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max(other, context=None) Like max(self, other) except that the context rounding rule is applied before returning and that NaN values are either signaled or ignored (depending on the context and whether they are signaling or quiet).
python.library.decimal#decimal.Decimal.max
max_mag(other, context=None) Similar to the max() method, but the comparison is done using the absolute values of the operands.
python.library.decimal#decimal.Decimal.max_mag
min(other, context=None) Like min(self, other) except that the context rounding rule is applied before returning and that NaN values are either signaled or ignored (depending on the context and whether they are signaling or quiet).
python.library.decimal#decimal.Decimal.min
min_mag(other, context=None) Similar to the min() method, but the comparison is done using the absolute values of the operands.
python.library.decimal#decimal.Decimal.min_mag
next_minus(context=None) Return the largest number representable in the given context (or in the current thread’s context if no context is given) that is smaller than the given operand.
python.library.decimal#decimal.Decimal.next_minus
next_plus(context=None) Return the smallest number representable in the given context (or in the current thread’s context if no context is given) that is larger than the given operand.
python.library.decimal#decimal.Decimal.next_plus
next_toward(other, context=None) If the two operands are unequal, return the number closest to the first operand in the direction of the second operand. If both operands are numerically equal, return a copy of the first operand with the sign set to be the same as the sign of the second operand.
python.library.decimal#decimal.Decimal.next_toward
normalize(context=None) Normalize the number by stripping the rightmost trailing zeros and converting any result equal to Decimal('0') to Decimal('0e0'). Used for producing canonical values for attributes of an equivalence class. For example, Decimal('32.100') and Decimal('0.321000e+2') both normalize to the equivale...
python.library.decimal#decimal.Decimal.normalize
number_class(context=None) Return a string describing the class of the operand. The returned value is one of the following ten strings. "-Infinity", indicating that the operand is negative infinity. "-Normal", indicating that the operand is a negative normal number. "-Subnormal", indicating that the operand is ne...
python.library.decimal#decimal.Decimal.number_class
quantize(exp, rounding=None, context=None) Return a value equal to the first operand after rounding and having the exponent of the second operand. >>> Decimal('1.41421356').quantize(Decimal('1.000')) Decimal('1.414') Unlike other operations, if the length of the coefficient after the quantize operation would be grea...
python.library.decimal#decimal.Decimal.quantize
radix() Return Decimal(10), the radix (base) in which the Decimal class does all its arithmetic. Included for compatibility with the specification.
python.library.decimal#decimal.Decimal.radix
remainder_near(other, context=None) Return the remainder from dividing self by other. This differs from self % other in that the sign of the remainder is chosen so as to minimize its absolute value. More precisely, the return value is self - n * other where n is the integer nearest to the exact value of self / other,...
python.library.decimal#decimal.Decimal.remainder_near
rotate(other, context=None) Return the result of rotating the digits of the first operand by an amount specified by the second operand. The second operand must be an integer in the range -precision through precision. The absolute value of the second operand gives the number of places to rotate. If the second operand ...
python.library.decimal#decimal.Decimal.rotate
same_quantum(other, context=None) Test whether self and other have the same exponent or whether both are NaN. This operation is unaffected by context and is quiet: no flags are changed and no rounding is performed. As an exception, the C version may raise InvalidOperation if the second operand cannot be converted exa...
python.library.decimal#decimal.Decimal.same_quantum
scaleb(other, context=None) Return the first operand with exponent adjusted by the second. Equivalently, return the first operand multiplied by 10**other. The second operand must be an integer.
python.library.decimal#decimal.Decimal.scaleb
shift(other, context=None) Return the result of shifting the digits of the first operand by an amount specified by the second operand. The second operand must be an integer in the range -precision through precision. The absolute value of the second operand gives the number of places to shift. If the second operand is...
python.library.decimal#decimal.Decimal.shift
sqrt(context=None) Return the square root of the argument to full precision.
python.library.decimal#decimal.Decimal.sqrt
to_eng_string(context=None) Convert to a string, using engineering notation if an exponent is needed. Engineering notation has an exponent which is a multiple of 3. This can leave up to 3 digits to the left of the decimal place and may require the addition of either one or two trailing zeros. For example, this conver...
python.library.decimal#decimal.Decimal.to_eng_string
to_integral(rounding=None, context=None) Identical to the to_integral_value() method. The to_integral name has been kept for compatibility with older versions.
python.library.decimal#decimal.Decimal.to_integral
to_integral_exact(rounding=None, context=None) Round to the nearest integer, signaling Inexact or Rounded as appropriate if rounding occurs. The rounding mode is determined by the rounding parameter if given, else by the given context. If neither parameter is given then the rounding mode of the current context is use...
python.library.decimal#decimal.Decimal.to_integral_exact
to_integral_value(rounding=None, context=None) Round to the nearest integer without signaling Inexact or Rounded. If given, applies rounding; otherwise, uses the rounding method in either the supplied context or the current context.
python.library.decimal#decimal.Decimal.to_integral_value
class decimal.DecimalException Base class for other signals and a subclass of ArithmeticError.
python.library.decimal#decimal.DecimalException
class decimal.DefaultContext This context is used by the Context constructor as a prototype for new contexts. Changing a field (such a precision) has the effect of changing the default for new contexts created by the Context constructor. This context is most useful in multi-threaded environments. Changing one of the ...
python.library.decimal#decimal.DefaultContext
class decimal.DivisionByZero Signals the division of a non-infinite number by zero. Can occur with division, modulo division, or when raising a number to a negative power. If this signal is not trapped, returns Infinity or -Infinity with the sign determined by the inputs to the calculation.
python.library.decimal#decimal.DivisionByZero
class decimal.ExtendedContext This is a standard context defined by the General Decimal Arithmetic Specification. Precision is set to nine. Rounding is set to ROUND_HALF_EVEN. All flags are cleared. No traps are enabled (so that exceptions are not raised during computations). Because the traps are disabled, this cont...
python.library.decimal#decimal.ExtendedContext
class decimal.FloatOperation Enable stricter semantics for mixing floats and Decimals. If the signal is not trapped (default), mixing floats and Decimals is permitted in the Decimal constructor, create_decimal() and all comparison operators. Both conversion and comparisons are exact. Any occurrence of a mixed operati...
python.library.decimal#decimal.FloatOperation
decimal.getcontext() Return the current context for the active thread.
python.library.decimal#decimal.getcontext
decimal.HAVE_CONTEXTVAR The default value is True. If Python is compiled --without-decimal-contextvar, the C version uses a thread-local rather than a coroutine-local context and the value is False. This is slightly faster in some nested context scenarios.
python.library.decimal#decimal.HAVE_CONTEXTVAR
decimal.HAVE_THREADS The value is True. Deprecated, because Python now always has threads.
python.library.decimal#decimal.HAVE_THREADS
class decimal.Inexact Indicates that rounding occurred and the result is not exact. Signals when non-zero digits were discarded during rounding. The rounded result is returned. The signal flag or trap is used to detect when results are inexact.
python.library.decimal#decimal.Inexact
class decimal.InvalidOperation An invalid operation was performed. Indicates that an operation was requested that does not make sense. If not trapped, returns NaN. Possible causes include: Infinity - Infinity 0 * Infinity Infinity / Infinity x % 0 Infinity % x sqrt(-x) and x > 0 0 ** 0 x ** (non-integer) x ** Infinit...
python.library.decimal#decimal.InvalidOperation
decimal.localcontext(ctx=None) Return a context manager that will set the current context for the active thread to a copy of ctx on entry to the with-statement and restore the previous context when exiting the with-statement. If no context is specified, a copy of the current context is used. For example, the followin...
python.library.decimal#decimal.localcontext
decimal.MAX_EMAX
python.library.decimal#decimal.MAX_EMAX
decimal.MAX_PREC
python.library.decimal#decimal.MAX_PREC
decimal.MIN_EMIN
python.library.decimal#decimal.MIN_EMIN
decimal.MIN_ETINY
python.library.decimal#decimal.MIN_ETINY
class decimal.Overflow Numerical overflow. Indicates the exponent is larger than Emax after rounding has occurred. If not trapped, the result depends on the rounding mode, either pulling inward to the largest representable finite number or rounding outward to Infinity. In either case, Inexact and Rounded are also sig...
python.library.decimal#decimal.Overflow
class decimal.Rounded Rounding occurred though possibly no information was lost. Signaled whenever rounding discards digits; even if those digits are zero (such as rounding 5.00 to 5.0). If not trapped, returns the result unchanged. This signal is used to detect loss of significant digits.
python.library.decimal#decimal.Rounded
decimal.ROUND_05UP Round away from zero if last digit after rounding towards zero would have been 0 or 5; otherwise round towards zero.
python.library.decimal#decimal.ROUND_05UP
decimal.ROUND_CEILING Round towards Infinity.
python.library.decimal#decimal.ROUND_CEILING
decimal.ROUND_DOWN Round towards zero.
python.library.decimal#decimal.ROUND_DOWN
decimal.ROUND_FLOOR Round towards -Infinity.
python.library.decimal#decimal.ROUND_FLOOR
decimal.ROUND_HALF_DOWN Round to nearest with ties going towards zero.
python.library.decimal#decimal.ROUND_HALF_DOWN
decimal.ROUND_HALF_EVEN Round to nearest with ties going to nearest even integer.
python.library.decimal#decimal.ROUND_HALF_EVEN
decimal.ROUND_HALF_UP Round to nearest with ties going away from zero.
python.library.decimal#decimal.ROUND_HALF_UP
decimal.ROUND_UP Round away from zero.
python.library.decimal#decimal.ROUND_UP
decimal.setcontext(c) Set the current context for the active thread to c.
python.library.decimal#decimal.setcontext
class decimal.Subnormal Exponent was lower than Emin prior to rounding. Occurs when an operation result is subnormal (the exponent is too small). If not trapped, returns the result unchanged.
python.library.decimal#decimal.Subnormal
class decimal.Underflow Numerical underflow with result rounded to zero. Occurs when a subnormal result is pushed to zero by rounding. Inexact and Subnormal are also signaled.
python.library.decimal#decimal.Underflow
definition.__name__ The name of the class, function, method, descriptor, or generator instance.
python.library.stdtypes#definition.__name__
definition.__qualname__ The qualified name of the class, function, method, descriptor, or generator instance. New in version 3.3.
python.library.stdtypes#definition.__qualname__
delattr(object, name) This is a relative of setattr(). The arguments are an object and a string. The string must be the name of one of the object’s attributes. The function deletes the named attribute, provided the object allows it. For example, delattr(x, 'foobar') is equivalent to del x.foobar.
python.library.functions#delattr
exception DeprecationWarning Base class for warnings about deprecated features when those warnings are intended for other Python developers. Ignored by the default warning filters, except in the __main__ module (PEP 565). Enabling the Python Development Mode shows this warning.
python.library.exceptions#DeprecationWarning
class dict(**kwarg) class dict(mapping, **kwarg) class dict(iterable, **kwarg) Create a new dictionary. The dict object is the dictionary class. See dict and Mapping Types — dict for documentation about this class. For other containers see the built-in list, set, and tuple classes, as well as the collections modu...
python.library.functions#dict
class dict(**kwarg) class dict(mapping, **kwarg) class dict(iterable, **kwarg) Return a new dictionary initialized from an optional positional argument and a possibly empty set of keyword arguments. Dictionaries can be created by several means: Use a comma-separated list of key: value pairs within braces: {'jack...
python.library.stdtypes#dict
clear() Remove all items from the dictionary.
python.library.stdtypes#dict.clear
copy() Return a shallow copy of the dictionary.
python.library.stdtypes#dict.copy
classmethod fromkeys(iterable[, value]) Create a new dictionary with keys from iterable and values set to value. fromkeys() is a class method that returns a new dictionary. value defaults to None. All of the values refer to just a single instance, so it generally doesn’t make sense for value to be a mutable object su...
python.library.stdtypes#dict.fromkeys
get(key[, default]) Return the value for key if key is in the dictionary, else default. If default is not given, it defaults to None, so that this method never raises a KeyError.
python.library.stdtypes#dict.get
items() Return a new view of the dictionary’s items ((key, value) pairs). See the documentation of view objects.
python.library.stdtypes#dict.items
keys() Return a new view of the dictionary’s keys. See the documentation of view objects.
python.library.stdtypes#dict.keys
pop(key[, default]) If key is in the dictionary, remove it and return its value, else return default. If default is not given and key is not in the dictionary, a KeyError is raised.
python.library.stdtypes#dict.pop
popitem() Remove and return a (key, value) pair from the dictionary. Pairs are returned in LIFO order. popitem() is useful to destructively iterate over a dictionary, as often used in set algorithms. If the dictionary is empty, calling popitem() raises a KeyError. Changed in version 3.7: LIFO order is now guaranteed...
python.library.stdtypes#dict.popitem
setdefault(key[, default]) If key is in the dictionary, return its value. If not, insert key with a value of default and return default. default defaults to None.
python.library.stdtypes#dict.setdefault
update([other]) Update the dictionary with the key/value pairs from other, overwriting existing keys. Return None. update() accepts either another dictionary object or an iterable of key/value pairs (as tuples or other iterables of length two). If keyword arguments are specified, the dictionary is then updated with t...
python.library.stdtypes#dict.update
values() Return a new view of the dictionary’s values. See the documentation of view objects. An equality comparison between one dict.values() view and another will always return False. This also applies when comparing dict.values() to itself: >>> d = {'a': 1} >>> d.values() == d.values() False
python.library.stdtypes#dict.values
difflib — Helpers for computing deltas Source code: Lib/difflib.py This module provides classes and functions for comparing sequences. It can be used for example, for comparing files, and can produce information about file differences in various formats, including HTML and context and unified diffs. For comparing direc...
python.library.difflib
difflib.context_diff(a, b, fromfile='', tofile='', fromfiledate='', tofiledate='', n=3, lineterm='\n') Compare a and b (lists of strings); return a delta (a generator generating the delta lines) in context diff format. Context diffs are a compact way of showing just the lines that have changed plus a few lines of con...
python.library.difflib#difflib.context_diff
class difflib.Differ This is a class for comparing sequences of lines of text, and producing human-readable differences or deltas. Differ uses SequenceMatcher both to compare sequences of lines, and to compare sequences of characters within similar (near-matching) lines. Each line of a Differ delta begins with a two-...
python.library.difflib#difflib.Differ
compare(a, b) Compare two sequences of lines, and generate the delta (a sequence of lines). Each sequence must contain individual single-line strings ending with newlines. Such sequences can be obtained from the readlines() method of file-like objects. The delta generated also consists of newline-terminated strings, ...
python.library.difflib#difflib.Differ.compare
difflib.diff_bytes(dfunc, a, b, fromfile=b'', tofile=b'', fromfiledate=b'', tofiledate=b'', n=3, lineterm=b'\n') Compare a and b (lists of bytes objects) using dfunc; yield a sequence of delta lines (also bytes) in the format returned by dfunc. dfunc must be a callable, typically either unified_diff() or context_diff...
python.library.difflib#difflib.diff_bytes
difflib.get_close_matches(word, possibilities, n=3, cutoff=0.6) Return a list of the best “good enough” matches. word is a sequence for which close matches are desired (typically a string), and possibilities is a list of sequences against which to match word (typically a list of strings). Optional argument n (default...
python.library.difflib#difflib.get_close_matches
class difflib.HtmlDiff This class can be used to create an HTML table (or a complete HTML file containing the table) showing a side by side, line by line comparison of text with inter-line and intra-line change highlights. The table can be generated in either full or contextual difference mode. The constructor for th...
python.library.difflib#difflib.HtmlDiff
make_file(fromlines, tolines, fromdesc='', todesc='', context=False, numlines=5, *, charset='utf-8') Compares fromlines and tolines (lists of strings) and returns a string which is a complete HTML file containing a table showing line by line differences with inter-line and intra-line changes highlighted. fromdesc and...
python.library.difflib#difflib.HtmlDiff.make_file
make_table(fromlines, tolines, fromdesc='', todesc='', context=False, numlines=5) Compares fromlines and tolines (lists of strings) and returns a string which is a complete HTML table showing line by line differences with inter-line and intra-line changes highlighted. The arguments for this method are the same as tho...
python.library.difflib#difflib.HtmlDiff.make_table
__init__(tabsize=8, wrapcolumn=None, linejunk=None, charjunk=IS_CHARACTER_JUNK) Initializes instance of HtmlDiff. tabsize is an optional keyword argument to specify tab stop spacing and defaults to 8. wrapcolumn is an optional keyword to specify column number where lines are broken and wrapped, defaults to None where...
python.library.difflib#difflib.HtmlDiff.__init__
difflib.IS_CHARACTER_JUNK(ch) Return True for ignorable characters. The character ch is ignorable if ch is a space or tab, otherwise it is not ignorable. Used as a default for parameter charjunk in ndiff().
python.library.difflib#difflib.IS_CHARACTER_JUNK
difflib.IS_LINE_JUNK(line) Return True for ignorable lines. The line line is ignorable if line is blank or contains a single '#', otherwise it is not ignorable. Used as a default for parameter linejunk in ndiff() in older versions.
python.library.difflib#difflib.IS_LINE_JUNK
difflib.ndiff(a, b, linejunk=None, charjunk=IS_CHARACTER_JUNK) Compare a and b (lists of strings); return a Differ-style delta (a generator generating the delta lines). Optional keyword parameters linejunk and charjunk are filtering functions (or None): linejunk: A function that accepts a single string argument, and ...
python.library.difflib#difflib.ndiff
difflib.restore(sequence, which) Return one of the two sequences that generated a delta. Given a sequence produced by Differ.compare() or ndiff(), extract lines originating from file 1 or 2 (parameter which), stripping off line prefixes. Example: >>> diff = ndiff('one\ntwo\nthree\n'.splitlines(keepends=True), ... ...
python.library.difflib#difflib.restore
class difflib.SequenceMatcher(isjunk=None, a='', b='', autojunk=True) Optional argument isjunk must be None (the default) or a one-argument function that takes a sequence element and returns true if and only if the element is “junk” and should be ignored. Passing None for isjunk is equivalent to passing lambda x: Fal...
python.library.difflib#difflib.SequenceMatcher
find_longest_match(alo=0, ahi=None, blo=0, bhi=None) Find longest matching block in a[alo:ahi] and b[blo:bhi]. If isjunk was omitted or None, find_longest_match() returns (i, j, k) such that a[i:i+k] is equal to b[j:j+k], where alo <= i <= i+k <= ahi and blo <= j <= j+k <= bhi. For all (i', j', k') meeting those cond...
python.library.difflib#difflib.SequenceMatcher.find_longest_match
get_grouped_opcodes(n=3) Return a generator of groups with up to n lines of context. Starting with the groups returned by get_opcodes(), this method splits out smaller change clusters and eliminates intervening ranges which have no changes. The groups are returned in the same format as get_opcodes().
python.library.difflib#difflib.SequenceMatcher.get_grouped_opcodes
get_matching_blocks() Return list of triples describing non-overlapping matching subsequences. Each triple is of the form (i, j, n), and means that a[i:i+n] == b[j:j+n]. The triples are monotonically increasing in i and j. The last triple is a dummy, and has the value (len(a), len(b), 0). It is the only triple with n...
python.library.difflib#difflib.SequenceMatcher.get_matching_blocks
get_opcodes() Return list of 5-tuples describing how to turn a into b. Each tuple is of the form (tag, i1, i2, j1, j2). The first tuple has i1 == j1 == 0, and remaining tuples have i1 equal to the i2 from the preceding tuple, and, likewise, j1 equal to the previous j2. The tag values are strings, with these meanings:...
python.library.difflib#difflib.SequenceMatcher.get_opcodes
quick_ratio() Return an upper bound on ratio() relatively quickly.
python.library.difflib#difflib.SequenceMatcher.quick_ratio
ratio() Return a measure of the sequences’ similarity as a float in the range [0, 1]. Where T is the total number of elements in both sequences, and M is the number of matches, this is 2.0*M / T. Note that this is 1.0 if the sequences are identical, and 0.0 if they have nothing in common. This is expensive to compute...
python.library.difflib#difflib.SequenceMatcher.ratio
real_quick_ratio() Return an upper bound on ratio() very quickly.
python.library.difflib#difflib.SequenceMatcher.real_quick_ratio
set_seq1(a) Set the first sequence to be compared. The second sequence to be compared is not changed.
python.library.difflib#difflib.SequenceMatcher.set_seq1
set_seq2(b) Set the second sequence to be compared. The first sequence to be compared is not changed.
python.library.difflib#difflib.SequenceMatcher.set_seq2
set_seqs(a, b) Set the two sequences to be compared.
python.library.difflib#difflib.SequenceMatcher.set_seqs
difflib.unified_diff(a, b, fromfile='', tofile='', fromfiledate='', tofiledate='', n=3, lineterm='\n') Compare a and b (lists of strings); return a delta (a generator generating the delta lines) in unified diff format. Unified diffs are a compact way of showing just the lines that have changed plus a few lines of con...
python.library.difflib#difflib.unified_diff
dir([object]) Without arguments, return the list of names in the current local scope. With an argument, attempt to return a list of valid attributes for that object. If the object has a method named __dir__(), this method will be called and must return the list of attributes. This allows objects that implement a cust...
python.library.functions#dir
dis — Disassembler for Python bytecode Source code: Lib/dis.py The dis module supports the analysis of CPython bytecode by disassembling it. The CPython bytecode which this module takes as an input is defined in the file Include/opcode.h and used by the compiler and the interpreter. CPython implementation detail: Byte...
python.library.dis
class dis.Bytecode(x, *, first_line=None, current_offset=None) Analyse the bytecode corresponding to a function, generator, asynchronous generator, coroutine, method, string of source code, or a code object (as returned by compile()). This is a convenience wrapper around many of the functions listed below, most notab...
python.library.dis#dis.Bytecode
codeobj The compiled code object.
python.library.dis#dis.Bytecode.codeobj
dis() Return a formatted view of the bytecode operations (the same as printed by dis.dis(), but returned as a multi-line string).
python.library.dis#dis.Bytecode.dis
first_line The first source line of the code object (if available)
python.library.dis#dis.Bytecode.first_line
classmethod from_traceback(tb) Construct a Bytecode instance from the given traceback, setting current_offset to the instruction responsible for the exception.
python.library.dis#dis.Bytecode.from_traceback
info() Return a formatted multi-line string with detailed information about the code object, like code_info().
python.library.dis#dis.Bytecode.info