakitara stands for. If you are a Ugandan, you may think that some linguists sat down and came up with a new language that they then named Runyakitara. We are going to show you that this is not the case. Runyakitara, as a matter of fact, i... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Runyakitara in the global context | It is generally accepted that the four varieties of Runyakitara under study belong to the Bantu family of languages, which are part of the Benue-Congo sub-group. The latter itself belongs to the Niger-Congo which is under the Congo-Kordofan (also called Niger-Kordofan) language family. One notes that the Bantu language... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Runyakitara in the national context | The Ugandan Constitution does not mention the word Runyakitara. It mentions 56 languages according to the tribes that the constitution recognises. Thus, Runyoro is recognised as a language in the same way Rukiga, Rutagwenda, Runyaruguru and others are. The practice in previous periods, particularly from the 1950s, was ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Language and Dialect | Generally speaking, a language is made up of dialects; that is, different ways in which a language is used by speakers. The most widely-spoken dialects are the regional dialects; that is, people in a given area speaking a language somewhat differently from those of another area. There are also social dialects whereby p... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Historical Perspectives and Geographical Distribution | It is widely accepted in Western Uganda, that a people's language or orulimi/orurimi corresponds to what her ethnic group speaks. The Banyoro speak Runyoro, the Batooro speak Rutooro, the Bagangaizi speak Rugangaizi, the Banyankore speak Runyankore, the Bakiga speak Rukiga, and so on. However, when the European mission... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: General theoretical approach | This book is intended for a wide readership, ranging from students in secondary schools and teacher training colleges to language teachers at all levels of education. It should also be useful for language students and lecturers in institutions of higher learning as well as researchers in languages and related areas. Du... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Acknowledgements | This book is a result of painstaking research, which started in 1995/1996 with a research grant from the Research and Publications Committee of Makerere University, to whom we express our sincere appreciation. We wish to extend our sincere thanks to all those who have, in one way or another, helped towards the realizat... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: About the Contributing Authors | Shirley Cathy Byakutaaga, holds a Bachelor of Arts with Education (Makerere University) and a Masters in Linguistics (University of Victoria, British Columbia, Canada). She served as a Senior Lecturer at the Institute of Languages, Makerere University, where she was among those who initiated and popularized the teachin... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Chapter 1 | THE PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY OF RUNYAKITARA <br> Oswald Ndolerire & Gilbert Gumoshabe | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Introduction | This chapter, which is an updated version of Ndoleriire's (1992) article, endeavours to present aspects of the phonetics and phonology of Runyakitara. Some people have already made an attempt but very often in a very superficial manner. The studies that exist are presenting sounds either in Runyoro-Rutooro or Runyankor... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Theoretical Framework | In the inventory of sounds, the approach will be purely descriptive, the aim being to try to account for as many sounds as can be identified in the four dialects of Runyakitara (Runyoro-Rutooro/Runyankore-Rukiga, sometimes divided into Runyoro-Rutooro and Runyankore-Rukiga). This collection of sounds is what we have re... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Scope of the Study | Here, we are going to analyse some aspects of the Runyakitara phonetics and phonology especially from the segmental point of view. This means that our study will not be comprehensive since Runyakitara is made up of numerous dialects and sub-dialects, not to talk of 'idiolects' or individual varieties. A comprehensive s... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Tone in Runyakitara | From the research conducted, tone, which Fromkin and his colleagues (2003) describe as the vocal sound with reference to its pitch, quality, and strength, is clearly attested in Runyankore-Rukiga. It is used in providing meaning of words whose spelling is the same but vary in pronunciation. That variation is only expla... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Taata obu aba naagaba enyama naanyampa | Taata obu a-ba ni-a-gaba e-nyama ni-a-nyampa 2. Taata obu aba naagaba enyama naanye ampa Taata obu aba ni-a-gaba e-nyama naanye a-mpa 3. Omukazi acumbire O-mu-kazi a-cumb-ire 4. Omukazi acumbire Father, when he is giving meat, he passes wind. When father is giving meat, he passes wind. Father, when he is giving meat, m... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: He is reading it | We note that in some Runyankore-Rukiga varieties we can have sentences like: 9. Twamushangayo Twamushangayo 10. Naazayo | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: I have gone there | He is going there; He will go there In the first set of Runyoro-Rutooro examples, the ambiguity between the two clauses is removed by the presence of contrastive tone. The examples above show that the grammatical intonation here helps to indicate the distinction between different types of clauses. Apart from such examp... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Verbs | Due to the tone levelling phenomenon, all the above could be pronounced with low tone by some speakers. | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Non-Verbs | The above examples can be summarised as follows: (a) Verbs that are infinitive usually have only two tone classes: one characterised by low tone only, the other characterised by the presence of a high tone. (b) Nouns are also in two classes: one with low tone only, and the other by the presence of high tone appearing i... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Methodological Approach | We shall attempt to account for the major similarities and differences at phonetic and phonological levels among the major dialects of Runyakitara. In order to do this, one has of necessity to adopt a comparative approach. The different dialects will therefore be examined both individually and collectively in order to ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Sounds of Runyakitara | In order to identify the distinctive sounds of a language, it is important to make an inventory of as many sounds as may exist in a language. From this pool of sounds, one can determine those that are more pertinent than others. As indicated earlier, we shall limit ourselves to the most common sounds produced by the sp... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Runyakitara Consonant Charts | Chart 1: Rn Chart 2: Rt Chart 3: Ry Chart 4: Rk From the four charts above, Runyankore has the highest number of consonantal sounds (26) followed by Rutooro (25), Runyoro (24) and Rukiga has the lowest number (23). We shall see, however, later, that the slightly higher number of sounds in Runyankore than in the other d... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: . Some Runyankore speakers still tend to aspirate the | p p such as in [ phaasi p h aasi ] (flat iron) and [okup h h akuka] (to do something hurriedly). It must be mentioned, however, that p p as a sound on its own is rather rare, both in Runyoro-Rutooro and Runyankore-Rukiga. It is mostly in loan words - such as Paapa (Pope); paasi (flat iron); pakiti (packet); paipu (pipe... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The sound | h h, on the other hand, occurs very frequently both in Runyoro-Rutooro and Runyankore-Rukiga. Common examples include: kuha (to give); kuhaata (to peel); kuhaba (to lose one's way); kuhaga (to inflate or to get filled up); kuhama (to take root); kuhamba (to seize, to rape); kuheeka (to carry on one's back); kuhika (to ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The | ts ts sound, on the other hand, is not widely used in Runyakitara. It is mainly used by the pastoral Bahima among the Runyankore speakers, with a few other Banyankore using it. It is also used by Kinyarwanda speakers outside Runyakitara area. Elsewhere in Runyakitara area, the ts ts sound is replaced either by s s or k... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Stylistic pronunciation of | ts ts in Rutooro could be heard particularly among the youth in words such as: I,f,Y I,f,Y, and rr rr These sounds are very frequent in Runyakitara particularly [f]. This latter is the sound most heard in Runyankore-Rukiga, whereas where l l is most common among Runyoro-Rutooro speakers who, at the same time, use [r] [... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: If we start by examining the sound | r r, it will be noted that throughout the Runyakitara area, it is usually pronounced flapped /f/, such that the following will be pronounced thus: Note that some Runyakitara speakers, especially those speaking Runyoro, sometimes pronounce f f, as a fricative sound and not flapped f. Examples are: | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: As regards the sound | [l] [l], it can be said that this is practically non-existent among Runyankore speakers. Among the Rukiga speakers, the lateral [l] [l] is used as in RunyoroRutooro although many Bakiga believe they do not have it simply because it is not in the Runyankore-Rukiga orthography. As mentioned earlier, it is most frequent i... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Examples with | I I | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Examples with | f f It is clear from these examples that, in Runyoro-Rutooro and Rukiga, f f and l l appear in complementary distribution; that is, the sounds appearing before and after l l are different from those appearing before and after f f. This can be illustrated as follows: In all the other environments, which are the majority... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: As far as the rolled | r r or rr Examples: rr (also called a trill - is concerned, as mentioned earlier, it is most widely used among the Rutooro speakers but can also be found in other cases. In Rutooro, the sound). | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The examples above show that there are at least three ways in Runyoro in which the | rr rr in Rutooro is translated. The most common pronunciation seems to be that of Runyoro 1. Runyoro 2 seems to be more common among those who had some formal training in Runyoro-Rutooro because that was the standard pronunciation as reflected in the standard orthography. The speakers of Runyoro 3 are also many and see... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The fricative | r r or [r] [r] is heard in Runyoro and Rutooro but in different conditions. Among some Banyoro, the flapped r r or [f] is often pronounced as [r] [r], like in omunyoro [omunoro] rather than [omunofo]; that is, as [r] [r]. On the other hand, in Rutooro, r r is heard especially among the young generations to replace the ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Remarks | The word okulira/okurira, "to cry"," can be written exceptionally with a short or long vowel; i.e., okurra or okuurra or okura. The older generation in Rutooro tends to use okuurra rather than okurra, thus respecting the rule of vowel lengthening before rr . | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The younger generation tends to shorten the | rr rr both in okurra and in okura (one hardly hears okuura). After all, in this other case, there is no rolled r r as such and therefore the lengthening of the vowel before rr rr need not necessarily apply although it does apply in the other cases as shown in the examples of the fifth stage. 2. It has been pointed out ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Before leaving the study of the sounds | l,f,rr l,f,rr and r r, it should be noted that the above sounds are pronounced as d d when preceded by the alveolar nasal n n. Examples include: | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Note that in the last example with | rr rr, only the first r r becomes d d while the second r r remains r r. This is an exceptional case in Runyakitara where the syllable structure of the type VCVCV or CVNCV or CVCW/YV etc. now also includes the structure: CVndrC as in nindra above. | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: J and 3 | These two sounds are very frequent in Runyankore-Rukiga but of very limited use in Runyoro-Rutooro. It should be noted first that the sound transcribed as f f is usually written a sh in Runyankore-Rukiga orthography while 3 is written as j j. To begin with, the distribution of f f is very limited in Runyoro-Rutooro alt... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The original pronunciation seems to have been | h h, the form used in spellings. This can be confirmed by the verb kuhya (to burn) in the following usages: In the two examples above, h h can be replaced by f f or s s by some speakers. However, if we take the form: tu-hi-ire we are burnt The only sound acceptable is h h and not f f or s s. The sounds f f and s s, the... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The pronunciation of | hy hy in Runyoro-Rutooro is more complex than is shown in the chart above. It seems most Banyoro pronounce an hy hy, which is close to a velar fricative +y +y, something like: omuXyo (the sound often heard among some Basoga speakers, in Lumasaba or in Luluya). Others do pronounce: omuhyo; while others pronounce: omuhyo... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: It should be noted that while the usual equivalent pronunciation of | f f in RunyoroRutooro is s s, that of 3 is j j as shown in the following examples: As mentioned in the chapter on orthography, the letters ' zh zh ' would have better represented the sound 3 in Runyankore-Rukiga orthography than the present j j and would have corresponded to sh, which represents the unvoiced. In this c... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The utilisation of | c c and j j in Runyoro-Rutooro is straight forward and does not need much explanation. c c and j j are used in all environments without exception. In RunyankoreRukiga, things are more complex. Whereas the first examples with c c are similar to those in Runyoro-Rutooro, the rest of the examples show marked differences. ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The above comments on | ky ky and gy gy can also be applied to the pronunciation of ki ki and gi gi, which are pronounced as full palatals by Rukiga speakers and many Runyankore speakers but as palatalised velars by a few Runyankore speakers. Note on w w and y y w w and y y are usually called, in phonetics, frictionless continuants or approxi... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Vowels | Runyakitara vowels are, as a whole, less complex than the consonants, at least from the articulatory point of view. There are, all in all, five vowels that have a distinctive feature of length, such that every short vowel can be lengthened with a change in the meaning of a word. The following chart illustrates the Runy... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The diphthong | oi oi is frequent, particularly in Runyoro-Rutooro: Ry/Rk Runyoro-Rutooro also has the diphthong au in the word mau ("my mother" or "mother"). | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Phonemes of Runyakitara | Phonetics is the study of the nature of sounds in a language while phonology concentrates on those sounds in a language that are of special significance and that enable one to differentiate one word from another or an utterance from another. We shall now look at the phonemes of Runyakitara, or those sounds that one can... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The bilabials to be analysed are | p,b,β,m p,b,β,m and w.b w.b and β β are usually said to be variants of the same phoneme, as follows: i) Conditional Variants b b and β β are in complementary distribution, with b b occurring after a nasal and β β elsewhere, as shown in the following examples: In the above cases, b b and β β are conditional variants of ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: It is however argued that | β/b β/b can be considered as distinct phonemes because there exists at least one minimal pair: This simple example is not really convincing because, in the first place, kaba (kabba) is not only a fairly rare word but it is also foreign. There is, however, also a similar word that is quite indigenous: Unless more exampl... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: In spite of the limited frequency and distribution of | v v as seen earlier, /f/ /f/ and /v/ /v/ are phonemes of the language. Minimal pairs include: (eki)feera idiot, halfwit (aka)veera plastic bag eviini (Rn/Rt) (Rn/Rt) wine ediini religion | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: This group has the largest number of sounds which include | t,d,ts,n,l,f,rr,Y,s,z,∫ t,d,ts,n,l,f,rr,Y,s,z,∫ and 3 . To begin with, the dental t t and the alveolar t t are free variants of the same phoneme. It has already been said that the dental t t is the most common among the Runyakitara speakers while the alveolar t t is mostly restricted among the Runyoro speakers. The two... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The examples above show that both | /t/ /t/ and /d/ /d/ are distinct phonemes. On the other hand, as has been pointed out earlier, ts ts is not a distinct phoneme since it occurs in free variation with s s. It is therefore, a variant of s s. However, /s/ /s/ can be a distinct phoneme as attested in the following examples: /n/ is also a distinct phoneme: ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: As regards | /rr/ /rr/, it can be considered as a distinct phoneme. Minimal pairs for /rr/ /rr/ include (particularly in Rutooro): /s/ and /z/ are also distinct phonemes. We have already seen that ts ts is a free variant of s s, but elsewhere /s/ can be attested as a phoneme. | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The last two examples above show that | /f/ /f/ is a distinct phoneme in RunyankoreRukiga. The next example shows that /3/ /3/ is also a distinct phoneme in Runyankore-Rukiga. We note, however, that in Runyoro-Rutooro, ∫ ∫ is a free variant of h h and s s as in omuhyo or omu§yo or omusyo (a knife). In Runyankore-Rukiga, minimal pairs where ∫ ∫ and 3 are atte... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Although it is agreed that | s s and ∫ ∫ are distinct phonemes at least in Runyankore-Rukiga, there are sometimes tendencies to use s s instead of ∫ ∫ as free variants of the same phoneme among some of the native speakers as in the following examples: | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The palatals and velars are | c,j,ny,y,k,g,ky c,j,ny,y,k,g,k y and gy g y and we include here the glottal h./c/ h./c/ and /j/ /j/ are distinct phonemes in both Runyoro-Rutooro and Runyankore-Rukiga, but as we have already seen, they can also be conditional variants of k k and g g when the latter appear before i i and y y. | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: As distinct phonemes | /c/ /c/ and /j/ /j/ and n n can be found in the following minimal pairs. /n/ /n/ and /y/ /y/ are also phonemes in Runyakitara as in: | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The velars | /k/ /k/ and /g/ /g/ are distinct phonemes in Runyakitara but, as we have already seen, among some Runyankore speakers, the conditional variants ky k y and gy g y can be used. Examples of /k/ /k/ and /g/ /g/ as distinct phonemes can be seen in the following minimal pairs: | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The last two examples show that | /h/ /h/ is also a distinct phoneme. | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Vowels | The procedure for identifying the vowel phonemes is the same as for consonants. We have already indicated further up that length is a distinctive feature in Runyakitara vowels and have provided minimal pairs. A few examples below will suffice to show that the five basic vowels of Runyakitara are also phonemes. We shoul... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Summary of Consonantal and Vocalic Phonemes | By taking into account the phonemic description made of the Runyakitara sounds, one can propose the following phonological systems for the two major dialects and for Runyakitara as a whole. Chart 6: Rn/Rt Chart 7: Ry/Rk Chart 8: Runyakitara The charts above reflect the various phonemes identified in each dialect. The d... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Conclusion | In this chapter, we have attempted to show what Runyakitara stands for and why its various dialects are considered as mere variations of one homogenous language. After the introduction, we presented the different sounds of Runyakitara in the four sub-systems and indicated the various free and conditional variants attes... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: References | Fromkin, V., Rodman, R., & Hyams, N. (2003). An introduction to language (7th Edn.). Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. Ndoleriire, O. (1992). Aspects of Runyakitara Segmental Phonology. Makerere Papers in Language and Linguistics, 1(2), 24-63. Kaji, S. (2007). A Rutooro vocabulary. Research Inst. for Languages and Cultures of... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Chapter 2 | MORPHOLOGY: GENERAL DESCRIPTION AND NOMINAL MORPHOLOGY IN RUNYAKITARA <br> Fridah Katushemererwe, Oswald Ndoleriire, & Shirley Byakutaaga | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Morphology | The term 'morphology' has been generally used in science specifically in biology where it denotes the study of the forms of plants and animals. It was first used for linguistic purposes in 1859 by the German linguist August Schleicher (Salmon, 2000) to refer to the study of the form of words. In present-day linguistics... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Morphological Typology | Languages of the world have been classified using various criteria, one of which is morphology; that is, based on their language structure. Linguistics has traditionally classified world languages based on their structure into four broad categories according to Spencer (1991): isolating, agglutinating, inflectional/fus... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Morphological Typology and Runyakitara Morphology | Runyakitara has isolating features where a word expresses meaning without being split further, for example, words such as eego (yes) ngaaha (no) and busha (nothing) in Runyankore-Rukiga exhibit features of isolating morphology. Agglutination is the main morphological type of Runyakitara. Words consist of many morphemes... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Identifying morphemes and morphs | Morphemes are identified according to their nature/type: | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Free morphemes | A free morpheme is a linguistic unit that can stand on its own and serve as a morpheme and a word. A free morpheme is also called unbound morpheme because no other morphemes are attached. Examples: The above are free morphemes which act as words as well. In each one of the above words, it is difficult to discern more t... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Bound morphemes | Consider the following words from Runyoro-Rutooro and learn how morphemes can be identified: In the above words, one might find more than one morpheme, hence, meaning for example: o-mu-saija: o - represents the initial vowel, which is capable of assuming specific functions in a sentence; mu mu is the class prefix for h... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Roots and Affixes | Runyakitara, like other Bantu languages, is classified as an agglutinating language, where a word is capable of having one root with several affixes attached to it and assuming different functions. In the following words in Runyankore-Rukiga, roots and affixes are illustrated: In the above examples, we can obtain the f... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Inflectional and Derivational Affixes in Runyakitara | Affixes are characterised either as inflectional or derivational. a) Inflectional Affixes: They are those which refer to aspects of grammar such as person, gender, number, tense, aspect, mood and are often called grammatical categories. are all inflectional affixes expressing person ( a− a− ), tense ( −ka− −ka− ), pers... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Derived proper names | A big percentage of family names among Banyankore-Bakiga are derived from verbs; and most of these names have a religious undertone. The process of deriving proper names is more complicated and involves pronominal forms. Take the example of the verb okukunda, to love. A number of proper names can be derived by adding o... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Morphemes and Allomorphs | Allomorphs are to morphemes as allophones are to phonemes. An allomorph represents a certain manifestation of a morpheme in determined conditions. For instance, some Runyakitara verbs show certain modifications in their roots in specific circumstances, for example ( Rn/Rt Rn/Rt ): When the above verbs are followed by t... | grammar_instruction |
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