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class URLValidator(schemes=None, regex=None, message=None, code=None) A RegexValidator subclass that ensures a value looks like a URL, and raises an error code of 'invalid' if it doesn’t. Loopback addresses and reserved IP spaces are considered valid. Literal IPv6 addresses (RFC 3986#section-3.2.2) and Unicode domain...
django.ref.validators#django.core.validators.URLValidator
schemes URL/URI scheme list to validate against. If not provided, the default list is ['http', 'https', 'ftp', 'ftps']. As a reference, the IANA website provides a full list of valid URI schemes.
django.ref.validators#django.core.validators.URLValidator.schemes
validate_comma_separated_integer_list A RegexValidator instance that ensures a value is a comma-separated list of integers.
django.ref.validators#django.core.validators.validate_comma_separated_integer_list
validate_email An EmailValidator instance without any customizations.
django.ref.validators#django.core.validators.validate_email
validate_image_file_extension Uses Pillow to ensure that value.name (value is a File) has a valid image extension.
django.ref.validators#django.core.validators.validate_image_file_extension
validate_ipv46_address Uses both validate_ipv4_address and validate_ipv6_address to ensure a value is either a valid IPv4 or IPv6 address.
django.ref.validators#django.core.validators.validate_ipv46_address
validate_ipv4_address A RegexValidator instance that ensures a value looks like an IPv4 address.
django.ref.validators#django.core.validators.validate_ipv4_address
validate_ipv6_address Uses django.utils.ipv6 to check the validity of an IPv6 address.
django.ref.validators#django.core.validators.validate_ipv6_address
validate_slug A RegexValidator instance that ensures a value consists of only letters, numbers, underscores or hyphens.
django.ref.validators#django.core.validators.validate_slug
validate_unicode_slug A RegexValidator instance that ensures a value consists of only Unicode letters, numbers, underscores, or hyphens.
django.ref.validators#django.core.validators.validate_unicode_slug
Databases Django officially supports the following databases: PostgreSQL MariaDB MySQL Oracle SQLite There are also a number of database backends provided by third parties. Django attempts to support as many features as possible on all database backends. However, not all database backends are alike, and we’ve had to ...
django.ref.databases
execute_wrapper(wrapper)
django.topics.db.instrumentation#django.db.backends.base.DatabaseWrapper.execute_wrapper
class BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor
django.ref.schema-editor#django.db.backends.base.schema.BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor
BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.add_constraint(model, constraint)
django.ref.schema-editor#django.db.backends.base.schema.BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.add_constraint
BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.add_field(model, field)
django.ref.schema-editor#django.db.backends.base.schema.BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.add_field
BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.add_index(model, index)
django.ref.schema-editor#django.db.backends.base.schema.BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.add_index
BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.alter_db_table(model, old_db_table, new_db_table)
django.ref.schema-editor#django.db.backends.base.schema.BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.alter_db_table
BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.alter_db_tablespace(model, old_db_tablespace, new_db_tablespace)
django.ref.schema-editor#django.db.backends.base.schema.BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.alter_db_tablespace
BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.alter_field(model, old_field, new_field, strict=False)
django.ref.schema-editor#django.db.backends.base.schema.BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.alter_field
BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.alter_index_together(model, old_index_together, new_index_together)
django.ref.schema-editor#django.db.backends.base.schema.BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.alter_index_together
BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.alter_unique_together(model, old_unique_together, new_unique_together)
django.ref.schema-editor#django.db.backends.base.schema.BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.alter_unique_together
BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.create_model(model)
django.ref.schema-editor#django.db.backends.base.schema.BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.create_model
BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.delete_model(model)
django.ref.schema-editor#django.db.backends.base.schema.BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.delete_model
BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.execute(sql, params=())
django.ref.schema-editor#django.db.backends.base.schema.BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.execute
BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.remove_constraint(model, constraint)
django.ref.schema-editor#django.db.backends.base.schema.BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.remove_constraint
BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.remove_field(model, field)
django.ref.schema-editor#django.db.backends.base.schema.BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.remove_field
BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.remove_index(model, index)
django.ref.schema-editor#django.db.backends.base.schema.BaseDatabaseSchemaEditor.remove_index
SchemaEditor.connection
django.ref.schema-editor#django.db.backends.base.schema.SchemaEditor.connection
django.db.backends.signals.connection_created
django.ref.signals#django.db.backends.signals.connection_created
create_test_db(verbosity=1, autoclobber=False, serialize=True, keepdb=False) Creates a new test database and runs migrate against it. verbosity has the same behavior as in run_tests(). autoclobber describes the behavior that will occur if a database with the same name as the test database is discovered: If autoclobb...
django.topics.testing.advanced#django.db.connection.creation.create_test_db
destroy_test_db(old_database_name, verbosity=1, keepdb=False) Destroys the database whose name is the value of NAME in DATABASES, and sets NAME to the value of old_database_name. The verbosity argument has the same behavior as for DiscoverRunner. If the keepdb argument is True, then the connection to the database wil...
django.topics.testing.advanced#django.db.connection.creation.destroy_test_db
Migration.initial
django.topics.migrations#django.db.migrations.Migration.initial
class AddConstraint(model_name, constraint)
django.ref.migration-operations#django.db.migrations.operations.AddConstraint
class AddField(model_name, name, field, preserve_default=True)
django.ref.migration-operations#django.db.migrations.operations.AddField
class AddIndex(model_name, index)
django.ref.migration-operations#django.db.migrations.operations.AddIndex
class AlterField(model_name, name, field, preserve_default=True)
django.ref.migration-operations#django.db.migrations.operations.AlterField
class AlterIndexTogether(name, index_together)
django.ref.migration-operations#django.db.migrations.operations.AlterIndexTogether
class AlterModelManagers(name, managers)
django.ref.migration-operations#django.db.migrations.operations.AlterModelManagers
class AlterModelOptions(name, options)
django.ref.migration-operations#django.db.migrations.operations.AlterModelOptions
class AlterModelTable(name, table)
django.ref.migration-operations#django.db.migrations.operations.AlterModelTable
class AlterOrderWithRespectTo(name, order_with_respect_to)
django.ref.migration-operations#django.db.migrations.operations.AlterOrderWithRespectTo
class AlterUniqueTogether(name, unique_together)
django.ref.migration-operations#django.db.migrations.operations.AlterUniqueTogether
class CreateModel(name, fields, options=None, bases=None, managers=None)
django.ref.migration-operations#django.db.migrations.operations.CreateModel
class DeleteModel(name)
django.ref.migration-operations#django.db.migrations.operations.DeleteModel
class RemoveConstraint(model_name, name)
django.ref.migration-operations#django.db.migrations.operations.RemoveConstraint
class RemoveField(model_name, name)
django.ref.migration-operations#django.db.migrations.operations.RemoveField
class RemoveIndex(model_name, name)
django.ref.migration-operations#django.db.migrations.operations.RemoveIndex
class RenameField(model_name, old_name, new_name)
django.ref.migration-operations#django.db.migrations.operations.RenameField
class RenameModel(old_name, new_name)
django.ref.migration-operations#django.db.migrations.operations.RenameModel
class RunPython(code, reverse_code=None, atomic=None, hints=None, elidable=False)
django.ref.migration-operations#django.db.migrations.operations.RunPython
class RunSQL(sql, reverse_sql=None, state_operations=None, hints=None, elidable=False)
django.ref.migration-operations#django.db.migrations.operations.RunSQL
RunSQL.noop Pass the RunSQL.noop attribute to sql or reverse_sql when you want the operation not to do anything in the given direction. This is especially useful in making the operation reversible.
django.ref.migration-operations#django.db.migrations.operations.RunSQL.noop
class SeparateDatabaseAndState(database_operations=None, state_operations=None)
django.ref.migration-operations#django.db.migrations.operations.SeparateDatabaseAndState
class Aggregate(*expressions, output_field=None, distinct=False, filter=None, default=None, **extra) template A class attribute, as a format string, that describes the SQL that is generated for this aggregate. Defaults to '%(function)s(%(distinct)s%(expressions)s)'. function A class attribute describing the...
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Aggregate
allow_distinct A class attribute determining whether or not this aggregate function allows passing a distinct keyword argument. If set to False (default), TypeError is raised if distinct=True is passed.
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Aggregate.allow_distinct
empty_result_set_value New in Django 4.0. Override empty_result_set_value to None since most aggregate functions result in NULL when applied to an empty result set.
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Aggregate.empty_result_set_value
function A class attribute describing the aggregate function that will be generated. Specifically, the function will be interpolated as the function placeholder within template. Defaults to None.
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Aggregate.function
template A class attribute, as a format string, that describes the SQL that is generated for this aggregate. Defaults to '%(function)s(%(distinct)s%(expressions)s)'.
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Aggregate.template
window_compatible Defaults to True since most aggregate functions can be used as the source expression in Window.
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Aggregate.window_compatible
as_sql(compiler, connection) Generates the SQL fragment for the expression. Returns a tuple (sql, params), where sql is the SQL string, and params is the list or tuple of query parameters. The compiler is an SQLCompiler object, which has a compile() method that can be used to compile other expressions. The connection...
django.ref.models.lookups#django.db.models.as_sql
as_vendorname(compiler, connection) Works like as_sql() method. When an expression is compiled by compiler.compile(), Django will first try to call as_vendorname(), where vendorname is the vendor name of the backend used for executing the query. The vendorname is one of postgresql, oracle, sqlite, or mysql for Django...
django.ref.models.lookups#django.db.models.as_vendorname
class AutoField(**options)
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.AutoField
class Avg(expression, output_field=None, distinct=False, filter=None, default=None, **extra) Returns the mean value of the given expression, which must be numeric unless you specify a different output_field. Default alias: <field>__avg Return type: float if input is int, otherwise same as input field, or output_fie...
django.ref.models.querysets#django.db.models.Avg
distinct If distinct=True, Avg returns the mean value of unique values. This is the SQL equivalent of AVG(DISTINCT <field>). The default value is False.
django.ref.models.querysets#django.db.models.Avg.distinct
class BigAutoField(**options)
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.BigAutoField
class BigIntegerField(**options)
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.BigIntegerField
class BinaryField(max_length=None, **options)
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.BinaryField
BinaryField.max_length The maximum length (in bytes) of the field. The maximum length is enforced in Django’s validation using MaxLengthValidator.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.BinaryField.max_length
class BooleanField(**options)
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.BooleanField
CASCADE Cascade deletes. Django emulates the behavior of the SQL constraint ON DELETE CASCADE and also deletes the object containing the ForeignKey. Model.delete() isn’t called on related models, but the pre_delete and post_delete signals are sent for all deleted objects.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.CASCADE
class CharField(max_length=None, **options)
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.CharField
CharField.db_collation New in Django 3.2. Optional. The database collation name of the field. Note Collation names are not standardized. As such, this will not be portable across multiple database backends. Oracle Oracle supports collations only when the MAX_STRING_SIZE database initialization parameter is set t...
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.CharField.db_collation
CharField.max_length Required. The maximum length (in characters) of the field. The max_length is enforced at the database level and in Django’s validation using MaxLengthValidator. Note If you are writing an application that must be portable to multiple database backends, you should be aware that there are restrict...
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.CharField.max_length
class CheckConstraint(*, check, name) Creates a check constraint in the database.
django.ref.models.constraints#django.db.models.CheckConstraint
CheckConstraint.check
django.ref.models.constraints#django.db.models.CheckConstraint.check
CheckConstraint.name
django.ref.models.constraints#django.db.models.CheckConstraint.name
class Count(expression, distinct=False, filter=None, **extra) Returns the number of objects that are related through the provided expression. Default alias: <field>__count Return type: int Has one optional argument: distinct If distinct=True, the count will only include unique instances. This is the SQL equiv...
django.ref.models.querysets#django.db.models.Count
distinct If distinct=True, the count will only include unique instances. This is the SQL equivalent of COUNT(DISTINCT <field>). The default value is False.
django.ref.models.querysets#django.db.models.Count.distinct
CursorWrapper.callproc(procname, params=None, kparams=None) Calls a database stored procedure with the given name. A sequence (params) or dictionary (kparams) of input parameters may be provided. Most databases don’t support kparams. Of Django’s built-in backends, only Oracle supports it. For example, given this stor...
django.topics.db.sql#django.db.models.CursorWrapper.callproc
class DateField(auto_now=False, auto_now_add=False, **options)
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.DateField
DateField.auto_now Automatically set the field to now every time the object is saved. Useful for “last-modified” timestamps. Note that the current date is always used; it’s not just a default value that you can override. The field is only automatically updated when calling Model.save(). The field isn’t updated when m...
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.DateField.auto_now
DateField.auto_now_add Automatically set the field to now when the object is first created. Useful for creation of timestamps. Note that the current date is always used; it’s not just a default value that you can override. So even if you set a value for this field when creating the object, it will be ignored. If you ...
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.DateField.auto_now_add
class DateTimeField(auto_now=False, auto_now_add=False, **options)
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.DateTimeField
class DecimalField(max_digits=None, decimal_places=None, **options)
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.DecimalField
DecimalField.decimal_places The number of decimal places to store with the number.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.DecimalField.decimal_places
DecimalField.max_digits The maximum number of digits allowed in the number. Note that this number must be greater than or equal to decimal_places.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.DecimalField.max_digits
DO_NOTHING Take no action. If your database backend enforces referential integrity, this will cause an IntegrityError unless you manually add an SQL ON DELETE constraint to the database field.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.DO_NOTHING
class DurationField(**options)
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.DurationField
class EmailField(max_length=254, **options)
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.EmailField
class Exists(queryset)
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Exists
class Expression contains_aggregate Tells Django that this expression contains an aggregate and that a GROUP BY clause needs to be added to the query. contains_over_clause Tells Django that this expression contains a Window expression. It’s used, for example, to disallow window function expressions in queri...
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Expression
asc(nulls_first=False, nulls_last=False) Returns the expression ready to be sorted in ascending order. nulls_first and nulls_last define how null values are sorted. See Using F() to sort null values for example usage.
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Expression.asc
contains_aggregate Tells Django that this expression contains an aggregate and that a GROUP BY clause needs to be added to the query.
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Expression.contains_aggregate
contains_over_clause Tells Django that this expression contains a Window expression. It’s used, for example, to disallow window function expressions in queries that modify data.
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Expression.contains_over_clause
convert_value(value, expression, connection) A hook allowing the expression to coerce value into a more appropriate type. expression is the same as self.
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Expression.convert_value
desc(nulls_first=False, nulls_last=False) Returns the expression ready to be sorted in descending order. nulls_first and nulls_last define how null values are sorted. See Using F() to sort null values for example usage.
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Expression.desc
empty_result_set_value New in Django 4.0. Tells Django which value should be returned when the expression is used to apply a function over an empty result set. Defaults to NotImplemented which forces the expression to be computed on the database.
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Expression.empty_result_set_value
filterable Tells Django that this expression can be referenced in QuerySet.filter(). Defaults to True.
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Expression.filterable
get_group_by_cols(alias=None) Responsible for returning the list of columns references by this expression. get_group_by_cols() should be called on any nested expressions. F() objects, in particular, hold a reference to a column. The alias parameter will be None unless the expression has been annotated and is used for...
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Expression.get_group_by_cols
get_source_expressions() Returns an ordered list of inner expressions. For example: >>> Sum(F('foo')).get_source_expressions() [F('foo')]
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Expression.get_source_expressions