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relabeled_clone(change_map) Returns a clone (copy) of self, with any column aliases relabeled. Column aliases are renamed when subqueries are created. relabeled_clone() should also be called on any nested expressions and assigned to the clone. change_map is a dictionary mapping old aliases to new aliases. Example: de...
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Expression.relabeled_clone
resolve_expression(query=None, allow_joins=True, reuse=None, summarize=False, for_save=False) Provides the chance to do any pre-processing or validation of the expression before it’s added to the query. resolve_expression() must also be called on any nested expressions. A copy() of self should be returned with any ne...
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Expression.resolve_expression
reverse_ordering() Returns self with any modifications required to reverse the sort order within an order_by call. As an example, an expression implementing NULLS LAST would change its value to be NULLS FIRST. Modifications are only required for expressions that implement sort order like OrderBy. This method is calle...
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Expression.reverse_ordering
set_source_expressions(expressions) Takes a list of expressions and stores them such that get_source_expressions() can return them.
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Expression.set_source_expressions
window_compatible Tells Django that this expression can be used as the source expression in Window. Defaults to False.
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Expression.window_compatible
class Case(*cases, **extra)
django.ref.models.conditional-expressions#django.db.models.expressions.Case
class RawSQL(sql, params, output_field=None)
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.expressions.RawSQL
class RowRange(start=None, end=None) frame_type This attribute is set to 'ROWS'.
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.expressions.RowRange
frame_type This attribute is set to 'ROWS'.
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.expressions.RowRange.frame_type
class ValueRange(start=None, end=None) frame_type This attribute is set to 'RANGE'. PostgreSQL has limited support for ValueRange and only supports use of the standard start and end points, such as CURRENT ROW and UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING.
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.expressions.ValueRange
frame_type This attribute is set to 'RANGE'.
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.expressions.ValueRange.frame_type
class When(condition=None, then=None, **lookups)
django.ref.models.conditional-expressions#django.db.models.expressions.When
class Window(expression, partition_by=None, order_by=None, frame=None, output_field=None) filterable Defaults to False. The SQL standard disallows referencing window functions in the WHERE clause and Django raises an exception when constructing a QuerySet that would do that. template Defaults to %(expressio...
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.expressions.Window
filterable Defaults to False. The SQL standard disallows referencing window functions in the WHERE clause and Django raises an exception when constructing a QuerySet that would do that.
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.expressions.Window.filterable
template Defaults to %(expression)s OVER (%(window)s)'. If only the expression argument is provided, the window clause will be blank.
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.expressions.Window.template
class ExpressionWrapper(expression, output_field)
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.ExpressionWrapper
class F
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.F
class Field Field is an abstract class that represents a database table column. Django uses fields to create the database table (db_type()), to map Python types to database (get_prep_value()) and vice-versa (from_db_value()). A field is thus a fundamental piece in different Django APIs, notably, models and querysets....
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field
Field.auto_created Boolean flag that indicates if the field was automatically created, such as the OneToOneField used by model inheritance.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.auto_created
Field.blank
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.blank
Field.choices
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.choices
Field.concrete Boolean flag that indicates if the field has a database column associated with it.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.concrete
Field.db_column
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.db_column
Field.db_index
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.db_index
Field.db_tablespace
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.db_tablespace
db_type(connection) Returns the database column data type for the Field, taking into account the connection. See Custom database types for usage in custom fields.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.db_type
deconstruct() Returns a 4-tuple with enough information to recreate the field: The name of the field on the model. The import path of the field (e.g. "django.db.models.IntegerField"). This should be the most portable version, so less specific may be better. A list of positional arguments. A dict of keyword arguments...
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.deconstruct
Field.default
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.default
description A verbose description of the field, e.g. for the django.contrib.admindocs application. The description can be of the form: description = _("String (up to %(max_length)s)") where the arguments are interpolated from the field’s __dict__.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.description
descriptor_class A class implementing the descriptor protocol that is instantiated and assigned to the model instance attribute. The constructor must accept a single argument, the Field instance. Overriding this class attribute allows for customizing the get and set behavior.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.descriptor_class
Field.editable
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.editable
Field.error_messages
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.error_messages
formfield(form_class=None, choices_form_class=None, **kwargs) Returns the default django.forms.Field of this field for ModelForm. By default, if both form_class and choices_form_class are None, it uses CharField. If the field has choices and choices_form_class isn’t specified, it uses TypedChoiceField. See Specifying...
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.formfield
from_db_value(value, expression, connection) Converts a value as returned by the database to a Python object. It is the reverse of get_prep_value(). This method is not used for most built-in fields as the database backend already returns the correct Python type, or the backend itself does the conversion. expression i...
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.from_db_value
get_db_prep_save(value, connection) Same as the get_db_prep_value(), but called when the field value must be saved to the database. By default returns get_db_prep_value().
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.get_db_prep_save
get_db_prep_value(value, connection, prepared=False) Converts value to a backend-specific value. By default it returns value if prepared=True and get_prep_value() if is False. See Converting query values to database values for usage.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.get_db_prep_value
get_internal_type() Returns a string naming this field for backend specific purposes. By default, it returns the class name. See Emulating built-in field types for usage in custom fields.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.get_internal_type
get_prep_value(value) value is the current value of the model’s attribute, and the method should return data in a format that has been prepared for use as a parameter in a query. See Converting Python objects to query values for usage.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.get_prep_value
Field.help_text
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.help_text
Field.hidden Boolean flag that indicates if a field is used to back another non-hidden field’s functionality (e.g. the content_type and object_id fields that make up a GenericForeignKey). The hidden flag is used to distinguish what constitutes the public subset of fields on the model from all the fields on the model....
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.hidden
Field.is_relation Boolean flag that indicates if a field contains references to one or more other models for its functionality (e.g. ForeignKey, ManyToManyField, OneToOneField, etc.).
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.is_relation
Field.many_to_many Boolean flag that is True if the field has a many-to-many relation; False otherwise. The only field included with Django where this is True is ManyToManyField.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.many_to_many
Field.many_to_one Boolean flag that is True if the field has a many-to-one relation, such as a ForeignKey; False otherwise.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.many_to_one
Field.model Returns the model on which the field is defined. If a field is defined on a superclass of a model, model will refer to the superclass, not the class of the instance.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.model
Field.null
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.null
Field.one_to_many Boolean flag that is True if the field has a one-to-many relation, such as a GenericRelation or the reverse of a ForeignKey; False otherwise.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.one_to_many
Field.one_to_one Boolean flag that is True if the field has a one-to-one relation, such as a OneToOneField; False otherwise.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.one_to_one
pre_save(model_instance, add) Method called prior to get_db_prep_save() to prepare the value before being saved (e.g. for DateField.auto_now). model_instance is the instance this field belongs to and add is whether the instance is being saved to the database for the first time. It should return the value of the appro...
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.pre_save
Field.primary_key
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.primary_key
rel_db_type(connection) Returns the database column data type for fields such as ForeignKey and OneToOneField that point to the Field, taking into account the connection. See Custom database types for usage in custom fields.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.rel_db_type
Field.related_model Points to the model the field relates to. For example, Author in ForeignKey(Author, on_delete=models.CASCADE). The related_model for a GenericForeignKey is always None.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.related_model
to_python(value) Converts the value into the correct Python object. It acts as the reverse of value_to_string(), and is also called in clean(). See Converting values to Python objects for usage.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.to_python
Field.unique
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.unique
Field.unique_for_date
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.unique_for_date
Field.unique_for_month
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.unique_for_month
Field.unique_for_year
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.unique_for_year
Field.validators
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.validators
value_from_object(obj) Returns the field’s value for the given model instance. This method is often used by value_to_string().
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.value_from_object
value_to_string(obj) Converts obj to a string. Used to serialize the value of the field. See Converting field data for serialization for usage.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.value_to_string
Field.verbose_name
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.Field.verbose_name
class FieldFile
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.fields.files.FieldFile
FieldFile.close()
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.fields.files.FieldFile.close
FieldFile.delete(save=True)
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.fields.files.FieldFile.delete
FieldFile.name
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.fields.files.FieldFile.name
FieldFile.open(mode='rb')
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.fields.files.FieldFile.open
FieldFile.path
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.fields.files.FieldFile.path
FieldFile.save(name, content, save=True)
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.fields.files.FieldFile.save
FieldFile.size
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.fields.files.FieldFile.size
FieldFile.url
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.fields.files.FieldFile.url
class RelatedManager A “related manager” is a manager used in a one-to-many or many-to-many related context. This happens in two cases: The “other side” of a ForeignKey relation. That is: from django.db import models class Blog(models.Model): # ... pass class Entry(models.Model): blog = models.Foreign...
django.ref.models.relations#django.db.models.fields.related.RelatedManager
add(*objs, bulk=True, through_defaults=None) Adds the specified model objects to the related object set. Example: >>> b = Blog.objects.get(id=1) >>> e = Entry.objects.get(id=234) >>> b.entry_set.add(e) # Associates Entry e with Blog b. In the example above, in the case of a ForeignKey relationship, QuerySet.update()...
django.ref.models.relations#django.db.models.fields.related.RelatedManager.add
clear(bulk=True) Removes all objects from the related object set: >>> b = Blog.objects.get(id=1) >>> b.entry_set.clear() Note this doesn’t delete the related objects – it just disassociates them. Just like remove(), clear() is only available on ForeignKeys where null=True and it also accepts the bulk keyword argumen...
django.ref.models.relations#django.db.models.fields.related.RelatedManager.clear
create(through_defaults=None, **kwargs) Creates a new object, saves it and puts it in the related object set. Returns the newly created object: >>> b = Blog.objects.get(id=1) >>> e = b.entry_set.create( ... headline='Hello', ... body_text='Hi', ... pub_date=datetime.date(2005, 1, 1) ... ) # No need to ca...
django.ref.models.relations#django.db.models.fields.related.RelatedManager.create
remove(*objs, bulk=True) Removes the specified model objects from the related object set: >>> b = Blog.objects.get(id=1) >>> e = Entry.objects.get(id=234) >>> b.entry_set.remove(e) # Disassociates Entry e from Blog b. Similar to add(), e.save() is called in the example above to perform the update. Using remove() wit...
django.ref.models.relations#django.db.models.fields.related.RelatedManager.remove
set(objs, bulk=True, clear=False, through_defaults=None) Replace the set of related objects: >>> new_list = [obj1, obj2, obj3] >>> e.related_set.set(new_list) This method accepts a clear argument to control how to perform the operation. If False (the default), the elements missing from the new set are removed using ...
django.ref.models.relations#django.db.models.fields.related.RelatedManager.set
class FileField(upload_to=None, max_length=100, **options)
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.FileField
FileField.storage A storage object, or a callable which returns a storage object. This handles the storage and retrieval of your files. See Managing files for details on how to provide this object.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.FileField.storage
FileField.upload_to This attribute provides a way of setting the upload directory and file name, and can be set in two ways. In both cases, the value is passed to the Storage.save() method. If you specify a string value or a Path, it may contain strftime() formatting, which will be replaced by the date/time of the fi...
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.FileField.upload_to
class FilePathField(path='', match=None, recursive=False, allow_files=True, allow_folders=False, max_length=100, **options)
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.FilePathField
FilePathField.allow_files Optional. Either True or False. Default is True. Specifies whether files in the specified location should be included. Either this or allow_folders must be True.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.FilePathField.allow_files
FilePathField.allow_folders Optional. Either True or False. Default is False. Specifies whether folders in the specified location should be included. Either this or allow_files must be True.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.FilePathField.allow_folders
FilePathField.match Optional. A regular expression, as a string, that FilePathField will use to filter filenames. Note that the regex will be applied to the base filename, not the full path. Example: "foo.*\.txt$", which will match a file called foo23.txt but not bar.txt or foo23.png.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.FilePathField.match
FilePathField.path Required. The absolute filesystem path to a directory from which this FilePathField should get its choices. Example: "/home/images". path may also be a callable, such as a function to dynamically set the path at runtime. Example: import os from django.conf import settings from django.db import mode...
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.FilePathField.path
FilePathField.recursive Optional. Either True or False. Default is False. Specifies whether all subdirectories of path should be included
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.FilePathField.recursive
class FilteredRelation(relation_name, *, condition=Q()) relation_name The name of the field on which you’d like to filter the relation. condition A Q object to control the filtering.
django.ref.models.querysets#django.db.models.FilteredRelation
condition A Q object to control the filtering.
django.ref.models.querysets#django.db.models.FilteredRelation.condition
relation_name The name of the field on which you’d like to filter the relation.
django.ref.models.querysets#django.db.models.FilteredRelation.relation_name
class FloatField(**options)
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.FloatField
class ForeignKey(to, on_delete, **options)
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.ForeignKey
ForeignKey.db_constraint Controls whether or not a constraint should be created in the database for this foreign key. The default is True, and that’s almost certainly what you want; setting this to False can be very bad for data integrity. That said, here are some scenarios where you might want to do this: You have ...
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.ForeignKey.db_constraint
ForeignKey.limit_choices_to Sets a limit to the available choices for this field when this field is rendered using a ModelForm or the admin (by default, all objects in the queryset are available to choose). Either a dictionary, a Q object, or a callable returning a dictionary or Q object can be used. For example: sta...
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.ForeignKey.limit_choices_to
ForeignKey.on_delete When an object referenced by a ForeignKey is deleted, Django will emulate the behavior of the SQL constraint specified by the on_delete argument. For example, if you have a nullable ForeignKey and you want it to be set null when the referenced object is deleted: user = models.ForeignKey( User...
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.ForeignKey.on_delete
ForeignKey.related_name The name to use for the relation from the related object back to this one. It’s also the default value for related_query_name (the name to use for the reverse filter name from the target model). See the related objects documentation for a full explanation and example. Note that you must set th...
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.ForeignKey.related_name
ForeignKey.related_query_name The name to use for the reverse filter name from the target model. It defaults to the value of related_name or default_related_name if set, otherwise it defaults to the name of the model: # Declare the ForeignKey with related_query_name class Tag(models.Model): article = models.Forei...
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.ForeignKey.related_query_name
ForeignKey.swappable Controls the migration framework’s reaction if this ForeignKey is pointing at a swappable model. If it is True - the default - then if the ForeignKey is pointing at a model which matches the current value of settings.AUTH_USER_MODEL (or another swappable model setting) the relationship will be st...
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.ForeignKey.swappable
ForeignKey.to_field The field on the related object that the relation is to. By default, Django uses the primary key of the related object. If you reference a different field, that field must have unique=True.
django.ref.models.fields#django.db.models.ForeignKey.to_field
class Func(*expressions, **extra) function A class attribute describing the function that will be generated. Specifically, the function will be interpolated as the function placeholder within template. Defaults to None. template A class attribute, as a format string, that describes the SQL that is generated...
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Func
arg_joiner A class attribute that denotes the character used to join the list of expressions together. Defaults to ', '.
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Func.arg_joiner
arity A class attribute that denotes the number of arguments the function accepts. If this attribute is set and the function is called with a different number of expressions, TypeError will be raised. Defaults to None.
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Func.arity
as_sql(compiler, connection, function=None, template=None, arg_joiner=None, **extra_context) Generates the SQL fragment for the database function. Returns a tuple (sql, params), where sql is the SQL string, and params is the list or tuple of query parameters. The as_vendor() methods should use the function, template,...
django.ref.models.expressions#django.db.models.Func.as_sql