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question: What are urs? context: The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. The music o... | fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints | 573403a24776f419006616ef |
question: When are urs held? context: The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. The mu... | the death anniversary of the saint | 573403a24776f419006616f0 |
question: What genre of music is played at urs? context: The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance... | folk | 573403a24776f419006616f1 |
question: Where is Buksh's shrine? context: The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy. ... | Lahore | 573403a24776f419006616f2 |
question: Where is Zakria's shrine? context: The fairs held at the shrines of Sufi saints are called urs. They generally mark the death anniversary of the saint. On these occasions devotees assemble in large numbers and pay homage to the memory of the saint. Soul inspiring music is played and devotees dance in ecstasy.... | Multan | 573403a24776f419006616f3 |
question: What is Punjab's biggest festival? context: Exhibitions and annual horse shows in all districts and a national horse and cattle show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are he... | The national horse and cattle show | 5734044cd058e614000b67bd |
question: Where is the national horse and cattle show held? context: Exhibitions and annual horse shows in all districts and a national horse and cattle show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock comp... | Lahore | 5734044cd058e614000b67be |
question: What happens at the national horse and cattle show? context: Exhibitions and annual horse shows in all districts and a national horse and cattle show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock co... | sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions | 5734044cd058e614000b67bf |
question: What famous tomb is in Lahore? context: The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the La... | Jahangir's Tomb | 57340526d058e614000b67d3 |
question: Where was Nanak born? context: The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Muse... | Nankana Sahib | 57340526d058e614000b67d4 |
question: Who was the first Sikh Guru? context: The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Laho... | Guru Nanak | 57340526d058e614000b67d5 |
question: What famous hill stations are in Punjab? context: The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as... | Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro | 57340526d058e614000b67d6 |
question: What famous mosque is in Punjab? context: The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the ... | Badshahi Mosque | 57340526d058e614000b67d7 |
question: Who are some well-known Punjab poets? context: Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Es... | Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah | 573405aa4776f41900661717 |
question: What is Allah Ditta Lona Wala's career? context: Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan ... | folk singers | 573405aa4776f41900661718 |
question: Who is the 'Queen of Music'? context: Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, Attaullah Khan Essa Khailw... | Malika-i-Mauseequi | 573405aa4776f41900661719 |
question: When was Alam Lohar an important Punjabi folk singer? context: Among the Punjabi poets, the names of Sultan Bahu, Bulleh Shah, Mian Muhammad Baksh, and Waris Shah and folk singers like Inayat Hussain Bhatti and Tufail Niazi, Alam Lohar, Sain Marna, Mansoor Malangi, Allah Ditta Lona wala, Talib Hussain Dard, A... | from 1930 until 1979 | 573405aa4776f4190066171a |
question: What kind of music does Malika Pukhraj perform? context: For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-kno... | Ghazals and folk songs | 57340645d058e614000b67f7 |
question: What do Punjab folk songs often reflect? context: For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Fol... | the rains, sowing and harvesting seasons | 57340645d058e614000b67f8 |
question: Who sings about the joy of living? context: For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk song... | Luddi, Bhangra and Sammi | 57340645d058e614000b67f9 |
question: What does Heer Ranjha sing about? context: For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-known. Folk songs... | Love | 57340645d058e614000b67fa |
question: What kind of music does Roshen Ara Begum perform? context: For the popular taste however, light music, particularly Ghazals and folk songs, which have an appeal of their own, the names of Mehdi Hassan, Ghulam Ali, Nur Jehan, Malika Pukhraj, Farida Khanum, Roshen Ara Begum, and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan are well-k... | Ghazals and folk songs | 57340645d058e614000b67fb |
question: Of the huge amount of microorganisms, how many cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals? context: Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the h... | relatively few | 57341ab74776f4190066187b |
question: Interplay between pathogens and defenses of hosts results in what? context: Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appear... | Infectious disease | 57341ab74776f4190066187c |
question: What does the severity of a disease resulting from a pathogen depend on? context: Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The ... | ability of that pathogen to damage the host | 57341ab74776f4190066187d |
question: What can a host's immune system do to a host? context: Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of ... | cause damage | 57341ab74776f4190066187e |
question: What do clinicians classify infectious microorganisms according to the status of? context: Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they inf... | host defenses | 57341ab74776f4190066187f |
question: What is one way of proving that a given disease is infectious? context: One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patient... | satisfy Koch's postulates | 57341bef4776f41900661897 |
question: What must an infectious agent only be identified in to satisfy the first of Koch's postulates? context: One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in he... | patients and not in healthy controls | 57341bef4776f41900661898 |
question: What is Koch's second postulate? context: One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also ... | patients who contract the agent also develop the disease | 57341bef4776f41900661899 |
question: Why can't Koch's postulates be applied ethically for many human diseases? context: One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and t... | because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual | 57341bef4776f4190066189a |
question: What is the causative spirochete of syphilis? context: One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract t... | Treponema pallidum | 57341bef4776f4190066189b |
question: When are infectious diseases called contagious diseases? context: Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially i... | when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person | 57341c75d058e614000b695a |
question: What is a contagious disease a subset of? context: Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easi... | infectious disease | 57341c75d058e614000b695b |
question: What sets a contagious disease after from a standard infectious disease? context: Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that ... | especially infective or easily transmitted | 57341c75d058e614000b695c |
question: Diseases with vector transmission or sexual transmission don't often require what type of isolation? context: Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset... | medical | 57341c75d058e614000b695d |
question: What is not always respected in popular use? context: Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or e... | specialized connotation of the word "contagious" | 57341c75d058e614000b695e |
question: When does infection begin? context: Infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. This is referred to as colonization. Most humans are not easily infected. Those who are weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or pe... | when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. | 57341d3f4776f419006618a9 |
question: What group is not easily infected? context: Infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. This is referred to as colonization. Most humans are not easily infected. Those who are weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chron... | humans | 57341d3f4776f419006618aa |
question: What group of humans have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections? context: Infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. This is referred to as colonization. Most humans are not easily infected. Those who are weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer o... | weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic | 57341d3f4776f419006618ab |
question: What individuals are particularly susceptible to opportunistic infections? context: Infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. This is referred to as colonization. Most humans are not easily infected. Those who are weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabeti... | Individuals who have a suppressed immune system | 57341d3f4776f419006618ac |
question: What is it called when a pathogen grows within the host cells? context: Infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. This is referred to as colonization. Most humans are not easily infected. Those who are weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic have incre... | intracellular | 57341d3f4776f419006618ad |
question: What does wound colonization refer to? context: Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound, while in infected wounds, replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured. All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms, and the vast majority of th... | nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound | 57341dc0d058e614000b696a |
question: What type of organisms exist and injure tissue in infected wounds? context: Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound, while in infected wounds, replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured. All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms,... | replicating | 57341dc0d058e614000b696b |
question: What are all multcellular organisms colonized to some degree by? context: Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound, while in infected wounds, replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured. All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms, a... | extrinsic organisms | 57341dc0d058e614000b696c |
question: What's the difference between an infection and a colonization? context: Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound, while in infected wounds, replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured. All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms, and... | only a matter of circumstance | 57341dc0d058e614000b696e |
question: What species colonizes the mammalian colon? context: Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound, while in infected wounds, replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured. All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms, and the vast majority ... | anaerobic bacteria | 57341dc0d058e614000b696d |
question: Why is it difficult to now which chronic wounds are infected? context: Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization, it is difficult to know which chronic wounds are infected. Despite the huge number of wounds seen in clinical practice, there are limited quality data for evaluated symptoms and signs. A... | Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization | 57341e404776f419006618c3 |
question: What is there limited quality data for evaluating despite the huge number of wounds seen in a clinical practice? context: Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization, it is difficult to know which chronic wounds are infected. Despite the huge number of wounds seen in clinical practice, there are limit... | symptoms and signs | 57341e404776f419006618c4 |
question: What is increased pain an indicator of? context: Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization, it is difficult to know which chronic wounds are infected. Despite the huge number of wounds seen in clinical practice, there are limited quality data for evaluated symptoms and signs. A review of chronic wou... | infection | 57341e404776f419006618c5 |
question: What does not rule out infection? context: Because it is normal to have bacterial colonization, it is difficult to know which chronic wounds are infected. Despite the huge number of wounds seen in clinical practice, there are limited quality data for evaluated symptoms and signs. A review of chronic wounds in... | absence of pain | 57341e404776f419006618c6 |
question: Disease can arise when an organism inflicts what on the host? context: Disease can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host. Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. For example, Clostri... | damage | 57341fdd4776f419006618d3 |
question: What can a microorganism cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of? context: Disease can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host. Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. For exampl... | toxins | 57341fdd4776f419006618d4 |
question: What does the of toxin Clostridium tetani releases do? context: Disease can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host. Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. For example, Clostridium te... | paralyzes muscles | 57341fdd4776f419006618d5 |
question: What releases toxins which product shock and sepsis? context: Disease can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host. Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. For example, Clostridium teta... | staphylococcus | 57341fdd4776f419006618d6 |
question: What percentage of people infected with polio develop disease? context: Disease can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host. Microorganisms can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes. For example, Clostr... | less than 5% | 57341fdd4776f419006618d7 |
question: Why do persistent infections occur? context: Persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection. Persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism, often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of a... | body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection | 5734203ed058e614000b6982 |
question: What are persistent infections characterized by the continual presence of? context: Persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection. Persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism, often as latent infection ... | the infectious organism | 5734203ed058e614000b6983 |
question: How can some viruses main a persistent infection? context: Persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection. Persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism, often as latent infection with occasional recurrent... | by infecting different cells of the body | 5734203ed058e614000b6984 |
question: What never leave the body when acquired? context: Persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection. Persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism, often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses... | Some viruses | 5734203ed058e614000b6985 |
question: Where does the herpes virus hide? context: Persistent infections occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection. Persistent infections are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism, often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of act... | in nerves | 5734203ed058e614000b6986 |
question: What does diagnosis of an infectious sometimes involve identifying? context: Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly. In practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts, cutaneous abscesses, respiratory system infections and diarr... | an infectious agent either directly or indirectly | 573420d9d058e614000b6996 |
question: Many minor infectious diseases are diagnosed by what type of presentation? context: Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly. In practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts, cutaneous abscesses, respiratory system infections and... | clinical | 573420d9d058e614000b6997 |
question: How are minor infectious diseases treated? context: Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly. In practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts, cutaneous abscesses, respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are diagnose... | without knowledge of the specific causative agent | 573420d9d058e614000b6998 |
question: What can be identified given sufficient effort? context: Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly. In practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts, cutaneous abscesses, respiratory system infections and diarrheal diseases are dia... | all known infectious agents | 573420d9d058e614000b6999 |
question: Why is it often not worth bothering to identify an infectious agent? context: Diagnosis of infectious disease sometimes involves identifying an infectious agent either directly or indirectly. In practice most minor infectious diseases such as warts, cutaneous abscesses, respiratory system infections and diarr... | greatly outweighed by the cost | 573420d9d058e614000b699a |
question: How is diagnosis of infectious disease almost always initiated? context: Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient. Culture allows identificati... | by medical history and physical examination | 573421ecd058e614000b69b2 |
question: What does taking a culture of an infectious agent isolated from a patient allow? context: Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient. Culture al... | detailed identification | 573421ecd058e614000b69b3 |
question: What features of an infectious organism does a culture allow examining? context: Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient. Culture allows iden... | microscopic features | 573421ecd058e614000b69b4 |
question: What can organisms be directly identified by? context: Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient. Culture allows identification of infectious o... | its genotype | 573421ecd058e614000b69b5 |
question: What technique can be used to produce images of internal abnormalities? context: Diagnosis of infectious disease is nearly always initiated by medical history and physical examination. More detailed identification techniques involve the culture of infectious agents isolated from a patient. Culture allows iden... | X-rays, CAT scans, PET scans or NMR | 573421ecd058e614000b69b6 |
question: What type of culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease? context: Microbiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease. In a microbial culture, a growth medium is provided for a specific agent. A sample taken from potentially diseased tissue or fluid is then tes... | Microbiological | 573422a84776f4190066191d |
question: What type of medium is provided for a specific agent in a microbial culture? context: Microbiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease. In a microbial culture, a growth medium is provided for a specific agent. A sample taken from potentially diseased tissue or fluid is then test... | growth | 573422a84776f4190066191e |
question: What are most pathogenic bacteria easily grown on? context: Microbiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease. In a microbial culture, a growth medium is provided for a specific agent. A sample taken from potentially diseased tissue or fluid is then tested for the presence of an ... | nutrient agar | 573422a84776f4190066191f |
question: What is it called when a visible mound forms on the surface of a plate? context: Microbiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease. In a microbial culture, a growth medium is provided for a specific agent. A sample taken from potentially diseased tissue or fluid is then tested fo... | a colony | 573422a84776f41900661920 |
question: What is a region of dead cells resulting from viral growth called? context: Microbiological culture is a principal tool used to diagnose infectious disease. In a microbial culture, a growth medium is provided for a specific agent. A sample taken from potentially diseased tissue or fluid is then tested for the... | a "plaque" | 573422a84776f41900661921 |
question: What are live animals required by? context: In the absence of suitable plate culture techniques, some microbes require culture within live animals. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum can be grown in animals, although serological and microscopic techniques make the use of live animals... | some microbes | 573423284776f4190066192d |
question: What can Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum be grown in? context: In the absence of suitable plate culture techniques, some microbes require culture within live animals. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum can be grown in animals, although serological and microscopic techniqu... | animals | 573423284776f4190066192e |
question: What type of eggs may some viruses be grown in? context: In the absence of suitable plate culture techniques, some microbes require culture within live animals. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum can be grown in animals, although serological and microscopic techniques make the use of... | embryonated | 573423284776f4190066192f |
question: What is Xenodiagnosis? context: In the absence of suitable plate culture techniques, some microbes require culture within live animals. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum can be grown in animals, although serological and microscopic techniques make the use of live animals unnecessary... | use of a vector to support the growth of an infectious agent | 573423284776f41900661930 |
question: What is it difficult to demonstrate the presence of in Chagas disease? context: In the absence of suitable plate culture techniques, some microbes require culture within live animals. Bacteria such as Mycobacterium leprae and Treponema pallidum can be grown in animals, although serological and microscopic tec... | the causative agent | 573423294776f41900661931 |
question: What is microscopy used for? context: Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carried out with s... | diagnosis of infectious disease | 573423bed058e614000b69d0 |
question: What do virtually all culture techniques rely on at some point? context: Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. M... | microscopic examination | 573423bed058e614000b69d1 |
question: What can samples obtained from patients viewed directly under? context: Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Mi... | light microscope | 573423bed058e614000b69d2 |
question: When is microscopy exquisitely specific? context: Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious agent. Microscopy may be carrie... | when used in combination with antibody based techniques. | 573423bed058e614000b69d3 |
question: What can antibodies with artificial fluorescence be directed to do? context: Another principal tool in the diagnosis of infectious disease is microscopy. Virtually all of the culture techniques discussed above rely, at some point, on microscopic examination for definitive identification of the infectious age... | bind to and identify a specific antigens present on a pathogen | 573423bed058e614000b69d4 |
question: What do almost all cells readily stain with? context: Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A c... | a number of basic dyes | 57342435d058e614000b69e4 |
question: Why do cells easily stain with dyes? context: Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is n... | electrostatic attraction | 57342435d058e614000b69e5 |
question: What electronic charge do cellular molecules have? context: Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dy... | negatively charged | 57342435d058e614000b69e6 |
question: What is Geimsa stain? context: Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transpa... | a dye | 57342435d058e614000b69e7 |
question: How many methods comprise standard approaches used to classify bacteria and diagnose disease? context: Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular ... | Two | 57342435d058e614000b69e8 |
question: What needs to be isolated from infected tissue to provide a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease? context: The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse tra... | enzymes | 5734257c4776f41900661961 |
question: What enzyme's presence is characteristic of specific types of viral infections? context: The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence... | RNA replicases | 5734257c4776f41900661962 |
question: What does the protein hemagglutinin bind together? context: The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these enzymes are charact... | red blood cells | 5734257c4776f41900661963 |
question: Why are the presence of certain enymzes a tell tale sign of a virus? context: The isolation of enzymes from infected tissue can also provide the basis of a biochemical diagnosis of an infectious disease. For example, humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase, and the presence of these e... | humans can make neither RNA replicases nor reverse transcriptase | 5734257c4776f41900661964 |
question: What methods are highly sensitive, specifc and rapid tests used to identify microorganisms? context: Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The... | Serological | 57342628d058e614000b6a0c |
question: What are serological tests based upon the ability of an antibody to do? context: Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a ... | bind specifically to an antigen | 57342628d058e614000b6a0d |
question: What is the antigen bound to by the antibody usually? context: Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohy... | a protein or carbohydrate made by an infectious agent | 57342628d058e614000b6a0e |
question: What does the binding set off that will result in something visibly obvious in various ways? context: Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. Th... | a chain of events | 57342628d058e614000b6a0f |
question: What is the causative agent of "strep throat"? context: Serological methods are highly sensitive, specific and often extremely rapid tests used to identify microorganisms. These tests are based upon the ability of an antibody to bind specifically to an antigen. The antigen, usually a protein or carbohydrate m... | S. pyogenes | 57342628d058e614000b6a10 |
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