id string | concept_name string | domain string | content_type string | text string | quality_score float64 | information_density string | complexity_level int64 | token_count int64 | prerequisites list | builds_to list | cross_domain_connections list | quality_assessment dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ca66e0f5-8ef6-43c8-940e-a9d7629dd76d | Building runtime technology new | technology | practical_application | Building the runtime technology for a new language to match the capabilities of existing mature languages typically requires tremendous effort over decades and, in some cases, never happens because language adoption rates never justify the needed investment. But many of the technologies required are actually not substantially different than the technologies that have been created for existing languages. There are always quirks and peculiarities for each language, but the fundamental technology is really very similar in nature. What makes it extremely difficult to repurpose existing technology for a new language, however, is that the effort to create a new language runtime typically focuses almost entirely on the shortest path to becoming operational for one particular language. “Shortest path” typically means specializing the technology for that language which impedes reuse for other languages. This process has already been repeated many times for many different languages, resulting in several challenges that affect all communities to varying extents:
Opportunity cost : every community invests limited resources to independently implement and maintain code that is broadly similar in capability but expressed in different ways. How much more would we all accomplish without this wasted effort?
Long robustness ramp: different implementations tend to run into and fix similar kinds of bugs over their lifetimes. Early design flaws can become extremely restrictive and hard to fix as the community grows around a runtime implementation
Slow capability adoption: hardware and operating system capabilities take much longer to become consistently available and, in the meantime, the developer community can be be disadvantaged on some platforms
Hampered productivity: frameworks for development, diagnostic, profiling, monitoring, management, deployment, testing, etc. require much more effort to build and maintain across many languages or we build broadly similar (but different) tools for each language (see #1)
Barrier to entry: the more hardware, operating system, and tools become popular the harder it becomes to get a new language to be fully capable. Not all language designers necessarily want to become experts building these capabilities.
Slow forward progress: slower innovation in languages, possibly even foiled in some cases by significant runtime implementation costs
One approach to improve this situation is to build other languages within an existing mature runtime environment like Microsoft’s Common Language Runtime or a Java Virtual Machine. For example, Scala, Groovy, jRuby, Nashorn, and many other language projects leverage the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) to run code written in other languages. None of these projects, however, have become the de facto implementations for their target language, in part because the JVM is primarily designed and continues to make implementation trade-offs so as to run Java code very efficiently but not necessarily other languages. The implementation trade-offs needed to support other languages require and encourage workarounds and complexity that would not be needed were it not for the fundamental design constraints (i.e. the “Java-ness”) of the JVM itself. For reasons like this, most languages have a native C or C++ runtime implementation that is considered the reference implementation for the majority of that language’s users. More significantly, however, the success of this kind of approach depends on migrating a community from one runtime implementation to another, across what can be a significant number of implementation differences that manifest for developers and users as varying forms of “my program doesn’t work the way it used to work”. To date, very few large language communities have been able to succeed with this scale of migration.
A second approach could be to build new runtime components from scratch that are designed from the outset for reuse. But building even one runtime for one specific language is incredibly hard. Building such componentry to support any runtime but without any specific stakeholder (while conceptually every stakeholder) is almost guaranteed to fail.
Neither of these two approaches seems like a sure bet, but the idea to leverage a mature JVM’s core technology feels like the best direction. The JVM technology already exists and has proven itself for at least one mature language community. But bolting other languages on top of Java semantics has not yet shown to be a broadly viable solution.
Instead, we propose to reorganize the runtime components of an existing commercial JVM implementation (the IBM Developer’s Kit for Java) to separate the parts that implement Java semantics from the parts that provide key runtime capabilities.
The OMR project will be formed around these latter language independent parts: a runtime technology platform consisting of core components as a toolbox for building language runtimes. An ecosystem of developers working together to augment the capabilities of this platform while collaborating with developers for tools and frameworks simultaneously fosters industry-wide innovation in managed runtimes, the languages they implement, and the collection of frameworks and tools that will accelerate our industry’s ability to build even more amazing things.
This project consists of core componentry that can be (re)used to build language runtimes along with test cases to operationally document and maintain the semantics of those components. It is a set of functional, robust components that have no language specificity and direct component level tests. At least initially, it will not include any components or tests that are implemented in language specific ways, and it will not include any code that surfaces OMR component capabilities to any particular language except as sample code. Code and tests for language specific capabilities probably belong in projects devoted to particular languages, but as the OMR project becomes consumed by more languages, it may make sense for some language specific code to reside within the OMR project to accelerate problem discovery for OMR code contributions.
Alongside this project, we will be open sourcing our CRuby implementation that leverages the OMR technology, and we have a CPython implementation also that leverages some of the OMR technology. As we contribute the underlying OMR technology to the OMR project, we'll also open source the implementations to leverage that OMR technology for CRuby and eventually CPython.
The OMR project consists of a highly integrated set of open source C and C++ components that can be used to build robust language runtimes that will support many different hardware and operating system platforms. These components include but are not limited to: memory management, threading, platform port (abstraction) library, diagnostic file support, monitoring support, garbage collection, and native Just In Time compilation.
The long term goal for the OMR project is to foster an open ecosystem of language runtime developers to collaborate and collectively innovate with hardware platform designers, operating system developers, as well as tool and framework developers and to provide a robust runtime technology platform so that language implementers can much more quickly and easily create more fully featured languages to enrich the options available to programmers.
Just In Time Compiler
Hardware exploitation (e.g. RDMA, GPU, SIMD, etc.)
Any technology implementing capabilities that can be reused in multiple languages, including source code translators, byte code or AST interpreters, etc.
The OMR project is an open extensible runtime technology platform enabling any kind of language runtime, but OMR is not itself a runtime for any language. Aside from the general support and nurturing environment any open source foundation would provide, the Eclipse Foundation has particular expertise in establishing open communities around platforms. The success of the OMR project will hinge on dependent projects becoming comfortable to consume our technology via repeated successful delivery of high quality code. The collective experience of the Eclipse Foundation is by far our best chance for success, and we think the OMR project would make an excellent addition to the Eclipse Foundation community.
Our unit/component test infrastructure requires the use of Google Test framework (1.7.0) to run which is distributed under the “New BSD” license. We have not yet consulted for a legal opinion, but our understanding is that the New BSD license is not incompatible with the EPL 1.0 license although there are specific requirements we will need to meet. In particular, we would need to include the required notices and disclaimers for the Google Test framework as a small constituent part of this project.
The test infrastructure also requires the use of pugixml 1.5 which is distributed under the MIT License.
The port library in the first drop includes two files (auxv.c and auvx.h) from Auxiliary Vector Library, which is another open source project contributed by IBM. It is distributed under the “New BSD” license.
The name "OMR" has been previously owned in Canada (Application number 0566581 and Application number 1196558) and in US, but records indicate the owner has abandoned or has not renewed the name for the last 10 years.
The initial contribution can be made available as early as January 2016 when we complete all the review and approval process. Additional components will be going open with an approximately monthly cadence with
End Jan 2016
- Thread Library with core utilities
- Partial Port Library and data structures
- Garbage Collection: Mark / Sweep collector initially
End Feb 2016
- Initial OS/X platform support
End Mar 2016
- Parallel scavenger GC support, complete concurrent GC support
- Very large heap GC support
- Just In Time compiler initial drop with more code dropping throughout the rest of the year and into 2017
- System core dump processing facilities for easier problem diagnosis
The initial focus will be to move our existing code base into the open project and establish the base core componentry. We hope to engage with partners to extend the list of supported platforms as well as begin to work with different language communities to start the adoption process to leverage the OMR components in language runtimes. | 0.6 | medium | 6 | 1,971 | [
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e16d5019-3929-4873-b3c8-1d0b2c706e06 | native sedge robust; its | science | concept_introduction | This native sedge is not robust; its stems are small, soft and weak. You may find it growing in profusion in marshes, bogs, lake and pond margins, along moist roadside ditches and in other disturbed and natural areas with shallow water. This species of Cyperus is only one of approximately 50 in Florida (Wunderlin, 2003). Sharp edge sedge occurs in southeastern U.S. and PR (Kartesz, 1999).
Sharp edge sedge is a sedge. Stems tuft-forming, 8-30 in. tall, sharply 3-angled, soft and weak; leaf blades none, just sheaths; sheaths few, purplish, loose, at base; inflorescence branched, having few narrow leaf-like bracts; spikelets in long- and short-stalked clusters, linear, to 5/8 in. long; nutlet slightly 3-angled.
For brief control information, see Efficacy of Herbicide Active Ingredients Against Aquatic Weeds by K. Langeland, M. Netherland, and W. Haller. | 0.6 | medium | 6 | 242 | [
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7360e01f-8d68-41b3-a68f-002a9c44be37 | posts joined Friday 6th | interdisciplinary | historical_context | 58 posts • joined Friday 6th March 2009 13:53 GMT Yet another 'fuck-up merchant'... gets to *resign*, no doubt with his lardy assed pension still totally intact. Which is more than could be said for the rest of us if we cocked up for our employer so publicly. Gits, the lot of em. @ Shut the f**k up Also, is it just extremist Islamic material their trying to block, or are they going to block extremist Christian material, of which there's plenty if you look for it, too? Seems like common sense... therefore will be ignored entirely by this, and any subsequent government for the foreseeable future. "On you go BT." At least I hope you're being sarcastic! It took the useless fuckers almost a month to repair the damaged multicore to the pole serving our house after some dozy smegger cut it with a digger. As someone posted on the earlier article, BT need to get their act together on the diversity and redundancy factors. With some added redundancy for those responsible for not ensuring there was enough of both in the system. Not so much a network as a few bits of damp string knotted together incoherantly And another rhing UKBA to exchange fingerprints with US Is that exchange as in "we'll give you ours if you give us yours" or (the , let's face it, more likely) Thumb down, cos that's what we'll all have to do shortly if this shower of fuckers get their way. "The UK's annual GDP is over £2tn" We should be even cheaper then, as I suspect our GDP is likely to be substantially below that. And isn't it just a teensy bit coincidental, £1Tn in "benefits which had previously escaped your notice" is surprisingly like the amount this country is likely to be in debt by (at least) to get us 'out' of the current economic situation? As a certain Mr. Royle would say; "Coincidence, my arse!" @ Cpt. Jamie is that 'competent', 'competent judicial' or 'judicial'? "but virtual console games can now be saved and loaded directly from the cards." Just did the update this morning. You have to 'temporarily transfer' downloaded games from the SD card into the Wii system memory before you can play. Or at least that's what the instructions contained in the update tell you. At least they've gone some way to addressing the issue. bit of a sweeping statement there "if replacements are solving the problem then it's a manufacturing issue, not a design one" Were you involved in the design? Then how do you *know* it's not a design issue? @How bad is it in the UK? REALLY fucking bad! And getting rapidly worse. As for "What does "taken offside" mean?" WTF do you think he meant? The only connections with sport would involve either a baseball bat (or two, or three), or perhaps a starting pistol (or something *very* similar). Use your imagination. What the fuck is the difference? Compulsory ID Card The real problem, as you say, is the database. That, and the word "compulsory". let me get this straight... Her Wackiness has (very possibly) been acting illegaly? Not that I'm expecting *anything* to be done about it. Look at it this way, if you're using Google's 'free' services (Gmail, picasa, search, maps, whatever) then they're using 'your' data to turn a profit. Which, if you think about it, is pretty fair. They should, however, make this completely clear and transparent, and no data should be linked to any IP address for any longer than, say 14 days. Time to come clean guys. Phorm/BT on the other hand, are not going to be operating this model. The user will already be paying BT for their service. Phorm/BT are simply harvesting this info to make MORE money, with no discernible benefit to the users, as far as I can see ('Targeted' or 'more relevant' ads do not, IMO, constitute a "discernible benefit") FTTC, replacement or suppliment? "I was trolling along, on moonlight bay, dah de de de de de de dee,...." Seriously though, is FTTC intended to replace the existing copper multicore from the exchange to "your nearest roadside cabinet" or is it going to be supplementary to it, thereby enabling ET, sorry BT, to proffer a two-tier service? I have to agree with a great many of the posts here, it should be rolled out in more 'rural' areas first, with preference given to those areas with either no broadband, or piss-poor connections. But that wouldn't be 'economically viable' I suppose. Finally, my apologies to our Welsh reader. How could I possibly have missed "Taffs Well - Rhondda Cynon Taf" They need to change their name to.. 3 sites in Scotland, 1 each Wales And NI oh aye, VERY British. As for FTTC, fine, but if the copper between the cabinet and the socket has a multitude of joints in it... A lame, half-arsed attempt, yet again. "A member of the public reported his story to the Internet Watch Foundation," Surely that's got to be a prime example of utter hypocrisy by the in-duh-vidual involved. Just what did they expect to find on the "alt sex story repository" exactly? Goldilocks & the 3 Bears? Snow White & the 7 Dwarves (or should that be vertically challenged gem miners?) ? No, I'm referring to the 'traditional' versions, not the versions I imagine you WOULD find there. The only real surprise... is that it's only 11 that are "almost certainly illegal under human rights or data protection law". This report looks like something that the ICO should be able to get it's teeth into. Did I say "ICO" and "get it's teeth into" in the same sentence there? My mistake. I do apologise. I did of course mean "ICO" and "steadfastly and resolutely ignore, or claim that its not it's responsibility to do anything about Government departments wantonly breaching Data Protection legislation." Memo to Civil Servants. Please revisit your job title. YOU are OUR servants, NOT the other fucking way round. Please take the time to get that concept firmly embedded into your thick fucking heads. Thank You for your time. It'll be a LONG time... before Ye Olde Incandescents are gone. People will stock up on them to use in light fittings that simply are not suitable for, or were never designed to be compatible with, CFLs. Personally, we have 36% of the fixed lighting in our house still running on Ye Olde Bulbes, simply because the fittings are not suitable for CFLs (either too big to go inside the enclosed glass shade and still give enough light, or on a PIR that's not rated for CFL). the rest run on halogens. If that sort of percentage is repeated across europe, that's a shitload of lighting. Bit of an own goal there... I take it the 'boffins' haven't heard of rechargeable batteries then. No, don't start with the "you'd need more of them than alkelines so the sub would be heavier...yadda, yadda, yadda." This should have been figured out early on in the design. Or was it sponsored by "Duracell"? Paris, as I imagine she likes her submersible devices to be rechargeable!! It's high time the dinosaurs that are the record labels realised that their time is almost over. Unless they embrace the changing media world, rather than attempt to strangle the life out of it, that is. Its only a stick... if they actually use it. Otherwise it'll just look like a decorative leg, being used to prop up a sad, toothless flea-bitten (watch)dog. They body-swerved the Phorm/BT trials issue. can't see them having the balls to take on the mobile networks either. MP's 'Leading by example' They've been doing that since the dawn of politics! The Energy Saving Trust. Now THERE'S an oxymoron. Patti and Selma will be happy(er)! Note to Hollywood. For the love of <insert preferred deity / alien>, stop 'resurrecting' long dead TV shows. Try coming up with an ORIGINAL idea a little more often. "kicked into the long grass" We live in hope. Pity we cant kick her Wackness into 'the long grass' as well. Lies, damned lies... It's all in the way you set up the questions. You can *prove* anything with statistics, you just have to ask the *right* (or in this case, the *wrong*) questions. Statistics is not, IMHO, a science. Its an art. A bit like magic. Looks impressive if done well, but deep down you just KNOW it's all smoke and mirrors. Which is just another term for Bullshit! Goggle guy, closest statistics will come to real science. of the major record labels now in progress. But this is still in line with New Labour's controlling policies, so its bound to find favour with them. Her Wackiness will love it. Your computer fitted with a reader for your ID card to 'authorise' your internet access level. <robovoice> Papers please, Citizen.</robovoice> - Acorn founder: SIXTH WAVE of tech will wash away Apple, Intel - Analysis BlackBerry Messenger unleashed: Look out Twitter and Facebook - Comment Mobile tech destroys the case for the HS2 £multi-beellion train set - Nine-year-old Opportunity Mars rover sets NASA distance record - Things that cost the same as coffee with Tim Cook - and are WAY more fun | 0.65 | medium | 4 | 2,146 | [
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0d30024d-125f-4c52-b5a4-79f213a2266c | Ottoman Greeks Ottoman Greeks | social_studies | historical_context | # Ottoman Greeks
Ottoman Greeks (Greek: Ρωμιοί, romanized: Romioi; Turkish: Osmanlı Rumları) were ethnic Greeks who lived in the Ottoman Empire (1299–1922), much of which is in modern Turkey. Ottoman Greeks were Greek Orthodox Christians who belonged to the Rum Millet (Millet-i Rum). They were concentrated in eastern Thrace (especially in and around Constantinople), and western, central, and northeastern Anatolia (especially in Smyrna, Cappadocia, and Erzurum vilayet, respectively). There were also sizeable Greek communities elsewhere in the Ottoman Balkans, Ottoman Armenia, Ottoman Syria and the Ottoman Caucasus, including in what, between 1878 and 1917, made up the Russian Caucasus province of Kars Oblast, in which Pontic Greeks, northeastern Anatolian Greeks, and Caucasus Greeks who had collaborated with the Russian Imperial Army in the Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 were settled in over 70 villages, as part of official Russian policy to re-populate with Orthodox Christians an area that was traditionally made up of Ottoman Muslims and Armenians.
## History
### Introduction
In the Ottoman Empire, in accordance with the Muslim dhimmi system, Greek Christians were guaranteed limited freedoms (such as the right to worship), but were treated as second-class citizens. Christians and Jews were not considered equals to Muslims: testimony against Muslims by Christians and Jews was inadmissible in courts of law. They were forbidden to carry weapons or ride atop horses, their houses could not overlook those of Muslims, and their religious practices would have to defer to those of Muslims, in addition to various other legal limitations. Violation of these statutes could result in punishments ranging from the levying of fines to execution.
The Ecumenical Patriarch was recognized as the highest religious and political leader (millet-bashi, or ethnarch) of all Orthodox Christian subjects of the Sultan, though in certain periods some major powers, such as Russia (under the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca of 1774) or Great Britain, later the United Kingdom, claimed the rights of protection over the Ottoman Empire's Orthodox subjects.
### 19th century
The three major European powers, the United Kingdom, France and Russia (known as the Great Powers), took issue with the Ottoman Empire's treatment of its Christian population and increasingly pressured the Ottoman government (also known as the Sublime Porte) to extend equal rights to all its citizens. Beginning in 1839, the Ottoman government implemented the Tanzimat reforms to improve the situation of non-Muslims, although these would prove largely ineffective. In 1856, the Hatt-ı Hümayun promised equality for all Ottoman citizens irrespective of their ethnicity and confession, widening the scope of the 1839 Hatt-ı Şerif of Gülhane. The reformist period peaked with the Constitution, (or Kanûn-ı Esâsî in Ottoman Turkish), which was promulgated on November 23, 1876. It established freedom of belief and equality of all citizens before the law.
### 20th century
On July 24, 1908, Greeks' hopes for equality in the Ottoman Empire brightened with the removal of Sultan Abd-ul-Hamid II (r. 1876–1909) from power and restored the country back to a constitutional monarchy. The Committee of Union and Progress (more commonly called the Young Turks), a political party opposed to the absolute rule of Sultan Abd-ul-Hamid II, had led a rebellion against their ruler. The pro-reform Young Turks deposed the Sultan and replaced him with the ineffective Sultan Mehmed V (r. 1908–1918).
Before World War I, there were an estimated 1.8 million Greeks living in the Ottoman Empire. Some prominent Ottoman Greeks served as parliamentary deputies. In the 1908 Parliament, there were twenty-six (26) Ottoman Greek deputies but their number dropped to eighteen (18) by 1914. It is estimated that the Greek population of the Ottoman Empire in Asia Minor had 2,300 community schools, 200,000 students, 5,000 teachers, 2,000 Greek Orthodox churches, and 3,000 Greek Orthodox priests.
From 1914 until 1923, Greeks in Thrace and Asia Minor were subject to a campaign of massacres and deportations, involving death marches. The International Association of Genocide Scholars (IAGS) recognizes it as genocide and refers to the campaign as the Greek Genocide.
## Patriarchate of Constantinople
After the fall of Constantinople in 1453, when the Sultan virtually replaced the Byzantine emperor among subjugated Christians, the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople was recognized by the Sultan as the religious and national leader (ethnarch) of the Orthodox population. The Patriarchate earned a primary importance and occupied this key role among the Christians of the Ottoman Empire because the Ottomans did not legally distinguish between nationality and religion, and thus regarded all the Orthodox Christians of the Empire as a single entity.
The position of the Patriarchate in the Ottoman state encouraged projects of Greek renaissance, centered on the resurrection and revitalization of the Byzantine Empire. The Patriarch and those church dignitaries around him constituted the first centre of power for the Greeks inside the Ottoman state, one which succeeded in infiltrating the structures of the Ottoman Empire, while attracting the former Byzantine nobility.
## Identity
The Greeks were a self-conscious group within the larger Christian Orthodox religious community established by the Ottoman Empire. They distinguished themselves from their Orthodox co-religionists by retaining their Greek culture, customs, language, and tradition of education. Throughout the post-Byzantine and Ottoman periods, Greeks, as members of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, declared themselves as Graikoi (Greek: Γραικοί, "Greeks") and Romaioi or Romioi (Greek: Ρωμαίοι/Ρωμηιοί, "Romans").
## Notable Ottoman Greeks
- Köse Mihal (d. 1340), companion and general of Osman I
- Nilüfer Hatun (d. 1363), consort of Orhan I
- Evrenos (d. 1417), Ottoman military commander
- Gülçiçek Hatun (1389–1400), consort of Ottoman Sultan Murad I and Valide Hatun to their son Bayezid I
- Hass Murad Pasha (d. 1473), Ottoman Greek statesman
- Mesih Pasha (1443–1501), Ottoman Grand Vizier, Kapudan Pasha of the Ottoman Navy and statesman
- Gennadius Scholarius (1400–1472), Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople
- Rum Mehmed Pasha (d. 1470), Grand Vizier
- Michael Critobulus (d. 1470), scholar and historian
- Gülbahar Hatun (d. 1492), consort of Sultan Mehmed II, and mother of Sultan Bayezid II
- Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha (1494–1536), Grand Vizier to Suleyman the Magnificent
- Hadım Suleiman Pasha (1467–1547), Grand Vizier
- Kösem Sultan (1589–1651), wife of Ottoman sultan Ahmed I and valide sultan to their sons Murat IV and Ibrahim I
- Gülnuş Sultan (1642–1715), the Haseki Sultan of Mehmed IV and valide sultan to their sons Mustafa II and Ahmed III
- Nicholas Mavrocordatos (1670–1730), Grand Dragoman
- Adamantios Korais (1748–1833), Greek humanist scholar
- Prince Alexander Mavrocordatos (1791–1865), Greek statesman
- Ibrahim Edhem Pasha (1819–1893), Grand Vizier
- Alexander Karatheodori Pasha (1833–1906), Ottoman-Greek statesman and diplomat
- Basil Zaharoff (1850–1936), arms dealer and financier
- Christakis Zografos (1820–1896), banker and benefactor
- Evangelinos Misailidis (1820–1890), Ottoman writer and journalist
- Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha (1855–1922), Grand Vizier
- Michael Vasileiou, 19th century merchant and benefactor
- Alexandros Mavrogenis (1845–1929), Prince of Samos
- Stephanos Mousouros (1841–1906), was an Ottoman Greek ambassador of the Ottoman Empire to Italy and the United Kingdom, and was the Ottoman-appointed Prince of Samos
- Constantine Anthopoulos (1835–1902), pasha
- Konstantinos Mousouros (1807–1891), Ottoman pasha and ambassador
- Georgios Kourtoglou (1856–1912), Ottoman Pasha, governor and member of the Ottoman parliament
- Pavlos Karolidis (1849–1930), member of the Ottoman parliament
- Yorgo Zarifi (1810–1884), banker and financier
- Leonidas Paraskevopoulos (1860–1936), Greek military man and politician
- Kostas Skarvelis (1880–1942), singer
- Matthaios Kofidis (1855–1921), businessman and politician
- Aristotle Onassis (1906–1975), shipping magnate
- Anton Christoforidis (1918–1985), Greek light heavyweight boxer
- Sir Alec Issigonis (1906–1988), Greek-British car designer whose most famous work is the Mini
- Elia Kazan (1909–2003), director, producer, writer and actor
- Elias Venezis (1904–1973), writer from Ayvalık
- Rita Abatzi (1914–1969), singer
- Giorgos Seferis (1900–1971), Greek poet who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature
- Marika Ninou (1918–1957), singer
- Giannis Papaioannou (1913–1972), singer
## Gallery
- Ethnic map of Asia Minor in 1917. Black = Bulgars and Turks. Red = Greeks. Light yellow = Armenians. Blue = Kurds. Orange = Lazes. Dark Yellow = Arabs. Green = Nestorians.
- Map depicting the ethnic composition of Ottoman territories in 1911.
- Declaration of the Constitution; Muslim, Greek and Armenian leaders together.
### Citations
1. ↑ Akçam 2006, p. 24.
2. ↑ Alaux & Puaux 1916.
3. ↑ Roudometof & Robertson 2001, p. 91.
4. ↑ Lekka 2007, p. 136: "At the start of the war, the Greeks were a thriving community in Asia Minor, a land they had inhabited since the time of Homer. But things deteriorated quickly. Before the Turkish implementation of a nationalist policy, the Greek population was estimated at around 2.5 million, with 2,300 community schools, 200,000 pupils, 5,000 teachers, 2,000 Greek Orthodox churches, and 3,000 Greek Orthodox priests."
5. ↑ International Association of Genocide Scholars (December 16, 2007). "Genocide Scholars Association Officially Recognizes Assyrian, Greek Genocides" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
6. ↑ Jelavich, Barbara (1983). History of the Balkans. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 49–50. ISBN 978-0-521-25249-2.
7. 1 2 Harrison 2002, pp. 276–277: "The Greeks belonged to the community of the Orthodox subjects of the Sultan. But within that larger unity they formed a self-conscious group marked off from their fellow Orthodox by language and culture and by a tradition of education never entirely interrupted, which maintained their Greek identity."
8. ↑ Volkan & Itzkowitz 1994, p. 85: "While living as a millet under the Ottoman Empire they retained their own religion, customs, and language, and the 'Greeks became the most important non-Turkish element in the Ottoman Empire'."
9. ↑ Kakavas 2002, p. 29: "All the peoples belonging to the flock of the Ecumenical Patriarchate declared themselves Graikoi (Greeks) or Romaioi (Romans - Rums)."
10. ↑ Institute for Neohellenic Research 2005, p. 8: "The people we have named as Greeks (Hellenes in the Greek language) would not describe themselves as such – they are generally known as Romioi and Graikoi – but according to their context the meaning of these words broadens to include or exclude population groups of another language and, at the same time, ethnicity."
11. ↑ Hopf 1873, "Epistola Theodori Zygomalae", p. 236: "...ησάν ποτε κύριοι Αθηνών, και ενωτίζοντο, ότι η νέων Ρωμαίων είτε Γραικών βασιλεία ασθενείν άρχεται..."
### Sources
- Akçam, Taner (2006). A Shameful Act: The Armenian Genocide and the Question of Turkish Responsibility. New York, New York: Metropolitan Books. ISBN 0-8050-7932-7. - Profile at Google Books
- Alaux, Louis-Paul; Puaux, René (1916). Le Déclin de l'Hellénisme. Paris, France: Librairie Payot & Cie.
- Bator, Robert; Rothero, Chris (2000). Daily Life in Ancient and Modern Istanbul. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Runestone Press. ISBN 0-8225-3217-4.
- Dawkins, Richard McGillivray; Halliday, William Reginald (1916). Modern Greek in Asia Minor: A Study of Dialect of Silly, Cappadocia and Pharasa with Grammar, Texts, Translations and Glossary. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Harrison, Thomas (2002). Greeks and Barbarians. New York, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-93958-5.
- Hopf, Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann (1873). Chroniques Gréco-Romanes Inédites ou peu Connues. Berlin, Germany: Librairie de Weidmann.
- Institute for Neohellenic Research (2005). The Historical Review. Vol. II. Athens, Greece: Institute for Neohellenic Research.
- Kakavas, George (2002). Post-Byzantium: The Greek Renaissance 15th-18th Century Treasures from the Byzantine & Christian Museum, Athens. Athens, Greece: Hellenic Ministry of Culture. ISBN 960-214-053-4.
- Lekka, Anastasia (2007). "Legislative Provisions of the Ottoman/Turkish Governments Regarding Minorities and Their Properties". Mediterranean Quarterly. 18 (1): 135–154. doi:10.1215/10474552-2006-038.
- Roudometof, Victor; Robertson, Roland (2001). Nationalism, Globalization, and Orthodoxy: The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780313319495.
- Volkan, Vamik D.; Itzkowitz, Norman (1994). Turks and Greeks: Neighbours in Conflict. Huntingdon, United Kingdom: The Eothen Press. ISBN 0-906719-25-9. | 0.8 | medium | 6 | 3,855 | [
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00d286b1-9b8b-4cc5-880c-1f9be68c77a1 | House of Commons Education Committee | social_studies | historical_context | House of Commons Education Committee
The English Baccalaureate: Government Response to the Committee's Fifth Report
Ninth Special Report of Session 2010–12
Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 26 October 2011
Published on 1 November 2011
London: The Stationery Office Limited
The Education Committee
The Education Committee is appointed by the House of Commons to examine the expenditure, administration and policy of the Department for Education and its associated public bodies.
Membership at time Report agreed:
Mr Graham Stuart MP (Conservative, Beverley & Holderness) (Chair)
Neil Carmichael MP
(Conservative, Stroud)
Nic Dakin MP (Labour, Scunthorpe)
Bill Esterson MP, (Labour, Sefton Central)
Pat Glass MP (Labour, North West Durham)
Damian Hinds MP (Conservative, East Hampshire)
Charlotte Leslie MP
(Conservative, Bristol North West)
Ian Mearns MP
(Labour, Gateshead)
Tessa Munt MP (Liberal Democrat, Wells)
Lisa Nandy MP
(Labour, Wigan)
Craig Whittaker MP (Conservative, Calder Valley)
Powers
The Committee is one of the departmental select committees, the powers of which are set out in House of Commons Standing Orders, principally in SO No 152. These are available on the Internet via www.parliament.uk
Publications
The Reports and evidence of the Committee are published by The Stationery Office by Order of the House. All publications of the Committee (including press notices) are on the Internet at www.parliament.uk/education-committee
Committee staff
The current staff of the Committee are Dr Lynn Gardner (Clerk), Elisabeth Bates (Second Clerk), Penny Crouzet (Committee Specialist), Benjamin Nicholls (Committee Specialist), Ameet Chudasama (Senior Committee Assistant), Caroline McElwee (Committee Assistant), and Paul Hampson (Committee Support Assistant)
Contacts
All correspondence should be addressed to the Clerk of the Education Committee, House of Commons, 7 Millbank, London SW1P 3JA. The telephone number for general enquiries is 020 7219 6181; the Committee's e-mail address is email@example.com
Ninth Special Report
On 28 July 2011 we published our Fifth Report of this Session, The English Baccalaureate. 1 The response from the Government was received on 13 October 2011 and is published as an Appendix to this Report.
The Committee's recommendations are in bold text and the responses are in plain text.
Appendix
Government response
1. The Education Select Committee published its report on the English Baccalaureate on 28 July 2011. The report focused on the rationale, introduction and potential impact of the EBacc performance measure. The Government welcomes the Committee's report. It is a valuable contribution to discussions on how to ensure that young people are supported in taking the qualifications which will best prepare them for further study and rewarding employment.
2. The Government's rationale for the establishment of the English Baccalaureate was set out in the written evidence which it provided to the Committee. That evidence was clear that expansion of qualification options, coupled with the "equivalence" attached to different qualifications for performance measurement, had distracted some schools from offering options based on the value of the qualifications for progression to further study and work.
3. There has been a worrying decline in the offer of some core subjects in key stage 4. Pupil GCSE entries in modern foreign language (MFL), history and science GCSEs have been falling sharply in recent years. Around three quarters of pupils attempted a MFL in 2002; by 2010 this figure had dropped to just over 43 per cent. Entries have fallen again this year, with French and German down by just over 13 per cent. The number of pupils entered for history and geography GCSE is also declining.
4. The Government introduced the English Baccalaureate to halt and reverse the falls in these subjects. Through the establishment of the EBacc measure in the 2010 performance tables, we have enabled parents and pupils to see for the first time how their school is performing in these key academic subjects, and hope to encourage schools to offer a core of academic subjects and open up opportunities to all of their pupils.
1
5. Recent independent research commissioned by the Department for Education 2 with nearly 700 schools suggests that the EBacc is having an immediate impact: the survey indicated that 47 per cent of pupils taking GCSEs in 2013 will be doing a combination of subjects that could lead to an EBacc compared with just 22 per cent of GCSE-stage pupils entered for the EBacc in 2010. In particular, it suggests that the English Baccalaureate is reversing declines in entries to languages, history and geography, returning them to the levels of a decade ago. From September 2011, an estimated 52 per cent of pupils entering GCSEs in 2013 in the schools surveyed are expected to take a language—up nine percentage points. Approximately 33 per cent of pupils have opted to take geography—up seven percentage points and back to the level of 2002 entries. 39 per cent of pupils entering GCSEs in 2013 are expected to take history—up eight percentage points and back to the 1995 level. The analysis suggests that take up of the separate sciences is continuing to rise, with 29 per cent of Year 9 pupils in the schools surveyed opting for triple science compared to 17 per cent of pupils entering for GCSEs in 2010.
6. It shows both that EBacc subjects are being opened up to more young people and also that schools are taking a sensible approach, not entering pupils for subjects which may not suit them.
7. This document sets out the Government's response to the conclusions and recommendations made in the Committee's report. The report's conclusions and recommendations are in bold text and the Government's responses are in plain text. Some of the recommendations and responses have been grouped.
Recommendation 1: We acknowledge the Secretary of State's rationale for the retrospective introduction of the EBacc. However, we also recognise the tension between the lack of consultation concerning the EBacc's introduction, and the Government's aspiration to afford greater autonomy and respect to the education profession. Consultation with teachers, as well as the further and higher education sectors and employers, might have avoided a number of the concerns which are now being raised, and may have secured support for the EBacc rather than generating the mainly negative response which our inquiry has seen. In future, the Government should aim to give appropriate notice of, and undertake consultation with key stakeholders and the wider public on, any new performance or curriculum measures. (Paragraph 18)
Recommendation 10: The Secretary of State is right to recognise the distortions created by 'gaming' of the system by schools. However, our evidence shows significant resentment on the part of schools at the retrospective application of the EBacc to 2010 data, and we recommend that, in future, the Government gives
schools sufficient warning of any change to the criteria on which their performance is to be judged by parents and the wider public. (Paragraph 74)
8. The English Baccalaureate has been established to provide simple information to parents, and others, about the current achievements of students in a core set of academic subjects which are shown to enhance pupils' chances of progressing onto further study. It is important to draw a distinction between introducing better information and introducing accountability or curriculum measures which will lead to intervention with schools, for which prior consultation is wholly appropriate.
9. The EBacc is the first step towards making available all the data that we have on school performance, to help the public to analyse and compare schools across a range of indicators. By publishing as much valuable information of this kind as possible, anyone will be able to produce their own measure by which to judge schools, according to their own interests.
10. However we agree that it is important to consult on any new future measure of accountability which could lead to Government intervention with schools. That is why we are consulting on proposals arising from recommendations in the Wolf Review of Vocational Qualifications which will affect what counts towards the accountability measure. That measure remains attainment of 5 A*–C grades at GCSE (or equivalent) including English and maths and in addition progress between key stage two and key stage four.
Recommendation 2: We welcome the recently-launched review of the National Curriculum. We hope this will lead to a considered, coherent rethinking of the curriculum allowing full consultation with, and input from the teaching profession, parents, employers, colleges and universities. We understand the Government's wish to introduce reform with all speed, but regret the launch of the EBacc before the curriculum review was completed. Any measure which examines schools' performance in particular subjects would be better introduced once the curriculum itself has been defined and finalised. (Paragraph 20)
11. We are grateful to the Committee for its endorsement of the National Curriculum review and agree on the need for proper consultation to take place around it. A statutory consultation on the proposals resulting from Phase 1 (on the design and content of the Programmes of Study for mathematics, English, science and PE) will take place in early 2012. Following this, Ministers will announce final decisions on those Programmes of Study and will set out which other subjects will form part of the new National Curriculum. Phase 2 of the review will involve a Call for Evidence on these other curriculum subjects and the development of proposals on the design and content of Programmes of Study for them. A statutory consultation on this second set of Programmes of Study will be conducted in early 2013. The new Programmes of Study will be subject to approval by Parliament.
12. The English Baccalaureate is very different in purpose from the National Curriculum review and is not necessarily affected by its decisions. The National Curriculum review will determine what subjects should be made compulsory and at what ages, along with any content that should be taught to all young people. The EBacc is not compulsory—the information was made available to help parents find out more about pupils' achievement in key academic subjects, which we know parents themselves value and in recognition of the urgent need to halt and reverse the declining number of pupils who are taking up those subjects.
Recommendation 3: We do not believe the EBacc—the hybrid of a certificate and a performance measure, named after a qualification—is appropriately labelled: it is not a baccalaureate, and as it stands the name can therefore be misleading to parents, professionals and pupils. The Government should assess the extent to which the name might cause confusion: a concern, like some others, which consultation before the EBacc's introduction could have identified. (Paragraph 22)
13. The English Baccalaureate is giving a wider range of young people the chance to take a core of academic subjects that equip them well in progressing on to further study. We think this is a straightforward concept which is being understood by parents and professionals. The independent YouGov polls referenced in the Committee's report (at paragraph 9) are clear that EBacc subjects are the subjects most valued by the public and we are confident that most parents support the Government's aim of increasing the number of pupils taking up these disciplines. Wide public interest in the EBacc shows that this is an area that parents are interested in and schools are rightly responding to that. The NatCen survey referenced above (at paragraph 5) shows that schools are responding, with more pupils being offered the opportunity to take up subjects which will lead to the EBacc since the measure was established. We believe that changing the name of the EBacc at this stage would cause unnecessary confusion.
14. Schools will want to provide information about the EBacc to parents and pupils as part of the broader advice they provide on Key Stage 4 subject options. Evidence from the NatCen survey indicates that the great majority (88 per cent of schools responding) are doing so.
Recommendation 4: We support the Government's desire to have greater equality of opportunity for all students, and to improve the attainment of those eligible for free school meals. The evidence is unclear as to whether entering more disadvantaged students for EBacc subjects would necessarily make a significant contribution to this aim. Concentrating on the subjects most valued for progression to higher education could mean schools improve the attainment and prospects of their lowestperforming students, who are disproportionately the poorest as well. However, other evidence suggests that the EBacc might lead to a greater focus on those students on the borderline of achieving it, and therefore have a negative impact on the most vulnerable or disadvantaged young people, who could receive less attention as a
result. At the same time, we believe that the EBacc's level of prescription does not adequately reflect the differences of interest or ability between individual young people, and risks the very shoe-horning of pupils into inappropriate courses about which one education minister has expressed concerns. Given these concerns, it is essential that the Government confirms how it will monitor the attainment of children on free school meals in the EBacc. (Paragraph 37)
Recommendation 9: We are glad that the Department for Education has recognised the potential impact of the EBacc on teacher supply, and is working on solutions to any adverse effect this might have. However, academic subjects are not the only path to a successful future, and all young people, regardless of background, must continue to have opportunities to study the subjects in which they are likely to be most successful, and which pupils, parents and schools think will serve them best. (Paragraph 69)
Recommendation 7: As we recommended in our recent report on participation by 16-19 year olds in education and training, the Department for Education "should consider whether a 40%/60% split between time spent on specifically vocational or technical study and on core academic curriculum would best suit 14 year olds who take up vocational options while at school." However, we have not seen any evidence that the problems associated with the introduction and mission of the EBacc could be avoided if a Technical Baccalaureate were introduced along similar lines, despite the support this won from some witnesses. For these reasons, we do not recommend the creation of such a baccalaureate at this time. (Paragraph 48)
Recommendation 11: We are concerned that the EBacc is not yet part of a balanced score-card which gives equal weight to the progress of every child, focussing instead on those who have a realistic prospect of gaining the award. We would encourage the Government to press ahead with its stated intention to develop performance measures which assess the progress of all pupils, including those on free school meals, and consider that future performance measures need to be part of a coherent and cohesive strategy for school reform, rather than appearing piecemeal. We reiterate our desire, which we believe supports the Government's, for more performance measures, amongst (rather than above) which the EBacc might sit. (Paragraph 77)
15. The Committee's report focuses helpfully on the importance of promoting greater equality of opportunity for all students; we believe strongly that schools' performance in this respect should be monitored across a range of measures and agree with the Committee that the EBacc should be one indicator of many.
16. As the Committee notes, children from poorer backgrounds are far less likely to take EBacc subjects; its report notes that only 4.1 per cent of pupils eligible for Free School Meals (FSM) achieved the EBacc, against 17 per cent of pupils not eligible (at paragraph 23). The report also highlights evidence submitted by the Department for
Education which shows that, as the proportion of FSM pupils in a school increases the number of students either entering or achieving the EBacc drops dramatically.
17. We agree that EBacc take-up needs to be monitored to ensure that it is improving the prospects of children from poorer backgrounds—this needs to be monitored not just by Government, but also by professionals and the public—to see whether pupils eligible for FSM are being given increasing opportunities to achieve the EBacc. The Performance Tables will report on take-up rates and achievement of the EBacc and this information will enable readers to see figures for pupils from low income families (i.e. defined as those on FSM and Children Looked After) compared with those for other children.
18. The NatCen survey we have commissioned suggests that the publication of the English Baccalaureate measure has had a significant and welcome effect, and that schools are taking a sensible approach to their students' GCSE choices. The research does not suggest that schools are putting all their pupils in for the English Baccalaureate regardless of whether it is suitable. It indicates that 47 per cent of pupils taking GCSEs in 2013 will be taking subjects that could lead to an EBacc, compared with 22 per cent of GCSE-stage pupils entered for the EBacc in 2010. Schools are opening up EBacc subjects to their pupils, but many pupils are taking other subject choices. For those pupils choosing EBacc, there is space in the timetable to study other subjects in which they have an aptitude and interests, which means that they will also be doing a variety of different options. Whilst it is clear that achievement of qualifications in EBacc subjects will in general provide children with strong opportunities to progress to further study, schools and parents will be the best judge of what is most beneficial to individual pupils. If a school believes that encouraging or compelling a student to take a language—or history or geography— would be harmful to their long-term prospects, then they should not enter them for those subjects.
19. We have also been clear that every young person should have the opportunity to take excellent technical and practical courses; the Government has set out how it will support this intention in its response to Professor Wolf's Review of Vocational Education. We have no plans to introduce a Technical Baccalaureate at this time.
20. We also agree that a balance of measures is required to enable the monitoring of schools' performance for all pupils. In his evidence to the Committee, the Minister of State for Schools said that "the long-term objective of the Government is to publish as many data as possible, to create greater transparency and to enable parents and other users of those data to find out what they want to find out about the performance of schools. So this is just one measure among many that we envisage for the future". 3 The 2011 Performance Tables will include a much wider
range of performance measures than ever before; with the main focus being on pupil attainment, pupil progress and narrowing gaps. We will provide breakdowns of performance against key attainment and progress indicators (including the EBacc) by pupils in low, middle and high prior attainment groups; and also by pupils from low income families compared with others.
Recommendation 5: We agree with the Government that, if our education system is to improve, it must take account of best practice internationally. However, the evidence we received does not suggest a link, in other countries, between the prescribed study of certain academic subjects and improved attainment and prospects for poorer students. The Government should provide further such international evidence, and analysis of it, to inform debate on the merits of the EBacc. (Paragraph 38)
21. International evidence does not provide exact parallels between other systems' arrangements for encouraging take up of core academic subjects; those arrangements vary. However, it is clear that it is quite usual for high performing systems to ensure that pupils study similar key academic courses up to the age of 16.
22. So the international evidence does not run counter to evidence submitted by the Department to the Committee on the benefits of taking the EBacc subjects. It is clear that young people who study the subjects in the English Baccalaureate are much more likely to progress on to further study, compared even to those who have 5 A*C including English and maths: 95 per cent of young people achieving the EBacc went onto study at A Level standard, in comparison to 78.5 per cent of those achieving 5 A*–C Grades including English and maths; 44 per cent of pupils achieving the EBacc achieved at least one A Grade at A Level, in comparison to 26 per cent of those achieving 5 A*–C Grades including English and maths. For pupils of higher ability there is a clear advantage to studying the EBacc combination of subjects and the measure illustrates how many pupils have been getting this opportunity.
23. We are also taking account of international evidence in the context of the National Curriculum Review, benchmarking the new curriculum against the curricula of top performing countries to ensure that we set the highest expectations for what our children should know at certain stages of their education.
Recommendation 6: Universities, further education providers and sixth form colleges have already begun to communicate their position on the EBacc, but confusion on its status remains. Information on how it might be used in applications procedures, if at all, should be made readily available to students, parents, and schools. (Paragraph 39)
24. The English Baccalaureate is not a qualification and is not intended to drive universities' application procedures. It provides information on how schools are
performing in subjects which we know lead young people to A Level study and equip them well for entry onto competitive university courses. It was already the case that pupils who studied these subjects were more likely to progress on to further study and the publication of EBacc information means that this is now known more widely.
25. The Government believes strongly in the wider principle of providing and expanding the information on individual courses that is available to prospective students; we have committed to do so, asking UCAS and higher education institutions to make available, course by course, new data showing the type and subjects of the actual qualifications held by previously successful applicants.
Recommendation 8: We acknowledge that certain academic subjects studied at Alevel are more valued by Russell Group universities than others. The EBacc is founded on that university-based curriculum. However, our inquiry has uncovered significant issues with the EBacc's current composition, and there are certain subjects and qualifications where we are not clear on the rationale behind their exclusion. A focus on a fairly narrow range of subjects, demanding considerable curriculum time, is likely to have negative consequences on the uptake of other subjects. We encourage the Government to examine carefully the evidence presented to us, and suggest that it reconsiders the composition of the EBacc on conclusion of the National Curriculum Review. More importantly, future performance measures must be well thought through. (Paragraph 68)
26. We will continue to keep the composition of the English Baccalaureate under review, monitoring its impact on other subjects. The EBacc is a necessary driver for change, addressing years of decline in entries to key academic subjects such as French, German, history and geography. The NatCen survey of schools indicates that the EBacc is having an impact, increasing take up of EBacc subjects and reversing these declines, but also suggesting that schools are making decisions which best suit the individual circumstances of their pupils.
27. The Committee's report acknowledges that certain academic subjects studied at A level are more valued by the Russell Group than others and notes that these subjects are almost identical to the EBacc subjects (at paragraph 34). The composition of the EBacc also reflects that the take up of languages, history and geography are in decline, having been withdrawn from Key Stage 4 by some schools, even where pupils might benefit from them. But, as we said in our evidence to the Committee, the Government does not want schools to restrict pupils' options to just this academic core or to force these qualifications on pupils for whom they are clearly not suitable. The composition of the EBacc has been kept small to allow the opportunity for additional study including the technical, creative and other subject areas around which the report expresses concern. We believe the study of religious education is also secure—it is a compulsory subject and a popular qualification; whilst 2011 GCSE entries have seen further declines in history and geography, entries for Religious Studies increased by nearly 18 per cent.
Recommendation 12: The Government should consider the publication of unique learner numbers which would enable the analysis of entry for, and attainment in, particular subjects and combinations of subjects within a school: information such as this could allow a fuller picture to emerge of how to meet Ministers' aims. (Paragraph 78)
28. We agree that as much information which will help parents and professionals to monitor the performance of schools in depth should be made available. As part of our work toward this we will, from June 2012, open up access to anonymised data from the National Pupil Database. This will enable everyone to make better comparisons of school performance and we will look to widen and strengthen the information over time.
Recommendation 13: The Government needs either to remove or revalue qualifications appropriately within the performance tables. We therefore welcome the Government's response to the Wolf review with regard to vocational qualifications and their league table tariffs. However, we remain unconvinced that the EBacc is an effective way to redress the perverse incentives generated by existing performance measures (indeed in some ways it risks generating its own perverse incentives) and we feel that the EBacc serves as a distraction rather than a solution in this context. (Paragraph 82)
29. The Government agrees that it is vital to ensure that pupils should be taking only those qualifications that will be the most valuable for their future progress. As the Committee points out, we are currently working on identifying these qualifications and, from 2014, only vocational qualifications that meet strict new criteria will be recognised in the performance tables. These will count equally with GCSEs.
30. Extending the range of performance measures which are available will help to mitigate against the risk that any one measure is given undue focus. The EBacc is one performance measure among many that we will make available in future. These will include a new Average Grade per Entry performance measure, included in the 2011 tables, which will look across qualifications and grades attained at the end of KS4 to determine the average grade achieved.
Recommendation 14: We are concerned that an EBacc certificate might give too much emphasis to one performance measure in a balanced score-card, and for this reason suggest that plans for certification should be shelved. We have not seen any evidence, either, that the cost and logistics of certification have been fully thought through. (Paragraph 84)
31. We are grateful to the Committee for its consideration of certification of the English Baccalaureate. We are considering the options for awarding certificates and issues associated with those options, and will make a decision on how to proceed in due course. | 0.75 | medium | 6 | 5,825 | [
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PLEASE PRINT EXACT WORDING or ATTACH ART WORK | 0.55 | high | 4 | 760 | [
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c173eef1-0dea-46bb-b131-475db6b1a8c2 | following sentence Dictionary Intermediate | interdisciplinary | historical_context | The following sentence is from "A Dictionary of Intermediate Japanese Grammar":
"The answering machine is, on the one hand, very convienent for both a person who calls and a person who is called, but, on the other hand, unnatural because you can't talk directly with the other person"
Despite not being particularly familiar with the usage of かける/かかる in terms of giving/receive phone-calls, the confusing part of this, for me, is the furigana given for 方 in "かかる方" is "ほう". Perhaps I am not understanding the sentence well enough generally speaking, but shouldn't this read "かた"? As in "person who receives a phonecall"? Is it read ほう because it means something more akin to "the side which receives a call", is there really a difference between these two? | 0.55 | medium | 4 | 191 | [
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afe96726-2933-48c7-98aa-46f9228783e6 | Language Acquisition Across Linguistic | language_arts | research_summary | Language Acquisition Across Linguistic and Cognitive Systems (Language Acquisition & Language Disorders 52)
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2 - 4 weeks availability
How and why do all children learn language? Why do some have difficulties while others are early language learners? What are the consequences of early bilingualism? Is it possible to reach native-like competence in a foreign language? Although we still cannot fully answer these questions, research during the last two decades has begun to solve some pieces of the puzzle. This book proposes an interdisciplinary collection of writings from some of the best specialists across several fields in cognitive science, offering a wide sample of recent advances in the study of first language acquisition, bilingualism, second language acquisition, and disorders of oral language. It is addressed to all researchers and students interested in language acquisition, as well as to teachers, clinicians and parents, who will find therein many new findings and varied methodological approaches, as well as challenging questions that are still debated and in need of further research.
1. Introduction. New perspectives in the study of first and second language acquisition: Linguistic and cognitive constraints (by Kail, Michele); 2. Part I. Emergence and dynamics of language acquisition and disorders; 3. Chapter 1. A tale of two paradigms (by MacWhinney, Brian); 4. Chapter 2. Dynamic systems methods in the study of language acquisition: Modeling and the search for trends, transitions and fluctuations (by Geert, Paul van); 5. Chapter 3. Early bootstrapping of syntactic acquisition (by Christophe, Anne); 6. Chapter 4. Language acquisition in developmental disorders (by Thomas, Michael S.C.); 7. Part II. First language acquisition: Universals and diversity; 8. Chapter 5. Language development in a cross-linguistic context (by Lieven, Elena); 9. Chapter 6. A typological approach to first language acquisition (by Dressler, Wolfgang U.); 10. Chapter 7. Linguistic relativity in first language acquisition: Spatial language and cognition (by Hickmann, Maya); 11. Chapter 8. On the importance of goals in child language: Acquisition and impairment data from Hungarian (by Pleh, Csaba); 12. Chapter 9. Promoting patients in narrative discourse: A developmental perspective (by Jisa, Harriet); 13. Chapter 10. On-line grammaticality judgments: A comparative study of French and Portuguese (by Kail, Michele); 14. Chapter 11. The expression of finiteness by L1 and L2 learners of Dutch, French, and German (by Perdue, Clive); 15. Part III. Bilingualism and second language acquisition: A multidisciplinary perspective; 16. Chapter 12. Age of onset in successive acquisition of bilingualism: Effects on grammatical development (by Meisel, Jurgen M.); 17. Chapter 13. The development of person-number verbal morphology in different types of learners (by Schlyter, Suzanne); 18. Chapter 14. Re-thinking the bilingual interactive-activation model from a developmental perspective (BIA-d) (by Grainger, Jonathan); 19. Chapter 15. Foreign language vocabulary learning: Word-type effects during the labeling stage (by Groot, Annette M.B. de); 20. Chapter 16. Cerebral imaging and individual differences in language learning (by Pallier, Christophe); 21. Chapter 17. The cognitive neuroscience of second language acquisition and bilingualism: Factors that matter in L2 acquisition - A neuro-cognitive perspective (by Reiterer, Susanne); 22. Index of languages; 23. Index of subjects
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bb60a821-b7d8-45b5-b950-af145190b2f3 | MEN notoriously insensitive emotional | science | research_summary | MEN are notoriously insensitive to the emotional world around them. At least, that is the stereotype peddled by a thousand women's magazines. And a study by two researchers at the University of Melbourne, in Australia, confirms that men are, indeed, less sensitive to emotion than women, with one important and suggestive exception. Men are acutely sensitive to the anger of other men.
Mark Williams and Jason Mattingley, whose study has just been published in Current Biology, looked at the way a person's sex affects his or her response to emotionally charged facial expressions. People from all cultures agree on what six basic expressions of emotion look like. Whether the face before you is expressing anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness or surprise seems to be recognised universally—which suggests that the expressions involved are innate, rather than learned.
Dr Williams and Dr Mattingley showed the participants in their study photographs of these emotional expressions in mixed sets of either four or eight. They asked the participants to look for a particular sort of expression, and measured the amount of time it took them to find it. The researchers found, in agreement with previous studies, that both men and women identified angry expressions most quickly. But they also found that anger was more quickly identified on a male face than a female one.
Moreover, most participants could find an angry face just as quickly when it was mixed in a group of eight photographs as when it was part of a group of four. That was in stark contrast to the other five sorts of expression, which took more time to find when they had to be sorted from a larger group. This suggests that something in the brain is attuned to picking out angry expressions, and that it is especially concerned about angry men. Also, this highly tuned ability seems more important to males than females, since the two researchers found that men picked out the angry expressions faster than women did, even though women were usually quicker than men to recognise every other sort of facial expression.
Dr Williams and Dr Mattingley suspect the reason for this is that being able to spot an angry individual quickly has a survival advantage—and, since anger is more likely to turn into lethal violence in men than in women, the ability to spot angry males quickly is particularly valuable.
As to why men are more sensitive to anger than women, it is presumably because they are far more likely to get killed by it. Most murders involve men killing other men—even today the context of homicide is usually a spontaneous dispute over status or sex.
The ability to spot quickly that an alpha male is in a foul mood would thus have great survival value. It would allow the sharp-witted time to choose appeasement, defence or possibly even pre-emptive attack. And, if it is right, this study also confirms a lesson learned by generations of bar-room tough guys and schoolyard bullies: if you want attention, get angry. | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 586 | [
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07d118b7-5af3-4c23-8e48-0ff1d27ec8df | Reorganization, business context, overhaul | life_skills | data_analysis | Reorganization, in a business context, is an overhaul of a company's internal structure.
Companies go through reorganization for various reasons. Purposes include improving efficiency, cutting costs, repositioning the business, and dealing with corporate changes such as mergers and acquisitions. The restructuring may involve changes to departments, business units and employee roles, and often includes significant layoffs.
Changes to the organizational structure are often made to focus effort on a business' core competencies and to minimize the use of resources elsewhere. A company may sell off or otherwise exit unprofitable business units, or outsource work to areas with cheaper labor.
A reorganization is often just called a "reorg." | 0.6 | high | 4 | 137 | [
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ddbfb6f0-80f4-47ed-a602-dce7c9458b2c | Résumé interprétatif Une augmentation | science | historical_context | Résumé interprétatif : Une augmentation sévère de l'acidité sanguine est un facteur compliquant dans de nombreuses maladies. Une telle maladie est la cétose, qui affecte les vaches laitières à haut rendement (4 à 7 % des vaches laitières), entraînant des coûts de traitement et une perte de productivité de jusqu'à 60 millions de dollars annuellement. Cette maladie survient lorsque la concentration de sucre sanguin tombe à des niveaux très bas en raison de l'utilisation du sucre sanguin pour produire des sucres du lait et de la crème. Le manque de sucre sanguin provoque une perte de fonction nerveuse normale ; la vache est désaxée, refuse de manger et la production de lait diminue fortement. Le corps tente de compenser en produisant de l'énergie à partir des graisses plutôt que du sucre, et, dans ce processus, les acides commencent à augmenter dans le sang. Dans cette étude, nous démontrons que des niveaux élevés d'acide dans le sang empêchent la vache de libérer de l'insuline ; une hormone produite dans le pancréas qui aide à contrôler les concentrations de sucre sanguin. Sans insuline, la récupération de la vache de la maladie est compromise. Nous avons pu démontrer que si la vache est traitée pour l'état d'acidité sanguine élevée, nous pouvons restaurer presque une libération normale d'insuline du pancréas. Nos données suggèrent que la récupération des vaches de la cétose serait améliorée si les acides sanguins étaient d'abord neutralisés. Si adoptée avec succès par les vétérinaires, la perte de productivité associée à la cétose pourrait être considérablement réduite. Résumé technique : L'effet de l'alcalose métabolique, corrigée et non corrigée, de l'acidose métabolique sur la réponse à la tolérance au glucose, a été déterminé chez des vaches Jersey non lactantes et non enceintes, nourries avec un régime riche en cations pour induire un état d'alcalose métabolique ou un régime riche en anions pour induire un état d'acidose métabolique. Un bicarbonate de sodium oral a été administré 1 heure avant le test de tolérance au glucose pour évaluer l'effet de la correction de l'acidose métabolique sur la sensibilité à l'insuline. Le test de tolérance au glucose (500 mg de glucose/kg de poids corporel injectés par voie intraveineuse sur 10 minutes) a provoqué une augmentation aiguë des concentrations plasmatiques de glucose et une augmentation aiguë des concentrations plasmatiques d'insuline. Les concentrations plasmatiques de glucose étaient plus élevées (P < .005) et les concentrations plasmatiques d'insuline étaient plus basses (P < .0001) chez les vaches souffrant d'acidose métabolique que chez les vaches souffrant d'alcalose métabolique. Ces données suggèrent que la sécrétion d'insuline est altérée pendant l'acidose métabolique, ce qui pourrait réduire l'absorption du glucose par les tissus dépendants de l'insuline, ce qui pourrait expliquer les concentrations plasmatiques de glucose augmentées observées lors du test de tolérance au glucose des vaches acidosiques. Question : Quelle est la cause principale de la cétose chez les vaches laitières à haut rendement ? Réponse : La cause principale de la cétose chez les vaches laitières à haut rendement est une diminution sévère de la concentration de sucre sanguin en raison de l'utilisation du sucre sanguin pour produire des sucres du lait et de la crème. Question : Quel est le rôle de l'insuline dans le corps d'une vache laitière ? Réponse : L'insuline aide à contrôler les concentrations de sucre sanguin en facilitant l'absorption du glucose par les cellules. Question : Comment l'acidose métabolique affecte-t-elle la sécrétion d'insuline selon le résumé technique ? Réponse : L'acidose métabolique altère la sécrétion d'insuline, entraînant des concentrations plasmatiques d'insuline plus basses lors des tests de tolérance au glucose. Question : Quel est un des conséquences de la cétose chez les vaches laitières ? A) Augmentation de la production de lait B) Amélioration de la fonction nerveuse C) Refus de manger D) Niveaux de sucre sanguin plus élevés Réponse : C) Refus de manger | 0.55 | medium | 5 | 1,322 | [
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7636f92e-d106-4f8c-a59d-c80070d281e0 | Cans newspapers easy recycle | science | worked_examples | Cans and newspapers are easy to recycle, but what in the world are we supposed to do with things like batteries and light bulbs? And although they’re not toxic (well…) what about those cruddy sneakers? Read here for Nicky Scott’s advice on what to do with hard-to-recycle items.
The energy needed to manufacture a battery is on average 50 times greater than the energy it gives out.
Reduce: Cut down on batteries—use the sun! Buy solar powered (or clockwork) equipment. Otherwise, use rechargeable batteries and a battery charger. You can now get CD or cassette tape walkmans, radios, flashlights and toothbrushes, which use rechargeable batteries.
Recycle: The U.S. is relatively ahead of the game for the recycling of batteries. The Battery Act of 1996 was created to phase out the use of mercury in batteries and provide for the efficient and cost-effective collection and recycling or proper disposal of used nickel cadmium batteries, small sealed lead-acid batteries, and certain other batteries. In addition there is a national program, Call2Recycle™, sponsored by the Rechargeable Battery Recycling Corporation (RBRC) to help you recycle your used portable rechargeable batteries and old cell phones.
Why recycle batteries? While the exact chemical make-up varies in different types, most batteries contain heavy metals that are a cause for environmental concern. When disposed of incorrectly, these heavy metals may leak into the ground when the battery casing corrodes. This can contribute to soil and water pollution and endanger wildlife.
Cadmium, for example, can be toxic to aquatic invertebrates and can accumulate in fish, which makes them unfit for human consumption. Some batteries, such as button cell batteries, also contain mercury, which has similarly hazardous properties. Mercury is no longer being used in the manufacture of non-rechargeable batteries, except button cells where it is a functional component.
Light Bulbs and Light Fittings
Reduce: Buy low-energy bulbs, especially for places where you leave the light on for long periods. Energy-efficient light bulbs last for years—I’ve had some going for over thirteen years now! They cost more to buy, but are well worth it.
Dimmer switches help to prolong the life of conventional (incandescent) light bulbs, and dimming your lights saves energy.
Recycle: Some groups are now recycling light bulbs, fluorescent lights, television sets, and computer monitors. See Lamprecycle.org, a one-stop source of information about spent fluorescent and high intensity discharge lamp recycling.
Recycle: There are a number of charities that send your used sneakers to impoverished places with little access to athletic shoes. Shoe4Africa collects running shoes, cleans them up and ships them to East Africa to encourage sport. The first pair of Shoe4Africa shoes to be donated back in 1995 went to Mark Wendot Yatich, then an unknown runner—he went on to win the Los Angeles Marathon. Another runner to get shoes that year was Japheth Kimutai, who three years later won the Commonwealth Games 800m gold medal.
There are a number of options for donating old sneakers. Nike has a fantastic recycling program called Reuse-A-Shoe, which is working to close the loop on the life cycle of literally millions of pairs of old, worn-out, or otherwise unusable athletic shoe material. Nike collects worn-out athletic shoes of any brand, not just Nike, and recycles them into a material that is used to make new soccer and football fields, tennis and basketball courts, running tracks and playground surfaces around the world.
Adapted from Reduce, Reuse, Recycle: An Easy Household Guide by Nicky Scott (Chelsea Green, 2007) | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 795 | [
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230c71ce-5d1a-4803-a389-e6177aea26bc | |Overview: Data Context| | science | data_analysis | |Overview: Data Context|
The circumstances surrounding a set of data.
Using out-of-context data generally invalidates results.
What is Data Context?
John Spacey, updated on December 11, 2017
Data context is the set of circumstances that surrounds a collection of data. Capturing and interpreting context is an basic step in data analysis. Use of out-of-context data is a common source of errors in scientific research, business decisions and professional advice. Consider sales data over a five year period for a firm. Such data occurs within the context of political events, organizational change, market competition and other factors that can impact results in various ways. Say for example, a prominent sales manager leaves your team and brings half of your sales people with her to her new firm. Sales data may be dramatically impacted by such an event and such context may be considered when interpreting related data.
Statistical AnalysisThis is the complete list of articles we have written about statistical analysis.
If you enjoyed this page, please consider bookmarking Simplicable.
A list of basic statistical analysis techniques.
An overview of cohort analysis.A definition of analytics with examples.
The difference between continuous and discrete data.
The common types of hypothesis with examples.
The definition of negative correlation with examples.The common types of error with examples.
An overview of structured data with examples.
An overview of regression analysis with examples.
The difference explained.A list of common cognitive biases explained.
TrendingThe most popular articles on Simplicable in the past day.
Recent posts or updates on Simplicable. Site Map | 0.55 | high | 4 | 338 | [
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5e23e470-d648-4737-b86d-9a0980a95b48 | Many days, long before | technology | historical_context | Many days, long before the sun rises and long after the sun sets, farmers across the nation are hard at work producing the food and fiber products we rely upon. From the very foundation of the United States to the present day, these hardworking farmers and ranchers have held a place at the core of our economy.
From rolling pastures with livestock to fields of corn to vineyard rows and farmers’ markets, if you’re driving through the sixth district the importance of agriculture is evident. In Virginia, there are more than 46,000 farms owned and operated by individuals and families. The economic impact of the agriculture industry is $52 billion dollars annually and provides nearly 311,000 jobs in the Commonwealth alone.
As we mark National Ag Day on Tuesday, March 25th, I hope that all Americans will take a moment to reflect on the tremendous contributions our nation’s agriculture industry has made to our economy, communities, and American way of life.
It is only fitting that while we honor the role of agriculture in America we also commemorate the 100th anniversary of the national Cooperative Extension System. The Cooperative Extension System utilizes the resources of Virginia’s land-grant universities, Virginia Tech and Virginia State University, to provide helpful information, education, and tools to assist agricultural producers, business owners, young people, and communities. I am a cosponsor of a resolution in the House of Representatives honoring the signing of the Smith-Lever Act of 1914 that established this system many of us benefit from daily.
Over the years, I have come to understand the significant challenges of farming in today’s environment ranging from natural disasters to burdensome federal rules and regulations. Too often we have seen proposals come out of a variety of federal agencies that would adversely affect our rural communities by increasing costs and making it harder for agricultural producers to make a living. Excessive regulations on the Chesapeake Bay Watershed create new mandates for farmers. Policies like the Renewable Fuel Standard have resulted in higher costs for livestock and food producers. A complex tax code is difficult to navigate.
Farming has never been an easy way of life, but it is essential to our economy, our national security, our health, and our prosperity. As Vice Chairman of the House Committee on Agriculture, I understand the importance of ensuring that the federal government does not make it even more difficult for American agriculture to continue producing abundant and affordable food and fiber products. The hard work and dedication of America’s agriculture industry is something to be celebrated every day. I hope you will join me in saying thank you. | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 530 | [
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b0f7ef2f-fc70-4678-8cbe-b96afef88d03 | Toxoplasma gondii intracellular parasite | science | concept_introduction | Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that produces an asymptomatic infection in healthy individuals but is life threatening to the immunocompromised. The parasite develops in specialized parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs), and part of its survival strategy is to inhibit host cell apoptosis. Anthony Sinai and co-workers now reveal how it does this. On p. 4345, they show that T. gondii inhibits the host apoptotic machinery at multiple levels, including activation of caspases (enzymes that initiate the apoptotic programme). They demonstrate that the parasite cannot do this in cells lacking a subunit of the transcription factor NF-κB, which is part of a pro-survival pathway T. gondii must normally activate. In an accompanying paper (see p. 4359), Sinai and co-workers provide further evidence for the importance of host NF-κB by showing that T. gondii infection produces an `anti-apoptotic' gene expression profile in wild-type cells but not in the NF-κB-null cells. They then pin down the mechanism, demonstrating that T. gondii stimulates phosphorylation of the NF-κB inhibitor I-κB and, consequently, nuclear translocation of NF-κB. Perhaps the most interesting finding, however, is that I-κB becomes sequestered on the PV membrane in infected cells. This suggests that T. gondii has developed a novel mechanism for manipulating host NF-κB signalling that ensures its survival. | 0.6 | high | 4 | 316 | [
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dd231e4f-dc5e-46dc-ac35-3a90ea84f906 | 1. heaving - noun | interdisciplinary | problem_set | 1. heaving - noun
· an upward movement (especially a rhythmical rising and falling); "the heaving of waves on a rough sea"
2. heaving - noun
· breathing heavily (as after exertion)
3. heaving - noun
· the act of lifting something with great effort
4. heaving - noun
· throwing something heavy (with great effort); "he gave it a mighty heave"; "he was not good at heaving passes"
5. heave - verb
· utter a sound, as with obvious effort; "She heaved a deep sigh when she saw the list of things to do"
6. heave - verb
· throw with great effort
7. heave - verb
· rise and move, as in waves or billows; "The army surged forward"
8. heave - verb
· lift or elevate
9. heave - verb
· move or cause to move in a specified way, direction, or position; "The vessel hove into sight"
10. heave - verb
· breathe noisily, as when one is exhausted; "The runners reached the finish line, panting heavily"
11. heave - verb
· bend out of shape, as under pressure or from heat; "The highway buckled during the heat wave"
12. heave - verb
· make an unsuccessful effort to vomit; strain to vomit
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Enter the letters of the beginning, middle or end of the word. | 0.65 | low | 3 | 391 | [
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af653bfe-286b-487d-a13c-c5a4207dd847 | Modelling Tile Drains Under | technology | case_study | Modelling Tile Drains Under Present and Future Climate Conditions
MetadataShow full item record
Modelling the impact of climate change on the water from agricultural areas on a regional scale over a 40 year time period is the subject of this thesis. The Grand River watershed spans approximately 290 km with an area of approximately 6,800 km². Approximately 90% of the watershed is agricultural land some of which is tile drained. These tile drains, which cover approximately 15% of the total land of the watershed, are installed to augment field drainage. The tile drains usually outlet somewhere along the perimeter of a property; the discharge then typically moves along the surface until it discharges into a surface water body such as a river, pond, or lake. Investigating the impact of climate change on agricultural tile drainage at a watershed scale can be achieved using modelling. The tile drains can affect both the water quality and the water quantity of a watershed. With the potential climatic changes, the storm intensity, and growing season also could change. Spatial data for the Grand River watershed was gathered to allow for further simulation. The data for tile drained areas was added to land use/land class and soil data for the watershed to produce a map of tile drained agricultural areas. Climate change scenarios were then simulated for each cell. Three climate change scenarios were investigated to determine the impact on tile drain discharge and the hydrological process for the watershed. The climate change scenarios that were chosen were the A2, A1B, and the B1 scenario of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. After the simulations were completed for the tiled areas and the results collected, the simulations showed the greatest impact of tile drain discharge in the spring season as well as the fall season. For the tiled cells the annual average discharge was approximately 0.22 m3/ha for 1999. The average discharge was approximately 0.15 m3/ha for April of 1999. April accounted for approximately 65% of the annual tile drainage for 1999. The climate change scenarios were simulated and the average annual discharge increased approximately 0.023 m3/ha and 0.021 m3/ha for the A2 and A1B scenarios respectively. The B1 scenario had an average annual decrease of approximately 0.022 m3/ha.
Cite this version of the work
Patrick O'Neill (2008). Modelling Tile Drains Under Present and Future Climate Conditions. UWSpace. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4153 | 0.65 | medium | 5 | 547 | [
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add28036-ac34-403c-9892-d5f663d811e0 | Reasoning Demonstration: Distributed Systems | technology | tutorial | ## Reasoning Demonstration: Distributed Systems (Consensus Algorithm - Paxos) This demonstration will focus on a core problem in distributed systems: achieving consensus among a set of unreliable nodes. We'll use the Paxos algorithm as our example, as it's a foundational concept for understanding how distributed systems can agree on a single value. --- **Problem**: Imagine a distributed system with multiple servers (nodes) that need to agree on a single, critical value, such as the leader of a cluster or the next transaction ID. These servers communicate over a network that can be unreliable: messages can be lost, duplicated, or delayed. The goal is to design a protocol that ensures all *non-failing* nodes will eventually agree on *one* proposed value, even in the presence of some failures. --- **Common Pitfalls**: * **Pitfall 1: Simple Majority Vote with a Single Round of Voting** * **Why it's wrong**: If we simply have each node propose a value and then pick the value with the most votes in a single round, we run into a race condition. Consider two nodes, A and B, proposing different values (V1 and V2 respectively). If A sends its proposal and receives a majority before B's proposal or a response to B's proposal arrives, A might think V1 is chosen. Simultaneously, B might receive a majority for V2. This leads to a split-brain scenario where different nodes believe different values have been agreed upon, violating the consensus requirement. The network's inherent unreliability (delays, message loss) makes this approach fundamentally unsound. * **Pitfall 2: Relying on a Central Coordinator** * **Why it's wrong**: While a central coordinator *could* dictate a value, this creates a single point of failure. If the coordinator fails, the entire system grinds to a halt, unable to reach consensus. Distributed systems aim to be fault-tolerant, and a single point of failure directly contradicts this goal. Furthermore, even if the coordinator is reliable, it can become a bottleneck, limiting the system's scalability. --- **Correct Method (Simplified Paxos - Single Decree)**: Paxos achieves consensus through a multi-phase, asynchronous protocol. We'll simplify it for a single value agreement (a "single decree"). The core idea is to have nodes act as "Proposers" and "Acceptors." * **Step 1: Proposer prepares a proposal with a unique, increasing proposal number.** * **Reasoning**: To break ties and ensure progress, each proposal needs a unique identifier. Proposal numbers act as a versioning mechanism. By using increasing numbers, a proposer can distinguish its current proposal from older, potentially conflicting ones. This is crucial for handling network delays and out-of-order messages. A proposer must ensure its proposal number is higher than any it has seen before. * **Step 2: Proposer sends a "Prepare" request (containing its proposal number) to a majority of Acceptors.** * **Reasoning**: We need a majority of Acceptors to agree to ensure that at least one node in any majority set has seen our proposal. If a proposer can get a majority of Acceptors to promise not to accept any proposal with a number *less than* the proposer's number, it gains a form of exclusivity for its proposal. This promise prevents older, conflicting proposals from being accepted. * **Step 3: Acceptors respond to "Prepare" requests.** * **Reasoning**: When an Acceptor receives a "Prepare" request with proposal number `N`: * If it has already promised not to accept proposals with numbers greater than or equal to `N`, it ignores this request. * Otherwise, it promises not to accept any *new* proposals with numbers less than `N`. * Crucially, it *also* responds with the highest-numbered proposal (value and number) it has *already accepted*, if any. This is vital for ensuring that if a value was already agreed upon, subsequent proposals must respect that. * **Step 4: Proposer collects "Prepare" responses and decides on a value.** * **Reasoning**: If a Proposer receives "Prepare" responses from a majority of Acceptors: * It looks at all the "accepted" proposals returned by the Acceptors. * If any Acceptor returned an accepted proposal, the Proposer *must* choose the value from the proposal with the *highest proposal number*. This ensures that if a value was already in the process of being accepted, the new proposal respects that. * If no Acceptor returned an accepted proposal, the Proposer is free to propose its own value. * The Proposer then sends an "Accept" request (containing its proposal number and chosen value) to the same majority of Acceptors. * **Step 5: Acceptors respond to "Accept" requests.** * **Reasoning**: When an Acceptor receives an "Accept" request with proposal number `N` and value `V`: * If it has already promised not to accept proposals with numbers greater than or equal to `N` (from a previous "Prepare" phase), it ignores this request. * Otherwise, it accepts the proposal (`N`, `V`). It then typically informs other nodes (or a "learner") that this proposal has been accepted. * **Step 6: Learners (or Proposers) detect consensus.** * **Reasoning**: Consensus is reached when a majority of Acceptors have accepted the *same* proposal (same number and same value). A "learner" (which could be a Proposer or a separate role) can detect consensus by receiving "Accepted" notifications from a majority of Acceptors for a particular proposal. Once a proposal is accepted by a majority, all non-failing nodes will eventually learn this value. --- **Verification**: To verify this process, we need to check if it satisfies the core properties of consensus: 1. **Agreement (or Consistency)**: All non-failing nodes agree on the same value. * **How to verify**: If a value `V` is accepted by a majority of Acceptors (say, set `M1`), then any *future* proposal with a number `N'` that can gain a majority must have been influenced by a proposal with a number `N < N'` that was accepted by at least one Acceptor in `M1` (because of the "Prepare" phase and returning the highest accepted proposal). This means any subsequent accepted proposal must have the same value `V`. This property is proven by induction and careful case analysis of message ordering and failures. 2. **Validity (or Integrity)**: If a value is agreed upon, it must have been proposed by some Proposer. * **How to verify**: An Acceptor only accepts a proposal if it receives an "Accept" request. An "Accept" request is only sent by a Proposer *after* it has received a majority of "Prepare" responses, and it chooses a value based on those responses (either an already accepted value or its own proposed value). Thus, any value that is eventually accepted by a majority must have originated from a Proposer. 3. **Termination (or Liveness)**: Eventually, some value is agreed upon by all non-failing nodes. * **How to verify**: This is the trickiest part in real-world Paxos due to potential livelock (multiple proposers constantly trying to outbid each other). However, in the simplified single-decree case, if a proposer can successfully complete the "Prepare" and "Accept" phases before network conditions change drastically, consensus can be reached. More advanced Paxos variants and optimizations are needed to guarantee termination in all scenarios, often involving electing a single leader or using randomized backoffs. --- **Generalizable Pattern**: The Paxos approach follows a pattern of: 1. **Unique Identification**: Assigning unique, ordered identifiers to actions or proposals. 2. **Phased Communication**: Breaking down the agreement process into distinct phases (e.g., Prepare, Accept). 3. **Majority Quorum**: Requiring a majority of nodes to acknowledge or agree at critical junctures to ensure resilience against single-node failures and network partitions. 4. **Information Propagation**: Ensuring that previously agreed-upon information is propagated to new participants or during subsequent rounds of negotiation. 5. **Conflict Resolution**: Establishing rules for resolving conflicts between competing proposals, typically favoring older, already accepted values. This pattern can be summarized as: **"Establish a stable, ordered proposal, gain majority commitment to that proposal, and then broadcast the committed value, ensuring future proposals respect the commitment."** --- **Broader Application**: The reasoning process used to understand Paxos is applicable to many other distributed systems problems: * **Leader Election**: Paxos is a fundamental building block for robust leader election algorithms. A leader is essentially a value that all nodes agree to follow. * **Distributed Transactions**: Ensuring that a transaction is either committed by all participants or aborted by all participants (atomicity) requires consensus on the transaction's outcome. * **State Machine Replication**: Replicating the state of a system across multiple nodes requires agreeing on the order of operations (commands) to be applied to the state. Algorithms like Raft (which is inspired by Paxos) and Zab (used in ZooKeeper) are prime examples. * **Distributed Locking**: Agreeing on which node currently holds a lock on a resource. The core principles of fault tolerance, achieving agreement in the face of uncertainty, and managing concurrent operations using phased protocols and quorums are fundamental to building reliable distributed systems. Understanding Paxos provides a deep insight into *why* these complex protocols are necessary and *how* they work to overcome the inherent challenges of distributed environments. | 0.65 | medium | 4 | 2,055 | [
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abef530c-75ef-414a-8d82-99a6e06afc1b | Audiology and Ear Doctors | interdisciplinary | historical_context | Audiology and Ear Doctors
Audiology is the study of hearing and its disorders. While an ear, nose and throat doctor (also known as an otolaryngologist or an ENT) may diagnose many ear problems and disorders, it is an audiologist who performs hearing exams, administers hearing tests, and prescribes assistive technologies such as hearing aids and cochlear implants.
WHAT IS AN AUDIOLOGIST?
An audiologist is a doctor who is specifically trained in examining and treating the auditory and vestibular systems of the ear. This makes audiologists the go-to professionals for the identification and assessment of hearing loss, the diagnosis and treatment of hearing disorders, and the monitoring and correction of balance problems related to the inner-ear. Whereas in the past, Masters work was often considered sufficient preparation for clinical practice, it is now the case that any individual who is seeking state licensure in the field must obtain a Doctor of Audiology degree (Au.D.), which combines general studies of anatomy and physiology with specialized curriculums covering topics such as acoustics, neurology, electrophysiology, and sign language.
An audiologist will also be professionally trained in the areas of counseling, therapy, and assistive devices such as the hearing aid and the cochlear implant. As with most specialized practitioners, doctors who have completed their degrees in audiology are required to pass state and national examinations in order to become properly certified.
WHAT DOES AN AUDIOLOGIST DO?
The general concern of an audiologist is the monitoring of hearing ability and the hands-on participation in the mitigation of hearing loss, including the preventative treatment of future hearing damage. An audiologist will generally begin by screening individuals for apparent hearing loss, followed – if necessary – by more thorough evaluations. Through the administration of hearing tests, and with the help of devices such as the audiometer and audiogram, an audiologist can evaluate the range and magnitude of hearing damage deterioration, allowing him to recommend specific treatment plans for each patient he sees.
Depending upon the extent, type, and cause of any identified hearing dissipation, an audiologist can recommend a hearing aid, cochlear implants, or other corrective surgery to address the particular patient’s problems. For less severe or more temporary issues, an audiologist can prescribe sound therapy treatments or a simple change of daily environment aimed at reducing exposure to destructive noise. Regardless of the chosen plan of approach, an audiologist remains the patient’s primary contact and provider of hearing-related care throughout, overseeing the adjustment and recovery periods and altering the treatment schedule where necessary.
WHO NEEDS AN AUDIOLOGIST?
While individuals who are already deaf or hard of hearing, or who already feel that they might be suffering from severe hearing damage, are the most critically in need of an audiology consultation, anyone who is concerned about their ears or auditory protection can benefit from an expert medical examination. It is extremely common for the initial stages of hearing loss to go ignored or simply undetected by the average person, and the simplicity of a basic screening makes preliminary evaluations well worth the minimal effort they require. The smallest and most dismissible abnormalities in perception can often be symptoms of larger, systematic failures of the auditory system, and – as with any medical disorder – the sooner a problem is identified, the quicker and more effectively hearing loss can be addressed. Even for an individual in possession of uncompromised hearing ability, the local audiologist can be an indispensable resource for information on auditory protection, and the prevention of future damage and deterioration.
HOW CAN I FIND AN AUDIOLOGIST AND LEARN MORE?
Organizations such as the American Academy for Audiology and the Audiology Foundation of America are good sources for preliminary investigation and advice, but there is no substitute for a one-on-one discussion with a practicing hearing professional. 1-888-HEAR-CLEAR can direct you to the best working professionals in your area and arrange for an informational consultation and preliminary screening. | 0.55 | medium | 5 | 813 | [
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7d9e8a56-4ce6-4f14-8c88-3bb8327de59e | Storyline Scoops: Mad Men, NCIS: Los Angeles | interdisciplinary | creative_writing | Storyline Scoops: Mad Men, NCIS: Los Angeles
at . Comments
In TV Guide's latest Mega Buzz column, the publication reveals a couple of intriguing tidbits about a couple of fall shows.
Which characters are involved in new romances on Mad Men and NCIS: Los Angeles? Find out now...
• Joan Holloway (pictured) has a new man in her life when season three of Mad Men kicks off. He works in the Sterling Cooper office.
• On NCIS: Los Angeles, Pauley Perrette's crossover might find her involved romantically with Barrett Foa's character, a tech-op named Eric Beal.
Joan Holloway Picture
Matt Richenthal is the Editor in Chief of TV Fanatic. Follow him on Twitter and on Google+.
Tags: , ,
Mad Men Quotes
It's been a pleasure working with you all. I wish you the best of luck.
Bert
Sally: What's her name?
Don: Bethany.
Sally: I don't like that. | 0.7 | medium | 4 | 235 | [
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3af3aa29-09ba-4e03-89a6-c680891f1531 | Some time after this | science | worked_examples | 1 Some time after this, Jesus crossed to the far shore of the Sea of Galilee (that is, the Sea of Tiberias), 2 and a great crowd of people followed him because they saw the miraculous signs he had performed on the sick. 3 Then Jesus went up on a mountainside and sat down with his disciples. 4 The Jewish Passover Feast was near.I really notice that the Bible speaks a lot of Jesus being Jewish. When I witness to Jewish people I constantly have to remind them of this fact. They seem to think that to follow Christ would mean they have to cease being Jewish. I remind them that Jesus never ceased to be a Jew.
5 When Jesus looked up and saw a great crowd coming toward him, he said to Philip, "Where shall we buy bread for these people to eat?" 6 He asked this only to test him, for he already had in mind what he was going to do.
I've heard this question asked of me a lot. "If God knows everything, then why does He ask questions?" If you read the Bible enough, you'll see that God answers most of our questions. Here, He is asking Philip to test him.
Here is another example of Jesus using His miracles to authenticate Himself. The people of that day were intimately familiar with the Scriptures, and every time Jesus fulfilled prophecy, He spoke very clearly of His identity as the one God of Israel.
7 Philip answered him, "Eight months' wages would not buy enough bread for each one to have a bite!"
8 Another of his disciples, Andrew, Simon Peter's brother, spoke up, 9 "Here is a boy with five small barley loaves and two small fish, but how far will they go among so many?"
10 Jesus said, "Have the people sit down." There was plenty of grass in that place, and the men sat down, about five thousand of them. 11 Jesus then took the loaves, gave thanks, and distributed to those who were seated as much as they wanted. He did the same with the fish.
12 When they had all had enough to eat, he said to his disciples, "Gather the pieces that are left over. Let nothing be wasted." 13 So they gathered them and filled twelve baskets with the pieces of the five barley loaves left over by those who had eaten.
14 After the people saw the miraculous sign that Jesus did, they began to say, "Surely this is the Prophet who is to come into the world." 15 Jesus, knowing that they intended to come and make him king by force, withdrew again to a mountain by himself. | 0.65 | low | 4 | 547 | [
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bd02614d-10a4-4447-974d-c709b3d33f6e | More than 175 years | social_studies | data_analysis | More than 175 years of historical data about earthquake and seismic monitoring in South Australia has been made publicly available by Geoscience Australia and the Geological Survey of South Australia.
Geoscience Australia seismologist Hugh Glanville said the data provides interesting insights into the history of earthquakes in South Australia.
“During our review of the data and historical documents given to us by the Geological Survey of South Australia, we came across recordings for many significant earthquakes in the state- some dating back as far as 1840.” Mr Glanville said.
“For example, the largest and most intense earthquake documented in South Australia was a magnitude 6.5 in 1897 near Beachport. The second largest and intense earthquake occurred just five years later in 1902 close to Warooka. It was a magnitude 6 earthquake.
“The earliest reported earthquake we found in the records happened in Adelaide on 31 March 1840 at 4:00pm, no magnitude was listed but it says: ‘a shock of [the] earthquake was felt in the town and for several miles around; no damage reported’.”
Mr Glanville said the public availability of the data was the result of a month-long methodical review by a small team at Geoscience Australia, and lifetime’s work in earthquake and seismic monitoring by South Australian seismologists.
“Access to carefully recorded and catalogued data, like what we now have for South Australia, is an invaluable resource for both earthquake, and earthquake hazard researchers.” | 0.65 | medium | 6 | 320 | [
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a87ebb5a-5d8f-4411-9715-d0d9bab48ac9 | Exhibitor No-Shows Include List Firms | technology | technical_documentation | Exhibitor No-Shows Include List Firms
CHICAGO -- Judging by the number of empty booth spaces, at least a handful of expected exhibitors at the DMA's fall show were no-shows.
Though the DMA would not confirm the companies that canceled, it appeared that the absentees were all list-related firms, including American List Counsel, ClientLogic, List Technology Systems Group and Alistia.
Representatives from the companies are still here, and ALC still sponsored its annual party with BMG last night.
While the no-shows will lose the participation and square-footage points, they get to keep their member points despite their absence. It is after a second year of not exhibiting that they would lose all their points, DMA spokeswoman Christina Duffney said.
DMA members get three types of points: member points, participation points and square-footage points.
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Latest Jobs: | 0.65 | medium | 5 | 248 | [
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8269f86f-304a-4820-afa5-f908076360dc | Knowledge Network Position: Quantum | science | research_summary | ## Knowledge Network Position: Quantum Biology - The Quantum Underpinnings of Life Quantum biology occupies a fascinating and increasingly vital node within the grand tapestry of human knowledge, bridging the seemingly disparate realms of quantum mechanics and biological systems. At its core, it posits that quantum phenomena, typically observed at the subatomic level, play a functional role in biological processes. This challenges the classical, deterministic view of biology and suggests that the inherent probabilistic and non-local nature of quantum mechanics is not merely a backdrop but an active participant in the very mechanisms of life. Its position is highly interdisciplinary, drawing from and contributing to: * **Physics (Quantum Mechanics):** This is the foundational domain, providing the theoretical framework and experimental tools to understand quantum phenomena like superposition, entanglement, tunneling, and coherence. Quantum biology seeks to identify where these abstract principles manifest in tangible biological outcomes. * **Chemistry (Physical Chemistry, Quantum Chemistry):** Chemical reactions are inherently quantum mechanical. Quantum biology delves into how biological systems exploit or are influenced by these quantum chemical effects, particularly in areas like electron transfer, molecular interactions, and enzyme catalysis. * **Biology (Molecular Biology, Biophysics, Biochemistry, Evolution):** Quantum biology seeks to explain biological phenomena at the molecular and supramolecular levels. It questions whether quantum effects offer evolutionary advantages or explain the remarkable efficiency and specificity observed in biological processes. * **Information Theory & Computer Science:** The concept of quantum computation and information processing, arising from quantum mechanics, finds resonance in biological systems. Questions arise about whether life utilizes quantum information processing for tasks like sensing or energy transfer. * **Philosophy of Science:** Quantum biology touches upon fundamental questions about reductionism, emergence, and the nature of reality, particularly as it relates to consciousness and the boundaries between the physical and the biological. ### Real-World Applications: Harnessing Quantum Effects for Life's Technologies The practical implications of understanding quantum biology are profound, paving the way for revolutionary advancements across various sectors: * **Renewable Energy & Photosynthesis Mimicry:** Photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert light energy into chemical energy, is a prime example of efficient quantum coherence in action. Researchers are studying the quantum mechanisms of light harvesting to design more efficient **artificial photosynthesis** systems for solar energy conversion and fuel production. For instance, understanding how excitons (excited electron-hole pairs) move through photosynthetic complexes could lead to the development of novel photovoltaic materials that capture and transfer energy with minimal loss. * **Medical Diagnostics & Therapeutics:** Quantum effects are being explored for novel diagnostic tools. For example, **magnetoreception** in birds, which is thought to involve quantum entanglement in radical pair mechanisms within their eyes, could inspire new ways to detect subtle magnetic fields for medical imaging or early disease detection. Furthermore, understanding quantum tunneling in enzymatic reactions might lead to the design of more targeted and efficient drugs that exploit these pathways. * **Quantum Computing & Biomimicry:** The efficiency and robustness of biological quantum processes, such as the long-range electron transfer in enzymes, could inspire the design of new **quantum computing architectures** and algorithms. Conversely, quantum computing itself could become an indispensable tool for simulating and understanding complex quantum biological systems that are currently intractable with classical computers. * **Sensors & Navigation:** The exquisite sensitivity of biological systems to their environment, like the aforementioned magnetoreception, suggests the possibility of developing highly sensitive **bio-inspired quantum sensors**. These could be used for environmental monitoring, geological surveying, or even in navigation systems that don't rely on GPS. * **Drug Discovery & Design:** A deeper understanding of quantum effects in enzyme-substrate interactions and protein folding could revolutionize drug discovery. By modeling these quantum interactions more accurately, scientists can design more potent and selective pharmaceuticals, minimizing off-target effects. ### Advanced Extensions: Pushing the Boundaries of Science and Technology Quantum biology is not just a descriptive field; it is a fertile ground for developing entirely new areas of scientific inquiry and technological innovation: * **Quantum Information Science in Biology:** This emerging field explores how biological systems might utilize quantum information processing for tasks like sensing, signaling, and even consciousness. It investigates whether biological systems exhibit quantum entanglement or superposition in ways that provide a functional advantage. * **Quantum Chemistry of Biological Systems:** Developing more sophisticated quantum chemical methods to accurately model large, complex biomolecules and their dynamic interactions. This includes understanding the role of quantum effects in protein folding, enzyme catalysis, and DNA mutation. * **Quantum Machine Learning for Biological Data:** Applying quantum machine learning algorithms to analyze vast biological datasets, potentially uncovering hidden quantum correlations or patterns related to disease, evolution, or cellular function. * **Quantum Biology Engineering:** The design and construction of artificial systems that mimic or leverage quantum biological principles for technological applications, such as bio-inspired quantum sensors or energy harvesting devices. * **The Quantum Basis of Consciousness:** While highly speculative, some theories propose that quantum phenomena, such as quantum coherence in microtubules, might play a role in consciousness. This is an area of intense debate and ongoing research, pushing the boundaries of neuroscience and physics. ### Limitations & Open Questions: The Frontier of Understanding Despite its exciting potential, quantum biology faces significant limitations and is replete with open questions: * **Decoherence in Warm, Wet Environments:** Quantum coherence is notoriously fragile and easily destroyed by environmental interactions (decoherence). A major challenge is to understand how biological systems can maintain quantum coherence for functionally relevant timescales in the noisy, "warm, wet, and crowded" environment of a cell. * **Experimental Verification:** Directly observing and verifying quantum effects in biological systems is experimentally challenging. The signals are often subtle and can be masked by classical noise. Developing new experimental techniques capable of probing these quantum phenomena with high precision is crucial. * **Distinguishing Quantum from Classical Effects:** It can be difficult to definitively prove that a biological process relies on quantum mechanics rather than a complex classical explanation. Establishing clear quantum signatures is an ongoing effort. * **The Extent of Quantum Influence:** How widespread are quantum effects in biology? Are they rare, specialized phenomena, or are they fundamental to many more processes than currently understood? * **The Role of Quantum Effects in Evolution:** If quantum effects confer an advantage, how have they been selected for during evolution? What are the evolutionary pressures that favor quantum biological mechanisms? * **The Quantum Nature of Consciousness:** The hypothesis linking quantum mechanics to consciousness remains highly controversial and lacks definitive empirical evidence. ### Historical Context: From Early Speculation to Modern Inquiry The idea that quantum mechanics might be relevant to biology has a history of both intriguing speculation and rigorous investigation: * **Early 20th Century:** The advent of quantum mechanics in the early 20th century naturally led some physicists and biologists to wonder about its implications for life. **Erwin Schrödinger's** seminal 1944 book, "What is Life?", though not explicitly quantum, pondered the physical basis of heredity and the possibility of novel physical principles governing living systems. * **Mid-20th Century:** **Linus Pauling** and others explored quantum mechanical principles in chemical bonding within biological molecules, laying the groundwork for understanding the quantum nature of molecular interactions. * **Late 20th Century - Early 21st Century:** Significant progress came with the investigation of **enzyme catalysis**. The observation of **kinetic isotope effects** (differences in reaction rates when certain atoms are replaced by their isotopes) provided strong evidence for quantum mechanical tunneling in some enzymatic reactions. **Rudolf Marcus** (Nobel Prize in Chemistry for electron transfer theories) and **William H. Miller** (for semiclassical methods in chemical dynamics) made crucial contributions to understanding quantum effects in chemical reactions relevant to biology. * **The Dawn of Quantum Biology as a Field:** In the early 2000s, research into the quantum coherence in **photosynthetic light harvesting** by groups like **Graham Fleming** provided compelling evidence for quantum effects playing a functional role in energy transfer. Similarly, work on **magnetoreception in birds**, particularly by **Klaus Schulten** and colleagues, highlighted the potential for quantum entanglement in biological navigation. The term "quantum biology" gained wider recognition and became an established interdisciplinary field. ### Systems Integration: Life as a Quantum-Classical Interface Quantum biology is not an isolated concept but is deeply integrated into larger systems and frameworks: * **The Molecular Machinery of Life:** At the most fundamental level, biological molecules (proteins, DNA, lipids) are governed by the laws of quantum mechanics. Quantum chemistry explains their structure, bonding, and reactivity. Quantum biology extends this by asking if these quantum properties are exploited for functional advantage. * **Cellular Processes:** Many cellular processes, such as electron transport chains in respiration and photosynthesis, enzyme catalysis, and even DNA replication and repair, involve quantum mechanical events like electron transfer and proton tunneling. Quantum biology seeks to understand how these quantum events contribute to the efficiency and fidelity of these processes. * **Organismal Function:** From sensory perception (magnetoreception, olfaction) to energy conversion (photosynthesis) and even potentially aspects of consciousness, quantum biology explores how quantum effects can influence the macroscopic behavior of organisms. * **The Evolutionary Framework:** Quantum biology fits within evolutionary theory by suggesting that natural selection may have favored biological systems that can harness quantum phenomena to gain a survival or reproductive advantage, such as improved energy efficiency or enhanced sensory capabilities. * **The Quantum-Classical Divide:** Quantum biology sits at the intriguing interface between the quantum world and the classical macroscopic world. It investigates how quantum effects, which are typically associated with very small scales and low temperatures, can persist and function within the warm, wet, and complex environment of living systems. ### Future Directions: The Quantum Future of Life Sciences The future of quantum biology is poised for exciting growth and transformative discoveries: * **Unlocking New Energy Technologies:** Further research into artificial photosynthesis and bio-inspired solar cells could lead to highly efficient and sustainable energy solutions. * **Revolutionizing Medicine:** Developing quantum-enhanced diagnostic tools, targeted drug delivery systems, and a deeper understanding of quantum effects in disease processes could lead to personalized and more effective healthcare. * **Advancing Quantum Computing:** Insights from biological quantum systems could inspire novel quantum computing architectures and algorithms, potentially accelerating the development of powerful quantum computers. * **Understanding Consciousness:** While a long-term goal, continued exploration into the quantum basis of brain function might offer new perspectives on the nature of consciousness. * **Synthetic Biology:** The ability to engineer biological systems with enhanced quantum properties could lead to the creation of novel biomaterials, biosensors, and bio-inspired technologies with unprecedented capabilities. * **Interdisciplinary Collaboration:** The field will continue to thrive through strong collaborations between physicists, chemists, biologists, computer scientists, and engineers, fostering a holistic approach to understanding life's quantum secrets. In essence, quantum biology represents a paradigm shift, moving beyond a purely classical understanding of life to embrace the subtle yet powerful influence of quantum mechanics. It is a testament to the interconnectedness of knowledge, demonstrating how the most fundamental laws of physics can manifest in the intricate and wondrous processes of life itself. | 0.65 | medium | 8 | 2,278 | [
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9718fab4-cab4-40a3-ad95-695d2b699b09 | Five hundred Afghan tribesmen | technology | concept_introduction | Five hundred Afghan tribesmen are to be evicted from their homes in the cave complex of Bamiyan, where the pair of giant 2,000-year-old Buddha statues stood until they were destroyed by the Taliban in 2001.
Authorities say they are being removed to protect what is left of the cultural monument. Piles of rubble are all that remain of the Buddhas, which stood 125 ft and 180 ft tall. They were destroyed by tanks and explosives on the orders of Mullah Omar, the Taliban leader, because they were said to be anti-Islamic.
The cave dwellers are mostly from the country's ethnic Hazara minority, thought to be descended from Genghis Khan's marauding armies. They moved into the caves after labouring jobs in the bazaar and nearby fields dried up during Afghanistan's wars in the Eighties and Nineties, leaving them destitute.
Buddhist paintings 1,500 years old survive in some caves, hidden under layers of soot and cooking fat. But the living conditions are spartan. There are no beds and babies lie on filthy blankets tended by siblings scarcely old enough to look after themselves.
Outside, in the fierce light, older children stumble up under loads of water taken from the slender river below.
"We consulted the families living in the caves and have donated land for them," said Mohammed Rahimalaya, the governor of Bamiyan.
But a more inhospitable spot for a new settlement than the one afforded the Hazaras would be hard to find. After years in the darkness, they are being moved to an arid plain above the destroyed Buddhas. There is no water or shade; the wind gusts sand in summer and snow in winter.
Nasir Fernandez, from the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, is concerned about the community's sustainability. "We showed the cave dwellers three possible sites and this is the one they picked," he said.
"We can't drill a well up there. The best we can offer is a well at the bottom of the mountain. That means a walk of two hours a day for water."
It is a measure of how hard life is in Bamiyan, which has few passable roads and no electricity, that the Hazaras count themselves lucky.
"We are so happy, at last we have a place of our own," said Said Hashimi, a representative of the dwellers, overseeing the construction of mud brick homes. "It won't be easy but we will make it work." The mood in the valley below is upbeat. Bamiyan is one of few Afghan provinces where the central government is getting more popular.
The national flag flutters beside the mosque and pictures of President Hamid Karzai are found in government offices. "The Taliban wreaked terrible destruction here and not just on the Buddhas," said Mr Fernandez. Suffering in the area was still immense, said Peter Maxwell, British chief of the UN mission for Bamiyan.
The maternal mortality rate in isolated villages was five times worse than in sub-Saharan Africa.
Even accessible villages in the area live hand to mouth, supplementing their diet with grass, hoping that somehow, sometime, the beauty of their mountains and what remains of the Buddhas might attract adventurous tourists. | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 691 | [
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18a703ea-77b6-4fa3-9cf4-02e1a0bb61e3 | flu lead story evening | life_skills | data_analysis | The flu is the lead story on the evening news and on the front page of newspapers.
The flu is big news because it's bad this year. People all around the country are sick, and some are dying from the infection. For an explanation of why some people die very quickly see my colleague Josh Bloom's piece: This Year's Flu Is Different - It Kills In Two Ways.
And, it does not look like it's slowing down anytime soon. Check out the red line in the graph below - it represents this year's current cases and it is easy to see why people are nervous.
At this time 37 children have died from the flu. These are 37 tragic, heartbreaking stories of young loss of life. Each and every one brings tears to my eyes when I read them. You can read some of their stories here, here and here. Some experts predict the number of pediatric deaths this year will easily surpass 100.
So, what are we doing about it?
Some areas are closing schools in order to clean them and also to give overwhelmed school nurses a break. While keeping kids out of crowded areas is guaranteed to help, is this the best that we can do? The virus can only last on surfaces for 24 hours, according to the CDC. So, although a thorough cleaning may give you a nice clean school it won't help that much with transmission of the flu.
In New York, Gov. Andrew Cuomo declared a state disaster emergency and issued an executive order, which allows pharmacists to give the vaccine to children.
Gov. Cuomo said, “With flu cases reaching epidemic proportions in New York, we must do everything in our power to fight this virus and keep New Yorkers safe."
But, is this "everything in our power?"
Even if the flu shot is easy to get and free, some people still will not get it. Maybe they are too busy, don't like needles (who does?), think that the flu vaccine can give them the flu (it can't) or that it's full of dangerous toxins (It isn't.)
So, what else can we do? Since, public schools already require vaccinations for MMR, polio, etc. in order to allow a student to come to school - why not add influenza to the list? Why do we require school kids to have some vaccines, but ignore the flu? More children will die of the flu this year in the United States than of polio and measles combined (zero). So, does it make sense to have some vaccines mandatory for school entry and leave the flu up to the parents' discretion?
Connecticut and New Jersey mandate the flu vaccine to attend school and Ohio and Rhode Island require it to enter into childcare. (1) This same mandate was attempted in New York City a few years back, under Mayor Michael Bloomberg. Despite the measure being approved unanimously by the Board of Health, anti-vaxx parents complained and the measure met fierce opposition.
It's not just the kids in school that would be protected by a vaccination mandate either - it would also protect their younger siblings and older grandparents that they are bringing the flu home to every day after school. A move like this would reduce the overall morbidity and mortality of the flu season. And, this year especially - that is something that we could use.
So, while executive orders are a good start and clean schools are lovely - a more effective measure would be to think about increasing vaccination rates - the only thing that will actually reduce flu deaths.
1) New York State public health law mandates “immunization against poliomyelitis, mumps, measles, diphtheria, rubella, varicella, Haemophilus influenza type b, pertussis, tetanus, pneumococcal disease, meningococcal disease and hepatitis B.” | 0.65 | medium | 4 | 778 | [
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b06e6599-202b-4a7d-9031-e79e3b5653d6 | Large-ish nanotech breaks barriers in drug delivery | science | research_summary | Large-ish nanotech breaks barriers in drug delivery
By John Carroll
A team of researchers at Johns Hopkins University has demonstrated a new way to slip drug-bearing nanoparticles through the body’s protective shields of mucus while surprising even themselves with just how big these microscopic delivery vehicles can be constructed.
By developing nanoparticles designed to mimic the appearance of viruses, they have opened up an appealing commercial opportunity for either licensing the technology to drug developers (who are eager to attack specific disease sites with more-effective therapies) or developing new therapies themselves. And previous research has proven that the nanoparticle pathway can be used to carry a large payload of sustained-release therapeutics.
“We actually thought that 500 nanometers would be so big that there was no way that it would go through,” says Justin Hanes, the associate professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering who supervised the team’s research project. “Based on the existing estimates of the mesh size of human mucus, we thought the largest particle that would go through would be at most a couple of hundred nanometers.”
Samuel K. Lai, a chemical and biomolecular engineering doctoral student at Johns Hopkins, was the lead author of the report, which appeared in the online edition of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences on January 23.
Their work adds to the potential of nanomedicine in fighting disease, a subject that has attracted the attention of a variety of research groups around the globe. In fact, just earlier this year, researchers at Rice University announced that they had redesigned the Buckyball to include nontoxic peptides, giving it the appearance of a virus so that it could deliver medicine inside a cell.
Challenges and discoveries
The Johns Hopkins’ group started with an important insight from Richard Cone, a professor in the university’s department of biophysics, and co-workers. “Cone and his colleagues showed that a few of these small viruses could move in human mucus as fast as in water,” says Hanes.
To the eye, mucus appears to be a slimy, nonporous tissue. But using a high-powered microscope, the tissue comes into focus as a mesh. If you make the delivery vehicle small enough and build it to avoid sticking to the mucus, Hanes says, it can effortlessly slip through the sticky barrier used to trap pathogens and other material before they can harm the host.
A loose analogy is that it’s like someone jumping on a trampoline, he adds. A person is too large to go through, but if you put sand on the net instead it will sift through as you jump on it. “In nature the thing that jiggles nanoparticles is thermal energy. The big difference is that mucus is not just a physical barrier-it is also sticky. So particles small enough to fit through the mesh still get stuck in mucus unless they have special coatings.
“We started to see that particles coated with low molecular weight polyethylene glycol-PEG-move extremely fast in mucus,” adds Hanes. What was startling, he says, is that the larger 200 nanometer particles traveled even faster than the 100 nanometer particles. So they asked themselves a new question: Just how big could they make a nanoparticle and still have it slip through mucus?
Viruses that are capable of moving through mucus have surfaces that are densely coated with positive and negative charges, the scientist explains, but the surfaces are net-neutral, meaning that they don’t stick electrostatically. The coating with charged groups also makes the viral surface water-loving, meaning they do not stick by oily interactions. “PEG was shown to be mucus-adhesive,” says Hanes, “but the studies that showed this focused on high molecular weight PEG-the adhesion effect was thought due to the ability of PEG molecules to attach to mucus in a kind of Velcro-like fashion. We thought that coating particles with low molecular weight PEG would prevent any oily interaction between the particle and mucus and make the charge on the nanoparticle net neutral as well.”
The key was using PEG with a molecular weight high enough so that it wasn’t toxic-a well-known process in the drug development field-but not so high that it would stick to the mucus.
Hanes is still a little amazed that it worked for the largest particles. He’s even more amazed by the implications. “The advantage is that a larger particle is able to provide a much more sustained release of a wide variety of therapeutic and diagnostic agents,” says Hanes, who is also the director of therapeutics for the Institute for NanoBioTechnology at Johns Hopkins. “The time it takes for drugs to be released from the particles doesn’t increase linearly as you increase particle size; it’s much more than linear.”
By delivering drugs through nano-particles, drug developers can reformulate existing therapies, extending patent protection on active ingredients with a proven safety profile and making the therapeutic more effective. That can add millions of dollars in revenue, potentially making the difference in turning a successful drug into a blockbuster.
The bigger nanoparticle size also accommodates a wider range of drugs, expanding its commercial applications.
“We would envision that the company that owns this technology could partner with quite a few pharmaceutical companies,” says Hanes. “We could license this to an independent company or more likely found a company based on this technology. A start-up company could develop its own line of drugs and also potentially partner with pharmaceutical companies.”
This technology could work with many chemotherapeutic agents by providing extended-release, or dispatching cancer-fighting drugs directly to the tumor site. Drugs could be directed to the lungs, the gastrointestinal tract and the cervicovaginal tract, and applied against a host of big diseases such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, Cystic Fibrosis, Crohn’s disease, inflammatory bowel disease, chronic infections, and more.
Another whole class of drugs could be developed in delivering antibodies through mucosal sites such as the female reproductive tract “where you’re susceptible to infection from viruses. Think about a long-acting treatment to prevent sexually transmitted diseases or viral infection, anthrax, or this year’s flu. You can envision a lot of potential applications of the technology.”
Big, fast and commercial
For now, the researchers are back at pushing the envelope on this nanoparticle breakthrough. They want to see just how big they can make the particle without slowing its passage through mucus. And Hanes and his colleagues, including lead author Dr. Jie Fu, have recently reported on a PEG-coated biodegradable polymer particle version that can encapsulate and deliver a wide array of drug molecules. They have a patent covering the new material and a few patents pending related to the most recent findings reported in PNAS.
“We hope to get 1,000 nanometer particles moving fast,” he says.
Hanes can also envision founding a company that will explore the field even further.
“I’m not leaving Johns Hopkins,” says the researcher, but there’s a distinct commercial opportunity here.
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7d5332e3-cf9d-42b8-85e5-3b7677336a7a | Japanese cipher machine which | technology | historical_context | The Japanese cipher machine which the American cryptanalysts codenamed CORAL is perhaps the easiest to understand of the three.
All three machines were built from common telephone stepping switches. These switches had six input wires. Each wire was connected to a wiper, and each wiper could make contact with one of twenty-five terminals. All six wipers moved together, and each one had its own set of 25 terminals to contact.
A solenoid controlled the movement of the wipers. When a current pulse was fed to it, the wipers advanced one position, except that, if the wipers were already at position 25, a spring caused the wipers to go back to the first position. Thus, although the 25 terminals were arranged in a semicircle, the switch acted as though they formed a full circle, with stepping in only one direction.
In CORAL, a stack of five stepping switches did the same job as a rotor would do in a Hebern rotor machine. 26 input wires carried current to 26 outputs, in 25 different ways. The alphabets for each of the 25 wiper positions, unlike the alphabets for the different positions of a rotor, were completely independent and unrelated.
JADE was just about the same as CORAL, except that it was used to encipher messages written with the Japanese katakana syllabary, which has 48 symbols. Thus, it added a shift key to the keyboard. This shift key accompanied a 25-symbol alphabet, which gave equivalents to the 48 kana and the two diacritical marks used with katakana.
PURPLE, the earliest of the three machines, had a somewhat stranger structure. A plugboard selected 20 letters of the alphabet to be enciphered through banks of four stepping switches. The other six letters were enciphered by means of only one stepping switch. This division of the alphabet was easily detected through frequency counts, and was perhaps the most serious weakness of the machine. (Another very serious weakness, and also a strong contender for the title of "most serious", was the fact that the stepping switch banks were, for obvious reasons, not removable, so one could never perform the operation equivalent to changing the rotor order.)
The following diagram:
attempts, with many parts omitted, to illustrate how PURPLE worked. The plugboard reassigned letters for both input and output. The stepping switches only have fifteen tick marks around them - representing the 25 contacts each wiper actually has. For only one wiper position for each switch or bank of ganged switches, the scrambled arrangement in which the wires are connected to corresponding wires in the next stage are shown. However, the 20 versus 6 division is easily visible in the diagram, as is the general arrangement of the device.
The three banks of stepping switches advanced in the traditional odometer like fashion; when the fast one advanced 25 steps, the medium one would advance one step, and when the medium one advanced 25 steps, the slow one would advance one step. A switch allowed all six possibilities of which bank was fast, medium, or slow to be selected.
The wiring of the plugboard was part of the daily secret key of the machine, as was the pattern of stepping switch bank movement. The starting positions of the stepping switches for each message were communicated by an indicator. Both the plugboard wirings and the stepping switch start points came from a book which contained all the possibilities that were used, which were limited in number compared to all the possibilities that could be used with the machine.
The switch on CORAL that varied which banks of stepping switches were slow, medium, and fast allowed only three of the six possibilities for that.
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e76d0d77-7fd8-4d56-a734-3b52b2acdf8c | Ben Rodgers 5'10" 42" | interdisciplinary | historical_context | Ben Rodgers
24 yo 5'10" 42" 30" gay 8" cock
Ben works with horses and travels across Europe a lot with his work and is often out of the country for long stretches. He has a great body and loves working out at the gym and says he rides for several hours each day. He has great riders’ legs and for the next shoot I've asked him to bring those ultra tight jodhpurs that all riders seem to wear. Ben has really cute eyes and he manages to go from “tough guy” to “puppy boy” in a matter of a split second. I remember Ben was one of those guys who was hard before his underwear came off and he was rock hard for nearly all the shoot, making those soft shots quite hard!
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851ca642-883d-46c6-8f3f-718a406732e7 | Select the appropriate options and settings as needed | technology | creative_writing | Select the appropriate options and settings as needed
Click on the button to generate a Fantasy Last name
Copy the result or save it for later use
Artificial surnames, according to Unbegaun's definition, are surnames that were artificially invented, and did not develop in the course of a natural historical process (in which hereditary surnames gradually arose on the basis of personal names or nicknames). Whether you're writing fiction or creating a D&D campaign, you know picking the right names for your characters is no easy task. You want your character names to be relevant, memorable, and meaningful! If you're hoping to stumble upon the ideal character's last name, check out this article's list of 78 unique last names for female characters, boy characters, and characters from different genres.
A pseudonym or a fictitious middle name is most often used by people whose life is somehow connected with publicity - the reason becomes the desire to make their name more memorable. But sometimes the pseudonym outgrows the stage image of its author and signals the beginning of his new life. Aliases include stage names and usernames, call names, pen names, aliases, aliases, superhero or villainous personalities and codenames, player identities, and royal names of the emperor ora, dads, and other monarchs. Historically, they have sometimes taken the form of anagrams, Greekisms, and romanizations, although there are many other methods of choosing a pseudonym.
Hello. We tried very hard to create a convenient website that we use ourselves. If you liked any of our tools and editors, add it to your bookmarks, because it will be useful to you more than once. And don't forget to share on social media. We will be better for you. | 0.65 | medium | 5 | 361 | [
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356417e2-279b-4350-8355-fef644940b74 | There lot buzz about | technology | data_analysis | There is a lot of buzz about the topic of data visualization in the manufacturing industry. Much of the discussion is centered around the necessity of data and the ability to visualize that data in a meaningful way to achieve “Smart Manufacturing.”
But what is Data Visualization?
To some, it is a technology. Software that enables a person to turn copious amount of data into a graphical representation with the premise that it will improve comprehension of a point of view.
To others, it is an art form. Using artistic talent to represent data.
Yet to some, it is a process that one follows to gather and analyze data to inform decision-making.
To me, it is the “Ah Ha” moment, the confluence of all of the above. That moment when the data has been mined, the story has been built, the graphical and pictorial representation has been created, and the exercise has revealed an answer or outcome you could not reach before.
So, data visualization is key to helping manufacturers to use data and analytics in smart decision-making. Right?
Yes, but here’s the problem: the house of cards hinges on an important concept before anyone can begin to visualize data… context. Visualizing data, or presenting it in a pictorial or graphical format, without context and analysis provides marginal value. It generally provides a one dimensional view without the complete picture.
To better utilize the art, craft and process of data visualization we need to start by setting the scene and determining what question we are trying to answer, or better yet what story we are trying to tell. If you simply ask, “which of my manufacturing lines is performing best?” there are many ways you can answer that question with different data. Is speed the best measure of performance? Cost? Accuracy? The answer is none of the above. To truly measure performance and efficiency you need to analyze all available data, with context, together.
Building context is extremely important for downstream clarity. To build effective context, you need:
· a way to collect multi-dimensional data, not just data streams coming off individual tools or sensors.
· a means to determine when is the right time to collect the data validation and a place to store that data and provide early visibility.
· visibility that enables you to act upon that data and alter your approach if needed.
To think about the problem from another perspective, let’s look at the life cycle of data – from the moment it is produced to the moment it is “realized.” Where does visualization fit in? How do tools and technology assist? Where do we build context?
In the early stages data is produced. Decisions are made about what data to collect, i.e. temperature, humidity levels, power draw, up-time, down-time, etc. At the point of collection, we have the opportunity to provide additional context. What else was happening in the environment when the data was collected? Who was running the machine, what recipes of batches were being made? Now, this collected data starts its transformation into actionable business intelligence.
As we are collecting data, we have the opportunity to look out for other unique events – are we picking up fluctuations in operating parameters, what is happening with other machines running the same recipes or batches, what is going on outside the plant like an abrupt change in the weather? These unique events provide us yet another level of dimensionality to our data.
Now we store the data and begin to analyze. What trends are we seeing, what anomalies are beginning to surface? We start to prove or refine our ideas or hypotheses. We test our assumptions and validate our approach.
Do we need to make changes? If so, let’s adapt our platform or approach and incorporate those changes quickly and efficiently, with minimal impact to operations. Let’s begin the process again, executing the new plan – make the feedback, analysis, and action loop continuous.
Where does contextualization fit in? It is in every stage of this life cycle - helping ensure we have the right data. Setting up visualization enables decision makers to see analysis so they identify new patterns, drill down into charts and graphs for more detail and interactively analyze variable data. When used this way, data visualization can inform almost any decision related to the manufacturing process, from inventory management to maintenance scheduling to human resource allocation.
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3b40d48c-6da2-4190-adb9-8d9554e76cb6 | Tomatoes need least six | interdisciplinary | historical_context | Tomatoes need at least six to eight hours of sun a day to produce well - and full sun is best, especially in cooler, more northern climates. Provide well-drained soil with a pH around 6.0 to 6.8. In cold-climate areas, plant in spring after frost danger is past. In hot climates, plant when temperatures begin to cool in early autumn.
Tools and Materials
Prepare the soil. Work organic matter, such as composted manure, into the soil until it's loose to a depth of at least 6 to 8 inches, using a rototiller or garden fork. If a soil test indicates a need to adujst pH, add limestone or sulfur as needed.
Transplant. Bury tomato stems up to the plant's second true set of leaves, digging a 10- to 18-inch-deep hole, if necessary. Fill the hole with the amended soil. Roots will form along the buried stem. Protect plants from cutworms by wrapping a newspaper collar around the stems an inch or two above the soil surface to an inch or two below. There are many products available for protecting transplants from spring cold snaps, to gather heat, and protect them from wind. For a homemade version, encircle each plant with a section of one-foot-high black felt roofing paper.
Install support. There are many options for trellising or staking tomatoes. Here are two basic methods. In the first system, position wire cages over the plants. Use sturdy, 5 feet tall, galvanized wire mesh ? with holes big enough to get your hand in ? to make cages 12 to 30 inches in diameter. You need about 3 feet of mesh for every foot of diameter. Fasten the cages on two sides to short stakes driven into the ground to prevent them from toppling over.
The second support system uses stakes and twine. Set sturdy, 6-feet-tall, 1- to 2-inch-wide stakes 3 or 4 feet apart, between plants, down the center of the row and at both ends. When the plants get about a foot tall, tie baler twine to an end post about 8 inches above the ground and string the twine down the row alongside the tomato plants, wrapping it once around each post. At the end of the row, begin working the twine back in the opposite direction 8 inches higher on the stakes. Weave plants through the twine as they grow.
Determinate tomatoes stop growing at a certain height, but indeterminate varieties continue to grow taller throughout the season. Dwarf or patio varieties grow only 2 to 3 feet tall and produce cherry-tomato-sized fruits.
Keep tomatoes well watered throughout the growing season to prevent disfigured fruits.
Fertilize carefully: too much nitrogen encourages foliage at the expense of fruit.
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fc53eb28-58ed-46cb-91aa-eb2716ee2d4b | Ichthyology: Nexus Aquatic Life | science | research_summary | ## Ichthyology: A Nexus of Aquatic Life and Human Endeavor **Knowledge Network Position**: Ichthyology, the scientific study of fishes, occupies a crucial position within the vast network of biological sciences. It acts as a bridge, connecting fundamental principles of zoology, ecology, and evolutionary biology to applied fields such as fisheries management, conservation biology, and even human health. At its core, ichthyology seeks to understand the diversity, physiology, behavior, and evolution of over 30,000 known species of fish, which represent the most diverse group of vertebrates on Earth. Its insights are vital for comprehending aquatic ecosystems, the health of our planet's water bodies, and the intricate web of life they support. **Real-World Applications**: The study of fish has profound and far-reaching practical applications, impacting economies, environmental policy, and human well-being. * **Fisheries Management and Aquaculture**: Ichthyology is foundational to sustainable fisheries management. For instance, the **National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)** in the United States relies heavily on ichthyological data to assess fish stocks, set quotas, and implement regulations for commercially important species like **Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)** and **Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)**. Understanding fish life cycles, growth rates, and population dynamics, derived from ichthyological research, is critical to preventing overfishing and ensuring the long-term viability of these resources. Similarly, the booming aquaculture industry, responsible for a significant portion of global seafood production, depends on ichthyological knowledge for breeding programs, disease management, and optimizing feed formulations for species like **tilapia (Oreochromis spp.)** and **Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)**. Companies like **Mowi**, a global leader in salmon farming, invest in ichthyological research to improve breeding efficiency and fish health. * **Conservation Biology and Biodiversity Monitoring**: Fish are sensitive indicators of environmental health. Ichthyological surveys are essential for monitoring the impact of pollution, climate change, and habitat degradation on aquatic ecosystems. The decline of coral reef fish populations in the **Great Barrier Reef**, for example, is a major concern for conservationists. Ichthyologists are actively involved in identifying threatened species, understanding the causes of their decline, and developing strategies for their protection. The **IUCN Red List of Threatened Species** includes numerous fish assessments, often spearheaded by ichthyologists. The study of invasive species, such as the **lionfish (Pterois spp.)** in the Atlantic, also relies on ichthyological expertise to understand their ecological impact and develop control measures. * **Biomedical Research and Biotechnology**: Fish possess unique physiological adaptations that have made them invaluable models in biomedical research. The transparent zebrafish (**Danio rerio**) is a prime example, widely used in developmental biology and toxicology studies due to its rapid embryonic development and genetic tractability. Researchers at institutions like the **Stowers Institute for Medical Research** utilize zebrafish to study gene function, cancer development, and drug efficacy. Furthermore, certain fish venoms and secretions are being investigated for their potential pharmaceutical applications, such as pain relief or anticoagulant properties. * **Environmental Impact Assessments**: Before major infrastructure projects like dams or offshore wind farms are built, ichthyological assessments are conducted to predict and mitigate potential impacts on fish populations and their habitats. For instance, the construction of the **Three Gorges Dam** on the Yangtze River required extensive ichthyological studies to understand the consequences for native fish species, including the critically endangered **Chinese paddlefish (Psephurus gladius)**. **Advanced Extensions**: Ichthyology serves as a gateway to several advanced and interdisciplinary fields of study: * **Fish Physiology and Endocrinology**: Delving into the intricate physiological mechanisms that govern fish life, including respiration, osmoregulation, reproduction, and metabolism. This can involve studying the hormonal regulation of growth and migration, or the adaptations of deep-sea fish to extreme pressure and low temperatures. * **Fish Genetics and Genomics**: Utilizing advanced molecular techniques to understand fish evolutionary history, population structure, and adaptation. This includes genome sequencing of various species to identify genes related to disease resistance, growth, or environmental tolerance, which has direct applications in aquaculture and conservation. * **Ichthyogeography and Biogeography**: Analyzing the spatial distribution of fish species and the historical and environmental factors that have shaped these patterns. This field contributes to understanding patterns of biodiversity, endemism, and the potential impacts of climate change on species ranges. * **Paleoichthyology**: The study of fossil fishes, providing crucial insights into the evolutionary history of vertebrates and the ancient aquatic environments they inhabited. This field connects ichthyology to paleontology and geology, helping to reconstruct Earth's past life and environments. * **Ethology (Animal Behavior)**: Investigating the complex behaviors of fish, from schooling and mating rituals to predator avoidance and foraging strategies. This can involve using advanced imaging techniques or acoustic monitoring to study fish interactions in their natural habitats. **Limitations & Open Questions**: Despite significant advancements, ichthyology faces several limitations and unanswered questions: * **The Deep Sea Frontier**: The vast majority of the ocean remains unexplored, and the diversity of fish in these extreme environments is largely unknown. Understanding the physiology, ecology, and evolutionary adaptations of deep-sea fishes presents immense challenges due to the technical difficulties of sampling and observation. * **Cryptic Species and Undescribed Diversity**: Many fish species, particularly in remote or understudied regions, remain undescribed. Furthermore, what appear to be single species may actually be complexes of genetically distinct, "cryptic" species that are morphologically similar, complicating conservation efforts. * **Impact of Emerging Pollutants**: While the effects of traditional pollutants are well-studied, the impact of emerging contaminants like microplastics, pharmaceuticals, and endocrine disruptors on fish populations is an area of active research with many unknowns regarding long-term consequences. * **Predicting Climate Change Impacts**: Accurately predicting how diverse fish communities will respond to the multifaceted impacts of climate change, including ocean acidification, warming waters, and altered ocean currents, remains a significant challenge. **Historical Context**: The study of fish dates back to ancient Greece, with **Aristotle** (384–322 BCE) being one of the earliest naturalists to systematically describe and classify various fish species in his work "History of Animals." However, modern ichthyology truly began to take shape during the Age of Exploration and the Enlightenment. * **Carolus Linnaeus** (1707–1778), with his binomial nomenclature system, provided a framework for classifying the rapidly growing number of described species. * **Georges Cuvier** (1769–1832) and his student **Achille Valenciennes** (1794–1865) produced the monumental 22-volume "Histoire Naturelle des Poissons," which laid much of the groundwork for systematic ichthyology. * In the 19th and 20th centuries, figures like **David Starr Jordan** (1851–1918) in the United States, who described thousands of new species, and **Carl Hubbs** (1894–1979), a pioneer in fish genetics and ecology, significantly advanced the field. **Systems Integration**: Ichthyology is deeply embedded within larger ecological and biological systems: * **Aquatic Ecosystems**: Fish are integral components of aquatic food webs, acting as both predators and prey. Their presence, abundance, and health directly influence the structure and function of freshwater and marine ecosystems. For example, the role of **predatory fish** like sharks in maintaining the health of coral reefs by controlling herbivore populations is a critical aspect of ecosystem stability. * **Global Carbon Cycle**: Fish, particularly planktivorous species and those in the deep sea, play a role in the biological carbon pump, influencing the transport of carbon from the surface to the deep ocean. * **Human Health and Nutrition**: Fish are a primary source of protein and essential nutrients for billions of people worldwide. Understanding fish biology is crucial for ensuring food security and managing the risks associated with seafood consumption, such as mercury contamination in larger predatory fish like **tuna (Thunnus spp.)**. * **Evolutionary Framework**: Fish represent a critical lineage in vertebrate evolution, providing insights into the transition from aquatic to terrestrial life. The study of **lobe-finned fishes**, such as the **coelacanth (Latimeria spp.)**, offers clues about the evolution of tetrapods. **Future Directions**: The future of ichthyology is poised for exciting advancements, driven by technological innovation and pressing global challenges: * **Genomic and eDNA Approaches**: The use of environmental DNA (eDNA) for biodiversity monitoring is revolutionizing how we detect and track fish species, even in challenging environments. Genomic studies will continue to unlock the secrets of fish adaptation and evolution. * **AI and Machine Learning**: Artificial intelligence is increasingly being applied to analyze vast datasets from fisheries surveys, underwater imagery, and acoustic monitoring to improve stock assessments, identify species, and predict population trends. * **Climate Change Adaptation Strategies**: Ichthyologists will play a crucial role in developing strategies to help fish populations adapt to climate change, which may involve assisted migration, habitat restoration, or selective breeding for resilience. * **Exploration of Undiscovered Realms**: Continued exploration of the deep sea and remote freshwater systems will undoubtedly lead to the discovery of new species and novel biological phenomena, expanding our understanding of fish diversity and adaptation. In essence, ichthyology is far more than just the study of fish; it is a vital scientific discipline that underpins our understanding of aquatic life, informs critical environmental and economic decisions, and offers profound insights into the evolutionary history of life on Earth. Its connections ripple outwards, touching upon diverse fields and shaping our stewardship of the planet's most extensive and vital ecosystems. | 0.7 | high | 7 | 2,050 | [
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ebad7cd9-257a-43e1-8940-b4afe37e7b94 | summer sun begins set | interdisciplinary | worked_examples | As the summer sun begins to set this evening, the Super Buck Moon will rise and illuminate the sky! Shortly after sunset, the first full super moon of the year will take place. In 2023, there will be four supermoons on July 3, August 1, August 31, and September 29. While tonight’s moon may appear to be full for up to three days, it will reach its absolute peak on Monday, July 3 at 7:39 a.m. EDT.
What is a Supermoon?
According to Earth.com, Astrologer Richard Nolle coined the term “supermoon” in 1979. He described it as “a new or full moon which occurs with the Moon at or near (within 90% of) its closest approach to Earth in a given orbit (perigee).”
Why is it called a Buck Moon?
Tonight’s super moon is called a Buck Moon . It gets its name after the new antlers that begin to grow from the forehead of a buck deer at this time of year. After shedding their antlers in late winter or early spring, they regrow again in the summer months.
However, the buck moon goes by many names depending upon where you are in the world. For instance, it is called the Hay Moon to the Anglo-Saxons. It is also called the Claiming, Wyrt, Herb, and Mead Moon in other parts of the world.
Look up at the sky!
Tonight is the night to pause and look up at the sky, basking in the beauty of the moon. For those who will not be able to see it, astronomer Gianluca Masi and the Virtual Telescope Project in Rome, Italy will be livestreaming the Full Buck Moon in the night sky tonight for skywatchers unable to witness the first supermoon of 2023 in person.
Markedly, in Philadelphia, the moon is expected to rise at 9:24pm tonight. You can track the rise of the moon by visiting here.
Indeed, it will be an illuminating experience! | 0.6 | low | 3 | 455 | [
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bf8524b4-2c57-449a-b45a-3d976e2eb70f | Correcting Common Misconceptions Sociology | social_studies | historical_context | ## Correcting Common Misconceptions in Sociology Basics Sociology, the study of social life, change, and causes and consequences of human behavior, is often misunderstood because we intuitively feel we already understand society. These common misconceptions hinder objective analysis. --- ### Misconception 1: Sociology is just common sense or stating the obvious. - **Why it occurs:** We live in society, so our everyday observations feel sufficient. People confuse everyday knowledge (folk wisdom) with systematic, evidence-based analysis. - **Example of error:** Stating, "People are poor because they are lazy," without examining structural factors like unequal access to education or job markets. This ignores sociological evidence. - **Correct understanding:** Sociology uses systematic research methods (qualitative and quantitative) and established theoretical frameworks to test hypotheses, moving beyond personal anecdotes or simple moral judgments. - **How to remember:** Sociology is **S**ystematic **S**tudy, not just **S**imple **S**tatement. ### Misconception 2: Sociology is the same as psychology. - **Why it occurs:** Both study human behavior. Learners often conflate the *individual* focus of psychology with the *group/systemic* focus of sociology. - **Example of error:** Trying to explain rising crime rates solely by analyzing individual personality disorders (psychological focus), rather than examining neighborhood poverty, social disorganization, or systemic inequality (sociological focus). - **Correct understanding:** Psychology focuses on the individual mind and internal processes; Sociology focuses on social structures, institutions, group interactions, and cultural norms that shape behavior across populations. - **Key distinction:** Psychology asks, "What is happening *inside* the person?" Sociology asks, "What is happening *between* people and *around* the person?" ### Misconception 3: Social structures (like class or gender) are fixed, natural, or biological. - **Why it occurs:** Social categories are often deeply ingrained and feel permanent, leading to the assumption that they are biologically determined or inevitable (naturalistic fallacy). - **Example of error:** Assuming that traditional gender roles exist because men are inherently more aggressive and women are inherently more nurturing, rather than recognizing these as socially constructed expectations reinforced by culture and history. - **Correct understanding:** While biological realities exist, **social structures** (like class, race, and gender roles) are *socially constructed*—they are products of human interaction, historical context, and power dynamics, and thus can change over time. - **When it applies/doesn't:** Biological sex is biological; **gender** (the meaning, roles, and expectations attached to sex) is sociological. --- **Red Flags:** Beware of statements starting with, "Everyone knows that..." or explanations that rely solely on individual motivation without considering context. **Self-Check Questions:** 1. Can I explain this phenomenon using a recognized sociological theory (e.g., functionalism, conflict theory)? 2. Am I focusing on the individual person or the group/system? 3. Is the concept I am describing a universal biological fact or a culturally specific arrangement? **Prevention Strategies:** When analyzing a social issue, always pause to ask: "What social forces, not just individual choices, are at play here?" Always ground your observations in sociological evidence rather than personal experience alone. | 0.7 | high | 6 | 677 | [
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84ad343c-2746-4d90-b6be-dde8a08baf47 | Foreign MusicTrending
Eli Njuchi Ft | arts_and_creativity | creative_writing | Foreign MusicTrending
Eli Njuchi Ft. Yo Maps – Yabaya | Mp3 Download
Malawian well known singer – Eli Njuchi is out with a new love themed melody tagged Yabaya.
On this melody, Eli Njuchi employs the services of the Zambian most followed artist – Yo Maps who brought through his amazing vocals to spicy this record making it a pure hit expected to cross boarders and open new doors for Eli Njuchi.
Kiss Jay
Celebrity Blogger || Website designer || Entrepreneur || Contact +260764392598 Follow Me On Facebook @Kiss Jay | 0.55 | medium | 4 | 149 | [
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8303b3e0-0a84-4f49-9307-674f33cdc6c4 | home link icon | technology | historical_context | home link icon
Dubrovnik, Montenegro & the Dalmatian Coast
Overview
Shares
The idyllic Adriatic
Discover some of Europe's most popular holiday destinations, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Montenegro, on this marvellous two-centre holiday. Spend three nights on the sweeping, sun-kissed reaches of the Markarska Riviera, and four more close to walled Dubrovnik, relaxing in comfortable hotels or exploring your surroundings on our included tours. Visit vibrant Split and the walled, island-city of Trogir, take a trip to Croatia's beautiful Krka National Park, see Mostar's famous bridge and explore Montenegro - one of Europe's most beautiful and unspoilt countries.
Highlights and Inclusions
• Seven nights' dinner, bed and breakfast accommodation at a four-star hotel in Drvenik (3 nights) and a three-star hotel on the Dubrovnik Riviera (4)
• Split and Trogir excursion
• Krka National Park excursion
• Tour of Montenegro and the Bay of Kotor
• Day trip to Budva (only for 2024 departures)
• Visit to Mostar and a guided tour of Dubrovnik
• Return flights to Dubrovnik
• Comfortable, air-conditioned coach travel and transfers
• The services of a friendly, experienced tour manager
Itinerary
Day
Day 1
Fly from the UK to Dubrovnik, meet your tour manager, then follow the scenic route north to your hotel in Drvenik, a coastal town on the shores of the Adriatic. Once there, get to know your surroundings and spend a first evening on the shores of the Adriatic, perhaps enjoying a nightcap under the stars. Depending on the arrival time of your flight, you may be taken into the nearby resort of Cavtat for two to three hours free time while you wait for other passengers to arrive on later flights.
Day
Day 2
On today’s included tour you’ll head, first, to Croatia’s historic, vibrant second city Split. Here highlights include a wondrous, colourful, bustling old Town and the crumbling ruins of the palace of Roman Emperor Diocletian. You’ll then discover the walled, island-town of Trogir, one of the most enticing settlements on the whole Croatian coast. Cross to the island over a bridge and through the Land Gate, and enter a time-warped jumble of palaces, ancient churches and hidden courtyards, now lined with restaurants, cafés and a variety of shops, but where the sense of times past is never quite overcome. See the Romanesque cathedral, and wander the narrow streets and seafront promenade.
Day
Day 3
Today's tour takes you to the tumbling waterfalls, deep gorges and picturesque lakes of beautiful Krka National Park, which stretches some 12 miles up a lavendar-clad valley from the delightful harbour-town of Skradin with its stone-built houses and colourful waterfront. Stroll along wooden walkways though the verdant surrounding forest at your own pace, and discover a park that previous customers have called "indescribably beautiful".
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Montenegro
7 nights from
£1,135 per person
Escorted tour
transport included
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497080c9-114f-4130-8af0-1d853620c3d4 | “It quite thrill,” recalls | technology | historical_context | “It was quite a thrill,” recalls engineer Rodney Peterson of finding a fossil west of Albuquerque more than 50 years ago.
It was later identified as a 3-foot piece of vertebrae from a giant plant-eating dinosaur, about 150 million years old, he says.
“I didn’t have to worry about it going anywhere. We had to use jackhammers and diamond saws to get it out,” says Peterson, 84, of Albuquerque.
The New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science wants visitors to share that wonder of dinosaur discovery and adventure.
Paleontologist and curator Spencer Lucas says each month the ongoing exhibit “Dinosaur Century: 100 Years of Discovery in New Mexico” will feature prominent finds in paleontology.
|Dinosaur Century: 100 Years of Discovery in New Mexico
WHEN: 9 a.m.-5 p.m. daily; ongoing exhibit with featured fossils every month through December
WHERE: New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, 1801 Mountain NW
HOW MUCH: $7 adults, $6 seniors, $4 ages 3-12. For more information, visit www.nmnaturalhistory.org
The museum will highlight Peterson’s find Saturday. The bone bed, named the Peterson Quarry, after the dedicated volunteer dinosaur hunter, holds hundreds of fossils. The ongoing excavation is one of the largest of its kind in the state from the late Jurassic period, Lucas says.
“We want to portray why those discoveries were so important,” Lucas says. “Each month visitors can see fossils that have never before been displayed.” The exhibit is part of the state’s Centennial celebration.
The dry climate and rock formations of the state preserve fossils like few other places in the world, he says. “New Mexico is a magnet for dinosaur collectors,” Lucas says.
Since the 1880s dinosaur hunters have collected fossils in New Mexico that have helped scientists learn much of what they know about dinosaurs: how they evolved and lived and why they became extinct.
New Mexico fossil discoveries from all three periods of the age of dinosaurs, Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous, accelerated after the opening of the museum in the 1980s, according to the exhibit’s timeline.
The exhibit will help make the millions of years of New Mexico’s steamy dinosaur world more readily accessible, Lucas says.
For example, the Bisti Beast, one of the meat-eating tyrannosaurs unique to the state, will debut in the exhibit May 19.
Research assistant and volunteer Paul Sealey of Placitas was in the badlands prospecting dinosaur bones 15 years ago when he discovered the fossils: a lower jawbone with a tooth and then ribs and a femur.
“I was by myself, prospecting,” recalls Sealey of his adventure. “I knew what I was looking for. I’ve been doing this for over 40 years.”
In the museum’s lab, a beak from one of the armored dinosaurs will soon be reassembled with the rest of its fossilized parts encased in a plaster jacket.
As fossils are excavated they are preserved in plaster casts for safe transport back to the museum, Lucas says.
Volunteers, like Peterson and Sealey, are a large part of the museum’s efforts, says executive director Charles Walter.
“Last year volunteers contributed 36,000 hours to the museum. That is the equivalent of 20 full-time staff jobs,” Walter says. “They help bring the past back to life.” | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 760 | [
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2cac3255-2bce-44c6-9276-cbf0aed9b912 | by Siu Fung Wu | language_arts | data_analysis | by Siu Fung Wu
Does God want the widow's offering?
The widow's offering in Luke 21:1-4 is well known for its example of sacrificial giving. No doubt the widow's generosity is praiseworthy, and her willingness to give out of her extreme poverty challenges every tight-fisted Christian today.
Yet it is hard to imagine that Jesus intended every widow to give all she had to live on, given the fact that widows in the ancient world were the poorest of the poor, and that the temple was an adorned and magnificent building (Mark 13:1; Luke 21:5). To ask a widow to give to the temple treasury is like asking a poor handicapped woman to give away all her disability pension to the church for its new 2000-seat auditorium.
So why did Jesus mention the widow's offering? The first thing to note is that Jesus did not ask other widows to "go and do likewise". Instead, when Jesus said that "the poor widow has put in more than all the others," he was probably saying that the gifts of the rich were nothing but religious acts through which they could show off their religiosity. This interpretation clearly makes sense when Jesus' teaching in the previous passage is taken seriously.
The link to the previous three verses
In the three verses before the widow's offering, Jesus rebuked the attitudes of the Scribes - the religious leaders of his days.
The connection between the widow's offering (Luke 21:1-4) and the previous passage (20:45-47) is not obvious only because of the paragraph heading at 21:1 - inserted by most English translations. Yet one should note that in the original Greek text there were no chapters or verses, let alone paragraphs or punctuation marks.
There are in fact many points of contact between 20:45-47 and 21:1-4.
First, "widow" is mentioned in both passages (20:47; 21:2, 3). Second, in both places there is reference to the "livelihood" of the widow - "house" (20:47) and "all she had to live on" (21:4). Third, in both 20:45-47 and 21:1-4 the powerless are contrasted against the powerful - that is, the poor widow against the religious leaders/the wealthy.
With these in mind, there is every possibility that the widow's offering is in fact an illustration of Jesus' teaching against the wealthy religious leaders.
Wealthy religious leaders versus a powerless widow
Jesus said that the Scribes - the Teachers of the Mosaic Law - loved being "greeted in the marketplaces" and having "the most important seats in the synagogues and the places of honour at banquets" (20:46; NIV). In antiquity these were symbols of the rich and powerful. In the words of New Testament scholar, Joel Green, the Scribes "enjoyed being treated as persons of status, as though they were wealthy benefactors."
Jesus rebuked these religious leaders and said that they devoured the widows ' houses. Indeed they would receive greater condemnation (20:47). We are not sure how exactly they devoured widows' houses. But the parable of the persistent widow in Luke 18 suggests that widows were subject to systemic injustice.
Without a husband representing them, widows had the most vulnerable status within the society. They were the defenceless and were often impoverished. The Lord loved them and he defended their cause (Deut 10:18). No wonder the Law demanded Israel to look after them (Exod 22:22-24; Deut 24:17-22). In fact, Moses said that cursed was the person who withheld justice from them (Deut 27:19). It is unimaginable that the Scribes - the experts of the Law! - should devour them.
It is in this context that Luke mentions Jesus' comment on the widow's offering. The rich gave out of their abundance, but the poor widow gave to the temple treasury everything she had.
Her sacrificial giving was a sign of her devotion to God - something to be praised, but probably unnecessary in practical terms given the size and beauty of the temple. As Craig Keener says, "The temple sported ostentatious wealth, and its officials would probably waste this widow's money."
It is ironical that the temple - supposedly the representation of the very presence of God - had to gain from someone who had next to nothing. Perhaps it is in this sense that the religious leaders devoured the widows' belongings.
In light of this it is not surprising that immediately afterwards Jesus announced the upcoming destruction of the temple (21:5f). But of course the destruction of this religious centre had deeper reasons. In earlier passages Luke has been speaking of the failure of the Law-experts to interpret the Scriptures and recognise Jesus as the Messiah (see especially Luke 20:41-44). The chief priests and the Scribes failed to understand the Scriptures, and the widow's offering served as a penetrating illustration of that.
The question we should ask ourselves, as Christians in the affluent western world, is: Do we really understand the Scriptures and the heart of God towards the poor, the vulnerable and those who cannot fend for themselves?
Religion versus justice and mercy
Traditional evangelicals are characterised by their zeal to "get people saved" and live an ethical life. Many of them are educated, hard-working people with a decent job. The contemporary churches today have the same zeal for evangelism and moral living, and they are well known for their lively worship services and rapid numeric growth. Today not a few prominent church leaders openly proclaim their belief in prosperity and the blessings of God. Many of them are well-to-do people with a positive attitude towards life.
As the church becomes more powerful, with increasing human and financial resources at its disposal, its leaders find themselves in a good position to speak up on moral issues. There is a strong determination to stand up for righteousness. Christians among growing churches are increasingly vocal about their stance against abortion, same-sex relationship, and embryonic stem-cell research.
It is true that God's moral ideal cannot be compromised, but in light of the foregoing study of Luke 20:45-21:4, we have to ask ourselves whether we really know God's heartbeat. The Pharisees and Scribes no doubt lived up to a high moral standard, but they failed to understand the Scriptures fully. Despite our zeal for ethical values, perhaps we have fallen short of acting justly, loving mercy and living humbly before God, as Micah 6:8 teaches us.
In our busyness to grow our churches, perhaps we have forgotten those who struggle financially in our midst. In our enthusiasm to organise the most lively worship services, run programs to meet our growth targets, and develop the best children programs, often we neglect those in need of special care.
That is, we don't have time for those in the too-hard-basket - the low-income single-parent households, the chronically sick who cannot get to church meetings, the mentally ill, the new migrants, the refugees, etc. Yes, we refer them to special welfare organisations or church departments, but in doing so we practically tell Christians not to get personally involved with the very people God cares for most.
Many of us have strong opinions about stem-cell research and abortion, but too few of us realise how unjust and harmful it is to lock up children in detention centres simply because they come from other countries. Christians are very concerned about any legislation regarding the rights of same-sex couples, but few are genuinely concerned about the HIV/AIDS pandemic raging around the globe - with 14 million children orphaned as a result today, and possibly 25 million in 2020 if nothing is done.
It is true that several Scriptures refer to the issues of abortion and homosexuality, but any concordance will show the more extensive and numerous Bible references to God's concern for orphans (vulnerable children), aliens (migrants and refugees) and widows (those who cannot fend for themselves).
Anyone who has read Isaiah would not miss God's anger against the rulers who did not plead the cause of the fatherless and the widows (Isa 1:23). The LORD had enough of their sacrifices and offerings (1:11-12) - that is, their "worship services". Their religious festivals meant nothing if they did not seek justice and rescue the oppressed (1:17).
Are we like the Law-experts who failed to truly understand the Scriptures and missed out the very heartbeat of God for the poor and needy? Are our church systems and programs like the temple system, which devoured widows' houses while its intended function was to look after them? This question is particularly poignant in light of Jesus' judgement against the temple.
Do we only major on being "religious" but fail to do God's will - to stand on the side of the poor? For those of us who are ministers and leaders, do we fail to teach our people the heartbeat of God because we ourselves do not fully understand the Scriptures?
Luke paints a gloomy picture against the religious leaders of his days. But in the Book of Acts he brilliantly depicts the wonderful Christian community built by the disciples, whose genuine concern for the poor can be found at the very conception of the church (Acts 2:42-47; 4:32-35). The challenge for us is to choose between being religious leaders and being true disciples of Jesus.
Written by Siu Fung Wu - Copyright Reserved. Published by John Mark Ministries
Darrell Bock, "Gospel of Luke" in Dictionary of Jesus and the Gospels, ed. Joel Green and Scot McKnight (Downers Grove: IVP, 1992), 506; Joel Green, The Gospel of Luke (New International Commentary of the New Testament; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. 1997), 640.
Craig Keener, The IVP Bible Background Commentary of the New Testament (Downers Grove: IVP, 1993), 170.
Green, The Gospel of Luke, 728.
Green, The Gospel of Luke, 727.
Bock, "Gospel of Luke", 506.
Keener, The IVP Bible Background Commentary, 246.
See, for example, Brian Houston, You Need More Money (Castle Hill, NSW: Brian Houston Ministries, 1999).
See World Vision Australia website - http://www.worldvision.com.au/promos/cs/hivaids/ as at 23rd June 2004.
Site copyright© 2002-2018, Surf-in-the-Spirit. All rights reserved. | 0.65 | medium | 6 | 2,328 | [
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f70882db-2662-46e6-aa7d-40e0d09cd2d0 | Measure make Oregon first | science | historical_context | Measure 27 would make Oregon the first state in the nation to require labels on all foods and beverages that contain ingredients made from genetically engineered materials.
Foods without the labels could not be sold in Oregon under the measure.
The measure defines genetically engineered foods as those that are 'grown, manufactured or processed using means or methods that could not occur in nature,' such as foods whose DNA has been altered.
National and international agribusiness giants such as Monsanto Co. have contributed millions to oppose the measure. Measure supporters have raised about $26,000. | 0.5 | medium | 4 | 116 | [
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547d262e-c4af-425e-a529-14cc03c0f1c1 | “Emeka” who born Lagos | social_studies | historical_context | If an “Emeka” who is born in Lagos, grew up in Lagos and had never lived in the South-East throughout his life claims the Igbo identity for instance, it’s not necessarily out of love, but out of necessity. The system has made it so because, it’s only by claiming that (ethnic) identity can he get a ministerial slot in the Federal Executive Council (FEC) for instance. But the Nigerian (national) identity does not yet offer concrete benefit and pride to him alongside other Nigerian citizens.
The opening paragraph captures the disposition of many Nigerians about national identity and pride. It would go on to set the tone for this essay. The essay explores the concept of national identity and pride in a multi-faceted society recently facing protracted armed struggle and key developmental issues. It explores the extent to which historical antecedents and political developments have shaped notions of national pride and identity amongst Nigerians. The essay argues that, despite the odds, weaving a narrative to inspire a national pride and identity in the face of a seemingly topsy-turvy present-day Nigeria is possible.
By the way, what really is National Identity and Pride?
It refers to the sense of belonging one has to a nation – say Nigeria, or the sense of solidarity one feels with a group about a nation regardless of one’s actual background or citizenship status. The expression of one’s national identity seen in a positive light is patriotism which is characterized by national pride and positive emotion of love for one’s country. Elements of National Identity include the national anthem, working for the success of the nation, respecting national symbols and so on. A closer look at these elements gives a reflection of how Nigerian citizens see the concept of National Identity and pride.
Take the national anthem for instance; how many people still feel goose bumps whenever the trumpets herald the “Arise, O compatriots…?” How many still stand at attention while caressing their breasts or foreheads to the rhythmic chords the melody and harmony strike whenever the anthem hits the airwaves? How many citizens still remember the first and second stanzas of our national anthem? Not many souls anymore. How many citizens are ready to shed their blood defending the integrity of the country? How many of our politicians really work for the success of the nation? Do we hold and see our national symbols like the national flag and coat of arms as totemic symbols that inspire some level of national pride in us anymore?
Yet, National identity not only enhances physical security; it is built to inspire good governance, economic development, citizens’ trust, engender support for strong social safety nets, and ultimately make liberal democracy itself . Can these be said to be obtainable in Nigeria today? Can citizens draw some level of pride from what National identity ideally promises? Well… Your guess is as good as the writer’s.
How then did we get here, one may ask?
This is partly historical, and partly a result of continuous bad governance structures and corruption. The writer blames colonial masters heavily for not prioritizing developing the country. The effect is that the independence of emergent Nigeria, lacked needed depth and couldn’t attain sustainable development. Also, many emergent Nigerian leaders continued with the exploitative socio-political and economic arrangements they inherited at independence – a case of neo-colonialism. This becomes the precursor of the leadership crisis Nigeria experience today.
Yet, the process through which our leaders emerge in office also takes some blame. Such processes are mostly marred by irregularities and imposition of leaders lacking ideologies, vision, and selflessness. There is no gainsaying, therefore, that Nigeria desperately needs good leadership to surmount its governance challenges in other to assume its role and pride of place in the global continent. What we thus have today is a Nigeria and a national identity that mean different things to many ethnic nationalities in the country.
With the collapse of public education, characterized by long years of neglect occasioned by corruption, citizens are more or less left to depend on private education. Healthcare is inaccessible, and in a state of comatose. Even the number one citizen of Nigeria lacks confidence in the country’s health care system; reason he goes to Britain on medical tourism at the expense of tax-payers’ money rather than invest in the countries health infrastructure. How then do Nigerians identify with a poorly functioning state?
A look at the Nigerian Coat of Arms, the motto reads, “Unity and faith, peace and progress.” Are we really united? Do citizens still have faith in the progress of the country? Is there peace in the land? Today, the country continues to battle several security challenges, including but not limited to insurgency in the North-East, banditry in the North-West, Farmer-herders’ crises in the North-Central, agitations of cessation in the South-East and South-West plus militancy in the South-South. All these pointing to a dysfunctional and chequered national identity devoid of any level of pride.
With the challenges of living in Nigeria, it becomes absolutely difficult for citizens with no access to basic infrastructure and services to feel a sense of National identity and pride. So, things appear to have fallen apart and the center seemingly cannot hold anymore. This captures exactly what could happen if we continue along this trajectory, neglecting the impact national identity and pride can make in mending cracks and broken walls.
The question now becomes; can a national narrative and identity be weaved in the face of a seemingly fallen apart nation? Can some level of pride be restored?
Absolutely, it can! But note; such narrative(s) must be weaved outside the political class. Since politicians follow the trend rather than set the trend, they are not really change agents because their ultimate interests lie in winning elections. So, often times, when radical change is needed, it has to come from society itself. When citizens start demanding more from the political system, then, the politicians will begin to react. The people must begin to picture the national pride and identity they desire to be able to demand it of the leadership. A lot of orientation and re-orientation must begin to take place in little small spaces. Do not underestimate the impact of a conversation even in that office. These conversations in these little circles about these demands will spiral eventually into desired outcomes.
But if the reformist politician does not have a progressive social movement to draw inspiration and strength from, there’s not much he can do. He has to have critical mass of people in society who demand from him meritocracy, who demand from him results. And how to get that demand going is just to keep talking. No rocket science about it. We must keep making noise and being radical about it; talking and writing about it, just the way the writer is doing.
In the light of this, Nigeria needs leadership to raise the mood of the people. It’s how it’s being expressed that matters. Talking about a national identity, it’s a story; it’s about how we tell our story. It’s about the stories we choose to emphasize and the ones we choose to de-emphasize. So, we need a generation of very conscious citizens who tackle the problem of Nigerian identity very intelligently. The Nigerian national identity is in dire need of articulators; of people that would want to be proud to be Nigerian.
What is it that makes us proud as Nigerians in the global community? We must begin to seek ways to answer this question. That said, sports can really be a good jump off point. For instance, the way Nigerians unite around the supper Eagles of Nigerian during major tournaments, where we learn to put aside our differences and unite to a common goal should be exploited to inspire the level of national pride and identity, we so much desire.
To this end, Nigeria must begin to realize her pride of place. We must realize that we are the largest black nation on the face of the earth. So, while some are shouting, “divide the country,” we must begin to project strength in integration. As the most populous black nation, we must realize that if Nigeria rises, Africa rises; that if Nigeria rises, the black man has pride in this world. This is the bigger picture.
So, winding down on this essay, while we realize that the conflict of our identities is at the heart of the Nigerian problem, the story that fits the national identity debunks the assumption that we are innately incapable of living together and that all hope is lost. We must make Emeka (in the opening paragraph) begin to realize that having a system that is configured to rotate positions amongst ethnic groups rather than distribute the benefits of good governance to people Is a faulty one. The time to create that national identity and pride we crave for is now. We must keep giving it a shot; we must get it right. Thank you!
References. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_identity (Assessed on 26th May 2021 @1700 hrs) . https://journalofdemocracy.com/articles/why-national-identity-matters/ (Assessed on 26th May 2021 @1800 hrs)
Emmanuel Oluka is a graduate of Electronic and Computer Engineering from the Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State. He is a research enthusiast and a passionate writer. He writes in from Enugu and can be reached via “email@example.com” | 0.65 | medium | 6 | 1,962 | [
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96089de8-b783-44a5-9b75-29c9008b1960 | Digging in: Earthworms | science | concept_introduction | Digging in: Earthworms
Earthworms improve soil structure and enhance soil fertility.
Soil Structure
Worms burrow through the soil creating channels for air and water to flow through. The burrowing loosens compacted soil and allows roots to grow deeper and access nutrients.
Soil Fertility
Worms eat and digest organic matter and leave behind "castings" which are nutrient-rich. Castings are full of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.
Parts of an Earthworm
- **POSTERIOR**
- **SETAE**
- **SEGMENTS**
- **CLITELLUM**
- **ANUS**
- **ANTERIOR**
- **MOUTH**
Resource: UPenn.edu | 0.6 | high | 4 | 160 | [
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ed53a570-6f45-4145-a62e-cf9560236487 | data additional backed upon | interdisciplinary | data_analysis | This data was additional backed up upon the analysis of key terms referring to the business corresponding to “random chat” or “random cam chat”, every of which has experienced a major spike in search engine site visitors because the starting of the year. The study concluded with the expectation that the random chat industry will proceed to grow as competing websites try to outdo one another in the quest for extra visitors. Some of the providers talked about within the examine such as Shagle, Dirtyroulette, ChatSpin, aFreeChat, and RouletteB have already made a transfer by making their service totally compatible with cellular devices. Other companies similar to Chatrandom and Camsurf have even gone a step further by releasing highly profitable cellular apps onto the Google Play market. With over 300 websites reviewed and extra added every week, Chatreviews provides in-depth details about every website together with scores and rankings. Chatreviews additionally presents customers the opportunity to touch upon, review, and fee each web site to assist maintain updated knowledge for each listing.
• This data was additional backed up upon the analysis of key phrases referring to the industry such as “random chat” or “random cam chat”, every of which has experienced a major spike in search engine visitors since the beginning of the yr.
• Other services corresponding to Chatrandom and Camsurf have even gone a step further by releasing highly profitable mobile apps onto the Google Play market.
• Chatreviews additionally provides users the opportunity to comment on, evaluate, and price every web site to help preserve up to date knowledge for each listing.
• The research checked out eight individual random chat sites which cover the spectrum of niches within the trade from grownup random chat websites similar to Dirtyroulette to video messaging providers corresponding to Camsurf and from established brands such as Omegle to new providers such as ChatSpin.
• The progress skilled by the random chat industry is a clear signal of the development in direction of individuals transferring away from making new connections in particular person and as an alternative assembly new folks online.
The capacity to connect with a brand new person online by way of a webcam eliminates any social anxiousness or awkwardness and permits people to be themselves without inhibitions. The safety of figuring out you might be unlikely to ever meet that particular person on the random chat service again unveils a freedom that no other chat service can offer. The analysis of individual random chat sites was significantly eye-catching as a sample emerged throughout all the companies examined, no matter their specific area of interest within the trade. Each of the eight sites analyzed revealed significant growth all through 2016 when it comes to Alexa international website rating and positive search engine development.
Random Chat Business Explodes In 2016, Study Reveals
A examine conducted by evaluation web site, Chatreviews, has mined site visitors and trend knowledge for random chat sites and the trade as a complete to show how randomly assembly individuals on-line has exploded in reputation throughout 2016. The study looked at eight particular person random chat sites which cowl the spectrum of niches inside the trade from grownup random chat websites similar to Dirtyroulette to video messaging companies similar to Camsurf and from established manufacturers similar dirty roullette to Omegle to new providers similar to ChatSpin. It additionally looked at industry associated keyword tendencies and how the present explosion of recognition across random chat could affect the future of the business. The development skilled by the random chat industry is a transparent signal of the pattern in course of people transferring away from making new connections in individual and as a substitute assembly new people on-line. | 0.65 | medium | 5 | 749 | [
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479ae8a0-b8a6-413f-94d6-ad0af0aa31e1 | Reimagining public education complicated | interdisciplinary | historical_context | Reimagining public education is a complicated endeavor. While major efforts to transform K-12 education and positively impact student learning outcomes exist in many places, innovation cannot thrive in a vacuum.
What if you could get an insider's view of schools across the country—rural and urban, large and small, with varying student populations—to better understand the many ways personalized learning is modeled and measured?
The Getting Smart team spent the last year exploring just such a variety of next gen schools. They spoke with leaders who were pioneering emerging models in their classrooms.
Today, you can download a complimentary copy of the comprehensive report, Lighting the Path to Personalized Learning: Inspiring Stories from Next Generation Schools.
Produced in partnership with Next Generation Learning Challenges, the report highlights three attributes of personalized learning school design, including:
high expectations for college readiness,
ways in which personalized learning works for all students,
and how the approach can be optimized for scale.
The schools profiled within have tested groundbreaking ideas, tools, and methods with the aim of improving college and career preparation for all students, regardless of background or prior learning. They candidly offered advice and perspectives on lessons learned in order to advance the field. The report also includes multimedia video featuring helpful insights from educators and school operators on-the-ground.
Andy Calkins, deputy director of Next Generation Learning Challenges, applauded the schools’ early successes. “They are developing new, very different learning environments that hold the promise of significantly improved college and career preparation," he said.
Want to learn more? Read the press release for more information. | 0.7 | high | 6 | 330 | [
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b18f9ee3-5174-4f73-871e-481f03aee4f8 | Fandom Law Wiki Risk | technology | concept_introduction | Fandom
The IT Law Wiki
Risk assessment tool
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Definition Edit
A risk assessment tool is an "activity, item, or program that contributes to determining and evaluating risks."[1]
Overview Edit
"Tools can include computer software and hardware, standard forms, or checklists for recording and displaying risk assessment data."[2]
References Edit
1. DHS Risk Lexicon, at 28.
2. Id.
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Wikia is not accessible if you’ve made further modifications. Remove the custom ad blocker rule(s) and the page will load as expected. | 0.7 | medium | 4 | 190 | [
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b4733afa-0b84-4346-b095-4f234e3cfda0 | SIBEN GREASE special high-melting | interdisciplinary | historical_context | SIBEN GREASE is a special high-melting grease that is applied at high temperatures. The normal melting point of greases is about 200°C; after this temperature, if no special additives (lubricant copper, aluminum sulfide, etc.), we obtain the melting of the lubricant, and the futility of its lubricating properties.
SIBEN GREASE has a thermal resistance in the range from -20 ° C to +350 ° C, no dew point, hence no melting, no dripping, not diluted and does not lose cosistency, even near the fire.
SIBEN GREASE insoluble in water and free of silicone.
The use of SIBEN GREASE is recommended in various cases:
bearings ball and roller bearings, which are subjected to high-temperature and pressure;
the electronic and mechanical tools (including plastic parts) subject to humidity;
truck, valves, dryers, stoves for cooking, etc.;
ceramic pistons high-pressure pumps;
in the rubber industry presses for vulcanization;
in textile, ceramic, paper factories, molding plastics and metals;
in the hot processing of meat and dairy products; | 0.6 | medium | 5 | 249 | [
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cf3d4678-0a25-43e4-8061-e4d8636ccf39 | c | science | concept_introduction | c. Bénéficiaires __ d. Sinon, quel processus votre agence utilise-t-elle pour évaluer le contenu des rapports techniques soumis par chaque type de prestataire ? 23. Après l'évaluation et la revue des rapports techniques soumis à votre agence, environ quel pourcentage de ces rapports a été rejeté ou renvoyé pour révision en 1963, par le responsable du projet ou de la commande, et au niveau de la revue ? Par responsable du projet ou de la commande Au niveau de la revue a. Aucun b. Moins de 5 % c. 5 % à 15 % d. 15 % à 25 % e. Plus de 25 % 6 INFORMATIONS ÉTRANGÈRES 24. Votre agence utilise-t-elle régulièrement et collecte-t-elle la littérature scientifique et technique étrangère ? a. Oui b. Non 25. Quels sont, s'il y en a, vos problèmes liés à la collecte de ces documents ? 26. Maintenez-vous des accords avec des pays étrangers pour l'échange d'informations scientifiques et techniques ? 27. Votre agence réalise-t-elle des traductions de documents étrangers ? 28. Si oui, quelles sont les sources utilisées par votre agence pour obtenir des traductions de documents étrangers ? a. Uniquement en interne 1. OUI NON 2. _ b. Par d'autres organismes gouvernementaux (indiquer les organismes) 1. 2 . _ c. Par contrat avec des organismes non gouvernementaux 1. 2. d. Par une combinaison de a, b, c. 1. 2. e. Par contrat avec des organismes non gouvernementaux uniquement 1. 2. 29. Si des traductions sont réalisées par des prestataires non gouvernementaux, quel a été le coût total des contrats pour l'exercice financier 1963 et l'estimation pour l'exercice financier 1964 ? a. Exercice financier 1963 $ b. Exercice financier 1964 $ 30. Comment votre agence détermine-t-elle si des traductions antérieures sont déjà disponibles ? Identifier les points de contrôle utilisés et leur fréquence. Points de contrôle Routinement 31. Si vous réalisez des traductions, quels organismes fédéraux vous utilisent comme point de contrôle ? Nom de l'agence Routinement Occasionnellement 7 INFORMATIONS ÉTRANGÈRES - Suite 32. Estimez-vous que les listes des traductions en cours et des traductions terminées à différents points de contrôle sont suffisantes pour vos besoins ? Traductions Suffisantes Insuffisantes a. En cours 1. 2. b. Terminées 1. -- 2. 33. Comment votre agence annonce-t-elle les traductions terminées et celles en cours : (a) Aux autres organismes gouvernementaux ; (b) Aux contractants ; (c) Au public. 34. Y a-t-il un fichier central sur les documents traduits dans votre agence ? a. Oui b. Non c. Si oui, veuillez indiquer. PRATIQUES DE PUBLICATION 35. Exigez-vous que le contractant ou l'enquêteur interne identifie la source de financement de sa recherche lorsqu'un rapport est publié dans une revue scientifique ou technique ? a. Oui b. Non 36. Quel pourcentage du contenu ou de la substance de vos rapports techniques apparaît dans des revues scientifiques et techniques ? %% a. Apparaît dans l'année suivant la fin de la recherche b. Apparaît une année après la fin de la recherche a. Apparaît deux ans après la fin de la recherche 37. Votre agence autorise-t-elle le paiement des frais de publication pour la publication d'articles techniques et exige-t-elle des réimpressions de ces articles ? Paiements autorisés Réimpressions requises OUI NON NON a. Enquêteurs internes 1. 2. 3. 4. b. Contractants 1. -- 2. 3. 4 8 PRATIQUES DE PUBLICATION - Suite 38. Y a-t-il d'autres moyens que les frais de publication pour soutenir les publications scientifiques et techniques non commerciales et non gouvernementales ? a. Oui b. Non o. Si oui, veuillez indiquer la publication et le type de soutien. 39. Soutenez-vous directement ou indirectement des entreprises de publication commerciales ? a. Oui b. Non c. Si oui, décrivez. SYMPOSIES 40. Quelle est la politique de votre agence concernant l'organisation de symposiums ou de réunions sur les efforts de recherche et développement ? 41. Quelle est la politique de votre agence concernant les déplacements et la participation de vos scientifiques et ingénieurs aux symposiums ou réunions dans le domaine de la recherche et du développement 9 SYMPOSIES - Suite 42. Liste des symposiums ou réunions organisés (ou co-organisés) par votre agence, tenus ou prévus pour l'exercice financier 1964, dans le but d'informer les communautés industrielles ou scientifiques des activités et résultats récents de recherche et de développement. D. Estimé nombre de non-gouvernementaux A. Sujet de la réunion B. Lieu C. Date participants | 0.5 | medium | 4 | 1,552 | [
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9d1b910c-2952-4127-9b74-48c642e3ff09 | Fizzball Game Free Download At P5games.com | technology | problem_set | Fizzball Game Free Download At P5games.com
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Everyone has fled the islands; there isn't a person in sight! But they left all the animals behind. Who will feed them? And who will find out what scared all the people away? Well, Professor Fizzlewizzle, of course! Bounce bubbles, rescue and feed the abandoned animals, and solve a mystery-all at the same time, in FizzBall!
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Motorbike Lite Ben 10: Up to Speed Cars 2 Xploder Minecraft Diamond Edition Grand Theft Auto: Vice City WWE 2K17 Plants vs. Zombies 2 Minecraft: Story Mode Five Nights at Freddy's Tom's Love Letters Exploration Lite Carbon Auto Theft | 0.75 | medium | 4 | 378 | [
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b31835fc-d3cd-46b4-a6ae-30d3fdd877cd | question posed parent-teacher conference | language_arts | data_analysis | This question was posed to me at a parent-teacher conference early in my teaching career. Is it okay for our son to read graphic novels at home? The parents were concerned that these text were not challenging their son enough.
Their “problem” was they couldn’t get him to read anything other than graphic novels at home and worried they were not rigorous enough to make him a successful reader longterm. He would devour graphic novels but fought tooth and nail to read “traditional” books.
This student was extremely behind in reading just one year before I had him. While he was still below grade level in fourth grade, he made enormous strides since the beginning of third grade. What happened to help him turn this corner? One big part of the story is that he went to a comic book convention with his father the summer before third grade and got hooked on graphic novels.
I can personally attest to the interest in graphic novels. My ten-year-old daughter is a reluctant reader. She doesn’t enjoy reading traditional texts. We’ve made numerous trips to the book store, placed book orders through school, and even tried e-readers. No luck. She still has not found the book or genre that sparks an interest in reading chapter books.
Graphic novels are an entirely different topic. She can’t put these books down. She has read and reread titles like Smile, Best Friends, Real Friends, and Guts. Just this weekend I had to ask her to put a book down during dinner; it was a graphic novel. Later that night I found her asleep in bed with the book still open.
Research supports the idea that graphic novels help reach reluctant readers. The combination of pictures, graphics, and fewer words is appealing to students who don’t enjoy traditional texts as much. They also help with comprehension, critical thinking skills, and vocabulary acquisition.
But what about the reading level in these books? Certainly they can’t challenge students the same way a traditional text does. Can they? Research out of the University of Oregon has shown that graphic novels are not necessarily easier to read despite their format. According to the study “comic books average 53.5 rare words per thousand.” That number outpaces children’s books (30.9) and even inches ahead of adult books (52.7).
The topics students encounter in graphic novels go far beyond Garfield’s basic fascination with lasagna. In one of my daughter’s favorite graphic novels, Smile, the main character feels self-conscious after she is forced to wear headgear, braces, and even an appliance with false teeth, following an accident. This all happens while she is trying to navigate friendships and make her way through middle school. In the end, the reader learns that it doesn’t matter what you look like on the outside, but it’s who you are on the inside that really counts. That’s definitely a lesson I want me daughter to learn regardless of the format of the text.
So what did I say to the parents back at the conference? The same thing I say to my daughter. I want students to love reading. If he’s found a text he loves to read, then let him get lost in that book, regardless of what it looks like. | 0.65 | medium | 4 | 675 | [
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02130c1b-6a25-487e-864d-47f10bf58204 | Hello, Charlotte | life_skills | historical_context | Hello, Charlotte! It’s raining today. It was all cloudy yesterday. And there is a chance it may rain tomorrow. I’m not here to be your weather man, but between the dreary weather and the sun setting earlier and earlier as we head into winter, it got me thinking about vitamin D and why our lack of it during this time of year can negatively affect our health.
Vitamin D is important to our health because it helps our bodies absorb calcium and phosphorus. It also helps strengthen our immune system and helps fight off a common cold, which is extra important this time of year. It’s good for your brain and has been linked to maintaining a healthy body weight. It has also been shown to be beneficial in fighting off heart disease, diabetes and cancer. Overall, let’s just say, it’s important.
Most people know that we get vitamin D from being exposed to sunlight. It only takes about 10-20 minutes of having most of your body exposed to the sun to get enough vitamin D, but between the cooler temperatures, cloudy days and most people leaving and coming home from work in the dark, most of us aren’t getting the necessary dose.
So what are we supposed to do? Well, you can take a supplement if you are deficient- about 75% of Americans are- WOW. To find out if you are, ask your doctor to be checked. All it takes is a simple blood test. However, you can also start incorporating more of these foods into your diet: fish oil, salmon, sardines, soy milk, vitamin D fortified orange juice and milk and eggs (eat the yolk, too!).
There aren’t many symptoms of vitamin D deficiency. Sometimes a person will feel bone pain or muscle fatigue, but overall the best way to know if you are deficient is to be tested. So until spring rolls around and it’s lake weather again, try to remember to incorporate foods rich in vitamin D into your daily eats and pop a multi-vitamin for good measure. Cheers to your health! | 0.6 | medium | 3 | 425 | [
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9eb22eaa-9bdc-4aa4-a100-0f36b2918103 | Campaign Fighting Diseases, run | life_skills | historical_context | The Campaign for Fighting Diseases, run by Philip Stevens (formerly of the ASI), does excellent work on health policy issues in the developing world. Most recently, they have been pointing out the flaws in the World Health Organization's approach to climate change.
Although WHO claims that climate change is responsible for all manner of health threats to the developing world, the evidence suggests this is not the case. Take malaria – contrary to NGO claims the geographical incidence of malaria seems to have little to do with climate, relating more to the wealth of a country than to its temperature. Malaria existed in Europe throughout most of history, and it was not a change in temperature than eradicated it, but economic development and its consequent change in land use.
Another example is natural disasters. We are always hearing that climate change is going to cause more natural disasters and kill lots of people (particularly in the developing world), but deaths from climate related natural disasters have in fact fallen dramatically since the 1920s. This is purely the result of economic growth and the technological advances it has brought.
The point is clear: rising wealth will reduce the incidence of malaria and lessen the human cost of natural disasters in the developing world, regardless of climate change. You would think, then, that the WHO would be doing everything it could to promote the economic development of poor countries. Yet the global emissions caps they advocate would undoubtedly hurt the poor by retarding their economic growth.
The WHO should forget environmentalism and focus on the real barriers to good health in poor countries. The taxes and tariffs many governments impose on medicines would be a good place to start. | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 327 | [
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fe226d80-00c5-4321-b36b-1699121044d3 | Early life[change | change source] | arts_and_creativity | creative_writing | Early life[change | change source]
Born in New York City, the Marx Brothers were the sons of Jewish immigrants from Germany. Their mother, Minnie Schönberg, was from Dornum in East Frisia, and their father Simon Marrix (whose name was changed to Sam Marx, and who was nicknamed "Frenchy") was a native of Alsace, now part of France, and worked as a tailor. The family lived in the then-poor Yorkville section of New York City's Upper East Side, between the Irish, German and Italian Quarters.
Careers[change | change source]
The Marx Brothers began as a musical group, during the days of vaudeville theater. They would make jokes, play funny characters, and pretend to get into fights when they performed. In time their got them more applause (and work) than their music, and they became a comedy group. Music stayed in their act, with the brothers performing in character, but their focus was on getting laughs. Makeup and costumes gave their characters their look. When the brothers were out of costume, they could blend into the audience.
Gummo did not appear in any of the movies. In the movies, each brother played a role that was mostly the same in every movie. Groucho was a "wise guy" who had big bushy eyebrows, glasses, and a moustache who smoked a cigar; Chico spoke with an Italian accent and played the piano; Harpo never spoke and played the harp. Zeppo usually played the straight man. He left the group in 1933, and they worked with other actors. Margaret Dumont played the leading lady role in many of their shows. She did not appear to know when a joke was made about her, and this made her role funnier.
The brothers had some good years and some bad years. Groucho lost a lot of money in 1929, when the stock market collapsed. (Years later, he visited the New York Stock Exchange, and drew so much attention that trading stopped for several minutes. Groucho joked that he came "to get his money's worth" in stopping business.) Chico had a problem with gambling, and lost more money than he won at it. Harpo and his wife could not have children of their own, so they adopted enough to have a large family. (When Adolf Hitler took control of Germany in the 1930s, and stories came back about his mistreatment of Jewish people, Harpo legally changed his name from Adolph to Arthur, even though he was better known as Harpo.)
Groucho kept working after his brothers retired. He hosted a television quiz show called You Bet Your Life, which was more liked for Groucho's way of hosting than for the game itself. He made a few movie and television appearances late in his life. He also appeared at Carnegie Hall, telling stories about his life and career, and singing songs from every part of his career. A recording of his Carnegie Hall show became a .
Filmography[change | change source]
Films with the Four Marx Brothers:
- Humor Risk (1921), previewed once and never released; thought to be lost
- The Cocoanuts (1929), released by Paramount Pictures
- Animal Crackers (1930), released by Paramount
- The House That Shadows Built (1931), released by Paramount (short subject)
- Monkey Business (1931), released by Paramount
- Horse Feathers (1932), released by Paramount
- Duck Soup (1933), released by Paramount
Films with the three Marx Brothers (post-Zeppo):
- A Night at the Opera (1935), released by MGM
- A Day at the Races (1937), released by MGM
- Room Service (1938), released by RKO Radio Pictures
- At the Circus (1939), released by MGM
- Go West (1940), released by MGM
- The Big Store (1941), released by MGM
- A Night in Casablanca (1946), released by United Artists
- Love Happy (1949), released by United Artists
- The Story of Mankind (1957), released by Warner Brothers
- Papa Romani (1950), television pilot
- A Kiss in the Dark (1925), released by Paramount (cameo) | 0.65 | medium | 4 | 970 | [
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b6693d07-05fd-4171-83f4-506954e19c56 | Part Vista Signing Naturally | language_arts | tutorial | Part of the Vista Signing Naturally Series, the most popular and widely used sign language curriculum for teaching American Sign Language as a foreign/second language. Based on the functional-notational approach, almost every major university and college Sign Language program has adopted it as its official curriculum. With the DVD, students will learn how sign is used in context, while the workbook guides learners through the video and includes an answer key for convenience. Units are divided into five sections: Language in Action, Grammar Notes, Grammar Practice, Comprehension, and Culture/Language Notes.
[Ella Mae Lentz, Ken Mikos, and Cheri Smith; (1988) Book: 184 pages; soft cover; ASL] DVDs not returnable once opened.
We carry all three levels of Signing Naturally. Find them in the teaching section of either books or videotapes. | 0.6 | high | 5 | 181 | [
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0c593eab-4ff1-46ef-96c4-1d7995aed88a | Code division multiple access | science | historical_context | Code division multiple access (CDMA) is a channel access method used by various radio communication technologies. It should not be confused with the mobile phone standards called cdmaOne, CDMA2000 (the 3G evolution of cdmaOne) and WCDMA (the 3G standard used by GSM carriers), which are often referred to as simply CDMA, and use CDMA as an underlying channel access method. One of the concepts in data communication is the idea of allowing several transmitters to send information simultaneously over a single communication channel. This allows several users to share a band of frequencies (see bandwidth). This concept is called multiple access. CDMA employs spread-spectrum technology and a special coding scheme (where each transmitter is assigned a code) to allow multiple users to be multiplexed over the same physical channel. By contrast, time division multiple access (TDMA) divides access by time, while frequency-division multiple access (FDMA) divides it by frequency. CDMA is a form of spread-spectrum signalling, since the modulated coded signal has a much higher data bandwidth than the data being communicated. An analogy to the problem of multiple access is a room (channel) in which people wish to talk to each other simultaneously. To avoid confusion, people could take turns speaking (time division), speak at different pitches (frequency division), or speak in different languages (code division). CDMA is analogous to the last example where people speaking the same language can understand each other, but other languages are perceived as noise and rejected. Similarly, in radio CDMA, each group of users is given a shared code. Many codes occupy the same channel, but only users associated with a particular code can communicate. The technology of code division multiple access channels has long been known. In the USSR, the first work devoted to this subject was published in 1935 by professor Dmitriy V. Ageev. It was shown that through the use of linear methods, there are three types of signal separation: frequency, time and compensatory. The technology of CDMA was used in 1957, when the young military radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich in Moscow, made an experimental model of a wearable automatic mobile phone, called LK-1 by him, with a base station. LK-1 has a weight of 3 kg, 20–30 km operating distance, and 20–30 hours of battery life. The base station, as described by the author, could serve several customers. In 1958, Kupriyanovich made the new experimental "pocket" model of mobile phone. This phone weighed 0.5 kg. To serve more customers, Kupriyanovich proposed the device, named by him as correllator. In 1958, the USSR also started the development of the "Altai" national civil mobile phone service for cars, based on the Soviet MRT-1327 standard. The phone system weighed 11 kg and was approximately 3 cubic meters in size[dubious – discuss]. It was placed in the trunk of the vehicles of high-ranking officials and used a standard handset in the passenger compartment. The main developers of the Altai system were VNIIS (Voronezh Science Research Institute of Communications) and GSPI (State Specialized Project Institute). In 1963 this service started in Moscow and in 1970 Altai service was used in 30 USSR cities. Contents * 1 Uses * 2 Steps in CDMA Modulation * 3 Code division multiplexing (Synchronous CDMA) * 3.1 Example * 4 Asynchronous CDMA * 4.1 Advantages of asynchronous CDMA over other techniques * 4.1.1 Efficient practical utilization of fixed frequency spectrum * 4.1.2 Flexible allocation of resources * 4.2 Spread-spectrum characteristics of CDMA * 5 Collaborative CDMA * 6 See also * 7 Further reading * 8 References * 9 External links
A CDMA2000 mobile phone
* One of the early applications for code division multiplexing is in GPS. This predates and is distinct from its use in mobile phones. * The Qualcomm standard IS-95,...
Please join StudyMode to read the full document | 0.65 | medium | 4 | 904 | [
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da4422b0-b0dc-4189-a89b-dfa5edeb09ef | Unfortunately, there way prevent | life_skills | problem_set | Unfortunately, there is no way to prevent Alzheimer’s Disease, dementia, or Sundowner’s Syndrome, although research is being conducted in an attempt to find a way to prevent these debilitating disorders.
Blood cholesterol has also been linked to Alzheimer’s and dementia, although these studies were conducted on mice. If you want to avoid these ailments, it may be worth it to keep cholesterol levels down.
While a person’s activities will certainly not cause or prevent dementia, studies have shown that people who participate in activities that require concentration may delay the symptoms somewhat. Studies are being conducted, however, to try to determine what factors – dietary, genetic, or environmental – may cause this terrible mental decline. Some scientists speculate that environmental pollutants do contribute, such as mercury tooth fillings, but no studies have definitively proven that any of these substances cause dementia or Alzheimer’s. Some people have chosen to remove mercury fillings, however, just in case they cause physical problems.
If someone you know exhibits symptoms of confusion or memory loss, see a doctor immediately. Obtaining a proper diagnosis in the early stages of the disease is very important. Some forms of dementia are reversible, and in rare cases, the symptoms are even caused by a reaction to a medication.
An Alzheimer’s Disease diagnosis doesn’t come easy, however. It’s difficult to identify brain disorders because going into the affected areas of the brain is too invasive and dangerous, so doctors must resort to other types of testing. Bear in mind that numerous tests may have to be conducted over a period of weeks before a definitive diagnosis can be made, but after you have received a diagnosis, you can work with your loved one’s doctor to develop a treatment plan.
There are ways to sometimes prevent the symptoms of Sundowner’s Syndrome, but everything is trial and error. No two people with the syndrome behave the same, nor are the reasons for the behavior the same. So, the only way you can determine if something will work is to try it.
The most important way to start is by maintaining a routine. This will help your loved one with Sundowner’s to feel safer. He or she will know exactly what is happening and when, which will minimize anxiety. If your loved one has moved in with you after living on their own or with a spouse, try to keep lifelong routines as much the same as possible. The more you are able to do this, the less likely the symptoms will manifest. If breakfast was at a specific time every day for many years, try to have breakfast at that time. You might even post the schedule where your loved one can read it, or you can post a list of tasks in the evening, such as “brush teeth; change into pajamas; wash face, etc.” Knowing what to expect can often prevent a person with Sundowner’s from manifesting symptoms.
Schedule rest periods, and try to keep the day’s activities to a minimum. Fatigue seems to contribute to Sundowner’s, although light exercise can sometimes be helpful if restlessness and sleeplessness is a problem
Never ask a person with any type of dementia to think of more than one thing at once. This will only add to the confusion and may bring on more difficult behaviors. Don’t rely on someone with dementia to take phone messages for you. Keep an answering machine for this task, as it can cause stress that will, in turn, cause Sundowner’s symptoms.
If you must schedule something unusual during the day, be sure to tell your loved one well in advance about what will be happening, and do not schedule such events two days in a row. Excessive noise also seems to contribute to fatigue because it creates additional stress. Since the loss of light is considered to be one of the reasons for Sundowner’s, you might avoid disorientation when darkness falls by turning on plenty of lights well before the sun goes down.
Because of the dangers involved with wandering, it’s one of the behaviors you will most want to prevent. Think about what might cause your loved one to wander. Perhaps they enjoy walking or are looking for someone. Sometimes, this confusion may involve feeling the need to complete a task. They may believe they’re going to work, as it’s often hard for people with dementia to come to terms with retirement. Perhaps your loved one needs to exercise. You can try to introduce some form of gentle exercise, although check with your doctor first to make sure you prevent injury.
Restlessness can sometimes be alleviated with a night light or a radio. Try calming agitated behaviors with soft and relaxing music. Sometimes, distraction works just as it does with a very young child. When a person with Sundowner’s becomes fixated on something illogical, suggest another activity that you know your loved one enjoys, or begin talking about the soft music you will play. You might suggest looking at family photographs, which may offer comfort and familiarity. | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 1,007 | [
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b0024fa5-1db9-4103-8965-6d67c91053b0 | Every bit energy exert | life_skills | historical_context | Every bit of energy we exert from our bodies is a product of the energy we have consumed. This energy comes in the form of calories and nutrients found in the foods we eat. This is why the saying goes “we are what we eat”.
If you consume a healthy dose of nutrients and vitamins through a well-rounded diet, you are not only more likely to have great health but you will also have the energy to accomplish the things you need to do throughout your day without fatigue.
Knowing what a healthy dose of nutrients is, might be a tough question to answer without the right knowledge. The health professionals who hold that knowledge are known as nutritionists or dietitians.
A registered nutritionist is someone that has studied the science of dietetics as well as completed an average of 1200 hours under supervised practice. After an internship or residency program, a nutritionist will typically take board exams depending on the state they wish to practice in and apply for certification as an accredited health professional.
Nutritionists can be found working in a variety of fields. The most common one being private practices and clinics. A clinical dietitian will work with patients one on one. They will assess the patients needs based on health diagnosis or personal goals. Clinical dietitians will generally choose a specific area to work in. It might be weight loss, it might be treating patients with diabetes or obesity, or it might be helping patients find the best way to deal with their food allergies.
Dietitians can also work in management or public health. Through different institutions, a nutritionist will use their knowledge in dietetics to establish a program to be implemented in a public school system to better school lunches, or a program at a Fortune 500 company to make sure that their employees have the best snacks in the pantry to help them work as efficiently as possible.
Regardless of where they work, nutritionists are a valuable source to have. They help us better understand the effects, be they negative or positive, about the food we take in.
Lessons in Nutrition in LA
The sunny southern California City is home to over 4 million residents and serves as a great city for living a well rounded and healthy lifestyle. LA offers year-round great weather that allows its residents to take part in hundreds of outdoor activities that promote health and fitness. In addition, LA has a trend of “green” restaurants that cater to even the most specific diets.
With such a variety, knowing what activities to take part in or even choosing what menu item will settle best in your stomach might be hard to define. That’s where a nutritionist might come in. A nutritionist will be able to help you best identify the types of nutritional supplements that work best with your body type and activity levels.
A variety of nutritional services are offered to LA residents through the hundreds of registered dietitian that call LA their home.
- Kylie King (MS, RD, CHC, CPT ) at Metabella Wellness Center, uses a holistic approach in the services she provides to her patients. Kylie believes that this is the best way to correctly assess a person nutritional needs because it affected by so many different aspects of one's lifestyle and isolating its causes help her determine the best course for the patient.
- Alyse Levine (MS, RD), aids her patients in reconnecting with their body’s levels of hunger. She hopes that her patients learn to think mindfully about their diets and lifestyles.
- Whitney English (MS RDN), helps her patients get the best out of a new diet by changing their overall behavior towards eating. She also practices evidence-based nutrition changes through diets rich in plants.
- LeeAnn Weintraub (MPH, RD) focuses on teaching her patients about the importance of macronutrients, portion sizes, and recommended foods.
Nutrition Classes in NYC
New Yorkers will be content to discover that there are quite a few qualified nutritionists and registered dietitians working in the New York area that can help them with their health concerns. A nutritionist will help guide you towards a nutritious diet that fits both your busy schedule and budget. Here are the best options in New York :
- Carly Feigan from New York Nutritionist works with patients through a program called Head to Health. It is a 6-week course that helps patients lose weight and naturally increases their metabolism. If physically able, she suggests that her patients engage in workouts to acquire the best results.
- Simply Nutrition NYC P.C. is a private clinic that provides a wide range of services to its clients. They counsel patients through nutrition therapy, body composition analysis, and helps them change their minds about cooking at home and trying out new foods. They are also available to work with you remotely.
- Tried and True Nutrition, founded by Pamela Bonney, MS, RD, CDN and Priya Lawrence, MS, RD, CDN, this private practice has a combined 24 years of experience in the field of dietetics.
- Jacqueline Podel at Total Nutrition has been working as a nutritionist for over 20 years in the New York City area. She works with patients diagnosed with Type 1 and 2 diabetes, hypoglycemia, metabolic syndrome, and more.
Find a Nutritionist in Chicago
In a city of endless restaurants, it seems that some of them are finally picking up on the healthy trend. Nutritionists in Chicago can provide their normal services but in addition, they can also help you pick out the best options on a menu. By learning the trick on picking out the best dishes, you will have no problem eating out.
If you ask about menu tricks these Chicago nutritionists will not only let you in on the secrets but also help you find the best ways to incorporate your new diets at home.
Here are some of the best dietitians in Chicago:
- JEM Nutrition Services - The company's Licensed Dietitian Nutritionist provides complete support for every customer's needs, whether they just want to lose weight or need help learning to stay healthy with a vegetarian or vegan diet.
- Coral Nutrition Coaching - Here, an experienced dietitian nutritionist will design targeted strategies to help you reach your goals and enjoy more energy, vitality, and confidence.
- Roche Dietitians L.L.C.- The company's registered dietitians use an evidence-based approach to teaching people healthier eating habits and provide targeted plans to treat issues like obesity, food allergies, and chronic fatigue.
The Best Nutritionists in Houston
It seems some Houstonians are in serious need of consultations with nutritionists because, as shown in a recent headline in the Guardian, by the year 2040 1 in 5 residents of Houston will have Type 2 diabetes.
The best nutritionists in Houston are extremely interested in helping struggling individuals develop a healthier diet and lifestyle. Here are some of our best options in the Greater Houston area:
- Houston Family Nutrition - At this clinic, founder Moe Schlachter (MS RD CDE) and staff dietitian Katie Arlinghaus, (MS RD) mix their past experiences as chefs to create meals that are not only nutritious but also flavorful.
- Herbivore RD - As operant in the name, Nicole Cornelious (RD, CSO, LD), specializes in vegan nutrition planning. She also works with patients through, medical nutritional therapy to treat those with cancer and other illnesses.
- Chews Food Wisely- Nicole S. Fennell is a Registered and Licensed Dietitian and Nutritionist as well as a Certified LEAP Nutritional Therapist offering group and individual nutrition education.
- Appetite Health - this private practice based in Houston, was founded by Sarah Galicki, MS, RDN, CSOWM, LD, .She has formal training in new emerging weight loss technologies such as gastric balloons, vagal nerve blocking devices, aspiration therapy, and very low-calorie diet programming.
- Wholesome Start - based in Houston and founded by Samina Qureshi, this private practice celebrates body and cultural diversity and practices Health at Every Size (HAES). During your sessions, Samina helps her patients establish health goals & develop a personalized nutrition care plan.
Get a nutritionist in Houston.
Nutritionists in the City of Philadelphia
The home of the Philly cheesesteak is potentially home to residents with poor diets and unhealthy eating habits. The lack of healthy menu options in restaurants around Philly contribute to obesity levels in the city and beyond. Bad diets increase peoples chances of obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and diabetes.
In order to combat these statistics against, nutritionists in Philly are available to provide dietetic services for those who would like to prevent such diagnosis.
- Healthy Bites founder and registered dietitian Katie Cavuto Boyle is based in Philly. Her services vary from remaking your pantry, helping plan meals, teaching you new recipes, and offering small but life-altering insights into your eating habits. Katie also offers 2 weeks, 1 month, and 3-month programs, each catered to helping you take the next steps to a healthier lifestyle.
- Krista Yoder-Latortues founded Family Food and staffs 25 registered dietitians. This clinic focuses on family neutron plans and will even provide your initial consultation at home. Their registered dietitians will get you thinking about food in a whole new way.
- Emma Fogt is an Author, Registered Dietitian Nutritionist (RDN), and Fellow of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. Through her services, she will aid in setting a balanced life rather than one of constant dieting and deprivation.
Find a nutritionist in Philadelphia.
Sports Nutritionists Near Me
Sport nutritionists are dietitians that specialize in working with athletes. They help athletes balance well-rounded diets with constant strains of workouts. They take part in sports medicine and may work hand in hand with the coaches and trainers of the athletes or teams they work with.
Similar to other registered nutritionists, sports nutritionists must also have accreditation from the state board exam. The regulations for these titles vary state to state, so it is extremely important to do sufficient research when looking into a nutritionist’s experience. Accreditations and certifications from programs can vary in their significance, therefore, it is a good idea to check out online reviews if they are available to you.
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1a1e5d0a-aa19-4d4b-a659-8f26d14a3d59 | Ïîíðàâèâøèåñÿ òîðòû Ñîîáùåíèÿ êîíäèòåðàì | interdisciplinary | concept_introduction | Ïîíðàâèâøèåñÿ òîðòû
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Îäíîÿðóñíûé êðóãëûé òîðò ñàëàòîâîãî îòòåíêà. Íàâåðõó â îêðóæåíèè ëèñòèêîâ íà äâóõ âåòî÷êàõ ïèðîæíûå-âèøåíêè ñ çåëåíûìè ëèñòèêàìè.
Àðòèêóë: A74485
«Êëóáíèêà»
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Ê ïðàçäíè÷íîìó ñòîëó òîðò â âèäå áîëüøîé êðàñíîé êëóáíè÷êè ñ ñåìå÷êàìè, ëèñòèêàìè è ñòåáëåì - ïîõîæà íà íàñòîÿùóþ ÿãîäó, íî ýòî òîðò, êîíå÷íî!
Àðòèêóë: A44309
Ðàñ÷èòàòü âåñ
Íàñòîÿùèì ñîãëàøàþñü ñ òåì, ÷òî çàïðàøèâàåìàÿ èíôîðìàöèÿ íå ÿâëÿåòñÿ ïðåäëîæåíèåì ê ïðîäàæå òîâàðà è ïîäòâåðæäàþ, ÷òî îòêðûâàþ äàííóþ ñòðàíèöó èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî ñ öåëüþ îçíàêîìëåíèÿ ñ ìàñòåðñòâîì êîíäèòåðîâ!
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Ïðåäñòàâëåííûå íà ñàéòå òîðòû ìîæíî çàêàçàòü ó íàñ â Ìîñêâå ïî òåëåôîíó 8 (495) 744-0165 èëè ó ÷àñòíûõ êîíäèòåðîâ, âûáðàâ ñâîé ãîðîä íà êàðòå èëè èç ñïèñêà | 0.7 | high | 4 | 3,094 | [
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c9d4daae-89cf-48bc-80ea-88eebcdf68b8 | Late adolescents finally come | interdisciplinary | worked_examples | Late adolescents finally come quite close to adulthood to have a firm identity and more stable interests. Soon-to-be-adults and already adult kids attain greater emotional stability finally and have a more developed sense of humor. They are able to keep a little patience when there is a delay in gratification of their desires, and are able to think ideas through. They learn to express their feelings in words, compromise and make independent decisions. Unlike the earlier stages of childhood, late adolescents show greater concern for others. They become more self-reliant and take pride in their work. They start finalizing their thoughts about the role they want to play in their lives and become more concerned about their future.
Change In The Point of Views
By late teens, adolescents manifest clear sexual identity and are
concerned with serious relationships. They are able to love others
tenderly and have a capacity for sensual love. Self-esteem and personal
dignity become important to them; they want that they should be
respected and treated as adults. They can even offer useful insight on
many things, and can set goals for themselves and follow them through.
By this time, teenagers learn self-regulations and accept social
institutions and cultural traditions more easily. Though, teenagers may
vary from the descriptions mentioned above, depending on their nature
and upbringing. There can be mental and emotional problems involved, but
most of them are treatable with the help of an expert professional.
Late adolescents represent a unique period of transition between youth
and adulthood. They are usually considered to be a healthy group but
many chronic medical problems may also begin during this time. A few
health problems, such as eating disorders, are actually unique to this
group of late adolescents. This is the age when they develop high-risk
behaviors. They want to face challenges which are even risky for them as
to show that they are no more kids now. The people in the late
adolescent group are most likely to be without health insurance. Thus,
there is the need for more effective prevention programs for late
adolescents. But make sure that these programs must consider each risk
factor, including their high-risk behaviors.
Here is given the list of traits which late adolescents develop in their
behavior & outlook for life. Go through it, and understand the
changing behavior of your child in this stage of life. | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 495 | [
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fc4a737c-3c4a-4c85-8037-b12b12dfd385 | Blomstrande våra hjältar, måltid | life_skills | historical_context | Blomstrande våra hjältar, en måltid i taget Av Willy Martinez, Specialist i offentlig information 26 december 2023 Varje december firar vi Världsmånad för livsmedelservice säkerhet. Det är en aktuell påminnelse om att omvärdera och stärka livsmedelsstandarder inom livsmedelsindustrin. Genom att göra detta kan vi säkerställa att effekten av dessa standarder på vår hälsa och välbefinnande är positiv. Vi alla uppskattar smakfulla smaker och lockande dofter som gör att vi önskar mer grytiga rätter. De osynliga hjältarna: Utforska livsmedelservicepersonalens roll i att näringa våra veteraner Livsmedelservicepersonal, ofta övergångna och underappresterade, spelar en avgörande roll i att näringa våra veteraner. Dessa kockar arbetar hårt bakom kulisserna för att säkerställa att våra hjältar får näringen de behöver för att blomstra. Viktigheten av kvalitetsmål för veteraner kan inte understres. Rätt näring är avgörande för deras fysiska och mentala välbefinnande, vilket stödjer deras återhämtning och allmän hälsa. Livsmedelservicepersonal förstår denna betydelse och går över och ovanför för att skapa måltider som inte bara uppfyller kostkrav utan också ger bekvämlighet och tillfredsställelse. Dessa osynliga hjältar arbetar hårt för att möta de unika behoven hos veteraner, med hänsyn till några kostrestriktioner eller medicinska tillstånd. De har ett djupt förståelse för de näringssystem som krävs för olika hälsotillstånd, och säkerställer att varje måltid som serveras bidrar positivt till veteranernas allmänna hälsa. Förutom detta skapar livsmedelservicepersonal en miljö där veteraner kan samlas och koppla upp sig över gemensamma måltider. Detta känslomässiga samhällsinslag spelar en avgörande roll i att stödja deras känslomässiga välbefinnande och främja en känsla av tillhörighet. "När det räknas, är de där för varandra och låt mig säga dig, de älskar veteranerna. Min personal arbetar hårt för att ge veteranerna god mat!" säger Shelley med stolthet. En inblick i Marion VA:s livsmedelsberedning Livsmedelsberedningsprocessen vid Marion VA börjar med noggrann måltidsplanering. Vårt team beaktar olika faktorer som näring, kostrestriktioner och personliga preferenser när man skapar menyer som anpassas efter en mångfald av smaker och hälsobehov. Shelley säger att "det viktigaste som VA gör annorlunda är kontinuerlig utbildning. Det är inte bara ett en gångsärende för oss här. Vi håller veckovisa utbildningsmöten som fokuserar på ett nytt livsmedelssäkerhetsämne varje vecka, vi följer upp efter utbildningen för att säkerställa att utbildningen har förståtts och tillämpas." I det ljudande köket vid Marion VA kommer du att se en orchestrerad dans av hackning, stekning, bakning och grilling där våra kockar förvandlar råa ingredienser till smakfulla måltider. Doften som sprider sig i luften är ett bevis på deras expertis och passion för att skapa utmärkta måltider. Så nästa gång du njuter av en måltid vid Marion VA eller träffar en av våra engagerade kökspersonal bakom kulisserna, tänk på att det finns en fantastisk resa bakom den måltiden som kommer till din bord. Näringsvärde som prioritet: Skapa hälsosamma och näringssatta måltider för våra veteraner När det gäller våra veteraner, säkerställa deras välbefinnande går längre än att bara ge grundläggande behov. Närning spelar en avgörande roll i deras allmänna hälsa och återhämtning. Att förstå och hantera veteran-specifika kostbehov är avgörande för att skapa måltider som inte bara är näringssatta utan också anpassade för att stödja deras unika krav. "Vi samarbetar nära med registrerade dietister för att ge våra patienter säker, smakfull mat inom patientens kostparametrar. Om patienten vill ha en mat som ligger utanför våra tillgängliga alternativ, eller kanske är en aning utanför deras föreskrivna kost, arbetar vi med registrerade dietister för att hitta ett sätt att göra patienten nöjd, samtidigt som vi uppfyller deras kostkrav. Detta kräver ibland mycket kreativitet från oss vid VA men det är det vi gillar att göra för våra veteraner", säger Shelley. Målplanning för näringsbalans blir avgörande i detta sammanhang. Genom att noggrant välja ingredienser och designa måltider som omfattar en mängd olika livsmedelsgrupper kan vi säkerställa att veteraner får nödvändiga näringsämnen för att främja återhämtning och förbättra deras allmänna välbefinnande. Att hedra våra veteraner genom att prioritera deras hälsa och välbefinnande genom säker livsmedelsberedning Att hedra våra veteraner går längre än att uttrycka tacksamhet för deras tjänst; det innebär också att prioritera deras hälsa och välbefinnande. En avgörande aspekt av detta är att säkerställa att deras kostbehov uppfylls genom säkra livsmedelsberedningspraktiker. "Vi har arbetat hårt för att göra vår kafé till en plats för gemenskap, så jag känner att vi erbjuder just det... en gemenskap och en plats att möta, prata, skratta och koppla upp sig. I dagens värld behöver vi alla den här platsen, de ögonblicken där du känner dig hör, uppskattad eller sedd. Vi erbjuder den platsen", säger Shelley Daniels med ett leende. Fråga: Vilken av följande beskriver bäst rollen för registrerade dietister i VA:s livsmedelsberedning? Svar: De samarbetar med livsmedelservicepersonal för att säkerställa att måltiderna är säkra, smakfulla och inom patientens kostparametrar. Fråga: Är påståendet "Det viktigaste som VA gör annorlunda är kontinuerlig utbildning" sant eller falskt enligt texten? Svar: Sant Fråga: Vad säger Shelley om VA:s tillvägagångssätt när det gäller utbildning av livsmedelservicepersonal? Svar: Shelley säger att VA fokuserar på kontinuerlig utbildning med veckovisa möten om nya livsmedelssäkerhetsämnen och följer upp för att säkerställa att utbildningen förstås och tillämpas. Fråga: Vad är huvudsyftet med Världsmånaden för livsmedelservice säkerhet enligt texten? Svar: Huvudsyftet är att omvärdera och stärka livsmedelsstandarder inom livsmedelsindustrin för att säkerställa deras positiva inverkan på hälsa och välbefinnande. Fråga: Vad betonar Shelley om VA:s kafémiljö? Svar: Shelley betonar att kafén är en plats för gemenskap där veteraner kan möta, prata, skratta och koppla upp sig, och erbjuder en känsla av tillhörighet och stöd. Fråga: Vad är en av de viktigaste faktorerna som beaktas vid måltidsplanering vid Marion VA? Svar: En viktig faktor är näringskrav, tillsammans med kostrestriktioner och personliga preferenser. Fråga: Hur beskriver texten livsmedelservicepersonalens roll i förhållande till veteraner? Svar: Texten beskriver dem som osynliga hjältar som spelar en avgörande roll i att näringa veteraner genom att erbjuda näring som stödjer deras fysiska och mentala välbefinnande. Fråga: Vad är huvudmålet med VA:s måltidsplanering för veteraner? Svar: Huvudmålet är att säkerställa näringsbalans genom att välja ingredienser och designa måltider som ger nödvändiga näringsämnen för återhämtning och välbefinnande. | 0.65 | medium | 6 | 2,807 | [
"intermediate understanding"
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edd96d54-cd86-40d8-ad18-ef4ac4ff8563 | 4 | interdisciplinary | review_summary |
4.3
55 reviews
Other Grills:
• Average: 4.5
• High: 5.0
Type:
Gas Grills, Portable Grills
Brand:
Char-Broil
Model:
465133003
Char-Broil Tabletop Gas Grill
Read 55 Reviews
REVIEW SNAPSHOT®
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Char-Broil Tabletop Gas Grill
4.3
(based on 55 reviews)
Ratings Distribution
• 5 Stars
(22)
• 4 Stars
(28)
• 3 Stars
(5)
• 2 Stars
(0)
• 1 Stars
(0)
98%
of respondents would recommend this to a friend.
Pros
No Pros
Cons
No Cons
Best Uses
No Best Uses
• Performance:
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• Ease of Cleaning:
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• Affiliation:
• I received a sample (5)
Most Liked Positive Review
Char-Broil 465133003 Grill
**We are avid grillers in our home and love the outdoors and outdoor cooking. I bought the**
**Char-Broil 465133003 Grill **
**for my husband for a...Read complete review
**We are avid grillers in our home and love the outdoors and outdoor cooking. I bought the**
**Char-Broil 465133003 Grill **
**for my husband for a weekend getaway trip to the beach. He wanted a small grill to be able to carry around and light enough to carry. This one was perfect for that. It was also big enough for us to cook plenty of large hamburgers and hotdogs. It came clean so easy and was perfect to fit in a carry bag to go right back inside the back of the SUV. He was so happy with it. After his buddies saw him cooming on it they all had to have one. Now everyone of the guys on the block will have one. Its perfect! **
VS
Most Liked Negative Review
Great for Camping if you can get it lit
This is an indoor grill, and I've read other reviews from people who have used it in indoors. However, we have used this on camping trips and days out at the lake on...Read complete review
This is an indoor grill, and I've read other reviews from people who have used it in indoors. However, we have used this on camping trips and days out at the lake on the boat. I imagine that when we live in a city with a football stadium again we will also be using it for tailgating. Who knows when that will be but I imagine this grill will last that long. It does what it is intended to do and for the right price for the product that you get. I have called Char Broil customer service a few times, once upon assembly and once with a parts issue, and both times I've had a pleasant experience although replacement parts are covered they can be quite expensive to ship, one was almost half of what the grill cost. This grill is doing well for what I expected it to do for the purposes we needed it for. It is not an everyday use grill, it is not meant to cook a lot of meat at once, and it certainly is not meant for roasting. However, if you intend to buy this grill for what I've mentioned or weekend cookouts and other things of that nature then is a good inexpensive grill that will do exactly what you need it to. If you're expecting more than that you will be disappointed and you should go with a different (or larger) grill. We discovered through trail and error that unlike regular size grills this one has its "hot spots" so to speak because our food would cook unevenly. Finally someone came up with the brilliant idea of taking cheap hot dogs and placing them at different sections and corners of the grill to find our ideal cooking spot. This worked like a charm and we found ours burns (or heats up quickest and most effectively) closer to the opening of the grill and not so much toward the back.
My biggest complaint about the grill, and from what I read of others reviews as well before purchasing the grill, is how it has to be lit and how the gas builds up. The lighting takes some getting used to and with time you get better at it. This grill needs to be lit from the bottom, and we used to do so with a match but have since started using a small butane torch as it was easier and seemed safer, even used that same torch to cook hot dogs while waiting for the grill to warm up. However, once we went to light it and it didn't catch but the gas had build up so much inside that when we were able to get it lit on the second try it surprised us with a nice little blow torch sound and them umph - a small explosion that I was sure would deem the grill unusable. My dear husband later informed me that the blow torch sound was from the flames flowing down into the tubes that apparently carry the gas to the burners. It wasn't that big of a deal though because our boys love that sound for some reason. I think that if Char Broil were to come out with another model and redesign it with an opening in the back or on the side it would be a lot better and much more well received product to the masses that intent to use it. Additionally, if you're using this indoor grill outdoors like we do try as much as possible to get it out of the way of wind hitting it if you can. It does not hold up to wind at all, and will continue to go out and require re lighting. Not exactly something you want to have to do with chicken breasts or other similar meat cooking on it. Other than those issues it works well for the price and the duration in which it lasts. It packs up nicely and fits in well with the rest of the camping gear, and is compact enough to take in the truck for tailgating or to the lake for the day. Next time I will probably buy a different one, or tell my husband to get a different one since this is his realm, simply because grilling is a passion of ours and we love trying out new products when they become available.
Reviewed by 55 customers
Displaying reviews 1-10
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4.0
Great for outdoor events
By
from Texas City, TEXAS
About Me Occasional Griller
Pros
• Easy To Cleanup
• Easy To Use
• Even Heat
• Short Grill Time
Cons
• Not The Taste Of Charcoal
Best Uses
• For Self/Couple
• Indirect Cooking
• Portable Use
• Small Gatherings
Comments about Char-Broil Tabletop Gas Grill:
My father recently brought this to a family camping trip over the weekend and I was thoroughly impressed with the taste of the food and ease to use. I've never used this product before so it took a little tutorial to get the hang of (I would definitely recommend following the directions exactly). The hamburgers and steaks came out perfectly cooked and even throughout. My only complaint is that you do not get the same taste as you would from a charcoal grill, but overall this is a good product. We were able to simply place on top of a picnic table and serve right off the grill. It is a great product to have for outdoor events in case of bad weather because it is as convenient and portable as any other grill I've seen. I plan to buy one before next summer and I would recommend to others. It took less than ten minutes for clean up and it can easily be stored under the seat in my car. My absolute favorite thing about this grill is that there is no prep time need as required in charcoal grills. This grill heats up quickly and is ready to use in no time. Great product.
4.0
A Little Grill But Great Results
By
from Pittsburgh, PA
About Me Grilling Enthusiast
Pros
• Easy To Use
• Even Heat
Cons
• Not The Taste Of Charcoal
Best Uses
• For Self/Couple
• Portable Use
Comments about Char-Broil Tabletop Gas Grill:
Tabletop grills are often treated roughly, used for one season and pitched. They are great if you only camp a couple times a year or need something for a couple of burgers and hotdogs. It can be used on a picnic table but the legs that are attached to it aren't the sturdiest so avoid trying to grill large pieces of meat or fish.
If you can find this without the propane can at the end of the summer you can pack it away for use next year. I like that the cans can be used for other things and have a universal valve. You are going to want to have oven mitts or oven gloves to open and close this. After the first use I attached a handle with some steel discs behind it to keep it from getting too hot.
The handle on the side of the grill makes it easy to carry but you aren't going to want to use this to move it or reposition while you are grilling or it is still hot. To clean the outside of it use a spray on cleaner; the inside grill face can be removed to soak or scrub it. I don't consider this something that's disposable or a one-time-use grill but if I take one of these camping for more than a week chances are I will pass it on to someone else that's camping.
4.0
Good for camping.
By
from USA
Comments about Char-Broil Tabletop Gas Grill:
We originally bought this grill for a camping trip as a backup to using the campfire. I knew it was small when I bought it but at the same time I really didn't think I would be using it for more than putting a pan on it to heat up backed beans or making scrambled eggs for breakfast. It ended up raining most of the weekend so all of my cooking ended up being done on this little grill. It held up to well considering that I was cooking for eight people and I couldn't cook much at a time. On the second day I sent my husband to town to get a second one so I could cook everything at the same time. We do not go camping now without both of these small grills.
Performance
Worked great for hot dogs, toast and coffee. Everything else that was cooked on it was in a pan and that also turned out great!
Versatility
It met our needs!
Ease of Cleaning
This grill is probably the easiest grill to clean that we have ever owned.
Durability
Has held up very well. We will definitely be buying more.
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4.0
Easy grilling without the charcoal mess
By
from USA
Comments about Char-Broil Tabletop Gas Grill:
If you want an easy to use grill without the mess or hassle of charcoal, this is a great small grill for cooking for one, two, or a few people. The Charbroil Tabletop Gas Grill is a small grill designed for use with propane tanks. It is easy to light and cook with. Cleanup is easy, especially since you aren't using charcoal. Most of the time I prefer to cook with charcoal, but when I want too cook without the mess or hassle of waiting for the charcoal to be ready, I always use this gas grill. It is really convenient if you're cooking for yourself or only a few people. This is a great grill for traveling.
Performance
This gas grill works very easily and is great for cooking all sorts of food.
Ease of Use
Some assembly was required when I bought mine, but I had it together in less than 30 minutes.
Design
This is the best option if you are only grilling a few pieces of meat and potatoes or vegetables. I feel that the design allows for equal cooking no matter where the pieces of food are sitting on the rack.
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3.0
Char-Broil Tabletop Gas Grill
By
from USA
Comments about Char-Broil Tabletop Gas Grill:
We purchased one of these little tabletop grills a few years ago at Wal-Mart for our camping trips. It is an okay grill for the money, but not my first choice for grills. It has flame-ups that burn the food before it is done cooking so the food is usually very charred on the outside and raw on the inside.
Performance
This grill works good, but the flame-ups are bad. The food is very charred on the outside and usually not done enough on the inside.
Versatility
This little grill if perfect for camping and tailgating. It is light enough for one person to carry yet big enough to grill for a family.
Ease of Use
This little grill is very easy to use. Just attach a can of propane and start the grill.
Ease of Cleaning
This little grill is easy to clean. It is important to clean as much of the grease as possible since it is usually transported in the back of the vehicle.
Durability
We had this grill for a few camping seasons. It held up ok for the money, but didn't last as long as we expected it to.
Design
The design is simple and very easy to use.
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4.0
Pretty Useful Little Grill
By
from USA
Comments about Char-Broil Tabletop Gas Grill:
I used one these guys when I was still living in an apartment. I couldn't have a big grill on my balcony, so I opted for something a little more compact. For what it is, this grill does the job well. It runs on gas, and will grill nearly anything you can throw at it rather quickly. During my days of using it, I grilled steaks, fish, and chicken. All three came out well, and weren't overly or under cooked. The only real drawbacks to this little guy is that there isn't a whole lot of space on the grill. If you have more than a couple of people over, it might not be worth your time and effort to use this. The other drawback, is that it can be a paint to clean; but that's the story with any grill out there. I don't live in my apartment anymore, but I still occasionally will whip this guy out for camping trips. Overall a good product.
Performance
It does what it's supposed to do. It grills meat, and does a great job at it.
Versatility
It's a very versatile product.
Ease of Use
Super easy to use. Kick on the gas, let it heat up, and cook your meat. Very little options to toy with.
Ease of Cleaning
All grills suffer from clean up. It's probably the worst part of owning a grill.
Durability
I've used this grill several times, and it is showing no signs of wearing down.
Design
I really like this design. It's compact. Great for apartment use, small living spaces, or on the go/camping.
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4.0
Nice Camping Grill
By
from USA
Comments about Char-Broil Tabletop Gas Grill:
I have used this portable table top propane grill for many years when my family and I go camping. We have a family of three children and two adults that enjoy grilling out. The portable propane tank connection is ideally located and the leg supports also provide ideal connection over the lid for safe transportation. The durability of this grill is excellent and does provide an excellent portable grill.
Performance
The propane feed connection has excellent propane distribution control and is ideally located on the side when in usage.
Versatility
I love the portability of this grill. The small design is great for travel but is ideally sized for tailgating or camping cooking. The legs provide great locking onto the cover when not in use.
Ease of Use
This is very easy to use. The only issue that I have is when trying to light the burner, however a long lighter is the best way.
Ease of Cleaning
All parts of the grill are easy to disassemble from each other for easy cleaning.
Durability
My grill has lasted me numerous years of tailgating and camping with family.
Design
Do not let the small size of the grill confuse you, the grill surface is more that adequate for any grilling needs. The flip over legs provide excellent attachment to the cover for easy transport.
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5.0
Great product for camping or tailgating.
By
from USA
Comments about Char-Broil Tabletop Gas Grill:
Small, compact portable grill that cooks food well. It is a great product to take camping. The ease of use and the fact that you can pick up those little propane cylinders at hundreds of places makes this a must have for a camping or fishing trip. I give it an A++.
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5.0
Its very easy to use and clean.
By
from USA
Comments about Char-Broil Tabletop Gas Grill:
Its not that hard to move around. If you love to grill then a gas grill is great for you. It has a more permanent long time lasting. So you won't have to do a whole lot of cleaning with it, and its very easy to set up.
Performance
The performance level of this grill is extraordinary. The way it cooks the meat is fabulous. You know when its done when you hear the sizzling of the meat or whatever else you are grilling slow down. Its just astonishing how fast and easy a gas grill cam be set up and cleaned.
Versatility
It has many uses . For one you can grill more than 10 items all at once. There's plenty of room for meat and vegetables. If you're doing a cook out this would be perfect for you to use and to show your grilling skills off to your friends.
Ease of Use
If you something easy and simple then this is the grill for you. You have to build it up , but most of the compartments are already built for you. The directions are very easy to read and follow.
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4.0
My Char Broil grill is so easy to set up and use. Folds up quick
By
from USA
Comments about Char-Broil Tabletop Gas Grill:
My Char Broil grill is perfect for taking to tailgating events and family picnics. It's easy to clean and folds easily for transport.
Performance
My Char Broil grill is just right for grilling hot dogs, hamburgers and sausages away from home. Wherever we go, It's large enough and gets hot enough to get the party rolling fast.
Versatility
Set up, clean up and using is easy. After your finish wipe it down, fold it up and it's ready for the next time. The storage bag is strong enough to handle the grill while it's in the cars' truck during transport.
Ease of Use
We use it even at home for small events too because it's so easy to set up. It heats up fast and cooks the food evenly. Any crumbs that fall through are easily shaken out.
Ease of Cleaning
We wipe it down before the grill cools off and fold it up for the next time
Durability
It's stable on the tabletop because of its good construction. It doesn't move while you flip your burgers
Design
It's designed to stay stable and not wobble on the picnic table
• Performance:
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• Versatility:
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Previous | Next » | 0.75 | low | 6 | 4,815 | [
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b83183c1-5895-478e-9c01-e7b08c9d82a1 | one most studied types | life_skills | historical_context | As one of the most studied types of cancer, there is a significant amount of information and research that you can lean on to educate and empower yourself about your chance of getting breast cancer. Your risk of developing breast cancer is dependent on a number of factors, some of which you can control. Here are six of the biggest risk factors for developing breast cancer that you should be aware of as you age.
The most overriding factor determining the odds that you receive a breast cancer diagnosis is your age. The chances of being diagnosed with this form of cancer go up exponentially once you reach the age of 50. While breast cancer rates are much lower in women under the age of 50, it is still possible to be diagnosed with this type of cancer at younger ages.
Unfortunately, there is a strong genetic component in some types of breast cancer. Having a family history of cancer is a strong risk factor, particularly if the relative is a mother, sister, or daughter. The odds also increase if multiple members on either side of the family have had breast or ovarian cancer. In addition, a first-degree male relative with breast cancer also raises the risk.
Women who have dense breasts are more likely than females with fatty breasts to get breast cancer. Dense breasts contain more connective tissue than fatty tissue, making it more difficult to spot the tumors on a standard mammogram. This also makes it more likely that it will be challenging to diagnose breast cancer in the early stages of development.
If you have a past history of breast cancer, there is a higher chance that you develop it again. In addition, some types of non-cancerous breast diseases, including atypical hyperplasia and lobular carcinoma, also come with a higher risk of developing breast cancer later in life.
Your personal reproductive history can also influence the likelihood that you receive a breast cancer diagnosis. Beginning your menstrual period prior to age 12 and not entering menopause until after age 55 raises your risk of getting breast cancer. This is because the body is exposed to hormones longer.
While you cannot control when you begin menstruation and when you start menopause, you do have some amount of control over when you experience your first pregnancy and if you decide to breastfeed. Having your first baby after the age of 30 or not choosing to breastfeed can raise the risk of breast cancer because of the hormonal protection offered by these events.
One of the risk factors that are within your control to change is your overall health habits. Being overweight will drastically boost the odds that you get breast cancer. Being mindful about your weight and doing what you can to stay within a healthy range can improve the chances that you never receive this dreaded diagnosis.
Related to your overall health is your physical activity level. Women who live a sedentary lifestyle are more likely to get breast cancer compared to those who are diligent about staying active through physical exercise. You can improve your breast health by making physical activity a part of your regular lifestyle.
When to Get Help
When it comes to your breast health, you can never be too careful. If you notice any changes in your breasts, it is imperative that you seek the advice of a women’s health specialist group. Finding a professional that you can connect with will ensure that your breast health is in good hands.
Your doctor will be able to provide specific recommendations on when you should begin regular breast cancer screenings. Because the recommendations may differ between individuals, it is important that you understand your own personal risk and make decisions about preventative care based on this.
While you cannot control all of the risk factors, there are definitive steps that you can take to guard your breast health both now and as you get older. You owe it to yourself and to your loved ones to do what you can to live a long and healthy life. | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 768 | [
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68acae7e-9e82-484a-9152-6fc5da9898f6 | One keys achieving high | science | data_analysis | One of the keys to achieving high levels of renewable energy on the grid is the ability to store electricity and use it at a later time.
Energy storage lets individuals and communities access electricity when they need it most, like during outages. It also reduces demand for electricity from inefficient, dirty plants that are often located in low income and minority communities. Those communities would benefit the most from policies that make energy storage accessible.
The toxic pollution from the dirtiest and least efficient power plants hurt the health of people living near them, making bad air quality worse at times when energy demands are high. But batteries charged with clean solar or wind energy can replace those plants and improve the neighboring communities' air, water, and their residents' quality of life.
This policy brief provides lawmakers with detailed plans for giving underserved communities equitable access to energy storage.
From helping states set storage targets to detailing tax incentive strategies, this brief outlines clear, actionable ideas for policies that avoid pitfalls and build on past successes. Not only can these strategies help underserved communities equitably access clean, affordable energy, they may also help drive innovation and boost economic growth across the country by creating high-quality jobs. | 0.65 | high | 5 | 236 | [
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99cb8fd2-bc6a-455b-bc18-feedda183d8f | Программа CERT Обучение CERT | interdisciplinary | concept_introduction | Программа CERT Обучение CERT в городе Онтарио бесплатное и доступно для всех, кто заинтересован в изучении того, как стать эффективным спасателем в своей семье и сообществе. Это обучение проводится пожарной службой Онтарио с использованием 20-часовой программы, признанной на национальном уровне и одобренной Агентством по чрезвычайным ситуациям США (FEMA). Участники узнают, как: Определять и прогнозировать угрозы в сообществе Снижать пожарные риски в доме и на рабочем месте Гасить небольшие пожары Проводить легкие поисково-спасательные операции Обустраивать площадки для оказания медицинской помощи Предоставлять первую помощь при катастрофах Помогать спасателям в чрезвычайных ситуациях Те, кто прошел 20-часовую базовую академию, признаются выпускниками программы и получают Сертификат о завершении. После завершения вы также имеете право стать активным волонтером CERT Онтарио, при этом вы получите бесплатный комплект для экстренных ситуаций CERT и дополнительное обучение и упражнения во время наших регулярно проводимых ежемесячных встреч. Катастрофы могут произойти в любое время в Онтарио. Мы сталкиваемся с землетрясениями, пожарами и наводнениями. Вы и ваша семья готовы к этому? Регистрация на нашу академию CERT в апреле 2025 года закрыта. Пожалуйста, присоединитесь к нашему списку интересов, чтобы получать уведомления о датах наших будущих академий. Присоединитесь к списку интересов здесь. Вопрос: Как называется агентство, одобрившее учебную программу CERT? Ответ: Агентство по чрезвычайным ситуациям США (FEMA) Вопрос: Бесплатно ли обучение CERT в Онтарио для участников? Ответ: Да | 0.65 | high | 6 | 1,196 | [
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fbc9e614-d536-4ee4-9433-99a06440e35a | Find simple, nutritious and easy recipes | life_skills | tutorial | Find simple, nutritious and easy recipes
Start here for easy-to-make recipes using ingredients you have at home.
As the snow falls and the temperatures drop, let Nutrition For ME be your guide to creating memorable meals that warm your body and soul. Whether you’re hosting a festive gathering or enjoying a quiet night in, these recipes are sure to bring joy to your winter kitchen. | 0.6 | medium | 5 | 81 | [
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c878fe63-abe3-467c-af8f-d7a905766016 | fbpx Wine Wednesdays William | technology | historical_context | fbpx
Wine Wednesdays With William: Every Rosé Has Its Thorn
As spring begins to, well, spring in the Capital Region, that means the center of wine gravity will shift away from the red wines of winter and towards the crisper, lighter and increasingly pink wines of summer. A word of warning: Rosé is falling to the curse of popularity.
It’s a familiar tale: a style of wine becomes all the rage, first among opinion-formers and then, with the general public. The industry responds to the unexpected jump in demand by sourcing grapes from wherever it can, making the wine as quickly as possible. More and more labels and wine-making companies enter the market, putting further pressure on the supply of quality grapes, and the substitutes are sourced from places entirely unsuited to making grapes for the in-demand wine style. Prices rise as quality declines.
In less than a decade, one extremely popular southern French rosé brand has increased sales from 0 to ~600,000 cases, which suggests somewhere between 2000 and 3000 acres of vineyard—3000 soccer fields—dedicated to growing grapes for this one brand alone. The grapes must come from everywhere—hardly a wine of place.
It’s also worth remembering that rosé is cheap to make and spends no time in the cellar—yet increasingly its price is right up there. Meanwhile, while the fashion for very pale wine continues, winemakers will contentedly add a greater and greater proportion of less expensive white wine grapes into the mix.
Slowly and inexorably, sentiment turns; people like me start writing pieces like this (or, more outspokenly, like this one from the Los Angeles Times), and the public, so quick to make rosé their favorite, will leave for the next new thing.
It’s happened to Riesling and also Beaujolais. More recently, it happened to Merlot, Shiraz and oaky-aged Chardonnay. Days of wines and rosés, indeed.
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9dff6669-64cc-4bec-bd16-c639cd59ada2 | power Semitic poetry stems | technology | historical_context | The power of Semitic poetry stems, literally, from the functionality of its consonantal roots. With but three consonants, a long series of words, used in a specific way, set in a specific pattern, according to an ordained order and rhythm, can be carefully arranged so that even the sound of the words can be manipulated to conform to the author’s design. Classical Arabic and Hebrew poets have so much power to create this kind of literary structure, that the structure itself conveys meaning.
Once you understand Semitic functionality, the only obvious question is, “why wouldn’t the arrangement of biblical books work the same way?”
We struggle with this because we are Hellenists. Someone asks our opinion and we start talking about the words we form in our mind, which are based on other words in our mind. We converse with ourselves about our own philosophical abstractions and marvel at the imaginary connections we invent within our artificial systems. We make stuff up. The fancy word for that in academia is “interpretation.” If you really want to sound smart at coffee hour, call it, “hermeneutics.”
That’s why we are all naturally dubious about the significance of the order of books. Because everybody knows that interpretation is dubious. But functionality is not interpretation. What a functional element means can be discussed and debated, but the consonants and the structure itself are right there, alongside the earth mammals and the vegetation. No interpretation required.
Richard and Fr. Marc revisit Mark 1.
Episode 428 Mark 1; Music:
Tiki Bar Mixer by Kevin MacLeod | 0.65 | medium | 4 | 323 | [
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8e4b4800-e155-4424-9525-a06b41999944 | Bookmark File PDF Canon Eos 5d Guide | technology | tutorial | Bookmark File PDF Canon Eos 5d Guide
Canon Eos 5d Guide
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Canon Eos 5d Guide
Canon offers a wide range of compatible supplies and accessories that can enhance your user experience with you EOS 5D that you can purchase direct. Scroll down to easily select items to add to your shopping cart for a faster, easier checkout. Visit the Canon Online Store
Canon U.S.A., Inc. | EOS 5D
Bookmark File PDF Canon Eos 5d Guide
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CANON EOS-5D INSTRUCTION MANUAL Pdf Download | ManualsLib
The file is a manual (PDF file) for EOS 5D Mark II. This manual is for the EOS 5D Mark II installed with firmware Version 2.0.0 or later.
EOS 5D Mark II Instruction Manual - Canon
EOS 5D Mark IV (WG) Instruction Manual. Last Updated : 30-Mar-2018 Issue Number : 0302497001
EOS 5D Mark IV (WG) Instruction Manual - Canon
Including technical specification, features, price, review and free download canon eos 5d mark iv manual user guide PDF Manual book is like a gate. It opens the way to unlimited understanding of a product. So, whenever you want to know a certain product deeper, the best way to do it is by referencing to its manual book.
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Summary of Contents for CANON EOS 5D MARK II Page 1 CaHOH... Page 2 _ Printing (p.172) You can connect the camera directly to a printer and print out the images in the card. The camera is compatible with "?'_'PictBddge" which is the standard for direct printing.
CANON EOS 5D MARK II INSTRUCTION MANUAL Pdf Download ...
The EOS 5D is a high-performance, di gital AF SLR camera with a large, 35.8 x 23.9mm CMOS sensor with 12.8 effective megapixels. The camera has nine high-precision AF points, and it is compatible with all Canon EF lenses (except EF-S lenses).
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Canon U.S.A., Inc. | Camera User Manual
Canon U.S.A., Inc. and Canon Canada Inc. (collectively "Canon") warrant to the original end-user purchaser, when delivered in new condition in its original container, that the Product will be free from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use and service for a period of one (1) year from the date of original purchase.
Canon U.S.A., Inc. | EOS 5DS
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Guides you step-by-step through the functions on your new Canon EOS 5D Mark III dSLR camera. The Canon EOS 5D Mark III full-frame dSLR camera features an impressive 22.3 megapixels, a 3.2-inch LCD screen, 6 fps continuous shooting, Live View, an ISO range of 50 to 102,400 and full HD 1080 resolution movie shooting.
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Page 77 Note: With the "Auto noise reduction" and "On" setting, noise reduction will be performed according to the two conditions above regardless of the ISO speed. Like the EOS-1Ds Mark II, the EOS 5D enables continuous shooting even while noise reduction is performed as long as the buffer memory is free.
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Without question, the Canon EOS 5D Mark II is a revolutionary development in dSLR technology. With its full-frame, 21.1-megapixel sensor, DiG!C 4 image processor, and 30 frames per second, high-definition video recording capability, it offers creative possibilities previously unknown.
Copyright code: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e. | 0.65 | medium | 4 | 2,124 | [
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7f5f927a-d079-4d99-8437-b8f98e8540dc | Students once sneaked comic | technology | practical_application | Students once sneaked comic books to class, hiding them from teachers who blamed them for juvenile delinquency, poor reading skills and declining education.
But among a growing group of teachers and librarians, just the opposite is now happening, thanks to a push led by Dark Horse Comics in Milwaukie. The educators are bringing comics to class, and they're using them to teach kids to get along, appreciate literature and learn more effectively.
Since Dark Horse teamed with Columbia University in New York seven years ago to create the Comic Book Project, the curriculum has spread from one after-school class in Queens to 850 schools across the United States, including at least two Oregon schools, Glenfair Elementary in Portland and Ash Creek Elementary in Monmouth.
Dark Horse says libraries and schools are among its fastest growing markets, with sales rising about 25 percent a year. Comic-book-based curricula include such topics as environmentalism, anti-bullying, teamwork, child abuse, vocabulary, grammar and understanding epilepsy.
"The demand for comics in education has exploded," said Michael Bitz, founder of the Comic Book Project at Columbia University. Although some educators are reluctant to change, they should use comic books in classes because they work, he said. "There's no field other than education where research is so far removed from practice."
Bitz started the Comic Book Project in 2001 because he felt educators were ignoring research that learning through the arts enhances learning in other academic areas.
The Comic Book Project has a budget of $200,000, most of it grants from agencies and institutions such as the Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Airways and the New York State Banking Department.
The attraction of comic books is obvious in their popularity and in the recent box office success of comic book-based movies such as "The Dark Knight" and "Hellboy," Bitz said. Surveys and interviews with students and teachers showed comic books taught children to write, listen and speak better, he said.
Students -- especially hard-to-reach students -- find comic books less intimidating than textbooks, and they can frequently express themselves in comic books better than they can in traditional writing classes, he said. Plus, the visual medium can be more memorable, which means more lasting learning.
Some educators are skeptical, worrying Superman will replace Shakespeare and that comics dumb down lessons.
"If children want to read comic books, that's their prerogative," Diane Ravitch, a professor at New York University and a former U.S. assistant secretary of education, said in an e-mail. "But they are not good 'tools' for teaching reading."
Comics use limited and superficial vocabulary, and they fail to teach children to read and think at the same time, she said.
The introduction of comic books to academia has been a battle, starting with educators and psychologists who once saw them as subversive and dangerous. In 1954, the U.S. Senate investigated the comic-book industry and pressured publishers to censor themselves.
"Now that they're being used in school, people are seeing that comics aren't just guys in tights," said a Dark Horse spokesman, Aaron Colter. "Yes, they're pictures, but they're a medium that should be respected," he said, noting that comic books -- now bound together and referred to more respectfully as graphic novels -- get reviewed in The New York Times, sold at Barnes & Noble and used as study materials in colleges.
He described the acceptance of comic books in classrooms and libraries as part of a larger movement of graphic novels cementing their status as sophisticated literature and art. It's only a matter of time before they become a standard supplement to the more traditional educational tools, Colter said.
Andrea Daret used a comic-book curriculum last year with her fifth-graders at Glenfair Elementary School. The anti-bullying course she tried teaches children to resolve conflicts and consider different viewpoints.
"I really think it helped them get along better," she said. "And best of all, they loved it."
Susan Pollnow, the site coordinator for Project Prime Time, an after-school program at Ash Creek, agreed. She said one of her sixth-graders would always skip class. Thanks to the Comic Book Project, he once again got excited about learning.
"He was intelligent," she said, "but without this project, we wouldn't have been able to reach him."
-- Peter Zuckerman; firstname.lastname@example.org | 0.65 | medium | 5 | 937 | [
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9073324e-a738-4264-a47b-06191e59c596 | United States, portion medical | life_skills | historical_context | In the United States, a portion of medical care is free, or is provided at reduced rates in urgent care centers and walk-in clinics. In addition, you’re protected from discrimination. This article explains what medical care is and what you can expect if you need it. You’ll also learn about how you can get it at a discount or for free. And remember, it isn’t just doctors’ visits!
Health care is a subset of medical care
The term “healthcare” refers to a broad concept and includes various aspects of the field. It is used to describe the activities of health care providers and the larger system through which people can obtain health services. Some of the most important outcomes of health care include the rates of infant mortality, chronic diseases, mortality among certain demographic groups, and access to health insurance. Whether healthcare is considered “healthcare” or “medicine” depends on the particular definition and context.
Primary healthcare refers to the first contact a person has with a health-care provider when they have a health-related problem. It includes a range of services and providers such as family doctors, internists, physiotherapists, dentists, and other allied health practitioners. These professionals provide health care for patients in a community setting, and may work in a medical clinic, health center, physiotherapy practice, or podiatry practice.
It is often provided in a walk-in clinic or urgent care center
A walk-in clinic or urgent care center is a type of medical unit that treats acute conditions. It is not designed for chronic disease management or ongoing monitoring. Because it is often open on weekends and after business hours, walk-in clinics are an affordable alternative to emergency room care. In addition, walk-in clinics are generally less crowded than emergency rooms, which means less waiting time.
The difference between a walk-in clinic and an emergency room is that urgent care centers are designed to treat non-life-threatening conditions and can provide faster treatment. Emergency rooms, on the other hand, treat life-threatening situations. The wait time at an urgent care center is typically longer, but it is not necessarily longer. Patients are typically seen by a doctor or physician assistant. However, there may be long wait times for certain conditions, and an urgent care professional may suggest that patients follow up with a regular doctor.
It is protected from discrimination
Under the federal Equal Protection Clause, medical care is protected from discrimination in the provision of health insurance. This protection extends to benefit design, too. For example, discriminatory benefit designs can exclude patients from coverage because of their high out-of-pocket costs. While these practices may be intentional, they can also be the result of insurance schemes. Insurers should not discriminate based on their cost-sharing requirements, which may cause health outcomes to be poor.
Religiously affiliated medical organizations have also filed lawsuits against HHS. These groups asserted the right to discriminate against people with certain identities, including gender identity or abortion. Moreover, they asked the court to stop the HHS from enforcing key regulations. The court granted them their petition, halting the enforcement of these laws. The lawsuit further reveals the importance of this protection. Despite the recent setback for health care, the law provides some comfort.
Leave a Reply | 0.65 | medium | 5 | 665 | [
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fe7505f1-9774-4f56-82d7-07b7c3cc38b0 | Alzheimer’s research conducted out | science | historical_context | Alzheimer’s research conducted out of the Cambridge Department of Chemistry has potentially isolated a cause for what triggers the neurological disease in humans. The neurodegenerative condition is believed to be caused by abnormal proteins which develop “misfolded” causing the death of neurons in the brain leading to dementia and other neurological conditions. The discovery of these proteins has the potential to allow doctors to diagnose the condition at a much earlier state than currently is possible, which could lead to early treatment to slow or stop the disease from spreading. In addition to Alzheimer’s, it is believed that the same types of proteins are the cause of Parkinson’s.
Professor Christopher Dobson from Cambridge University published an article about this discovery in the “Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences” and has been investigating the causes of these deformed protein molecules for over 15 years along with his colleagues. Dementia and Alzheimer’s have both become more prevalent in recent generations as human life expectancy gradually increases, thus leading to a greater chance of “genetic malfunctions” in humans.
Alzheimer’s disease and dementia are considered to be one of the most costly (in terms of healthcare costs) in the UK trumping that of both heart disease and cancer combined. At the moment there are no treatment options available for patients to influence the disease, however the discovery of this molecular trigger is considered to be the first step to developing a drug to suppress the spread of the proteins associated with neuron cell death.
How is Alzheimer’s disease triggered?
In cellular biology, protein molecules are synthesized from ribosomes (cellular assembly lines) which then get joined together to form amino acids that encodes DNA to send messages throughout the body. During this process protein molecules are typically generated in long strands then folded and compressed to generate the amino acids. It is during this process that deformities can occur in the protein molecules which creates abnormal structures called amyloid fibrils. These amyloid fibrils tend to clump together and become protein deposits which was once thought what caused the disease to set in patients with Alzheimers.
The recent discoveries have shown that these amyloid fibrils cause a chain reaction which compounds exponentially creating new areas of focus in a process called “nucleation”. These areas of focus begin creating new tendrils which contain less protein molecules which is what is believed to cause the “toxic oligomers” that kill neurons causing neurological disease such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinsons. With the death of neurons in the patient’s brain memory loss sets in causing symptoms of dementia.
Although the process of treatment is one which is still expected to be many years in the working, chemists and biologists are working together to map out the framework of how this process occurs in order to discover a biomolecular solution to treat disease caused by toxic oligomers. Using this research it could become possible in the near future to figure out a way to turn off this process of toxic agent generation preventing neurological disease like dementia from setting in.Tags: biologists, chemists, pharmaceuticals | 0.55 | medium | 5 | 601 | [
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ddb9a113-7d66-46f3-8a51-920d1002b16b | story began long time | technology | historical_context | The story began a long time ago, for as long as people have eaten corn and used a tool to turn it into flour. That was the very first mill. Since then, mill technology has evolved constantly, via industrialisation, to reach the modern system we have today. The Austro-Hungarian system was the first to produce completely white flour.
The models show how milling wheat has evolved.
From top to bottom and from bottom to top, in a complex network, the wheat, flour and other products follow a circuit that leads from one machine to the next. To understand the process better there is an audiovisual guide, which follows the wheat as it goes through the factory.
You can also see a Francis turbine, from 1905. The force of water put all the machines into motion through a complex series of wheels, pulleys and belts. An interactive model helps show how water creates energy. | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 186 | [
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e8c6c37d-1af7-4dd0-9911-9489cf157540 | America wasn't always prosperous | arts_and_creativity | practical_application | America wasn't always prosperous. Eighty years ago we had plenty of people who tied their pants with a rope and pointed at airplanes in the sky.
So during the Great Depression, the U.S. Government did something smart. The Works Progress Administration, or WPA, was formed to get millions of Americans back to work, building roads, bridges, parks and public buildings.
And in a move that's difficult to imagine now, in 1935 the WPA set up Federal Project Number One, which was specifically designed to support and employ creative folk of all stripes—artists, musicians, writers and actors. Focusing on the first group, over 5,000 artists were commissioned to create posters, murals and paintings. While you've undoubtedly seen the posters created later in the program, when America had entered World War II...
...the earlier and non-war-related stuff you may not have seen. Some were public service announcements warning citizens of the dangers of the time:
This one was either done by an abstract painter or the World's Worst Police Sketch Artist:
I think this one is meant to encourage you to beware of shadowy giants coming out of the sea in the mornings:
Other posters were meant to encourage citizens to visit and support local and national attractions (though with what money, I don't know):
Another form of PSA's were meant to remind that as crappy as things were, they were once far worse. New Yorkers no longer had to buy drinking water—called "tea water" back in the day—out of barrels from some dude that smelled like horses:
The times being what they were, there was of course gender division in some of the targeting, with men being called out to pursue certain gigs...
...and women, others. In this poster she's either washing a dish, or magically turning graph paper into hubcaps.
And in advertisements supporting the other creatives included in Federal Project Number One, I found this gem...
...which undoubtedly served as an inspiration to some artist in the '60s:
In any case, if you're looking for some old-school graphic design inspiration, the Library of Congress has this amazingly deep online catalog of WPA posters. They're free to browse and download, and there are way more of them than you can get through in a sitting. Check it out and bookmark it for reference. | 0.7 | medium | 5 | 500 | [
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8b90ad48-2f56-46e6-8946-0c083a099a72 | Land Rover Tiny OSCAR | interdisciplinary | worked_examples | Land Rover
Tiny
OSCAR
• 1999 LAND ROVER DISCOVERY 3
• V8
• 4WD
• AUTOMATIC
• 164,000 MILES
What is the difference between a 1999 4.0 land rover idle control valve and 1998 one when they look exackly alike?
Do you
have the same problem?
Yes
No
Wednesday, November 17th, 2010 AT 5:07 PM
1 Reply
Tiny
DR LOOT
• EXPERT
• 2,330 POSTS
Most likely none, you can take a multimeter and check it, you can also clean out your old valve with carburetor spray.
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Wednesday, November 17th, 2010 AT 5:51 PM
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b8adfb61-55b3-4268-9426-2b40cd9ff107 | Reasoning Demonstration: Sensor Engineering | interdisciplinary | historical_context | ## Reasoning Demonstration: Sensor Engineering (Mechanical Focus) **Problem**: A manufacturing plant needs to monitor the temperature of molten aluminum in a holding furnace. The furnace operates at temperatures ranging from 660°C to 750°C. The sensor must be able to withstand this environment and provide accurate readings for process control. The plant's control system requires a voltage output proportional to the temperature. **Common Pitfalls**: * **Pitfall 1**: Selecting a standard thermistor or RTD without considering the operating temperature range. * **Why it's wrong**: Many common temperature sensors, like NTC thermistors, have a limited operating temperature range. Exceeding this range can cause irreversible damage, calibration drift, or complete sensor failure. For example, a typical thermistor might degrade significantly above 300°C. Similarly, standard RTDs (like Pt100) might have protective sheaths, but the sensing element itself has limitations, and the sheath material might not be suitable for prolonged exposure to molten metal. * **Pitfall 2**: Assuming any high-temperature sensor will work without considering the specific material and potential for contamination or chemical reaction. * **Why it's wrong**: Molten aluminum is a reactive metal. If the sensor's protective sheath is made of a material that reacts with aluminum (e.g., certain types of stainless steel can be attacked by molten aluminum), it will corrode, leading to inaccurate readings or sensor failure. Furthermore, the molten metal can "stick" to or infiltrate sensor sheaths, affecting heat transfer and sensor response. **Correct Method**: * **Step 1**: **Identify the critical operating parameters**: The primary parameters are the temperature range (660°C to 750°C), the material being measured (molten aluminum), and the required output (voltage proportional to temperature). * **Reasoning**: This step is crucial for defining the constraints and requirements of the sensor selection process. Without understanding these, any sensor choice is essentially a guess. * **Step 2**: **Research sensor technologies suitable for high temperatures and harsh environments**: Given the temperature range and molten metal contact, thermocouple types (like Type K, Type R, or Type S) or specialized infrared (IR) pyrometers are strong candidates. * **Reasoning**: Thermocouples are known for their robustness and ability to operate at very high temperatures. IR pyrometers offer non-contact measurement, which can be advantageous in molten metal applications to avoid contamination and physical stress on the sensor. * **Step 3**: **Evaluate sensor material compatibility with molten aluminum**: For thermocouples, the sheath material is critical. Refractory metals like Tungsten-Rhenium alloys or specialized ceramics (e.g., alumina, silicon carbide) are often used for sheaths in such applications. For IR pyrometers, the lens material must be resistant to high temperatures and potential fumes. * **Reasoning**: Chemical compatibility prevents degradation of the sensor and ensures its longevity and accuracy. This directly addresses the pitfall of material reaction. * **Step 4**: **Consider sensor response time and accuracy requirements**: The required accuracy for process control needs to be determined. Faster response times are generally better for dynamic process control, but might come at the cost of durability or accuracy in extreme conditions. * **Reasoning**: The sensor must not only survive but also provide data that is useful for the control system. Mismatched response times can lead to control instability. * **Step 5**: **Select a sensor type and specific model based on the above evaluations**: Let's assume a **Type K thermocouple with a silicon carbide (SiC) sheath** is chosen. Type K thermocouples (Chromel-Alumel) have a broad temperature range (up to ~1260°C) and are relatively common. The SiC sheath offers excellent thermal shock resistance and chemical inertness to molten aluminum. * **Reasoning**: This selection directly addresses the high-temperature requirement and the material compatibility issue identified in the previous steps. * **Step 6**: **Determine the signal conditioning required**: The thermocouple output is a small DC voltage (millivolts) that is non-linear with temperature. This signal needs to be amplified and linearized to be compatible with the plant's control system, which likely expects a standard voltage (e.g., 0-10V) or current (4-20mA) signal. * **Reasoning**: Direct connection of a thermocouple to a standard control system input is not feasible due to signal characteristics. Signal conditioning is a necessary step in sensor integration. * **Step 7**: **Implement a signal conditioning circuit/module**: This typically involves a thermocouple amplifier (e.g., an instrumentation amplifier with cold-junction compensation) followed by a linearization circuit or a microcontroller-based solution that performs both amplification and linearization using lookup tables or polynomial approximations. * **Reasoning**: This translates the raw sensor signal into a usable format for the control system, fulfilling the output requirement. **Verification**: * **Step 1**: **Bench testing**: Before installation, the thermocouple and its signal conditioning unit should be tested in a controlled laboratory environment. This involves placing the thermocouple in a calibrated high-temperature furnace and comparing its output voltage against known, accurate temperature readings. * **Reasoning**: This verifies the fundamental accuracy and linearity of the sensor and its associated electronics. * **Step 2**: **Calibration check**: The output of the signal conditioning unit should be checked at several points across the operating temperature range (e.g., 660°C, 700°C, 750°C) against a reference thermometer or a certified calibration standard. The voltage output should correspond to the expected temperature according to the sensor's calibration data. * **Reasoning**: This ensures the entire measurement chain (sensor + conditioning) is providing accurate readings. * **Step 3**: **Field testing (controlled)**: Once installed in the furnace, the sensor's readings should be monitored during initial operation. Compare its readings with historical data or other available temperature monitoring points (if any) during a stable furnace operation period. * **Reasoning**: This verifies the sensor's performance in the actual operating environment, checking for any unexpected interactions or drift. * **Step 4**: **Long-term monitoring**: Regularly check the sensor readings for drift or anomalies over time. If readings start to deviate significantly from expected values or other process indicators, it may indicate sensor degradation or contamination, necessitating recalibration or replacement. * **Reasoning**: This ensures ongoing reliability and accuracy. **Generalizable Pattern**: 1. **Define Requirements & Constraints**: Clearly list all operating conditions (temperature, pressure, chemical environment, vibration, etc.) and desired outputs (signal type, accuracy, response time). 2. **Identify Candidate Technologies**: Based on requirements, brainstorm potential sensor types that *could* meet the needs. 3. **Evaluate Compatibility & Feasibility**: For each candidate, assess its suitability against *all* defined constraints, paying close attention to material compatibility, environmental resilience, and signal characteristics. 4. **Select Best Fit & Design Integration**: Choose the sensor that best balances performance, reliability, and cost. Then, design the necessary signal conditioning, mounting, and protection mechanisms. 5. **Test, Calibrate, and Validate**: Rigorously test the complete system (sensor + conditioning) in controlled and then real-world environments. Establish a calibration and maintenance schedule. **Broader Application**: This structured reasoning process is fundamental to all sensor engineering and, indeed, much of mechanical and systems engineering. It mirrors the design process: understanding the problem, exploring solutions, evaluating trade-offs, implementing, and verifying. * **Material Science**: The emphasis on material compatibility is a direct link to material science principles, where understanding chemical and physical properties under stress is paramount. * **Thermodynamics & Heat Transfer**: Selecting a sensor for a high-temperature application inherently involves considering heat transfer mechanisms (conduction, convection, radiation) to ensure the sensor accurately reflects the molten metal temperature and doesn't overheat itself. * **Electrical Engineering & Signal Processing**: The need for signal conditioning highlights the interface between mechanical sensors and electrical control systems, requiring knowledge of amplification, filtering, and linearization techniques. * **Control Systems Engineering**: The ultimate goal is to feed accurate data into a control system. The sensor's accuracy, response time, and reliability directly impact the performance and stability of the control loop. By following this systematic approach, engineers can move beyond simply picking a "sensor" to designing a reliable and effective measurement solution tailored to a specific, often challenging, application. | 0.65 | medium | 6 | 1,821 | [
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652d682c-7933-4eb4-a83a-bf6aa41e8370 | article includes list general | interdisciplinary | historical_context | This article includes a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
An audio tape recorder, tape deck, or tape machine is a sound recording and reproduction device that records and plays back sounds usually using magnetic tape for storage. In its present-day form, it records a fluctuating signal by moving the tape across a tape head that polarizes the magnetic domains in the tape in proportion to the audio signal. Tape-recording devices include the reel-to-reel tape deck and the cassette deck, which uses a cassette for storage.
The use of magnetic tape for sound recording originated around 1930 in Germany as paper tape with oxide lacquered to it. Prior to the development of magnetic tape, magnetic wire recorders had successfully demonstrated the concept of magnetic recording, but they never offered audio quality comparable to the other recording and broadcast standards of the time. This German invention was the start of a long string of innovations that have led to present-day magnetic tape recordings.
Magnetic tape revolutionized both the radio broadcast and music recording industries. It gave artists and producers the power to record and re-record audio with minimal loss in quality as well as edit and rearrange recordings with ease. The alternative recording technologies of the era, transcription discs and wire recorders, could not provide anywhere near this level of quality and functionality.
Since some early refinements improved the fidelity of the reproduced sound, magnetic tape has been the highest quality analog recording medium available. As of the first decade of the 21st century, analog magnetic tape has been largely replaced by digital recording technologies.
- Early tape recorders
Wax strip recorder
The earliest known audio tape recorder was a non-magnetic, non-electric version invented by Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory and patented in 1886 (U.S. Patent 341,214 ). It employed a 3⁄16-inch-wide (4.8 mm) strip of wax-covered paper that was coated by dipping it in a solution of beeswax and paraffin and then had one side scraped clean, with the other side allowed to harden. The machine was of sturdy wood and metal construction, and hand-powered by means of a knob fastened to the flywheel. The wax strip passed from one eight-inch reel around the periphery of a pulley (with guide flanges) mounted above the V-pulleys on the main vertical shaft, where it came in contact with either its recording or playback stylus. The tape was then taken up on the other reel. The sharp recording stylus, actuated by a vibrating mica diaphragm, cut the wax from the strip. In playback mode, a dull, loosely mounted stylus, attached to a rubber diaphragm, carried the reproduced sounds through an ear tube to its listener. Both recording and playback styluses, mounted alternately on the same two posts, could be adjusted vertically so that several recordings could be cut on the same 3⁄16-inch-wide (4.8 mm) strip.
While the machine was never developed commercially, it was an interesting ancestor to the modern magnetic tape recorder which it resembled somewhat in design. The tapes and machine created by Bell's associates, examined at one of the Smithsonian Institution's museums, became brittle, and the heavy paper reels warped. The machine's playback head was also missing. Otherwise, with some reconditioning, they could be placed into working condition.
The waxed tape recording medium was inferior to Edison's wax cylinder medium, and Edison's wax cylinder phonograph became the first widespread sound recording technology, used for both entertainment and office dictation.
Celluloid strip recorder
Franklin C. Goodale adapted movie film for analog audio recording. He received the patent for his invention in 1909. The celluloid film was inscribed and played back with a stylus, in a manner similar to the wax cylinders of Edison's gramophone. The patent description states that the machine could store six records on the same strip of film, side by side, and it was possible to switch between them. In 1912, a similar process was used for the Hiller talking clock.
Photoelectric paper tape recorder
In 1932, after six years of developmental work, including a patent application in 1931, Merle Duston, a Detroit radio engineer, created a tape recorder capable of recording both sounds and voice that used a low-cost chemically treated paper tape. During the recording process, the tape moved through a pair of electrodes which immediately imprinted the modulated sound signals as visible black stripes into the paper tape's surface. The sound track could be immediately replayed from the same recorder unit, which also contained photoelectric sensors, somewhat similar to the various sound-on-film technologies of the era.
Magnetic recording was conceived as early as 1878 by the American engineer Oberlin Smith and demonstrated in practice in 1898 by Danish engineer Valdemar Poulsen. Analog magnetic wire recording, and its successor, magnetic tape recording, involve the use of a magnetizable medium which moves with a constant speed past a recording head. An electrical signal, which is analogous to the sound that is to be recorded, is fed to the recording head, inducing a pattern of magnetization similar to the signal. A playback head can then pick up the changes in magnetic field from the tape and convert it into an electrical signal to be amplified and played back through a loudspeaker.
The first wire recorder was the Telegraphone invented by Valdemar Poulsen in the late 1890s. Wire recorders for law and office dictation and telephone recording were made almost continuously by various companies (mainly the American Telegraphone Company) through the 1920s and 1930s. These devices were mostly sold as consumer technologies after World War II.
Widespread use of wire recording occurred within the decades spanning from 1940 until 1960, following the development of inexpensive designs licensed internationally by the Brush Development Company of Cleveland, Ohio and the Armour Research Foundation of the Armour Institute of Technology (later Illinois Institute of Technology). These two organizations licensed dozens of manufacturers in the U.S., Japan, and Europe. Wire was also used as a recording medium in black box voice recorders for aviation in the 1950s.
Consumer wire recorders were marketed for home entertainment or as an inexpensive substitute for commercial office dictation recorders, but the development of consumer magnetic tape recorders starting in 1946, with the BK 401 Soundmirror, using paper-based tape, quickly drove wire recorders from the market.
Early steel tape recorders
In 1924 a German engineer, Kurt Stille, developed the Poulsen wire recorder as a dictating machine. The following year a fellow German, Louis Blattner, working in Britain, licensed Stille's device and started work on a machine which would instead record on a magnetic steel tape, which he called the Blattnerphone. The tape was 6 mm wide and 0.08 mm thick, travelling at 5 feet per second; the recording time was 20 minutes.
The BBC installed a Blattnerphone at Avenue House in September 1930 for tests, and used it to record King George V's speech at the opening of the India Round Table Conference on 12 November 1930. Though not considered suitable for music the machine continued in use and was moved to Broadcasting House in March 1932, a second machine also being installed. In September 1932, a new model was installed, using 3 mm tape with a recording time of 32 minutes.
In 1933, the Marconi Company purchased the rights to the Blattnerphone, and newly developed Marconi-Stille recorders were installed in the BBC's Maida Vale Studios in March 1935. The quality and reliability was slightly improved, though it still tended to be obvious that one was listening to a recording. A reservoir system containing a loop of tape helped to stabilize the speed. The tape was 3 mm wide and travelled at 1.5 metres/second. By September there were three recording rooms, each with two machines.
They were not easy to handle. The reels were heavy and expensive and the steel tape has been described as being like a travelling razor blade. The tape was liable to snap, particularly at joins, which at 1.5 metres/second could rapidly cover the floor with loops of the sharp-edged tape. Rewinding was done at twice the speed of the recording.
However, despite all this, the ability to make replayable recordings was extremely useful, and even with subsequent methods coming into use (direct-cut discs and Philips-Miller optical film) the Marconi-Stilles remained in use until the late 1940s.
Modern tape recorders
Magnetic tape recording as we know it today was developed in Germany during the 1930s at BASF (then part of the chemical giant IG Farben) and AEG in cooperation with the state radio RRG. This was based on Fritz Pfleumer's 1928 invention of paper tape with oxide powder lacquered to it. The first practical tape recorder from AEG was the Magnetophon K1, demonstrated in Germany in 1935. Eduard Schüller of AEG built the recorders and developed a ring-shaped recording and playback head. It replaced the needle-shaped head which tended to shred the tape. Friedrich Matthias of IG Farben/BASF developed the recording tape, including the oxide, the binder, and the backing material. Walter Weber, working for Hans Joachim von Braunmühl at the RRG, discovered the AC biasing technique, which radically improved sound quality.
During World War II, the Allies noticed that certain German officials were making radio broadcasts from multiple time zones almost simultaneously. Analysts such as Richard H. Ranger believed that the broadcasts had to be transcriptions, but their audio quality was indistinguishable from that of a live broadcast and their duration was far longer than was possible even with 16 rpm transcription discs.[a] In the final stages of the war in Europe, the Allied capture of a number of German Magnetophon recorders from Radio Luxembourg aroused great interest. These recorders incorporated all the key technological features of modern analog magnetic recording and were the basis for future developments in the field.
Development of magnetic tape recorders in the late 1940s and early 1950s is associated with the Brush Development Company and its licensee, Ampex. The equally important development of the magnetic tape media itself was led by Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing (3M) corporation.
In 1938, S.J. Begun left Germany and joined the Brush Development Company in the United States, where work continued but attracted little attention until the late 1940s when the company released the very first consumer tape recorder in 1946: the Soundmirror BK 401. Several other models were quickly released in the following years. Tapes were initially made of paper coated with magnetite powder. In 1947/48 Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company (3M) replaced the paper backing with cellulose acetate or polyester, and coated it first with black oxide, and later, to improve signal-to-noise ratio and improve overall superior quality, with red oxide (gamma ferric oxide).
American audio engineer John T. Mullin and entertainer Bing Crosby were key players in the commercial development of magnetic tape. Mullin served in the U.S. Army Signal Corps and was posted to Paris in the final months of WWII. His unit was assigned to find out everything they could about German radio and electronics, including the investigation of claims that the Germans had been experimenting with high-energy directed radio beams as a means of disabling the electrical systems of aircraft. Mullin's unit soon amassed a collection of hundreds of low-quality magnetic dictating machines, but it was a chance visit to a studio at Bad Nauheim near Frankfurt while investigating radio beam rumours, that yielded the real prize.
Mullin was given two suitcase-sized AEG 'Magnetophon' high-fidelity recorders and fifty reels of recording tape. He had them shipped home and over the next two years he worked on the machines constantly, modifying them and improving their performance. His major aim was to interest Hollywood studios in using magnetic tape for movie soundtrack recording.
Mullin gave two public demonstrations of his machines, and they caused a sensation among American audio professionals; many listeners literally could not believe that what they heard was not a live performance. By luck, Mullin's second demonstration was held at MGM studios in Hollywood and in the audience that day was Bing Crosby's technical director, Murdo Mackenzie. He arranged for Mullin to meet Crosby and in June 1947 he gave Crosby a private demonstration of his magnetic tape recorders.
Bing Crosby, a top movie and singing star, was stunned by the amazing sound quality and instantly saw the huge commercial potential of the new machines. Live music was the standard for American radio at the time and the major radio networks didn't permit the use of disc recording in many programs because of their comparatively poor sound quality. Crosby disliked the regimentation of live broadcasts 39 weeks a year, preferring the recording studio's relaxed atmosphere and ability to retain the best parts of a performance. He asked NBC to let him pre-record his 1944–45 series on transcription discs, but the network refused, so Crosby withdrew from live radio for a year. ABC agreed to let him use transcription discs for the 1946–47 season, but listeners complained about the sound quality.
Crosby realised that Mullin's tape recorder technology would enable him to pre-record his radio show with high sound quality and that these tapes could be replayed many times with no appreciable loss of quality. Mullin was asked to tape one show as a test and was subsequently hired as Crosby's chief engineer to pre-record the rest of the series.
Crosby's season premier on 1 October 1947 was the first magnetic tape broadcast in America. He became the first major American music star to use tape to pre-record radio broadcasts, and the first to master commercial recordings on tape. The taped Crosby radio shows were painstakingly edited through tape-splicing to give them a pace and flow that was wholly unprecedented in radio.[b] Soon other radio performers were demanding the ability to prerecord their broadcasts with the high quality of tape, and the recording ban was lifted.
Crosby invested $50,000 of his own money into the Californian electronics company Ampex, and the six-man concern (headed by Alexander M. Poniatoff, whose initials became part of the company name) soon became the world leader in the development of tape recording, with its Model 200 tape deck, released in 1948 and developed from Mullin's modified Magnetophons.
Tape recording at the BBC
The BBC acquired some Magnetophon machines in 1946 on an experimental basis, and these were used in the early stages of the new Third Programme to record and play back performances of operas from Germany. Delivery of tape was preferred as live relays over landlines were unreliable in the immediate post-war period. These machines were used until 1952, though most of the work continued to be done using the established media.
In 1948 a new British model became available from EMI: the BTR1. Though in many ways clumsy, its quality was good, and as it wasn't possible to obtain any more Magnetophons it was an obvious choice.
In the early 1950s the EMI BTR 2 became available; a much-improved machine and generally liked. The machines were responsive, could run up to speed quite quickly, had light-touch operating buttons, forward-facing heads (The BTR 1s had rear-facing heads which made editing difficult), and were quick and easy to do the finest editing on. It became the standard in recording rooms for many years and was in use until the end of the 1960s.
In 1963 The Beatles were allowed to enhance their recordings at the BBC by overdubbing. The BBC didn't have any multi-track equipment; Overdubbing was accomplished by copying onto another tape.
The tape speed was eventually standardized at 15 ips for almost all work at Broadcasting House, and at 15 ips for music and 7½ ips for speech at Bush House.
Broadcasting House also used the EMI TR90 and a Philips machine which was lightweight but very easy and quick to use: Bush House used several Leevers-Rich models.
The Studer range of machines had become pretty well the studio recording industry standard by the 1970s, and gradually these replaced the aging BTR2s in recording rooms and studios. By the mid-2000s tape was pretty well out of use and had been replaced by digital playout systems.
The typical professional audio tape recorder of the early 1950s used 1⁄4 in (6 mm) wide tape on 10 1⁄2 in (27 cm) reels, with a capacity of 2,400 ft (730 m). Typical speeds were initially 15 in/s (38.1 cm/s) yielding 30 minutes' recording time on a 2,400 ft (730 m) reel. Early professional machines used single-sided reels but double-sided reels soon became popular particularly for domestic use. Tape reels were made from metal or transparent plastic.
Standard tape speeds varied by factors of two – 15 and 30 in/s were used for professional audio recording; 7 1⁄2 in/s (19.1 cm/s) for home audiophile prerecorded tapes; 7 1⁄2 and 3 3⁄4 in/s (19.1 and 9.5 cm/s) for audiophile and consumer recordings (typically on 7 in (18 cm) reels). 1 7⁄8 in/s (4.8 cm/s) and occasionally even 15⁄16 in/s (2.4 cm/s) were used for voice, dictation, and applications where very long recording times were needed, such as logging police and fire department calls.
The 8-track tape standard, promoted by Bill Lear in the early 1960s, popularized consumer audio playback in automobiles. Eventually, this standard was replaced by the smaller and more reliable Compact Cassette.
Philips' development of the Compact Cassette in 1963 and Sony's development of the Walkman in 1979 led to widespread consumer use of magnetic audio tape. In 1990, the Compact Cassette was the dominant format in mass-market recorded music. The development of Dolby noise reduction technology in the 1960s brought audiophile quality recording to the Compact Cassette also contributing to its popularity.
Since their first introduction, analog tape recorders have experienced a long series of progressive developments resulting in increased sound quality, convenience, and versatility.
- Two-track and, later, multi-track heads permitted discrete recording and playback of individual sound sources, such as two channels for stereophonic recordings, or different microphones during live recording. The more versatile machines could be switched to record on some tracks while playing back others, permitting additional tracks to be "laid down" in synchronisation with previously recorded material such as a rhythm track.
- Use of separate heads for recording vs. playback (three heads total, counting the erase head) enabled monitoring of the recorded signal a fraction of a second after recording. Mixing the playback signal back into the record input also created a primitive echo generator.
- Dynamic range compression during recording and expansion during playback expanded the available dynamic range and improved the signal-to-noise ratio. dbx and Dolby Laboratories introduced add-on products in this area, originally for studio use, and later in versions for the consumer market. In particular, "Dolby B" noise reduction became very common in all but the least expensive cassette tape recorders.
- Computer-controlled analog tape recorders were introduced by Oscar Bonello in Argentina. The mechanical transport used three DC motors and introduced two new advances: automated microprocessor transport control and automatic adjustment of bias and frequency response. In 30 seconds the recorder adjusted its bias for minimum THD and best frequency response to match the brand and batch of magnetic tape used. The microprocessor control of transport allowed fast location of any point on the tape.
Electric current flowing in the coils of the tape head creates a fluctuating magnetic field. This causes the magnetic material on the tape, which is moving past and in contact with the head, to align in a manner proportional to the original signal. The signal can be reproduced by running the tape back across the tape head, where the reverse process occurs – the magnetic imprint on the tape induces a small current in the read head which approximates the original signal and is then amplified for playback. Many tape recorders are capable of recording and playing back at once by means of separate record and playback heads in line or combined in one unit.
Modern professional recorders usually use a three-motor scheme. One motor with a constant rotational speed drives the capstan. This, usually combined with a rubber pinch roller, ensures that the tape speed does not fluctuate. The other two motors, which are called Torque Motors, apply equal and opposite torques to the supply and take up reels during recording and play back functions and maintain the tape's tension. During fast winding operations the pinch roller is disengaged and the take up reel motor is supplied with a higher voltage than the supply motor. The cheapest models use a single motor for all required functions; the motor drives the capstan directly and the supply and take-up reels are loosely coupled to the capstan motor with slipping belts, gears or clutches. There are also variants with two motors, in which one motor is used for the capstan and one for driving the reels for playback, rewind and fast forward.
The storage of an analogue signal on tape works well, but is not perfect. In particular, the granular nature of the magnetic material adds high-frequency noise to the signal, generally referred to as tape hiss. Also, the magnetic characteristics of tape are not linear. They exhibit a characteristic hysteresis curve, which causes unwanted distortion of the signal. Some of this distortion is overcome by using an inaudible high-frequency AC bias signal when recording, though the amount of bias needs careful adjustment for best results. Different tape material requires differing amounts of bias, which is why most recorders have a switch to select this (or, in a cassette recorder, switch automatically based on cutouts in the cassette shell). Additionally, systems such as Dolby noise reduction systems (Dolby B, Dolby C, Dolby S and Dolby HX-Pro) have been devised to ameliorate some noise and distortion problems. Variations in tape speed cause flutter, which can be reduced by using dual capstans. Higher speeds used in professional recorders are prone to cause "head bumps", which are fluctuations in low-frequency response.
Tape recorder variety
There are a wide variety of tape recorders in existence, from small hand-held devices to large multitrack machines. A machine with built-in speakers and audio power amplification to drive them is usually called a "tape recorder" or – if it has no record functionality – a "tape player", while one that requires external amplification for playback is usually called a "tape deck" (regardless of whether it can record).
Magnetic tape brought about sweeping changes in both radio and the recording industry. Sound could be recorded, erased and re-recorded on the same tape many times, sounds could be duplicated from tape to tape with only minor loss of quality, and recordings could now be very precisely edited by physically cutting the tape and rejoining it. In August 1948, Los Angeles-based Capitol Records became the first recording company to use the new process.
Within a few years of the introduction of the first commercial tape recorder, the Ampex 200 model, launched in 1948, American musician-inventor Les Paul had invented the first multitrack tape recorder, bringing about another technical revolution in the recording industry. Tape made possible the first sound recordings totally created by electronic means, opening the way for the bold sonic experiments of the Musique Concrète school and avant garde composers like Karlheinz Stockhausen, which in turn led to the innovative pop music studio-as-an-instrument recordings of artists such as Frank Zappa, The Beatles and The Beach Boys.
Tape enabled the radio industry for the first time to pre-record many sections of program content such as advertising, which formerly had to be presented live, and it also enabled the creation and duplication of complex, high-fidelity, long-duration recordings of entire programs. It also, for the first time, allowed broadcasters, regulators and other interested parties to undertake comprehensive logging of radio broadcasts for legislative and commercial purposes, leading to the growth of the modern media monitoring industry.
Innovations, like multitrack recording and tape echo, enabled radio programs and advertisements to be pre-produced to a level of complexity and sophistication that was previously unattainable and tape also led to significant changes to the pacing of program content, thanks to the introduction of the endless-loop tape cartridge.
While they are primarily used for sound recording, tape machines were also important for data storage before the advent of floppy disks and CDs, and are still used today, although primarily to provide an offline backup to hard disk drives.
Professional decks will use higher tape speeds, with 15 and 30 inches per second being most common, while lower tape speeds are usually used for smaller recorders and cassette players, in order to save space where fidelity is not as critical as in professional recorders. By providing a range of tape speeds, users can trade-off recording time against signal quality with higher tape speeds providing greater frequency response.
|1.2||15/32||Found on some Microcassette pocket dictaphones.|
|4.75||17⁄8||Standard for Cassette tape. Common on portable reel-to-reel machines.|
|19||71⁄2||Common on full-size reel-to-reel machines.|
|Compact audio cassette|
|Digital Compact Cassette|
|Digital Audio Tape (DAT)|
|Reel-to-reel audio tape recording|
|RCA tape cartridge|
- Audio editing
- Audio tape length and thickness – Details of different audio tape formats
- Bootleg recording
- Digital audio – History of digital audio use in commercial recording
- Digital voice recorder
- Electronic music
- History of sound recording – Magnetic recording – Magnetic tape in the context of the history of sound recording.
- Multitrack recording – Advanced usage of sophisticated tape recorders.
- Preservation of magnetic audiotape
- Reel-to-reel audio tape recording – Details of using old style recorders.
- Sound follower – For film
- Sound recording and reproduction
- Video tape recorder
- Volta Laboratory-Sound recording
- The Allies were aware of the existence of the pre-war Magnetophon recorders, but not of the introduction of high-frequency bias and PVC-backed tape.
- Mullin claims to have been the first to use "canned laughter"; at the insistence of Crosby's head writer, Bill Morrow, he inserted a segment of raucous laughter from an earlier show into a joke in a later show that hadn't worked well.
- Newville, Leslie J. Development of the Phonograph at Alexander Graham Bell's Volta Laboratory, United States National Museum Bulletin, United States National Museum and the Museum of History and Technology, Washington, D.C., 1959, No. 218, Paper 5, pp.69–79. Retrieved from ProjectGutenberg.org.
- United States patent 944608, F. G. Goodale, "Sound-reproducing machine", issued 28 December 1909
- USPTO. Official Gazette Of The United States Patent Office, United States Patent Office, 1936, Volume 463, pp.537.
- USPTO. United States Patent Office, Patent US2030973 A, "Method of and apparatus for electrically recording and reproducing sound or other vibrations"
- Popular Science. Record Of Voice Now Made On Moving Paper Tape, Popular Science, Bonnier Corporation, February 1934, pp.40, Vol. 124, No. 2, ISSN 0161-7370.
- Onosko, Tim. Wasn't The Future Wonderful?: A View Of Trends And Technology From The 1930s: (article) Book Reads Itself Aloud: After 500 Years, Books Are Given Voice, Dutton, 1979, pp.73, ISBN 0-525-47551-6, ISBN 978-0-525-47551-4. Article attributed to: Popular Mechanics, date of publication unstated, likely c. February 1934.
- Engel, Friedrich Karl, ed. (2006) "Oberlin Smith and the invention of magnetic sound recording: An appreciation on the 150th anniversary of the inventor's birth". Smith's caveat of 4 October 1878 regarding the recording of sound on magnetic media appears on pp. 14–16. Available at: RichardHess.com
- Smith, Oberlin (1888 September 8) "Some possible forms of phonograph," The Electrical World, 12 (10) : 116–117.
- Poulsen, Valdemar, "Method of recording and reproducing sounds or signals," U.S. Patent no. 661,619 (filed: 1899 July 8 ; issued: 1900 November 13).
- "BRUSH DEVELOPMENT CORP". The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. 29 May 2002.
- "Magnetic tape recorder - Kurt Stille, Marconi's Wireless Telegraph Company". Google Arts & Culture. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
- Blattnerphone, retrieved 11 December 2013
- Marconi-Stille recorders, retrieved 11 December 2013
- Directly-cut discs, retrieved 11 December 2013
- Optical film, retrieved 11 December 2013
- Information in this section from 'BBC Engineering 1922-1972' by Edward Pawley, pp178-182; plus some from colleagues who worked in BH in the 1930s.
- Fenster, J.M. (Fall 1994). "How Bing Crosby Brought You Audiotape". Invention & Technology. Archived from the original on 4 April 2011.
- Information from BBC Engineering 1922–1972 by Edward Pawley, page 387.
- Bruce-Jones, Henry. "Worldwide gamma ferric oxide shortage delays cassette tape production". www.factmag.com. Fact. Retrieved 8 April 2020.
- Web page about digital playout
- Information in this section from 'BBC Engineering 1922-1972' by Edward Pawley, p387ff and 488ff plus personal experience.
- First Sony Walkman introduced
- Recording Enters a New Era, And You Can't Find It on LP
- "A new tape transport system with digital control", Oscar Bonello, Journal of Audio Engineering Society, Vol 31 # 12, December 1983
- "The Capitol Story – A Decade of Growth and Success." Billboard, 2 August 1952
- Martel Electronics. Terms commonly used for Tape Recorder. Tape Recorder Speed.
- This article incorporates text from the United States National Museum Bulletin, a government publication in the public domain.
|Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tape recorders.|
- Museum of Magnetic Sound Recording
- Tape Recorder – Interactive Java Tutorial National High Magnetic Field Laboratory
- WikiRecording's Guide to Analog Tape
- A timeline of developments in magnetic recording.
- A History of Magnetic Recording BBC/H2G2
- A Selected History of Magnetic Recording
- Walter Weber's Technical Innovation at the Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft
- Timeline from U of San Diego's Archive
- History of Recording Technology (WayBack Machine)
- History of Magnetic Tape (WayBack Machine)
- Description of the recording process with diagrams. pg. 2, pg. 3, pg. 4, pg. 5.
- Recording at the BBC – a brief history of various sound recording methods used by the BBC. | 0.7 | medium | 6 | 7,212 | [
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83166c80-fb86-4b82-afb7-0b1ddca4a4b9 | Fiction in the United States | interdisciplinary | historical_context | Fiction in the United States
Literature by American Jewish women reflects historical trends in American Jewish life and indicates the changing issues facing writers who worked to position themselves as Americans, Jews, and women. Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century writers descending from affluent Sephardic and German families tended to portray Jews and Judaism though a Judeo-Christian lens, playing up the commonalities between Judaic and Western/Christian traditions. As Eastern European immigrants exponentially increased the number of Jews in American cities, many first- and second-generation authors depicted the distinctive Jewish immigrant experience and the ways in which women struggled with the competing pulls of American and Jewish civilizations. In contrast, other authors, who identified with socialist or secular, international intellectual circles, wrote from a virtually deracinated vantage point, self-declared citizens of the world, devoting little space to their religious or ethnic heritage; some wrote closeted, encoded stories of the American Jewish minority situation, using their own experiences of Jewish marginality to inform their empathetic depiction of other American ethnic and religious groups. At mid-century, female writers created diverse literary ways to respond to the misogynist stereotypes of Jewish women flourishing in fiction by Jewish men. Most recently, a significant trend in writing by American Jewish women has been a dramatic turn toward more particularistic Jewish subjects, characters, and themes; while some American Jewish women writers are only marginally interested in Judaic materials, during the past few decades an increasingly significant group of female writers have focused directly on the American Jewish experience from the inside, many of them exploring the intersection between gender and ethnic and religious identity.
Literature that emphasizes the perceived moral and spiritual similarities between Judaism and Christianity is common among Jewish women whose families came to the United States when Jews comprised a gradually increasing but still extremely small American religious minority, prior to the mass immigrations of Jews from 1880 to 1924. Descended from wealthy, aristocratic Sephardic families who had participated in the formative decades of the country or from German Jewish families who had come to the United States and established themselves financially and socially during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, these cultivated middle- and upper-class American Jewish women produced primarily poetry, devotional verse, hymns, and memoir-type literature, in addition to personal correspondence. From their gracious homes in well-established Jewish communities, American Jewish women writing in the early to mid-nineteenth century tended especially to conform to what they perceived as a synthesis between Christian and Jewish ideals of feminine behavior. In both religious cultures they felt they saw women placed firmly in the domestic realm and in the extended domesticity of communal good works.
One important prototype of the issues concerning early literary Jewish women is provided by Rebecca Gratz (1781–1869), the daughter of a wealthy, socially prominent, well-traveled, entrepreneurial Philadelphia German Jewish family, whose words blend American and Jewish family ideals in an expressed devotion to domestic, communal, and religious concerns. Like other acculturated Jewish women of her time, Gratz was much influenced by the reigning cultural Christian Myth of True Womanhood, and she promoted the image of Jewish women as the equals of their Christian sisters in piety, spirituality, and literary sensitivity.
Other nineteenth-century American Jewish women writers who wrote from similar milieus reflect parallel concerns and influences. For example, Penina Moïse (1797–1880), a southern Jewish woman of Sephardic and German ancestry, wrote what is believed to be the first American book of poetry by a Jew, Fancy’s Sketch Book (1833).
A variation on the literary glorification of maternal qualities is provided by Rebekah Gumpert Hyneman (1812–1875). Her poetic output, including The Leper and Other Poems (1853), presents biblical women such as the matriarchs and female prophets and judges as representatives of the valiant but meek and gentle, angel-of-the-hearth type of woman.
Southern writers added regional patriotism to their other American attributes. Posthumously published verses by Octavia Harby Moses (1823–1904), mother of seventeen children, fourteen of whom survived, deal primarily with feminine responsibilities, family life, and praise of her “native” Confederate “beautiful land” of South Carolina. Rachel Mordecai Lazarus (1788–1838), who began her professional career by teaching in her father’s academy for young ladies in Virginia, wrote to non-Jewish novelist Maria Edgeworth complaining that Edgeworth’s character Mordecai in the novel The Absentee (1812) was based on a negative Jewish stereotype. From her vantage point in North Carolina, Lazarus wrote glowingly about “the spirit of unity and benevolence” that animated the relationship between Jews and non-Jews in antebellum Wilmington, although she did note that some non-Jews seemed to feel some “regret” at her religious persuasion (Lichtenstein, p. 100).
As increasing numbers of Jews began to arrive at America’s shores during the second half of the nineteenth century, American Jews—and writing Jewish women—expressed their awareness of seemingly growing levels of conflict between Jews and non-Jews, including overt antisemitism. Hostility to Jews evoked two responses in female Jewish authors: (1) to defend the Jewish “race,” and/or (2) to rid fellow Jews and Jewesses of “undesirable” qualities, as defined by Christian culture. In essays, poetry, correspondence, and the occasional piece of fiction, Jewish women writing in the later decades of the nineteenth century turned their discomfort with Christian anti-Jewish feeling both inward and outward. Still influenced by societal preferences for the domestic angel, they were less able than the women who preceded them to assume serene harmony between Christian and Jewish persons and value systems.
Emma Lazarus (1849–1887), the most talented and renowned of American Jewish female writers emerging from the cocoon of upper-class respectability into creative interaction with a changing world, began her career rather removed intellectually from her Jewish heritage, declaring herself to be a transcendentalist and a humanist. As the years passed, however, several factors contributed to Lazarus’s growing intellectual fascination with Jewish history and the fate of Jews worldwide, including some personal interactions with anti-Semites, the much-publicized vulnerability and suffering of Jews in pogrom-afflicted Europe and in new American immigrant communities, and literary catalysts such as Heine’s Jewishly conscious writings. For Lazarus, the creative rediscovery of the Jews was a passage into peoplehood and ethnic responsibility, rather than an overtly spiritual journey. This preference marked Lazarus not only as reflective of her own assimilated class, but also powerfully predictive of the secularized Jews who would dominate the American scene half a century later, with their cult of sacred civic survival.
A different order of personal reinvention faced the large numbers of European women who immigrated to the United States from 1880 to 1924, and their literature illustrates very different attitudes and concerns. Jewish immigrants and their children found themselves in an environment where few traditional Jewish values were salient. Society was often turned upside down, as formerly middle-class, well-educated families found themselves plunged into abject poverty, while formerly impoverished and ignorant émigrés became entrepreneurial successes. Although immigrant women and men came to the New World hoping for comfort and opportunity, many found confusion, poverty, and exploitation instead. As their stories, novels, and letters indicate, life for immigrant women was especially difficult. Relationships between husbands and wives, and between parents and children, were often disrupted. Despite the American preference for the full-time “true woman” homemaker mother, few families were able to survive on the earnings of the husband alone, and both girls and married women worked long hours. Later immigrants provided the major workforce in the mushrooming garment industry, with girls typically working in the factories and married women doing piecework at home. Many immigrant women felt confused and almost powerless in this strange new society.
While American-born aristocrats writing before the mass immigrations conflated American and Jewish cultures into a comforting hybrid, first- and second-generation American Jewish women writers often made themselves over in their writings, creating personal histories only loosely based on the actual facts of their lives, which dramatized the transformative struggle of the immigrant experience. Mary Antin (1881–1949) and Anzia Yezierska (c. 1885–1970) are especially illustrative of this tendency, but a number of lesser-known women writers of this period also follow the pattern. For such writers, Jewish societies became a literary counterpoint to mainstream American culture; they pictured themselves as heroic women negotiating between conflicting demands.
Mary Antin’s memoir, The Promised Land (1912), was read for years as a factual description of the experiences of a young immigrant who traveled from pogroms in Polotsk to higher culture in Boston. Antin tells a mostly happy story, glorifying the process through which immigrants who would have had only narrow scope in their countries of origin are emancipated and joyously encounter the opportunities of America’s wide world. Later readers, deconstructing Antin’s sanitized description, have noted that her own life demonstrated a far more rocky interaction between Jewish and American traditions.
Anzia Yezierska’s memoir, Red Ribbon on a White Horse (1950), diverged in different ways from the plain autobiographical facts. Yezierska used her Old World heritage to enhance her persona and to make herself seem more vivid. Yezierska builds on the Hollywood public relations hyperbole that described her as “the Cinderella of the tenements,” an impoverished young immigrant whose writing talents catapulted her into Hollywood, only to find that she was by nature too sensitive and principled for the falsehoods of this glamorous but shallow world. Like Antin, Yezierska experienced conflicts that would have been dramatic enough, had she cared to write about them: various life crises apparently precipitated nervous breakdowns, flirtations with Christian Science and Eastern spirituality, and volatile relationships with a series of American celebrities, including John Dewey (Dearborn, Love, pp. 152–157).
American-born Jewish writers were far less likely than immigrants to focus openly on the Jewish experience in their writing. Gertrude Stein (1848–1946), Edna Ferber (1885–1968), Fannie Hurst (1889–1968), Lillian Hellman (1906–1984), and others, perhaps regarding the world of Jews and Judaism as too narrow and parochial for their literary concerns, created intellectual realms in which some characters might have distinctive Jewish surnames but their Jewishness had little overt significance.
The image of a minority woman moving across ethnic lines through sexual liaisons and intermarriage is a recurring motif in many of Ferber’s works. Ethnic women are presented as doubly marginal, subjected to insider/outsider status; their affection for mainstream males is explored both as transgressive behavior that meets with punishment (Show Boat) and as a positive, supremely American melting-pot response to ethnic difference (Cimarron). Despite her virtual public silence on the subject of Jewishness during the actual war years, in her notes Ferber privately dedicates the Jewishly silent first portion of her autobiography, A Peculiar Treasure (1939): “To Adolph Hitler who made of me a better Jew and a more understanding and tolerant human being, as he has millions of other Jews, this book is dedicated in loathing and contempt.” The second half of her memoirs, A Kind of Magic (1963), deals more overtly with her Jewish childhood and later trips to Nazi death camps (Walden, pp. 72–79).
An important figure in American literary and dramatic worlds, but only marginally identified as a Jew, Lillian Hellman earned her place in history through the writing of twelve serious dramas and her memoirs, as well as her political presence.
Many second-generation American Jewish literary women of Eastern European family origin seemed to avoid overtly Jewish subjects or references. American Jewish authors writing out of the Depression depicted the social activism that was typical of many immigrant Jewish women and their daughters, but much of the proletarian fiction of such writers as Tess Slesinger (1905–1945) or Jo Sinclair has little focus on the Jewish identity of characters or Jewish subject matter.
The author of essays, fiction, and poetry, Tillie Olsen (b. c. 1913) writes both of women who have lost their sense of direction and of strong women involved in socialist activities. In the compelling story “Tell Me a Riddle” (1962), one of Olsen’s few works in which the Jewish identity of her characters is salient, Olsen draws on her own familial revolutionary, antireligious background.
Passionate attention to social problems characterized some Jewish women writers, most successfully Grace Paley (b. 1922).
Although she published books of fiction only about once a decade, with The Little Disturbances of Man in 1959, Enormous Changes at the Last Minute in 1974, and Later the Same Day in 1985, Paley’s distinctive, elliptical short story style and deft characterizations won her a devoted audience. Much of Paley’s energy was poured into social activism and political protests, concerns that are incorporated into her stories. Faith Darwin Asbury, the frequent protagonist of Paley’s short stories, is a searching, idealistic Jewish woman, the urban daughter of two aging socialists. In the stories, Faith negotiates her destiny as she becomes a single mother to her two sons. In Paley’s fiction, Jewishness is a moral consciousness, a tone of voice, the Yiddish expressions and urban accents of relatives and friends. While Paley’s concerns are universal and she has expressed what many consider to be anti-Zionist sentiments, neither she nor her characters attempt to suppress their Jewishness, and the stories convey an unselfconscious comfort level with the Jewish aspects of her life.
During the 1950s and 1960s, American Jewish female writers were creating their works of fiction in an extremely hostile environment, in which their male—and far more successful—colleagues were scornfully depicting young women whose parents were grooming them to fit into upper-middle-class American norms, as they saw them.
In the early 1970s, several young female authors emerged on the literary scene whose works provided their own, woman-oriented vantage point on societal pressures. Rejecting the image of the materialistic, libidinously timid Jewish female, Erica Jong (b. 1942) created a Jewish protagonist, Isadora Wing, who overcomes her symbolic Fear of Flying (1973) by trying to live as lustily and fearlessly as any ribald male hero of picaresque sagas. Alix Kates Shulman’s (b. 1932) novel Memoirs of an Ex-Prom Queen (1972) and Gail Parent’s (b. 1940) satiric Sheila Levine Is Dead and Living in New York (1972) depicted the social forces shaping and distorting the self-perceptions and behaviors of one beautiful, popular and one plain, unpopular Jewish young woman, respectively. Marge Piercy’s (b. 1936) diligent chronicle of the stormy, experimental cultural environment of the late 1960s and early 1970s insists that despite the appearance of enormous external change early in the emergence of the contemporary feminist movement, Jewish women were often deluded and denuded, left with what were in actuality Small Changes (1972).
The impact of external forces on the women portrayed in Jewish fiction has evolved perceptibly from decade to decade. American Jewish women struggled with a plethora of challenges in the shifting landscape of America from the 1970s through the 1990s. The whole world was seemingly open to them—they could pursue education as far as their intellectual capacities and ambitions could take them; they could enter any vocational field; they could follow their sexual inclinations into numerous or monogamous, lesbian or heterosexual liaisons; they could combine childbearing and career, juggle or sequence the two, or avoid having children altogether; they could attain rabbinical ordination or completely estrange themselves from Jewish life. The choices were at times bewildering. American Jewish literature depicted and interpreted the battles undertaken by Jewish women in this extraordinary time of change.
Many American Jewish women writers focused on gender role redefinition, often as part of an interface between Jewish values and mores and contemporary American life-styles and demographics. A gay man’s lover and former wife both show up at his son’s bar mitzvah in Marian Thurm’s short story collection These Things Happen (1988). Linda Bayer’s (b. 1948) The Blessing and the Curse (1988) and Julie Salamon’s White Lies (1987) depict the special pressures infertility and adoption create for Jews. Jewish peoplehood, in all its permutations, attracted much literary attention. The award-winning fiction of Johanna Kaplan (b. 1948) richly and often humorously captures the flavor of urban Jewish middle-class life. In Kaplan’s work, such as Other People’s Lives (stories, 1975) and O My America (novel, 1980), conflict between Jewish-radical ideals, the more traditional historical Jewish heritage, and classical American dreams is played out alongside the conflict between several generations of American Jews. Although her characters and milieus are unselfconsciously Jewish, her fiction functions as a social critique of the 1960s New Age sensibility as well as a parody of assimilationist behavior. Roberta Silman also depicted the volatile relationships between Eastern European Jews and their assimilated offspring in books such as Somebody Else’s Child (1976), Blood Relations (1977), and Boundaries (1979).
Other authors showed how negative feelings about womanhood, and specifically Jewish womanhood, could poison the relationship between Jewish mothers and daughters. Explorations of mother-daughter relationships, already an intriguing element in earlier American Jewish fiction, emerged as a major motif in women’s mid- and late-twentieth-century novels and short stories. Some female characters were portrayed as no longer content to follow in their mothers’ footsteps, yet unsure what they wished to be instead. For some, the exploration of new paths was further complicated by anguished feelings of resentment and guilt toward the mothers they loved and hated and, at least psychologically and often physically as well, were leaving behind. In a society that often vented its dislike of Jewish women, Jewish daughters feared to be too close to their mothers because they did not wish to become like them, but they felt that in abandoning their mother’s life-styles they were adding to the burdens that had already oppressed and diminished the older women.
Vivian Gornick’s (b. 1935) memoir, Fierce Attachments (1987), focused on thwarted women who turn inward, blighting the lives of subsequent generations of women. In a pattern that recalls some of the immigrant fiction, a daughter’s entire life is lived in reaction to her mother. Obsessed by the conviction that she does not want to repeat her mother’s mistakes, the daughter never truly achieves independence from the past. Mothers can withdraw from their daughters for other reasons, as editor and novelist Daphne Merkin (b. 1954) illustrated in her novel Enchantment (1986). In Merkin’s novel, Hannah Lehman grows up in an affluent German Jewish Orthodox home on New York’s Upper West Side. In contrast with the more familiar stereotype of the “smothering” Jewish mother, Hannah feels that her mother ignores her. Her mother’s emotional withdrawal controls Hannah’s life just as surely as another mother’s direct manipulation.
Some of the most fascinating literature by American Jewish women in the 1980s and 1990s explored the dialectic of appetite and repulsion that female sexuality evokes in some men. While fascinating as a psychological phenomenon, this love-hate relationship has been the basis of profound discrimination against women at many times and in many cultures. American Jewish women often included male characters who project their own psychological ambivalence onto female physical characteristics and virtually convert normal female physiology into a type of pathology. Not infrequently, a mother internalizes restricted expectations of womanhood and passes them along to her daughter.
Lynne Sharon Schwartz (b. 1939) explored the deadening effect of bourgeois expectations for women in several pieces of fiction, especially Leaving Brooklyn (1989), an extraordinary short novel. Schwartz’s protagonist, Audrey, is a young adolescent girl with one normal eye, through which she sees the ordinary, proper world of middle class Brooklyn, and one damaged eye, through which she glimpses a sinister world of dark impulses, sexuality, and chaotic, uncharted possibilities. The ophthalmologist hired by Audrey’s mother to cure Audrey’s wandering eye with a specialized contact lens also enters into a sexual relationship with the child. When the relationship is ended and Audrey reevaluates the Brooklyn world of her parents and their card-playing friends, she discovers that human beings—even middle-class Jewish parents—are far more complex than she had imagined: Memory plays tricks, and everyday realities shift and blur with or without a trick eye. In her parents and their friends she discovers a political liberalism that amounts to heroism in the repressive anticommunist era, and in herself she discovers an ineradicable piece of Brooklyn from which she will be forever departing.
In another response to perceived misogyny and patriarchal oppression, some Jewish authors championed lesbianism as both a physical/social orientation and as a political statement. These authors described the worldview and experiences of those Jewish women who reject male-identified gender behavior and identify primarily with other women. Fiction depicting the lives of identified Jewish lesbians, once difficult to find, began to proliferate. Some titles include Alice Bloch’s (b. 1947) The Law of Return (novel, 1983), Leslea Newman’s (b. 1955) A Letter to Harvey Milk (stories, 1988), Jyl Lynn Felman’s (b. 1954) Hot Chicken Wings (stories, 1992), and Joan Nestle’s (b. 1940) A Restricted Country (1987). While some works were highly critical of Jewish tradition, which they perceived as hostile, much significant Jewish lesbian writing was deeply committed to Jewish peoplehood and Jewish survival, and several anthologies were largely dedicated to Jewish-content feminist and lesbian writing.
Sephardi women have had their own special relationship with patriarchal family and community systems. Many Sephardi Jewish women have stated that women in Sephardi society today have been far more cloistered and restricted in their activities than women deriving from German or Eastern European Jewish societies. Beyond the boundaries of the Sephardi community, some Sephardi Jewish women write that they endure a double discrimination—they are suspect because they are women and because they are not of Ashkenazi derivation. The characters and milieus treated by contemporary Sephardic women writers diverge from those dealt with by aristocratic women of Sephardi descent in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as well as those of Ashkenazi writers. In literature such as Gloria Kirschheimer’s “The Voyager” (1984) or “Nona: A Recollection” (1991), Ruth Knafo Setton’s “Songs from My Mother’s House” (1993) or “Street of Whores”, or Rosaly De Maios Roffman’s “Sometimes People Think: Puffin Rhapsody” (1988) or “My Japanese Lady” (1992), the reader encounters Jewish and female visions that differ from those of other Jewish societies.
In addition to the increasing consciousness of women’s issues produced by the varieties of the women’s movement, Jewish consciousness was being raised as well. Starting in the late 1960s and 1970s and continuing through the 1990s, enormous changes occurred in the Jewish literary world, in which Jewish women were full and important participants. A significant group of contemporary American Jewish writers produced an inward-turning genre of fiction that explored the individual Jew’s connection to other Jewish people, to the Jewish religion, culture, and tradition, and to the chain of Jewish history. Jewishly literate fiction flourished in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s on every level; it attracted a broader reading audience than anyone might have predicted. In women’s fiction ranging from highly serious to middlebrow to frankly pulp fiction, aspects of Jewish life that earlier in the century might have seemed to be inaccessible esoterica were transformed into exotica. Contrary to the expectations of assimilationists and the example of Jewish literature during the first half of the twentieth century, particularistic women’s Jewish fiction became a commonplace.
Among major themes that emerged in late twentieth-century American Jewish fiction focusing on women, some of the most important included: the role of the Holocaust in the identity of survivors, their children, and the broader Jewish community; Israel as a focal point of American Jewish identity and a setting for the exploration of Jewish identity; a variety of religious and cultural subgroups within Jewish life, such as Sephardi Jewish communities, ultra-Orthodox communities, and feminist groups; sexual subgroups, such as Jewish lesbians and homosexuals; gendered relationships and the tension between intellectual and sensual, personal and professional, or Jewish and humanistic agendas in the lives of contemporary American Jewish women.
Characteristic of American Jewish women’s literature during the last quarter of the twentieth century is a depiction of diverse Orthodox societies and characters. This trend differs markedly from American Jewish literature of earlier periods, in which Orthodox characters tended to be cranky old men or force-feeding mothers and aunts. Orthodox Jewish characters and settings now enjoy an unprecedented and variegated focus in new American Jewish fiction. Among contemporary younger authors, Nessa Rapoport’s (b. 1953) moving first novel, Preparing for the Sabbath (1981), portrays a young woman struggling with the conflicting demands of youthful passion and spirituality, and of Orthodoxy and secularism, in both American and Israeli settings. Both the title of Allegra Goodman’s (b. 1967) first collection of short stories, Total Immersion (1989), and the themes, imagery, and subject matter of many of the stories reflect her childhood in an Orthodox family in Hawaii. Her second collection, The Family Markowitz (1996), focuses largely on the tendency of modern/liberal/traditional Jews to merge American and Jewish values and behaviors—sometimes comically—in their everyday lives. Goodman’s first novel, National Book Award finalist Kaaterskill Falls (1999), captures the inner and outer worlds of a fervently Orthodox woman: the conflict between her love of tradition and her yearning to expand her cultural horizons is set against her community’s social and religious dynamics as they summer en masse in the mountains of upstate New York.
Savagely humorous depictions of the idiosyncrasies and foibles of Orthodox environments are found in the pages of Tova Reich’s (b. 1942) Mara: A Novel (1978), which knowingly depicts wealthy contemporary Orthodox New Yorkers, and The Master of the Return (1988), which wickedly satirizes the spiritual searchings of a motley collection of ba’alei teshuvah [born-again Jews], who have gathered under the aegis of the Breslover Hasidic group in Israel.
The focus on Orthodox Judaism is a reflection of the interest Orthodox societies evoked among some seemingly secularized American Jews. The story of such unlikely Orthophilism is found in Anne Roiphe’s (b. 1935) popular and much-excerpted Lovingkindness (1987), a tale of an ultra-assimilated, intermarried, and widowed feminist whose daughter becomes a devoutly Orthodox Jew, much to her mother’s initial astonishment and distress. A journey toward exploration of classical Jewish texts and ideas is found in the works of novelist and essayist Norma Rosen (b. 1925).
Another version of the trajectory in which an intellectual fascination with Judaica is followed by the writing of fiction that deals with it is found in the work of Rhoda Lerman (b. 1936). Lerman’s New York suburban, ritually observant Jewish family sent her to Sunday school only, because she was a girl. Lerman’s resulting feelings of alienation from the patriarchalism of traditional Jewish life (Satlof, pp. 197–208) were captured in her irreverent, explicit novel Call Me Ishtar (1973). However, later contact with a Hasidic rabbi led her to embark on a course of formal Jewish text study in several settings. Her novel God’s Ear (1989), based in part on her Hasidic mentor, features a protagonist who is first a Hasidic rabbi, then an affluent insurance salesman, and finally once again a rabbi and spiritualist in unlikely Kansas.
This fascination with Orthodox settings extended to mystery novels and to popular fiction as well. For example, Faye Kellerman’s homicide detective hero meets the widow of a kollel yeshiva student in her mystery The Ritual Bath (1986); their relationship continues, with the detective serendipitously discovering in Sacred and Profane (1987) that he has Jewish origins and is thus an appropriate romantic interest for the Orthodox widow. The series proved so popular that this seemingly odd couple went on to numerous adventures in subsequent books. Similarly, Naomi Ragen’s popular novel Jepthe’s Daughter (1989) brought a beautiful young Orthodox woman from affluent America to the extremism of a cloistered Jerusalem neighborhood in a disastrous marriage to a rigid and unpleasant Hasidic Jew; she escapes the nightmare by falling in love with a seemingly gentile gentleman who turns out to have had a Jewish mother. Romances especially have mined the exotic settings offered by biblical, Eastern European, Sephardic, and Orthodox worlds, often in combination with American Jewish settings. In scores of popular romances by authors such as Cynthia Freeman, Belva Plain, Julie Ellis (b. 1933) and Iris Rainer Dart, landmarks of Jewish history previously relegated to textbooks became plot devices in the pages of glossy-covered novels. As expected, their female protagonists are almost always breathtakingly beautiful and, no matter how agonizing their experiences, almost always achieve the romantic and material successes that are a sine qua non of the genre. However, unlike such heroic characters in the past, these beautiful protagonists are often identifiably, proudly Jewish and achieve their goals not through the ministrations of a handsome and mysterious gentleman but through their own intelligent, energetic efforts. The image of the Jewish woman in contemporary American Jewish literature was affected even at the most basic, grass-roots level.
Emblematic of the new Jewish American women’s literature at its highest level are the novels, short stories, and essays of Cynthia Ozick (b. 1928). Ozick’s signature preoccupation is the conflict between the Jewish intellectual, spiritual, and cultural tradition, on one hand, and the Hellenistic sweep of artistic creativity and secular Western humanism, on the other hand. The conflict between art and Torah is no mere intellectual game for Ozick; she expresses it in numerous stories and novels as a deep, ongoing struggle.
Like Ozick, Rebecca Goldstein (b. 1950) demonstrates in her short stories and novels a thorough familiarity with diverse issues in Jewish society and in traditional Jewish life. Her work explores topics as different as the respective difficulties experienced by children of Holocaust survivors and by urban New York Jews in preppy suburban Princeton. Goldstein’s protagonist in The Mind-Body Problem (1983) is a “beautiful, brainy” young woman, Renee Feuer, who grew up in a strictly Orthodox home. After leaving home for college and then graduate school, Renee moves incrementally away from her training. When Renee abandons religious ritual for the study of philosophy, there is more than a little religious intensity and spiritual searching in her choice. Much to her surprise, she finds that her graduate school professors and her intellectual but Jewishly ignorant husband are at least as sexist as the Orthodox world she left. Renee comes to see her mind as the enemy that threatens her marriage. Her friend, in contrast, sees her body as the enemy that threatens her intellectual career. Even in the secular world, women are often pathologically divided, according to authors such as Goldstein. After writing several novels and short story collections not so directly focused on Jewish themes, Goldstein returned to the theme of Jewish women’s identity as women and as Jews in her multigenerational saga Mazel (1995). Goldstein captures both the warmth of the traditional Jewish home and the tragic constrictions traditional Jewish societies often impose on creative women, in prose that is moving and playful in turn.
The quandaries experienced by Goldstein’s protagonists are paradigmatic of realities in American Jewish societies, which during the final quarter of the twentieth century have seen simultaneous attenuation and intensification of Jewishness among different segments of the population. Even among those writers and readers with little interest in or knowledge of traditional Jewish texts and life-styles, fierce secularism found few voices. Instead, the hostility of earlier generations often mellowed into nostalgia, leaving Jews who once fled from the sights, sounds, and social pressures of the urban ghetto now anxious to read literature that recaptured for them scenes and experiences from their childhood and youth.
Both Ozick and Goldstein have written powerful fiction dealing with yet another characteristic preoccupation of American Jewish women’s writing—the Holocaust and the lost communities of Eastern Europe. Ozick argues against an attempt to try to explain Jewish suffering in the Holocaust as a Christological activity. In The Shawl (1989) and The Messiah of Stockholm (1987), Ozick mourns the Holocaust destruction of European Jewish culture and portrays survivors as idiosyncratic, flawed human beings, rather than as bland or mystical symbols, at the same time making their pain and confusion palpable. Goldstein’s story “The Legacy of Raizel Kaidish” (1985) portrays a mother who tries to mold her daughter into a selfless, dispassionately altruistic saint—all in an effort to expiate her own profound moral failure within the hell of the concentration camps. Only on her deathbed does she acknowledge that she has been wrong to sacrifice her daughter’s autonomy.
The scores of Holocaust-related novels and memoirs, both autobiographical and fictional, published by women in the United States run the gamut from simply told personal tales to philosophical explorations of the meaning of evil to lightly fictionalized historical chronicles to cinematic soap operas. Norma Rosen’s Touching Evil (1969), mentioned earlier, and Susan Fromberg Schaeffer’s (b. 1941) Anya (1974) are stirring depictions of the Holocaust and its impact. Among Gloria Goldreich’s (1934) best-selling, well-researched popular historical sagas, which look backward to explore the transformation of Jewish life in American immigrant societies and then trace its progress through contemporary times, one of the most moving is her Holocaust novel, Four Days (1980).
Other recent Holocaust memoirs include Gerda Klein’s All But My Life (1995), the basis for the Emmy-winning documentary “One Survivor Remembers,” about Klein’s concentration camp ordeal and her liberation by the American soldier who became her husband, and Magda’s Daughter: A Hidden Child’s Journey Home (2003), Evi Blaikie’s story of her struggle to adapt—to new countries, religions, names and even genders (at the age of two she was smuggled from Paris to Budapest on a male cousin’s passport)—a search for identity and a “home” that has lasted a lifetime.
Some feminist literature was experimental in theme, style, or content, and Jewishly spiritual in its concerns. Esther m. Broner’s (b. 1930) mystical fiction, A Weave of Women (1978), described a dozen women and three girls who dream of and plan for a feminist vision of utopia in Israel. Broner’s experimental style in this novel, which blends Hebrew, Yiddish, and biblical motifs within narrative, drama, and poetic forms, might be termed mythic exploration of feminist issues. A nonfiction book, The Telling (1992), deals with the creation of Jewish women’s religious rituals in the form of a feminist seder involving Broner, Gloria Steinem, Letty Cottin Pogrebin, Bella Abzug, Phyllis Chesler, and other Jewish activists.
Another example of Jewish feminist/spiritualist writing was Kim Chernin’s (b. 1940) The Flame Bearers (1986), a historical novel depicting a sect of Jewish women devoted to a female aspect of godhead called Chochma, the Bride. Other works by the prolific Chernin include feminist-oriented and Jewishly intense essays, such as those found in Reinventing Eve (1987), her memoir, In My Mother’s House: A Daughter’s Story (1983, subsequently paralleled by a spiritual memoir, In My Father’s Garden: A Daughter’s Search for a Spiritual Life, 1996), and The Woman who Gave Birth to her Mother (1999). Chernin was among those Jewish feminists who believed that merely giving women access to male forms of Jewish worship, liturgy, and religious imagery does little for truly woman-oriented spiritual expression. Like other writers, Chernin found Israel a particularly felicitous literary setting to make contact with previous suppressed images of female divinity.
The literary passage from Rebecca Gratz to Rebecca Goldstein incorporates nearly two centuries of cultural change. From the pedestal of heroic, restricted, self-consciously Judeo-Christian “true” womanhood, through the dislocating crucible of mass immigration, into the passionate Americanization of the first half of the twentieth century, Jewish women’s literature preserved women’s voices. Nevertheless, for many years, Jewish female writers, doubly marginal, avoided direct literary encounters with some primary aspects of their identity; indeed, Jewish male writers also catered for decades to the predominantly non-Jewish literary establishment either by ignoring Jewish subject matter or by treating Jewish characters as a species of precocious existential or comical “others,” whose value consisted in their standing both inside and outside of and commenting on Christian or secular societies. When Jewish men did write directly about Jews, they often cast Jewish women in satirical stereotypes, deflecting cultural antisemitism onto the female of the species. However, American Jewish women’s literature of the 1980s and 1990s drew on the full, complex, often contradictory and conflicting particularisms of the female Jewish American experience and vision. The female protagonists of late twentieth-century American Jewish fiction struggled with a multiplicity of identities: They were Jewish, Americans, daughters and wives and lovers and mothers; they were moderns—they were heirs to an ancient tradition. The proliferation of Jewish women writing—and being published—as America has crossed into the twenty-first century literally speaks volumes about the preservation of women’s visions and women’s voices for the coming generations.
Antler, Joyce. America And I: Short Stories By American Jewish Women (1990); Batker, Carol. “Fannie Hurst.” In Jewish American Women Writers: A Bio-Bibliographical And Critical Sourcebook (1994); Blaikie, Evi. Magda’s Daughter: A Hidden Child’s Journey Home. The Helen Rose Schueur Jewish Women’s Series. New York: 2003; Calisher, Hortense. Kissing Cousins: A Memory (1988), and “No Important Woman Writer.” In Women’s Liberation and Literature, edited by Elaine Showalter (1971); Dearborn, Mary V. Love in the Promised Land: The Story of Anzia Yezierska (1988), and Pocahontas’s Daughters: Gender and Ethnicity in American Culture (1986); Fishman, Sylvia Barack. “American Jewish Fiction Turns Inward.” AJYB 91 (1991); Henderson, Bruce. “Lillian Hellman.” In Jewish American Women Writers; Hindus, Milton. “Ethnicity and Sexuality in Gertrude Stein.” Midstream 20 (January 20, 1974); Lichtenstein, Diane. Writing Their Nations: The Tradition of Nineteenth-Century Jewish Women Writers (1992); Matza, Diane. Writing the Culture: Sephardic American Literature (1997); Satlof, Claire R. “Rhoda Lerman.” In Jewish American Women Writers; Shapiro, Ann R., Sara R. Horowitz, Ellen Schiff, and Miriyam Glazer, eds. Jewish American Women Writers: A Bio-Bibliographical and Critical Sourcebook (1994); Wald, Alan. The New York Intellectuals: The Rise and Decline of the Anti-Stalinist Left from the 1930s to the 1980s (1987); Walden, Daniel. “Edna Ferber.” In Jewish American Women Writers; Weinberg, Sydney Stahl. “Longing to Learn: The Education of Jewish Immigrant Women in New York City, 1900–1934.” Journal of American Ethnic History (Spring 1989), and The World of Our Mothers: The Lives of Jewish Immigrant Women (1988); Wilentz, Gay. “Jo Sinclair.” In Jewish American Women Writers.
How to cite this page
Fishman, Sylvia Barack. "Fiction in the United States." Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. 1 March 2009. Jewish Women's Archive. (Viewed on May 6, 2015) <http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/fiction-in-united-states>. | 0.6 | medium | 6 | 9,128 | [
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cac1d4d9-56bc-4cca-bc0d-ada9c3f63454 | Task Force Child Survival | life_skills | historical_context | The Task Force for Child Survival and Development in Decatur, Ga., worked for four years (2000–2004) with federal, state and local public health agencies across the nation to foster the development of computerized child health information systems that integrate data from multiple sources.
In response to low immunization rates among preschool children, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) in 1991 initiated a national program called All Kids Count: Establishing Immunization Monitoring and Follow-up Systems to create immunization registries (for more information see Program Results Report).
An immunization registry is a computerized information system that collects child vaccination records from multiple health care providers in a geographic area.
In July 2000, the RWJF Board of Trustees funded an All Kids Count technical resource center.
The project staff formed a collaborative of health organizations working to integrate child health information systems. The goal of the collaborative, called Connections, was to provide a forum for members to learn from one another and to document best practices.
Members were eligible for mini-grants to support their local integration initiatives. In addition to Connections, which continued with federal funding after the project ended, the staff convened an invitational conference and produced various publications to encourage the development of integrated child health information systems.
The technical resource center strengthened the public health sector's involvement in and commitment to the development of integrated child health information systems.
The concept of integrating immunization registries with other child health information systems gained increased support from federal agencies—including the Health Resources and Services Administration, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services.
The technical resource center established a community of practice dedicated to improving public health information networking.
The technical assistance funds provided to Connections members stimulated solutions to networking issues that were shared with the health community at large.
The technical resource center helped move immunization registries and integrated child health information systems beyond the concept stage. | 0.65 | medium | 6 | 400 | [
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bc78283c-199e-4cee-b0fd-350578bdd5ef | Let's build bridge between | life_skills | tutorial | Let's build a bridge between Environmental Health Science and Public Health, revealing the hidden patterns that connect them. ## The Shared Pattern: The Invisible Hand of Exposure At the heart of both Environmental Health Science and Public Health lies a fundamental, often invisible, force: **exposure**. Think of it like this: Imagine a vast, interconnected web. On one side of the web, we have the **Environment** – the air we breathe, the water we drink, the food we eat, the places we live and work, even the invisible chemicals and radiation around us. Environmental Health Science is the detective meticulously mapping out this side of the web, identifying the potential hazards and understanding how they exist and behave. On the other side of the web, we have **People** – communities, populations, individuals. Public Health is the guardian, concerned with the well-being of these people. The shared pattern is the **invisible thread of exposure** that connects these two sides. It’s the pathway through which environmental factors *reach* and *affect* people. Environmental Health Science identifies the potential dangers in the environment, and Public Health works to mitigate the harm caused by people's exposure to those dangers. ## The Surprising Connection: From Microbes to Molecules, The Scale of Influence The connection isn't just about obvious pollution like smog or dirty water. The surprising insight is that this "exposure" concept operates across vastly different scales, from the microscopic to the societal, and its impact is often indirect and cumulative. We often think of public health in terms of infectious diseases – germs spreading from person to person. And we think of environmental health in terms of big, visible problems like lead paint or industrial waste. But the true connection is far more subtle. Environmental Health Science reveals that even seemingly harmless substances, when encountered repeatedly or in specific combinations, can have profound health effects. Public Health then has to grapple with how to prevent widespread, low-level exposure that might not cause immediate, dramatic illness but contributes to chronic diseases like asthma, cancer, or developmental problems over time. It’s like a slow leak in a pipe. Environmental Health Science identifies the leak and the quality of the water. Public Health is the plumber who needs to figure out how to fix the pipe for the entire building, not just one apartment, and how to deal with the cumulative damage already done. The "exposure" is the water that seeps into the walls, unseen, until a problem arises. ## Illustrative Example: Childhood Asthma and Air Pollution Let's walk through a detailed example: **childhood asthma and air pollution.** **Step 1: Environmental Health Science Identifies the Hazard (Mapping the Environment Side)** * **What:** Researchers in Environmental Health Science investigate air quality. They use sensors to measure levels of particulate matter (PM2.5), ozone, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and other pollutants in different neighborhoods. * **How:** They collect samples, analyze chemical compositions, and track pollution sources (e.g., traffic patterns, industrial emissions, wildfires). They study how these pollutants behave in the atmosphere and how they can enter the body (e.g., inhaled into the lungs). * **Key Finding:** They discover that neighborhoods with high traffic density and proximity to industrial sites have significantly higher levels of PM2.5 and NO2. They also learn that these pollutants can irritate airways, trigger inflammation, and worsen respiratory conditions. **Step 2: Public Health Assesses the Impact (Understanding the People Side)** * **What:** Public Health officials look at health data. They examine hospital admission rates for asthma exacerbations, emergency room visits, and the prevalence of asthma diagnoses in children across different geographic areas. * **How:** They correlate this health data with the environmental data collected by Environmental Health Scientists. They might conduct surveys to understand symptoms and triggers reported by parents. * **Key Finding:** They observe a striking pattern: children living in the high-traffic, industrial neighborhoods identified by Environmental Health Science have much higher rates of asthma diagnosis and more frequent asthma attacks. **Step 3: The Bridge - Exposure is the Link** * **The Connection:** The polluted air (identified by Environmental Health Science) is the **exposure pathway** for the children in those neighborhoods. The children are inhaling these pollutants, leading to the increased asthma rates (observed by Public Health). * **Why it's not obvious:** The link isn't always immediate. A child might not have an asthma attack every time they breathe polluted air. The damage is often cumulative. Also, multiple factors can contribute to asthma (genetics, indoor air quality), making it hard to pinpoint *only* outdoor air pollution as the cause without rigorous scientific study. **Step 4: Public Health Intervention (Acting on the Connection)** * **Action:** Based on this understanding, Public Health can implement targeted interventions: * **Policy Changes:** Advocate for stricter emissions standards for vehicles and industries. * **Urban Planning:** Recommend zoning laws that create buffer zones between residential areas and pollution sources. * **Public Awareness Campaigns:** Educate parents about the risks of air pollution and provide guidance on how to reduce exposure (e.g., keeping windows closed on high-pollution days, using air purifiers indoors). * **Healthcare Access:** Ensure children with asthma in affected areas have access to proper medical care and inhalers. This example shows how Environmental Health Science provides the scientific evidence about the environmental hazard and its properties, while Public Health uses that information to protect the population by reducing exposure and managing the health consequences. ## Reciprocal Learning: Seeing the Whole Picture Mastering one concept profoundly enhances the understanding of the other: * **Mastering Environmental Health Science Facilitates Public Health:** If you understand how pollutants are created, how they travel, and how they enter the body (Environmental Health Science), you can better predict where public health risks are highest and design more effective interventions. You understand *why* certain populations are more vulnerable. You can move beyond treating symptoms to addressing root causes. * **Mastering Public Health Facilitates Environmental Health Science:** If you understand population health trends, disease patterns, and community needs (Public Health), you can better guide environmental research. You can prioritize which environmental hazards to study based on their potential impact on vulnerable groups. You can also communicate the importance of environmental findings more effectively to policymakers and the public, driving action. It’s like learning to read a map (Environmental Health Science) versus learning to navigate a journey (Public Health). You need the map to know the terrain, but you need navigation skills to reach your destination safely and efficiently. ## Mathematical Foundation: The Dose-Response Relationship A core mathematical concept underpinning this connection is the **dose-response relationship**. Environmental Health Science quantifies this. It explores how the *dose* (the amount of exposure to a substance) relates to the *response* (the health effect). * **Simple Model:** Imagine a graph where the x-axis is the "dose" (e.g., concentration of a pollutant in the air) and the y-axis is the "response" (e.g., risk of developing asthma). * Often, this relationship is not linear. There might be a threshold below which there's no observable effect. * For some substances, even very low doses can have effects, especially with chronic exposure. * The relationship can be expressed as: **Response = f(Dose, Duration, Frequency, Individual Susceptibility)** * **Public Health Application:** Public Health uses these dose-response curves to set safety standards and guidelines. For example, if Environmental Health Science determines that a certain level of a pollutant leads to a significant increase in asthma cases, Public Health can advocate for regulations to keep the pollutant below that level. **Example:** If a study shows that for every 10 µg/m³ increase in PM2.5, the risk of a child developing asthma increases by 5%, Public Health can use this to justify policies that reduce PM2.5 levels by a certain amount to achieve a target reduction in asthma incidence. ## Universal Application and Implications: The Web of Life This pattern of **exposure connecting environmental factors to population health** is incredibly pervasive: * **Nature:** * **Ecosystems:** The health of an entire ecosystem is linked to the exposure of its organisms to environmental factors like sunlight, water availability, nutrients, and toxins. A pollutant entering a river (Environmental Health Science) affects every organism that drinks from it (Public Health of aquatic life). * **Food Chains:** Toxins bioaccumulate up food chains. A small amount of a chemical in the soil (Environmental Health Science) can lead to high concentrations in predators, impacting their health (Public Health of wildlife populations). * **Science:** * **Epidemiology:** This entire field is built on studying the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and applying this study to the control of health problems. It inherently links environmental exposures to health outcomes. * **Toxicology:** Studies how chemical substances affect living organisms, providing the scientific basis for understanding environmental health hazards. * **Everyday Life:** * **Diet:** Exposure to unhealthy foods (high sugar, processed ingredients) leads to public health issues like obesity and diabetes. * **Workplace Safety:** Exposure to hazardous materials or ergonomic stressors in the workplace affects worker health. * **Built Environment:** Exposure to walkable neighborhoods or access to green spaces influences physical activity and mental well-being. The implication of this connection is profound: **to improve human health, we must simultaneously care for the health of our environment.** They are not separate entities; they are intrinsically linked through the continuous, often unseen, process of exposure. Understanding this pattern empowers us to create healthier communities and a healthier planet by addressing the root causes of disease and well-being. | 0.65 | medium | 6 | 1,986 | [
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655be690-cf0c-4534-99d2-648a1cd11f80 | What driving factor engines | science | research_summary | What is the driving factor for engines to move and cells to live? All this boils down to an entity termed “free energy,” which is typically the energy that can be derived from any system to carry out useful work. Any lack of this available energy would render a machine idle or will lead to the eventual death of a living organism.
Illustration shows two DNA molecules in a nanofluidic staircase. The staircase confines the DNA molecules, creating a free energy that is higher at the top and lower at the bottom. The DNA molecules mostly descend the staircase to reduce their energy and relax, but sometimes ascend the staircase as microscopic fluctuations increase their energy. Bottom: Microscope images show two DNA molecules in the staircase. Jagged white lines show their trajectories. Letters mark different images of each molecule taken at 1-minute intervals. Vertical white lines show the positions of step edges. The molecule at the top right mostly descends the staircase. The molecule at the bottom left ascends two steps before descending. Relaxation Fluctuation Spectroscopy is a new method of analyzing such fluctuating trajectories to measure the free energy of microscopic systems. (Image credit: NIST)
In a study at the
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Maryland in College Park, an innovative way for measuring free energy has been developed and demonstrated by researchers. When compared to earlier techniques, the new technique can be applied to a wider range of nanoscopic and microscopic systems by employing microscopy for the tracking and analysis of the fluctuating motion or configuration of single molecules or other small objects.
Scientists have relied on free energy to understand complex systems since the development of steam engines. This concept will continue to be just as fundamental as we engineer and design proteins and other single-molecule systems. But the measurements are much harder for those small systems—so approaches like the new one we describe will be of fundamental importance.
David Ross, first author of a new paper on this study, NIST
Researchers can predict specific features related to the behavior of a living system or the operation of machine by measuring variations in free energy when a system moves or alters its internal structure, and this can be achieved without the need for the unmanageable task of keeping track of the entry and exit of all the atoms and molecules that constitute the system.
A day-to-day example of free energy is energy in an automobile internal combustion engine, where total energy is equal to the sum of the energy of its motion and the heat produced. The free energy can be obtained by subtracting the heat energy, which gets dissipated from the system.
Studies on the detailed behavior of microscopic systems — the realm of living cells, small molecules, and nanotechnologies — have shown that the measurement of variations in free energy is more challenging when compared to larger scales.
In one technique, researchers used a microscopic force sensor to pull on a DNA or protein molecule, which could function like a miniature spring when compressed or stretched, to measure the variations in position and force when a system relaxes and liberates energy. Yet, the microscopic system could be perturbed by the attachment of the force sensor and it would become impossible to use the sensor to measure variations in free energy that do not entail a direct change in position.
The innovative method, which enables the use of optical microscopy for tracking the motion or configuration of small systems, can be employed to determine free energies without the need for attaching a force sensor. The new study could turn out to be a robust way to gain insights into the intrinsic properties of a wide range of microscopic systems, such living systems like cells or viruses to better perceive the processes, such as chemical reactions, energy intake, and the movement of molecules that sustain the functioning of the living systems.
We are surrounded by natural systems that take advantage of microscopic fluctuations in free energy, and now we have a way to better measure, understand, and, ultimately, manipulate these fluctuations ourselves,” stated Elizabeth Strychalski of NIST, a co-author of the study.
The analysis is quite suitable for investigating microscopic systems that start from a highly excited state with high energy, far from equilibrium with their surroundings, and then relax back toward equilibrium. The characteristics of microscopic systems can considerably vary when they relax owing to the random motion from continuous collision with surrounding molecules. In the new technique, named Relaxation Fluctuation Spectroscopy (ReFlucS) by the researchers, measurements of those fluctuations during relaxation are used to estimate the free energy.
Our approach shows that useful information can be gleaned from observing the random motions of a system as it settles down from a highly excited, far-from-equilibrium state.
Christopher Jarzynski, The University of Maryland, one of the co-authors of the study
As an example, the researchers investigated the motion of DNA molecules restricted to a nanometer-scale space with the shape of a staircase. To be restricted to the top steps, the shallowest, the DNA molecules have to be compressed more firmly when compared to molecules occupying the bottom steps. This leads to an increase in free energy for the molecules at the top. The researchers applied an electric field to drive the DNA molecules to the top of the staircase. Then, they turned off the electric field and analyzed the movement of the molecules using an optical microscope.
It was found that mostly, the DNA molecules descended the staircase when they relaxed toward equilibrium, leading to a decrease in their free energy. Yet, microscopic fluctuations induced the DNA molecules to occasionally move back up the staircase, resulting in an increase in their free energy. The fluctuating motion of the DNA molecules was investigated by the team, thereby allowing the free-energy profile — the amount of free energy at different locations, and the points where the energy is high and low — to be mapped out.
ReFlucS provides access to information about free energy that was previously inaccessible,” stated Samuel Stavis from NIST, another co-author of the study.
Microscope video shows two DNA molecules in a nanofluidic staircase, with jagged white lines indicating their trajectories. Vertical white lines show the positions of step edges. The molecule at top right mostly descends the staircase. The molecule at bottom left ascends two steps before descending. Relaxation Fluctuation Spectroscopy is a new method of analyzing such fluctuating trajectories to measure the free energy of microscopic systems. (Credit: NIST) | 0.65 | medium | 6 | 1,293 | [
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2f4f2c3b-162e-4751-a899-631bde2219c2 | ancient city Mostar capital | technology | historical_context | The ancient city of Mostar is the capital of Hercegovina. It was part of the Ottoman Empire between 1468 until 1878 when it came under the rule of the Habsburgs, and subsequently belonged to Yugoslavia until the wars of the 1990s. The name ‘Mostar’ means bridge keepers, and there was a wooden bridge across the Neretva river before the 16th century. The city’s outstanding monument is the Stari Most (Old Bridge), a semi-circular stone arch, 28 m long and 21 m above the waters of the river. It was built in 1566 on the orders of Suleiman the Magnificent and designed by Mimar Hayruddin. A 17th-century traveller wrote, ‘the bridge is like a rainbow arch soaring up to the skies, extending from one cliff to the other ... I, a poor and miserable slave of Allah, have passed through 16 countries, but I have never seen such a high bridge. It is thrown from rock to rock as high as the sky’. Along with libraries, churches and monasteries, the Stari Most was destroyed by gunfire from tanks and artillery in 1993. After hostilities ceased in 1995 it was rebuilt from 2002, and re-opened in 2004. The bridge and the area of the old city in which it stands were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in the following year. The Museum of the Old Bridge occupies the 5-storey Tara Tower, one of the towers that accommodated the bridge keepers, and also served as arsenals for the storage of weapons and ammunition. The museum consists of three sections devoted to the archaeology of the surrounding area, the restoration project of 2002-04, and the urban landscape that is visible from the highest rooms of the tower. Local men still follow the ancient tradition of diving into the river for money from the bridge. | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 420 | [
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4f8e8121-fc32-41b0-84a9-022f4e5b90fe | Gavilan College Computer Graphics | interdisciplinary | practical_application | Gavilan College Computer Graphics & Design (CGD) students learned first-hand about sustainable farming practices by visiting the Comstock Community Farm (CCF) in Hollister, CA. CCF is a non-profit farm that is also home to three generations of the Salinas family who maintain the five acre community resource. Members of the Salinas family gave students a tour of the homethey built from reclaimed materials in the 1980s, shared fresh onions pulled from the fields, explained their hydroponic lettuce system, described benefits of using drip irrigation for watering, identified many types of fruit and nut trees in their orchards, and helped students find and pick the best greens near their nesting chickens to feed horses from the adjacent farm land.
Gavilan College CGD students are developing real-world technical skills by utilizing CCF’s location to design two sets of distinct projects. CGD Students already visited the farm on-line via Google Earth. They are currently using ArchiCAD, a building information modeling (BIM) software utilized by architects to design and develop a data rich 3D model that will be used to create architectural plans for a 1,200 square foot guest home. Highest performing students from the class will also have the option to design an outdoor educational facility for CCF. Both projects will produce 2D electronic drawings of plans, elevations, and sections along with 3D virtual models to explain these proposed projects.
The outdoor educational facility project will aid staff at CCF to better accommodate the families and students who take fieldtrips to the farm to learn about sustainable food systems and healthy eating. Instructor Colette Marie McLaughlin noted that the trip to CCF also reinforced principles students have learned from Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED), a green building program that aims to lower operating costs, reduce waste sent to landfills, conserve energy and water, reduce greenhouse gas emissions and provide healthier/safer living spaces. For example, CCF refrains from using any pesticides or insecticides on the property, which reduces health risks; uses drip irrigation hoses to reduce water wastage; and utilizes recycled building materials, such as those that were used to build the house and other structures on the property.
For more information about the Gavilan College Computer Graphics and Design Program, go tohttp://www.gavilan.edu/cgd/. | 0.65 | high | 6 | 492 | [
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1698ac92-dabf-4809-90eb-560e29f089fa | Plying of Woolen Yarn | technology | historical_context | Plying of Woolen Yarn
""In the process of carpet making, the first step is Plying of Woolen Yarn. We have a huge space where the yarn is plied. We give utmost care to this process as it is the initial step.Wool - its structure and properties:-
Wool has been used from the earliest history of carpet construction because the early rug makers were nomadic sheep herders. Since then rug making has been associated with the technology of the wool industry and this tradition has provided the benchmark by which other fibers are compared Of all the textile fibers, wool is by far the most complex.
Wool consists of a protein named keratin, which has an intricate structure of long-chain molecules. There are many cross-linkages (or chemical bonds) between the long, coiled chains, and this structure is largely responsible for the outstanding elastic properties of wool, its strength, and durability. The unique surface scales (the cuticle), which cover the fibers and the wavelike crimp shape give wool its special characteristics. Of all the carpet fibers wool has the farther highest capacity to absorb moisture.Wool types for carpets:-
The types of wool used for tufted carpets Handmade Silk carpets, hand knotted carpets, woolen carpets, woolen silk carpets, and rugs. may be classified into three main groups. These are used in differing proportions in blends, depending on the quality (which controls the price) and type of carpet to be made."" | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 304 | [
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3f0f5509-4453-4e7a-8e1d-b1d1c1c8ffd8 | Pedestrian Deaths Decrease While Traffic Fatalities Increase | interdisciplinary | case_study | Pedestrian Deaths Decrease While Traffic Fatalities Increase
In 2014, New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio created the Vision Zero program with the goal of eliminating traffic fatalities and serious injuries in New York City streets by 2024. The program was based on a similar program that had been instituted in Sweden. Focusing primarily on pedestrian deaths, the program hypothesized that pedestrian deaths were the fault of bad street designs. Although the number of pedestrian deaths has deceased under Vision Zero since its induction in 2014, the number of traffic accidents has steadily increased. 2019 looks like it may be a failure for Vision Zero, as AM New York reports.
For the first time since the implementation of Vision Zero, traffic deaths are on the rise in 2019.
According to the most recent police data, there have been 65 traffic deaths in New York City through April 28th. At the same point last year, there were 50 traffic deaths, representing a 30% increase.
Cycling deaths are also figuring into the equation. There have been sixth cyclist deaths in the city through mid-March. In all of 2018, there were only 10 cyclist deaths. In addition, there have been 968 cycling injuries this year, which is up 9% from the same time period last year.
Instead of faulty street design, distracted driving, speeding, and failure to yield are to blame for a majority of the accidents.
Since 2014, the city has completed 139 street improvement projects under Vision Zero, but critics argue the improvements are not taking place fast enough.
While some criticize the slow pace of the street redesign, others are blaming the use of the police force under Vision Zero. Following a tragedy in which bicyclist Aurilla Lawrence was struck and killed, police began targeting and ticketing cyclists. Some of these citations came as cyclists were on their way to a memorial ride to honor Aurilla. | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 424 | [
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8355b610-41fa-49a2-9657-dce1acb94246 | SSC Worksheet Chapter Conservation | technology | code_implementation | SSC Worksheet for Chapter - 10 Conservation of plants and Animals Class 8
Worksheets For class 8
Find SSC Worksheet for chapter-10 Conservation of plants and Animals class 8
BIOLOGY Worksheet -10
TOPIC: Conservation of plants and Animals
For other SCC Worksheet for class 8 Science check out main page of Physics Wallah.
1. A place where animals are protected in their natural habitat is called ____________.
2. In a wild life sanctuary, poaching of animals is ________.
3. The human activity that is responsible for loss of biodiversity is –
(c) Establishment of biosphere reserve
4. Which is not a consequence of deforestation?
(b) Global warming
5. Differentiate between wildlife sanctuary and biosphere reserve.
6. Discuss the effects of deforestation on the following:
(a) Wild animals
(b) Villages (Rural areas)
7. What will happen if the top layer of soil is exposed?
8. Why should we conserve biodiversity?
9. List four ways in which forests are useful to us.
10. Explain how deforestation leads to reduced rainfall.
Solutions: to worksheet-10 Topic- Conservation of plants and Animals
1. Biosphere reserve
3. (a) Urbanization
4. (c) Poaching
(a) It is an area within which animals are protected
from possible dangers such as hunting. Their
habitat is also conserved in this area
(b) It provides protection and suitable living
(c) Example: Pachmarhi Sanctuary
(a) It is a large protected area constructed for the
conservation of biodiversity
(b) It helps in the conservation of various life forms
such as plants animals and microorgananisms.
(c) Example: Pachmarhi biosphere reserve.
6. Effects of deforestation:
(a) Wild Animals: Deforestation destroys the habitat of many wild animals. The habitat of an animal provides shelter, food and protection to animals. If the habitat of an animal is disturbed then it will force the animals to go to other places in search of food and shelter. As a result, the animal could get killed easily by other animals in the process.
(b) Villages: Deforestation leads to desertification. In the absence of trees, soil erosion occurs more
rapidly exposing the lower hard and rocky layer. As a result, soil loses humus and becomes less
fertile. Hence, a fertile land which acts as a source of living for villagers, gets converted into a desert. It also reduces the ground water level, which may lead to natural calamities and thus have an adverse effect on villages.
7. If the top layer of the soil is exposed, it will be easily removed by the action of high speed winds or water flow. This leads to soil erosion and may result in desertification.
8. Biodiversity of earth includes all organisms, big and small, plants, animals and even microorganisms. They are the sources of natural resource which are been exploited by mankind so much that many plants and animal species have become extinct. Hence, in order to protect these natural resources, we need to conserve biodiversity.
9. Uses of forests:
(a) Forests provide us with products such as gum, timber, medicines etc.
(b) Forests maintains a balance between CO2 and oxygen levels.
(c) Certain rare medicinal herbs and alkaloids are obtained from forests.
(d) Animal skin, perfume are also obtained from forests.
10. Deforestation increases the temperature and pollution level on earth. If plants are destroyed then he level of CO2 in the atmosphere will rise. As a result, CO2 will trap more radiations there by adding to global warming. An increase in the temperature of the earth will disturb the natural water cycle. As a result, there will be change in rainfall pattern, this could lead to drought. Thus deforestation leads to reduced rainfall.
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- Science Formulas | 0.7 | medium | 4 | 975 | [
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8edeb9b2-ee01-49ea-bd0c-d9b696a0182f | CONSULTATION PAPER NO. 4 OF 2021 | technology | review_summary | CONSULTATION PAPER NO. 4 OF 2021
PROPOSED MERGER OF FSRA REGULATORY COMMITTEE AND APPEALS PANEL
3 November 2021
Introduction
Why are we issuing this paper?
1. Abu Dhabi Global Market (ADGM) has issued this Consultation Paper to invite public comment on its proposal to merge functions of the two independent review bodies of the Financial Services Regulatory Authority (FSRA), the Regulatory Committee and the Appeals Panel, into one amalgamated body.
Who should read this paper?
2. The proposals in this Consultation Paper will be of interest to individuals and organisations operating within the ADGM, as well as their legal advisors.
How to provide comments
3. All comments should be in writing and sent to the address or email specified below. If sending your comments by email, please use the Consultation Paper number in the subject line. ADGM reserves the right to publish, including on its website, any comments you provide, unless you expressly request otherwise at the time of making comments. Comments supported by reasoning and evidence will be given more weight by ADGM.
What happens next?
4. The deadline for providing comments on this proposal is 5 December 2021. Once we receive your comments, we will consider whether any modifications are required to this proposal. We will then proceed to enact the proposed amendments. You should not act on these proposals until the relevant regulations are issued. We will issue a notice on our website when this happens.
Comments to be addressed to:
Consultation Paper No. 4 of 2021 Abu Dhabi Global Market ADGM Square Al Maryah Island PO Box 111999 Abu Dhabi, UAE
Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Background
Background
1. Independent merits reviews of decisions made by regulators (merits review) are an important protective function for the providers of financial services who have been affected by a decision made by the regulator. Within ADGM, potential decisions by the FSRA that might fall within the scope of merits review include imposing conditions on, suspending or cancelling, the Financial Services Permission of an authorised entity.
2. Merits review involves taking a fresh look at the facts, law and policy relating to a particular decision, where the reviewer (preferably an independent body) can look at new information that was not available to the original decisionmaker. The independent body will consider all the information before them and decide what the appropriate decision should be.
3. The current ADGM legal framework provides for two levels of independent review prior to judicial review by the ADGM Courts.
4. While having two review processes was appropriate when the ADGM was established, we consider that our stakeholders, including authorised entities, and the FSRA, will be better served by having a more streamlined and efficient process for the timely resolution of regulatory proceedings, with one independent external body conducting merits review.
5. The current ADGM legal framework provides for two levels of independent external review.
6. The first level comprises the Regulatory Committee, with its principal role being to undertake full merits review of decisions made by the Regulator against affected persons.
7. The second level comprises the Appeals Panel, which undertakes a full merits review of decisions made by the Regulatory Committee.
8. Thereafter, appeals may be made to the ADGM Court of First Instance on the grounds that the decision was wrong in law or is in excess of the Appeal Panel's jurisdiction.
9. In addition to its full merits review function, the Regulatory Committee has a secondary role. Where necessary, it may make an executive (that is, first instance) decision referred to it by the FSRA. While this is a very limited role and this function has not been exercised to date, we propose to retain the function. This role may be needed in the event of an actual or perceived
conflict of interest which cannot be resolved satisfactorily. In addition, other jurisdictions (such as the Financial Markets Tribunal of the Dubai Financial Services Regulatory Authority and the Regulatory Decisions Committee of the Financial Conduct Authority in the UK) have a similar executive decisionmaking functions for their internal decision-making bodies.
10. We are proposing to merge these two bodies into one new amalgamated body, to be known as the Appeals Panel. In so far as is possible, we propose to retain as much of the existing legal and procedural framework in the proposed amendments, including the process of appointment of members and their qualifications. This also includes applications for judicial review of a decision of the Appeals Panel being made to the ADGM Court of First Instance on the grounds that the decision is wrong in law or is in excess of the Appeal Panel's jurisdiction.
11. The proposed amendments will improve efficiency and independent decision making and come at an appropriate time in the maturing growth of ADGM. The advantages of merging the two bodies include a streamlined and less complicated review process of our decisions and less expenses for litigants.
12. We perceive no real disadvantage to a merger, and note that other jurisdictions (such as the UK, Australia and the DIFC) offer only one single merits review of a decision of the Regulator.
13. As to the secondary (executive decision-making) role of the Regulatory Committee, the present position is that any decision made by it may be referred to the Appeals Panel for full merits review, following which appeals may be made to the ADGM Court of First Instance on the grounds that the decision was wrong in law or is in excess of the Appeal Panel's jurisdiction.
14. Under the proposals, an executive decision will be made by a single member of the Appeals Panel. A full merits review would then rest with a panel of three members. Appeals relating to decisions of the three-person panel could then be made to ADGM Court of First Instance on the grounds that the decision was wrong in law or is in excess of the Appeal Panel's jurisdiction.
15. There are a number of models employed in other jurisdictions for reviews of executive decision making, with no common or consistent model. We are proposing the model described above as the proposal:
a) reflects our present model, in that there will be a full merits review of executive decisions, following which there will be an appeal to the ADGM Court of First Instance; and
b) is consistent with the UK model where first instance decisions of the Regulatory Decisions Committee of the Financial Conduct Authority may be referred to the UK Upper Tribunal for a full merits review, and thereafter may be appealed to the UK Court of Appeal on questions of law.
Question 1:
(a) Do you have any comments on the proposed merger of the Regulatory Committee and the Appeals Panel in relation to decisions made by the new body?
(b) Do you have any comments on the proposed merger of the Regulatory Committee and the Appeals Panel in relation to executive decisions?
16. The proposed framework will principally be implemented by amendments to the Financial Services and Markets Regulations 2015 (FSMR).
17. The Financial Services and Markets Regulations 2015 showing effect of proposed amendments are attached as Annex A.
Question 2:
Do you have any comments on the proposed amendments?
Panel size?
18. Currently, both the Regulatory Committee and the Appeals Panel have panels of three members, which is legislatively-mandated in FSMR for the Regulatory Committee. The requirement for the Appeal Panel to have panels of three appears in the Appeal Panel's Practice and Procedures Guidelines.
19. We consider that the President of the Appeals Panel should retain their discretion about how many members should comprise the panel considering a particular matter. For instance, complex matters may require a number of members, but straightforward matters may not. This is also consistent with other jurisdictions including the UK.
Private or public hearings?
20. The Regulatory Committee holds its hearings in private unless it decides otherwise. The Appeals Panel, on the other hand, holds its hearings in public, unless ordered otherwise or the rules of procedure provide otherwise. We propose to retain the same hearing model for merits review references heard
by the new body, that is, public hearings unless ordered otherwise. However, we propose that executive decisions be made by the Appeals Panel (constituted by a single member) in private.
Question 3:
Do you have any comments on the proposal relating to either procedural matter described above?
21. It is proposed that the new body will commence operation on 1 January 2022. In the event there are any references before the Regulatory Committee, transitional provisions will deem those references as a matter before the (new) Appeals Panel, and the President will be empowered to reconstitute the panel hearing the reference if necessary.
Proposed Amendments
Annex A: Financial Services and Markets Regulations 2015 showing effect of proposed amendments
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eb688fcf-09b7-44d7-86d6-cfd5cc8ee4de | Today began with a science experiment | interdisciplinary | problem_set | Today began with a science experiment. We took a bottle that had a little bit of water in it. Next, we made a small hole in the side of the bottle, put a straw in it, and sealed it with putty. We placed a balloon that was full of air on top of the bottle and as the air tried to escape, water was pushed through the straw creating a water fountain. It was a great demonstration of air pressure! After science, the students picked their favorite superhero and then we painted our faces to resemble the superheroes. Some students picked Superman, Batman, or Spiderman. We even had Wonderwoman and Robin at camp today. It was so much fun playing with our friends!
Blue and Green Explorers
When Peter Parker was a teenager a radioactive spider bit him. Throughout the years he has come into his own as Spiderman, one of the greatest superheroes ever. He has battled many villains and conquered them all, but now disease threatens New York City. A new strain of radioactive spider has been created and its venom quickly turns regular citizens into brainless, indestructible super-monsters. With the disease spreading this fast, Spiderman can’t possibly bring all the super-monsters to justice. His only hope is to find an antidote that can cure the brainwashing phenomenon and return his treasured home to the beautiful city it once was.
Mission Objective: Find the antidote
Spiderman Activity Rules
- Anyone “bitten” by a radioactive spider turns into one and continues to “bite” others
- Spiderman is the only one that can save radioactive spiders by “destroying” their brains and returning them to humans
- Spidervillian can never be saved by spiderman, only the antidote can save it
- No one can be bitten inside the fortress | 0.65 | medium | 4 | 377 | [
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10edbfc3-5ab8-4805-8a41-1b9e90ffa3eb | Knowing Molecular Biology: Obtaining | science | historical_context | Knowing Molecular Biology: Obtaining the Keys of LivingSite varsayılanı
Comprehension Molecular Biology: Exploring the Insider secrets of Way of life
The phrase molecule, generated from the Greek word mionomos (that means’most ) and logos (which implies’phrase’), describes to any component of point which contains the rest of the parts. Element of a molecule is named its own explicit collective arrangement as well as a monomer or monolayer is also commonly generally known as a plastic.
The examine of molecular biology will probably be the evaluation of most life kinds this includes vegetation, animals, fungi, bacteria, protists, and virusesand viruses. term paper Inorganic compounds as well as hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, and phosphorus, potassium, phosphorus, and aluminum are regarded as natural compounds and for that reason are utilised from the lab these as experiments. http://wac.colostate.edu/intro/pop2d.cfm On account of the various character of organisms, like fungi, crops, viruses, animals, germs, and viruses, the numerous kinds of organisms are damaged up into ; germs, germs, eukaryotes, metazoans, and archaea.
From time to time, the term Biology is also utilized to analysis the features and related processes associated with drugs. This features places this sort of as epidemiology, and microbiology, immunology, virology, weight loss program, toxicology, parasitology, unexpected emergency medication.
A Bachelor’s diploma in Chemistry may very well be Accompanied by Would mean of the Bachelor’s degree in the Section of Molecular Biology. A Master’s degree in Chemistry could possibly also be adopted by will mean of a Master’s degree from the part of Molecular Biology. The Bachelor’s diploma requirements for each and every area are step by action underneath. The Associate of Arts in Biomedical Sciences should to be executed which includes a quality of C or bigger .
Customers awareness is additionally growing in the labs on the industry as the world will become more familiarized with molecular biology. Schooling and figuring out and explore have been principally utilised to realize just how to make use of the specialized niche, to forecast and also forecast disease, in addition to to confirm what this means that with the near potential. Molecular Biology is ever more being used in the industry of bio technology and nano technology, and these spots are still enlarge.
In addition to educating learners pertaining to the chemistry of an organism, the leading-edge review of chemistry was instrumental in the research of drug and cancer cure. From the addition of the analysis of biology into the software in colleges near the 30, there is probably going to shortly be emphasis.
At the early times of molecular biology, the reports were being casual too as successes together with the practices weren’t easyto comprehend. Still, immediately, a basic comprehension of its private impacts on the human body and the biology is able to guidance around the battle conditions and ailments. A lot of people are conversant with some of tissue civilization, immunology, or the improvements that happen in cells when researching oncology.
These scientific tests reveal the worth of the cells reply to ecological stresses that might add to mobile demise. In addition to learning a cell dies, these scientific studies provide information and facts.
Other studies can get by using obtain to an substantial source of energy. This comprehension was instrumental inside maturation of plans that might perhaps be employed in the struggle issues.
You’ll find it contributes to the marketplace in the fields of each medications, food, electricity, carbon dioxide and drinking water purification, Although investigation of molecular biology has proven significant contributions to this battle sickness. Include vitality carbon capture, supplies science fiction, and also in foodstuff manufacturing.
Psychotherapy has shown a superb offer of assurance in the fields of combating disorder, escalating cures, and observation your complete over-all body’s metabolic process. Preliminary analyze can even be put into use to develop drug treatments which battle with most cancers and come across approaches to slice back carbon dioxide in the ambiance.
The future of molecular biology will revolve available realizing the organism’s inside existence cycle and that cycle contributes to the breakdown of cells. This competence can at long last lead to the maturation of nano technologies and quantum computing. | 0.65 | medium | 6 | 870 | [
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3c79e061-eb94-4f2a-b355-dd2712f4fd47 | Pedometers small very clever | science | problem_set | Pedometers are small but very clever sports devices that count your steps, burned calories, the time you spend walking and many other values. Pedometers for seniors help monitor their physical condition. With a pedometer, you’ll always have an overview of your accomplishments, whether you hike or practice Nordic Walking. For healthy lifestyle, it is recommended to walk at least 10 000 steps a day. Put your pedometer on and start counting!
Pedometer is an electronic device that measures the shifts in your centre of gravity, counting every step you make. Every pedometer will count the number of steps and the amount of energy you expend. Watch with a pedometer and an alarm could make for a useful gift. More advanced pedometers feature stopwatch, memory to save your results and computer or phone connection. Sometimes, they can also measure your heart rate or monitor your sleep. | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 188 | [
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1fc549d4-ac59-4de6-9dbf-627ba082197c | How Help Child Being | technology | tutorial | How to Help a Child Being Bullied By Best Friend
We can’t deny the fact that most of us did experience bullying when we were still young. We experienced bullying in schools, at the playground and even at home. Anyone can experience bullying but for children, it is the most terrifying experience of their lives that they will remember until they grow up. A child is very innocent in a natural way and they are very sensitive to what they see and experience in these stages.
Bullying is a very frightening situation for a child, but what is more frightening is when your best friend is the one who bullies you. Our best friend is also a part of our family, our second brother/ sister and especially the one who will protect and help us when we have problems. Could you imagine your best friend bully you? Is a child ready when they experience this? Can they handle this kind of situations? A child being bullied by best friend is a very serious thing to deal with. With this simple tips, you can help and prevent further damage to a child when they experience bullying.
Encourage the Child
Motivate the child and give him the strength to carry on. Give him pieces of advice that will help him drive more positivity in his mind and will allow him to conquer such situations.
Most children will always remember their bad experiences and will never forget the one who hurt them. Help them reroute their minds to simply erase the bad memories they have experienced. Have a trip, take them to places where they can enjoy and forget the bad experiences.
Talk to the Best friend
It is important to listen to both parties and identify the main problem of the bullying. Ask for what triggered the bullying. Let them explain and give them appropriate advice that will help them prevent and stop bullying.
Be a Role Model
Show them what is right for making yourself as an example. Demonstrate good traits not just with the victim but also to the bully. Provide them examples that will teach them on how to be a good citizen. It is important to teach them while they are still young.
For grown-ups, it is normal for a best friend to bully you, tease you and even laugh at you. These situations are just normal when a thick bond of friendship has been established. But for a child with a young mind, it might cause them a negative effect and it can lead to serious damage. Whenever you encounter situations like this, you can seek help and advice from Bullyout on how to stop bullying as we can give you the best solutions for preventing and stopping it. | 0.65 | low | 4 | 520 | [
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9bf0fbb3-c659-4dce-925b-4c7785b19043 | Astronomers discover first Thorne-Zytkow | interdisciplinary | research_summary | Astronomers discover first Thorne-Zytkow object, a bizarre type of hybrid star
In a discovery decades in the making, scientists have detected the first of a "theoretical" class of stars first proposed in 1975 by physicist Kip Thorne and astronomer Anna Żytkow. Thorne-Żytkow objects (TŻOs) are hybrids of red supergiant and neutron stars that superficially resemble normal red supergiants, such as Betelguese in the constellation Orion. They differ, however, in their distinct chemical signatures that result from unique activity in their stellar interiors.
TŻOs are thought to be formed by the interaction of two massive stars―a red supergiant and a neutron star formed during a supernova explosion―in a close binary system. While the exact mechanism is uncertain, the most commonly held theory suggests that, during the evolutionary interaction of the two stars, the much more massive red supergiant essentially swallows the neutron star, which spirals into the core of the red supergiant.
While normal red supergiants derive their energy from nuclear fusion in their cores, TŻOs are powered by the unusual activity of the absorbed neutron stars in their cores. The discovery of this TŻO thus provides evidence of a model of stellar interiors previously undetected by astronomers.
Project leader Emily Levesque of the University of Colorado Boulder, who earlier this year was awarded the American Astronomical Society's Annie Jump Cannon Award, said, "Studying these objects is exciting because it represents a completely new model of how stellar interiors can work. In these interiors we also have a new way of producing heavy elements in our universe. You've heard that everything is made of 'star stuff'—inside these stars we might now have a new way to make some of it."
The study, accepted for publication in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters, is co-authored by Philip Massey, of Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona; Anna Żytkow of the University of Cambridge in the U.K.; and Nidia Morrell of the Carnegie Observatories in La Serena, Chile.
The astronomers made their discovery with the 6.5-meter Magellan Clay telescope on Las Campanas, in Chile. They examined the spectrum of light emitted from apparent red supergiants, which tells them what elements are present. When the spectrum of one particular star—HV 2112 in the Small Magellanic Cloud―was first displayed, the observers were quite surprised by some of the unusual features. Morrell explained, "I don't know what this is, but I know that I like it!"
When Levesque and her colleagues took a close look at the subtle lines in the spectrum they found that it contained excess rubidium, lithium and molybdenum. Past research has shown that normal stellar processes can create each of these elements. But high abundances of all three of these at the temperatures typical of red supergiants is a unique signature of TŻOs.
"I am extremely happy that observational confirmation of our theoretical prediction has started to emerge," Żytkow said. "Since Kip Thorne and I proposed our models of stars with neutron cores, people were not able to disprove our work. If theory is sound, experimental confirmation shows up sooner or later. So it was a matter of identification of a promising group of stars, getting telescope time and proceeding with the project."
The team is careful to point out that HV 2112 displays some chemical characteristics that don't quite match theoretical models. Massey points out, "We could, of course, be wrong. There are some minor inconsistencies between some of the details of what we found and what theory predicts. But the theoretical predictions are quite old, and there have been a lot of improvements in the theory since then. Hopefully our discovery will spur additional work on the theoretical side now." | 0.65 | medium | 6 | 821 | [
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f15de24b-53f1-4cb1-8f36-bafad4a54c92 | Video: Inside the Fukushima Reactor | technology | historical_context | Video: Inside the Fukushima Reactor
In an attempt to look at the damage inside one of its failed Fukushima reactors, the Tokyo Electric Power Co. (TEPCO) inserted an 8.5mm remote-controlled endoscope and thermometer into the containment vessel of a failed reactor at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant.
The footage, which you can see above, is the first interior view of the disabled reactor unit 2, one of three reactors that failed in March 2011. As The Japan Times explains:
Obtaining a clearer picture inside the containment vessels of the three crippled reactors is critically important, as the vessels are the last line of defense containing their melted nuclear fuel.
In particular, TEPCO needs to find out about the state of the melted nuclear fuel at the reactor cores, the level of coolant water and the extent of the damage to the containment vessels.
The endoscope is unlikely to help Tepco to determine the state of the melted nuclear fuel, much of which is believed to have burned down to the bottom of the containment vessels, but will hopefully shed some light on coolant water levels and internal damage.
The probe revealed corroded piping and dripping humidity, but did not reveal the water’s surface level, which TEPCO had expected to be as high as four meters. The containment vessel was flooded with seawater during the reactor meltdown when other attempts to cool it failed. Current water levels inside the reactor remain unknown.
The probe’s thermometer function proved more revealing; it recorded the interior temperature at 44.7 degrees centigrade (112 degrees Farenheit), demonstrating that the unit’s own thermometer, thought to be off by as many as 20 degrees, is still functioning accurately.
Steam and radiation affected the quality of the video, but you can see gamma rays — which are detected by the camera in a manner similar to light but not focused by the lens — in the footage looking like streaks and flashes. | 0.65 | medium | 6 | 409 | [
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209dd3e6-848f-40c4-bd28-1aef0d46156c | Runas command-line tool built | technology | problem_set | Runas is a command-line tool that is built into Windows Vista. To use runas at the command line, open a command prompt, type runas with the appropriate parameters, and then press ENTER. In the user interface for Windows Vista, the Run as… command has been changed to Run as administrator.
Windows Vista introduced UAC, which helps protect your computer by not allowing any program to have administrative rights unless properly granted. In some situations, it may be necessary to run a program as administrator for that program to run or install properly. To run a program as administrator, follow the steps below. Window Vista Run As Administrator Feature The new Windows Vista operating system has a few more security functions right from the outset. UAC or User Account Control is one way that the Vista system ensures the validity of operating programs on your computer. Run As Administrator On occasion you may come across an application that, when you come to launch it, refuses to launch due to insufficient user permissions. For example, if you try to launch the boot configuration application, BCDedit, from the Command Window you may get the following message 'The boot configuration data store could not be opened. Jul 03, 2017 · Run a Command as Administrator from the Run Box in Windows 7, 8, or 10 Walter Glenn @wjglenn Updated July 3, 2017, 10:09pm EDT The Run box is a convenient way to run programs, open folders and documents, and even issue some Command Prompt commands. Jul 03, 2017 · Right-click that result and choose “Run as administrator.” Option Three: Use the Run Box. If you’re used to using the “Run” box to open apps, you can use that to launch Command Prompt with admin privileges. Press Windows+R to open the “Run” box. Type “cmd” into the box and then press Ctrl+Shift+Enter to run the command as an Ever since Windows Vista introduced User Account Control, there has been a need to occasionally run some programs as administrator for doing some functions. If the UAC setting is set to the highest level in Windows, then you get a UAC prompt when you open an app as administrator. Nov 26, 2019 · To run a task as an administrator is, clearly, only useful if you're not already an admin user. If you're logged in to Windows as a regular, standard user, you can choose to open something as a different user that does have administrative rights so that you can avoid having to log out and then log back in as the administrator only to perform
And since Vista's clean-install setup program forces you to create a new user account with computer administrator privileges, everyone has to cross this hurdle in finding the built-in Administrator.
How to run a program in Vista with administrator rights
cmd - How do you run a command as an administrator from
Sep 07, 2019 | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 620 | [
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b418ed39-ec26-4660-8c54-cb2c22b73644 | Emerson W | interdisciplinary | historical_context | Emerson W. Baker. A Storm of Witchcraft: The Salem Trials and the American Experience. Oxford University Press, 2015.
The Salem witch trials have long been recognised as a salient point in American history, and over the last 50 years have been the subject of numerous books, several of which have been reviewed in Magonia. 🔻
Baker’s book takes a broader picture than many, placing the trials firmly in the context of the internal and external conflicts affecting the Massachusetts Colony. They occurred in revolutionary times, in which the governor appointed by King James II had been overthrown in the first American revolution, and the new official governor was still on his way. The Calvinist Congregational Church was under threat from both new generations that wanted a more relaxed religion and demands for greater religious pluralism. To cap it all there was the external war with their French and their Catholic Wabanaki allies, a war in which both sides practiced ethnic cleansing.
These grand tensions add to the stresses of local village life, and may well have contributed to the conversion disorders which afflicted the young woman and girls who became the witch accusers.
Baker not only looks at the relationships between the accusers and the accused, but, more perhaps uniquely into the often close family relationships between the judges, relationships that he sees as causing them to prejudge the issue. It is the combination of the political, theological and personal which generations the “perfect storm” of witchcraft accusations and, what had been very rare in the colony before that time, guilty verdicts and executions. The witches become scapegoats for all sorts of ills.
Baker argues we must see the trials in the context of the times, when witchcraft was regarded as real and threatening as terrorism does to us. They are warnings also of how societies under pressure and fear can turn in on themselves and start to devour their own members. -- Peter Rogerson. | 0.65 | medium | 5 | 397 | [
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bddf60cf-4a7b-4190-8804-9a2a0076c17e | Have you heard | technology | historical_context | Have you heard? Michelle Obama is a jealous, controlling bitch who, above all, hates Oprah for every reason listed in the ancient Book of Female Stereotypes. And everyone knows it is literally not possible for two powerful women to be friends. We're reminding you of this fact because there's a hilarious new book coming out this week from journalist Edward Klein called The Amateur: Barack Obama in the White House. You can probably tell from the title how Klein feels about the President, but an excerpt just run in the New York Post gives you a better sense of what he thinks of Michelle Obama, and it's none too kind, and Klein uses the so-called tale of MObama's war on Oprah as an example of the First Lady's "issues." If you believe Klein (and under no circumstance should you), Michelle and Oprah have been locked in a lengthy power struggle for the President's heart and mind. (Yes, obviously, since all any woman cares about is male attention.) Klein says he spoke to members of Obama's inner circle to piece together his reality show pitch book, but it's also entirely possible that he pulled the whole thing out of his twisted mind. You see, Klein has been in trouble before for irresponsible "journalism." His book about Hillary Clinton was found to be riddled with errors and omissions, and his Wikipedia entry contains the hilarious line: "Klein's books have been dismissed by academics and journalists as ‘not only psychobabble', but ‘psychoblarney.'" Terrific. Anyway, kids, let's get into this Obama drama. Klein, who was probably wearing a Team Oprah shirt when he typed up his first draft, starts things off by saying that Oprah's decision to endorse Obama cost her viewers and popularity. As a result, he frames her entire interaction with the First Family as though she's operating from a place of being owed something—including unfettered access to the Obamas: "[S]he believed that she had earned a place in the president-elect's brain trust." And maybe she had, since she is one of the most successful people in the country and was heavily involved with his campaign. Klein describes Obama's relationship with her during the time shortly after he was elected: [H]e appeared to embrace Oprah as one of his trusted advisers. When she phoned, he dropped everything and took her call. They huddled over strategy. Of all of Obama's unofficial White House advisers, Oprah had unparalleled access, input, influence, and power. OMG. Seriously, who f-ing cares if she had access to the President? She's Oprah. She probably has secret access to the Moon. Yet her direct line didn't remain open forever, according to Klein. The Obamas realized that in the rock-paper-scissors game of controlling America, presidential power beats Oprah power. And, predictably, the Obamas began to gently gnaw on the hand that fed them all those votes. It was when Oprah tried to schedule an interview with Michelle for O, The Oprah Magazine that things first came "unglued." Oprah's request was routed through a "White House ceremonies coordinator," which upset her, according to a Harpo executive Klein spoke to: Oprah isn't a snob, but she doesn't like having to put up with mid-level clerks. These guys were $75,000-a-year men. Oprah was like, "Hello, what is this s—t!" The idea that Oprah only talks to people who make more than a certain dollar amount per year is kind of amazing, but whatever. As far as why Michelle was suddenly dissing former campaign BFF Oprah, Klein says it all comes down to two scheming members of the administration: Obama's advisor Valerie Jarrett and Desirée Rogers, the new White House social secretary. Apparently these two were jealous of Oprah and didn't like her because she "had a plan to redecorate the Lincoln bedroom." What's worse, "She also had ideas about how Michelle could put more zing into White House social events." How dare she. I sincerely hope that at some point Oprah fired off an email (subject line: "Lincoln Bedroom") which contained links to furniture, wallpaper ideas, and fabric swatches. Klein infers that Jarrett saw Oprah as "a potential threat to her power." Yes, I am sure Jarrett was worried that Oprah was going to give up her lucrative day job and start slaving away behind the scenes at the White House, just for kicks. Jarrett, thus, made it her mission to destroy Oprah in Michelle's eyes, and she started planting things like these in the formerly pure mind of FLOTUS: Oprah was too close to the president . . . Oprah was acting like she was the first lady . . . Oprah didn't know her place . . . Oprah was a bad influence . . . Valerie advised Michelle to "distance herself" from Oprah and cut her out of the White House inner circle. Okay, let's imagine for one second that, in fact, Jarrett was advising Michelle to keep her distance from Oprah. Not that her hunger for unchallenged influence isn't a perfectly lovely explanation, but it might make just a teensy weensy bit more sense that she'd give this advice because the country was in the midst of an unprecedented financial crisis. The Obamas were busy trying to cultivate a down-to-earth, regular people image that appealed to average Americans, and nothing says "I'm not like you" faster than having Oprah as your super rich bestie, telling you how to throw the most fabulous parties. Of course that makes no sense to Klein, who instead says Michelle distanced herself from Oprah because she was threatened: As Michelle knew only too well, her husband had a compelling need to win the approval of strong women like Oprah. He seemed to be in awe of the talk-show host, sometimes giving her advice priority over Michelle's. For instance, Oprah thought that Obama was overexposing himself on television and told him to pull back. Though Michelle disagreed, Obama listened to Oprah and restricted his TV appearances. Awww, hell no. Who would ever take Oprah's advice over their own spouse's? Oh, right, the entire damn country—because that is Oprah's one true purpose on Earth: to give good advice. Seriously though, Oprah understands the media like nobody else, and so it makes perfect sense that Obama would value her counsel. But Michelle can't simply be annoyed that her husband had disagreed with her and agreed with Oprah instead. No, no, no. According to "someone who was very close to Oprah," it goes much deeper than that! Michelle is very jealous, I would say unusually so. Most people after years of marriage have trust and don't follow their husbands around and check on them. Michelle doesn't seem to trust Barack at all. She insists on knowing his every movement and drops in on him at all kinds of odd times. It's been the buzz of the White House. Oprah has gossiped about it and giggled about how obsessive Michelle is. If that sounds a little bit far-fetched to you—since it does run contrary to everything we've heard about them before—just wait until you hear this source's next tidbit: Michelle makes it clear to her inner circle, and this certainly includes Valerie, that she wants women around Barack watched and wants info about who he has an eye for and gets touchy with. The thing is, she knows, like everybody, about JFK's shenanigans, and she thinks, hey, JFK was young and good looking like my guy. So, wait, Michelle doesn't want Oprah around because she thinks Barack wants to fuck her and then have her sing "Happy Birthday" to him in a slinky dress? Oops, brb, I have to restart my brain because it just crashed. Seriously, Oprah is pretty awesome, no doy. But the chances that she a) has the desire to seduce the married president or b) would be dumb enough to risk it even if she did are so slim that they probably couldn't even be seen by the naked eye if they turned sideways. Still, Michelle being jealous of everything with lady parts has to be true, because she said so with her own mouth: Michelle talked to Gayle King about it, just talking as friends. She has become much closer to Gayle than to Oprah, to Oprah's anger and surprise. She told Gayle that if she found out her husband was running around, she wouldn't keep quiet. Gayle was kind of astonished that she would say that. Let's get this straight: Michelle stood around gossiping like a mean girl with Gayle, Oprah's best friend and a journalist, about how she thinks that people, possibly including Oprah, are trying to make a move on her husband? Yes, that seems about as likely as Mitt Romney inviting Anderson Cooper over for a swim and then explaining that he can't actually go in the pool because he'll short circuit. Anyway, after all that drama, Oprah finally got approval to do the interview, but when she and her constant companion Gayle got to the White House, they didn't even get the VIP treatment. (Umm, isn't being allowed inside the White House VIP treatment enough?) After being put through security like common folk and then having to wait for a while, Michelle finally met with them. Then she did something truly reprehensible: Michelle mentioned that the White House cooks made the best pie in the world. But she didn't offer Oprah or Gayle any . . . Alright, that is it. We've got to vote against Obama to get this maniacal diva out of the White House. Only a true psycho would casually mention delicious pie and then fail to have one available for immediate consumption. Well, in fairness, maybe Oprah was so mad about having no pie because she's nothing but a fat pig who needs to eat 24/7—or at least that's what Klein implies that Michelle Obama thinks of Oprah. Yes, buckle up your seatbelts, folks. This ride is about to get wild n' crazy. Klein reports that when Michelle launched her fight against childhood obesity, Oprah offered to help out by having Michelle on her show. She also wanted to do a show from the White House on fitness, etc. She waited and waited, presumably by her gold princess phone, for an answer from the White House, until one day when she was simply told, "That wouldn't fit into the first lady's plans." Well, that really got to ol' Oprah, who supposedly was enraged and told Gayle, Michelle hates fat people and doesn't want me waddling around the White House! HA. Obviously that is exactly what Oprah would say. And in return, Michelle also went on a very realistic-sounding tear, telling her staff, Oprah only wants to cash in, using the White House as a backdrop for her show to perk up her ratings. Oprah, with her yo-yo dieting and huge girth, is a terrible role model. Kids will look at Oprah, who's rich and famous and huge, and figure it's OK to be fat. Huge girth? Has any human ever uttered that phrase before, much less our normal, well-spoken First Lady? As Mrs. Obama herself might say (if I were the one putting words in her mouth), I am SO SURE. Obviously, one fake nasty quote deserves another, and "Oprah" was happy to oblige, tossing this out, "If Michelle thinks I need more fame and money, she's nuts." Damn, this fake fight is so good they should have served popcorn—slathered in delicious butter, obviously, so we could add to our already huge girths. Okay, so before we turn off this ridiculous telenovela, let's squeeze one last drop of jealousy juice out of Michelle. Apparently, Klein turned to a "White House insider" who explained why Michelle hates Oprah with such intensity. This person once again returned to the time when Barack sought Oprah's help in improving his popularity, which might actually be the only legitimate time there's been even a shred of tension between the two women. But s/he also mentioned this crucial ingredient for any good drama: Michelle suspects that at one point Oprah secretly encouraged Hillary to consider a run against Barack in the 2012 Democratic primaries. That idea is pretty laughable, which might explain why, according to this source, "Barack just laughs at the idea and so does Oprah." But crazy old Michelle, "still believes Oprah has been getting too close to Hillary, whom Michelle calls ‘a snake.'" Quick, somebody make a Texts from a Snake Tumblr! So now that we've built up all this Obama-Oprah tension, it has to come to a head somehow, right? We're at least going to be treated to a description of a major hair-pulling, face-scratching episode that took place behind closed doors, are we not? Surely an anonymous person with Secret Service protection showed up in the pre-dawn hours to TP Oprah's mansion, right? Ugh. Alas, it is not to be. The biggest resolution Klein offers us, at least in this excerpt, is that Michelle was forced by the President to appear on one of Oprah's last shows in May of last year. Michelle did it, apparently in exchange for Oprah's endorsement for 2012, but she, "sat there through much of the show with her arms folded in a defensive posture across her chest." Yes, because, as we all know from watching her these past few years, Michelle is nothing if not a bratty teenager who pouts publicly when she doesn't get what she wants… That probably explains why she married such an amateur who is so terrible at his job that he won't do anything without Oprah first saying something like, "I think you should kil Oooosama bin Laaaaaa-DENNNN!!!" | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 2,961 | [
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4549dcb8-5ec4-4d81-944b-830555a4c6b9 | Quantum Leap Learning: Decoding | interdisciplinary | data_analysis | ## The Quantum Leap in Learning: Decoding Complex Patterns with Quantum Machine Learning The digital age is awash in data. From the intricate dance of subatomic particles in scientific experiments to the subtle shifts in global financial markets, we are generating and collecting information at an unprecedented rate. Machine learning (ML) has emerged as a powerful tool to extract meaning and make predictions from this deluge. However, as the complexity of the data and the patterns within it grow, classical ML algorithms can find themselves hitting computational walls. This is where the nascent field of Quantum Machine Learning (QML) promises a revolutionary shift, offering the potential to tackle problems currently intractable for even the most powerful supercomputers. ### Problem: Identifying Subtle Entanglement Signatures in Quantum Sensor Data Imagine a team of physicists developing a new generation of quantum sensors designed to detect subtle changes in gravitational fields. These sensors, operating on principles of quantum entanglement, produce complex, high-dimensional data streams. The challenge is to build a machine learning model that can reliably identify specific patterns indicative of a particular gravitational anomaly, even when these patterns are masked by noise and exhibit non-linear correlations that are incredibly difficult for classical algorithms to discern. Specifically, we need to train a model to classify whether a given data sample from the quantum sensor represents a "true anomaly" or "background noise." The data itself is represented as a series of quantum states, which can be encoded into feature vectors. The core difficulty lies in the fact that the correlations between features within these quantum states are not easily separable by classical linear or even non-linear methods. The entanglement within the quantum system creates correlations that are inherently quantum in nature. ### Common Pitfalls When approaching this problem with a classical mindset, several incorrect paths are frequently taken: * **Pitfall 1: Direct Application of Classical ML Algorithms (e.g., SVM, Neural Networks) to Encoded Data** * **Why it's wrong**: Classical ML algorithms, no matter how sophisticated, operate on the principles of classical computation. While we can *encode* quantum data into classical feature vectors, the underlying correlations and structures that make the data "quantum" are often lost or poorly represented in this translation. For instance, a Support Vector Machine (SVM) might struggle to find a separating hyperplane in a high-dimensional feature space if the underlying data structure is dictated by quantum entanglement. Similarly, a classical neural network might require an exponentially large number of parameters and training data to approximate the complex, non-local correlations present in entangled quantum states, making it computationally infeasible. The inherent "quantumness" of the problem – the correlations arising from entanglement – is not naturally captured by classical algorithms. * **Pitfall 2: Over-reliance on Feature Engineering for Classical Models** * **Why it's wrong**: One might attempt to manually engineer features that are *thought* to capture quantum correlations. This could involve calculating specific quantum mechanical properties or statistical measures. However, the space of potential quantum correlations is vast and often counter-intuitive. It's exceptionally difficult, if not impossible, to anticipate and engineer all the relevant features that a quantum algorithm could naturally exploit. This approach is essentially trying to teach a classical system to mimic quantum behavior without giving it the fundamental tools to do so. It's like trying to teach a calculator to perform calculus by hand-coding every possible integration rule – inefficient and prone to missing crucial patterns. ### Correct Method: Harnessing Quantum Kernels and Variational Quantum Circuits The advent of QML offers a paradigm shift. Instead of trying to force quantum data into classical models, we leverage quantum phenomena directly within the learning process. This approach is rooted in the idea that quantum computers can naturally process and represent quantum information. * **Step 1: Quantum Feature Mapping (Encoding)** * **Action**: Encode the raw quantum sensor data into a quantum state that can be processed by a quantum computer. This is often achieved by mapping classical features (derived from the sensor readings) into parameters of a quantum circuit, or by directly representing the quantum states themselves as input to a quantum processor. * **Reasoning**: This step is crucial because it brings the data into a domain where quantum operations can be performed. The encoding process aims to preserve the inherent quantum correlations of the data. Different encoding strategies exist, such as amplitude encoding, basis encoding, or angle encoding, each with its own trade-offs in terms of qubit requirements and expressiveness. * **Step 2: Quantum Kernel Estimation or Variational Quantum Circuit (VQC) Training** * **Action (Quantum Kernel Method)**: Compute a quantum kernel function. A quantum kernel is analogous to a classical kernel in algorithms like SVMs, but it measures the similarity between two quantum states in a quantum Hilbert space. This is done by preparing two quantum states (representing two data points) and then measuring the overlap between them using a quantum circuit. * **Action (Variational Quantum Circuit - VQC)**: Design and train a parameterized quantum circuit (PQC), also known as a Variational Quantum Circuit (VQC). This circuit takes the encoded quantum data as input, applies a series of parameterized quantum gates, and outputs measurement results. The parameters of the gates are then optimized using a classical optimizer to minimize a cost function (e.g., classification error). * **Reasoning**: * **Quantum Kernels**: Quantum kernels leverage the power of quantum feature spaces. By computing similarities in these high-dimensional quantum spaces, they can reveal complex correlations that are inaccessible to classical kernels. This is a direct application of quantum mechanics to enhance ML, inspired by the success of kernel methods in classical ML. Early work in QML, like that of Schölkopf et al. on quantum kernels, demonstrated the potential for quantum computers to compute kernels that are intractable classically. * **VQCs**: VQCs are a hybrid quantum-classical approach. The quantum computer performs complex, non-linear transformations on the quantum data, while a classical computer handles the optimization of the circuit parameters. This hybrid nature makes VQCs more amenable to current noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. The VQC acts as a powerful, quantum-native feature extractor and classifier. The choice of ansatz (the structure of the parameterized circuit) is critical and often guided by the problem structure. * **Step 3: Measurement and Classical Post-processing** * **Action**: Measure the output qubits of the quantum circuit. These measurements yield classical probabilities or expectation values. These classical outcomes are then fed into a classical post-processing step (e.g., a simple linear classifier or a thresholding function) to produce the final classification (anomaly or background noise). * **Reasoning**: Quantum computers are not typically used for direct outputting of complex classical information. Instead, we extract statistical information through measurements. The classical post-processing step translates these quantum measurement outcomes into a final, interpretable prediction. The efficiency of this step is usually much lower than the quantum computation itself. ### Verification Verifying a QML model, especially in a research and development phase, involves several layers: * **Step 1: Simulation on Classical Hardware** * **Action**: For small problem instances (e.g., a few data points and a limited number of qubits), simulate the entire quantum circuit on a classical computer using quantum simulators. * **Reasoning**: This allows for precise verification of the quantum operations and the overall logic. We can compare the QML model's predictions with known outcomes or with results from a well-understood classical model applied to the same (albeit simplified) data. This is a crucial sanity check. Tools like Qiskit Aer or Cirq provide high-fidelity simulators. * **Step 2: Comparison with Classical Benchmarks** * **Action**: Train and evaluate state-of-the-art classical ML models on the same data (after classical encoding). Compare the performance metrics (accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score) of the QML model against these classical benchmarks. * **Reasoning**: The goal is to demonstrate a *quantum advantage*. If the QML model significantly outperforms classical models, or achieves comparable performance with significantly fewer resources (e.g., less data, fewer parameters), it validates the quantum approach. If performance is worse, it suggests issues with the encoding, circuit design, or training process. * **Step 3: Quantum Hardware Execution and Cross-Validation** * **Action**: Execute the trained QML model on actual quantum hardware. Compare the results obtained from the quantum hardware with the simulation results and classical benchmarks. Use techniques like k-fold cross-validation on the quantum hardware (if feasible) or on simulated data that mimics hardware noise. * **Reasoning**: Real quantum hardware introduces noise and decoherence, which can affect performance. Comparing hardware results to simulations helps identify the impact of these physical effects. Cross-validation ensures the model generalizes well to unseen data, even in the presence of quantum noise. ### Generalizable Pattern The reasoning process for tackling complex pattern recognition problems with QML can be generalized as follows: 1. **Problem Identification**: Recognize if the problem exhibits characteristics that might benefit from quantum computation, such as inherent quantum correlations, exponential classical complexity in feature spaces, or the need to process quantum data. 2. **Quantum Data Representation**: Determine the most effective way to encode the classical or quantum data into quantum states suitable for quantum processing. This involves choosing an encoding strategy that preserves relevant information. 3. **Quantum Algorithm Design**: Select or design a QML algorithm (e.g., quantum kernel method, VQC, quantum neural network) that can leverage quantum phenomena to process the encoded data and learn the desired patterns. This involves choosing circuit architectures, cost functions, and optimizers. 4. **Hybrid Training/Execution**: Implement a hybrid quantum-classical training loop where the quantum computer performs complex computations and the classical computer handles optimization and parameter updates. 5. **Measurement and Interpretation**: Extract relevant classical information from quantum measurements and post-process it to obtain the final prediction. 6. **Rigorous Verification**: Validate the QML model through classical simulation, comparison with classical benchmarks, and execution on quantum hardware, accounting for noise and generalization. ### Broader Application This QML reasoning pattern extends far beyond quantum sensor data analysis. It provides a framework for approaching various complex problems in fields like: * **Materials Science**: Discovering new materials with desired properties by learning complex quantum mechanical interactions. Classical ML struggles to capture the intricate correlations in molecular simulations. QML can potentially explore vast chemical spaces more efficiently. * **Drug Discovery**: Identifying potential drug candidates by modeling complex molecular interactions and binding affinities. The quantum nature of molecular bonds and interactions makes this a prime candidate for QML. * **Financial Modeling**: Detecting subtle, non-linear patterns in financial markets that might be indicative of fraud or profitable trading opportunities. The high dimensionality and complex interdependencies in financial data can be challenging for classical methods. * **Optimization Problems**: Solving complex combinatorial optimization problems (e.g., logistics, portfolio optimization) by mapping them onto quantum systems and using QML techniques for learning optimal solutions. The core idea is to identify problems where the underlying structure or data possesses "quantumness" – correlations, complexities, or state spaces that are exponentially difficult to represent or process classically. By embracing quantum principles, QML offers a new toolkit for pushing the boundaries of what machine learning can achieve, heralding a new era of computational intelligence. This journey from classical limitations to quantum possibilities mirrors the broader evolution of programming systems, where new hardware paradigms consistently unlock novel computational approaches and solutions. | 0.7 | medium | 6 | 2,405 | [
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97b41a4c-adff-4539-b4aa-4049a3488819 | Particular clones Sangiovese, locally | science | historical_context | Particular clones of Sangiovese, locally called "Brunello". Vintage 1998 yield: 41 q/ha. Manual harvest with rigorous selection of the best bunches, in the vineyard at first and subsequently on the selection belt in the cellar.
Fermentation at controlled temperature below 30° C. 25 days of maceration in wide and short stainless steel tanks (greater contact between skins and must with a better polyphenolic extraction), daily punching down in the morning and pumping over in the evening.
4 years in Slavonian and French oak casks, followed by 2 years of refinement in bottle, all of this in a conditioned environment.
MAIN FEATURES
COLOUR:
Deep and dense ruby red with light garnet hues
BOUQUET:
Inviting, enveloping and yet still youthful. The perfectly matured fruit of the great Sangiovese dominates over the intriguing spices of the oak.
FLAVOUR:
The elegance of the ample and engaging sensations dominates over the great outstanding tannic power: The structured body is reinforced by mature and therefore non-astringent tannins, in a long and enthralling aftertaste.
:
14.2% vol
TOTAL
ACIDITY LEVEL:
6.1 g/l
S
ERVING
TEMPERATURE:
18° C
Better decant before serving
ALCOHOL CONTENT
Poggio al Vento
BRUNELLO DI MONTALCINO - RESERVE 98 D.O.C.G.
P
RODUCTION AREA:
Montalcino – Siena – S.Angelo in Colle. Hilly lands enjoying a southern exposition.
VINEYARD:
Poggio al Vento. Average height: 350 mt above sea level. Planted in 1974.
WEATHER CONDITIONS:
A late and beautiful spring has favoured flowering and fruit set, causing a large production. A dry summer and temperatures widely above the average have drastically reduced the weight of the bunches. An accurate and rigorous green harvest has allowed a perfect maturation of the grapes.
G
RAPES:
V
INIFICATION
AGEING:
: | 0.7 | medium | 4 | 528 | [
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b2851967-8a31-4c42-b635-fbaa1a06a4d0 | Tutorial: Processing W3C TAG | interdisciplinary | tutorial | ## Tutorial: Processing the W3C TAG Teleconference Minutes (July 15, 2002) **Overview**: This tutorial transforms the raw minutes from the W3C Technical Architecture Group (TAG) teleconference held on July 15, 2002, into a structured, actionable workflow. You will track administrative tasks, monitor the status of key architectural documents and decisions, and document specific action items assigned to TAG members. **Prerequisites**: Familiarity with W3C processes, TAG terminology (WD, Action, Finding), and basic meeting minutes structure. --- ### Phase 1: Administrative & Logistics Review This phase focuses on establishing the context and tracking immediate logistical outcomes of the meeting. #### Step 1: Record Meeting Logistics and Attendance Status - **Instruction**: Document the date of the meeting, the date of the previous meeting, and the scheduled date for the next meeting. - **Action**: Note the official record: - Previous Meeting Date: 8 July - Next Meeting Date: 22 July - **Checkpoint**: Verify that the log entry reflects the stated schedule confirmation: *Next meeting 22 July.* #### Step 2: Confirm Administrative Approvals - **Instruction**: Identify and formally accept the administrative items ratified during the initial section of the meeting. - **Action**: Record the following approvals: 1. Accept the current meeting's agenda. 2. Accept the minutes from the 8 July meeting. - **Practical Guidance**: If you are maintaining a formal meeting log, ensure these items are marked as "Approved" or "Accepted." #### Step 3: Review Outstanding Administrative Actions - **Instruction**: Check the status of any pending administrative action items that required follow-up before this meeting. - **Action**: Specifically track the status of the action assigned to IJ regarding the publishing moratorium: - **Action**: IJ to find out whether the W3C Comm Team expects to have a publishing moratorium in August. - **Status**: Awaiting reply. - **Troubleshooting**: If this action was expected to be completed, note that the status remains "Awaiting reply" and must be carried over to the next meeting's agenda. --- ### Phase 2: Tracking the Architecture Document Status This phase details progress, roadblocks, and specific action items related to the critical Architecture Document. #### Step 4: Assess the Status of Architect Document Time Negotiation (Action TBL) - **Instruction**: Document the resolution regarding securing more time from IJ for the Architecture Document. - **Action**: Record the outcome of **ACTION TBL 2002/05/05**: 1. TBL decided to keep the push "on back burner for 30 days." 2. Note the contingency: IJ will have more time available in the fall. - **Validation Checkpoint**: Note the concern raised by TB and DC: the availability of IJ is a potential roadblock to getting the first public Working Draft (WD) out soon. - **Guidance**: Record the direct instruction given to TBL: *Please push this at the AB face-to-face meeting this week.* #### Step 5: Confirm Completion of URI Scheme Text Proposal - **Instruction**: Verify which specific drafting actions related to Section 1.1 (URI Schemes) have been finalized. - **Action**: Mark the following as **COMPLETED**: - **Action TB, DC 2002/07/08**: Propose text for section 1.1 (URI Schemes). - **Practical Guidance**: Note that despite completion, subsequent discussion (Step 7) indicates further refinement is necessary. #### Step 6: Track Pending URI Scheme Inquiry (Action DC) - **Instruction**: Document the status of DC’s external inquiry regarding IETF decisions on URI naming. - **Action**: Record the status of **Action DC 2002/07/08**: - **Task**: Ask Michael Mealing when IETF decided not to use HTTP URIs to name protocols. - **Status**: DC has sent email, awaiting reply. - **Contextual Note**: Record TB’s observation that there are conflicting answers from Mark Baker, Keith Moore, and Michael Mealing, highlighting the difficulty in obtaining definitive IETF answers. #### Step 7: Document the URI Schema Properties Table Discussion and Action - **Instruction**: Detail the discussion surrounding SW's proposed table on URI scheme properties and the resulting action item. - **Action Sequence**: 1. Note that Ian placed SW's table in the arch doc appendix *for now*. 2. Track the disagreement between TBL and DC regarding the conclusion that `http` points to a document. 3. Record the consensus that the table, despite content disagreement, is useful, especially if generated from RDF. 4. **Assign New Action**: **Action DC**: Regenerate this table from RDF (looking closely at contents of cells). - **Key Architectural Point**: Record TB’s query regarding the table's normative force and the agreed-upon principle: *The arch doc should include a list of some well-known URI schemes with properties to aid people in not inventing new ones.* #### Step 8: Document Clarification on URI Variation (Action TB) - **Instruction**: Track the discussion on what a URI abstraction can vary under, specifically challenging the initial draft's focus on "time." - **Action**: Record the objection raised by DC (that variation is not just by time) and the consensus reached: 1. **Action TB**: Clarify the first sentence of the definition to account for variation beyond time (e.g., language, representation). 2. **Proposed Column Heads**: Persistence and Dereferenceability. - **Checkpoint**: Note that TB was tasked with refining the core definition sentence, moving away from time-only variation. #### Step 9: Formalize the Principle of Absolute Addressing (Action SW) - **Instruction**: Document the established architectural principle regarding the utility of absolute names. - **Action**: Record the consensus principle derived from DC’s historical context on email addresses: - **Principle**: "Absolute addressing is better than context-sensitive addressing." (Or, "The ability to provide absolute addressing is better...") - **Assign New Action**: **Action SW**: Write down this arch principle. - **Guidance**: Note the tension discussed between the benefit of absolute naming (DNS structure) and the weakness of centralized name servers (DNS centralization). #### Step 10: Finalize Next Steps for First Public Working Draft (WD) - **Instruction**: Document the agreement on the path to the August 15th WD deadline. - **Action**: Record the path forward agreed upon by DC and IJ: - IJ will chew on text until early August. - The document will then be shipped. - **Quality Threshold**: Note the differing views on quality: DC has no lower bound, while TB *does* have a lower bound, suggesting removing partial sections might improve quality. #### Step 11: Determine Press Release Strategy - **Instruction**: Document the TAG's collective stance on issuing a press release for the first public WD. - **Action**: Record the initial strong objections from DC, DO, PC, TBL, and SW against an immediate press release. - **Mind Change**: Note that PC changed their mind, conditional on JD (not DC) handling press calls and ensuring the document clearly labels decisions, issues, and required input. - **Final Consensus for IJ's Report**: 1. In principle, agreement to publish. 2. TAG requires seeing the current state of the document *and* the proposed press release text before final sign-off. --- ### Phase 3: Reviewing Findings and Open Issues This phase addresses the status updates on published TAG Findings. #### Step 12: Update Status on Qnames Finding (Action NW) - **Instruction**: Document the revision required for the Qnames as identifiers finding based on recent developments (e.g., XPointer rejection). - **Action**: Record the outcome of **Action NW 2002/06/24**: 1. The finding is deemed to have no actionable recommendations remaining. 2. **Assign New Action**: **Action NW**: Revise and publish Qnames as identifiers finding, adding material up front stating it has no recommendations, only identifying a "nasty singularity." - **Checkpoint**: Confirm that DC and TBL agreed that "red cones" (warnings) are still useful even without recommendations. #### Step 13: Finalize Formatting Consistency Finding (Action NW) - **Instruction**: Confirm the completion status of the finding regarding formatting property names. - **Action**: Record that NW has republished the finding and considers it **Done**. - **Procedural Note**: Note IJ’s question about the difference between a "one-week appeal" status and "no appeal" status, and DC’s clarification (stability increases the longer one waits past publication). #### Step 14: Document Discussion on httpRange-14 (Resource vs. Representation) - **Instruction**: Detail the contentious debate regarding whether HTTP URIs can point to non-document resources (like a car) versus documents *about* the resource. - **Action Sequence**: 1. Note RF's position: HTTP URIs *can* point to things like a car (DC concurs in principle, but notes negative practical consequences). 2. Note TBL's consistent model: HTTP URI points to a document *about* the car (citing Dublin Core implications). 3. Record the key architectural distinction raised by RF: HTTP headers often refer only to the representation, while others (like `alternates`) refer to the resource. 4. **Identify Related Issue**: Note that this discussion relates to **TAG issue URIEquivalence-15** (Whether two strings are different spellings for the same URI). - **Practical Guidance**: Record the opposing views on whether this is an RDF problem (NW) or a Web Architecture problem (TBL). #### Step 15: Triage Postponed and New Issues - **Instruction**: Create a definitive list of issues deferred to future meetings or newly raised. - **Action: Postponed Issues (2.5)**: List all items deferred (e.g., Internet Media Type registration, RFC3023Charset-21, discussions with WSA WG). - **Action: New Issues (2.6)**: Record the new bad practice brought forward by TBL: *Overriding HTTP content-type with a URI reference.* --- ### Practice Exercise: Action Item Consolidation Review all action items assigned during the meeting and format them for tracking in a centralized system. | Assignee | Action ID (Date) | Task Description | Due Context | Status | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | TBL | 2002/07/15 | Push for more IJ time at the AB face-to-face meeting. | Immediate/This Week | Open | | DC | 2002/07/15 | Regenerate URI scheme properties table from RDF, checking cell contents closely. | Before next WD review | Open | | SW | 2002/07/15 | Write down the arch principle: "Absolute addressing is better than context-sensitive addressing." | Before next WD review | Open | | TB | 2002/07/15 | Clarify the first sentence of the Arch Doc definition to address variation beyond just 'time'. | Before next WD review | Open | | NW | 2002/07/15 | Revise and republish the Qnames finding, adding an introduction stating it has no recommendations. | Before next WD review | Open | | IJ | (Carry Over) | Report back on W3C Comm Team's expected publishing moratorium in August. | Awaiting Reply | Open | ### Key Takeaways 1. **Architecture Document Priority**: Getting the first public WD out by August 15th is the immediate priority, despite concerns about content quality and IJ's availability. 2. **URI Definition Refinement**: The core definition of what a URI identifies must be broadened beyond time-varying concepts, and the URI scheme properties table needs regeneration from RDF. 3. **Press Stance**: The TAG requires pre-approval (document text + press release text) before agreeing to a formal press push. ### Next Steps 1. Monitor for the reply on the August publishing moratorium (IJ). 2. Track TBL’s follow-up with the Architecture Board (AB) regarding IJ’s time allocation. 3. Review the revised Qnames finding and the updated Architecture Document draft when available. | 0.7 | medium | 6 | 2,697 | [
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f709fe7c-9cd5-4720-a6d2-92f08ad55078 | Develop your intellectual curiosity | interdisciplinary | problem_set | Develop your intellectual curiosity and logical reasoning skills as you expand your understanding of how the world works.
Students in this STEM pathway research people, animals, machines, buildings and the universe as they learn about emerging technologies and prepare for continued education in their career paths.
The STEM Program is designed for students who wish to explore a wide range of career options in science, technology, engineering, or mathematics in anticipation of selecting a degree in one of these specific fields. After the first semester of this degree, students will either branch off into a specific STEM program or work closely with their advising team to select appropriate electives.
This Pathway Program offers necessary course work to transfer to a four-year university, allowing students to pursue a general baccalaureate degree or further education in STEM. Many careers in STEM will require advanced degrees.
Interested in creating software, analyzing data or exploring cybersecurity? Students in the Computer Science program learn the skills needed for these areas and more. Students study all aspects of the use and understanding of computers and the computation process. They also learn to code, starting simple and building up to complex programs.
The Computer Science program provides a foundation for students to complete their bachelor's degree. LCCC graduates need to continue at a four-year institution. Graduates often work in private companies and government agencies.
The field of engineering uses scientific processes for designing and building machines, vehicles, structures, bridges, roads and more. At LCCC, students start with general, transferable courses focused in mathematics and engineering science that allow them to specialize later. Students work hands-on in laboratory settings as well as with scientific and engineering software.
The Engineering program provides a foundation for students to complete their bachelor's degree and beyond. LCCC graduates need to continue at a four-year institution. Graduates often work as agricultural engineers, automotive engineers, chemical engineers, civil engineers, computer engineers, and drafting and design engineers.
Are you curious about our natural world? The science programs include a variety of studies that center around life and the environments where life exists. This program allows students to focus on a specific area: Biology, Biomedical Sciences and Physical Science. Students learn in classroom and laboratory settings with access to opportunities and highly specialized equipment rarely seen at this level.
The science programs provides a foundation for students to complete their bachelor's degree and beyond. LCCC graduates need to continue at a four-year institution. Graduates often work as environmental, health or quality control scientists; research scientists; lab technicians; pharmaceutical salespeople; teachers and medical professionals. | 0.65 | medium | 5 | 518 | [
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ef256131-8ff8-4725-a0ce-3ba1c99b7420 | Locations United States English | interdisciplinary | tutorial | # Locations in the United States with an English name
A large number of places in the U.S were named after places in England largely as a result of English settlers and explorers of the Thirteen Colonies.
Some names were carried over directly and are found throughout the country (such as Manchester, Birmingham and Rochester). Others carry the prefix "New"; for example, the largest city in the US, New York, was named after York because King Charles II gave the land to his brother, James, the Duke of York (later James II). Some places, such as Hartford, Connecticut, bear an archaic spelling of an English place (in this case Hertford).
Washington, D.C., the federal capital of the U.S., is named after the first U.S. President George Washington, whose surname was due to his family holding land in Washington, Tyne and Wear.
## Alabama
- Ashford
- Avon
- Birmingham[4]
- Brent
- Brighton
- Chelsea
- Leeds[5]
- New London
- Oxford
- Sheffield
- Woodstock[6]
- York
## Alaska
- Sutton
## Arizona
- Douglas
- Winslow
## Arkansas
- Benton
- Bradford
- Camden
- Chester
- Carlisle
- Dover
- England
- Everton
- Hampton
- Hartford
- Hatfield
- Haynes
- Lincoln (Named after Abraham Lincoln, whose last name originates from the city of Lincoln in England)
- London
- Mansfield
- Melbourne
- Newark
- Newcastle
- Oxford
- Shirley
## California
- Brentwood[7]
- Cardiff
- Chatsworth[7]
- Chester
- Compton
- Exeter[8]
- Hanford
- Hollywood
- Kensington[7]
- Lancaster
- Manchester[9]
- Newcastle
- Richmond
- Ryde
- Westminster
- Windsor
- Stockton
## Colorado
- Arlington
- Avon
- Brighton
- Bristol
- Denver
- Hereford
- Sedgwick
- Wellington
- Westminster
- Windsor
- Winter Park
## Connecticut
- Andover[10]
- Ashford[10]
- Avon[11]
- Berkshire[10]
- Bolton[12]
- Bristol[13]
- Canterbury[10]
- Cheshire[10]
- Chester[10]
- Chesterfield[10]
- Colchester[14]
- Colebrook[10]
- Cornwall[10]
- Coventry[10]
- Danbury[10]
- Derby[10]
- Durham[10]
- East Hampton[10]
- East Windsor[10]
- Easton[10]
- Ellington[10]
- Enfield[10]
- Essex[10]
- Farmington[10]
- Glastonbury[10]
- Granby[10]
- Greenwich[10]
- Guilford[10]
- Hampton[10]
- Hartford[15]
- Kent[10]
- Killingworth[10]
- Litchfield[10]
- Manchester[10]
- Mansfield[10]
- Marlborough[10]
- Meriden[10]
- Middlesex County
- Milford[10]
- New Britain[10]
- New London[10]
- Newington[10]
- Norfolk[10]
- Norwich[10]
- Oxford[10]
- Plymouth[10]
- Portland[10]
- Preston[10]
- Salisbury[10]
- Stafford[10]
- Stamford[10]
- Stratford[10]
- Tolland[10]
- Torrington[10]
- Wallingford[10]
- Waterford[10]
- Weston[10]
- Westport[10]
- Willington[10]
- Wilton[10]
- Winchester[10]
- Windsor[10]
- Windsor Locks[10]
- Woodstock[10]
## Delaware
- Arden
- Camden
- Canterbury
- Dover[16]
- Harrington
- Kent County
- Lancashire
- Lewes
- Lincoln
- Middletown
- Milford
- Milton
- Newark
- Seaford
- Sussex County
- Townsend
- Warwick
- Wilmington
## Florida
- Acton
- Aldrige
- Alford
- Alton
- Amesbury Circle
- Amelia Island
- Andover
- Arlington
- Ashbourne Drive
- Ashbury Lane
- Avon Park
- Banbury
- Bath Lane
- Baxter
- Beauclerc
- Bedford Road
- Beechwood
- Berkshire Lakes
- Beresford
- Beverly Beach
- Birmingham Drive
- Bloxham
- Boston Street
- Brentwood
- Bridgewater
- Brighton Bay
- Bristol
- Buckingham
- Burlington Heights
- Burlington Oaks
- Caldwell Terrace
- Cambridge Road
- Camden Square
- Canterbury
- Carlisle
- Carlton, Pinellas County
- Carlton, St. Lucie County
- Charlotte Beach
- Charlotte County
- Charlotte Harbor
- Charlotte Park
- Charlotte Square
- Chatham
- Chelmsford
- Chelsea
- Chelsea Place
- Cheshire Drive
- Chester
- Chesterfield Heights
- Chichester
- Colchester Court
- Concord, Gadsden County
- Concord, Leon County
- Cornwall
- Cornwell
- Covington Park
- Crawford
- Cumberland
- Cuxham Drive
- Darlington
- Davenport
- Denham
- Derbyshire Road
- Derby Woods
- Devon
- Devonshire
- Dorset
- Dorchester
- Dover
- Dovercourt Lane
- Dunsford Terrace
- Durham
- Eastbrook
- Eastgate, Orange County
- Eastgate, Manatee County
- Eastgate, Sarasota County
- East Hill
- Effingham Road
- Essington Lane
- Essex Lane
- Essex Street
- Ewell
- Exeter
- Falmouth
- Faringdon Drive
- Faversham Circle
- Flamborough Drive
- Fordham Drive
- Fort Pierce
- Glastonbury Circle
- Gloucester Court
- Gotham Court
- Grantham Drive
- Greenacres
- Greenfield, Columbia County
- Greenfield, Duval County
- Greenfield, Pasco County
- Greenhead
- Greenwich
- Grimsby Lane
- Guilford
- Halifax River
- Hampshire
- Hampshire Hills
- Hampstead Lane
- Hampton
- Harpswell Drive
- Harrington
- Harrington Lake
- Harwich Circle
- Hastings
- Haverhill
- Hawkesbury Way
- Haynes
- Heathrow
- Hillsboro Beach
- Hillsborough County
- Hillsborough River
- Holly Hill
- Hollywood
- Horton Shores
- Huntington, Marion County
- Huntington, Putnam County
- Hutton Court
- Hyde Park
- Inglewood
- Inwood
- Kensington Park
- Kent
- Keswick
- Kingsford
- Kingsland
- Kingsley Plantation
- King Charles Circle
- King Edward Drive
- King George Estates
- King Henry Avenue
- King Henry Road
- King Richard Lane
- Kingston
- Lake George
- Lancaster
- Langdon Beach
- Lavenham Circle
- Layton
- Lexington
- Lincoln
- Liverpool
- Liverpool Island
- Lockwood, Levy County
- Lockwood, Orange County
- London Drive
- Longwood
- Lundy
- Lymington Circle
- Manchester
- Manchester Lakes
- Mansfield Heights
- Margate
- Marlborough
- Melbourne
- Middlesex Road
- Mulburry
- Newberry
- Newburn
- Newcastle
- New London Street
- Newmarket
- New River, Broward County
- Norfolk Street
- Northumberland Avenue
- Northwood, Alachua County
- Northwood, Palm Beach County
- Norwich Circle
- Notting Hill
- Nottingham
- Nottingham Street
- Oxford
- Parham Heights
- Pembridge Avenue
- Plymouth[17]
- Port Charlotte
- Portland
- Portsmouth Lane
- Prince Albert Court
- Prince John Lane
- Prince Michael Lane
- Queen Anne Boulevard
- Queen Anne Court
- Queen Anne Road
- Queen Elizabeth Court
- Queen Elizabeth Way
- Queen Victoria Avenue
- Queen Victoria Drive
- Queens Park
- Queensway Road
- Ramsey Beach
- Reading Road
- Richmond
- Ridgewood
- Royston Bend
- Riverdale
- Runnymede
- Rutland
- Salisbury Road
- Sandringham Road
- Saxton
- Scarborough
- Sheffield Circle
- Sherwood Forest
- Shrewsbury Lane
- Shrewsbury Road
- Somerset
- Southbank
- Southend
- Southgate
- Southminster Circle
- Southport
- Southside
- Springfield
- St. Catherine
- Staffordshire Drive
- Sudbury Lane
- Sunbury Drive
- Sunderland Road
- Suffolk Road
- Surrey Avenue
- Sussex
- Sussex Place
- Templeton Lane
- Tewkesbury Trace
- Thornbury Court
- Thornton Park
- Tilbury Court
- Tisbury Lane
- Upshire Path
- Uxbridge Lane
- Walsingham
- Warrington
- Warwick Hills
- Washington County
- Watergate
- Wellington
- Wembley Way
- Westbury
- Westchester
- Westminster
- Westmoreland
- Westside
- Whitby Road
- Wickham Park
- Winchester Estates
- Windermere[18]
- Windlesham Court
- Windsor, Alachua County
- Windsor, Indian River County
- Woodburn[18]
- Woodstock
- Worthington Springs
- Victoria Park
- York
- Yorkshire
## Georgia
- Bainbridge
- Barwick
- Boston
- Chatsworth
- Claxton
- Covington
- Hull
- Manchester
- Mansfield
- Oxford
- Preston
- Putney
- Royston
- Warwick
- Washington
- Winchester
## Hawaii
- Whitmore Village
## Idaho
- Burley
## Illinois
- Birmingham Township
- Chester[19]
- Chesterfield
- Colchester
- Cumberland County
- Enfield
- Hull
- Huntley
- Manchester
- Truro Township
- Winchester
- Woodstock
## Indiana
- Avon
- Bedford
- Bristol
- Carlisle
- Cumberland
- Darlington
- Manchester
- Manchester Township
- New Carlisle
- New London
- Oxford
- Plymouth
- Washington
- Winchester
- Worthington
## Iowa
- Abingdon
- Ackworth
- Alton
- Bedford
- Birmingham[20]
- Brighton
- Cambridge
- Carlisle
- Chatsworth
- Chelsea
- Cumberland
- Derby
- Dorchester
- Ely
- Epworth
- Essex
- Hampton
- Hartley
- Hull
- Keswick
- Leeds
- Manchester
- Matlock
- New London
- Otley
- Oxford
- Radcliffe
- Sheffield
- Stockport
- Washington
- Waterloo
## Kansas
- Alton
- Bentley
- Berwick
- Buxton
- Clayton
- Derby
- Devon
- Effingham
- Farlington
- Kensington
- Lancaster
- Lincoln
- Manchester
- Oxford
- Richmond
- Stafford
- Wakefield
- Washington
- Westmoreland
- Winchester
## Kentucky
- Barnsley
- Birmingham[21]
- Boston, Louisville
- Boston, Nelson County
- Bromley[22]
- Cambridge
- Carlisle
- Cumberland County
- Cumberland Falls
- Cumberland Gap
- Cumberland Plateau
- Cumberland River
- Dover[24]
- Falmouth
- London[25]
- Manchester[26]
- Middlesboro
- Richmond
- Somerset
- Williba[27]
- Winchester
## Louisiana
- Hoyland Common
- Elsecar 2
## Maine
- Acton
- Alton
- Andover
- Avon
- Bath[28]
- Beddington
- Berwick
- Biddeford
- Boothbay[29]
- Bradford
- Bristol[30]
- Buxton[31]
- Cambridge[32]
- Chelsea
- Cumberland
- Cumberland County
- Durham[33]
- Exeter
- Falmouth
- Harpswell
- Kittery[34]
- Leeds
- Limington
- Manchester
- New Gloucester
- Oxford
- Portland
- Scarborough[35]
- Waltham
- Wells
- Yarmouth
- York[36]
- York County[37]
## Maryland
- Abingdon[38]
- Barton
- Bristol
- Cambridge[39]
- Cheltenham
- Chester
- Cumberland
- Doncaster
- Essex
- Hampstead[40]
- Hillsborough
- Kensington
- Kent[41]
- Manchester[42]
- Millington
- Nottingham
- Olney[43]
- Oxford
- Salisbury
- Sunderland
- Warwick
- Westminster
## Massachusetts
- Abington
- Acton
- Amesbury
- Andover
- Arlington
- Attleboro
- Avon
- Barnstable
- Bedford
- Berkley
- Beverly
- Billerica
- Blandford
- Bolton
- Boston
- Boxford
- Bradford
- Braintree
- Bridgewater
- Bridgewater (CDP)
- East Bridgewater
- West Bridgewater
- Brighton
- Brimfield
- Bristol
- Burlington (Bridlington)
- Cambridge
- Carlisle
- Chatham
- Chelmsford
- Chelsea
- Chester
- Chesterfield
- Chilmark
- Concord
- Dartmouth
- Dedham
- Dorchester
- Dover
- Dunstable
- Duxbury
- Duxbury (CDP)
- South Duxbury
- Essex
- Essex County
- Falmouth
- Falmouth (CDP)
- East Falmouth
- North Falmouth
- West Falmouth
- Framingham
- Gloucester
- Grafton
- Great Barrington
- Groton
- Hadley
- Halifax
- Harwich
- Hardwick
- Hatfield
- Haverhill
- Hingham
- Hingham (CDP)
- Hull
- Hyde Park
- Ipswich
- Islington
- Kingston
- Leeds
- Lancaster
- Leicester
- Leominster
- Lexington
- Lincoln
- Ludlow
- Lynn
- Malden
- Manchester
- Mansfield
- Marlborough
- Marshfield
- Medford
- Medway
- Middleborough
- Middlesex County
- Milford
- Milton
- Needham
- Newbury
- New Ashford
- New Bedford
- Newton
- Norfolk
- Norfolk County
- Northampton
- Norton
- Norwood
- Oakham
- Oxford
- Petersham
- Plymouth
- Plymouth Beach
- Plymouth Center
- Plymouth County
- North Plymouth
- South Plymouth
- West Plymouth
- Plympton
- Raynham
- Reading
- Rochester
- Rowley
- Rutland
- Salisbury
- Sandwich
- Sheffield
- Shrewsbury
- Somerset
- Southampton
- Springfield
- Stockbridge
- Stoneham
- Stoughton
- Stow (Stowe)
- Sturbridge (Stourbridge)
- Sudbury
- Suffolk County
- Sunderland
- Sutton
- Taunton
- Templeton
- Tewksbury
- Tisbury
- West Tisbury
- Topsfield
- Truro
- North Truro
- Upton
- Uxbridge
- Wakefield
- Waltham
- Wareham
- Wareham Center
- West Wareham
- Warwick
- Westfield
- Westport
- Westwood
- Weymouth
- Wilbraham
- Winchester
- Windsor
- Woburn
- Worcester
- Wrentham
- Yarmouth
## Michigan
- Avon
- Baltimore Township
- New Baltimore
- Bath
- Berkley
- Birmingham
- Brighton
- Camden
- Chelsea
- Chesterfield
- Dearborn
- Elmhurst
- Farmington
- Garden City
- Hastings
- Houghton
- Kensington
- Kent County
- Lansing
- Lincoln
- Lincoln Park
- Macomb County
- Manchester
- Milford
- New Boston
- New Haven
- Oxford
- Plymouth
- Richmond
- Rochester
- Rockwood
- Roscommon
- Rothbury
- Royal Oak
- Shelby Township
- Somerset Township
- Sterling Heights
- Surrey Township
- Warren
- Wales Township
- Washington Township
- Waterford
- Waverly
- Wayne County
- Windsor
- Wexford
## Minnesota
- Stearns county
- Bradford[44]
- Bristol Township
- Ely
- Kensington
- Kent
- London
- London Township
- Manchester
- New Brighton
- New London
- Plymouth
- Rochester
## Mississippi
- Bolton
- Bude
- Oxford
- Plymouth
- Suffolk
## Missouri
- Alton
- Birmingham
- Bosworth
- Brentwood
- Chesterfield
- Clayton
- Essex
- Everton
- Farmington
- Lancaster
- Lincoln
- Manchester
- Mansfield
- New London
- Plymouth
- Salisbury
- Shrewsbury
- Stockton
- Washington
- Weatherby
- Wellington
- Winchester
- Windsor
- Worthington
## Montana
- Billings
## Nebraska
- Amherst
- Burwell
- Cambridge
- Crawford
- Crofton
- Danbury
- Exeter
- Hartington
- Hastings
- Hampton
- Lancaster County
- Lincoln
- Lexington
- London
- Oxford
- Sutton
- Wakefield
- Washington
- Weston
- York
## Nevada
- Ely
## New Hampshire
- New Hampshire — named after Hampshire by governor John Mason.[45]
- Alton
- Andover
- Barrington
- Bath
- Bedford
- Bradford
- Brentwood
- Bridgewater
- Bristol
- Canterbury
- Chatham
- Chesham
- Chester
- Chichester
- Concord
- Croydon
- Derry
- Dorchester
- Dover
- Durham
- Epping
- Epsom
- Exeter
- Hampstead
- Hampton
- Kensington
- Lancaster
- Lincoln
- Litchfield
- Londonderry
- Lyme
- Manchester
- Marlborough
- Marlow
- New Castle
- New Ipswich
- New London
- Newington
- Newmarket
- Northumberland
- Nottingham
- Plaistow
- Portsmouth
- Richmond
- Rochester
- Rye
- Sandown
- Stratham (from Streatham)
- Strafford (from Stratford)
- Surry (from Surrey)
- Tamworth
- Wakefield
- Westmoreland
- Wilton
- Woodstock
## New Jersey
- New Jersey itself
- Barrington
- Bedminster
- Birmingham
- Bloomsbury
- Bridgewater
- Camden, New Jersey
- Chester
- Clifton
- Cumberland County
- Dover
- Essex County
- Evesham Township
- Gloucester City
- Gloucester County
- Gloucester Township
- Greenwich
- Lyndhurst
- Manchester
- Margate City
- Middlesex
- Middlesex County
- Newark
- Ridgewood
- Ringwood
- Shrewsbury
- Shrewsbury Township
- Southampton
- Stockton
- Stafford Township
- Stratford
- Somerset
- Somerset County
- Sussex
- Sussex County
- Ventnor
- Washington
- Weymouth
- Woodbury
- Woolwich
## New Mexico
- Clayton
- Farmington
## New York
- New York itself
- Albany county
- Allerton
- Andover
- Ardsley
- Bath
- Bedford
- Bedford Hills
- Boston
- Bradford
- Brentwood
- Bridgehampton
- Bridgewater (town)
- Bridgewater (village)
- Brighton, Erie County
- Brighton, Franklin County
- Brighton, Monroe County
- Brighton Beach
- Bristol
- Calverton
- Cambridge
- Carlisle
- Chatham
- Chelsea
- Chester, Orange County
- Chester, Warren County
- Chesterfield
- Chichester
- Colchester
- Cornwall
- Cornwall-on-Hudson
- Coventry
- Cumberland County
- Durham
- Elmhurst, Chautauqua County
- Elmhurst, Queens
- Essex
- Fordham
- Garden City
- Gravesend
- Greenwich
- Greenwich Village
- Hastings-on-Hudson
- Hempstead (town)
- Hempstead (village)
- Huntington (CDP)
- Huntington (town)
- Hyde Park
- Islip (CDP)
- Islip (town)
- Kensington, Nassau County
- Kensington, Brooklyn
- Kew Gardens
- Kingsbridge
- Kingston
- Lancaster
- Leeds
- Leicester
- Lincoln
- Liverpool
- Manchester
- Middlesex
- New Brighton
- New Castle
- New Hartford
- New Hyde Park
- New Suffolk
- New Windsor
- New York City
- Norfolk
- Northampton, Fulton County
- Northampton, Suffolk County
- Northumberland
- Norwich
- Oxford
- Plymouth
- Reading
- Ridge
- Riverhead (CDP)
- Riverhead (town)
- Rochdale
- Rochester
- Roxbury
- Rutland
- Rye
- Salisbury
- St. Albans
- Scarborough
- Scarsdale
- Seaford
- Shoreham
- Somerset
- Southampton
- South Bristol
- Southold (CDP)
- Southold (town)
- Springfield
- Stafford
- Stamford
- Stamford (village)
- Suffolk County
- Upton
- Wainscott
- Warwick
- Warwick (village)
- Waterloo (town)
- Westbury
- West Brighton
- Windsor
- Woodbury, Nassau County
- Woodbury, Orange County
- Woodstock
- Worcester
- York
- Yorkshire
- Yorktown
## North Carolina
- Bath
- Burlington
- Camden
- Camden County
- Chatham County
- Cumberland County
- Dalton
- Danbury
- Durham
- Enfield
- Guilford County
- Hertford
- Hertford County
- Hillsborough
- Leicester
- Lincoln County
- Macclesfield
- Middlesex
- Mount Pleasant
- New London
- Oxford
- Plymouth
- Raleigh
- Richmond County
- Rockingham
- Salisbury
- Southport
- Surry (Surrey)
- Wentworth
- Warrenton (Warrington, Cheshire)
- Wilmington
## North Dakota
- Berwick
- Harlow
- Leeds[46]
- New England
- Norwich
- Rugby
- Surrey
- Tunbridge
- Warwick
- Watford City
- York
## Ohio
- Amberley
- Andover
- Avon
- Avon Lake
- Bath, Allen County
- Bath, Greene County
- Bath, Summit County
- Bedford
- Bedford Heights
- Berwick
- Bexley[47]
- Birmingham, Erie County
- Birmingham, Guernsey County
- Bradford
- Brighton
- Bristol
- Camden
- Carlisle
- Cheshire
- Chatham
- Chester
- Cleveland
- Coventry
- Cumberland
- Derby
- Dorset
- Dover
- Dover Township, Athens County
- Dover Township, Fulton County
- Dover Township, Tuscarawas County
- Dover Township, Union County
- Durham Township
- East Liverpool
- Essex
- Grafton
- Greenwich
- Guilford
- Kensington
- Kettering
- Lancaster
- Litchfield
- Liverpool Township, Medina County
- Liverpool Township, Columbiana County
- London
- New Carlisle
- New London
- Lyme
- Malvern
- Manchester
- Mansfield
- Mayfield
- Mayfield Heights
- New Lyme Township
- Nottingham Township
- Norwich
- Oxford
- Plymouth
- Portsmouth
- Reading
- Rochester Township
- Salisbury
- Sheffield
- Somerset
- Truro Township
- Windsor
- York Township
## Oklahoma
- Blackburn
- Chelsea[48]
- Manchester (disputed; see footnote)[49]
- Newcastle
- Warwick
## Oregon
- Portland, Oregon
## Pennsylvania
- Alden (derived from Alden Valley, Lancashire)
- Andreas (from Andreas, Isle of Man)
- Aston
- Barnsley
- Bath
- Bedford
- Bedminster
- Berks County (short for "Berkshire")
- Berwick
- Birmingham, Chester County
- Birmingham, Huntingdon County
- Black Heath (derived from either Blackheath, London or Blackheath, West Midlands)
- Brentwood
- Brighton
- Bristol
- Bristol Township
- Buckingham
- Bucks County (short for "Buckinghamshire")
- Carlisle
- Cheltenham
- Cheltenham Township
- Chester
- Cheswick
- Croydon
- Cumberland County
- Darby (from the phonetic pronunciation of "Derby")
- Darlington
- Devon
- Dover
- Easton (derived from Easton Neston, a estate in Northamptonshire)
- East Huntingdon Township
- East York
- Elmhurst
- Emsworth
- Exeter
- Essington
- Falmouth
- Freeland
- Grantham
- Halifax
- Hereford
- Hereford Township
- Horsham
- Huntingdon
- Huntington
- Hyde Park
- Kensington
- Kidder Township (derived from Kidderminster, Worcestershire)
- Kingston
- Lancaster
- Lancaster County
- Lancaster Township, Butler County
- Lancaster Township, Lancaster County
- Liverpool
- Liverpool Township
- Lowhill Township (derived from Low Hill, Wolverhampton, West Midlands)
- Lynn Township (derived from King's Lynn, Norfolk)
- Malvern
- Manchester
- Mayfair
- Middlesex Township
- New Brighton
- New Castle
- New Cumberland
- New Kensington
- New London
- New Oxford
- New Stanton
- New Wilmington
- Northampton
- Northampton County
- Northumberland
- Northumberland County
- Norwood
- Nottingham
- Nottingham Township
- Olney
- Oxford
- Plymouth
- Reading
- Richmond Township
- Rochester
- Romney
- Salisbury Township
- Sheffield
- Shrewsbury
- Somerset
- Southampton
- Southwark
- South Huntingdon Township
- Sunbury (derived from Sunbury-on-Thames, Surrey)
- Telford
- Trafford
- Warminster
- Warrington Township, Bucks County
- Warrington Township, York County
- Warwick Township, Bucks County
- Warwick Township, Chester County
- Warwick Township, Lancaster County
- Washington
- Westmoreland County
- Whitehall
- Yeadon
- York
- Pennsylvania and Delaware Valley were settled by Quakers reflecting this settlement.
- Quaker architecture in the state mirrors that in England.[23]
## Rhode Island
- Barrington
- Bradford
- Bristol
- Bristol County
- Coventry
- Cumberland
- East Greenwich
- Exeter
- Elmhurst
- Gloucester
- Kent County
- Lincoln
- Little Compton
- New Shoreham
- Portsmouth
- Smithfield
- Tiverton
- Warren
- Warwick
- West Greenwich
- West Warwick
- Westerly[50]
- Wickford
## South Carolina
- Barnwell
- Beaufort
- Camden
- Carlisle
- Chesterfield
- Darlington
- Dorchester
- Edgefield
- Effingham
- Gresham
- Hampton
- Lancaster
- Newberry
- Westminster
- Willington
- Windsor
- York
## South Dakota
- Andover
- Arlington
- Avon
- Bath
- Brentford
- Bristol
- Chelsea
- Chester
- Hereford
- Ipswich
- Manchester
- Mansfield
- Oldham
- Rutland
- Selby
- Wentworth
- Worthing
## Tennessee
- Bradford
- Bransford
- Brentwood
- Bristol
- Cumberland County
- Fairfield Glade (derived from Fairfield, Bedfordshire)
- Harrogate
- Huntingdon
- London
- Manchester
- Portland
- Springfield
- Westmoreland
- Winchester
- Woodbury
## Texas
- Arlington
- Bedford
- Bristol
- Caldwell
- Derby
- Hereford
- Liverpool
- London
- Mansfield
- Newcastle
- Richmond
- Royston
- Sheffield
- Southampton
- Stamford
- Wellington
- Wortham
- Irving
## Utah
- Croydon
- Leamington, Utah[51]
- Leeds[51]
## Vermont
- Andover
- Barnet
- Berkshire
- Bradford
- Brighton
- Bridgewater
- Bristol
- Burlington
- Cambridge
- Chelsea
- Chester
- Chittenden
- Colchester
- Coventry
- Cumberland County
- Derby
- Derby Center
- Derby Line
- Dorset
- Essex
- Essex County
- Guilford
- Kirby
- Leicester
- Maidstone
- Manchester
- Milton
- Norwich
- Middlesex
- Plymouth
- Putney
- Reading
- Richmond
- Rochester
- Rutland
- Salisbury
- Sheffield
- Shrewsbury
- St. Albans (city)
- St. Albans (town)
- Stamford
- Stockbridge
- Stowe
- Sudbury
- Tunbridge
- Wells
- Weybridge
- Westminster
- Windham County
- Woodstock
## Virginia
- Abingdon
- Arlington
- Ashland
- Bedford
- Bristol
- Charles City County
- Chester
- Chesterfield
- Crewe
- Cumberland County
- Cumberland Mountains
- Dendron
- Dover
- Elmhurst
- Essex County, Virginia
- Falmouth
- Gloucester
- Gloucester County
- Gloucester Courthouse
- Gloucester Point
- Hampton
- Loudoun County
- Manchester
- Manchester, Chesterfield County
- Midlothian
- New Kent
- Norfolk
- Northumberland County
- Prince William County
- Richmond
- Shadwell
- Southampton
- Stafford
- Suffolk
- Sussex County
- Portsmouth
- Surry
- Isle of Wight County
- Northampton County
- Northumberland County
- Middlesex County
- Sussex
- Buckingham
- Wakefield
- Waverly
- Westmoreland County
- Woodstock
- Winchester
- Yorkshire
- Yorktown
## Washington
- The state itself is named after the first U.S. President, George Washington, whose surname was due to his family owning Washington Old Hall and land in Washington, Tyne and Wear.
- Bellingham
- Covington
- Darrington
- Harrington
- Hatton
- Hamilton
- Kelso, Washington
- Kent
- Langley
- Malden
- Manchester
- Mansfield
- Matlock
- Newcastle
- Port Townsend
- Waverly
- Winthrop
## West Virginia
- Chester
- Elmhurst
- New Cumberland
- New Manchester
- London
- Romney
- St. Albans
## Wisconsin
- Appleton
- Bradford
- Bristol, Dane County
- Bristol, Kenosha County
- Cambridge
- Cumberland
- Dorchester
- Gillingham
- Hull, Marathon County
- Hull, Portage County
- Ipswich
- Lancaster
- Leeds
- Manchester, Green Lake County
- Manchester, Jackson County
- Middleton
- New Chester
- New London
- Oxford
- Plymouth
- Plymouth, Juneau County
- Plymouth, Rock County
- Plymouth, Sheboygan County
- Ripon
- Somerset
- Stoughton
- Sussex
- Waterloo
- Wellington
## Wyoming
- Bedford
- Newcastle
- Sussex
- Torrington
## Other
- New England
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