instruction stringlengths 1 64.4k | completion stringlengths 1 64.6k | task_type stringclasses 3
values |
|---|---|---|
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Complement Clauses | These are the types of clauses where usually the principal clause needs the subordinate clause to be adequately completed. Without the subordinate, the principal clause often looks very incomplete as in the following examples: Ninteekereza (nti) ali hanu. I think he is here. Ndozire nti nookora kurungi. Katunihire (tut... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The function of complement clauses | Complement subordinates usually play the role of direct objects or of noun phrase objects. In normal circumstances they can be replaced by an NP object or its equivalent. The main verb in the principal clause is the one that needs to be completed by the subordinate clause which therefore plays the role of NP object. Th... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Note on subordinators | This term is used here to refer to the conjunctions or their equivalents which usually introduce the complement subordinates. In Runyakitara, they are not very many, the most frequent being: ngu ngu "that", and - ti ti "that" to which is prefixed different noun class subject prefixes, that is: | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: One could argue that the real conjunction in Runyakitara is | ngu ngu, since a conjunction is usually an invariable word, and ti ti cannot be said to be invariable. However, because of its usage, one can also argue that - ti ti plays the role of a conjunction although it is not strictly speaking a conjunction (it could be considered a kind of pronoun). Ndozire nti nookora kurungi... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Relatives | Relative clauses are characterized by the fact that they are usually noun expansions and often play the role of an adjective when the latter functions as an expansion of the noun. Compare the following sentences in Runyoro-Rutooro. [1] Omwana murungi ali hanu. [1] The good child is here. [2] Omwana omurungi ali hanu. [... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Conclusion | In this chapter we have seen what a sentence is and of what it is made. We have talked of simple and complex sentences and of clauses within sentences. Syntactic analysis in Bantu languages is quite demanding particularly because the demarcation between morphology and syntax in these languages remains quite evasive. Th... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: References | Brown, K. & Miller, J. (2002). Syntax: A Inguistic introduction to sentence structure. London & New York: Routledge. Fromkin, V., Rodman, R. & Hyamas, N. (2003). An introduction to language (7th Edn.). Boston: Thomson Wadsworth. Kroeger, P. (2004). Analyzing syntax: A lexical-functional approach. Cambridge: Cambridge U... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: ASPECTS OF RUNYAKITARA SEMANTICS Celestino Oriikiriza | What is Semantics? O'Grady (1996, p. 268) defines sematics as "the study of meaning in human language". To understand it better, it is important if it can be defined in three ways First, as the scientific study of linguistic meaning (linguistic meaning is the meaning denoted by words, sentences, and expressions). Secon... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The meanings of the word 'meaning' | There are many meanings of the word 'meaning' but not all of them denote linguistic meaning. According to Ogden and Richards (1985, p. 186), other meanings of the word meaning are: (i) Explanation: Can you tell me what you mean by your action? In this utterance, 'meaning' stands for explanation. (ii) Purpose or special... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Broader categories of meaning | All the above are not linguistic meanings but other kinds of meaning. Linguistic meaning refers to the thing or idea that is denoted by a word, sentence, or expression. Using the examples above, we can derive linguistic meanings for each of them as shown below. | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Linguistic meanings | Sentence Can you tell me what you mean by your action? Life has lost its meaning. We seem to have forgotten the true meaning of Christmas. Do you know what missing an exam means? What do you mean by doing that to me? Health means everything. | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Linguistic meaning | I am surprised by what you have done. Life is meaningless (to me). People no long observe Christmas as they used to do. I am going to suffer because I missed an exam. You have caused me problems because of what you have done. You need to maintain your health. Sentence This signpost means that there is a zebra-crossing ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Scope of Treatment of Linguistic Meaning in this Chapter | Most studies investigate linguistic meaning at the level of words, sentences, propositions, context of utterances and discourse. The main thrust of this chapter is to show that the meanings represented by these structures, and the nature of the structures themselves are a result of what pertains in the real world and h... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Prior Work on Linguistic Isomorphism of Language and Phenomena in Runyakitara | The work in this chapter is not necessarily the first one to talk about language and meaning, particularly on linguistic isomorphism. Prior work on Runyakitara exists which indirectly displays the fact of this aspect. Taylor (1985) identifies several subcategories of Runyankore-Rukiga lexicon, whereby it is representat... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Semantic Fields | This sub-section focuses on ways of categorisation of words. The different ways are presented, compared and evaluated. Then, it is shown how they represent semantic isomorphism of language in terms of their frameworks. Together, they are viewed under a broader theory of semantic fields. A semantic field is a set of wor... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The leaf deacayed or The water boils | Both correspond to the sentence pattern Subject + Verb (SV). It is the ame in Runyakitara for sentences like: Omwana yaarira (The child has cried); and Omuti gukooma (The tree dried up). Basing on the situation-role theory, we can show the propositional form of the situations expressed by the sentences. Also, it is pos... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Semantic Change | Semantic change refers to a process by which words change in meaning. In relation to isomorphism of language, semantic change is indicative of change in phenomena. Therefore, it means that change in the real world influences a change in language. In the case of words, a change in their meaning is a result of a change i... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Causes of Semantic Change | Byakutaga (1996) gives the following causes of semantic change. Development of new concepts (e.g., in the case of ebyaitu) above. The development of new practices (e.g., in the case of entomi) above. Development of new innovations (e.g., the use of computer which apparently was named kalimagezi in Luganda). It is said ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Antonymy | Antonymy is the relationship of oppositeness of meaning. Antonyms are opposite word forms in a language. Examples of antonyms in Runyakitara include omutsigazi (young man) versus empangare (grown up girl), omushaija (man) versus omukazi (woman). Antonyms therefore denote oppositeness of concepts. The concepts may be co... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Synonymy | Different from antonymy, synonymy is the relationship of sameness of meanings of words (Crystal, 2003). Hurford and Heasley (1983) define synonymy in specific terms. They render synonymy as the relationship of words in terms of the meaning(s) that they have in common. Here, the assumption is that not all meanings are t... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Sentence | The fruits were hidden behind the fridge. Words can hide meaning. Some people hide the truth. The illicit consignment was concealed in boxes of textbook materials. The enemy concealed himself. Meaning of hide/conceal (1) To keep something in a place so that people do not see it (2) To make something appear less obvious... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Hyponymy versus Hypernymy | Hyponymy is the relationship of inclusion of the meaning of a word in the meaning of another. The meaning of the word 'car' is included in the meaning of the word 'vehicle', for example. The word which includes the meaning of another is a hypernym. It expresses the relationship of inclusion of the meaning of a word in ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Polysemy | Polysemy refers to relationship of the multiple meanings of a word by extension of its basic sense. Examples of words with multiple meanings can be cited in Rubongoya (2013) as shown below. okwetumbura (v. refl.) to pride oneself, flatter oneself on, stand on tip toe; pluck up courage; abantu abamu kwetumbura kubagiza ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Homonymy and homophony | While other sense relations involve the shape of the meaning of words, others involve the relationship in the shape of the words themselves. The latter sense relations are referred to as homonymy (that is, the sameness of the shape of words). Homonyms are of different types, namely, homologues and homomorphs. Homologue... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Conclusion | In this chapter, various semantic perspectives of the correspondence of what is in the language and what is in the world have been explored in respect of Runyakitara. This concept of correspondence has been termed as semantic isomorphism of language. The perspectives explored include from semantic fields, noun class se... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: References | Byakutaga, S. C. (1996). Language corruption or change? The case of Runyakitara. Makerere Papers in Languages and Linguistics, 1(3), 12-21. Fergusson, R. (Ed.) (1986). The Penguin dictionary of English synonyms and antonyms. London: Penguin Books Ltd. Hurford, J. R. & Heasley, B. (1983). Semantics: A coursebook. Cambri... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Introduction | Translation is defined by Pearsall (2001, p. 1969) as "a written or spoken rendering of the meaning of a word, speech, book, or text, in another language". On the other hand, Babcock (2002, p. 2429) defines translation in two forms: As a verb, "a rendering from one language or representational system into another". In ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Reasons for Translation | There are various reasons that justify why documents should be translated from one language to another. These include the need for accessibility. Most innovations take place in a language the person who has innovated speaks or uses. In most cases, all that information is in that language. Unless the innovation is rende... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: History of Translation in Uganda | According to Bassnett (1991), translation studies cannot be complete if not considered in a historic perspective. Translation, according to Jacobsen (1958) in Bassnett (1991, p. 43) "is a Roman invention". However, Bassnett (1991) notes that there is a conflict between the Romans and the Greeks who accused the Romans o... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Types of Translation | There are various types of translation in the translation exercise. Their classification is mainly governed by the purpose of the translation. According to Bassnet (1991) and Larson (1984), they are the following: The first type is referred to as Literal Translation. This type of translation is formbased. It is a word ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Translation Process | The fact that translation involves far more than a working acquaintance with two languages is aptly summed up by Levy (1963) when he declares that a translation is not a monistic composition, but an interpenetration and conglomerate of two structures. On the one hand there are the semantic content and the formal contou... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Challenges in Translation | The process of translation has its own challenges that are experienced. Various factors are responsible for this phenomenon. These include the following: a) Lack of concept in receptor language b) Translation of Figurative Language c) Existence of untranslatabilities d) Emotional torture The lack of concept in receptor... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Specialised Terminology | From your daily experience of language usage, you must have noticed that different areas of specialisation use specialised terminology in their work. These include science, agriculture, economics, law, religion, medicine, biology, linguistics, et cetera. As a translator, one may be asked to translate texts from special... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Conclusion | Translation, as a discipline, can be successfully accomplished depending on the language register, the intended beneficiary and the purpose it is aimed at achieving. As a translator, one must ensure that he or she is as close to the original text as possible regardless of the language structure. The translator must, at... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: References | Babcock, P. (Ed.). (2002). Webster's third new international dictionary of the English language. Springfield: Merriam-Webster Inc. Publishers. Bassnett, S. (1991). Translation studies. London: Routledge. Beekman, J. & Callow, J. (1974). Translating the word of God. Michigan: Zondervan Publishers. Brislin, R. W. (1976).... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Chapter 7 | TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETATION IN RUNYAKITARA: LINKING THEORY TO PRACTICE Edith Ruth Natukunda-Togboa | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Introduction | Do we, as Banyakitara, need translation? It is estimated that more than 6,000 languages are spoken globally. Without translation, we can only communicate with those people who share with us a common language. Unfortunately, since the space for every language is limited on the world scene, some of the minority voices, w... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Translation of Fiction Books from nine Ugandan publishers from 2001-2008 | Source: Adapted from MA thesis findings (Lapajian, 2010) These are very low translation ratios over many years and they are heavily fluctuating from one year to another. Translated fiction accounts for 6.3% 6.3% of total fiction book supplies. Therefore, although we consider access to translated information as a motor ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Distribution of target languages of translated fiction titles in four Ugandan bookshops | Source: Adapted from MA thesis findings (Lapajian, 2010) | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Distribution of source languages of translated fiction titles in four bookshops in Uganda | Source: Adapted from MA thesis findings (Lapajian, 2010) The tables show that in Uganda, English is dominant both as a target and as a source language in translation. The relatively high proportion of fiction books translated into Ugandan languages can be explained in terms of the newly introduced education policy requ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The fifth period from 2000 to the present | 3 3 . 1 | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The First Period in the History of Translation | This period, according to the scholar As-Safi (2011), from the University of Petra, starts with the Romans translators but should extend to ancient translated documents that have been found in Egypt and Iraq. This period was specifically documented in Fraser Tyler's essay on the "Principles of Translation" in 1791 and ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Second Period | This period, according to Steiner (1975), runs up to the forties of the twentieth century. It is characterised by the focus on the theory of hermeneutic inquiry (from the Greek - to understand) and the development of a vocabulary and methodology of approaching translation. One theorist who was pronounced during this pe... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Third Period | This is the shortest of all the periods in translation history. It starts with the first papers on machine translation in the 1940s and extends for less than three decades. It is characterised by the introduction of structural and applied linguistics as well as contrastive studies in morphology and syntax. These new st... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Fourth Period | This period has its beginning in the 1960s and according to Steiner, it is still running up to the present date. It is characterised by the translator's recourse to the use of hermeneutic inquiry in translating and interpreting. Translators in this period revised their approaches in order to include other disciplines i... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Fifth Period | The fifth period which is hereby proposed is the era of translation computerisation. This fifth period also coexisted with the fourth since advanced work by translation theorists, linguists, engineers, researchers, evaluators of end-user groups, professional translators, trainers and translation companies started to be... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Translation Theories | From the existing literature, for almost two thousand years, translation theory had been merely concentrating on outstanding translated works of art. The science of translation, earlier on known as "translatology", did not emerge until the 1940s (AsSafi, 2011). In the actual sense of the discipline, however, the histor... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Philological Theories | These rely on philology as the study of the development of language, a concept linked to the classical literary studies (As-Sifa, 2011). In the case of Runyakitara, they will be mainly concerned with the comparisons of Runyakitara structures and those of other indigenous and foreign languages into which one is translat... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Philosophical Theories | Proponents of philosophical theories like George Steiner (1975) emphasise "the psychological and intellectual functioning of the mind of the translator" (p. 249). He explains that such a theory of translation is essentially "a theory of semantic transfer from source language (SL) into target language (TL)" (p. 249). Th... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Linguistic Theories | Unlike the philological theories which compare genre, stylistic, and features of the ST and TT, the linguistic theories are based on the comparison of linguistic features, their development, mainly due to the application of linguistic fields such as semantics (meaning), pragmatics and the teaching of translation/interp... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Functional Theories | The 1970s and 1980s witnessed a shift from the static linguistic typologies of translation to communicative approaches for the analysis of translation (As-Safi, 2011). The functional theories focus on the use of text type and language functions (Baker, 2005; Shuttleworth & Moiro, 2007). In the text type argument, it is... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Instructions | This interview should be started only once informed consent has been obtained from the participant. Read all of the questions and all of the information that is in bold print aloud to the participant. Please read all information as it is written. Interviewer instructions are in italic print these are for your use and s... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Please mark an | X X in the box that corresponds to the reply by the participant. Note that some questions have multiple responses possible. Please mark an X in the box next to each reply. Do not read the list of possible responses to the participant, unless noted in the instructions for a specific question. If someone replies "I don't... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Endagiiiiro | Ekigaaniiro eki kitakaatandikwa otakatungire okwikiriza kw'orikugarukamu ebibuuzo. Banza waayaturira orikugarukamu ebibuuzo byona n'ebyokushoboorora ebihandilkire omuri bwino ekwasire. Nitukushaba ngu oshome ebibuuzo byona n'ebyokushoboorora nk'oku biri. Endagiiiiro z'orikubuиza zihandiikire omu bunyuguta bukye - ebyo ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Socio-linguistic Theories | These theories, according to As-Safi (2011), endeavour to link translation to the communicative theory and the information theory with a special emphasis on the receptor's role in the translation process. We hasten to add that the sociolinguistic theories do not disband language structures, but rather, deal with them a... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Interpretative Theory | The interpretative theory is also known as the theory of sense and is part of the socio-linguistic theories. Originally, it was designed to reflect the process involved in conference interpretation. The proponents of this theory argue that: ... interpreters do not work merely with linguistic meaning, but also need to t... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Systems Theory | It promotes a general model for understanding, analysing and describing the functioning and evolution of literary systems with special emphasis on the study of translated literature. Followers of this theory give priority to the requirements of the target language, stressing readability and accessibility, employing a p... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Manipulation Theory | This is also associated with the translation of literature. According to Hermans, under this theory, translation implies a degree of manipulation of the ST for a certain purpose, because its process aligns "the target text (TT) with a particular model which should secure social acceptance in the target culture. This th... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Aesthetic Communication Theory | This theory propounds the creativity-orientation, especially for literature, which is essentially an aesthetic communication between the translator and the target reader. This theory caters for the arousing of the reader's suspense, interest and pleasure. To this end, according to As-Safi, "it employs fore-grounded str... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Relevancy Theory | This is associated with pragmatics which deals with the use of language in communication. More specifically, it deals with the way meaning is conveyed and manipulated by the participants in a communicative situation. In other words, pragmatics deals with the speaker's meaning and the way it is interpreted by the hearer... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Translation and Interpretation Strategies | The preceding sections dealt with the theoretical base of translation and how it has evolved with the science of language and communication. This section links the science and art of translation to the strategies adopted for the different text types. From the onset, it is noted that some scholars of interpretation refe... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Domestication Strategy | It is also known as "normalisation [or] naturalisation strategy". It is useful in "bridging gaps and achieving intelligibility in line with the hermeneutic approach which focuses on interpretation and grants the translator the right to manipulate the text so as to make it natural, comprehensible and readable" (Steiner,... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Compensation Strategy | This concerns the technique of making up for the translation loss of significant features of the source text (ST) by approximating and supplementing their effects in the target text (TT) (Hervey & Higgins, 1992). In many legal, political, scientific and technical texts where translation loss is anticipated, compensatio... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Elaboration and Explication Strategy | In order to communicate the message in the ST when the translator cannot find the exact equivalence, she or he may resort to the elaboration or explanation of the segment (As-Sifa, 2011). Such explications have been used for similes, metaphors and technical terminologies, as shown below: Preterm labour (after 20 weeks,... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Approximation and Compromise Strategy | This strategy tries to create a balance between the SL aesthetic and cultural values which are acceptable or unacceptable in the TL. The difficulty with discretional approximation though has achieved "an equilibrium whereby the original aesthetic flavour is transferred into English without hindering genuine comprehensi... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Equation and Substitution | Using the words of Malone (2013), "the most obvious form of equation is that of the loan word, where equality would seem absolute". We now talk of going on "safari" using the "kompyuta" in Runyakitara and putting on "Busuti" like the Baganda and when you visit an Atesot friend you will drink their brew "ajono" and play... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Divergence and Convergence | The strategy of divergence focuses on choosing a suitable term from a potential range of alternatives. "A road" in Runyankore could be rendered by omuhanda, or oruguudo; while "to take" can be translated as "okutwara" or "okwihaho". Divergence represents a relationship of one-to-many. "Okuhindura", for instance, could ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Amplification and Reduction | Amplification requires the translator to add some element to the source text so as to improve comprehensibility. The most frequent form of amplification is the translator's note, be it in form of an endnote, or footnote or a parenthesis following the item in question. Sometimes, a single lexical item in one language ne... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Diffusion and Condensation | A source text item is expanded without adding any extra layer of meaning, that is, it provides more or less elaboration in the target language. In Runyankore, a sentence which ends with shinta expresses a lot of doubt or fear or mistrust in the person who is the subject. Yaagira ngu naabireeta! shinta! He said he will ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Kushara emihendo | = = Sale In the other direction, prepositional verbs and phrasal verbs are typical of this phenomenon: To do make up = okwesiiga To make up your mind = okusharaho To be obliged to have recourse to = = okuharirizibwa | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Re-ordering | The strategy of re-ordering, is within the field of comparative syntax. At its simplest, it requires the translator to operate basic inversion procedures with, for example, the adjective-noun sequences: white horse / embaraasi erikwera, and the verb-object positioning: Ninkukunda / I love you. Set collocations of two o... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: He is being interrogated | = = Bariyo nibamubuиza With all these observations on strategies in mind, it becomes clear that a thorough mastery of the lexico-grammar of the source language and the target language is indispensable for a translator. | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Interpreting Strategies | In the preceding sections we have been looking at translation as a means of transferring values and the creation of equivalents through the written text. Interpretation deals with a similar process and product but orally. The two terms, are NOT interchangeable, as the general public tends to suggest. Interpretation is ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Compensation Strategy in Interpreting | Unlike the translator who enjoys the availability of time and resources, the interpreter has to work rapidly so as to keep up with the natural speaking speed of the floor language (speech of the orator), working out the sense equivalent and listening. The maximum acceptable relay-delay is 30 seconds after the floor lan... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Syntactic Modification Strategy | To eliminate or reduce delays and to counter the risk of lagging behind the SL speaker, the interpreter starts simultaneously uttering before he perceives the whole idea. This entails carrying out certain syntactic adjustments. For example, in interpreting from English into Runyankore, the interpreter can start the sen... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Segmenting and Chunking Strategy | The interpreter can resort to this strategy when the SL speaker utters a lengthy sentence which has to be 'sliced' into sense-units so as to cope with the short-term memory (As-Safi, 2011). Conversely, she/he may combine short sentences into a compound one for coherence in delivery. | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Lining-up or Queuing Strategy | In order to reduce the constraint of time-lag, the interpreter may delay rendering a less significant information segment amidst a heavy load period of piled up information and then catch up in any lulls that occur later. It should be noted however, that the delayed segment may not be cohesively compatible with the flo... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Calquing Strategy | This is another strategy used to mitigate the effects of time constraints and to avert any anticipated lexical difficulty. The interpreter may imitate the SL lexical patterns and collocations and hence produce a literal, 'verbatim' rendition. An example of this is when frequently African proverbs and sayings are introd... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Paraphrasing Strategy | Conversely, the interpreter may resort to paraphrase in encountering a SL culturespecificity, hence it may be rightly called "Exegetic Strategy". For the same sentence above she/he may choose to say: Indeed, "a tree is trimmed at an early age". | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Approximation Strategy | Due to speed constraint, when the interpreter does not find a direct TL equivalent or fails to remember it, she/he can produce an alternative that has common semantic features. For instance, opium poppy could be approximated to "enjaayi" (marijuana). | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Borrowing Strategy | To cope with the speaker and maintain a rapid pace of delivery, the interpreter may have recourse to loan words through transliteration. Most frequently, this is done for technical terms like video, stadium, cinema, IGADD, UNESCO, boda-boda. | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Ellipsis Strategy | This is an economising strategy where some SL words are deleted when they are believed to be superfluous, repetitive or redundant, e.g. (I will) see you later. (If) God (is) willing. (May you) travel safely. All the strategies of interpretation that we have analysed arise directly from the constraints encountered in th... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Audio-Visual Translation | I have decided to end this chapter with a section on audio-visual translation because it seems to me to be a new area that is technically located midway between translation and interpretation. Yet it is a field which is attracting a lot of media attention as it is a fashionable channel of popularising Runyakitara using... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Conclusion | In conclusion to this chapter, we can observe that theoretical discussions on translation and interpretation are important because they widen the practitioners' and learners' 'perspective' for the use of systematic strategies in the translation and interpretation of texts. In terms of linking theory to practice in this... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: References | Allot, N. (2003). Key terms in pragmatics. Retrieved from http//www.scribid.com/doc/305592132/key-terms-in-pragmatics As-Safi, A. B. (2011). Translation theories: Strategies and basic theoretical issues. Jordan: University of Petra. Baker, M., & Malmkjčr, K. (Eds.). (1998). Routledge encyclopedia of translation studies... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Footnotes | 3 3 The fifth period was added by the author of this chapter. ↩ | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Chapter 8 | THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF RUNYAKITARA Gilbert Gumoshabe & Oswald Ndoleriire | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Introduction | Orthography is a set of rules or conventions put in place to prescribe how a language should be written. In other words, orthography is the system of representing the sounds of words by written symbols (Fromkin et al., 2003). The rules include how words that are in a spoken form should be spelt, punctuated and capitali... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Principles of a good orthography | Fromkin et al. (2003) explain different principles that make a good orthography. The first principle explains that a good writing system should accurately reflect the sound system of a language. It must be based on thorough analysis of the sounds of that language. It is not possible to make an accurate orthography with... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: The Need for Writing Uganda Indigenous Languages | The history of writing dates as far back as 3000 BC when the Egyptians developed hieroglyphic writing for recording events in their lives. Although many languages all over the world have been written, there are still many African languages are not yet written. In Uganda, there are about 15 languages that are not yet wr... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Preservation of Information | For many traditional societies, the major form of transmission and preservation of information is by word of mouth (oral transmission). However, this method has proved very inadequate because as the information is passed from one source to another, it undergoes considerable transformations. In some instances, more info... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Coverage | Whereas the word of mouth needs face-to-face interaction and can only serve those people who are physically present, the written word can even be received by those who are not physically present. True, with modern technology, tape-recorded information and radio transmissions can cover a wider distance but given our Uga... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Education | The most important factor with written materials is that people can be availed with education materials which can help them improve their lives. These written materials are of various disciplines and can be used for both academic and non-academic purposes, and may remain relevant for a long time. For instance, books on... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Preservation of a language | A language can best be preserved if it is written. When a language is unwritten, many indigenous words are lost while it is not easy to document words that have been incorporated. It is difficult to preserve a language in its oral form. | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Cultural preservation | Culture can best be preserved if it is written. Norms, roles, sanctions, beliefs and customs are easy to pass on from one generation to another if the culture of a specified language is written. However, with the ever-increasing socio-economic changes, it is easy to lose important components of culture, if it is not do... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: It should be noted that at the end of the | 19th 19 th | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Century and during the early years of the | 20th 20 th Century, practically all the indigenous reading materials available in Uganda were in Luganda. At that time, it was even thought that Luganda would be the major language of communication and instruction throughout the region. However, the reality was that very few people understood Luganda in the whole of We... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Efforts to Standardise the Orthography of Runyakitara | It was, according to Rubongoya (1965), R. A. Snoxall, the then Acting Director of Education, who in 1946, after consultations with A. N. Tucker, an expert on Bantu languages at the School of Oriental and African Studies, London, who decided to introduce a new orthography. After discussions with missionaries and other e... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Current Situation of the Orthography of Runyakitara | The four dialects of Runyakitara (Runyankore-Rukiga and Runyoro-Rutooro) are being taught in the school curriculum at lower levels of primary education. Runyakitara is also being taught at secondary level as Runyoro-Rutooro and Runyankore-Rukiga but taught at University as Runyakitara, to produce language scholars and ... | grammar_instruction |
Explain the following grammar rule in Runyoro/Rutooro: Double Consonants | (a) The voiced bilabial plosive The voiced bilabial plosive /b/ except when preceded by a nasal (nasal compound) is written as /bb/. In Runyankore-Rukiga, this usually occurs in loan and onomatopoeic words. The onomatopoeic words only exist in Runyoro-Rutooro as shown in the following examples: On the other hand, loan ... | grammar_instruction |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.