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d540627c-3e90-4829-b186-ff5238d93bda | - Full Description | technology | practical_application | - Full Description
It is a general trend in computing that computers are becoming ever smaller and ever more interconnected. Sensor networks – large networks of small, simple devices – are a logical extreme of this trend. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are attracting an increasing degree of research interest, with a growing number of industrial applications starting to emerge. Two of these applications, personal health monitoring and emergency/disaster recovery, are the focus of the European Commission project ProSense: Promote, Mobilize, Reinforce and Integrate Wireless Sensor Networking Research and Researchers. This hands-on introduction to WSN systems development presents a broad coverage of topics in the field, contributed by researchers involved in the ProSense project. An emphasis is placed on the practical knowledge required for the successful implementation of WSNs. Divided into four parts, the first part covers basic issues of sensors, software, and position-based routing protocols. Part two focuses on multidisciplinary issues, including sensor network integration, mobility aspects, georouting, medical applications, and vehicular sensor networks. The remaining two parts present case studies and further applications. Topics and features: presents a broad overview of WSN technology, including an introduction to sensor and sensing technologies; contains an extensive section on case studies, providing details of the development of a number of WSN applications; discusses frameworks for WSN systems integration, through which WSN technology will become fundamental to the Future Internet concept; investigates real-world applications of WSN systems in medical and vehicular sensor networks; with a Foreword by the Nobel Laurate Professor Martin Perl of Stanford University. Providing holistic coverage of WSN technology, this text/reference will enable graduate students of computer science, electrical engineering and telecommunications to master the specific domains of this emerging area. The book will also be a valuable resource for researchers and practitioners interested in entering the field.
- Table of Contents
Table of Contents
- Intoduction: A Bird’s Eye View of Wireless Sensor Networks.
- PART I: BASIC ISSUES.
- Software Issues.
- Based Routing Protocols.
- PART II: MULTIDISCIPLINARY ISSUES.
- Sensor Networks Integration.
- Mobility Aspects in WSN.
- Modelling for Georouting in Multihop Wireless Networks.
- Medical Applications of WSNs.
- Optimized Placing of ECG Electrodes in WSN Applications.
- Vehicular Sensor Networks: General Aspects and Implementation Issues.
- PART III: CASE STUDIES.
- FEEIT WSN Testbed: Effective System for Providing Emergency Situations’ Prevention and Surveillance.
- ETF WSN Testbed: Practical Health Enhancing Application of WSNs.
- PART IV: BIRDS OF A FEATHER.
- Ubiquitous Sensor Networks.
- The PAR Logistics Solver Problem.
If you think that you've found an error in this book, please let us know by emailing to email@example.com . You will find any confirmed erratum below, so you can check if your concern has already been addressed. No errata are currently published | 0.7 | medium | 5 | 646 | [
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28c027c2-1945-47d4-b104-ddcdc23d4781 | all habits know break | life_skills | historical_context | We all have habits we know we should break, like biting our nails or spending too much time on the phone.
But some practices are worse for us than others, especially regarding our brain health.
Some small habits like sleeping less, and skipping breakfast can turn out to be the worst habits for your brain.
These habits are so dangerous that they may be a sign of brain damage or even lead to it.
These habits often come with other warning signs and symptoms, like memory loss or depression.
They are also accompanied by abnormal brain scans that show damage has already been done.
In the information age, we are constantly bombarded with data and stimuli. Our brains are working overtime to try to process it all.
Unfortunately, this can lead to some bad habits that can have negative consequences for our mental health.
It is better to ignore unnecessary information than to let the mind get overwhelmed. Therefore, make sure you only read news and other content that is important to you.
Avoid getting caught up in the latest trends, especially if you don’t have time to learn about them.
Use tools that can filter what is important from the rest of the information. Establish a schedule for browsing and reading news, so that you don’t waste too much time on it.
Set aside a specific time each day to check for new notifications and e-mails.
Sitting for Too Long
Sitting for long periods has been linked to several health problems, including obesity, heart disease, and cancer. But did you know that it can also be bad for your brain?
Research has shown that people who sit for more than four hours a day are more likely to experience cognitive decline, memory problems, and reduced brain function.
Sitting also reduces the flow of blood and oxygen to the brain, which can lead to brain cell death.
UCLA study reported thinning of the medial temporal lobe, a brain region responsible for episodic and spatial memory, in adults who sat for extended periods.
If you spend most of your day sitting down, consider moving around more often or even taking a walking meeting.
So, if you want to keep your brain healthy, make sure to get up and move around regularly throughout the day.
Taking a brisk walk or going for a run are great exercises for your body and your mind.
Sleep is important for our overall health, but it is especially important for our brain health.
Unfortunately, many people do not get enough sleep, and this can harm our brain health.
Insufficient sleep can lead to several problems, including memory problems, difficulty concentrating, and mood swings.
It can also make it difficult to learn new information or skills.
In addition, insufficient sleep can increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia.
If you are not getting enough sleep, there are a few things you can do to improve the situation.
First, make sure you are going to bed at the same time each night and waking up at the same time each morning.
This will help to regulate your body’s natural sleep cycle.
Second, create a relaxing bedtime routine that you can follow each night.
For example, you might take a warm bath or read a book before going to sleep.
Third, give up mobile phones during the night. Checking your phone or reading a book in the light of your mobile device can affect how well you sleep.
Finally, avoid eating large meals and heavy snacks before bedtime. If you are hungry, eat a healthy snack instead of a meal.
Finally, if you are still having trouble getting enough sleep, talk to your doctor about supplements and medications that can help.
Procrastination is the habit of putting off things until later. It’s a really bad habit that can ruin your life, but it’s so easy to do.
Procrastination affects your productivity, your relationships, and your happiness. It’s estimated that the average person procrastinates for about 20 minutes every day.
And most of us do it at least once a week. It even makes you lazy, which eventually snowballs into other bad habits.
If you have problems with procrastination, it s time to get rid of it before the habit becomes worse.
You can overcome procrastination by doing a little bit every day.
We multitask every day, like reading a text message or email while commuting or listening to songs or podcasts while waiting in a queue.
But multitasking is a bad habit because it halves your efficiency and makes you forget things.
Multitasking also leads to the release of cortisol, which is called the “fight or flight” hormone.
It increases stress and also causes issues like mental fog or scrambled thinking, etc.
Worrying is one of the worst habits for your brain. When you worry, you are causing damage to your brain cells.
Worrying also increases the level of stress hormones in your body, which can lead to anxiety and depression.
If you find yourself worrying about things, try to find a way to distract yourself or focus on something else.
There are many things you can do to divert attention, like listening to a podcast, playing a game on your phone, or reading a book.
When you skip breakfast, you’re more likely to make poor food choices later in the day and overeat.
This can lead to weight gain and other health problems. Some of the consequences of regularly skipping meals are stress, mood swings, loss of focus, low blood sugar levels, etc.
It may look like skipping breakfast is helping you lose weight, but in the long run, it will do the exact opposite.
Conclusion: The Impact of 7 Worst Habits for Your Brain
Your brain is one of the most important organs in your body. It controls everything from your thoughts and emotions to your movements and reactions.
That’s why it’s so important to take care of your brain and avoid habits that can damage it.
The side effects of bad habits are very real, but they can be changed. Small tweaks in your daily habits, such as sleeping, eating, etc., can have a big impact on how your brain functions.
Take baby steps instead of trying to change everything at once. That won’t work. Set small targets and work towards them. | 0.65 | medium | 4 | 1,298 | [
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85edff00-ee9d-46d2-8590-65f735e6e337 | Like not, global warming | science | problem_set | Like it or not, global warming is a hot topic, and it will affect the younger generation the most. So why not turn to the teacher kids like the most, Ms. Frizzle! Only the Friz can boil all the hoopla down to the scientific facts in a fun and informative way. With trademark simplicity and wit, Joanna Cole explains why the earth is getting warmer, and Bruce Degen's bright, action-filled illustrations make the science easy to understand and fun to learn. This team brings a new, improved understanding to climate change, engaging kids and empowering all. Teachers will cheer! Kids already love the Magic School Bus, and the love to do what's right by the planet. At last, a way to teach the curriculum and make an impact! A note from Joanna Cole: While I was writing The Magic School Bus and the Climate Change Challenge, all I could think about was the kids who will read it. I wanted to give them hope. More than that, I wanted to tell them how their own actions as children can help solve the crisis of global warming. You will see a real blueprint for this in the book. Our young readers will be voters before we know it, and educating them today will influence their actions as they grow older. Wouldn't it be wonderful if The Magic School Bus could help change the climate for the better? | 0.6 | low | 3 | 276 | [
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7be100fc-943d-4d15-8acf-72d7720db6cc | “Silent Night” meant simple | arts_and_creativity | historical_context | “Silent Night” was meant to be simple. Franz Gruber took a text by Joseph Mohr and set it for voice and guitar, and it was first performed on Christmas Eve, 1818 in the village of Oberndorf, near Salzburg, in Austria.
To my thinking, a large part of the beauty of this carol comes precisely because it is so simple. I have tried to reflect that in my setting for violin and piano, which I have uploaded here.
When we lived in Europe we never made it to Oberndorf, but the original St. Nikola parish church is no longer standing anyway. Salzburg itself was one of our favorite places. The Salzburg cathedral below is probably a bit more grandiose than the church where “Silent Night” premiered, but it has an illustrious musical history of its own. Mozart was baptized here, and he served as organist from 1779 to 1781.
*** This post originally appeared on my other site here | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 213 | [
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af951858-e60a-4fc1-9950-3fdbcb2d1f97 | Tutorial: Utilizing Shedinja Pokemon | arts_and_creativity | tutorial | ## Tutorial: Utilizing Shedinja in Pokemon Battles **Prerequisites:** * Basic understanding of Pokemon types and their weaknesses. * Familiarity with Pokemon stats (HP, Attack, Defense, Speed, Special Attack, Special Defense). * Knowledge of move types and their effects (STAB, priority, status moves). * Understanding of EV (Effort Value) training and natures in Pokemon. **Step 1: Understand Shedinja’s Core Limitations** - Shedinja possesses only 1 HP. - It is vulnerable to Dark, Ghost, Rock, Fire, and Flying-type attacks. - Any passive damage (burn, poison, paralysis, etc.) will immediately KO it. - Its base stats are exceptionally low, with only Attack exceeding 50. - Shedinja has the Wonder Guard ability, which renders it immune to attacks that cannot hit it super effectively. - It has a priority move, Shadow Sneak. - **Expected Outcome:** A clear understanding of why Shedinja is a high-risk, high-reward Pokemon. - **Checkpoint:** Can you list the five types that directly threaten Shedinja? Can you explain why passive damage is so dangerous to it? **Step 2: Build a Supportive Team** - Shedinja *requires* a team that actively prevents passive damage. This includes Pokemon that inflict status conditions (burn, poison, paralysis) and those that can reliably inflict damage without relying on Shedinja's attack. - Consider Pokemon with abilities like Chlorophyll (boosting Speed in sun) or Levitate (immunity to Ground-type attacks). - Examples of supportive Pokemon: Toxapex (burn), Guts users (boost Attack when stat frozen), or Pokemon with moves like Toxic or Will-O-Wisp. - **Example/Concrete Application:** Imagine a team with Toxapex to inflict burns and a Pokemon like Rotom-Wash to remove burns, creating a defensive shell around Shedinja. - **Common Pitfalls to Avoid:** Trying to rely solely on Shedinja's attack; neglecting team support. **Step 3: Optimize Shedinja’s Moveset** - **Item:** Lum Berry (provides a small HP recovery to help mitigate damage) - **Nature:** Adamant (boosts Attack) - **Moves:** * Swords Dance: Raises Shedinja's Attack stat, increasing its offensive pressure. * X-Scissor: A powerful STAB (Same Type Attack Bonus) move. * Shadow Sneak: Shedinja’s priority move, crucial for outpacing threats. * Protect: Allows Shedinja to scout opponent’s moves and avoid harmful attacks. * Will-O-Wisp (Situational): Can inflict burns on physical attackers. - **Expected Outcome:** A moveset that maximizes Shedinja’s offensive potential while addressing its weaknesses. - **Checkpoint:** Can you explain *why* each move in the recommended moveset is beneficial for Shedinja? **Step 4: EV (Effort Value) Training** - **Goal:** Maximize Shedinja’s HP and Attack, while minimizing Speed. - **EV Spread:** 252 HP / 252 Attack / 4 Speed - **Method:** Utilize Pokemon contests or breeding to carefully assign EVs. Consider using a move calculator to determine optimal EV spreads. - **Example/Concrete Application:** Calculate the EVs needed to reach a 252 HP, 252 Attack, and 4 Speed spread. - **Common Pitfalls to Avoid:** Over-investing in Speed; neglecting HP and Attack. **Step 5: Strategic Usage – Utilizing Swords Dance** - Swords Dance is Shedinja’s primary method of threat. It allows it to build up Attack and become a dangerous offensive presence. - Prioritize setting up Swords Dance *before* facing powerful attackers. - Be extremely cautious when using Swords Dance – a single hit from a type-effective move will KO it. - **Expected Outcome:** Shedinja successfully sets up Swords Dance and deals significant damage. - **Checkpoint:** Describe a scenario where using Swords Dance is the optimal strategy for Shedinja. **Practice Exercise:** Design a team around a Shedinja with the moveset and EV spread outlined in Step 3. Consider the types of Pokemon that would be particularly effective in supporting Shedinja. List at least three specific strategies for using Shedinja in battle. **Key Takeaways:** * Shedinja is a niche Pokemon that requires a highly specialized team and strategic playstyle. * Its survivability depends entirely on preventing passive damage. * Swords Dance is crucial for maximizing its offensive potential. * Understanding type matchups and opponent's movesets is paramount. **Next Steps:** * Experiment with different team compositions and movesets to find what works best for your playstyle. * Research advanced strategies for utilizing Shedinja, such as predicting opponent's moves and utilizing coverage moves. * Explore alternative abilities and moves that could enhance Shedinja's viability. | 0.65 | medium | 4 | 1,064 | [
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80601caf-afc2-4044-bbe8-42515e7ca3b3 | Kim A | interdisciplinary | historical_context | Kim A. Selting1, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Oncology), DACVR (Radiation oncology)
In all reported species, hemangiosarcoma is consistently portrayed as a highly aggressive, highly metastatic cancer with few exceptions. In veterinary medicine, published case series exist for dogs, cats, and horses. This solid tumor is classically considered a tumor of blood vessels, and research has suggested that these tumors develop from circulating bone marrow-derived precursors. Though this ontogeny is incompletely understood, the pathogenesis is being elucidated. Common sites of primary tumor formation include spleen, heart (right atrium or atrial appendage), and muscle or subcutaneous location. Approximately 10–30% of dogs will have concurrent involvement of heart and spleen. This is primarily a cancer of older, larger-breed dogs, but can affect any age and breed.
While subcutaneous, intramuscular, and non-splenic visceral locations all behave in a similar manner, small lesions truly confined to the epidermis have a less aggressive and less metastatic behavior. Multiple cutaneous hemangiosarcoma lesions can be seen on the non-haired ventral abdomen as a result of ultraviolet light exposure and primarily require treatment if they are growing. Survival times can exceed 2 years. However, for all other sites, median survival time for surgical resection followed by doxorubicin chemotherapy with or without other drugs is consistently around 6 months. One report found similar survival for dogs with subcutaneous versus intramuscular primary location; however, another describes prolonged (> 1100 days) median survival for subcutaneous location treated with some combination of chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy, and this was better than intramuscular location which was similar to other reports (9 months). For splenic hemangiosarcoma treated with splenectomy and no other therapy, median reported survival is only 86 days.
This cancer is similarly aggressive and metastatic in cats.
As with most sarcomas, hematogenous spread is the predominant method of metastasis. Though lymph nodes may be involved, lungs are considered the primary target. Abdominal ultrasound is used to both characterize a primary tumor if splenic in origin, and all viscera are evaluated for metastatic disease or less common primary sites. In addition, pulmonary radiographs are performed to assess affected animals for metastatic disease. At the time of surgery, liver is often sampled to screen for occult metastasis but a recent report found that visibly normal livers did not yield hemangiosarcoma.
Most dogs with hemoperitoneum and a bleeding splenic mass (75%) will be diagnosed with hemangiosarcoma, though some dogs will have hematomas. Most dogs with secondary intracranial neoplasia will have metastatic hemangiosarcoma.
Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is a unique isoform of this subunit involved in the contractile apparatus. It is genetically distinct from TnI of skeletal or other origin and is 97% cytoskeletally bound, such that increases in its circulating concentrations exclusively represent cardiac myocyte death. Because hemangiosarcoma can occur in the heart concurrently with the spleen, cTnI concentration has been evaluated for the ability to predict cardiac involvement. Concentrations greater than 0.25 ng/ml had a 100% specificity for detecting cardiac involvement if pericardial effusion was present, though sensitivity was lower. There were dogs in that series that did not have an echocardiographically evident right atrial mass, but did have an increased cTnI and were later confirmed to have a mass in the heart.
Treatment Options and Prognosis (Present)
As noted above, the treatment of hemangiosarcoma in dogs and cats initially involves surgery when possible, followed by doxorubicin-based chemotherapy. The addition of NSAIDs for their antiangiogenic and other properties, does not seem to improve outcome over doxorubicin alone. In addition, radiation therapy can be used to improve local control, and larger fractions may have a good chance at consolidating local tumor. Progress is being made in determining the pathogenesis of hemangiosarcoma such that new therapies are being developed. Inflammation and angiogenesis are integral to the development of this tumor. Vitamin D may be low in affected animals, and supplementation may be indicated. Low vitamin D concentrations (25 hydroxyvitamin D) are associated with inflammation.
Because hemangiosarcoma is a tumor of blood vessels, metronomic chemotherapy has been considered because of its antiangiogenic effects. Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors that inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor receptor have been tried and are discussed further below. In addition, the nitrosourea alkylating agent lomustine (CCNU) has also been used in a metronomic fashion. Though the drug was reasonably well tolerated, approximately one third discontinued therapy due to toxicity, and median duration of treatment was just over 90 days. A few partial responses were seen and several dogs attained stable disease.
Thymidine kinase type 1 (TK1) is a soluble marker of proliferation that has been noted to be markedly increased in dogs with hemangiosarcoma. While its use in distinguishing causes of hemoperitoneum had some limitations, it could be used to monitor response to therapy.
Hope on the Horizon (Future)
Regarding etiopathogenesis, an interesting recent investigation in Golden Retrievers suggested that sex hormones or lack thereof may contribute to the risk of developing hemangiosarcoma, with female dogs neutered after one year of age at greater risk than those left intact or neutered early (before one year of age). This may lead to the elucidation of the role of sex hormones in protecting or priming cells for neoplastic transformation, which can guide rational decisions on breeding and neutering practices and may offer novel therapeutic approaches. Another unpublished study using a large database also found an association with risk of being diagnosed with hemangiosarcoma and the status of being neutered.
The tyrosine kinase inhibitor masitinib showed a dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation in hemangiosarcoma cell lines and may have value in treating this disease. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor is a target for this class of receptor tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitors, and different isoforms are associated with different anatomic locations and clinical behavior (alpha for cutaneous and beta for visceral or other), which lends support to their use in this cancer.
Gene expression profiles may allow clinicians to determine a genetic signature that predicts the behavior of a given tumor. These appear to be breed specific and show clustering of altered gene expression in sequences associated with inflammation and angiogenesis.
The possible benefit of vitamin D supplementation in decreasing cancer risk or improving response to standard therapies is unknown but relatively low risk and worthy of investigation. In addition, the supplement Yunnan Bai Yao (or Pai Yao, dosed most commonly at one capsule twice daily for an average sized dog around 20–30 kg) has been used to curb bleeding tendencies. While the mechanism of this benefit is not understood, a growing number of anecdotes describe clinical benefit and this warrants further investigation.
1. Chun R, Kellihan HB, Henik RA, Stepien RL. Comparison of plasma cardiac troponin I concentrations among dogs with cardiac hemangiosarcoma, noncardiac hemangiosarcoma, other neoplasms, and pericardial effusion of nonhemangiosarcoma origin. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2010;237(7):806–811.
2. Lyles SE, Milner RJ, Kow K, Salute ME. In vitro effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, masitinib mesylate, on canine hemangiosarcoma cell lines. Vet Comp Oncol. 2012;10(3):223–235.
3. Tamburini BA, Phang TL, Fosmire SP, et al. Gene expression profiling identifies inflammation and angiogenesis as distinguishing features of canine hemangiosarcoma. BMC Cancer. 2010;10:619.
4. Bulakowski EJ, Philibert JC, Siegel S, et al. Evaluation of outcome associated with subcutaneous and intramuscular hemangiosarcoma treated with adjuvant doxorubicin in dogs: 21 cases (2001–2006). J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2008;233(1):122–128.
5. Clendaniel DC, Sivacolundhu RK, Sorenmo KU, et al. Association between macroscopic appearance of liver lesions and liver histology in dogs with splenic hemangiosarcoma: 79 cases (2004–2009). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc. 2014;50(4):e6–e10.
6. Tripp CD, Fidel J, Anderson CL, et al. Tolerability of metronomic administration of lomustine in dogs with cancer. J Vet Intern Med. 2011;25(2):278–284.
7. de la Riva GT, Hart BL, Farver TB, et al. Neutering dogs: effects on joint disorders and cancers in golden retrievers. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e55937. | 0.7 | medium | 6 | 1,996 | [
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fc0d52bb-b7eb-4076-825d-5d16ec5db7ba | Comments On: Love, sweet | technology | ethical_analysis | Comments On: Love, sweet love by Besha Rodell http://www.indyweek.com/indyweek/love-sweet-love/Content?oid=1194120 Comments On: Love, sweet love by Besha Rodell en-us Copyright 2016 Indy Week. All rights reserved. This RSS file is offered to individuals, Indy Week readers, and non-commercial organizations only. Any commercial websites wishing to use this RSS file, please contact Indy Week. rbenjamin@indyweek.com (Indy Week Webmaster) Sat, 22 Oct 2016 00:00:01 -0400 Sat, 22 Oct 2016 16:45:00 -0400 Foundation http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss | 0.4 | high | 6 | 190 | [
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c2763fe9-bfdc-41ea-b95b-e4c467e4edff | life reliability greased machinery | science | historical_context | The life and reliability of greased machinery depend on proper bearing lubrication. Unfortunately, inadequate grease lubrication is a very common failure mode. With greased bearings, it is difficult to determine lubricant state along with knowing when to grease, how to grease and when to stop greasing. Fortunately, predictive technologies and work processes are being successfully applied to monitor and optimize the lubrication condition.
Improper lubrication creates energy that manifests itself as mechanical stress energy and thermal energy (heat). By analyzing this energy using predictive maintenance (PdM) technologies, much can be learned about the bearing lubrication condition. This article discusses and compares the use of ultrasonic analysis, conventional vibration analysis and advanced vibration signal processing techniques as means toward determining lubrication state and achieving optimum lubrication.
Specifically, this article will look at:
Traditional greasing programs use time-based preventive maintenance (PM). This method can result in over- or under-greasing, depending on the recommended periodicity of greasing, operating conditions and run time of the machinery. One plant surveyed stated that 90 percent of all motor failures were grease related – both over- and under-greasing. This particular plant was using motor manufacturer recommendations as the foundation of their greasing program.
An alternative greasing program uses PdM processes and technologies. Using PdM, greasing activities are based on the condition of the grease. Several PdM technologies for grease monitoring are available. Vibration tends to be the most common tool used. However, most commonly used vibration techniques do not detect early lubrication faults. Infrared is also an option, although it is not preferred since initial lubrication starvation has little impact on temperature. Some sources maintain grease sampling and analysis is the best method. However, in most circumstances, this is not practical. Many bearings do not have an access port to the grease and those that do present their own problems. The grease samples taken most likely do not represent the true condition of the grease inside the bearing and may also contain particulate and contamination picked up during the sampling. Ultrasonic analysis and advanced vibration signal processing are viable methods of monitoring grease condition since they measure the stress energy caused by friction between the rolling and sliding elements in the bearings.
Section 1: The Characteristics and Progression of Lubrication Stress
In rolling element bearings, lubrication sound is created by friction-induced stress waves from the interaction of the roller to the race and the roller to the cage. Good roller-to-race interaction is rolling with elastohydrodynamic lubrication. Good roller-to-cage interaction is sliding with hydrodynamic lubrication. Assuming a RMS surface roughness of 0.3 micron, Figure 1 shows that the minimum lubrication film thickness for the roller-to-race is 1 micron, or approximately 1/75 the thickness of a human hair. The minimum lubrication film thickness for the roller-to-cage is 10 microns. As lubrication starvation occurs, the film thickness will decrease, resulting in a greater coefficient of friction. The greater coefficient of friction creates additional energy in the form of heat and sound.
The lube sound characteristics for under-lubricated bearings are:
Figure 2 shows the vibration frequency domain of an under-lubricated bearing. Note the high-frequency energy hump in the 20 to 32 kilohertz (KHz) range.
Figure 3 shows the vibration frequency and time domain for a gearbox running with an incorrectly installed oil pump. Note the high frequency in the 10 KHz to 20 KHz range. This energy probably continues to higher frequency range but shows a drop-off due to the accelerometer range and mounting conditions. The time domain shows a raised noise floor with random high spikes.
As the lubrication in a bearing degrades, the high-frequency sound characteristics change. A properly lubricated bearing creates random noise with a low noise flow. As the lubricant degrades, the noise floor begins to elevate (Figure 4, Chart 1). Listening to a heterodyned 30 KHz signal, the sound is like a waterfall or rushing river. As the lube degrades, spiking begins as the noise floor elevates which sounds like a mild popping sound (Figure 4, Chart 2). Severe lubrication faults cause more frequent high-amplitude spikes, which sound like bacon sizzling. In Chart 2, as grease was added, the noise floor immediately lowered and the spiking disappeared.
Do not expect bearing to display the same sound characteristics. The amplitudes, sound patterns and frequencies of the stress energy are influenced by factors such as:
The following summarizes key points related to the characteristics of lubrication sound/stress.
• To evaluate lube condition, high-frequency diagnostic tools that can measure and differentiate random from periodic noise are required.
Section 2: Overview and Comparison of Ultrasonic Analysis, Conventional Vibration Analysis, and Advanced Vibration Analysis
When monitoring for lubrication faults, sensor selection is critical. Sensors are not the same, so the characteristics of a sensor must be understood. Figure 5 shows the sensor performance of several different diagnostic technologies. The red broad-band sensor would be a poor choice because the high-frequency sounds would be drowned out by the low-frequency noise. The blue narrow-band sensor in the bearing fault area would completely miss any lubricant stress noise. The black broad-band sensor represents a typical accelerometer. It may have a response in the lubrication range, but mounting techniques are critical (see Figure 6). The blue narrow-band sensor in the lubrication area has good sensitivity and completely isolates itself from lower-frequency noise.
Figure 6 shows that when using an accelerometer to monitor lubrication stress, either a flat magnet on a clean machined surface or a permanently mounted accelerometer must be used to get the required frequency response.
Five technologies to identify and monitor lubrication faults are:
The next few paragraphs will briefly introduce each of these technologies. This will be followed by side-by-side comparison test results for the latter three.
Infrared thermography is good for detecting possible late-stage lubrication problems. It is not good for catching lubrication problems early. Also, additional technologies will be required to confirm the source of the abnormal temperature signature.
Some vibration analyzers have a headphone output to listen to the accelerometer output (Figure 7). This can be used to listen to the noise within the bearing. A high-pass filter on the sound output is very useful to filter out the low-frequency noise so that the lubrication noise can be heard. This is a quick qualitative method that provides good signal pattern information. It can also indicate a drop in volume, while greasing can indicate that the grease has reached the rollers.
Ultrasonic monitoring provides both listening capability and quantitative measurements (Figure 8). The ultrasonic sound is heterodyned into our listening range, and specific sound parameters are measured. The ultrasonic device should isolate the higher frequencies and filter out all lower-frequency noise. If the ultrasonic device uses a narrow-band sensor or resonant sensor, mounting is much easier than with an accelerometer. Generally, just placing the probe on a clean surface provides a good signal. Paint and other obstructions will lower the signal amplitude.
Conventional vibration analysis analyzes macro vibration – the motion of a body. It focuses on the lower-frequency events. For an 1,800 rpm motor, a typical maximum frequency would be 60 times running speed, or 1,800 hertz (Hz). Figure 9 shows a typical frequency domain plot.
The CSI PeakVue measurement is an advanced signal-processing method. It performs micro vibration analysis, which measures the microscopic movement (stress waves) within a body. It analyzes the energy above the conventional analysis range. PeakVue is not an averaging process, so it captures the true peak amplitude values from the high-frequency information. To create the PeakVue time waveform, the accelerometer signal is routed through a high-pass filter to cut out all low-frequency information. The signal is sampled at more than 100,000 times per second. This digital data stream is broken into data blocks which are a function of the desired Fmax. The only value saved for each data block is the true peak “G” amplitude value. These true peak G levels create the PeakVue time waveform. This PeakVue time waveform is then processed to create a PeakVue frequency domain spectrum (Figure 10).
PeakVue provides a window into the area where lubrication data is located. The nature of lubrication faults make the PeakVue time domain data noisy and difficult to interpret. To assist with this, another advanced signal-processing technique, CSI Autocorrelation, can be applied. Autocorrelation is an averaging process to remove random activity from the time domain. The resultant correlation factor (Figure 11) is proportional to the amount of periodic energy. If at any point on the correlated waveform the correlation factor is small, then almost all of the energy at that point is random.
Figure 12 shows a test motor. To compare ultrasonic, conventional vibration analysis and advanced vibration analysis, the top inboard bearing was monitoring both with and without lubricant. The next few paragraphs will compare the results from the three technologies. For the vibration measurements, a mounting pad was glued to a machine flat on the bearing housing. A flat magnet with accelerometer was attached to the pad. A CSI SonicScan was the ultrasonic test device. It measured both lower-frequency energy (4 KHz) and ultrasonic energy (30 KHz).
Figure 13 compares the time domain data for the three technologies. The conventional vibration data shows almost no difference between lubrication states. PeakVue clearly measures the stress energy caused by the lubrication fault. The SonicScan data was consistent. The lower-frequency energy measurement showed some but little change. The ultrasonic data showed significant change in both the average reading and peak amplitude reading.
Figure 14 shows a comparison of the frequency domains. With conventional vibration, a slight change in periodic activity is noticed. This is likely because the existing bearing mechanical defects are being amplified a little without lubricant. The PeakVue spectrum shows a dramatic increase in stress energy.
The PeakVue time domain for the no-lubricant condition is messy and hard to interpret. When the Autocorrelation is performed (Figure 15), it is immediately apparent that almost all of the stress energy is random, which is a primary characteristic of lubrication faults.
Table 1 provides a summary comparison of the discussed technologies. The left side of the table shows technology features that make testing accurate and easy. Accelerometer listening and conventional vibration analysis will not provide good results. Headphones should be used when performing advanced vibration analysis to add a very important qualitative attribute. Advanced vibration analysis provides the best information for determining lubrication condition but requires additional vibration analysis training and special sensor mounting. Ultrasonics provides a good indication of lubrication condition (without access to detailed signature analysis tools) and are easy to use but also require some specialized training.
Section 3: Characteristics of Various Lubricant States Obtained in a Controlled Test Environment
To better understand and verify theoretical assumption, a lubrication test stand was built for controlled lubrication testing. Figure 16 shows the test stand that was used to collect the controlled grease lubrication testing data.
A motor drives a control, idler and test bearing. Grease can be introduced into each bearing through its outer race using a zerk fitting on the bearing housing. The idler bearing can be variably loaded to 1,000 pounds. The bearings tested were sealed SKF single-row ball bearings with nine balls. The bearings have an ABEC 1 rating and were driven at 1,780 rpm. For each lubrication condition, peak and average decibel (dB) levels were measured at three frequency ranges. The ranges were 30 kHz (lubrication range), 4 kHz (impact range) and 40 kHz (traditional ultrasonic range). The peak dB level records the highest signal amplitude, such as in a spike, during a data collection period. The average dB level records the average of all the signal peaks during a data collection period and is least affected by spikes. The sound parameters were collected using a Model 7100 SonicScan analyzer using a magnet mount sensor. A magnet mount sensor allowed for hands-free operation and greater repeatability. The temperature was monitored on the bearing housing using a CSI Model 515 spot radiometer with laser pointer.
First, to evaluate the effects on sound of over-lubrication, a new bearing running at steady state under load was slowly greased until grease squeezed through the seals (see Figure 17).
Figure 18 shows no significant increase in sound up to 12 minutes after over-greasing. Over-greasing did create a 7 percent rise in the temperature on the outside of the bearing housing. It should be noted that the rate of grease oxidation and deterioration will increase with increasing temperature.
Second, to evaluate the effects of under-lubrication, a new bearing with seals removed was brought to steady-state temperature under full load. The bearing was stopped long enough to wipe grease off of one side of the bearing and then retested. The bearing was then washed in solvent to remove all grease (see Figure 19) and then retested. When the bearing with no grease was approaching total failure, it was progressively regreased and monitored for 30 minutes until it reached steady state.
Figure 20 shows results from lubricant starvation and then re-lubrication. The dB levels increase with deteriorating lube conditions and they decrease with improving lubrication conditions. The temperature remains constant except when lubricant is absent. While temperature is a good indicator of total lube starvation, it was not a good indicator of partial lube starvation.
Seen from Figure 20, the initial re-lubrication made a significant improvement in sound level and temperature even though only one pump, or 0.04 ounces of grease, was introduced. Figure 21 shows the sound waveform (heterodyned 30 kHz audio output from SonicScan) immediately prior to and after the first pump of grease. A very distinct drop in level occurs when the grease hits the rollers. Additional greasing resulted in a minor sound level decrease and a negligible effect on temperature. Permanent damage likely occurred to the bearing since the sound levels did not return to their original levels.
The results of the sound monitoring in a controlled environment as they apply to lubrication monitoring can be summarized as follows:
Section 4: Equipment Lubrication Case Studies
Lubrication ultrasonic analysis was performed on the following operating industrial equipment: food processing conveyor bearings, 75-horsepower General Electric motors, and 450 HP Baldor motor. The conveyor testing occurred during a single day, while the motor testing occurred over a seven-month period. The testing confirmed and validated the characteristics of lubrication sound and the findings from the controlled environment testing. The instrument used to analyze the sound was a CSI Model 7100 SonicScan with a multi-frequency contact probe (see Figure 22) instead of a magnet mount sensor. Measurements were taken on the top of the zerk fitting. In general, contact probe measurements are not as repeatable as magnet mount sensor because of variable contact angles and pressures. The advantage of the contact probe is that it can easily fit into tight places and can be used on zerk fittings.
Food Processing Conveyor Bearings
The survey included 13 bearings from a conveyor in a food processing plant. Most of the bearings were pressure-washed frequently with water and greased daily. Bearing No. 11 was elevated above floor level, in a difficult-to-reach position, and apparently not greased regularly.
Each bearing was tested three times before greasing and three times after greasing. Of all the bearings that were greased daily, the additional greasing had little or no effect on the bearing sound. Greasing significantly affected bearing No. 11. Figure 23 shows a summary of the readings taken at both the 4 kHz and 30 kHz frequency ranges. It also shows the peak (PH) and average (AV) readings at each frequency.
For each set of columns, the first column shows the mean dB reading of all 13 bearings. The second column shows the dB reading of bearing No. 11 before greasing. The third column shows the dB reading of bearing No. 11 after greasing. In both the 4 kHz peak and 4 kHz average readings, bearing No. 11 was slighter higher than mean before greasing and slightly lower than mean after greasing. The 30 kHz peak reading shows a significantly elevated dB before greasing and a significant dB drop after greasing. The greatest change occurred with the 30 kHz average reading with the average reading dropping from the upper 20s to almost zero. In this test, the 30 kHz average reading was the most sensitive parameter for measuring lubrication condition. It should also be noted that permanent mechanical damage was unlikely since the 4 kHz peak (mechanical impact) reading dropped to below mean and the 30 kHz average (lubrication) reading dropped to almost zero.
Headphones were used with the SonicScan to provide additional qualitative information. Unfortunately, in this environment, a lot of noise existed in all of the measurements. Metal cans were clattering on the conveyor, belts were sliding and the background was loud. For these or other reasons, the headphones did not provide useful information in this study.
75 HP General Electric Motors
Several 75 HP General Electric motors were monitored. The motors run at 1,780 rpm and drive blowers. Each bearing has a single shield toward the rotor. The grease cavity has a zerk fitting at 2 o’clock and an unused grease vent plug at 10 o’clock. The motors are greased every 3,500 hours with 12 grease gun pumps. Currently, the maintenance group has no idea of the lubricant condition before or after greasing.
Figure 24 plots the lubrication sound levels according to the number of hours on the motor since greasing. Notice that the inboard bearing dB level dropped to almost zero after greasing and remained constant through 766 hours. The outboard bearing performed similarly except that the dB level began to increase after 358 hours. This could be caused by a lot of factors, such as possibly only a small amount of the grease that entered the cavity actually made to it the bearing.
Figure 25 shows a similar plot for a second 75 HP General Electric motor. The 30 kHz sound level performed as expected. The 4 kHz dB level seemed to not be affected by greasing. The 4 kHz dB levels very likely can be affected by noise from other machinery and processes since sonic sound travels through material much better and attenuates much slower than ultrasonic signals. The 40 kHz signal did not perform as expected. In general, the 40 kHz signal is less reliable since the amount of lubrication energy created at 40 kHz is less than what is created at 30 kHz.
450 HP Baldor Motor
Several 450 HP Baldor Super E motors were monitored. The motors run at 1,780 rpm and drive large blowers. Each bearing is neither shielded nor sealed. The grease cavity has a zerk fitting at 12 o’clock and an unused grease vent plug at 6 o’clock. Access to the grease vents is restricted because of the design of the motor mount. The motors are greased every 3,500 hours with 24 grease gun pumps. Currently, the maintenance group has no idea of the lubricant condition before or after greasing.
Figure 26 plots the lubrication sound levels according to the number of hours on the motor since greasing. At 3,411 hours, the bearing was greased – first four pumps and then an additional four pumps. With the 30 kHz readings, the sound levels dropped significantly, while they increased slightly with additional grease. Because of this increase, greasing was stopped. Only after 552 hours, the sound level returned to its previous level, that is most likely a state of adequate lubrication. Like with the GE motors, the 4 kHz sound was not affected by the greasing.
Figure 27 charts another Baldor motor bearing. At 30 kHz, this bearing has a steady sound level until 3,278 hours. After greasing, the sound level dropped back close to the previous level.
The results of the sound monitoring in an industrial environment as they apply to lubrication monitoring can be summarized as follows:
Figure 28 shows the conventional vibration data for a pump. This data shows no indication of a lubrication fault. The PeakVue data for the same pump shows high G levels and random patterns which could indicate a lubrication fault (Figure 29). The autocorrelation of the PeakVue waveform confirms that the energy is almost all random (Figure 30). The pump locked up one month later due to lack of lubricant.
The next vibration case history is for a scrubber fan. The PeakVue data on April 19 (Figure 31) was below the alert level. On May 29, the PeakVue data (Figure 32) was in alarm with a 500 percent increase in G amplitude. The autocorrelation of the May 29 data (Figure 33) revealed no periodicity. This random high-frequency energy is a strong indicator of a lubrication fault. Figure 34 shows a comparison of the PeakVue time waveforms. Figure 35 shows a comparison of the conventional time waveform data. Note that no increase occurred with the conventional data (Fmax of 3 KHz). The source of the lubrication fault was a faulty oiler bowl. As soon as the oiler bowl was fixed, the PeakVue data returned to normal levels (Figure 36).
The third vibration equipment case study is for an exhaust blower. A new type of grease with limestone and graphite additives was used. Figure 37 shows the frequency domain before and after the new grease was added. The new grease caused significant high-frequency energy – 8 KHz and higher. Figure 38 shows the PeakVue time domain comparison. Notice the large increase in friction energy because of the different lubricant.
These three equipment case studies show that advanced vibration analysis using PeakVue and autocorrelation are effective techniques to identify and monitor lubrication condition. They also show that conventional vibration analysis is not as effective.
To achieve optimum lubrication, it is important to be able to determine:
As seen from this article, multiple predictive technologies can provide immediate information about the lubrication condition while the equipment is operating. Each of these technologies has strengths and limitations. For effective lubrication monitoring, each of the technology’s strengths and weaknesses must be understood along with the physical characteristics of lubrication energy.
Lubrication analysis using advanced vibration analysis should be performed on all critical machines, especially if the equipment is already being monitored for bearing defects. If equipment is critical enough to warrant vibration analysis, then the lubrication can be monitored as a part of that process. Many companies do not monitor lubrication because of the cost to prepare a proper mounting surface for the accelerometer. This cost is insignificant when compared to the cost of a lubrication fault in terms of lost production, lost equipment life and higher maintenance costs.
When lubrication analysis is combined with good trending and monitoring, greasing intervals and amounts can be optimized. All of this results in knowing the equipment better and being better able to maintain it, extend its life, and predict its performance.
For more information on this subject, visit www.emersonprocess.com.
1 Chart based on information from “Improving the Reliability of Machines by Understanding the Failure of Their Moving Parts,” Master Series Course taught at CSI by M. Neale and D. Summers-Smith, October 1997.
2 “Machinery Surveillance Employing Sonic/Ultrasonic Sensors” by J. C. Robinson, J. B. Van Voorhis, K. R. Piety, and W. King, Reliability Week 1999.
3 “Monitoring Lubrication Using a Multi-Frequency Sonic/Ultrasonic Sensor” by Ray Garvey, Computational Systems Inc.
3 Three case studies from “Advanced Vibration and Autocorrelation Analysis for Improved Diagnostics”; James Robinson, Bob Cook, James Crow; Emerson Global Users Exchange, 2006 | 0.7 | medium | 6 | 5,140 | [
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3a822ca7-fde7-46f1-9f31-1f37cb8035a3 | ```Julia chaos_theory Implementation Description | interdisciplinary | qa_pairs | ```Julia # chaos_theory Implementation # Description: This code demonstrates the fascinating world of chaos theory through the Lorenz Attractor, # a classic example that shows how tiny changes in initial conditions can lead to dramatically different outcomes. # Think of it like a butterfly flapping its wings in Brazil causing a tornado in Texas – a small nudge, a huge ripple! module ChaosTheory using Plots # We'll use Plots.jl to visualize the attractor export simulate_lorenz, plot_lorenz """ simulate_lorenz(initial_conditions::Tuple{Float64, Float64, Float64}, dt::Float64 = 0.01, t_max::Float64 = 100.0; sigma::Float64 = 10.0, rho::Float64 = 28.0, beta::Float64 = 8.0/3.0) Simulates the Lorenz system of differential equations. The Lorenz system is a simplified model of atmospheric convection, but it exhibits chaotic behavior. It's defined by three coupled, non-linear ordinary differential equations: dx/dt = sigma * (y - x) dy/dt = x * (rho - z) - y dz/dt = x * y - beta * z Imagine these equations as describing the movement of a tiny, invisible ball in a 3D space. The `sigma`, `rho`, and `beta` are like the "rules of the game" or the "forces" influencing the ball's path. # Arguments - `initial_conditions`: A tuple `(x₀, y₀, z₀)` representing the starting position of the "ball" in our 3D space. Even a minuscule change here can lead to a wildly different path later on. - `dt`: The time step for the simulation. Think of this as the size of each "frame" in a movie. Smaller `dt` means smoother but slower simulation. - `t_max`: The total duration of the simulation. How long we let our "ball" move. - `sigma`, `rho`, `beta`: The parameters of the Lorenz system. These control the overall shape and behavior of the attractor. # Returns - A tuple `(x_values, y_values, z_values)` where each element is a vector containing the simulated positions over time. # Errors - Throws `ArgumentError` if `dt` is not positive or `t_max` is not positive. """ function simulate_lorenz(initial_conditions::Tuple{Float64, Float64, Float64}, dt::Float64 = 0.01, t_max::Float64 = 100.0; sigma::Float64 = 10.0, rho::Float64 = 28.0, beta::Float64 = 8.0/3.0) # --- Input Validation --- # We need positive steps and durations to move forward in time! if dt <= 0.0 throw(ArgumentError("Time step 'dt' must be positive.")) end if t_max <= 0.0 throw(ArgumentError("Maximum time 't_max' must be positive.")) end # --- Initialization --- # Let's set up our "movie frames" and the starting point of our ball. num_steps = Int(ceil(t_max / dt)) x_values = Vector{Float64}(undef, num_steps) y_values = Vector{Float64}(undef, num_steps) z_values = Vector{Float64}(undef, num_steps) # Set the initial position of our ball. x_values[1], y_values[1], z_values[1] = initial_conditions # --- Simulation Loop (The "Movie Playback") --- # We'll iterate through time, calculating the ball's next position based on the current one. # This is like stepping through each frame of a movie, determining what happens next. for i in 1:(num_steps - 1) x, y, z = x_values[i], y_values[i], z_values[i] # Calculate the changes in x, y, and z using the Lorenz equations. # These are the "rules" that tell our ball how to move. dx_dt = sigma * (y - x) dy_dt = x * (rho - z) - y dz_dt = x * y - beta * z # Update the position using a simple Euler method. # This is like taking a small step in the direction the ball is currently moving. x_values[i+1] = x + dx_dt * dt y_values[i+1] = y + dy_dt * dt z_values[i+1] = z + dz_dt * dt end return x_values, y_values, z_values end """ plot_lorenz(x_values::Vector{Float64}, y_values::Vector{Float64}, z_values::Vector{Float64}; title::String = "Lorenz Attractor", xlabel::String = "X", ylabel::String = "Y", zlabel::String = "Z") Plots the simulated Lorenz attractor. This function takes the time-series data generated by `simulate_lorenz` and visualizes it in 3D. The resulting plot will show the characteristic "butterfly" shape of the Lorenz attractor, illustrating its sensitive dependence on initial conditions. # Arguments - `x_values`, `y_values`, `z_values`: Vectors of simulated positions over time. - `title`, `xlabel`, `ylabel`, `zlabel`: Labels for the plot. # Returns - A `Plots.Plot` object representing the 3D visualization. """ function plot_lorenz(x_values::Vector{Float64}, y_values::Vector{Float64}, z_values::Vector{Float64}; title::String = "Lorenz Attractor", xlabel::String = "X", ylabel::String = "Y", zlabel::String = "Z") # Create a 3D scatter plot. Imagine these points as snapshots of our # invisible ball's journey through space. plot(x_values, y_values, z_values, seriestype = :scatter, markersize = 1, markeralpha = 0.5, # Make points slightly transparent to see density title = title, xlabel = xlabel, ylabel = ylabel, zlabel = zlabel, legend = false) # No need for a legend when it's just one path end end # module ChaosTheory # --- Example Usage --- using .ChaosTheory println("--- Demonstrating Chaos Theory with the Lorenz Attractor ---") # Example 1: A typical starting point. # Imagine releasing our invisible ball from a specific spot. println("\nRunning simulation with initial conditions (0.0, 1.0, 0.0)...") initial_cond1 = (0.0, 1.0, 0.0) x1, y1, z1 = simulate_lorenz(initial_cond1) # We can't easily print the entire trajectory, so we'll just show the first few points. println("First 5 x-values: ", round.(x1[1:5], digits=3)) println("First 5 y-values: ", round.(y1[1:5], digits=3)) println("First 5 z-values: ", round.(z1[1:5], digits=3)) # Plotting the attractor for this run. # This will generate a window showing the beautiful, complex pattern. println("Plotting the Lorenz attractor for initial conditions $initial_cond1...") plot1 = plot_lorenz(x1, y1, z1, title="Lorenz Attractor (Run 1)") display(plot1) # Display the plot # Example 2: A slightly different starting point. # Now, let's nudge our invisible ball just a tiny bit from its original spot. # This is where the "butterfly effect" shows its face! println("\nRunning simulation with slightly different initial conditions (0.0, 1.0001, 0.0)...") initial_cond2 = (0.0, 1.0001, 0.0) # Very small change in y x2, y2, z2 = simulate_lorenz(initial_cond2) # Notice how even this tiny change might lead to a very different path over time. println("First 5 x-values: ", round.(x2[1:5], digits=3)) println("First 5 y-values: ", round.(y2[1:5], digits=3)) println("First 5 z-values: ", round.(z2[1:5], digits=3)) # Plotting the attractor for this second run. # If you overlay this plot with the first one (or look closely), you'll see # that the paths diverge significantly after some time. println("Plotting the Lorenz attractor for initial conditions $initial_cond2...") plot2 = plot_lorenz(x2, y2, z2, title="Lorenz Attractor (Run 2)") display(plot2) # Display the plot # To truly see the difference, you might want to plot both on the same axes. println("\nPlotting both attractors on the same graph to visualize divergence...") plot_combined = plot(x1, y1, z1, seriestype = :scatter, markersize = 1, markeralpha = 0.5, label="Run 1", legend=:outertopright) plot!(plot_combined, x2, y2, z2, seriestype = :scatter, markersize = 1, markeralpha = 0.5, label="Run 2") xlabel!(plot_combined, "X") ylabel!(plot_combined, "Y") zlabel!(plot_combined, "Z") title!(plot_combined, "Lorenz Attractor: Comparing Two Initial Conditions") display(plot_combined) # Example 3: Testing edge cases (invalid inputs). println("\n--- Testing Error Handling ---") try simulate_lorenz((0.0, 1.0, 0.0), dt = -0.01) catch e println("Caught expected error for negative dt: ", e) end try simulate_lorenz((0.0, 1.0, 0.0), t_max = -10.0) catch e println("Caught expected error for negative t_max: ", e) end ``` | 0.65 | medium | 6 | 2,351 | [
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274f4d58-d584-4798-b245-49b81d166af8 | Great River Passage Master | social_studies | practical_application | The Great River Passage Master Plan is intended to transform Saint Paul in profound ways. Developed with hundreds of hours of citizen input, the Great River Passage vision is based on three principles – to be more natural, more urban and more connected. These were outlined in the 2007 Great River Park chapter of the Saint Paul on the Mississippi Development Framework. These principles guide a grand vision for unifying the entire length of Saint Paul’s riverfront. Moving forward, the master plan will set the stage for the manifestation of sustainable parks and open spaces, ecological restoration and economic development, connecting the City, its neighborhoods and people, to Saint Paul’s unique Mississippi River resources.
Frequently Asked Questions
Great River Passage Boundary Map
What does this project mean for the City and the region?
Saint Paul’s 17 miles of Mississippi River riverfront has unrealized potential as a regional and national natural, scenic and cultural resource. Through sound management and protection, an enhanced corridor will continue to improve the quality of life for Saint Paul residents by expanding recreational and open space opportunities. In addition to greater access to the waterfront, the Great River Passage project will also identify areas for new sustainable development and re-development to be used for new businesses and residential housing.
The Great River Passage project will lead to generate new tourism opportunities for Saint Paul. Working in concert with federal and state agencies, as well as non-profit organizations, Saint Paul hopes to promote the River corridor as a national recreational and cultural resource.
Why is the city moving forward with the project right now?
Saint Paul secured direct State Bonding in 2009 to begin the planning and implementation process to acquire, protect and connect recreational and open spaces along Saint Paul’s 17-miles of riverfront.
How does this project affect the City’s other parks?
To start and finish this study, no city resources were diverted from other city parks or recreational activities. The consultant team is conducting a more detailed recreation needs assessment for the River corridor as part of a citywide recreation needs assessment. The goal is to identify recreational needs and opportunities that are more specific to the natural and recreational opportunities the River corridor offers.
How will this project affect residents in neighborhoods not connected to the River?
One of the major project goals is to make the River more connected to existing neighborhoods in the city. The study will identify means by which to make existing streets more walkable. It will identify strategies by which major barriers, such as railroads, the bluffs, levees and major highways can be crossed. The study will propose new access points, neighborhood by neighborhood, to allow the River to become more a part of the daily lives of Saint Paul residents.
What is the short and long-term timeline for this project?
The City retained a team headed up by nationally known parks planners and landscape architects Wenk Associates after a competitive national search. The Master Planning process began with a public event on August 17, 2010 at Harriet Island. The Plan has taken just over a year to complete, and there were several opportunities for the community to participate in developing the plan. The Master Plan will identify short and long term improvement projects, as well as funding sources, that will implement key components of the vision during the next twenty to thirty years.
How did the public participate in the process?
- A series of public meetings that began with the opening event on August 17th , followed by local community meetings three times in each community and a final presentation of the plan in summer, 2011
- The project website at www.greatriverpassage.org is your opportunity to keep up to date with the latest information about the project, sign up for email updates, and contribute your thoughts and ideas about the Project and the Plan.
- As a member of a community or special interest group in the City. A stakeholder representative group was formed with regular forums to provide opportunities for input into the project
- By contacting the Saint Paul Parks Department or the Riverfront Corporation for other opportunities to get involved in the development of the Great River Passage Master Plan
Does this mean the public will have more or less access to the river?
The plan will lay the groundwork for more detailed studies that, with proper funding and when implemented, will provide greater access for all of the City’s residents to the River. | 0.7 | medium | 6 | 895 | [
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488ab2a9-60ba-46e9-a71a-37bc36669cba | February 27, 2019 | social_studies | historical_context | February 27, 2019
By Juan Solano
Cultural Survival’s Keepers of the Earth Fund is supporting Instituto Superior Pedagógico “Quilloac” Bilingüe Intercultural’s project on strengthening the ancestral language Kichwa Kañari through the use of interactive materials, including mobile apps designed for children ages 3 to 5.
The community of Quilloac is located 20 minutes from the urban center of Cañar Canton in Ecuador. Based on archaeological remains, Quilloac is said to be the area where the Kañari culture was born. Kañari are an Indigenous Peoples who have traditionally lived in the modern provinces of Azuay and Cañar. Our mother tongue is Kichwa, which is part of the intangible cultural heritage of Ecuador. Although Kichwa is one of the most widely spoken languages in South America, it is considered an endangered language due to its many dialects.
Through the constant efforts and support of leaders and community members, the Instituto Superior Pedagógico “Quilloac” Bilingüe Intercultural was founded to protect and revitalize the ancestral Kichwa Kañari language, a dialect of Kichwa. Since 1996, when we began conducting research, we have noticed a lack of interest of children and young people in the use of their mother tongue in the community. The decline has to do with the excessive migration of parents abroad, along with globalization and mainstream media. Many parents give greater importance to the English language because they think it is better for job opportunities.
In recent years, technology, specifically smartphones, have become an indispensable tool for the inhabitants of the Quilloac community. Most applications are configured for use in Spanish and English, which further minimizes Indigenous languages and the interest in maintaining them. As a father, I have observed how my 3-year-old son, as well as my nephews, neighbors, and fellow community members, are attracted to the games installed on their phones. As a teacher in the community, I see every day how children respond to animated cartoons designed by for profit companies. We must be aware that by using these devices, stereotypes of ideologies different from our reality are reinforced.
With the goal of generating renewed cultural pride in our children and reinforcing the need to speak Kichwa, I started a research unit to create an animated character that will be used in a radio and television series, as well as other interactive media such as a mobile game. Members of Instituto Bilingüe Quilloac will create an app for mobile phones that teaches the Kichwa language to 300 children ages 3 to 5 in a fun and captivating manner. The children are excited to know that the character will dress in their native clothing. What they have not been told is that the dialogue of the characters will be in Kichwa—we want that to be a surprise.
For the first time, children will be able to have a smartphone with interactive games in their mother tongue, with characters and landscapes that identify them, generating curiosity and motivation to resume the use of the Kichwa language. We want to influence the recovery of their self-esteem and pride of belonging to the Kañari culture. We also want to raise the world’s awareness of the process of extinction threatening the Kichwa language, and to highlight our experiences and traditions in order to give renewed relevance and status to the Quilloac community.
We thank Cultural Survival for considering and helping to activate in our community the recovery of ancestral wisdom. By stimulating interest in the Kichwa language into the community’s youngest demographic, Comuna Instituto Bilingüe Quilloac hopes to implement a rebirth of the Kichwa Kañaris’ ancestral language and traditions.
— Juan Solano (Kichwa Kañari) is research unit coordinator at Instituto Superior Pedagógico “Quilloac” Bilingüe Intercultural. | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 829 | [
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db01dd28-ad8c-4249-a1eb-16a4504d9faf | - Oral presentation | technology | historical_context | - Oral presentation
- Open Access
BSE – Epidemiology and Transmission Mechanisms in Animal Production Systems
© The Author(s); licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2003
- Published: 31 March 2003
- Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
- Poultry Feed
- Infection Route
- Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Case
In 1986, a new clinical disease in cattle was recognized in the UK. It was classified as a progressive neurological condition in cattle similar to scrapie of sheep and goats, and was named bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Epidemiological studies on clinical cases diagnosed in 1986 and 1987 highlighted the increased risk of BSE on farms that had fed cattle concentrates containing meat-and-bone meal (MBM). The addition of MBM to cattle concentrate feed at that time was common practice in the UK and other countries (but with varying percentages). As a consequence, the use of MBM in ruminant feed was banned in the UK in 1988. This ban resulted in a significant reduction of new infections in cattle born after this ban, thereby highlighting the importance of controlling this exposure route. Further studies in the UK and other countries confirmed that BSE is predominantly, if not exclusively, transmitted by inclusion of ruminant CNS material – brain or spinal cord from BSE-infected cattle – in cattle rations. BSE cases born after these MBM bans (denoted BAB cases) documented the presence of other infection routes besides routine inclusion of MBM in cattle concentrates. Cross-contamination of cattle feed with feed produced for pigs and poultry, and cross-exposure of cattle to pig or poultry feed on mixed-species farms were identified as additional infection routes. The Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) of the European Commission listed several risk factors for BSE propagation including the structure and intensity of the cattle population and other livestock populations, production and use of ruminant-derived meat-and-bone meal (including feed bans), the use of specified risk material (SRM) and carcasses (including SRM bans) and the rendering industry (structure, technology, rendering parameters). Prevention of these known and suspected feed-related routes of BSE transmission has resulted in a decline in the number of new infection in subsequent birth cohorts in several countries. Due to the long incubation time of BSE, however, it takes several years until the effectiveness of implemented measures to prevent new BSE infections can be assessed.
BSE is a food-transmitted disease, and exposure to the infectious agent is strongly associated with the cattle feed production and management practices within specific cattle production systems. The disease can be controlled by changes in these feed production systems and cattle farming practices, however, it will take time for countries that have detected domestic BSE cases to completely eliminate all circulating BSE infectivity.
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. | 0.6 | medium | 5 | 651 | [
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62182bed-be63-4b36-981c-230c941eb418 | Biotechnology powerhouse field, its | science | worked_examples | Biotechnology is a powerhouse field, but its rapid progress often leads to fuzzy boundaries in public and early learner understanding. Let’s sharpen those mental images! --- ## Sharpening the Focus: Common Biotechnology Misconceptions ### Misconception 1: Genetic Engineering (GE) is the same as Synthetic Biology (SynBio). - **Why it occurs:** Both involve manipulating DNA, making them seem interchangeable. People often use the terms like "designer babies" interchangeably for both fields. - **Example of error:** Assuming all SynBio projects are just minor edits to existing organisms (GE). For instance, thinking that building a completely novel metabolic pathway from scratch is just standard GE. - **Correct understanding:** **Genetic Engineering (GE)** is like **editing a book**—you are cutting, pasting, or swapping existing sentences (genes) in the natural text of an organism's genome. **Synthetic Biology (SynBio)** is like **writing a brand new book** using the alphabet of biology (DNA) to create entirely novel functions or organisms that nature never designed. - **How to remember:** GE = *Edit*. SynBio = *Create*. ### Misconception 2: GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms) are inherently risky or "unnatural." - **Why it occurs:** Fear often stems from a lack of direct exposure and media sensationalism that frames GE as "playing God." The term "unnatural" is intuitively appealing but scientifically vague. - **Example of error:** Rejecting a drought-resistant corn variety developed via targeted gene insertion because it was "created in a lab," while readily accepting a new variety created over decades through traditional, random cross-breeding (which is also a form of genetic modification, just slower and less precise). - **Correct understanding:** All organisms have been genetically modified over evolutionary time. Modern biotechnology (like CRISPR) allows for **precise, targeted modification**. The risk assessment should focus on the *specific change* and its *function*, not the *method* used to achieve it. - **Key distinction:** Focus on the **functionality and rigorous testing** of the final product, not the *origin* of the technique. ### Misconception 3: Biotechnology only happens in white lab coats and sterile petri dishes. - **Why it occurs:** This is a media stereotype. We visualize high-tech cleanrooms, forgetting the vast applications outside the clinical or pharmaceutical realm. - **Example of error:** Failing to recognize that brewing beer, making cheese, or even modern sustainable textile dyeing (using engineered microbes) are all forms of applied biotechnology. - **Correct understanding:** Biotechnology is an **umbrella term**. It spans everything from ancient fermentation (biotech 1.0) to modern genomic sequencing (biotech 3.0). It’s about using living systems to create products or solve problems. - **When it applies/doesn't:** It applies whenever biology is harnessed intentionally. It doesn't *only* apply to cutting-edge medicine. --- ### Red Flags (Warning Signs) If you hear terms like "frankenfood," "unnatural science," or assume "GMO" automatically means "dangerous," your thinking is likely being guided by these misconceptions. ### Self-Check Questions 1. If I swap Gene A from a fish into a tomato to make it frost-resistant, is that GE or SynBio? (Answer: GE, editing existing traits.) 2. Does using yeast to produce insulin count as biotechnology? (Answer: Yes, using a living system for a product.) ### Prevention Strategies 1. **The Toolbox Analogy:** Think of biotechnology as a massive toolbox. Genetic Engineering is one specific, precise tool (like a laser cutter). Synthetic Biology is designing and building an entirely new machine (like a 3D printer) using the same basic materials (DNA). 2. **Focus on Intent:** Always ask: Is the goal to *improve* what exists, or to *invent* something entirely new? This helps separate GE from SynBio. | 0.7 | high | 6 | 827 | [
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116478f9-379e-45af-9357-84607f00cf2f | How to Read a Caliper | interdisciplinary | tutorial | How to Read a Caliper
In this interactive object, learners review how to read a caliper. They then test their skills with eight practice questions.
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Excellent training tool!
Very well done.
Perhaps, though, some terminologyregarding the various parts of the caliper would be useful so students are versed in the nomenclature and can better respond to future suggestions by their instructor.
But it probably really isnt necessary.
Thanks for the great job!Posted by Carey Kalupson on 11/3/2008 12:00:00 AM Reply
How to raed a dial caliper.
The answers are not in the right sequence with the review questions.
You can put in the correct answer and when you check the answer it states the answer is wrong.
Not good for a student trying to learn!
Other wise graet training material and site.Posted by Thomas Maples on 9/25/2007 12:00:00 AM Reply | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 223 | [
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fc3ce9e0-3c11-4d44-8917-56e1d4b0e8ee | Predestination topic fierce debate | interdisciplinary | ethical_analysis | Predestination was the topic of a fierce debate between the Catholic humanist Desiderius Erasmus and the Protestant reformer Martin Luther. The historian Roland Bainton expressed the debate as Erasmus’ plaintive cry, “Let God be good!” and Luther’s resolute reply, “Let God be God!” Both theologians were much more nuanced in their arguments, but Bainton captured a valid insight. Advocates of predestination, when pressed, tend to emphasize God’s rights over his creatures. The Reformed tradition, which issued out of the theological insights of Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvin, Peter Martyr Vermigli, and others, has integrated this stress on God’s sovereignty into all aspects of its theological system. The Westminster Confession of Faith, for instance, immediately after defining God, discusses God’s eternal decree, by which he “freely, and unchangeably ordain[ed] whatsoever comes to pass.” The Confession then treats creation, and then defines providence: “God the great Creator of all things doth uphold, direct, dispose, and govern all creatures, actions, and things, from the greatest even to the least.” In each case, the Confession mentions God’s power as coordinate with his wisdom and goodness, but the first impression of God gleaned from the Confession is his awesome power and absolutely strict control over creation. Likewise, God’s rights over creation are expressed in the Reformed theology of worship. Calvin’s Institutes reserves its harshest criticism for idolatry, the hubris that humans exhibit when they seek to worship God on their own terms. From that premise, the Puritans developed the regulative principle of worship, which states that whatever God has not commanded is forbidden in public worship. Human invention in worship is wholly negative. A similar logic governs the Confession’s treatment of good works: “Good works are only such as God hath commanded in his holy Word, and not such as, without the warrant thereof, are devised by men, out of blind zeal, or upon any pretense of good intention.” Ironically enough for an anti-Catholic document, doing good seems to be mostly a matter of learning the rules well and following them to the letter. Neither virtue nor discernment receives a mention. Predestination, of course, is the issue that demonstrates most brusquely the Reformed appeal to God’s untrammeled rights over creation. Calvin himself, it is true, approached the subject with a pastoral humility, and never reveled in the “horrible decree” of reprobation. And, it must also be admitted that the appeal to God’s rights has at least some scriptural foundation. In Romans 9, Paul answers the objection of the vessels of dishonor not by explaining God’s logic, but by denying their right to object. Yet, one wonders whether the appeal to Romans 9 doesn’t come a bit too quickly and glibly from the mouths of Reformed theologians, who perhaps have responded to concerns about God’s justice and goodness merely by reaffirming his sovereignty. The Church Fathers may offer a helpful insight. Their discussions of Christ’s atonement wrestled with God’s power and justice. When the Fathers explain the meaning of Christ’s death, they employ a panorama of metaphors that cannot easily be condensed into a single logically consistent theory, but two major themes stand out. First, the Christus Victor leitmotif represents Jesus’ death as a cosmic triumph, liberating humanity from the dominion of dark spiritual forces. Second, the ransom idea envisions Jesus as in some way buying back humanity from the Devil, who as a consequence of the Fall came to have certain powers and rights over people, including the power of death. The ransom idea was always a bit murky, as it is not clear whether the ransom is paid to God or to the Devil, or whether Jesus in some way tricked the Devil into this arrangement. Often the Christus Victor and the ransom concepts are found mixed together in the same Father. The looming question regarding these two presentations is why the death of Christ is necessary. If the purpose of Christ’s death is to free humanity, couldn’t that be achieved much more easily by raw divine power? Surely God could at any point snuff out the existence of the Devil and his minions. The Fathers unanimously affirm God’s capacity to overpower the Devil, but they assert that Christ’s death is a more fitting way for God to conquer him. The Devil gained his power over humanity illegitimately, by deceiving Eve. By contrast, Christ played entirely fair. He was born under the law and kept it perfectly. In the wilderness, he overcame the Devil’s temptations. As Jesus was flawlessly filling the role of God’s Messiah, the Devil decided to win at any cost. He possessed Judas, prompting him to deliver Jesus into the hands of a crucifying mob. But the Devil miscalculated. In taking the life of a sinless person, he overstepped his bounds and was thus deprived of his earlier prize, humanity. Surely some of the details are a bit strange, and one would not be blamed for choosing to explain the atonement through other metaphors and theories. Yet, a striking insight remains. The cross, according to the Fathers, is a demonstration arranged by God to show how he is different from the Devil. God’s superiority is not merely overwhelming power, but more significantly, unimpeachable righteousness. Whereas the Devil uses his superior power over humans to deceive and kill them, God restrains his power to win humanity back in a way that respects the rules of fair play, even when playing against the Cheater himself. In so doing, God sets an example for humanity, that justice is more desirable than power. Augustine explains it in a beautiful passage: The devil would have to be overcome not by God’s power, but by his justice. What, after all, could be more powerful than the all-powerful, or what creature’s power could compare with the creator’s? The essential flaw of the devil’s perversion made him a lover of power and a deserter and assailant of justice, which means that human beings imitate him all the more thoroughly the more they neglect or even detest justice and studiously devote themselves to power, rejoicing at the possession of it or inflamed with the desire of it. So it pleased God to deliver man from the devil’s authority by beating him at the justice game, not the power game, so that humans too might imitate Christ by seeking to beat the devil at the justice game, not the power game (On the Trinity 13.17). Reformed theology has not been wholly insensitive to concerns about God’s goodness and justice, but a prevalent style of rhetoric and the general cast of the theological system can serve to negate this crucial patristic insight, that God is most fully recognized for who he is, not when he is praised for his excellent power and minute control, but when he restricts his infinity and his sovereignty to make room for finite, rational creatures. May God teach us to play and win at the justice game. | 0.65 | medium | 6 | 1,465 | [
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dc7ecec9-7931-476f-b7de-bb35ec6f554f | Lack accidents necessarily mean | life_skills | tutorial | Lack of accidents does not necessarily mean safe operation. You may have been lucky. You may have had near misses, but fortune smiled and you had few accidents. Measuring accidents provides one segment of the safety picture, but it is a far cry from evaluating and creating overall safety. Rather than giving you accident statistics and the admonition "you need a program," Agricultural Safety shows you how to "do" safety. The book sets forth the steps you need to take to make safety a part of your everyday farming operation, such as:- Identification of key safety activities that will lead to better control of losses- Setting standards and guidelines for doing that work- Measurement of the effectiveness of the work being done in accordance with the standards and guidelines- Evaluating program progress based upon measurements taken- Correcting deficiencies based on the evaluation(s)The author covers topics such as machinery operation, maintenance and repair techniques, fire loss control techniques, the safe handling of agrochemicals, and techniques involving the handling of animals. He provides you with a step-by-step manual for the procurement, handling, and storage of agrochemicals and pesticides as well as a guide to personal protective equipment and reviews safety for "third parties" and the posting of property and public warnings. To achieve safety, the work of safety must be done, measured for efficiency, evaluated in real-world terms, and corrective action taken, as needed, in a timely manner. Many books on safety provide a list of dos and don'ts. Agricultural Safety discusses the ways and means of managing and controlling accidental loss and shows you how to build safety into your operation. | 0.6 | medium | 6 | 324 | [
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0fcd3117-a2e6-48fa-837c-4e837a2cac88 | Transjordan Frontier Force | science | historical_context | Transjordan Frontier Force
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The Trans-Jordan Frontier Force was formed on 1 April 1926, to replace the disbanded British Gendarmerie. It was a creation of the British High Commissioner for Palestine whose intention was that the Force should defend Trans-Jordan's northern and southern borders. The TJFF was also an Imperial Service regiment whose Imperial Service soldiers agreed to serve wherever required and not just within the borders of their own colony, protectorate or, in the case of the Transjordan, mandate. This was in contrast to the Arab Legion, which was seen more as an internal security militia, deriving from the troops of the Arab Revolt and closely associated with the Hashemite cause. The Amir Abdullah was an Honorary Colonel of the Trans-Jordan Frontier Force from its inception. However, the local commanders thought it unnecessary to form an additional force, illustrated that the expansion of The Arab Legion would be a better action.
The Transjordan Frontier Force (TJFF) was established at Sarafand on 1 April 1926 with a cadre drawn from the Arab Legion and quickly grew to three cavalry squadrons, each of 120 men each, and an infantry unit. Its first commander was Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick William Bewsher. Other units, such as a camel squadron and mechanised units, were subsequently added.
The TJFF would be equipped in a conventional manner, with modern weapons, whilst the Arab Legion would, initially, remain a traditional force, looser in structure and without training in alien technology. Accordingly, the Arab Legion transferred its inventory of machine guns, artillery, and radios.
In the post-World War II era, with the independence of the Transjordan and of Palestine looming, there was no longer a requirement for an Imperial Service unit in the region. On 9 February 1948 the 3,000 man Trans-Jordan Frontier Force was disbanded and most of its members transferred to the Arab Legion.
The TJFF served under Headquarters, British Forces, in Palestine and Trans-Jordan, from 3 September 1939 until 9 February 1948. The O.C. TJFF was a British lieutenant colonel, with headquarters at Zerqa. Second-in-command was a British major, responsible for administration, workshops, quartermaster's stores and pay. The adjutant, another British major, was responsible for training and personnel and was aided by an assistant adjutant who was an Arab officer.
The squadrons and companies were all commanded by British majors, with another British officer as second-in-command. The cavalry squadrons were organised into three rifle troops (36 men) and one machine gun troop (36 rifles and 4 machine guns). The normal tactical and reconnaissance unit however, was the half-squadron or half-company and these were commanded by local captains. Each half-squadron or company consisted of two troops, led by local lieutenants and captains.
By the end of 1927 there were 39 officers, including 17 British, 12 British warrant officers, three staff sergeants and 676 other ranks. In 1930 there were 17 British officers, two in each of the four squadrons and companies with the remainder at Force HQ. In 1935 there were 24 British officers – the OC, seven majors and sixteen captains.
The TJFF spent its first six months training in Palestine at Sarafand then at Shunet Nimrinfrom (from October 1926) in the Jordan Valley. TJFF HQ moved to Zerqa east of the Jordan River in Trans-Jordan. The cavalry squadrons were based at Zerqa and the camel company was based at Ma'an. In 1929, the TJFF was called upon to help deal with Arab unrest in Palestine. The camel company moved to Jericho and a cavalry squadron went to Jisr el Majamie. A second cavalry squadron was raised and dispatched as reinforcement in early 1930.
In 1930, the mechanised company, based at Ma'an, was formed and later that year the camel companies were disbanded. Motorisation extended the range of the TJFF further out into the desert. In 1930 the TJFF had 980 men, including 28 Jews.
- Lieutenant-Colonel F. W. Bewsher, , 1 April 1926 – 1928.
- Major (local Lieutenant-Colonel) C. A. Shute, Indian Army, previously second-in-command, 1928 – 1933. ,
- Major (local Lieutenant-Colonel) C. H. Miller, 13th/18th Hussars, 1933 – 1936.
- Lieutenant-Colonel J. I. Chrystall, 1936 – May 1940.
- Lieutenant-Colonel P. L. Wilson, May 1940 – 1946.
- Colonel (later General Sir) John Hackett, former OC 4th Parachute Brigade, 1946 – 9 February 1948. (Hackett was previously seconded to TJFF from 1937–1941.)
Whilst most British officers were seconded to the TJFF typically for a period of about five years, the Quartermaster (QM) of the TJFF held the distinction of serving with the unit effectively throughout its duration, becoming a symbol of continuity. George Townsend Paley was a Great War veteran who had earned the DCM and had been commissioned as a quartermaster, or Lt.(QM). He was posted to the TJFF in 1926 as a local Captain and remained with it as the unit expanded in wartime. In 1941, he was awarded the OBE as a temporary lieutenant-colonel.
- HQ Wing, 1 April 1926 – 9 February 1948.
- "A" Squadron (cavalry), 1 April 1926 – 1 January 1941.
- "B" Squadron (cavalry), 1 April 1926 – 1 January 1941.
- "C" Squadron (cavalry), 1 April 1926 – 1 January 1941.
- Camel Company, 1 April 1926 – 1930, replaced by Mechanised Company.
- "D" Company (Mechanised), 1930 – February 1941. Based at the H4 pumping station on the Iraq Petroleum Company pipeline.
- "E" Company (Mechanised), 1933 – February 1941.
- Line of Communication Squadron, February – May 1941. Raised to protect the Baghdad–Haifa road, reformed as "L" Company in the 1st Mechanised Regiment, May 1941.
- Mobile Guard Squadron, 1 May 1941 – 9 February 1948. Formed to replace the Line of Communication Squadron in May 1941 and to take over the line of communication duties.
By 1929 there were also four Troops of Reservists
- TJFF Regiments
The first recruits to the TJFF were largely from the disbanded Palestine Gendarmerie. Palestinian Arabs made up around 70 percent of the other ranks. There were some Sudanese in the camel company before 1930 when the company was replaced by a mechanised company. Jews and Arabs, being better educated, served in the technical and administrative posts. By 1935 just under 25 percent of the Force were Circassians (a small ethnic, Muslim minority living in Trans-Jordan). The senior commanders were all British Army officers, however junior officers were Arabs, Circassians, Sudanese and a few Jews. In 1930, the strength of the TJFF was 980 men, including 28 Jews.
- "Report by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Council of the League of Nations on the Administration of Palestine and Trans-Jordan for the year 1928". United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine (UNISPAL). 31 December 1928. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
- "Report by His Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Council of the League of Nations on the Administration of Palestine and Trans-Jordan for the year 1933". United Nations Information System on the Question of Palestine (UNISPAL). 31 December 1933. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
- "TRANSJORDAN FRONTIER FORCE". Worthpoint. Retrieved 2018-02-17.
- Roubiçek, Marcel (1974). Echo of the Bugle : Extinct Military and Constabulary Forces in Palestine & Transjordan, 1915–1967. Jerusalem: Franciscan Printing Press.
- Vatikiotis, Panayiotis Jerasimof (1967). Politics and the Military in Jordan: A Study of the Arab Legion, 1921–1957. New York: F. A. Praeger.
- Young, Peter (1972). The Arab Legion. Reading, Berkshire: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85045-084-2.
- Farndale, Sir Martin (1996). The History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Years of Defeat, 1939–41. London: Brassey’s. ISBN 978-1-85753-080-3.
- Dupuy, Trevor N. (1984). Elusive Victory: The Arab-Israeli Wars, 1947–1974. Fairfax, Virginia: Hero Books.
- Glubb, John Bagot (1948). The Arab Legion. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
- Pal, Dharm (1958). Prasad, Bisheshwar (ed.). The Official History of the Indian Armed Forces in the Second World War, 1939–45: The Campaign in Western Asia. 10. New Delhi: History Division, Ministry of Defence.
- Isseroff, Ami (2005). "Kfar Etzion Remembered: A history of Gush Etzion and the Massacre of Kfar Etzion". Zionism & Israel Information Center. Retrieved 19 July 2015.
- Levi, Y. (1986). Nine Measures: Jerusalem in the War of Independence. Tel Aviv: Maarachot. ISBN 978-9-65050-287-4.
- "Jordan : Country Studies". Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2015. | 0.65 | medium | 4 | 2,519 | [
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8e04cd36-a506-4932-9b57-7eed6c724de9 | Using non-nutritive sweeteners cut | life_skills | worked_examples | Using non-nutritive sweeteners could cut down on added sugars and so have beneficial effects, but there are caveats.
Beneficial effects could be undone if people "compensate" for the calorie cuts by eating more high-calorie foods – drinking a diet soda, for example, then having an extra piece of cake later.
A high intake of dietary sugars has been shown to contribute to cardiovascular disease and obesity, which can lead to the development of diabetes. The researchers looked at studies of the non-nutritive sweeteners aspartame, acesulfame-K, neotame, saccharin, sucralose, and stevia.
At this time, there are insufficient data to determine conclusively
whether the use of NNS to displace caloric sweeteners
in beverages & foods reduces added sugars or carbohydrate
intakes, or benefits appetite, energy balance, body weight, or
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359b74d2-4554-4726-b67a-c81bb850e11a | Democracy education been linked | social_studies | historical_context | Democracy and education have been linked as far as Ancient Greece in the writings of Aristotle (384-322 bc.) (Fraser, 1996). Democratic theories of education have been central to the institution of public schooling in the United States and Canada since the inception of free, compulsory, public education. Horace Mann (1796-1859), W.E.B. DuBois (1868-1963) and John Dewey (1859-1952), were early advocates for public education in the United States. More recent scholars have built on the early writings of these important thinkers to push the notions of the democratic education and equal education opportunity. In this book, Understanding equal educational opportunity: Social justice and democracy in schooling, Howe (1997) expands on the thesis presented by Amy Gutmann (1987) in her book, Democratic education. Gutmann’s central idea is as follows:
A democratic theory of education recognizes the importance of empowering citizens to make educational policy and also of constraining their choices among policies in accordance with those principles- of nonrepression and nondiscrimination – that reserve the intellectual and social foundations of democratic deliberations. A society that empowers citizens to make educational policy, moderated by these two principled constraints, realizes the democratic ideal of education (Gutmann, 1987).
Gutmann (1987) states that the principle of non-repression prevents any group from “using education to restrict rational deliberation of competing conceptions of the good life and the good society” and that non-discrimination can be understood as “a principle of non-exclusion” (pp.44-45). However, Howe charges that Gutmann’s “general principle of ‘non-repression’ (of which ‘nondicrimination’ is a derivative) is too weak to adequately protect marginalized and oppressed groups in negotiating the participatory ideal” (1977, p.66). Nonoppressions is offered in its place, for Howe believes that a “stronger principle – a principle of nonoppression- is required in order to protect groups that are threatened with marginalization and exclusion from meaningful democratic participation” (1997, p. 67).
Nonoppression is a more powerful concept that Gutman’s non-repression. There are many non-discrimination in schools, businesses and government designed to protect minorities from unjust exclusion. These policies make it illegal to refuse admission or hiring to people based on race, gender, religion and other factors. If a business or a school is forced to admit a woman or a person of color due to these policies, it is likely that the work climate will not be conductive to the success of that minority member. Incidents that display covert racism and sexual harassment may impede the ability of that individual to work to his/her best capability. The same holds true for students in a school settings. If the climate is not supportive of every child in the school, then true educational opportunities “worth wanting” (Howe, 1997) do not exist. It is not enough to legally remove the barriers preventing their entrance, but we must also go a step further and begin to remove the oppressive language and structures that create a hostile climate for minority students.
Read more in Meyer, E. (2010). Explorations of Educational Purpose 10: Gender and Sexual Diversity in Schools, Springer. | 0.65 | medium | 5 | 726 | [
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ca25cca3-5bea-47c4-a8e6-716443159baf | Final year project: The attention of the unbalanced | science | historical_context | Final year project: The attention of the unbalanced
In the known there is balance and in the unknown there is unbalance. The unknown kindles curiosity and gets our attention. By using a generator based on linguistic design models, new object relations will be formed. This enables us to break through conventional expectations and generates attention. To use the generator you have to collect terms based on the composition of two nouns. The collected words will be automatically and newly generated. Hence, a huge variety of new word compositions will be formed. The new compositions are also based on two nouns which are, in its new combination, unique and have never existed in the German language before. Each of the terms are well known, but this new combination of them is unknown and is thus disturbs us somewhat on a level of semantic understanding. Our innate curiosity and the urge to gain some semblance of balance makes us visualise ‚a thing‘ upon reading it. Eventually, the newly visualised word will generate in its new composition the attention of outsiders, automatically. | 0.55 | medium | 4 | 209 | [
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c9df33fc-f861-44df-a08a-d1353ecb2524 | Producer Dallas Austin: Banged | interdisciplinary | historical_context | Producer Dallas Austin: I Banged Christina Aguilera, She is a Ho
- By Bossip Staff Categories: Fu*kin for Tracks, Hoes, News
Posted by Bossip Staff
Producer Dallas Austin who used to date Chilli says in a new video that Christina Aguilera is a ho and his former friend and her husband Jordan Bratman knows about it. Dallas says that “all these b*tches are fu*kin for tracks” and also says Joss Stone is doing the same thing . According to Dallas, Christina Aguilera banged five of his friends.Click here to watch the video. Spotted at Rhymes with Snitch.
Comments
• http://theboombox.wordpress.com/2007/11/16/alicia-keys-release-party-for-as-i-am/ Alicia Keys Release Party for “As I Am” « The BoomBox NYC
[…] The unknown looking guy in black is Novel, notoriously known producer affiliated with the “F* for Tracks” story, the cool white boy is John Mayer, WTF! goes to Heather B and Lauri-Ann Gibson kissing […]
• http://myspace.com Brandon
man this dude is lying.
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63c486ed-294f-4981-bfb4-12108287d722 | There strange simultaneous overlap | social_studies | technical_documentation | There is a strange simultaneous overlap and mismatch between three manifestations of feminism today: its political presence, its online version, and its theoretical status. In the first place, feminism is today an extremely potent force—from to the #NiUnaMenos (“not one less”) protests in Argentina, Peru, and Chile against femicide and gender violence last year, to the millions of women who attended the global Women’s March in January of this year, to the tens of thousands of women who went on strike in the United States and elsewhere on International Women’s Day (8 March 2017) against exploitative labor (paid and unpaid), against violence, for reproductive freedom, and so on. There is a new militancy, partly brought into focus by the rise of explicit bigotry and misogyny in the form of Trump, MRAs, and the so-called alt-right, but also honed by decades of asymmetrical global capitalist exploitation and punishment of the most precarious women, migrant laborers, and women of color in particular. Capitalism has long been the enemy of all but a very few women. Secondly, a popular feminism seems more dominant than ever, partly due to its online prominence and support by pop stars like Beyoncé and Miley Cyrus. And, finally, there is the feminism of the academy, bubbling along for decades, and surprisingly resilient, despite, and sometimes because of, the inroads made by gender studies and queer theory. How do these three elements (and of course there are other ways of picturing feminism today) relate? How does online feminism link up with street feminism? What role does often complex, difficult feminist theory have in the Internet age? How do capitalism, racism, and sexism intersect? What specific tools do Marxist feminism, anarchist feminism, liberal feminism, or radical feminism provide? Above all, how best to understand the world in a feminist way?
There are difficult questions to tackle and sites of real tension within and without feminism today, including not just what it means to define oneself as a feminist (and to act as a feminist), but what it means to be a woman. While feminism might be popular in certain contexts, in 2016 only 7 percent of British men and women defined themselves as feminists, despite two-thirds of respondents agreeing with the idea that men and women should be treated equally. 1“We Are a Nation of Hidden Feminists,” Fawcett website (15 January 2016), https://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/2016/01/we-are-a-nation-of-hidden-feminists/ (accessed 26 April 2017). There are, of course, plenty of reasons to be wary of the feminist label, given its invocation in recent years by the Right as justification for the bombing of Afghanistan and Iraq in order to ‘liberate’ the women there, or even just because online feminism seems like such weak sauce, avoiding the tricky, awkward, and society-shattering insights of the second wave in favor of narratives of ‘empowerment’, individual choice, and reassuring men. And yet feminism as a perspective on the world, particularly a feminism that integrates an analysis of sex-based oppression and violence with a critique of capitalism, continues to explain so much so clearly and so quickly that without it we would all be completely lost.
But if feminism becomes less a political outlook and more of a supplement to capitalism, an inoffensive empty slogan, then everything is over. In this regard, there is a certain kind of book that apparently needs to be rewritten every few years. I gave it a go in 2009 with One-Dimensional Woman, in 2015 Dawn Foster did a much better job in Lean Out, and now Jessa Crispin is here in 2017 with Why I Am Not a Feminist. What is the argument? In a nutshell, that liberal or neoliberal feminism (I called it “consumer feminism” or “Feminism™,” Foster called it “corporate feminism,” and Crispin calls it, somewhat confusingly, “universal feminism,” meaning something like “ubiquitous feminism”) is the worst. While my tone was funny (sort of) and irreverent (although often just quite mean), and Foster’s was statistical, investigative, and serious, Crispin’s is disdainful: “If you asked me today if I am a feminist I would not only say no, I would say no with a sneer.” Punka!
2009 seems like a long time ago, but I think still that there is value in being critical toward any political position that appears too easy, explains nothing, and, above all, justifies what you were doing already. In actual fact, The Onion got there a long way before all of us in 2003 with the satirical article “Women Now Empowered By Everything A Woman Does”: “Whereas early feminists campaigned tirelessly for improved health care and safe, legal access to abortion, often against a backdrop of public indifference or hostility, today’s feminist asserts control over her biological destiny by wearing a baby-doll T-shirt with the word ‘Hoochie’ spelled in glitter.” 2“Women Now Empowered By Everything A Woman Does”, The Onion (19 February 2003) http://www.theonion.com/article/women-now-empowered-by-everything-a-woman-does-1398 (accessed 4 May 2017). But there is a fine line between drawing attention to the bleeding obvious—that the mainstream version of anything is likely to be a watered-down and possibly even counter-productive version of what it claims to be—and an analysis that is likely to generate thought and action that goes beyond mere polemic and self-indulgent rage.
But, in the first place, what are we—no-longer-feminists, à la Crispin—supposed to be against? Crispin spends much of Why I am Not a Feminist listing her hatreds: ‘self-empowerment’, female CEOs, female military officers, narcissism, shaming, silencing, endless conversations about which television shows are good and which are bad, aspiration, expensive T-shirts with feminist slogans, feminists “giving blow jobs like it’s missionary work,” identity politics, ‘Internet feminism’, comfort, ‘choice feminism’, faux-radicalism, rotisserie chicken (for some reason), ‘white feminism’, language policing, money, power, capitalism, self-interest, ‘the system’, consumerism, and ‘lifestyle feminism’. 3Jessa Crispin, Why I Am Not a Feminist: A Feminist Manifesto (Brooklyn, London: Melville House, 2017), x, xiii and throughout.
But why are these things so prominent, if indeed they are? It has been clear for a long time that the rhetoric of feminism was sometimes used as a useful cover story for violent and malign things—for imperialism, for a particular story about capitalism in the West in which women were given a starring role, for the rebranding of oppressive gender expectations as something ‘empowering’. There is no other way to understand these shifts and phenomena than as general structural features of an economic, geopolitical reality in which some women were given minimal forms of freedom that coincided with the needs of a largely deindustrialized economy, while millions of other women continued and continue to be exposed to large-scale military and economic violence.
So much for structure. Are we so shattered by atomization that we can no longer think collectively? The Women’s March and other mass movements would indicate that this is not so, yet online feminism often seems to be stuck in a quasi-religious cycle of blaming and purging and burning. Crispin’s book also seems to mirror this Crucible-esque situation, in which minor infractions are evidence of some kind of soul-based evil. Crispin calls for “new ideas of what it means to be moral,” noting that women are “halfway in” the system, and thus peculiarly placed to build “something new.” 4Ibid., 22, 65. But Crispin’s take on what this might mean is oddly anti-systemic, self-punitive, and peculiarly individualistic, like the Calvinist inversion of pro-capitalist self-celebration. “You, a woman, are also the patriarchy,” she writes, noting that “most women are not fundamentally better than most men” and in fact, “some women are terrible.” 5Ibid., 62, 103, 136. But feminism in its Marxist or anarchist formulations has no need for this kind of self-flagellation, and in fact, deems this kind of self-punishment actively useless, if not actively damaging. You do not need to think that women are ‘special’ in order to know that our historical oppression proceeds on the basis of our perceived reproductive capacity and that gender is the way in which the hierarchy of sex is reinforced by violence and the threat of violence. But Crispin is oddly blasé on these general points: “There are issues of reproductive rights, sexual violence, and so on,” she writes, “that are still active barriers to women’s freedom.” But, Crispin wonders, “if we are moving toward parity […] does it make sense to base our ideology around our biological identities?” 6Ibid., 60.
But if feminism is anything, it is the recognition that women are constituted as the second sex, as a class, precisely not on the basis of a chosen identity, whatever that could mean, but by the way women are classified and positioned within a social structure. “We are women, but it might be more helpful to think of ourselves as humans first,” Crispin writes. 7Ibid., 60. Would that thinking one is thus be enough to convince everyone else of the truth of the matter? To evacuate sex completely from this analysis is to imagine an ideal substance named “woman” out of which material women can potentially identify out of in order to escape poor treatment. This does not mean, though, that all women have exactly the same experiences, or that feminism ‘reduces’ women to their biology—merely that without some reference to sexual difference means that the history (and present) of the world simply makes no sense. Female fetuses are aborted because they are female; women are raped and abused because they are women; women are treated worse because they are women: accepting this global horror show is precisely to begin to think and act, not to give up and assume that anyone who mentions femicide, for example, is accepting victimhood. In order to act in solidarity, there has to be some common understanding of these structural features, that what unites women, however loosely, however strategically, is the way women are structurally positioned. But Crispin seems to think this happens the other way around: “This idea that women or feminists should appear as a monolith seems to spring from the idea that a show of strength will allow us to overcome our enemies.” 8Ibid., 114. But any genuinely useful feminist analysis points to the multiple differences in the ways in which the category “woman” or “feminist” might be understood in different geographical, political, and economic contexts—it is not something you sign up for like a cult.
Crispin is not alone in failing to pose difficult questions, despite her perhaps repeated invocation of Andrea Dworkin (in name at least). “There was no and is no generosity in the response to radical feminist work, either by women or by men,” she notes, but gives no explanation as to why people might not be so ‘generous’. 9Ibid., 43. Second-wave feminism, particularly in its radical incarnations, is pretty much blamed for everything these days, at least online, and remains widely misrepresented as overly white, man hating, and transphobic. It is deemed to be ‘fun feminism’ because it is critical of the sexual exploitation of women, it obsesses about the patriarchy, and it is judgey and preachy and quite possibly separatist. But it was second-wave feminism, Marxist, anarchist, radical, and the various fusions of these positions that analyzed and named all the problems that remain today. Among many things, sex-based harassment and violence, male violence, the global division of labor, the question of what work is, the sidelining and silencing of women in public and cultural life, women’s complex relation to technology and capitalism, and the politicization of unpaid labor. It looks likely that third-wave feminism (or whatever we might call the mainstream online version) is directly at odds with some of the claims of the second wave. The focus on the individual and a certain narrow version of standpoint epistemology (“you have not experienced this exact thing therefore you cannot talk about it”) cuts off the historical, broad basis for organizing, and the inversion (and analytical neglect) of capitalist exploitation as emancipation leads to a series of smaller and symptomatic wars over work, sex, and collective terminology, which is partly why contemporary debates around sex work and the definition of what a “woman” is often lead to the most vehement clashes.
We can read Crispin’s oddly personal reading of feminism as part of this symptom. Despite her multiple mentions of patriarchy and Dworkin, though without saying why the former still makes sense as an explanatory term or why the latter continues to be relevant, Crispin makes feminism’s task oddly personal. “Men are not our problem, but they are our responsibility,” she writes. We must think about how our “choices affect other people,” how we are complicit in our own subjugation, but feminism has, according to Crispin, spent too much time describing female suffering and having a go at men. For Crispin, feminism looks like a zero-sum game: “Saying or believing that women are special also, by default, dehumanizes men” and that “in order for women to think of themselves as compassionate, they have to think of men as violent.” 10Ibid., 124, 51, 72, 73. But this does not follow: once again, we can discuss the domination of male violence as a dominant feature of social life (the male violence that hurts men and women) without thinking this makes women, usually socialized to be ‘nice’ and ‘diplomatic’, special in any way.
Crispin claims that “it is a dangerous thing to combine a victim mentality with a dehumanizing outlook,” and that feminism has concerned itself too much with outrage, revenge, and punishing men for individual acts of misogyny. Women should be concerned with the “hard work of self-examination,” not complaining about “the power you don’t have.” But while men should not be punished for acts of misogyny, women need to individually internalize this message that these things are structural: “Understanding our own weakness should help us understand that the core of misogyny (and racism, and homophobia, etc.) lies not in the heart of the individual but in the way our society is structured.” 11Ibid., 79, 98, 83, 100. But the two are not separable in any easy way—this is why having a political analysis that is able to explain oppression and exploitation on multiple levels is both necessary and difficult. Crispin does not address intersectional feminism, or the way “intersectionality” has become an online mantra, for better or worse. In 1991, when Kimberlé Crenshaw described how her work would focus “on two dimensions of male violence against women—battering and rape,” and how “the experiences of women of color are frequently the product of intersecting patterns of racism and sexism, and how these experiences tend not to be represented within the discourse of either feminism or antiracism,” she could not maybe have foreseen how the term would take on new and expanded life in the cyber age. 12Kimberlé Crenshaw, “Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence Against Women of Color,” Stanford Law Review 43 (July 1991): 1241–99. Available at: http://socialdifference.columbia.edu/files/socialdiff/projects/Article__Mapping_the_Margins_by_Kimblere_Crenshaw.pdf (accessed 26 April 2017). Does intersectionality now mean an online hierarchy of positions that has moved away from its original analytic and political strength? This and other unpopular questions are not asked here.
Much of Why I Am Not a Feminist ultimately reads like an argument within a particular class: “people will hate you if you choose freedom over money, if you decide to live a life by your values of compassion, honesty, and integrity.” 13Crispin, Why I Am Not a Feminist, 64. But for many people, these are not choices. Or if they do exist as options, they might be more complicated than Crispin’s quasi-religious image of a life somehow in the midst of yet beyond patriarchy and capitalism: choosing freedom over money makes sense if you have some of the latter, but it is not possible to live on freedom alone.
Feminism for Crispin ultimately becomes almost like a temptation: “How can one ever deal with the overwhelming despair of the world without being subsumed by it?” Instead of dwelling in this terrifying despair, we should, she thinks, “create a world of cooperation and fraternity, and leave behind the notion that one group creates the world on behalf of everyone else.” We must reimagine “the way we order our lives, our homes, our work, our souls.” It is unclear then what use something like “patriarchy” might be as an explanatory term if we can fix things by just being a bit nicer (and are women not always being told to be a bit nicer?). Crispin reminds us that “it is only within the patriarchal structure that women have their freedoms curtailed. Moving beyond that structure means forgoing the rewards that structure doles out for participation. But it also gives you back your agency.” 14Ibid., 46, 126, 150, 90. But for all the talk about how everything should involve vast quantities of hard work, this seems like something of a cop-out: Move beyond patriarchy? How? By using my ‘agency’, that weird contemporary version of individual liberal self-determination? Oh right, yeah, hang on, just popping outside for a minute… I MAY BE SOME TIME!
Crispin’s targets are, on the whole, too easy, and her solutions too vague. It is one of the problems of this kind of polemic, as I well know. Flagellating oneself, or girls, or women, or feminism, or certain kinds of feminists is not difficult. We are constantly taught to do it. We should instead be asking who benefits from this endless critique, and what questions are we avoiding posing because they are too difficult, and too upsetting. Crispin cautions the reader to “beware of easy stories and self-serving narratives,” 15Ibid., 152. but we cannot solve these problems or ask the right questions if we do not think collectively, and draw directly upon the work of earlier feminists. There are no easy solutions to these questions of the overlapping qualities of capitalism, racism, and patriarchy, of the relationship between individuals and the social whole, between men and women, and between equality and difference. Why I Am Not a Feminist: A Feminist Manifesto is of course a paradoxical kind of feminist text, as the subtitle indicates, but a book that moves beyond the individual and toward the collective (we could call it Why Feminism Is Not an I) might be a better place to start, or rather, and always, continue… | 0.65 | medium | 6 | 4,208 | [
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e0a3b63c-3bb3-49bc-b116-3105af9317ff | 1 | technology | data_analysis | 1. Home
2. Mobile Phones
3. Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra
Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra
Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra
৳243,999.00
SKU: S24 Ultra
Brand: Samsung
Category: Mobile Phones
Available Official
• Released: 17 January, 2024
• Display: 6.8 inches
• Camera: Back: 200 MP+50 MP+10 MP+12MP & Selfie: 50 MP
• RAM & ROM: 12GB & 256GB/512GB/1TB
• CPU: Octa-core (1x3.3 GHz Cortex-X4 & 5x3.2 GHz Cortex-A720 & 2x2.3 GHz Cortex-A520)
• OS: Android 14
• Battery: Li-Ion 5000 mAh
Specifications
Launch
Announced We provide the announced date that a company publishes to launch their new phone. 17 January, 2024
Status Available
BD Released 25 January, 2024
Made By Korea
Assembled in Korea
Price
Official Price The Official prices and mobile phones are available only in brand authorized shops. The device comes with an official warranty and the device is listed on the BTRC database in Bangladesh. BDT: 243,999.00 Taka ( 12GB/256GB )
Unofficial Price Unofficially launched phone prices in Bangladesh vary from store to store. So check the price before buying the phone. BDT: 139,990.00 Taka ( 12GB/256GB )
BDT: 149,990.00 Taka ( 12GB/512GB )
*Price may vary in shops.
Global price The "global price" of a product or service is typically not expressed in a specific currency like dollars (USD), euros (EUR), or rupees (INR). Instead, global prices are usually discussed in terms of a commodity's or product's value on the international market, and these values can fluctuate based on various factors including currency exchange rates. MobileDokanPrice.com always tries to publish update prices. International
USA price
BDT: 142,700.00 Taka ( 12GB/256GB )
BDT: 155,900.00 Taka ( 12GB/512GB )
BDT: 182,200.00 Taka ( 12GB/1TB )
India price
BDT: 171,600.00 Taka ( 12GB/256GB )
BDT: 184,800.00 Taka ( 12GB/512GB )
BDT: 211,200.00 Taka ( 12GB/1TB )
Approx. release price in ৳BDT
Display
Size 6.8 inches, 114.3 cm2
Resolution 1440 x 3088 pixels
Type Dynamic LTPO AMOLED 2X
Protection Corning Gorilla Glass Victus 3
Aspect Ratio 19.3:9 ratio
Pixel Density ~501 ppi density
Multitouch Yes
More -Always-on display
Network
SIM Type Nano-SIM and eSIM or Dual SIM (2 Nano-SIMs and eSIM, dual stand-by)
Technology GSM / CDMA / HSPA / EVDO / LTE / 5G
GPRS
EDGE
2G Network In this section you can see 2nd generation mobile data communication technology specifications. GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900 - SIM 1 & SIM 2 (Dual SIM model only) CDMA 800 / 1900 & TD-SCDMA
3G Network HSDPA 850 / 900 / 1700(AWS) / 1900 / 2100
CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
4G Network LTE
5G Network SA/NSA/Sub6 - International
SA/NSA/Sub6/mmWave - USA
Performance
OS Android 14
Custom UI Custom UI One UI 6.1
Chipset Qualcomm SM8650-AB Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 (4 nm)
CPU CPU (Central Processing Unit) mostly known as processors, CPU processes instructions in order to carry out certain functions that make your device operate properly. Processors are often described as the brain of computers, smartphones and tablets, Smartphones and tablets rely on processors to carry out their every task, Processors are an incredibly important factor in selecting any type of computing device, including your smartphone. Octa-core (1x3.3 GHz Cortex-X4 & 5x3.2 GHz Cortex-A720 & 2x2.3 GHz Cortex-A520)
GPU GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) is a single-chip processor designed to rapidly manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display, This includes things such as lighting effects, object transformations, and 3D motion. Adreno 750
Primary Camera
Camera Camera -200 MP, f/1.7, 24mm (wide), 1/1.3", 0.6µm, multi-directional PDAF, Laser AF, OIS
-50 MP, f/3.4, 111mm (periscope telephoto), PDAF, OIS, 5x optical zoom
-10 MP, f/2.4, 67mm (telephoto), 1/3.52", 1.12µm, Dual Pixel PDAF, OIS, 3x optical zoom
-12 MP, f/2.2, 13mm, 120˚ (ultrawide), 1/2.55", 1.4µm, Dual Pixel PDAF, Super Steady video
Features -LED flash, auto-HDR, panoram
-stereo sound rec.
-HDR10+
-gyro-EIS
Video 8K@24/30fps, 4K@30/60/120fps, 1080p@30/60/240fps, 1080p@960fps,
Selfie Camera
Camera Camera 12 MP, f/2.2, 26mm (wide), Dual Pixel PDAF
Features -Dual video call
-Auto-HDR
-HDR10+
Video 4K@30/60fps, 1080p@30fps
Connectivity
WLAN Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac/6e/7, tri-band, Wi-Fi Direct
Bluetooth 5.3, A2DP, LE
Positioning GPS, GLONASS, BDS, GALILEO
USB USB Type-C 3.2, OTG
NFC Yes
FM Radio No
Infrared port
Browser HTML 5
Java
Memory
RAM 12GB
ROM ~ Internal 256GB/512GB/1TB
External Card Slot No
Variant 12GB+256GB, 12GB+512GB , 12GB+1TB
Body
Dimensions (WxHxT) 163.4 x 78.1 x 8.9 mm (6.43 x 3.07 x 0.35 in)
Build Material Glass front (Gorilla Glass Armor), glass back (Gorilla Glass), titanium frame
Weight 234 g (8.25 oz)
Color Titanium Black, Titanium Gray, Titanium Violet, Titanium Yellow, Note: Titanium Blue, Titanium Green, Titanium Orange Only Available on Samsung.com
Models -SM-S928B
-SM-S928B/DS
-SM-S928U,
-SM-S928U1
-SM-S928W
-SM-S928N
-SM-S9280
-SM-S928E
-SM-S928E/DS
Sensors
Fingerprint Under Display, ultrasonic
GPS Sensor Yes, with A-GPS, GLONASS, BDS, GALILEO
Proximity Sensor
Compass Sensor
Accelerometer
Light Sensor
Gyroscope Sensor
Battery
Battery Type Mobile phones run on various kinds of batteries There are four types of Mobile phones batteries. 1. Lithium Polymer (Li-Po), 2. Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion), 3. Nickel Metal Hydride, 4. Nickel Cadmium. In this section you see the battery type of the phone. Non-removable
Battery Capacity Li-Ion 5000 mAh
Charging Time 45W wired, PD3.0, 65% in 30 min.
15W wireless (Qi/PMA)
4.5W reverse wireless
Sound
Alert types Vibration, MP3, WAV ringtones
Loudspeaker Yes, with stereo speakers
3.5 mm Audio Jack 3.5 mm Audio Jack is a popular and common audio output jack. No
More
Extra Features -Samsung Wireless DeX (desktop experience support)
-IP68 dust/water resistant (up to 1.5m for 30 min)
-Stylus (Bluetooth integration, accelerometer, gyro)
-Ultra Wideband (UWB) support
-2600 nits (peak)
-Samsung DeX
-120Hz
-HDR10+
Our Rating
The overall rating is based on review by our experts Team.
9.9
• Battery 10 / 10
• Camera 10 / 10
• Design 10 / 10
• Display 10 / 10
• Hardware 10 / 10
• Performance 10 / 10
• Price 9 / 10
• User Discussion 10 / 10
Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra Review
In this comprehensive coverage, explore the details of the Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra, including its Bangladesh price, release date, RAM, ROM, specifications, review, and every notable feature. Dive into the insights that define this flagship phone’s capabilities and make informed decisions about your next mobile device.
Model: Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra
Price: BDT: 243,999.00.00 Taka ( 12GB/512GB ) ( Official )
BDT: 139,990.00 Taka ( 12GB/256GB )
BDT: 149,990.00 Taka ( 12GB/512GB )
BDT: 1,59,000.00 Taka ( 12GB/1TB ) ( Vietnam Variant )
RAM: 12GB
ROM: 256GB/512GB/1TB
Display: Dynamic LTPO AMOLED 2X
Chipset: Qualcomm SM8650-AB Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 (4 nm)
Color: Titanium Black, Titanium Gray, Titanium Violet, Titanium Yellow
Fingerprint: (under display, ultrasonic)
Battery: Non-removable Li-Ion 5000 mAh
Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra Unofficial Price
Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra
Performances
The Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra stands at the forefront of innovation, running on the latest Android 14 with the refined One UI 6.1. Powered by the Qualcomm SM8650-AB Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 (4 nm) chipset, it houses an octa-core CPU configuration featuring a high-performance Cortex-X4 core at 3.3 GHz, five Cortex-A720 cores at 3.2 GHz, and two power-efficient Cortex-A520 cores at 2.3 GHz.
The Adreno 750 GPU ensures exceptional graphics performance. With memory options ranging from 256GB with 12GB RAM to an expansive 1TB variant, the UFS 4.0 technology enhances data transfer speeds. The Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra promises a seamless and powerful user experience, setting a new standard for flagship smartphones.
Pros
• Quad 200 MP+50 MP+10 MP+12MP Primary Camera.
• Qualcomm SM8650-AB Snapdragon 8 Gen Processor.
• Dynamic LTPO AMOLED 2X with 120Hz refresh rate.
• 8K@24/30fps & 4K@30/60/120fps video Recording.
• 5000 mAh battery with 45W charging.
• Latest Android 14 With One UI 6.1.
Cons
• No MicroSD slot.
• No FM Radio.
Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra Bangladesh Price ( May 2024 )
The Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra arrives in Bangladesh, offering a range of configurations to meet diverse user preferences. The base model, featuring 12GB of RAM and 256GB of internal storage, is attractively priced at BDT 243,999.00.00 Taka. For those requiring more storage, the 12GB/512GB variant is available at BDT 263,999.00.00 Taka. The highest configuration boasts a remarkable 12GB of RAM and a massive 1TB of storage, catering to power users, and is priced at BDT 293,999.00 Taka. ( Official Price )
The device is available in an array of stylish colors, including Titanium Black, Titanium Gray, Titanium Violet, and Titanium Yellow. This pricing strategy ensures that consumers have options to match their storage and performance needs, making the Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra accessible to a broad spectrum of users in Bangladesh.
Here are some frequently asked questions about the Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra to help you understand better.
Q: What are the key features of the Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra?
A: The Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra boasts a dynamic LTPO AMOLED 2X display, a powerful 200 MP quad-camera system, and a Snapdragon 8 Gen 3 chipset.
Q: Is the Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra water-resistant?
A: Yes, the device comes with water and dust resistance, adhering to IP68 standards for durability.
Q: Can I expand the storage on the Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra?
A: No, the device does not support external microSD card expansion, but it offers ample internal storage options ranging from 256GB to 1TB.
Q: What is the charging speed of the Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra?
A: The device supports 45W wired charging, allowing you to achieve 65% battery capacity in just 30 minutes.
Q: Does the phone support 5G connectivity?
A: Yes, the Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra is equipped with 5G capabilities for faster and more efficient mobile data connections.
Q: What version of Android does the Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra run?
A: The device runs on Android 14 with the One UI 6.1 user interface.
Q: How many cameras does the Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra have?
A: The phone features a quad-camera setup with a 200 MP wide lens, 50 MP periscope telephoto lens, 10 MP telephoto lens, and a 12 MP ultrawide lens.
Q: Can I use the Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra as a desktop with Samsung DeX?
A: Yes, the device supports Samsung DeX for a desktop-like experience.
Q: What is the battery capacity of the Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra?
A: The phone is equipped with a non-removable 5000 mAh battery for long-lasting usage.
Q: Are there different color options available for the Samsung Galaxy S24 Ultra?
A: Yes, the phone comes in various stylish colors, including Titanium Black, Titanium Gray, Titanium Violet, and Titanium Yellow. But Titanium Blue, Titanium Green, Titanium Orange Only Available on Samsung.com
Reviews
Overall User's Rating
The overall rating is based on 10 reviews by users.
9.7
• Battery 9.7 / 10
• Camera 9.8 / 10
• Design 9.8 / 10
• Display 10 / 10
• Hardware 9.9 / 10
• Performance 9.7 / 10
• Price 8.8 / 10
• User Discussion 9.6 / 10
Post a Review Please not that each user review reflects the opinion of it's respectful author.
1. jucis
9.6
Best phone that i have ever seen.
I wanna buy this phone. this phone is best for me because I'm a photographer.
• Battery
9 / 10
• Camera
10 / 10
• Design
10 / 10
• Display
10 / 10
• Hardware
10 / 10
• Performance
10 / 10
• Price
9 / 10
• User Discussion
9 / 10
2. Rohim
9.8
আহ অফিশিয়াল দাম
কবে বাংলাদেশে পাওয়া যাবে জানাবেন।
• Battery
9 / 10
• Camera
9 / 10
• Design
10 / 10
• Display
10 / 10
• Hardware
10 / 10
• Performance
10 / 10
• Price
10 / 10
• User Discussion
10 / 10
3. Arif
9.6
4GB RAM ar 64GB ROM er Price kto
ami kinta chai 4gb ar 64 GB ram er. price kto janaben?
• Battery
10 / 10
• Camera
10 / 10
• Design
10 / 10
• Display
10 / 10
• Hardware
9 / 10
• Performance
8 / 10
• Price
10 / 10
• User Discussion
10 / 10
4. Ratul
9.0
I literally liked it
I used it
And it has ai controlled voice translator
The performance is good overall i liked it
• Battery
9 / 10
• Camera
9 / 10
• Design
8 / 10
• Display
10 / 10
• Hardware
10 / 10
• Performance
10 / 10
• Price
6 / 10
• User Discussion
10 / 10
5. Golam Rosul
9.9
আন অফিশিয়াল কিনতে চাই
আমি একটা আন অফিশিয়াল কিনতে চাই।
• Battery
10 / 10
• Camera
10 / 10
• Design
10 / 10
• Display
10 / 10
• Hardware
10 / 10
• Performance
10 / 10
• Price
9 / 10
• User Discussion
10 / 10
6. Sabuz
9.5
awesome performance
One of the best camera phone. Compare to iphone 15 pro
• Battery
10 / 10
• Camera
10 / 10
• Design
10 / 10
• Display
10 / 10
• Hardware
10 / 10
• Performance
10 / 10
• Price
8 / 10
• User Discussion
8 / 10
7. Shauiab
9.9
S24 Ultra Bangladesh Price
12GB and 256GB 1 hazar tk kom rakhle ami akta nibo.
• Battery
10 / 10
• Camera
10 / 10
• Design
10 / 10
• Display
10 / 10
• Hardware
10 / 10
• Performance
10 / 10
• Price
9 / 10
• User Discussion
10 / 10
8. Razu Ahmed
9.8
I want to buy 12GB/512GB
I want to buy this phone please contact with me.
• Battery
10 / 10
• Camera
10 / 10
• Design
10 / 10
• Display
10 / 10
• Hardware
10 / 10
• Performance
10 / 10
• Price
8 / 10
• User Discussion
10 / 10
9. Sabikunnahar Nodi
10.0
Today i bought Samsung Galaxy s24 Ultra From Dubai.
Today i bought Gamsung Galaxy s24 Ultra From Dubai. This is the super phone that i have ever seen. I already used Apple iPhone 15 Pro Max But Samsung Galaxy s24 Ultra is better than Apple iPhone 15 Pro Max.
• Battery
10 / 10
• Camera
10 / 10
• Design
10 / 10
• Display
10 / 10
• Hardware
10 / 10
• Performance
10 / 10
• Price
10 / 10
• User Discussion
10 / 10
10. Jesmin
9.6
i wanna buy Used Samsung Galaxy S24 ultra
anyone sell used Samsung Galaxy S24 ultra, i wanna buy this phone.
• Battery
10 / 10
• Camera
10 / 10
• Design
10 / 10
• Display
10 / 10
• Hardware
10 / 10
• Performance
9 / 10
• Price
9 / 10
• User Discussion
9 / 10
• Add a Review
Please post a user review only if you have / had this product.
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Disclaimer Note
Disclaimer Note > We can not guarantee that the information on this page is 100% correct.
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Show More Brands | 0.7 | medium | 4 | 5,661 | [
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9c15244d-92fe-425e-ac66-f5440e8417e5 | Many studies found relationship | interdisciplinary | data_analysis | Many studies have found a relationship between eating breakfast and learning ability, attention span and general well-being. Eating a healthy breakfast with complex carbohydrates and protein can help your child maintain energy and focus, and think clearly throughout the day. Try one of the following healthy breakfast meals.
Banana Peanut Butter Smoothie (serves 2)
Thanks to a reader of My Second-Grader who sent this recipe in. She tells us, “My kids love smoothies for breakfast. Their favorite, which also gives them energy and protein to start the day, is a peanut butter and banana smoothie.” She also notes how to alter this recipe if you have an allergy to peanut butter, “You can simply add the banana, a hint of cinnamon, a dash of nutmeg and a capful of vanilla extract… and it still tastes wonderful.”
1 1/2 cups low-fat milk or soy milk
1 tablespoon of creamy peanut butter
3/4 cup crushed ice
1 tablespoon soy-based protein powder in a chocolate flavor (optional)
Place all of the ingredients in the blender. Blend to desired consistency.
Breakfast Burritos (makes 2)
Savor this morning meal that is full of protein. If your kids are in a hurry, they can wrap it up and take it on the go.
Oil or cooking spray
2 flour or whole wheat tortillas
2 tablespoons low-fat milk
¼ cup grated cheese
Mild salsa to taste
Sausage, tofu or bacon (optional)
Heat the oven to 325º F. Wrap the tortillas in foil and heat them in the oven for 5 to 10 minutes. In a small bowl, mix the eggs with the milk. Heat the oil or cooking spray in a pan and scramble the eggs. If adding meat or tofu, heat the oil or cooking spray in another skillet and cook the sausage, tofu or bacon. In the tortilla, combine the eggs, meat or tofu, and avocado. Sprinkle with cheese, top with salsa and roll into a burrito. | 0.65 | medium | 4 | 433 | [
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c6a10753-455b-4cd0-80cb-d2358562edc1 | airport metro station, anyone | science | research_summary | At the airport or the metro station, anyone suspected of carrying drugs or explosives is subjected to a sniff test by German Shepherds, Belgian Malinois’ or Labradors. These dogs are also sent out in the event of a potential bomb threat in any city. Their nose for explosives has only saves countless lives but also prevents tragedies from occurring in the first place.
However, their sensory qualities could, in the following years, come under less use with competition from factory-built robot dogs. These robotic canines can not only sniff out potential bomb threats but also conduct X-ray scans of the passenger luggage with their eyes, according to Times of India.
What’s more, you may soon see CISF patrol stations in airports or metro stations with these robotic canines. This development came up for discussion at the recent Global Aviation Security Symposium, which saw the attendance of CISF Director General Rajesh Ranjan and Additional DG, MA Ganapathy, who oversees security across airports in India.
Robots are already tasked with functions like conducting security checks or offering passenger information at airports in Japan, South Korea, Canada and the United States, among others.
However, researchers in the United States are going beyond the scope of robotic dogs. Earlier this year, Hiroaki Matsunami, a Professor of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology at Duke University, was the senior author on a paper about developing an artificial nose that could replace sniffer dogs.
“Duke researchers recently published a paper in which they used mouse genes to grow odor receptors that could respond to specific odors. If this could be developed into a device, the electronic nose might be able to detect some of the odors that dogs are searching for—such as cocaine or explosives,” says this Duke University report.
However, there is still some way to go before a functional and successful prototype of this product exists. In the event that happens, these dogs must find a home through the adoption process.
Besides the use of robot canines, there was also talk of employing CT scan-based screening of cabin baggage, hand luggage, the latest technology in explosive detectors and biometric control access, among others, at the Global Aviation Security Symposium, reports Times of India.
(Edited by Gayatri Mishra) | 0.65 | medium | 5 | 455 | [
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0336f667-0d48-4733-a572-57cc8c2dc3f2 | Scaffolding Reversible Computing scaffolding | science | historical_context | ## Scaffolding for Reversible Computing This scaffolding will guide you from fundamental concepts in theoretical computer science and thermodynamics to understanding reversible computing. **Prerequisite Review** * **Key Concept 1: Information Processing & State Changes:** In computing, a state is the configuration of a system at a given time. Processing involves transforming one state into another. For example, in a simple circuit, inputting '1' to a NOT gate changes the state from '0' to '1'. * **Key Concept 2: Deterministic Processes:** A deterministic process is one where, given the same starting conditions, the outcome will always be the same. Standard computing operations are generally deterministic. * **Key Concept 3: Landauer's Principle:** This principle from thermodynamics states that erasing one bit of information requires a minimum amount of energy dissipation, specifically $kT \ln 2$, where $k$ is Boltzmann's constant and $T$ is the absolute temperature. This is an irreversible process. **Knowledge Gap Identification** * **Common Gap 1: The link between information and energy dissipation.** Learners might understand that computing uses energy but not grasp *why* information erasure specifically causes energy loss. * **Bridge:** Landauer's principle connects information theory (bits) with physics (energy). Think of it this way: when you erase a bit, you're essentially losing the knowledge of whether it was a 0 or a 1. This loss of information corresponds to a loss of potential to do work, which manifests as heat. * **Common Gap 2: The perceived conflict between irreversible thermodynamics and reversible computation.** Thermodynamics often deals with processes that tend towards disorder (entropy increase), while computation aims for order and specific outcomes. * **Bridge:** While many natural processes are irreversible, the *theoretical* question is whether computation *itself* can be made reversible, thereby avoiding the energy cost of erasure. This doesn't negate thermodynamics but explores computational models that *minimize* its unavoidable consequences. **Building the Bridge** * **Step 1:** We start with the understanding that standard computing operations, like AND or XOR, can be irreversible. For instance, an AND gate takes two inputs (A, B) and produces one output (A AND B). If the output is 0, you can't tell if the inputs were (0, 0), (0, 1), or (1, 0). Information about the original inputs is lost. * **Step 2:** We extend this by considering operations that *are* reversible. A key example is the Toffoli gate (or CCNOT gate). It takes three inputs (A, B, C) and produces three outputs (A, B, C ⊕ (A AND B)). Crucially, if you know the outputs (A', B', C'), you can uniquely determine the inputs (A, B, C). The C output is flipped only if A and B are both 1. * **Step 3:** This leads us to **reversible computing**. The core idea is to design computational operations and circuits such that each operation is logically reversible. This means that from the output of any operation, you can uniquely determine its input(s). By avoiding intermediate information erasure, reversible computing aims to overcome the energy dissipation mandated by Landauer's principle for irreversible operations. **Conceptual Transformation** * **How information loss becomes a constraint:** In standard computing, information loss (like in an AND gate) is often accepted as a byproduct of simpler operations. In reversible computing, information loss is seen as a fundamental barrier to energy efficiency, directly linked to thermodynamic costs (Landauer's Principle). * **Why deterministic processes need a new form of reversibility:** While standard operations are deterministic (same input, same output), they are not necessarily *logically* reversible (same output, same input). Reversible computing demands a stricter form of determinism where the history of computation can be perfectly reconstructed. * **Where familiar patterns appear in new form:** Logic gates are still the building blocks. However, operations like XOR (which is reversible) become more central, and gates like AND or OR are either avoided or used in conjunction with other operations to ensure overall reversibility. **Connection Reinforcement** * **Similarity:** Both standard and reversible computing use logic gates and manipulate information represented by bits. The goal of computation (solving problems) remains the same. * **Difference:** The key difference lies in the *logical reversibility* of operations. Standard computing accepts irreversible operations, leading to energy dissipation during information erasure. Reversible computing *mandates* logically reversible operations to minimize or eliminate this dissipation. * **Extension:** Reversible computing extends the concept of determinism from "same input, same output" to "same output, same input," directly addressing the thermodynamic implications of information processing highlighted by Landauer's Principle. **Checkpoint Questions** 1. According to Landauer's Principle, what fundamental action in computing requires energy dissipation? 2. Why is a standard AND gate considered irreversible in terms of information processing? 3. How does the concept of logical reversibility in computing aim to address the energy dissipation mentioned in Landauer's Principle? | 0.65 | medium | 4 | 1,069 | [
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afdd5209-7989-4e14-b621-43e6c5c705e6 | About Cost Difficulty | interdisciplinary | practical_application |
About
Cost
$ $ $ $ $
Difficulty
• • • • •
Time
2h00
Goggles At The Ready
Second version of my steampunk hat rings. Quite happy with how it came out :)
Posted by MizzzZim Published See MizzzZim's 30 projects »
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Willow Bon-Bon
Willow Bon-Bon · London, GB · 29 projects
v.cool!
Reply
More Projects | 0.6 | low | 4 | 157 | [
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3f225bda-e4c5-430f-be88-2bb64b353174 | Day Teddy Tote | interdisciplinary | tutorial | Day Teddy Tote
Colour: Black
€85,00
4-7 days delivery
Free delivery on orders above €75*
100% secure payment
Easy returns
Description
This Teddy bag is made of the softest teddy material which gives the bag a unique look. The bag has a wide and firm carrying strap in leather with soft teddy on the outside. This bag is perfect for a night out and it will be the bag of the season!
Product details
• Measurements: H: 22cm / W: 26cm / D: 10cm
• Weight: 0.7kg
• Colour: Black (Black)
• Space for computer: No
• Style number: 621547520112000000
Long-lasting Care Guide
You don't have to wash your bag; a simple wipe with a damp cloth will almost always suffice. For detailed care instructions tailored to the specific material, please refer to this guide.
We encourage you not to dispose of your bag but to extend its life instead. If you no longer have a use for it, consider selling it, giving it away, or donating it to a charity. | 0.7 | low | 4 | 265 | [
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7e075c08-e9ae-4044-a88e-51a88ac35d1f | Burping, also known belching | technology | historical_context | Burping, also known as belching or eructation, is one of the ways your body expels excessive gas from your stomach.
It is often accompanied with a typical sound and, at times, an odor. The gas in your stomach may also cause abdominal pain and cramps that vary in severity and duration.
There are two main causes of burping – swallowing excess air while eating or poor digestion of food that results in an overproduction of gas in the digestive system.
Burping is sometimes associated with an underlying medical condition, such as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), fructose malabsorption, gastritis, peptic ulcers, lactose intolerance, and celiac disease.
Though burping is a natural bodily function, it can be embarrassing and even uncomfortable at times. To prevent and treat burping, you can use some simple home remedies to reduce gas formation in your stomach.
Note: Occasional burping is normal and nothing to worry about. But as persistent burping could indicate an underlying digestive disorder, you need to consult your doctor.
Here are the top 10 home remedies for burping.
Ginger is an effective home treatment to prevent excessive gas.
Its carminative properties help relax the gastrointestinal muscles, hence preventing gas, burping and bloating. It promotes digestion, calms the stomach and helps relieve abdominal pain.
- Put 1 tablespoon of thin ginger slices in a cup of hot water. Cover and let it steep for about 10 minutes. Strain, add a little honey and lemon juice, and drink it 2 or 3 times a day.
- Alternatively, you can take a ginger supplement. Consult your doctor for the correct dosage.
Peppermint is another natural remedy to treat burping. Its antispasmodic property helps relax the digestive tract, which reduces the formation of gas in the stomach. It even improves the flow of bile and promotes overall digestion.
- Put 1 teaspoon of dried peppermint leaves in a cup of hot water.
- Let it steep for 10 minutes, then strain it.
- Drink this tea 2 or 3 times a day.
Note: People who have a history of gallstones must not use this herb.
3. Probiotic Foods
Probiotic foods help restore the natural balance of your gut bacteria. An imbalance of the bacteria in your digestive system can contribute to gas formation and belching.
Probiotic foods can even treat different digestive problems, ranging from constipation to diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome to bloating.
- Some of the best probiotic foods that you can eat include Greek yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, kimchi, buttermilk and sour pickles.
- You can opt to take probiotic supplements, after consulting your doctor.
Another herb to treat burping is chamomile. Drinking chamomile tea allows the abdominal gas to release through the system instead of belching. It can also help relieve intestinal cramping.
A 2011 study published in Molecular Medicine notes that chamomile helps in soothing the stomach and relieving stomach gas. It can be used for several gastrointestinal conditions, such as flatulence, spasms, colic, and upset stomach.
- Put 1 chamomile teabag in a cup and pour 1 cup of boiled water over it.
- Let it steep for 5 to 10 minutes.
- Remove the teabag and sip your chamomile tea.
- Drink this tea 2 or 3 times a day.
Cardamom increases the production of digestive juices in the stomach, thereby reducing the chance of gas formation.
Its carminative property aids digestion and reduces flatulence and bloating.
- Chew a few whole pods of cardamom 2 or 3 times a day to relieve stomach gas.
- Also, add 1 teaspoon of crushed cardamom pods to 1 cup of boiling water. Let it simmer for 5 to 10 minutes. Strain, add some honey and drink it after eating a meal.
Fennel is a traditional remedy to relieve burping.
Its carminative nature soothes the digestive tract and prevents the formation of gas as well as other digestive problems, such as indigestion, bloating and heartburn.
- Chew ½ to 1 teaspoon of dry-roasted fennel seeds after eating a meal to reduce belching and expel gas through your intestinal tract.
- Also, add 1 teaspoon of crushed fennel seeds to 1 cup of hot water. Let it steep for 10 minutes, then strain it. Drink this tea twice daily. | 0.7 | medium | 4 | 943 | [
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f5b5e820-30a6-4005-aaeb-686af8e40729 | making speeches one tests | interdisciplinary | technical_documentation | If making speeches is one of the tests of a President of the United States, then Barack Obama has passed his first test with flying colors. He has understood the varied constituencies, and the various hopes and fears he had to address. He said the kinds of things that all these constituencies wanted to hear.
As a speech, it was the best inaugural address since Ronald Reagan. This is not to judge the substantive merits or demerits of what he said. Anyone who judges any political speech by its substance-- much less by what actions follow-- is likely to be disappointed.
However, a political speech is more than just a theatrical performance of the moment. The ability to make a speech that connects with a wide range of people can be a political power in itself.
That power enabled Ronald Reagan to put through legislation that created "the Reagan revolution," even though his party never controlled both houses of Congress while he was in the White House.
Nobody wanted the Gipper to go on the air and say that he was one of those in Congress who was obstructing the President's program. In addition to the powers that automatically come with the office, the President has what Theodore Roosevelt called the "bully pulpit" from which to shape public opinion.
That bully pulpit was nowhere used more powerfully than by TR's cousin, Franklin D. Roosevelt. During the famous "first hundred days" of FDR's administration, so much far-reaching legislation was rushed through Congress that it is doubtful if most Congressmen ever read it all, much less had time to think about it.
President Obama now has that bully pulpit and has shown that he has the rhetorical skills to use it, whether for good or ill. The unprecedented throngs that filled the vast reaches of the Washington Mall and lined the parade route from the capitol to the White House shows that he has the people behind him as he assumes office.
Secret service agents may have been concerned (or appalled) when the Obamas got out of their limousine and started walking in the middle of Pennsylvania Avenue. But anyone who might have tried to harm them would probably have been torn limb from limb by the crowd before anyone could have gotten there to arrest him.
It was an auspicious beginning. But presidencies are not measured by their beginnings. A long list could be made of Presidents who came to the White House with high hopes and left with bitter disappointments.
Inevitably, much is being made of the fact that Barack Obama is the first black President of the United States. | 0.65 | medium | 4 | 518 | [
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9b5ad9d4-0467-4e23-8fbb-296806c3bb7a | Though less common locally | technology | historical_context | Though less common locally than in some areas, tick bites pre and post removal do offer some concern to patients.
Targeted public health information regarding tick bites and Lyme disease means that there is more concern from members of the public about these presentations, and it is more likely that patients may attend with nonspecific concerns.
- Ticks are small, spider like creatures that feed on the blood of animals.
- Ticks are tiny, about the size of a poppy seed, but once they have fed, they can be as big as a baked bean.
- The most important tick species to human health is Ixodes ricinus, more commonly known as the sheep, castor bean, or deer tick.
- Ixodes ricinus is the principle vector of Lyme disease (LD).
- Ticks are found in areas such as woodlands, grasslands and moorlands – dense vegetation layer and a suitable range of hosts on which ticks can feed.
- Ticks can also be found in some urban parks and gardens where there are sufficient host species.
- Ticks feed for one continuous period over a few days during each life stage.
When ticks are active
In England, nymphal tick activity increases during spring, peaking during April to June. During this period, the risk of acquiring a tick bite is highest. Activity reduces during the summer months, but can then pick up again in early autumn. Activity continues over the winter months but at a reduced level. Adult ticks can be active at all times of year, but are more active in summer which is also the peak time for larval activity.
Although this article is not concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of Lyme Disease, it is important to have some understanding in order to offer reassurance and advice to patients. More detailed information can be found here
- Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, which is a spirochaete.
- Most tick bites do not transmit Lyme disease.
- It maybe that a tick bites, feeds and sheds without the patient being aware.
- Prompt, correct removal of the tick reduces the risk of transmission.
- Particularly high-risk areas are the South of England and Scottish Highlands but infection can occur in many areas.
- Evidence suggests that LD transmission risk increases the longer a tick is feeding.
Reassurance is important. Most ticks aren’t infected and not all infected ticks will cause a host infection in humans.
NHS Choices advices the following to patients
See your GP if:
you’ve been bitten by a tick or visited an area in the past month where infected ticks are found
and you get:
flu-like symptoms – such as feeling hot and shivery, headaches, aching muscles or feeling sick, or
a circular red rash
Tell them if you’ve been in forests or grassy areas.
It is also important to advice the patient on future measures to reduce the risk of tick bite and finding ticks early
Tick bite prevention
- walk on clearly defined paths to avoid brushing against vegetation where ticks may be present
- wear light coloured clothing so that ticks crawling on clothing can be spotted and brushed off
- use an insect repellent that can repel ticks and prevent them from climbing onto clothing or attaching to skin (always follow the manufacturer’s guidance)
- wear long trousers and long sleeved tops to reduce the direct exposure of ticks to your skin, making it more difficult for them to find a suitable area to attach
Recognising ticks and performing a tick check
In addition to carrying out the prevention measures outlined above, it is important to carry out a regular tick check after participating in outdoor activities (e.g. walking, running, gardening, camping, picnicking). A tick check is carried out by looking and feeling for ticks that may have attached to the skin. By performing a tick check, the chance of infection is reduced because feeding ticks are spotted and removed promptly.
To remove a tick safely:
- Use fine-tipped tweezers or a tick-removal tool if available – it may be worthwhile for patients at high risk of tick bite to purchase these.
- Grasp the tick as close to the skin as possible.
- Slowly pull upwards, taking care not to squeeze, twist or crush the tick.
- Dispose of it when you’ve removed it.
- Clean the bite with antiseptic or soap and water.
It is important to advise patients not to attempt to smother (such as with vaseline) or burn the tick to cause it “drop off” as this can cause regurgitation of the stomach contents which increases the risk of LD infection.
There is a voluntary tick surveillance scheme in the UK | 0.7 | medium | 4 | 965 | [
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7ce674ab-d3a9-456f-a83c-a59911eb6014 | College application confusing process | technology | practical_application | College application can be a confusing process as there are multiple options for applying. Please read this carefully, as high school students need a clear understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of each option. Early decision is similar to early action, but with one big difference in that early decision is binding, meaning a student must attend that college if accepted. Here’s a look at your options in applying to college.
With the Early Decision (ED) option, you apply to one college early, usually by November 1st of your senior year. If accepted, you cannot apply to any other college or university. Since a majority of colleges accept more early decision students than students out of the regular admission pool, you have a better chance of being accepted. Usually you will be notified of the college’s decision early in December. These are the advantages of the ED option, a better chance of acceptance by the college, and knowing if you’ve been accepted much earlier than your peers. This would lessen the usual stress of your senior year in high school for sure.
The disadvantage is that you are under contract to attend that college even if you are not offered any financial aid, a decision which is made later. You may not apply to any other college using early application options. If you are not accepted by your ED college, you can still apply to other colleges using the regular admission option.
For academically qualified students, with good grades in rigorous classes, and high SAT/ACT scores who urgently wish to attend their top choice of college, ED can be a blessing, especially if paying the college bill isn’t a concern. Most other students should avoid ED as it locks them into one specific school, not allowing them to apply to any others unless they are not accepted. Students looking into the early decision option should ask their parents’ and guidance counselor’s advice before committing to this course of action.
The Early Action (EA) option comes in two varieties. With the EA option, you apply to your number one college by November 1st for many colleges. Some colleges, however, have different deadlines for EA, so check the college you’re interested in. The college then lets you know their decision by middle to late December. The advantage of the EA option is a better chance of being accepted as colleges have higher acceptance rates for early action. Students not accepted under early action can still be considered with the regular admission students. Early action is not legally binding as is the case with early decision. Students can apply early to other colleges. While you will know the decision earlier than your peers, you don’t have to make a decision until May 1. This gives you time to work on the financial aid side of things.
The second EA option is single choice early action (SCEA). Single choice EA has all the advantages of regular EA, but you can apply to only one school early. You are not bound to attend if accepted, but the college gains the knowledge that you definitely preferred their school.
Most colleges and most students by far go the regular admissions route. Students get their applications in between the middle of January and February 1st. Please check the colleges that you’ll be applying to, however, for their specific deadline for applications. Students find out if they’ve been accepted sometime in April. The advantages of the regular admission option are that students have longer to fill out their applications and they can apply to as many schools as they’d like. The disadvantage is that colleges have slightly lower acceptance rates from the regular admissions pool.
Colleges that offer this option will accept applications from students any time during the admission period, generally from September to July. Colleges look at each application when it arrives and makes its decision, sending out letters of acceptance or rejection as soon as the decisions are made. Admission to the college is a first come, first serve basis. Students using the rolling admission option should get their application in as early as possible. Once the college has accepted all the students it wants for that class, no other applications are considered. In other words, if students apply later, their chances of acceptance are lower and it is less likely they will be considered for financial aid.
Many colleges and universities have a late admission policy as well, with deadlines between July and August. A disadvantage of this option is that once a college has all the students it wants for the incoming class, no other students will be accepted. Students should apply as early as possible even for late admissions, the earlier the better. Contact the college first and find out if they’re still accepting applications.
Online schools and community colleges offer open admissions, meaning if you have a high school diploma or a general education development (GED) certificate, you’ll be admitted. Many students who didn’t do well in high school attend community colleges, some for technical career training and an associate’s degree, others to get good grades and transfer to four year colleges to obtain a bachelor’s degree.
The above are the major admission options. Students might run into other admission terms, however, but they are generally special cases. Some other admission terms include:
Exceptional students with an excellent academic record are allowed to take college courses even before they’ve graduated high school. These students can earn college credits and earn their degrees more quickly than their peers.
Students who apply using the regular admission option can request early evaluation. Applications must be submitted earlier than the regular admission deadline; students find out if they’ve been accepted in March rather than April.
A deferred admission means that a student has applied to a college and been accepted, but they wish to defer their enrollment for a year. This is also called a gap year, where a student takes a year between high school and college to travel, work, volunteer or apply for internships to explore career options.
In summary, students should study these various admission options to see which particular option might work best for them. For the majority of students, the best bet is to get all their college applications in by Thanksgiving of their senior year. This tactic will give them a good chance for being accepted and the best opportunities for applying for scholarships, grants and other financial aid. | 0.55 | low | 5 | 1,257 | [
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eacfb5a5-387c-4f4e-aac7-48e1f47df30f | Employers often wonder what | life_skills | technical_documentation | Employers often wonder what employment information they need to keep and/or throw away (shred) with respect to current and past employees. Employers must maintain so many types of employment records, it is sometimes difficult to determine what should be kept and for how long. Both federal and state laws outline the requirements for keeping records.
To maintain confidentiality and privacy, consider keeping several different files on each employee. Files, such as the results of an employee medical test or Form I-9, should be kept separate from personnel files. To maintain confidentiality to avoid charges of discrimination, information that could reveal an employee’s health or protected status should never be kept in a personnel file or even in the same file cabinet.
Frontline supervisors contribute information to and use employee files. Therefore, you must know what the files should and should not contain. Do not maintain your own separate files, as the law requires employers to keep certain employee information confidential to avoid the risk of discrimination lawsuits.
Employee personnel files do more than meet government recordkeeping requirements. They help document performance as well as pay, promotion, transfer, layoff and disciplinary actions. The law requires some records, such as those on toxic substance exposure and bloodborne pathogens, to be kept for decades. Even without legal requirements, an employer may need records on past employees for reference checks, pension benefit data and clarification. Keep files accurate, objective and current. Generally, files should be maintained and accessed by the human resource department or the office manager and be reviewed by authorized personnel on a need to know basis only.
**FAMILIES FIRST CORONAVIRUS RESPONSE ACT**
Employers must maintain FFCRA documentation for four years, regardless of whether leave was granted or denied. Employers must also document information the employee provides orally.
FFCRA regulations require employees to provide notice to their employers of their need to take either paid sick leave or expanded family and medical leave, and the notice must include the following information:
- Employee’s name;
- Date(s) for which leave is requested;
- Qualifying reason for the leave; and
- Oral or written statement that the employee is unable to work because of the qualified reason.
Employees must also provide additional information specific to the qualifying reason for leave.
**EMPLOYEE PERSONNEL FILES (EMPLOYMENT RELATED)**
Include the following:
- Job application and/or resume
- Reference letters
- Authorization for references to release information
- Offer of employment
- Personal skills inventory
- Employee emergency contact information
- Signed drug-free workplace policy statement
- Signed receipt of Employee Handbook
- Employee orientation checklist
- Company-issued property checklist
- Authorization to put employee on payroll
- Employment status (date employment begins, job title, work schedule, wage/salary)
- Change of status forms (promotions, leaves, dismissal, etc.)
- Seminar/training attendance records
- Agreement “Not to Compete” (if applicable)
- Confidentiality agreement (if applicable)
- Right to inventions agreement (if applicable)
- Commission sales agreement (if applicable)
- Performance appraisal reviews
- Vacation leave forms
- Disciplinary forms (warnings, etc.)
- Signed employee authorization to release information
- Personnel record inspection request
- Exit interview forms
**CONFIDENTIAL FILES (IDENTITY RELATED)**
Include the following:
- Direct deposit form
- Payroll deduction authorization forms
- W-4 IRS form
- Retirement/pension documents and investment statements
- Job-related illness/injury
- Job-related exposure to possible toxic substances
- Results of post-offer employment medical exam
- Medical history record
- Results of substance abuse tests
- Group health coverage forms
- Designation of beneficiary(ies)
- FMLA applications and return from leave documents
- Workers’ compensation claims
- Authorization for release of medical information
- Medical Records including:
- Physician records of examination
- Diagnostic records
- Laboratory test records
- Drug screening records
- Any other medical records with personally identifiable information about individual employees
Continued From page 12
**SEPARATE FILES—MAKE INDIVIDUAL 3 RING BINDERS**
- Form I-9 documentation of identity and employment eligibility verification
- EEO data information
- Invitation to identify – disabled or veterans status
**FEDERAL RECORDKEEPING GUIDELINES**
**ACA REQUIREMENTS**
3 YEARS (or be able to reconstruct the data for that time period)
- 1094-B, Transmittal of Health Coverage Information Returns,
- 1099-B, Health Coverage,
- 1094-C, Transmittal of Employer-Provided Health Insurance Offer and Coverage Information Returns, and
- 1095-C, Employer-Provided Health Insurance Offer and Coverage
**EMPLOYER INFORMATION**
1 YEAR
- Notices of job openings, overtime work & training programs submitted to labor organizations
2 YEARS
- Supplemental wage and hour records
- Apprenticeship programs (2 years or program duration, whichever is longer - 4 years recommended)
- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) records
- ADA & rehabilitation employment or personnel records
4 YEARS
- Most recent copy EEO-1 report
- Most recent copy Vets 100 report
- Employee tax & compensation records (i.e., pay records, W-4/W-2)
6 YEARS
- Reports for PCBs from employer-owned transformers and capacitors (not sent to EPA)
10 YEARS
- Written Affirmative Action Programs (AAPs)
**BUSINESS RECORDS**
3 YEARS
- Sales and purchase records
- Orders, shipping and billing records
INDEFINITELY
- Sarbanes-Oxley (records relevant to legal actions once investigation begins)
**CHILD LABOR RECORDS (employment of minors)**
UNTIL EMPLOYMENT TERMINATION
- Certificate of age
NOT SPECIFIED
- General minors records (i.e., name, Social Security number, home address, date of birth, sex, job description, time and payroll records, date of employment and any other records pertaining to employment of minors)
- Permits, notices, certificates (to work and to employ)
**PERSONNEL INFORMATION**
1 YEAR
- Job applications – rejected (current year + 1 year)
- Job advertisements/job orders submitted to employment agencies
- Individual personal records (i.e., qualifications, promotion, bonus, termination, discipline; 1 year from date of action)
- Employment test and physical exams
2 YEARS
- Documentation on which wage computations are based: Time cards (attendance records), wage differential documentation (includes wage rates, job evaluations, job descriptions, merit & seniority systems, etc.)
3 YEARS
- Job applications – hires (employee termination + 3 years)
- Employee evaluations
- Payroll records (includes payday records, wages paid, age, address, date of birth, occupation, rate of pay, etc.)
- Employment eligibility Form I-9 (or 1 year after date of termination; whichever is longer)
- Family leave documentation (FMLA) (3 years after leave ends)
4 YEARS
- Employee Information (Name, Social Security number, home address, date of birth, sex, occupation, time and date that the work week begins, regular hourly pay rate, hours worked each week, total daily/weekly straight-time earnings, weekly overtime earnings, total wages paid each pay period)
5 YEARS
- Apprenticeship records
- DOT and Drug & Alcohol testing records (includes positive test results, refusals to test, equipment calibration, etc.)
6 YEARS
- Equal Employment Opportunity Forms
10 YEARS
- Employment and contractor agreements (includes non-competes, non-disclosures, agreements for temporary labor, independent contractors, consultants, etc.)
UNTIL FINAL DISPOSITION
- Personnel records (relevant to charges of discrimination filed with agency/federal, state or local administration)
- Records relative to legal actions
**HEALTH AND SAFETY**
3 YEARS
- Family and Medical Leave Act (related information specific to employee’s leave)
5 YEARS
- Workers’ compensation claims and records (Active + 5 years)
- On-the-job injuries and illness (OSHA Form 300, 301 & 301A)
**DURATION OF EMPLOYMENT PLUS 30 YEARS**
- Toxic substance exposure records, medical records or analysis of both
- Medical examinations used for employment
- Bloodborne pathogen exposure records
- Audiometric tests
- Pulmonary function screens
**COLLECTIVE BARGAINING AGREEMENTS & EMPLOYEE BENEFIT PLANS**
ACTIVE + 6 YEARS
- Disclosure material – ERISA plan
- Employee benefit plans (includes benefit, retirement, ERISA and pension plans, and records relating to the administration thereof)
7 YEARS
- Collective bargaining agreements, plans, trusts and individual contracts | 0.65 | medium | 6 | 2,089 | [
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9be49ab3-fd55-4550-8953-e02ce1447c78 | What It Is | interdisciplinary | historical_context | What It Is
A class of diseases in which a group of cells displays uncontrolled growth and divides beyond the normal limits.
Who Gets It
Men and women, depending on cancer type.
Varies by type of cancer.
How It's Diagnosed/Detected
Varies by type of cancer.
How It Affects Fertility (And Pregnancy)
In men: Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in men between the ages of 15 and 45. While testicular cancer doesn’t lead to infertility, the treatment for it (surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy) can, causing the man to become permanently sterile. Treatments for some cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, and tumors often cause only temporary sterility. The best way to ensure that a man who is being treated for testicular cancer can preserve sperm is to freeze as many sperm samples as possible before treatment begins.
In women: Women who have been treated for cancer with surgery, radiation and/or chemotherapy may experience early menopause, which will prevent pregnancy. But advances in the freezing of eggs and ovarian tissue are now making it possible for women to get pregnant after the cancer treatment is over.
Freezing sperm, eggs, embryos, or ovarian tissue are all ways for cancer patients to become pregnant in the future. Advance planning is key.
Both men and women should discuss future family plans with their cancer specialist while discussing treatment options and formulating a treatment plan. Some cancer treatments are more fertility-sparing than others. And procedures to preserve sperm, egg, or ovarian tissue must be done before treatment starts.
Most oncologists recommend waiting two to five years after the completion of cancer treatments before trying to become pregnant.
Better and better as both cancer treatments and fertility-preservation techniques improve.
- A few months after my first child was born, I wanted to be pregnant again—as soon as possible. I wanted my children to be close in age, the closer...
- You might have spent most of your life (and an excruciatingly embarrassing high school health class) learning how to avoid getting pregnant, but...
- There’s no need to feel deprived when you’re trying to get pregnant. Quite the opposite. Check out these foods that taste great and can help keep...
- By now you’ve probably heard of Clomid, the most commonly-used fertility drug in the United States. But do you really know how it works and what the possible side effects can be? If fertility drugs are your next step in the attempt to get pregnant, then here is a quick rundown of the seven medications your doctor is most likely to prescribe. | 0.7 | medium | 5 | 545 | [
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006ed0cc-5131-44a8-852f-385d57ce3279 | October 10, 2005 Many | social_studies | ethical_analysis | October 10, 2005 -- Many critics argue that Christopher Columbus gave us a devil's bargain. In October 1492, that Italian explorer, working for Spain, opened America to his fellow Europeans. The result: We got a prosperous New World by impoverishing, enslaving, and murdering the natives who were already here.
But this view fails to distinguish between two types of exploitation—one over other humans and one over nature, the former of which should be expunged from our moral codes and civilized society, the latter of which is the essence of morality and civilization.
The former form of exploitation was suffered especially by the tens of millions of individuals who inhabited the pre-Columbian lands from Mexico through South America. Cortés the Conquistador, for example, defeated the Aztec rulers of Mexico. Many of the tribes that were subject to the Aztecs sided with Cortés; they hated the Aztecs for, among other things, their practice of cutting the living hearts out of members of tribes that they subjugated, as sacrifices to their gods. Cortés imposed his rule on the Aztecs and their subjects alike, replacing one tyranny with another. The natives were treated harshly, and many were forced to work as de facto or actual slaves for their new masters.
On the other hand, many settlers took a different path—especially in North America, which had far fewer natives. They came to the New World to build their own lives. They did not prosper by conquering other men but, rather, by conquering nature. They had to clear the land, plant, and sow crops. They had to practice the trades of carpenters, masons, loggers, miners, blacksmiths, and tailors to build their towns and to create the necessities for life and prosperity. In the centuries that followed, their descendents—including Americans today—built the richest, most prosperous country on Earth.
Today it is chic among back-to-nature types to idealize the pre-Columbian natives and question whether what we have today constitutes real progress. This silliness was given philosophical credence by the eighteenth century thinker Jean-Jacques Rousseau's notion of the "noble savage." No doubt many individual natives were as noble as one could be in savage circumstances, but America before Columbus was no Eden.
Let's put aside the wars between tribes, outright brutality, and the like, and just look at the daily lives of the natives before Columbus. Life was lived simply, in primitive cycles. Natives inhabited crude hovels and hunted or used subsistence farming to sustain themselves. Yes, they could enjoy family and friends, tell tales of bringing down buffalo, and imagine that the stars in the sky painted pictures of giant bears and other creatures. The ancestors of Europeans did the same.
But true human life, either for an individual or society, is not an endless, stagnant cycle. Rather, it is a growth in knowledge, power over the environment, and individual liberty.
Perhaps many pre-Columbian natives were content with their lot in a simple, animal-like existence. But what of young native children who wondered why family members sickened and died and if there were ways unknown to the shamans to relieve their pain or cure them; if there were ways to build shelters that would resist bitter winters, stifling summers, and the storms that raged in both seasons; if there were ways to guarantee that food would always be abundant and starvation no longer a drought away; why plants grow and what those lights in the sky really were; and whether they could ever fly like birds and observe mountains from the height of eagles? Where were the opportunities for these natives?
Three ideas from Enlightenment Europe provided keys to true human life. First was the idea that we as individuals have a right to our own dreams and desires, that we are not simply tied to a tribe or the wishes of others, that civilization means that individuals are free to live their own lives, as long as they acknowledge the similar freedom of others.
Second was the understanding that through the rational exercise of our minds we can truly discover the nature of the world around us, replacing myths—no matter how beautiful or poetic—with real knowledge.
And third was the appreciation that such knowledge allows us to bend nature to our wills. Through our thoughts and actions we gain the pride of achieving the best within us.
The clash between the cultures of pre-Columbian natives and European immigrants certainly produced injustices for natives. But it would have been unjust for those natives to expect the immigrants to hold themselves to the level of primitive cultures and beliefs. The true long-term tragedy is that so many of the descendants of the pre-Columbian peoples in North America ended up on reservations rather than integrated into a society that offers opportunities for each individual to excel.
Columbus opened a whole new land for those who would tame nature and build a new, free, and prosperous nation. We should celebrate the opportunity for America that he gave us—not apologize for it. | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 1,022 | [
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ca7172e6-c664-4ec0-9b11-9c9ada96bc22 | "As befits topic, beautifully | interdisciplinary | historical_context | "As befits the topic, this beautifully packaged, wonderfully illustrated, interdisciplinary resource has more than 1200 entries written by specialists. A helpful reader's guide groups topics like agriculture, conservation and ecology, movements and regulations, politics, pollution, and society. A resource guide, chronology, glossary, and list of the UN's economic indicators complete the set."
"…this important work gives a well-focused snapshot of environmentalism in the early 21st Century, and it will remain valuable into the future both for its content and as a yardstick to measure progress toward sustainability and conservation. Summing Up: Recommended. Undergraduates and general readers."
Booklist Editors' Choice 2008
"This superb interdisciplinary work should find a place on the shelves of every public and academic library that has the least bit of interest in environment issues—which should mean just about all." —Booklist (Starred Review)
The Encyclopedia of Environment and Society brings together multiplying issues, concepts, theories, examples, problems, and policies, with the goal of clearly explicating an emerging way of thinking about people and nature. With more than 1,200 entries written by experts from incredibly diverse fields, this innovative resource is a first step toward diving into the deep pool of emerging knowledge. The five volumes of this Encyclopedia represent more than a catalogue of terms. Rather, they capture the spirit of the moment, a fascinating time when global warming and genetic engineering represent only two of the most obvious examples of socio-environmental issues.
- Examines many new ideas about how the world works, what creates the daunting problems of our time, and how such issues might be addressed, whether by regulation, markets, or new ethics
- Demonstrates how theories of environmental management based on market efficiency may not be easily reconciled with those that focus on population, and both may certainly diverge from those centering on ethics, justice, or labor
- Offers contributions from experts in their fields of specialty, including geographers, political scientists, chemists, anthropologists, medical practitioners, development experts, and sociologists, among many others
- Explores the emerging socio-environmental problems that we face in the next century, as well as the shifting and expanding theoretical tools available for tackling these problems
- Covers regions of North America in greater detail but also provides a comprehensive picture that approaches, as effectively as possible, a cohesive global vision
- Biology and Chemistry
- Conservation and Ecology
- Movements and Regulations
Packed with essential and up-to-date information on the state of the global socio-environment, the Encyclopedia of Environment and Society is a time capsule of its historic moment and a record of where we stand at the start of the 21st century, making it a must-have resource for any library. These inspiring volumes provide an opportunity for more new ways of thinking, behaving, and living in a more-than-human world. | 0.6 | high | 6 | 596 | [
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7e20e01d-7c0e-4997-b4d6-99222ef2524f | Oz Magazine — Final Issue [Poster] | technology | technical_documentation | Oz Magazine — Final Issue [Poster]
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Oz Magazine -- Final Issue [Poster]
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Oz Magazine -- Final Issue [Poster]
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• Description
1973. 19” x 29”. NEAR FINE. Minor crease in right left corner, small closed tear on left top corner. From the Felix Dennis collection, co-editor of Oz Magazine.
Scarce Poster for the final Issue of OZ Magazine, featuring nude people, a caricature of a man pointing his finger with speech bubbles - Well "I" think it's sick-sick-SICK! And anyone who disagrees with "ME" is under arrest! - the lettering next to a scared hissing cat reads - Sex, Drugs, Violence and Bolshevism (ho, ho) from - Richard Neville, Timothy Leary, Adolph Hitler, Martin Sharp, Heathcote Williams and other OZ favourites "Enough is Enough". Scarce. | 0.7 | medium | 4 | 372 | [
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847ef801-7a4f-4a11-b4f7-7aa323601c7f | Let's demystify abstract reasoning | arts_and_creativity | research_summary | Let's demystify abstract reasoning in the humanities! It's not about floating in a void; it's about building powerful mental models to understand complex ideas. ### Misconception 1: Abstract reasoning is just "making things up." * **Why it occurs:** When we hear "abstract," we might think of art that doesn't look like anything real. In humanities, abstract concepts like "justice," "freedom," or "power" don't have a single, tangible form. This can feel like guesswork. * **Example of error:** Someone might read Plato's *Republic* and think, "He's just imagining a perfect city. It's not real, so it's not useful." They miss the *ideal* being used as a tool for critique. * **Correct understanding:** Abstract reasoning in humanities is about **identifying underlying patterns, principles, and relationships** that apply across many concrete instances. It's like finding the "blueprint" of an idea. Think of it as seeing the "rules of the game" behind many different plays. * **How to remember:** Abstract reasoning is like being a detective. You don't just look at one footprint (a specific event); you look for patterns in the mud, the direction, the stride length to understand the *type* of creature that walked there and *why*. ### Misconception 2: Abstract reasoning means ignoring the details. * **Why it occurs:** The word "abstract" can imply a detachment from the concrete. Learners might think they need to discard all specific historical facts, literary details, or textual evidence to engage with abstract ideas. * **Example of error:** When analyzing Shakespeare's *Hamlet*, a student might say, "The abstract theme is revenge," and then stop, not bothering to connect it to Hamlet's soliloquies, his interactions with Ophelia, or the specific events of the play. * **Correct understanding:** Abstract reasoning *builds upon* concrete details. It's about using those details as stepping stones to reach a higher level of understanding. The details provide the evidence and the grounding for your abstract insights. Imagine building a skyscraper; you need a strong foundation of concrete and steel (details) to support the abstract architectural design. * **Key distinction:** It's not about *ignoring* details, but about *synthesizing* them into a broader concept. Details are the pixels; abstract reasoning is seeing the whole picture. ### Misconception 3: Abstract reasoning is only for philosophers and academics. * **Why it occurs:** This type of thinking is often showcased in dense academic texts, making it seem inaccessible and specialized. It feels like a secret language. * **Example of error:** A student might avoid engaging with a complex ethical dilemma presented in a novel, thinking, "This is too deep for me; it's just abstract philosophy." * **Correct understanding:** We all use abstract reasoning daily! Deciding on the "fairness" of a group project, understanding social cues, or even planning a budget involves abstracting principles from specific situations. In the humanities, it's just more formalized and applied to complex cultural, historical, or literary phenomena. * **When it applies/doesn't:** It applies whenever you're trying to understand the "why" behind things, the underlying principles, or the connections between seemingly unrelated events or ideas. It doesn't apply when you're simply recalling facts without analysis. **Red Flags**: * Statements like "This is just an opinion" or "It's all subjective" without further analysis. * Jumping to conclusions without connecting them to evidence. * Feeling overwhelmed by complex texts and wanting to stick only to plot summaries. **Self-Check Questions**: * Can I explain the *principle* behind this specific example? * What common threads connect these different historical events/literary characters? * Am I using the details to support my idea, or just listing them? **Prevention Strategies**: * **"Concept Mapping":** Draw a web of ideas, connecting specific examples to broader themes. * **"Analogy Builder":** Constantly ask, "What is this like in everyday life?" or "What other situation does this remind me of?" * **"Evidence Hunt":** Before stating an abstract point, identify at least two specific pieces of evidence from the text or historical record that support it. | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 888 | [
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2ffa8f4c-0f19-448e-965d-3559f6049826 | COVID-19 its associated lockdowns | interdisciplinary | historical_context | COVID-19 and its associated lockdowns have seriously disrupted economic activity, affecting at least 80 percent of the global workforce, according to the International Labour Organization. While such instability threatens livelihoods across the board, women are disproportionately harmed by the pandemic because it exacerbates existing inequalities, presents new challenges, and sets back recent achievements. But there are practical steps we can take to strengthen women’s economic position in the COVID-19 era—and beyond.
COVID-19 has affected women’s economic standing in several ways. In terms of income security, many women already find themselves in precarious labour positions, with lower earnings and limited access to social protection, making them more vulnerable in an economic downturn. Moreover, women work overwhelmingly in sectors hit hardest by the crisis, such as the entertainment, retail, agriculture, and tourism sectors, and the informal economy generally. Impacts are substantially worse in developing economies, with the few existing protection mechanisms under immense pressure and women facing significant barriers to accessing financial support, further extending their earning gap compared to men.
Access to finance is also a factor; in developing economies, women remain 9 percentage points less likely than men to have a bank account. They also have a smaller digital presence than men, which limits their ability to access financial services, many of which are increasingly offered digitally. This gap is increasingly salient and detrimental to women because digital financial services have prospered as a natural response to COVID-19’s social distancing imperatives, as discussed in our article on digital financial services during COVID-19.
Lastly, restrictions on movement have re-entrenched the traditional roles of women in the household and the workplace, further diminishing their economic position and opportunities. Home confinement has increased the burden of unpaid care work, which commonly falls on women. Lack of flexibility from companies results in women often being unable to work, rolling back hard-fought gains in female workforce participation while also disempowering women within the household. Disruptions in income mean that women and girls are often the first to experience setbacks due to pre-existing gender equalities that, for example, lead to boys’ education being prioritised over that of girls, or deprioritising the needs of women and their work.
These overarching issues—income loss, inadequate access to finance, and retrograde household changes—are likely to have longer-term impacts if not addressed, and risk setting dangerous precedents. COVID-19 has forced donors to re-evaluate how they allocate funding and adjust to the new context, so in the following sections, we look at how some donor projects have adapted their programming to help women cope with COVID-19 and how the insights gained from this experience can be used to rebuild women’s economic standing moving forward.
Safeguarding and Rethinking the Workplace
One of the keys to protecting women’s incomes during COVID-19 is ensuring that they can keep working. Several of the programmes we reviewed have adjusted their activities to support job continuity for women.
PEPE supports small and medium-sized enterprises that are women-owned or contributing to industrial growth.
The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO)-funded Enterprise Partners/Private Enterprise Programme Ethiopia (PEPE), for example, has provided medical equipment such as thermal scanners and thermometers and sanitation materials for industrial parks where PEPE has historically promoted the hiring of women. Providing this equipment—in coordination with an information campaign to boost knowledge about the virus and improve safety at work and in local communities—has raised health and safety standards to the point where women can work in a safe environment and maintain their source of income.
The FCDO’s Arab Women’s Enterprise Fund (AWEF) took a different approach, facilitating a workplace shift from the office to the home. AWEF had already been working on a pilot programme to demonstrate the business case for flexible working. AWEF had successfully partnered with Crystal Call Centres, a business outsourcing services company, to hire and test remote working with 21 home-based call centre workers—all women—to enable more women to participate in the labour market. When the COVID-19 lockdown hit Jordan, Crystel was able to rapidly pivot its operations and roll out a new model to the whole company in just two days, so that all its agents could work from home. The company credited AWEF with helping build the foundations that enabled it to keep functioning despite the COVID-19 restrictions.
For AWEF partners whose employees were not able to work from home—such as citrus packhouses—the programme supported hygiene and safety training that has helped them remain open, and offered courses on COVID-19 safety, hygiene, and safeguarding standards to ensure the well-being of female workers. The value of such interventions is, of course, not limited to the current crisis: providing safe, flexible, and bespoke working conditions is central to women’s continued participation in the labour market, pandemic or no.
AWEF expanded the reach of digital financial services to women.
Good Information is Empowering
Many female workers run micro-businesses to support their families, but COVID-19 restrictions and deteriorating economic conditions pose significant challenges to women micro-entrepreneurs. The FCDO’s Mexico Financial Services programme has responded by focusing on the financial survival of vulnerable households engaged in subsistence-level enterprises, particularly female-led activities. It provides sanitary education geared to COVID-19 and builds families’ digital capacity to run their business, manage finances, and connect to supply chains and government assistance. One lesson learned: it’s important to equip households—not only small businesses—with the tools and know-how to manage their finances through the crisis and beyond.
The Mexico Financial Services programme increases bank usage to women and their families.
In Ethiopia, PEPE’s existing savings intervention, Tatari, had enabled factory workers to accumulate some savings before the pandemic, but many panicked workers withdrew their funds when COVID-19 hit. Subsequently, PEPE texted all Tatari members to encourage them to continue saving through this difficult time, which has reduced the level of withdrawals and will benefit women financially in the long run. Taking advantage of existing services makes it easier to reach target audiences and assist them in sustaining their livelihoods through crises. In the long-term, we hope that sharing such information can “nudge” people toward beneficial changes in behaviour and have a long-lasting impact on women’s autonomy.
Access to Finance Increasingly Means Access to Digital
Many development projects focus on women’s access to finance. As this access becomes further obstructed by the COVID-19 crisis, some are adapting to provide new products and services to women in order to support their businesses and ensure longer-term business continuity.
Through its partnership with Fawry, for example, AWEF had recognised the increased demand for digital payment services and launched a programme to recruit low-income, female Heya Fawry agents. These agents are equipped with point-of-sales (POS) machines to allow customers to make e-payments through the POS machines, rather than having to queue or travel to make household bill payments, insurance payments, pay education fees, top up airtime, or make purchases. During COVID-19, this business model has proven successful, and AWEF and Fawry are working on a microloan product to allow additional women to purchase POS machines and e-credit to enable them to become Heya Fawry Agents. These microloan products allow women to enter the market as a digital service provider, creating a source of income for women and enables women with a mechanism to safely make financial transactions, generating cost and time savings. The services are fully digitised and have been designed to better serve female clients within the community to sustain their livelihoods. Since the virus outbreak, AWEF’s partners have reported a rapid increase in the use of digital payment solutions, especially amongst female microentrepreneurs. AWEF has planned to further partner with a digital financial services provider to work on providing digital wage disbursement programmes, digital social cash transfers, and digital consumer microloans. In the short run, this makes it easier for women to access financial services and sustain an income in a COVID-19 context. In the long run, digital financial services are powerful tools for sustainable women’s economic empowerment.
In Mozambique, our programme works to expand financial inclusion.
In Mozambique, the Financial Sector Deepening programme has researched agent utilisation patterns to shed light on how agents can support vulnerable workers, especially women. Building on this research, it hired and trained female agents to recruit and educate people on accessing digital financial services. The result: a significant increase in registrations for M-pesa, a mobile phone-based money transfer, payment, and micro-financing service that provides economic opportunities for women and reduces gender disparities in access to digital financial services.
Plan for the Long Run
Donor programmes have adapted to COVID-19 in various ways: by incorporating new messaging or introducing new protection mechanisms; by supporting women in workplaces or women running home-based businesses; by focusing on the role women play in their households. But these short-term adjustments in programming can have long-term impacts on women’s lives and should not be designed and implemented only with a temporary or short-term vision. We have an opportunity in the urgency of this crisis to learn from the adjustments we are making and build upon them to create sustainable means of increasing women’s economic empowerment—in the long term and through the unforeseeable but inevitable shocks to come.
Daan Schuttenbelt Daan Schuttenbelt is an Associate Project Manager with the Economic Growth team in DAI’s UK office, working on projects in Mexico and Palestine. | 0.6 | high | 6 | 2,015 | [
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1571bb24-7b3c-4ad3-afab-8df963b02505 | Certain conditions teeth normal | science | research_summary | Certain conditions of the teeth are a normal part of the aging process, but when cared for properly, your natural teeth should be able to last a lifetime. However, many older adults experience tooth loss, and researchers believe that this can have greater implications for the health of seniors. In fact, researchers from University College London found that tooth loss is linked to mental and physical decline in older adults.
In this study, which was published in the Journal of American Geriatrics Society, data from over 3,100 adults living in England over the age of 60 were examined. Researchers compared walking speed and memory testing results of participants who had their own teeth with their counterparts that only had some of their natural teeth. They found that people who had lost all of their natural teeth scored 10% lower in both the walking and memory testing than the people with their natural teeth.
It is important to note that the causes behind tooth loss and physical and mental decline are often linked to socioeconomic status. For example, gum disease is the most common cause for tooth loss in adults, and the prevalence of experiencing gum disease is much higher for people living below the poverty line. Tooth loss is rare in high-income households, and it is most often noticed in states with disproportionately high rates of poverty.
Let Us Know
Regardless of the underlying reasons for the association, noting tooth loss in adults will provide the opportunity to spot individuals who may be at a higher risk for faster decline as they age. If you notice that your older loved one is starting to lose teeth, you should be sure to keep an eye on their physical and mental health. If you notice any changes, be sure to point them out to their dentist and primary care physician. | 0.6 | medium | 5 | 351 | [
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b0f1f000-6bd2-4078-9cfb-a60ab4dea28e | week Computer Science Education | technology | problem_set | This week is Computer Science Education Week (December 5-11) and Brightly has set up a few post to share with their readers helping them to celebrate and learn all things STEM. I was recently sent two wonderful books from Brightly to share with you, my readers. Women in Science by Rachel Ignotofsky features 50 women who were pioneers in the science fields. As the title says they literally changed the world overcoming gender and race obstacles to become the tops in their fields. This book starts with a beautiful cover but then opens to a wonderful study on such amazing women. I personally had a hard time putting it down because it was so inspiring. I've been reading one a day to my children in our homeschool and we have been discussing how hard it must have been for these ladies in their time. While we recognized a few names most have been new to us which is also a nice treat. I would say this is a must have for bookshelves and for inspiring our youngsters to aim high with their educational dreams and future careers!
The second book was snatched out of my hands by my 16 year old son. He has always been intrigued with video games and learning to code with DK's Coding Games in Scratch by Jon Woodcock is just the sort of starting point he was looking for. He grabbed his laptop and the book and has been reading and playing ever since. This is a fun book that teaches you some basics with using the Scratch program. Perfect for beginners like my son.
Be sure to these links to see some additional books and ideas to make the most of this science week:
A comprehensive list that includes coding workbooks, visual guides to computer languages such as Scratch and Python, and books on code that read like storybooks.
Too few girls are getting the message that STEM fields are exciting, imaginative, and fun. Here are six things parents can do to get their daughters psyched about STEM subjects.
A roundup of STEM books filled with great stories and cool projects.
A review of a fun, hands-on book that is just right to get late elementary and middle school readers started with coding and computer programming.
WIN WIN WIN
One lucky reader will win copies of Coding in Games Scratch and Women in Science along with a Brightly Tote!
ARupLife.com received product, press or compensation to facilitate this review. This post may contain affiliate links. We only give our honest opinions of products. This post is in accordance with the FTC 10 CFR, Part 255 concerning the use, endorsements or testimonials in advertising. | 0.6 | medium | 3 | 537 | [
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df83a08f-c86a-4145-a9e1-df45758cc537 | Reservoir Modeling in Brief | technology | historical_context | Reservoir Modeling in Brief
Reservoir modeling within Willamette Envision duplicates the rules of the US Army Corps of Engineers’ 2012 ResSim model for the Willamette River Basin (WRB). Each reservoir has operational zones, which are based on pool elevation on a particular date (Fig. 1) and rules sets associated with each zone. These rule sets are prioritized within each zone and across reservoirs, such that the model calculates release quantities and locations (e.g., Powerhouse, Regulating Outlet, Spillway) at each time step to meet the highest priority rule. Example rules are those that establish minimum or maximum flows or water elevations, such as the minimum flow targets established by the 2009 Biological Opinion (NMFS, 2008) for April to October, which vary based on the type of water year. These rules are often evaluated at important downstream locations, called control points, which are used to establish releases at reservoirs upstream. Many reservoirs can be influenced by a single control point (e.g., Salem), and many control points can be influenced by a single reservoir. For more information about reservoir modeling in Willamette Envision, refer to the supplemental materials from Jaeger et al. (2016).
Figure 1. Reservoir operating zones (Lookout Point). The conservation curve (green) is the primary rule curve. The zone above the rule curve is the Flood Control Zone, while below the curve is the Conservation Zone. If the pool elevation is above the elevation demarcating the primary flood control zone (horizontal dark blue line), the zone is labeled Top of Dam Zone. If the pool elevation falls below the red line, the zone is labeled the Buffer Zone. An alternative flood control zone exists in this case, when the pool elevation is above the rule curve but below the secondary flood control line (in light blue).
Evaluation of Predicted Reservoir Inflows
We compared simulated reservoir inflows to those observed historically to evaluate the reliability of the hydrologic model in replicating the key hydrologic processes of the catchment. The three measures and their interpretation are summarized below.
Root mean square error (RMSE) is an absolute measure of model fit, meaning that the units are directly interpretable, such that higher values represent higher errors. RMSE is calculated as the square root of the variance of the residual. There is no absolute value for a reliable RMSE, as it must be interpreted with respect to the range of predicted values and practical application.
Normalized RMSE (NRMSE) is a nondimensional form of the RMSE, normalized to the mean of the observed data, which is useful for comparing between basins and across seasons with different ranges of flows. Expressed as a percentage, the NRMSE is interpreted as the error relative to the mean.
Nash Sutcliff Efficiency (NSE) measures the signal-to-noise ratio of hydrologic models by comparing the magnitude of model residuals to the variance in the observed data. A value of 1 represents perfect fit between observed and simulated inflows, a value of 0 represents a model that is equally well represented by the mean, and a value less than 0 indicates a model of questionable value. The reliability of NSE is compromised when extreme values are present in the dataset.
Analysis of Reservoir Operational Performance
The 13 federal reservoirs in the WRB are operated with a primary objective of flood regulation, while power production, recreation, fish and wildlife conservation, irrigation, and water quality regulation provide ancillary benefits. In this analysis, we focused on the potential effect of climate change on two high priority operational objectives: flood regulation and fish and wildlife conservation (low flow targets). We evaluated the ability of reservoirs to meet these operating objectives based on the concept of operational reliability, where reliability is defined (e.g., Hashimoto, 1982; Ray et al., 2010) as the likelihood of achieving a flow target or level of flood protection. | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 820 | [
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90ce786a-6784-4423-9cca-fa473da92994 | swift, powerful tides make | science | historical_context | The swift, powerful tides that can make oodles of electricity are surprisingly rare. In the United States, only a few places—including the Gulf of Maine, Washington's Puget Sound, Manhattan's East River, and the waters under the Golden Gate Bridge—create a muscular flow near cities with sizable power needs. Tide-harvesting devices take advantage of tidal waters impressive power density: Tides can move at twice the speed of waves and can generate eight times the potential energy. But they also carry a vast supply of sediment, larvae, and plankton. As new generator designs reach the ocean floor, they must avoid disturbing marine life.
Click to see larger image.
Infographic: Brian Kaas
Huijie Xue grew up in Ruian, a town on China's coast where life moved with the rhythm of the tides. At ebb, the harbor was a carpet of mud; at flood, the fishermen arrived with their catch, followed by the passenger ferry.
As a teenager, Xue read a newspaper article about a tidal barrage (a sort of estuary-spanning hydroelectric dam) being built halfway around the world in Nova Scotia. The idea of getting electricity from the tides wouldn't leave her mind. When she stepped on a ferry to head to college—at high tide, of course—it was to study oceanography.
Now Xue, 45, is an expert in the computer modeling of tidal currents. She works at the University of Maine, not far from the barrage in the Bay of Fundy that first inspired her, and confronts one of the most difficult problems in marine energy: How do electricity-generating turbines affect tides and the life that depends on them?
Few waterways boast more energy potential than the Gulf of Maine. Tides rise and fall nearly 50 feet, pushing between dozens of islands and accelerating currents to as fast as six knots. The Ocean Renewable Power Company, based in Portland, Maine, is testing its lawnmower-like turbines in gulf waters and is laying plans for a billion-dollar electricity industry. But the gulf is critical to the states fishing industry, so ORPC relies on Xues research to gauge the impact.
"We're trying to get a very small percentage [of the gulf's energy], but that doesn't mean the impact is small," Xue says. "For example, if in Cobscook Bay we take 15 percent of the energy out of the main waterways, what's the impact? We really don't know." —David Ferris | 0.65 | medium | 4 | 520 | [
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a2015ce6-1201-4f66-a152-1b184c2a8990 | obesity rate higher than | life_skills | research_summary | With the obesity rate higher than it has ever been
, and children growing up in an increasingly unhealthy world, studies are beginning to look at the effects our passed-down habits are having on the next generation. And whether you’re a boy or a girl, puberty and obesity seem to cause a problematic mix.
Even if those problems are vastly different.Puberty and Adolescent Girls: “The Perfect Storm”
Some would say that obesity is the most serious long-term health risk that is facing our children, with early weight gain leading to a host of issues like metabolic syndrome, diabetes, heart problems, and even cancer. One study, published in the Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
in June, 2008, also links the weight of our nation with early puberty
“One of the first potential health effects of abnormal weight gain during this period is earlier puberty, usually manifested as thelarche,” the abstract points out. Thelarche involves the beginning of puberty in girls, specifically the onset of secondary breast development. “Leptin activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, combined with insulin resistance, and increased adiposity may result in the higher estrogen levels that are linked to breast development.”
What makes matters worse is the onslaught of bad health habits in young adolescents. It’s even been dubbed, “The Perfect Storm.”
Puberty-aged boys and girls usually experience a sharp decline in their physical activity and nutritional habits, with other psychosocial and developmental risk factors thrown in. This brewing of possibility may contribute to obesity and estrogen-dependent disease in later life; things like ovarian cysts and breast cancer. And the very same reasons that adolescents experience weight gain make prevention and treatment particularly challenging.
The only hope is to reach them before it becomes an issue, intervening prior to the onset of puberty.Boys Are the Opposite?
If early puberty is an issue for overweight girls, you would think the same would hold true for boys with the same affliction. It turns out, however, that obese boys in the U.S. may actually begin puberty later than their thinner counterparts.
At 11.5 years of age, boys with the highest body mass index (BMI) were 165 percent more likely to be pre-pubertal than the thinnest boys, researchers reported in the February issue of Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
. While much of the focus has been on the female issue, this was the first major study into males of the same age.
So what does that mean for either gender as they grow up in our rapidly changing world? Well, first, it means that a healthy diet must become a habit
before they begin puberty. It also means there’s more to learn across the board.
But most importantly, it should mean that our choices are now having a deadly serious impact on the future. It’s time to make those choices count.Cited Sources
Jasik, C. B. and Lustig, R. H. (2008), Adolescent Obesity and Puberty: The “Perfect Storm”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
, 1135: 265–279. doi: 10.1196/annals.1429.009
Lee, Joyce M. (2010) "BMI and Timing of Pubertal Initiation in Boys." JAMA Network: Archives
. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Aug. 2012. | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 742 | [
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6979d205-96bc-4d0f-b2d2-4f6bad63acee | Event management like orchestrating | interdisciplinary | practical_application | Event management is like orchestrating a symphony – each instrument (task) needs to play its part at the right time to create a harmonious and successful event. It's about bringing together all the moving pieces to deliver a memorable experience for attendees. --- ### Example 1: Foundation - Planning a Small Workshop **Problem Statement:** You need to organize a half-day workshop for 20 participants on "Introduction to Digital Marketing." The workshop will be held in a rented conference room, and you need to arrange for catering and necessary AV equipment. **Solution Steps:** 1. **Define Event Goals & Scope:** * **Reasoning:** Before anything else, we need a clear picture of *what* we're trying to achieve and *who* it's for. This is like drawing the blueprint before building a house. * **Action:** Goal: Educate 20 attendees on digital marketing basics. Scope: Half-day, local venue, catering, AV. 2. **Develop a Basic Budget:** * **Reasoning:** Money is the fuel for events. We need to estimate costs to ensure we don't overspend. Think of it as packing your suitcase – you need to know what you can afford to bring. * **Action:** * Venue Rental: $300 * Catering (coffee, snacks, lunch for 20): $500 * AV Equipment (projector, screen, microphone): $150 * Materials (handouts): $100 * Contingency (unexpected costs, ~10%): $105 * **Total Estimated Budget: $1155** 3. **Create a Timeline/Schedule:** * **Reasoning:** Events unfold over time. A schedule acts as a roadmap, ensuring tasks are completed in the right order and on time. It’s like following a recipe – each step has its timing. * **Action:** * *8 Weeks Out:* Book venue, confirm speakers/facilitators. * *6 Weeks Out:* Send out invitations/registration. * *4 Weeks Out:* Finalize catering menu, order AV equipment. * *2 Weeks Out:* Confirm attendee numbers, print materials. * *1 Week Out:* Final venue walkthrough, confirm all vendors. * *Event Day:* Setup, registration, workshop, wrap-up. 4. **Identify Key Tasks & Responsibilities:** * **Reasoning:** Break down the big event into smaller, manageable jobs. Assigning ownership prevents tasks from falling through the cracks. This is like assigning roles in a play. * **Action:** * Venue Booking: Event Manager * Catering Liaison: Assistant * AV Setup: Venue Staff/Technician * Registration Desk: Volunteers/Assistant * Material Distribution: Assistant 5. **Execute and Monitor:** * **Reasoning:** Put the plan into action and keep an eye on progress. Regular check-ins are crucial. This is like steering a ship – you constantly adjust course based on conditions. * **Action:** Follow the timeline, confirm bookings, track RSVPs, manage vendor communications. **Key Insight:** Even small events require structured planning. Breaking down the process into defining goals, budgeting, scheduling, assigning tasks, and executing is fundamental to success. --- ### Example 2: Application - Organizing a Small Corporate Product Launch **Problem Statement:** A tech startup is launching a new mobile app and wants to host a small, exclusive launch event for 50 key industry influencers and potential investors. The goal is to generate buzz and secure initial media coverage. The event should include a product demo, networking time, and light refreshments. **Solution Steps:** 1. **Refine Event Objectives & Target Audience:** * **Reasoning:** For a product launch, the *quality* of attendees and the *message* are paramount. We need to be very specific about who we want there and what we want them to take away. This is like tailoring a suit – it needs to fit the recipient perfectly. * **Action:** Objective: Generate positive media mentions and interest from 5-10 investors. Target Audience: 50 curated tech journalists, bloggers, and venture capitalists. 2. **Develop a Detailed Budget with Vendor Selection:** * **Reasoning:** This event has a higher stakes objective, so the budget needs to reflect quality and impact. Vendor selection is critical for brand perception. Think of this as choosing the right ingredients for a gourmet meal. * **Action:** * Venue Rental (chic co-working space with demo area): $1,500 * Catering (upscale appetizers, signature cocktail): $2,000 * AV (high-quality sound system, large screens for demo): $1,000 * Marketing/PR (invitation design, press kit materials): $800 * Staffing (registration, event support): $500 * Contingency (15%): $825 * **Total Estimated Budget: $6,625** * **Vendor Decision Point:** Selecting a caterer known for quality and presentation over just cost, as it directly impacts the attendee experience and brand image. 3. **Create a Detailed Event Flow and Run Sheet:** * **Reasoning:** A run sheet is the minute-by-minute script for the event day. It ensures smooth transitions and that all key elements (like the demo) happen flawlessly. It’s the conductor’s score for the entire orchestra. * **Action:** * *6:00 PM:* Guest Arrival & Registration, Welcome Drinks * *6:30 PM:* Welcome Address (CEO) * *6:40 PM:* App Demo (Lead Developer) * *7:00 PM:* Q&A Session * *7:15 PM:* Networking & Appetizers * *8:30 PM:* Event Concludes, Gift Bags Distributed 4. **Develop a Communication Plan (Pre, During, Post-Event):** * **Reasoning:** Keeping stakeholders informed and attendees engaged is key. This includes invitations, reminders, event updates, and follow-ups. This is like sending out signals to guide ships in formation. * **Action:** * *Pre-Event:* Save-the-dates, formal invitations with RSVP link, reminder emails. * *During Event:* Social media updates (live tweeting key moments), staff communication via radios. * *Post-Event:* Thank you emails to attendees, follow-up with interested investors, distribute press release. **Alternative Approach:** Instead of a physical event, consider a high-quality virtual launch webinar combined with targeted media outreach. This could reduce costs and broaden reach, but might lose the personal networking impact. **Key Insight:** For goal-oriented events like product launches, strategic planning around attendee quality, impactful messaging, and precise execution (via a run sheet) are crucial. The budget reflects the desired level of polish and impact. --- ### Example 3: Advanced/Edge Case - Managing a Multi-Day Music Festival with Vendor Issues **Problem Statement:** You are managing a 3-day music festival with 5,000 attendees per day. On Day 2, the primary food vendor experiences a critical equipment failure, leaving them unable to fulfill orders. This impacts attendee satisfaction and potentially safety (lack of food options). **Solution Steps:** 1. **Immediate Crisis Assessment & Communication:** * **Reasoning:** In high-pressure situations, swift and accurate assessment is vital. Clear, calm communication prevents panic and ensures coordinated action. This is like the emergency response team assessing a situation. * **Action:** * *Verify the Issue:* Immediately confirm the extent of the vendor's failure with their on-site manager. * *Assess Impact:* How many attendees are affected? What are the immediate needs (water, basic food)? * *Notify Key Stakeholders:* Inform the festival director, security lead, and operations manager. 2. **Activate Contingency Plans & Resource Mobilization:** * **Reasoning:** Robust event plans include backup options for critical services. This is where pre-planning pays off. Think of having a spare tire for your car. * **Action:** * *Contact Backup Vendors:* Reach out to pre-vetted secondary food vendors or local restaurants willing to provide emergency catering. * *Reallocate Resources:* Can other vendors increase capacity? Can festival staff assist with basic distribution? * *Communicate with Attendees:* Use the festival app, stage announcements, and social media to inform attendees about the disruption and alternative solutions. Be transparent. 3. **Implement Short-Term Solutions & Manage Attendee Flow:** * **Reasoning:** The priority is to mitigate immediate attendee dissatisfaction and ensure basic needs are met while a longer-term fix is sought. This is like deploying temporary traffic diversions. * **Action:** * *Prioritize Basic Needs:* Ensure water stations are fully stocked. Arrange for simple, pre-packaged food items (sandwiches, snacks) from available sources. * *Set Up Temporary Stations:* Designate areas where the backup food can be distributed efficiently. * *Offer Compensation/Apology:* Consider offering a small discount on future purchases or a complimentary drink as a goodwill gesture. 4. **Post-Crisis Analysis & Vendor Review:** * **Reasoning:** Learning from failures is crucial for improving future events. A thorough review helps identify weaknesses and prevent recurrence. This is like a post-mission debrief. * **Action:** * *Debrief with All Involved:* Discuss what happened, how the response worked, and what could be improved. * *Review Vendor Contracts:* Assess contract clauses regarding equipment failure and service level agreements. * *Update Risk Management Plan:* Incorporate lessons learned into future planning, potentially requiring more robust vendor backup clauses or multiple primary vendors. **Common Pitfalls:** * **Lack of a Backup Plan:** Relying on a single primary vendor for critical services. * **Poor Communication:** Not informing attendees promptly or transparently about the issue. * **Panic Response:** Making hasty decisions without proper assessment, leading to further problems. * **Ignoring Attendee Feedback:** Failing to acknowledge or address attendee frustration. **Key Insight:** Event management involves significant risk. Proactive risk assessment, robust contingency planning, clear communication protocols, and effective crisis management are essential for navigating unexpected challenges and maintaining attendee satisfaction, especially in large-scale events. --- ### Pattern Recognition Across these examples, several patterns emerge: * **Phased Approach:** Planning always starts broad (goals, budget) and becomes increasingly detailed (run sheets, specific tasks). * **Risk Management:** Identifying potential problems and having backup plans is crucial, especially as complexity increases. * **Communication is Key:** Whether it's internal team communication or external messages to attendees/stakeholders, clear and timely communication is vital. * **Scalability:** The core principles (planning, budgeting, execution) apply to all event sizes, but the complexity and detail required scale up significantly. ### When to Apply Event Management Principles Event management principles are applied whenever a planned gathering of people needs to be organized to achieve specific objectives. This includes: * **Festivals & Concerts:** Large-scale public gatherings. * **Conferences & Seminars:** Educational or professional events. * **Corporate Events:** Product launches, team-building retreats, holiday parties. * **Weddings & Social Celebrations:** Personal milestone events. * **Fundraisers & Galas:** Events with a specific charitable or social cause. * **Sporting Events:** Tournaments, matches, or athletic competitions. Essentially, if you're coordinating logistics, managing resources, and aiming for a specific outcome for a group of attendees, you're engaging in event management. | 0.65 | high | 6 | 2,448 | [
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40e67184-9361-4f07-9d54-79d2d1c951d2 | Field Theory Action: Exploring | mathematics | historical_context | ## Field Theory in Action: Exploring the Field $\mathbb{Z}_5$ This demonstration will explore the properties of a finite field, specifically $\mathbb{Z}_5$, the field of integers modulo 5. We'll focus on arithmetic operations within this field and how they differ from standard integer arithmetic. **Problem**: In the field $\mathbb{Z}_5$, what is the value of $(3 \times 4) + 2$? **Common Pitfalls**: * **Pitfall 1**: Treating the numbers as regular integers and performing the calculation as $12 + 2 = 14$. * **Why it's wrong**: The context is $\mathbb{Z}_5$, which means all arithmetic is performed modulo 5. This implies that any result greater than or equal to 5 "wraps around." Simply calculating $14$ without considering the modulo operation ignores the fundamental definition of this mathematical structure. * **Pitfall 2**: Incorrectly applying the modulo operation only at the very end, but miscalculating the intermediate result. For example, calculating $3 \times 4 = 12$, and then incorrectly stating $12 \pmod 5 = 1$ and proceeding with $1 + 2 = 3$. * **Why it's wrong**: While the modulo operation is applied at the end, the *intermediate* result of $3 \times 4$ in $\mathbb{Z}_5$ is not $12$. In $\mathbb{Z}_5$, $3 \times 4$ is equivalent to a number that, when divided by 5, leaves the same remainder as $12$. The correct remainder is what matters. **Correct Method**: * **Step 1**: Identify the elements and the operations within the field $\mathbb{Z}_5$. * **Reasoning**: The problem specifies the field $\mathbb{Z}_5$. This means our "numbers" are the set $\{0, 1, 2, 3, 4\}$, and addition and multiplication are performed modulo 5. * **Step 2**: Perform the multiplication operation first, according to the order of operations (PEMDAS/BODMAS). Calculate $3 \times 4$ in $\mathbb{Z}_5$. * **Reasoning**: Standard arithmetic dictates multiplication before addition. In $\mathbb{Z}_5$, $3 \times 4 = 12$. To find the equivalent value in $\mathbb{Z}_5$, we find the remainder when 12 is divided by 5. $12 \div 5 = 2$ with a remainder of $2$. Therefore, $3 \times 4 \equiv 2 \pmod 5$. * **Step 3**: Perform the addition operation using the result from Step 2. Add $2$ to the result of the multiplication ($2$) in $\mathbb{Z}_5$. * **Reasoning**: Now we have $(3 \times 4) + 2 \equiv 2 + 2 \pmod 5$. Adding these values gives $4$. Since $4$ is less than 5, it is already in the set $\{0, 1, 2, 3, 4\}$. **Verification**: To verify the answer, we can work through the calculation again, being meticulous about the modulo operation at each step where the result might exceed 4. 1. **Multiplication**: $3 \times 4 = 12$. * In $\mathbb{Z}_5$, we need to find the remainder of 12 when divided by 5. * $12 = 5 \times 2 + 2$. The remainder is 2. So, $3 \times 4 \equiv 2 \pmod 5$. 2. **Addition**: Now we add 2 to the result of the multiplication. * $2 + 2 = 4$. * In $\mathbb{Z}_5$, we need to find the remainder of 4 when divided by 5. * $4 = 5 \times 0 + 4$. The remainder is 4. So, $2 + 2 \equiv 4 \pmod 5$. The result is 4, which matches our previous calculation. **Generalizable Pattern**: When performing arithmetic operations within a finite field $\mathbb{Z}_n$ (or any modular arithmetic system): 1. **Respect Order of Operations**: Follow the standard order of operations (parentheses, exponents, multiplication/division, addition/subtraction). 2. **Apply Modulo at Each Step (or after each operation that could produce a result outside the field)**: After each calculation (multiplication, addition, etc.), find the remainder of the result when divided by the modulus $n$. This remainder is the equivalent value within the field $\mathbb{Z}_n$. If the result is already within the set $\{0, 1, \dots, n-1\}$, no change is needed for that step. 3. **Ensure Final Result is in the Field**: The final answer must be an element of the set $\{0, 1, \dots, n-1\}$. **Broader Application**: This reasoning process is fundamental to understanding **abstract algebra**, specifically **field theory** and **modular arithmetic**. * **Fields**: Fields are algebraic structures where addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division (by non-zero elements) are well-defined. Finite fields like $\mathbb{Z}_p$ (where $p$ is a prime number) are crucial in areas like **cryptography** (e.g., elliptic curve cryptography), **coding theory** (e.g., error correction codes), and **combinatorics**. The predictable arithmetic within these fields allows for efficient and secure computations. * **Modular Arithmetic**: The concept of working "modulo $n$" extends beyond prime fields. It's used in everyday applications like **timekeeping** (12-hour clock is modulo 12), **calendar calculations**, and in computer science for **hashing functions** and **data structures**. * **Generalization**: The principles demonstrated here apply to any field or ring. For instance, when working with polynomials over finite fields, the coefficients are elements of that field, and all polynomial arithmetic (addition, multiplication) is performed using the field's arithmetic rules. This problem is a foundational example of how the structure of a mathematical system dictates its arithmetic. | 0.6 | low | 4 | 1,392 | [
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afe691d1-1ffb-4511-8627-c6912e664909 | tutorial, I'll cover how | interdisciplinary | tutorial | In this tutorial, I'll cover how to use Illustrator to set up perspective drawings, and help you choose the best way to approach your new perspective drawing projects. We'll review some theory and then work through examples of working with 1-point, 2-point, and 3-point Perspective.
There are two main ways to approach a perspective drawing. The first is an unmeasured system where you use vanishing points and visual reference to construct objects. The second is a more precise mathematical approach. Choosing the best starting point for your drawing has a lot to do with the information you're starting with and the final image you're creating. The best place to start is with the unmeasured approach, which is the focus of this tutorial.
The key feature of this system is it's flexibility. You can use it to quickly set up a composition, or you can use it to create a detailed line drawing. Keep in mind though, this system is not the best choice if you're final drawing is based on precise measurements, as when working from engineering drawings or blueprints.
There are many precise, mathematical systems for drafting in perspective that I will not be covering in this tutorial. For more information on one of these approaches take a look at the Visual Ray Method. Let's take a close look at working with an unmeasured perspective system using Illustrator.
Setting Up the Horizon Line
Setting up your file for a perspective drawing is simple.
Start by dragging a ruler line down from the top and placing it as your horizon line. If you don't have your rulers, use Command + R or go to View > Show Rulers. Next, drag over a ruler line from the left to mark your vanishing point.
Draw a 2-point line anywhere on the screen. Next, using the white arrow (Direct Selection tool), select one corner of your line and drag it over to the intersection of your horizontal and vertical ruler lines. The arrow will change when you've hit the intersection. Now you've attached the line to the vanishing point.
Now do the same to any other vanishing points (VP) with a new line. When finished, name the layer "horizon," and create a new layer.
Select the lines on the horizon layer, then click on the colored box in your Layer pallet and drag it up to the new layer. Before you let go, hold down the Alt button. This will make a copy of the selected item onto a new layer but in the same position. Lock your horizon layer and you're ready to start.
Working in 1-Point Perspective
Draw your horizon line, and choose a spot on this line to be your central focus. This will be your vanishing point.
In this step, you must decide where you want your object to appear in this image. If you place the object above the horizon line, you will be looking up at it. Below the horizon line, you will be looking down on it. Go ahead and place your object.
This is the object I will be drawing throughout the tutorial. The three drawings on the left are called orthogaphics they show the object broken down into top, side, and front views. The drawing on the right is a isometric view of the object. This is just for your reference.
Draw the front plane of your object where you decided to place your object. This front plane has nothing to do with the vanishing point. Verticals are vertical and horizontal are horizontal.
Let's connect the corners of your front plane to the vanishing point. I've found the best way to connect the corners to your vanishing point is to copy line segments while keeping one anchor point stationary. To do this, you will have a line segment with one anchor point sitting on top of your vanishing point.
With your Direct Selection Tool, select the anchor point (not on your vanishing point) and move it over near the corner of your shape. Now before you release your mouse, push Alt, this will make a copy of the line segment.
The reason this can be a little tricky is because if you are holding the Alt button when you first click on your anchor point, you will move the whole line. It only works if you engage it after you begin moving the point. After you've made your copy, use the Direct Selection tool to line up the anchor point of your vanishing line with the corner of your object.
Let's establish the depth. This step can be tricky. The distance you travel back toward the vanishing point is compressed due to the rules of perspective. The closer you are to the vanishing point, the more compressed the distance becomes. The best way to start is by using proportion.
Take a look at the relationships between other parts of what you have already drawn, also look at the length of the side you're trying to draw. This method basically boils down to eyeing it, but in an intelligent way.
Clean up your lines. Typically, I use the Scissors tool and cut all the vanishing lines. I'll delete all but one or two of the long lines from the vanishing points because it's easy enough to make quick copies of that line if needed later. Use the white arrow to clean up the edges and make sure they line up by watching for the arrow to turn white.
Let's quickly clean up by connecting points. Select two points with the Direct Selection Tool and hit Command + J (Object > Path > Join). If a dialog box pops up, then the points were exactly on top of one another and you have created a clean corner. If the connection was made but no box popped up, then the two points were slightly off and you should do it
again. Below is the result of drawing our object using 1-point perpective.
Working in 2-Point Perspective
Draw your horizon line. Choose two spots on this line to be your vanishing points. Where you place these vanishing points will greatly affect the outcome of your drawing. If you place your vanishing points to close together, your images will become overly distorted.
If you place your vanishing points equal distance apart from your object, you'll end up with a static composition.
To achieve a more dynamic view of your object, vary the distances. Have one vanishing points close to your object and one far away. This set up has a dominant and secondary vanishing point.
Once you have established your vanishing points, begin by drawing the front edge of your shape. The height is arbitrary, but use proportion and relationships to establish the rest of the shape.
Draw lines from the top and bottom of your first line to the left vanishing point (LVP) and right vanishing point (RVP).
Block in your first big shape.
Use the first shape you've blocked in as reference for your other big shapes and block those in.
Clean up the lines and add details.
Below is the result of drawing our object using 2-point perpective. Notice how stylistically we make the outer edge thicker than the inner lines. This method is covered in the tutorial How to Create a See-through Information Graphic.
Working in 3-Point Perspective
Set up your horizon line and mark off your first two vanishing points. The third vanishing point is either above or below the horizon line, close to the center of your composition. Most of the time, your third vanishing point should be off the page. It should be more hinted at than a main focus. If your third vanishing point is too close, your object will become overly distorted. Keep in mind, the best time to use a third perspective point is if the object you're drawing is very large or very small.
Follow the same steps covered in Working with 2-Point Perspective, but all vertical lines must vanish to your new Vanishing Point.
Connect the edge to your vanishing points and block in your first big shape.
Use the first shape as a reference to help block in other large shapes.
Use the scissors tool to cut the excess lines.
Use the Direct selection tool to line up all the corners.
Now that the object is less visually cluttered it is easier to add details.
Cut and clean up details.
Below is the result of drawing our object using 3-point perpective.
I hope this tutorial helps some of you begin working with perspective in Illustrator. The methods I have covered in this tutorial can be used for a wide wide range of professional projects. I limited this tutorial to just the fundamentals, and I hope to get into some more advanced technical illustration techniques in future tutorials.
Subscribe to the VECTORTUTS RSS Feed to stay up to date with the latest vector tutorials and articles. | 0.65 | medium | 4 | 1,779 | [
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378ac036-37bf-45a1-8ab9-22a712b64aea | Proposed Flood Insurance Rate Maps | life_skills | historical_context | Proposed Flood Insurance Rate Maps
The Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) for the Daytona Beach area were originally created by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) in 1973 and last updated in 2002. Property owners are encouraged to review the preliminary maps as flood designations may have changed.
Learn Your Zone
If you are a homeowner and believe your property is not located in a designated 100-year floodplain [also known as a 1-percent-annual-chance floodplain, or Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA)], as shown on the effective Flood Insurance Rate Map or Digital Flood Insurance Rate Map for your community and you would like the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) to make an official determination regarding the location of your property relative to the SFHA, request:
During this process residents and business owners may find that their current flood zone has changed. In some cases a property may be mapped into a lower-risk zone. For others, a property's zone may change from a moderate or low-risk area to a high-risk area, making flood insurance mandatory by most lenders.
High Impact Areas
The most significant changes to the 2014 FEMA Flood Insurance rate maps are in the area generally bordered by Beville Road, Mason Avenue, US 1 and Nova Road, which runs parallel to the Nova Canal. If a property is mapped into a higher risk zone, or if the Base Flood Elevation (BFE) changes, flood insurance premium could significantly increase.
The most significant changes to the 2017 FEMA Flood Insurance rate maps are in areas adjacent to the Halifax River. The Base Flood Elevations in these areas decreased from 1 foot to 2 feet.
Property owners need to understand their options following changes to their community's FIRM. One of their options might be "grandfathering," which is a National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) rule that was created in order to recognize property owners who carried a policy before the maps became effective or built to the correct standards relative to the flood map in effect at the time of construction. This rule, along with other NFIP rules, can result in significant cost savings to policyholders compared to a potentially higher premium rate that results from a flood map revision.
How to Interpret the FEMA FIRM Rate Maps
Whatever the area shown on a FEMA FIRM map, it may include several, or only a few types of floodplain zones, each designated by a letter or a combination of a letters and numbers. | 0.55 | medium | 5 | 528 | [
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e1ea1494-bd7c-45ae-bba5-cb0b86c59494 | December twelfth final month | interdisciplinary | worked_examples | December is the twelfth and final month of the year. December has 31 days and its birthstone is the blue turquoise. People who are born between December 1st and 21st are under the zodiac sign of Sagittarius (the Archer) and all those born between December 22nd and 31st are considered to be Capricorn (the Goat).
In North America, December is often a cold month that can produce snowy conditions or even blizzards. Hence, it is a prime time of year to go ice skating outdoors or even sledding! December days are short and it gets dark before 5pm—but this comes with one major advantage: holiday lights.
December is probably best regarded as being the month that contains one of the world’s biggest holidays—Christmas. Since the sun sets early, scores of residential houses and shops come alive with vibrant and twinkling Christmas lights. Santa Claus, reindeer, Christmas trees, elves, snowmen, and more can all appear as part of Christmas décor which is widespread throughout most of the world. Although Christmas Day always occurs on December 25th, the holiday is celebrated for over a month. Furthermore, December 31st is also the holiday of “New Years’ Eve” when the whole world waits to welcome in a New Year!
Due to its association with Christmas, December is a month that is mentioned in many holiday songs and movies, or at least heavily referenced. For example, “Let It Snow” is a classic holiday tune that remarks on the “frightful” snowy weather that often occurs in December. Films like “Miracle on 34th Street” and “Home Alone” also center around Christmas/December.
Yet December is the host month to more than Christmas and New Years’ Eve. For instance, Nobel Prizes are awarded in December and it is also Universal Human Rights Month and National Read a New Book Month. December 27th also holds the distinction of being National Chocolate Day. | 0.65 | medium | 4 | 417 | [
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ee8b3b57-9e49-4f35-9de3-3c8b7ea75d91 | Telangana SSC Results 2017 | technology | code_implementation | Telangana SSC Results 2017, TS 10th Class Result 2017
Check Board Results via App Download Android App
TS SSC Result 2017, Check Here
Telangana SSC Results 2017:- Students who had appeared in the Telangana Board SSC Exam which was conducted March 2017 to April 2017 will able to check their TBSE SSC result online from the official website in 1st week of May 2017. It means, Students of Telangana will able to check their BSE Telangana SSC result online by using their roll number and name from bsetelangana.org i.e. official website of board.
When the board will declare the TS SSC results 2017 of BSE Telangana we will also update here whereby students can directly check their result form here only by one Click on the below given link
About Telangana
The TBSE stands for the Telangana Board of Secondary Education which is located in Telangana and established in June 2014 under the Telangana govt of India. This State board is responsible to conduct, organise, manage, as well as provide the SSC result of Talangana board students.
Telangana SSC Results 2017
Click Here to Check "Telangana SSC Results 2017" Via Mobile App
This board is also responsible to control as well as maintain each and every necessary secondary education in Telangana State. In addition to, Under the TBSE, Several courses are provided for the students for different occupations and prepare for university.
To be Declared in May 2017
Enter Your Registration/ Roll Number:
TS SSC Results 2017, Check Below
As per the information, last year the Telangana Board SSC exam result was declared in starting of May 2016. This year, We are expecting that the Telangana Board SSC result 2017 will be declared in 1st week of May 2017 at the official website. Students will able to check TBSE SSC result online by entering their roll number / name on the given text box after result declaration. When the exact date of Telangana SSC Results 2017 declaration will be declared we will update here.
Telangana SSC Results 2017 Declaration Date
If you are one of the lakhs of pupils have been waiting for the declaration of Telangana SSC Result 2017, you have come to the perfect place. As per latest buzz, the Telangana Board Of Secondary Education is likely to be announce the 10th Board Result Telangana soon at its official website. We understand the pupils awaiting thier Telangana SSC Results 2017 must be experiencing. So students can check the right information here. For more latest news and notification about Telangana 10th Class Result date, please bookmark this page and visit it regularly.
How to check SSC result of Telangana State?
1. Click on the given link.
2. Click on the Telangana SSC result 2017 link
3. Choose one of the two options (Roll number / Name)
4. Enter your Roll number/ Name in the given text box
5. Click on the submit button
You will definitely get your result on your computer / mobile screen
With the help of given steps, students will easily check and download their Telangana SSC results 2017. Click Here to Check Telangana SSC Results 2017 >>>
TS Exam SSC Result 2017
Each and every important information about the Telangana board SSC result 2017, we have updated above and as per the received information Telangana SSC Results 2017 will be declared in 1st week of May 2017 on the official site bse.telangana.gov.in of TBSE. Students will able to check their result by using their roll number and name both. Students must keep in touch with this page to know daily updates of TS SSC results 2017. | 0.7 | low | 4 | 941 | [
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e5489b46-25e2-4776-9f28-24bd7d738061 | posted by mahwish on | language_arts | worked_examples | posted by mahwish on .
question: what are your thoughts onthe idea that television has turned out to isolate people instead of bringing them together.
my essay; please evaluate!
to say that television has turned out to isolate people instead of bringing them together holds true in my opinion.
television is a very popular source of entertainment in every household. it has become a way to relax as portrayed by the television itself in the example of a tired man coming home after a long day at the office, loosening his tie, flopping down on the couch and switching on the television. this in turn widens the gap in the relationship between ones family from whom we are away from, the whole day and still don't give enough time to even when we do have time in our hand.
television takes away so much of our priceless time in just a go and don't even realize it. a standard show is on an average an hour long, and movie, two hours long! our free time is wasted on television cutting back the time we should spend with our families or taking care of our health by exercising. a study conducted recently blamed television as one of the leadin g causes of obesity in children and adults alike!
children no longer wish to spend time outdoors. they'd much rather stay home and watch cartoons. due to which, they lack the ability to interact with people in the society, they don't have confidence and become shy and laconic!
because of the countless hours spent in front of the television a persons rate of human contact in a day decreases greatly, some may even go to the extremes of being lonely and reserved, keeping everything to themselves leading in turn to psychological problems such as depression, one of the leading causes of suicide!
thus in conclusion i would like to say, that the painter andy warhol is not the only one who'd say they stopped caring about having close relationships after getting his first television. many will agree that while television is a great source of entertainment, it is nothing short of any addictive drug, doing more harm than good!
After you go through and put capitals, punctuation, etc., in the correct places and develop the paragraphs properly, please repost.
Currently, I'd give it a 1.
I agree 1.
You have to base your argument so evidence.
If you are unclear on things, use the following websites for instruction and examples:
Grammar, punctuation, capitalization, etc.
And if that doesn't make sense to you, use this model:
Thank you so much! this really was an eyeopener! i'll go through the websites and try to improve my writing! i'll post another essay hopefully later today.
Knowledge wants to be free, just like these artciles!
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3bf8a2d0-1c69-41eb-8f1a-d6e3861b107c | Persian Writing – Useful Drills 2 | interdisciplinary | qa_pairs | Persian Writing – Useful Drills 2
As you know, practice makes perfect! Every week, along with each lesson, you are given some words to practice. I know that, as a beginner, you will find it difficult to read the entire words by yourself. Therefore, you are not asked to either read or write these words at this stage. Please do not try to pronounce these words on your own or you will remain in an insolvable confusion for good. All you have to do is identify the letters you have already studied. So, first go to the This week and study the new lesson carefully. Then click on the Useful drills button to get connected to this page. On this page you will find some words that seem quite stranger to you at the first glance. Nevertheless, you must at least be able to recognize the letters you have just studied on This week. And this is all I want you to do.
NOTE: as you see in the following words, there are no symbols (signs) on or under the letters. We, as beginners, use these symbols during our lessons to learn the correct pronunciation of the words. Later, after you got enough familiarity with the words and the way they are pronounced you would find it redundant to use these symbols with letters, except for some ambiguous words that are not used very often. I have eliminated these symbols on purpose to let you see the real Persian words that take no symbols with them.
Notes: 1- it is recommended that you visit Let’s Write page first before doing these exercises. It will certainly help you a lot with detecting the letters.
2- please pronounce the letters that we have already studied. For those letters that we haven’t studied yet, just find the long vowels but don’t pronounce them.
Note: Although the letter or (the small form of the same letter) can be potentially pronounced as long /i:/ at the time of combining with long vowels, they must come after a letter to accept long /i:/. Otherwise, when alone, is pronounced as /ye/, not /i:/. Here, the small letter lets us pronounce as long /i:/, not /ye/. You may also see the combination of , which pronounced as /bi:/.
In the following words, how many. do you detect?
1. long vowel /a:/?
2. long vowel /i:/?
3. long vowel /u:/?
Please try to answer the questions first. Then, if you want to be sure, find the correct answers at the bottom of the following words.
1. 21 – Please note that the letter at the start of the last word in the 4th line ( ), and the one at the start of the second word in the last line ( ) do not pronounce /a:/. They help us pronounce which is next to /alef/, as long /i:/ , not /a:/.
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15e540d9-22d1-49f6-a1f4-05df508ea753 | Below list terms used | arts_and_creativity | historical_context | Below is a list of terms used in musical terminology which are likely to occur on printed or sheet music. Many of these terms have an Italian etymology, reinforcing the Italian origins of standard modern musical notation. Most of the other terms are taken from either the French or German languages; these will be indicated by "(Fr.)" and "(Gr.)", respectively. In different countries, the terms you see below may be written in the language of that country.
Unless indicated otherwise, these terms are assumed to be Italian (or English) in origin.
- a, ΰ (Fr.) "at", "to", "by", "for", "in", "in the style of".
- aber (Gr.) "but".
- a cappella in the manner of chapel music, without instrumental accompaniment.
- accelerando gradually increasing the tempo; "accelerating".
- accentato "with emphasis"
- acciaccatura "crushing" A very fast grace note that is "crushed" against the note that follows and takes up no value in the measure.
- accompagnato "accompanied" The accompaniment must follow the singer who can speed up or slow down at will.
- adagietto "rather slow."
- adagio "slow."
- adagissimo "very slow."
- ad libitum (commonly ad lib) the speed and manner are left to the performer.
- affettuoso "tenderly".
- affrettando "hurrying," pressing onwards.
- agile "swiftly"
- agitato "agitated."
- al, alla "to the", "in the manner of".
- alla breve two minim (half-note) beats to a bar, rather than four crotchet (quarter-note) beats.
- alla marcia "in the style of a march".
- allargando "broadening," "getting a little slower."
- allegretto "a little lively," or "moderately fast."
- allegro "lively," or "fast."
- als (Gr.) "than".
- altissimo "very high"
- amabile "amiable", "pleasant".
- amoroso "loving".
- andante "moderate tempo," just this side of slow.
- andantino slightly faster than andante.
- animato "animated", "lively".
- apaisι (Fr.) "calmed".
- a piacere "at pleasure". Used to indicate that the performer does not have to follow the rhythm strictly.
- appassionato "passionately."
- appoggiatura "leaning" A grace note that "leans" on the following note, taking up some of its value in the measure.
- a prima vista Playing something at first sight of the sheet music
- arietta a short aria
- arioso "airy"
- arpeggio literally, like a harp. Used to indicate that the notes of a certain chord are to be played quickly one after another (usually from lowest to highest) instead of at the same moment. In piano music this is sometimes a solution in playing a wide-ranged chord whose notes cannot be played otherwise. Music generated by the limited hardware of video game computers uses a similar technique to create a chord from one tone generator. Arpeggios (or arpeggi) are also accompaniment patterns. See also broken chord.
- arco "played with the bow," as opposed to pizzicato "plucked," in music for bowed instruments.
- assai "very."
- assez (Fr.) "enough", "sufficiently". Sometimes used in the same sense as assai.
- a tempo "in time", used on its own to indicate that the performer should return to the main tempo of the piece (after an accelerando or ritardando), also may be found in combination with other terms such as a tempo giusto (in strict time) or a tempo di menuetto (at the speed of a minuet).
- attacca (at the end of a movement): a direction to begin (attack) the next movement immediately, without a gap or pause.
- Ausdruck (Gr.) "expression".
- ausdrucksvoll (Gr.) "expressively".
- avec (Fr.) "with".
- barbaro "barbarous"
- basso continuo a bass part played continuously throughout a piece to give harmonic structure. Used especially in the Baroque era.
- bellicoso "warlike," aggressive
- ben "well" (as in ben marcato = well marked).
- bewegt (Gr.) "moved", "speeded"
- bis "again," "twice."
- Bisbigliando "whispering" a special tremolo effect on the harp where a chord or note is rapidly repeated at a low volume.
- bocca chiusa with closed mouth.
- brillante "brilliantly," "with sparkle."
- brio "vigour"; usually in con brio (see next).
- brioso or con brio "vigorously."
- broken chord a chord in which the notes are not all played at once, but in some more or less consistent sequence. They may follow singly one after the other, or two notes may be immediately followed by another two, for example. See also arpeggio in this list, which as an accompaniment pattern may be seen as a kind of broken chord; see Alberti bass.
- bruscamente "brusquely".
- calando "lowering"; getting slower and softer - rit. and dim.
- cambiare "change" Any change, such as to a new instrument.
- cantabile "singingly."
- capo beginning.
- capriccioso "capriciously"
- cιdez (Fr) "to give way"
- cesura or caesura often called "railroad tracks"; indicates complete break in sound.
- chiuso "closed" calls for a horn to be muted by hand.
- coda Closing section of a movement.
- col legno "with the wood"; indicates that the strings are to be struck with the wood of the bow; also battuta col legno: "beaten with the wood."
- coloratura "coloration" Elaborate ornamentation of a vocal line.
- col pugno "with the fist"; bang the piano with the fist.
- come prima like the first (tempo), as before
- come sopra like the previous (tempo)
- common time is the time signature 4/4: four beats per measure, each beat a quarter note (a crotchet) in length. 4/4 is often written on the musical staff as C. The symbol is not a "C" as an abbreviation for "common time", but a broken circle: the full circle at one time stood for triple time, 3/4.
- comodo "comfortable" At moderate speed.
- con "with," in very many musical directions, for example con allegrezza ("with liveliness"), con amore ("with tenderness").
- con amor "with love" Tenderly.
- con brio "with spirit."
- con fuoco "with fire" In a fiery manner.
- con moto "with motion."
- con slancio "with enthusiasm."
- con sordino "with the mute."
- coperti on a drum, muted with a cloth.
- crescendo progressively louder. Cf. diminuendo.
- cut time same as the meter 2/2: two half-note (minim) beats per measure. Notated and played like common time (4/4), except with the beat lengths halved. Indicated by three quarters of a circle with a vertical line through it, which resembles the cent symbol ’. This comes from a literal "cut" of the C symbol of common time. Thus, a quarter note in cut time is only half a beat long, and a measure has only two beats. See also alla breve.
- da capo from beginning.
- deciso "decisively"
- decrescendo, diminuendo or dim. "dwindling" Play with gradually decreasing volume (cf. crescendo).
- delicatamente "delicately"
- dissonante "dissonant"
- divisi (or div.) means literally "divided": in a part in which several musicians normally play exactly the same notes they are instead to split the playing of the written simultaneous notes among themselves. It is most often used for string instruments. (The return from divisi is marked unisono: see in this list.)
- devoto "religiously"
- dolce "sweetly"
- dolcissimo "very sweetly"
- dolente "sorrowfully"
- doloroso "painfully"
- D.S. al coda (or dal segno al coda) "from the sign to the coda": means to return to a place in the music designated by the "sign" (a marking resembling a letter S with a diagonal through it and a dot to either side) and continue until directed to move to the coda, a separate ending section
- D.S. al fine (or dal segno al fine) "from the sign to the end": means to return to a place in the music designated by the sign and continue to the end of the piece
- dynamics refers to the relative volumes in the execution of a piece of music. See dynamics (music).
- Empfindung "Feeling" (Ger.)
- encore "once more" (direction to play section again) (Fre.)
- enfatico "emphatically"
- eroico "heroically"
- espirando "gasping", dying away
- espressivo "expressively"
- estinto "as soft as possible," "lifeless" (literally "extinguished").
- facile "easily"
- feroce "ferociously"
- fieramente "proudly"
- fine "the end," often in phrases like al fine ("to the end").
- flebile "mournfully"
- focoso "passionately"
- forte usually marked with f: to be played or sung loudly. The term fortissimo, or ff, means "very loudly." See dynamics.
- fortepiano 1. loud, then immediately soft (see dynamics); 2. an early pianoforte.
- fortissimo as loudly as possible (see note at pianissimo)
- forzando or fz. See sforzando
- fresco "freshly"
- fuoco "fire"; "con fuoco" means "with fire."
- furioso "wildly"
- gaudioso with joy
- gentile "gently"
- geschwind (Gr.) "quickly."
- getragen (Gr.) "sustainedly."
- giocoso "gayly."
- giusto strictly, exactly.
- glissando a continuous sliding from one pitch to another (a "true" glissando), or an incidental scale played while moving from one melodic note to another (an "effective" glissando). See glissando for further information; and compare portamento in this list.
- grandioso "grandly"
- grazioso "gracefully."
- gustoso "gusto";
- Hauptstimme (Gr.) "chief part", that designates the contrapuntal line of primary importance, in opposition to Nebenstimme.
- immer (Gr.) "always."
- imperioso "imperiously"
- impetuoso "impetuously."
- improvisando with improvisation
- in altissimo play an octave higher.
- incalzando "getting faster and louder." (the exact opposite of calando).
- in modo di "in the art of"
- infurianto "furiously"
- intimo "intimately"
- irato "angrily"
- krδftig (Gr.) "strongly."
- lacrimoso "sadly" (literally "tearfully")
- lamentando "complaining"
- lamentoso "mournfully"
- langsam (Gr.) "slowly"
- larghetto "somewhat slowly"; not as slow as largo.
- largo "slowly."
- legato "smoothly"; in a connected manner. See articulation.
- leggiero "lightly", "delicately"
- lent (Fr.) "slowly"
- lento "slowly"
- libero "(I) liberate"
- loco play as written (generally used to cancel an 8va direction)
- lugubre "lugubrious"
- luminoso "luminously"
- lusingando "coaxingly"
- ma "but."
- ma non troppo "but not too much."
- maestoso "in a stately fashion," "majestically."
- magico "magically"
- magnifico "magnificent"
- malinconico "melancholy"
- mano destra [played with the] right hand (abbreviation: MD).
- mano sinistra [played with the] left hand (abbreviation: MS).
- marcato play every note as though it is accented.
- marcia a march; alla marcia means "in the manner of a march."
- martellato hammered out.
- marzial "martially."
- mδssig (Gr.) "moderately."
- MD see mano destra.
- melancolico "melancholic"
- meno "less"; see meno mosso, for example, under mosso.
- mesto mournful, sad
- mezza voce "with subdued or moderated volume," literally "half voice."
- mezzo "half"; used in combinations like mezzo forte (mf), meaning "moderately loud."
- mezzo forte "half loudly" Directs the musician to play moderately loud. See dynamics.
- mezzo piano "half softly" Directs the musician to play moderately soft. See dynamics.
- mezzo-soprano a female singer with a range usually extending from the A below middle C to the F an eleventh above middle C. Mezzo-sopranos generally have a darker vocal tone than sopranos, and their vocal range is between that of a soprano and that of an alto.
- mobile "flexible", "changeable"
- moderato "moderate," often combined with other terms, for example, "allegro moderato".
- modesto "modest"
- molto "very"
- morendo "dying away" in tone or tempo.
- mosso "motion"; used in conjunction with "piω" or "meno", respectively, for more movingly or less movingly (about tempo).
- MS see mano sinistra.
- moto "Motion." Usually seen as "con moto," meaning "with motion" or "quickly."
- munter (Gr.) "lively".
- naturale, nat. "resume normal playing mode." This important instruction is necessary to discontinue a 'special effect' such as col legno, sul tasto, sul ponticello or playing in harmonics.
- Nebenstimme (Gr.) "under part." A secondary contrapuntal part, always occurring simultaneously with, and subsidiary to, the Hauptstimme.
- nicht zu schnell (Gr.) "not too fast."
- nobile "in a noble fashion".
- notes inιgales (Fr.) unequal notes; a principally Baroque performance practice of applying long-short rhythms to pairs of notes written as equal.
- omaggio "celebration"
- ossia Denotes an alternative way of performing a passage often notated with a footnote, additional small notes, or an additional staff.
- ostinato A short musical pattern that is repeated throughout an entire composition or portion of a composition.
- passionato "passionately"
- pesante "heavy and ponderous."
- peu ΰ peu little by little
- pianissimo (pp) a directive to play very softly, even softer than piano. This convention can be extended; the more p's that are written, the softer the composer wants the musician to play, thus ppp (pianississimo) would be softer than pp.
Note: it should be noted that any dynamics in a piece should always be played relative to the other dynamics found in the music. Thus, pp should be played as softly as possible, but if ppp is found later in the piece, pp should be markedly louder than ppp. Likewise, ff should be played as loud as possible, but if fff is found later in the piece, ff should be noticeably quieter. More than three p's is uncommon, because it is hard to distinguish the difference between three ps and ten ps!
- piano marked p, a directive to play or sing softly. See dynamics.
- piacevole "pleasant."
- piangevole "plaintive"; in the style of a lament.
- piω "more"; see mosso for an example.
- pizzicato "plucked," in music for bowed strings; as opposed to arco, which means "played with the bow", and which is inserted to cancel a pizzicato direction.
- pochettino (poch) "rather little."
- poco "a little", as in poco piω allegro ("a little faster"), for example.
- poco a poco "little by little."
- poi "then," indicating a subsequent instruction in a sequence; diminuendo poi subito fortissimo, for example: "getting softer then suddenly very loud."
- portamento 1. generally, sliding in pitch from one note to another (especially in singing; more often called glissando in instrumental music); 2. in piano music, an articulation between legato and staccato, like portato, in this list.
- portato non-legato but not as short as staccato (same as portamento , in this list).
- posato "settled"
- precipitato "precipitately."
- prestissimo "extremely quickly."
- presto "very quickly."
- prima volta "the first time"; for example prima volta senza accompanimento ("the first time without accompaniment").
- primo "first."
- quasi "as if," "almost."
- rallentando (rall.) "progressively slower".
- rapido "fast."
- rasch (Gr.) "fast."
- religioso "religiously"
- repente "suddenly."
- restez (Fr.) remain on a note or string.
- rinforzando (rf) "stressed by extra force"; sometimes like a sudden crescendo, but often applied to a single note.
- risoluto "Resolutely" played in a bold manner.
- ritardando (rit.) "progressively slower."
- ritenuto (riten.) "holding back," or "slower" (usually more so than a ritardando; and it may, unlike ritardando, apply to a single note).
- roulade (Fr.) a florid vocal phrase.
- rubato flexibility of tempo, within a musical phrase, for expressive effect.
- sanft "gently" (Ger.)
- scherzando "playfully."
- scherzo "a joke."
- schneller (Gr.) "faster."
- scordatura an alternate tuning used for the open strings of a string instrument.
- secco "(I) dry"
- sempre "always."
- senza "without."
- senza sordino "without mute."
- serioso "seriously"
- sforzando or sfz A sudden strong accent.
- silencio silence.
- simile "similarly"i.e. continue applying the preceding directive, whatever it was, to the following passage.
- smorzando (or smorz.) smother the notes; "dying away."
- soave "smoothly."
- solo, plural soli "alone"; played by a single instrument. A soli requires more than one player; in a jazz big band this refers to an entire section playing in harmony.
- sostenuto "sustainedly."
- sotto voce soft tones, literally "under voice" used as a direction instructing the singer or instrumentalist to proceed in a more understated or more subtle fashion.
- spiritoso "spiritedly."
- staccato an indication to play with a sharp attack, and briefly. In music notation a small dot under or over the note indicates that the note is to be sounded staccato.
- stanza "a verse of a song".
- strepitoso "noisy".
- stretto faster.
- stringendo with a pressing forward or acceleration of the tempo.
- subito "suddenly."
- sul ponticello in string playing, an indication to bow very near to the bridge, producing a characteristic glassy sound, which emphasizes the higher harmonics at the expense of the fundamental.
- sul tasto in string playing, an indication to bow over the fingerboard.
- tempo "time" The speed of a piece of music.
- teneramente tenderly
- tenuto "held" an instruction to touch on a note slightly longer than usual, but without generally altering the note's value.
- tremendo "frightening"
- tremolo a rapid repetition of the same note, or an alternation between two or more notes. It can also be intended (inaccurately) to mean a rapid and repetitive variation in pitch for the duration of a note (see vibrato). It is notated by a strong diagonal bar across the note stem, or a detached bar for a set of notes (or stemless notes).
- tre corde (tc; sometimes inaccurately tre corda) literally "three strings"; an instruction to release the soft pedal (in piano music). See una corda.
- troppo "too much" Usually seen as "non troppo," meaning "moderately" or, when combined with other terms, "not too much," such as "Allegro non troppo."
- tutti "all together," usually used in an orchestral or choral score when the orchestra or all of the voices come in at the same time, also seen in baroque-era music where two instruments share the same copy of music, after one instrument breaks off to play a more advanced form, and they both play at the "tutti." See also: ripieno.
- una corda "one string" a directive in piano music for the musician to depress the soft pedal, reducing the volume of the sound. In some pianos, this literally results in the hammer striking one string rather than two or three. (For most notes on modern instruments, in fact it results in striking two rather than three strings.) Its counterpart, tre corde ("three strings"; see in this list), is the opposite: the soft pedal is to be released.
- un poco "a little."
- unisono (or unis) "in unison" several players are to play exactly the same notes within the written part, as opposed to splitting simultaneous notes among themselves. Often used to mark the return from divisi (see in this list).
- vibrato A slight variation in the pitch of a note, used to give a richer sound. Often confused with tremolo, which refers either to variation in the volume of a note, or rapid repetition of a single note.
- vittorioso "victoriously"
- vivace "lively," "up-tempo."
- vivacissimo "very lively"
- volante "flying"
- V.S. (volti subito) "turn page quickly". Found often in orchestral parts.
- wolno A Polish word meaning "loose" or "slowly". Found as directive in "The Elephant" from "Carnival of the Animals" by Saint-Saens. Rarely used and hard to find.
(Musical Terminology courtesy of Wikipedia)
If you don't find a word or term in the listing above, try one of the Glossaries
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0fa21472-a75e-4fae-b31e-e8c0218c13ee | Across country, more more | interdisciplinary | practical_application | Across the country, more and more schools are implementing online and/or blended learning programs in response to student demands for more individualized and relevant learning opportunities. The eLearn Institute has a wide array of resources available to help schools succeed in their quest to implement effective programs. The eLearn Institute will provide individuals, schools, and state departments of education with multiple formats of professional development services that are aimed at building individual and organizational capacity and sustainability as they relate to online and blended learning.
The following courses are available through the eLearn Collaborative:
Learning Management Systems Basics
Self-paced 3 week course.15 Clock Hours Participants will learn the basic functionalities of learning management systems. Navigation, facilitation, data analytics, class support features, building content, applications and networks. Various learning management systems will be introduced along with learning about unique advantages or features within each system.
Introduction to Blended Learning
3 week course. 15 Clock Hours. Introduction to online and blended learning models. Participants will learn about various blended learning instructional models and how to determine the best approach to implementing blended learning in their classrooms. The course includes the Quality Standards for Online and Blended Learning from the International Association of K-12 Online Learning (iNACOL). Teacher role and expectations. Using synchronous tools for virtual instruction. Student engagement and support. Participants walk away with a basic understanding of the essential elements in blended learning and the various instructional models. This course is recommended to be followed by Instructional Best Practice in Blended Learning course.
Instructional Best Practice in Blended Learning
3-week course. 15 clock hours. This course provides teachers with the opportunity to study aspects of best instructional practices and strategies in blended learning in order to reflect and refine blended learning teaching practices so as to implement a lesson in a blended learning model (a focus on the Flipped Model). Participants will also explore instructional differences and similarities between being a content expert and an expert facilitator.
In addition, participants will review respond, design and implement the following in a blended setting:
This is a course rich in reflection, discussion and collaboration. Weekly participation through online discussions, collaborative blogs and assignments will lead to deeper understanding of how to refine teaching practices and skillfully design a lesson for blended learning model.
Project Based Learning in a Blended Environment
3-week course. 15 clock hours. Get your “hands-on” this course! Participants are introduced to project-based learning in a blended classroom in this three-week course. Those enrolled will identify elements that constitute project-based activities based on research findings, determining the most effective instructional practices. Additionally, through instructional videos, discussion threads, and myriad resources and tools, participants will learn how to develop and assess project-based activities relevant to their content. Participants will be able to apply the basic guidelines and best practice of project-based learning into their classroom instruction.
Creating Digital Content for Blended Learning
3-week course. 15 clock hours. This course is designed for groups of district staff (teachers, curriculum developers, instructional coaches, etc.) to create digital content to be used for blended learning. Participants will learn how to digitize content they currently use in their instruction to a learning management system that supports blended learning while adhering to best practice in digital course design. Alignment with National Standards of Quality for Online Courses by the International Association for K-12 Online Learning (iNACOL). The course will follow quality guidelines for digital course content, instructional design, technology, student assessment, and content management. By the end of the session, participants will master the skills to create content that for immediate use in their current and future class instruction.
*Members will have access to all courses developed from all training sessions and all other content in the repository for one year.
**All content created through this training will come with an MOU between district/school and eLearn Collaborative for license to share with members via the repository.
Digital Content/Online Course Development Training
12-week course. 60 clock hours. (30 facilitated hours) This training course is designed for groups of district staff (teachers, curriculum developers, instructional coaches, etc.) on digital course development. Participants will learn best practices in online course design along with aligning to common core. Build activities that are engaging to students. Alignment with National Standards of Quality for Online Courses by the International Association for K-12 Online Learning (iNACOL). The course will follow quality guidelines for digital course content, instructional design, technology, student assessment, and course management. By the end of the session, participants will each create a course for their immediate use. Sessions require a minimum of 5 participants and are limited to 15 participants per session. | 0.65 | medium | 6 | 963 | [
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ae2f8c02-9348-4e80-aad7-f32f679f996b | English Premier League richest | technology | problem_set | The English Premier League is the richest soccer league in the world. Only the NFL in the U.S. can compare to the EPL in revenue, though the latter has a larger global audience. Millions of fans around the world watch every week as some of the best soccer clubs in the world battle for supremacy. Whether you’re a new fan after the 2018 World Cup or you’ve been watching since the league’s inception, if you want to know how Premier League works, you’ve come to the right place.
The Premier League is a simple league, but there are some not-so-simple aspects. It is similar to most other European leagues, but not similar to most American leagues.
So let’s examine how Premier League works in all facets, from the format to promotion/relegation.
How Premier League Works
When Did The Premier League Start?
The Premier League began play in August of 1992.
The First Division clubs all left the English Football League to start their own league earlier in 1992. The competition format and teams stayed the same as when the clubs were in the First Division, only now the clubs could make more money off TV rights.
How Many Teams In Premier League?
There are 20 teams in the English Premier League each season.
The league started with 22 teams in 1992. The Premier League reduced its numbers to 20 at the start of the 1995-96 season, which has held firm since.
What Is The Premier League Format?
The Premier League uses the fairest way to determine a champion in sports, one that is used throughout European club soccer.
Each of the 20 teams plays the other 19 teams twice — once at home and once away — for a total of 38 matches. Three points are awarded for a win and one point for a draw. The team with the most points at the end of the season is declared champion.
Tiebreakers, if necessary, are goal differential and goals scored. If the teams are still tied after the tiebreakers, the clubs have a playoff at a neutral site only if the position of the clubs is required to determine the championship, relegation or qualification for European competition.
What Is Promotion/Relegation And How Does It Work In Premier League?
The three last-place clubs in the Premier League are relegated to the English Football League Championship, the second tier of English football.
There are no playoffs for relegation — at the end of the season the three teams on the bottom of the table are automatically sent down.
The three relegated clubs are replaced by three teams promoted from the EFL Championship. The Championship, which has 24 teams, also plays a double round-robin and sends the top two finishers to the Premier League automatically. The teams finishing third through sixth enter a playoff. The semifinals are played over two legs each while the final is a single match, usually at Wembley Stadium in London. The winner joins the other two clubs in the Premier League next season.
How Rich Is The Premier League?
The English Premier League makes its teams on average $308.8 million per club in revenue. The only league that makes its teams more money is the National Football League in the U.S., which earns its teams $388.3 million apiece. The German Bundesliga is the next-richest soccer league, doling out $218.6 million per club.
Who Has The Most Premier League Titles?
The Premier League, like many other European leagues over the last quarter century, has been dominated by a small handful of clubs. Only six clubs have won the league and two of those only won it once and can be considered aberrations.
Manchester United is by far the most dominant, having won 13 titles over the 26 campaigns. Chelsea comes in second with five while Arsenal and Manchester City have three apiece.
Blackburn Rovers won in 1994-95 before the Top Four dominance took root while Leicester City’s win in 2015-16 was one of the greatest underdog stories in modern sports.
Who Will Win The 2018-19 Premier League?
Based on the above list of Premier League titles, one would expect Manchester United, Chelsea, Manchester City or Arsenal to win. It would be hard to bet against Manchester City, which set all sorts of records in winning the title last year. But no club has repeated as champion since United won three straight from 2006-2009.
What Are The FA Cup And League Cup?
In addition to league play, all Premier League clubs also compete in the FA Cup and League Cup.
The FA Cup is the oldest national soccer competition in the world, dating back to 1871. It includes the top 10 divisions of English football in a tournament. The Premier League clubs join in at the Third Round Proper. Arsenal holds the record for most FA Cup titles with 13.
The League Cup, currently named the Carabao Cup for sponsorship reasons, is a similar tournament but for clubs in England’s top four tiers. It dates back to 1960 and Liverpool’s eight titles stand as the most of any club.
What Is The Champions League And Who Enters From The Premier League? What Is The Europa League?
The Champions League is Europe’s top club competition, featuring the top clubs from each league in UEFA. In England, the top four clubs from the prior season are entered into the Champions League. Read all about the Champions League and how it works here.
The Europa League is Europe’s second-tier competition. The fifth-place team in the Premier League is automatically entered into the Europa League while the other two spots go to the winners of the FA Cup and League Cup. If those cup winners are already in the Champions League or Europa League, the sixth- and/or seventh-place Premier League clubs are entered into the Europa League.
What Does The Premier League Winner Win?
In addition to a nice trophy, the Premier League winner receives a hefty chunk of prize money.
Last season, Manchester City took home $52.2 million in prize money for a total payout of $201.9 million. Second-place Manchester United actually took home more money overall with $202.35 million because it appeared on TV more often.
Who Has Scored The Most Premier League Goals?
Alan Shearer owns the record for most Premier League goals ever with 260 for Newcastle and Blackburn Rovers. Wayne Rooney is second with 208.
Ryan Giggs owns the record for most assists with 162.
How Do You Watch Premier League In U.S.?
In the United States, viewers can watch most Premier League matches on either NBC or NBCSN in English and Telemundo Deportes in Spanish.
While most of these matches are available to cable subscribers of these channels, NBC Sports places some matches behind a pay wall under its NBC Sports Gold package, which allows viewers to watch matches not on TV via online streaming.
In the UK, the rights are spread out between Sky Sports and BT Sport.
When Does Premier League Season Start?
The 2018-19 season begins Friday, Aug. 10, 2018, when Leicester City takes on Manchester United. The remaining clubs open their season on Saturday, Aug. 11, or Sunday, Aug. 12.
When Does Premier League Season End?
The final matches of the season will be held concurrently on Sunday, May 12, 2019. | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 1,659 | [
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b87b188e-33d6-4516-9543-049d14669921 | Description from Flora of China | science | historical_context | Description from Flora of China
Herbs, shrubs, or trees, sometimes climbing; indumentum of simple or T-shaped hairs and sessile globose glands. Leaves alternate, rarely opposite, petiolate or subsessile, often ill-defined, margin entire, serrate, or dentate, pinnately veined. Synflorescence terminal or axillary, paniculate, densely clustered to laxly corymbose, sometimes thyrsoid, racemelike, or reduced to solitary capitulum. Involucre bowl-shaped to narrowly cylindric; phyllaries imbricate, to 6-seriate, often with scarious margins, apex obtuse, acute, or acuminate into spinescent or threadlike tip, outer phyllaries shorter, inner occasionally caducous. Receptacle flat, areolate, naked or sometimes shortly hairy. Florets (1-)3-100+; corolla pink, purplish, rarely white, narrowly tubular, often glandular, with campanulate or campanulate-funnelform limb; lobes 5. Anthers hastate, obtusely auricled. Style branches subulate, puberulent. Achenes cylindric or obconical, mostly with (7-)10 well-defined ribs, less often 4- or 5-ribbed or angled, rarely terete, usually glandular between ribs, glabrous or shortly hairy, apex truncate, often callose at base. Pappus usually double, outer pappus of short bristles or narrow scales, occasionally absent, inner pappus of many scabrid-barbellate-plumose bristles, deciduous or persistent, often colored.
Robinson (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 112: 220-247. 1999; in Kadereit & C. Jeffrey, Fam. Gen. Vasc. Pl. 8: 149-175. 2007) has proposed the segregation of many smaller genera from Vernonia, with Vernonia s.s. restricted to ca. 17 species in North America. Most of his segregates can be rather difficult to delimit, and the placement of individual species is not always easy; so Vernonia continues to be used mostly in its old, very wide, sense. However, there are some segregates that are quite widely accepted. One of these, Distephanus, occurs in China and is recognized in this Flora. The Chinese species are divided below into informal groups corresponding to these potential segregate genera.
Vernonia andersonii C. B. Clarke (Compos. Ind. 27. 1876; Decaneuropsis andersonii (C. B. Clarke) H. Robinson & Skvarla) is included in the following key on the basis of Robinson and Skvarla (Taiwania 55: 262. 2010). All the material so named seen so far by the present authors has proved to be V. cumingiana.
About 1,000 species in the wide sense: tropical Asia and Africa, North and South America; 31 species (eight endemic, one introduced) in China. | 0.6 | high | 4 | 698 | [
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c62b8bea-9d60-4a53-acad-cb2959179cd5 | For Release: Feb. 29, 1996 | science | concept_introduction | For Release: Feb. 29, 1996
Catherine E. Watson
Release No. 96-011
Although the Apollo 13 astronauts never got the chance to explore the geology of the moon, they and their colleagues on the ground demonstrated to the world what NASA could do in situations of grave danger, working under extreme pressure.
Based on his personal experience as a member of the Apollo 13 investigation board, Dr. Hans Mark will describe the accident and the investigative process that uncovered the sequence of events leading to it. Mark will speak Tuesday, March 5 at 2 p.m. at the NASA Langley H.J.E. Reid Conference Center, Hampton, Va.
Mark was named chancellor of The University of Texas System in 1984, and now teaches at the University of Texas-Austin. Before joining the University of Texas, he was deputy administrator of NASA. From 1977 to 1979, Mark was undersecretary of the U.S. Air Force, and was appointed secretary of the Air Force by President Carter in 1979. Mark is the recipient of numerous honors and awards, including two NASA Distinguished Service Medals and the Department of Defense Distinguished Public Service Medal.
A media briefing will be held at 1:15 p.m. in the Wythe Room of the H.J.E. Reid Conference Center. Media who wish to attend this briefing should contact Catherine Watson at (804) 864-6122.
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1e9a2ce2-0e8b-4c26-b67d-f9500ad1815c | Battle of Hastings | interdisciplinary | worked_examples | Battle of Hastings
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The Battle of Hastings was fought on 14 October 1066 between the Norman-French army of Duke William II of Normandy and an English army under the Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson, beginning the Norman conquest of England. It took place approximately 7 miles (11 kilometres) northwest of Hastings, close to the present-day town of Battle, East Sussex, and was a decisive Norman victory.
The background to the battle was the death of the childless King Edward the Confessor in January 1066, which set up a succession struggle between several claimants to his throne. Harold was crowned king shortly after Edward's death, but faced invasions by William, his own brother Tostig and the Norwegian King Harald Hardrada (Harold III of Norway). Hardrada and Tostig defeated a hastily gathered army of Englishmen at the Battle of Fulford on 20 September 1066, and were in turn defeated by Harold at the Battle of Stamford Bridge five days later. The deaths of Tostig and Hardrada at Stamford left William as Harold's only serious opponent. While Harold and his forces were recovering from Stamford, William landed his invasion forces in the south of England at Pevensey on 28 September 1066 and established a beachhead for his conquest of the kingdom. Harold was forced to march south swiftly, gathering forces as he went.
The exact numbers present at the battle are unknown; estimates are around 10,000 for William and about 7,000 for Harold. The composition of the forces is clearer; the English army was composed almost entirely of infantry and had few archers, whereas only about half of the invading force was infantry, the rest split equally between cavalry and archers. Harold appears to have tried to surprise William, but scouts found his army and reported its arrival to William, who marched from Hastings to the battlefield to confront Harold. The battle lasted from about 9 am to dusk. Early efforts of the invaders to break the English battle lines had little effect; therefore, the Normans adopted the tactic of pretending to flee in panic and then turning on their pursuers. Harold's death, probably near the end of the battle, led to the retreat and defeat of most of his army. After further marching and some skirmishes, William was crowned as king on Christmas Day 1066.
Although there continued to be rebellions and resistance to William's rule, Hastings effectively marked the culmination of William's conquest of England. Casualty figures are hard to come by, but some historians estimate that 2,000 invaders died along with about twice that number of Englishmen. William founded a monastery at the site of the battle, the high altar of the abbey church supposedly placed at the spot where Harold died.
- 1 Background
- 2 English army and Harold's preparations
- 3 William's preparations and landing
- 4 Harold moves south
- 5 Battle
- 6 Aftermath
- 7 Notes
- 8 Citations
- 9 References
- 10 External links
In 911 the French Carolingian ruler Charles the Simple allowed a group of Vikings under their leader Rollo to settle in Normandy. Their settlement proved successful,[lower-alpha 1] and they quickly adapted to the indigenous culture, renouncing paganism, converting to Christianity, and intermarrying with the local population. Over time, the frontiers of the duchy expanded to the west. In 1002 King Æthelred II of England married Emma, the sister of Richard II, Duke of Normandy. Their son Edward the Confessor, who spent many years in exile in Normandy, succeeded to the English throne in 1042. This led to the establishment of a powerful Norman interest in English politics, as Edward drew heavily on his former hosts for support, bringing in Norman courtiers, soldiers, and clerics and appointing them to positions of power, particularly in the Church. Childless and embroiled in conflict with the formidable Godwin, Earl of Wessex and his sons, Edward may also have encouraged Duke William of Normandy's ambitions for the English throne.
Succession crisis in England
Following King Edward's death on 5 January 1066,[lower-alpha 2] the lack of a clear heir led to a disputed succession in which several contenders laid claim to the throne of England. Edward's immediate successor was the Earl of Wessex, Harold Godwinson, the richest and most powerful of the English aristocrats and son of Godwin, Edward's earlier opponent. Harold was elected king by the Witenagemot of England and crowned by the Archbishop of York, Ealdred, although Norman propaganda claimed the ceremony was performed by Stigand, the uncanonically elected Archbishop of Canterbury. Harold was at once challenged by two powerful neighbouring rulers. Duke William claimed that he had been promised the throne by King Edward and that Harold had sworn agreement to this. Harald III of Norway, commonly known as Harald Hardrada, also contested the succession. His claim to the throne was based on an agreement between his predecessor Magnus I of Norway, and the earlier King of England Harthacanute, whereby if either died without heir the other would inherit both England and Norway. William and Harald immediately set about assembling troops and ships for separate invasions.[lower-alpha 3]
Tostig and Hardrada's invasions
In early 1066, Harold's exiled brother Tostig Godwinson raided south-eastern England with a fleet he had recruited in Flanders, later joined by other ships from Orkney. Threatened by Harold's fleet, Tostig moved north and raided in East Anglia and Lincolnshire. He was driven back to his ships by the brothers Edwin, Earl of Mercia, and Morcar, Earl of Northumbria. Deserted by most of his followers, he withdrew to Scotland, where he spent the middle of the year recruiting fresh forces. King Harald III of Norway invaded northern England in early September, leading a fleet of more than 300 ships carrying perhaps 15,000 men. Harald's army was further augmented by the forces of Tostig, who supported the Norwegian king's bid for the throne. Advancing on York, the Norwegians occupied the city after defeating a northern English army under Edwin and Morcar on 20 September at the Battle of Fulford.
English army and Harold's preparations
The English army was organised along regional lines, with the fyrd, or local levy, serving under a local magnate – whether an earl, bishop, or sheriff. The fyrd was composed of men who owned their own land, and were equipped by their community to fulfil the king's demands for military forces. For every five hides, or units of land nominally capable of supporting one household, one man was supposed to serve. It appears that the hundred was the main organising unit for the fyrd. As a whole, England could furnish about 14,000 men for the fyrd, when it was called out. The fyrd usually served for two months, except in emergencies. It was rare for the whole national fyrd to be called out; between 1046 and 1065 it was only done three times, in 1051, 1052, and 1065. The king also had a group of personal armsmen, known as housecarls, who formed the backbone of the royal forces. Some earls also had their own forces of housecarls. Thegns, the local landowning elites, either fought with the royal housecarls or attached themselves to the forces of an earl or other magnate. The fyrd and the housecarls both fought on foot, with the major difference between them being the housecarl's superior armour. The English army does not appear to have had a significant number of archers.
Harold had spent mid-1066 on the south coast with a large army and fleet waiting for William to invade. The bulk of his forces were militia who needed to harvest their crops, so on 8 September Harold dismissed the militia and the fleet. Learning of the Norwegian invasion he rushed north, gathering forces as he went, and took the Norwegians by surprise, defeating them at the Battle of Stamford Bridge on 25 September. Harald of Norway and Tostig were killed, and the Norwegians suffered such great losses that only 24 of the original 300 ships were required to carry away the survivors. The English victory came at great cost, as Harold's army was left in a battered and weakened state.
William's preparations and landing
William assembled a large invasion fleet and an army gathered from Normandy and the rest of France, including large contingents from Brittany and Flanders. He spent almost nine months on his preparations, as he had to construct a fleet from nothing.[lower-alpha 4] According to some Norman chronicles, he also secured diplomatic support, although the accuracy of the reports has been a matter of historical debate. The most famous claim is that Pope Alexander II gave a papal banner as a token of support, which only appears in William of Poitiers's account, and not in more contemporary narratives. In April 1066 Halley's Comet appeared in the sky, and was widely reported throughout Europe. Contemporary accounts connected the comet's appearance with the succession crisis in England.[lower-alpha 5]
William mustered his forces at Saint-Valery-sur-Somme, and was ready to cross the English Channel by about 12 August. But the crossing was delayed, either because of unfavourable weather or to avoid being intercepted by the powerful English fleet. The Normans crossed to England a few days after Harold's victory over the Norwegians, following the dispersal of Harold's naval force, and landed at Pevensey in Sussex on 28 September.[lower-alpha 6][lower-alpha 7] A few ships were blown off course and landed at Romney, where the Normans fought the local fyrd. After landing, William's forces built a wooden castle at Hastings, from which they raided the surrounding area. More fortifications were erected at Pevensey.
Norman forces at Hastings
The exact numbers and composition of William's force are unknown. A contemporary document claims that William had 776 ships, but this may be an inflated figure. Figures given by contemporary writers are highly exaggerated, varying from 14,000 to 150,000. Modern historians have offered a range of estimates for the size of William's forces: 7,000–8,000 men, 1,000–2,000 of them cavalry; 10,000–12,000 men; 10,000 men, 3,000 of them cavalry; or 7500 men. The army consisted of cavalry, infantry, and archers or crossbowmen, with about equal numbers of cavalry and archers and the foot soldiers equal in number to the other two types combined. Later lists of companions of William the Conqueror are extant, but most are padded with extra names; only about 35 named individuals can be reliably identified as having been with William at Hastings.[lower-alpha 8]
The main armour used was chainmail hauberks, usually knee-length, with slits to allow riding, some with sleeves to the elbows. Some hauberks may have been made of scales attached to a tunic, with the scales made of metal, horn or hardened leather. Headgear was usually a conical metal helmet with a band of metal extending down to protect the nose. Horsemen and infantry carried shields. The infantryman's shield was usually round and made of wood, with reinforcement of metal. Horsemen had changed to a kite-shaped shield and were usually armed with a lance. The couched lance, carried tucked against the body under the right arm, was a relatively new refinement and was probably not used at Hastings; the terrain was unfavourable for long cavalry charges. Both the infantry and cavalry usually fought with a straight sword, long and double-edged. The infantry could also use javelins and long spears. Some of the cavalry may have used a mace instead of a sword. Archers would have used a self bow or a crossbow, and most would not have had armour.
Harold moves south
After defeating his brother Tostig and Harald Hardrada in the north, Harold left much of his forces in the north, including Morcar and Edwin, and marched the rest of his army south to deal with the threatened Norman invasion. It is unclear when Harold learned of William's landing, but it was probably while he was travelling south. Harold stopped in London, and was there for about a week before Hastings, so it is likely that he spent about a week on his march south, averaging about 27 miles (43 kilometres) per day, for the approximately 200 miles (320 kilometres). Harold camped at Caldbec Hill on the night of 13 October, near what was described as a "hoar-apple tree". This location was about 8 miles (13 kilometres) from William's castle at Hastings.[lower-alpha 9] Some of the early contemporary French accounts mention an emissary or emissaries sent by Harold to William, which is likely. Nothing came of these efforts.
Although Harold attempted to surprise the Normans, William's scouts reported the English arrival to the duke. The exact events preceding the battle are obscure, with contradictory accounts in the sources, but all agree that William led his army from his castle and advanced towards the enemy. Harold had taken a defensive position at the top of Senlac Hill (present-day Battle, East Sussex), about 6 miles (9.7 kilometres) from William's castle at Hastings.
English forces at Hastings
The exact number of soldiers in Harold's army is unknown. The contemporary records do not give reliable figures; some Norman sources give 400,000 to 1,200,000 men on Harold's side.[lower-alpha 10] The English sources generally give very low figures for Harold's army, perhaps to make the English defeat seem less devastating. Recent historians have suggested figures of between 5,000 and 13,000 for Harold's army at Hastings, and most modern historians argue for a figure of 7,000–8,000 English troops. These men would have been a mix of the fyrd and housecarls. Few individual Englishmen are known to have been at Hastings; about 20 named individuals can reasonably be assumed to have fought with Harold at Hastings, including Harold's brothers Gyrth and Leofwine and two other relatives.[lower-alpha 11]
The English army consisted entirely of infantry. It is possible that some of the higher class members of the army rode to battle, but when battle was joined they dismounted to fight on foot.[lower-alpha 12] The core of the army was made up of housecarls, full-time professional soldiers. Their armour consisted of a conical helmet, a mail hauberk, and a shield, which might be either kite-shaped or round. Most housecarls fought with the two-handed Danish battleaxe, but they could also carry a sword. The rest of the army was made up of levies from the fyrd, also infantry but more lightly armoured and not professionals. Most of the infantry would have formed part of the shield wall, in which all the men in the front ranks locked their shields together. Behind them would have been axemen and men with javelins as well as archers.
Background and location
Because many of the primary accounts contradict each other at times, it is impossible to provide a description of the battle that is beyond dispute. The only undisputed facts are that the fighting began at 9 am on Saturday 14 October 1066 and that the battle lasted until dusk. Sunset on the day of the battle was at 4:54 pm, with the battlefield mostly dark by 5:54 pm and in full darkness by 6:24 pm. Moonrise that night was not until 11:12 pm, so once the sun set, there was little light on the battlefield. William of Jumieges reports that Duke William kept his army armed and ready against a surprise night attack for the entire night before. The battle took place 7 miles (11 km) north of Hastings at the present-day town of Battle, between two hills – Caldbec Hill to the north and Telham Hill to the south. The area was heavily wooded, with a marsh nearby. The name traditionally given to the battle is unusual – there were several settlements much closer to the battlefield than Hastings. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle called it the battle "at the hoary apple tree". Within 40 years, the battle was also known as "Senlac",[lower-alpha 13] a Norman-French adaptation of the Old English word "Sandlacu", which means "sandy water".[lower-alpha 14] This may have been the name of the stream that crosses the battlefield.[lower-alpha 15] The battle was already being referred to as "bellum Hasestingas" or "Battle of Hastings" by 1087, in the Domesday Book.
Sunrise was at 6:48 am that morning, and reports of the day record that it was unusually bright. The weather conditions are not recorded. The route that the English army took to the battlefield is not known precisely. Several roads are possible: one, an old Roman road that ran from Rochester to Hastings has long been favoured because of a large coin hoard found nearby in 1876. Another possibility is a Roman road between London and Lewes and then over local tracks to the battlefield. Some accounts of the battle indicate that the Normans advanced from Hastings to the battlefield, but the contemporary account of William of Jumieges places the Normans at the site of the battle the night before. Most historians incline towards the former view, but M. K. Lawson argues that William of Jumieges's account is correct.
Dispositions of forces and tactics
Most recent historians conclude that Harold's forces deployed in a small, dense formation around the top of Caldbec Hill, with their flanks protected by woods and a stream and marshy ground in front of them. Lawson points out the possibility that the English line was a bit longer and extended enough to anchor on one of the streams nearby. The English formed a shield wall, with the front ranks holding their shields close together or even overlapping to provide protection from attack.
More is known about the Norman deployment. Duke William appears to have arranged his forces in three groups, or "battles", which roughly corresponded to their origins. The left units were the Bretons, along with those from Anjou, Poitou and Maine. This division was led by Alan the Red, a relative of the Breton count. The centre was held by the Normans, under the direct command of the duke and with many of his relatives and kinsmen grouped around the ducal party. The final division on the right consisted of the Frenchmen, along with some men from Picardy, Boulogne, and Flanders. The right was commanded by William fitzOsbern and Count Eustace II of Boulogne. The front lines were archers with a line of foot soldiers armed with spears behind. There were probably a few crossbowmen and slingers in with the archers. The cavalry was held in reserve, and a small group of clergymen and servants situated at the base of Telham Hill was not expected to take part in the fighting.
William's disposition of his forces implies that he planned to open the battle with archers in the front rank weakening the enemy with arrows, followed by infantry who would engage in close combat. The infantry would create openings in the English lines that could be exploited by a cavalry charge to break through the English forces and pursue the fleeing soldiers.
Beginning of the battle
The battle opened with the Norman archers shooting uphill at the English shield wall, to little effect. The uphill angle meant that the arrows either bounced off the shields of the English or overshot their targets and flew over the top of the hill.[lower-alpha 16] The lack of English archers hampered the Norman archers, as there were few English arrows to be gathered up and reused. After the attack from the archers, William sent the spearmen forward to attack the English. They were met with a barrage of missiles, not arrows but spears, axes and stones. The infantry was unable to force openings in the shield wall, and the cavalry advanced in support. The cavalry also failed to make headway, and a general retreat began, blamed on the Breton division on William's left. A rumour started that the duke had been killed, which added to the confusion. The English forces began to pursue the fleeing invaders, but William rode through his forces, showing his face and yelling that he was still alive. The duke then led a counter-attack against the pursuing English forces; some of the English rallied on a hillock before being overwhelmed.
It is not known whether the English pursuit was ordered by Harold or if it was spontaneous. Wace relates that Harold ordered his men to stay in their formations but no other account gives this detail. The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the death of Harold's brothers Gyrth and Leofwine occurring just before the fight around the hillock. This may mean that the two brothers led the pursuit. The Carmen de Hastingae Proelio relates a different story for the death of Gyrth, stating that the duke slew Harold's brother in combat, perhaps thinking that Gyrth was Harold. William of Poitiers states that the bodies of Gyrth and Leofwine were found near Harold's, implying that they died late in the battle. It is possible that if the two brothers died early in the fighting their bodies were taken to Harold, thus accounting for their being found near his body after the battle. The military historian Peter Marren speculates that if Gyrth and Leofwine died early in the battle, that may have influenced Harold to stand and fight to the end.
A lull probably occurred early in the afternoon, and a break for rest and food would probably have been needed. William may have also needed time to implement a new strategy, which may have been inspired by the English pursuit and subsequent rout by the Normans. If the Normans could send their cavalry against the shield wall and then draw the English into more pursuits, breaks in the English line might form. William of Poitiers says the tactic was used twice. Although arguments have been made that the chroniclers' accounts of this tactic were meant to excuse the flight of the Norman troops from battle, this is unlikely as the earlier flight was not glossed over. It was a tactic used by other Norman armies during the period.[lower-alpha 17] Some historians have argued that the story of the use of feigned flight as a deliberate tactic was invented after the battle; most historians agree that it was used by the Normans at Hastings.
Although the feigned flights did not break the lines, they probably thinned out the housecarls in the English shield wall. The housecarls were replaced with members of the fyrd, and the shield wall held. Archers appear to have been used again before and during an assault by the cavalry and infantry led by the duke. Although 12th-century sources state that the archers were ordered to shoot at a high angle to shoot over the front of the shield wall, there is no trace of such an action in the more contemporary accounts. It is not known how many assaults were launched against the English lines, but some sources record various actions by both Normans and Englishmen that took place during the afternoon's fighting. The Carmen claims that Duke William had two horses killed under him during the fighting, but William of Poitiers's account states that it was three.
Death of Harold
Harold appears to have died late in the battle, although accounts in the various sources are contradictory. William of Poitiers only mentions his death, without giving any details on how it occurred. The Tapestry is not helpful, as it shows a figure holding an arrow sticking out of his eye next to a falling fighter being hit with a sword. Over both figures is a statement "Here King Harold has been killed". It is not clear which figure is meant to be Harold, or if both are meant.[lower-alpha 18] The earliest written mention of the traditional account of Harold dying from an arrow to the eye dates to the 1080s from a history of the Normans written by an Italian monk, Amatus of Montecassino.[lower-alpha 19] William of Malmesbury stated that Harold died from an arrow to the eye that went into the brain, and that a knight wounded Harold at the same time. Wace repeats the arrow-to-the-eye account. The Carmen states that Duke William killed Harold, but this is unlikely, as such a feat would have been recorded elsewhere. The account of William of Jumièges is even more unlikely, as it has Harold dying in the morning, during the first fighting. The Chronicle of Battle Abbey states that no one knew who killed Harold, as it happened in the press of battle. A modern biographer of Harold, Ian Walker, states that Harold probably died from an arrow in the eye, although he also says it is possible that Harold was struck down by a Norman knight while mortally wounded in the eye. Another biographer of Harold, Peter Rex, after discussing the various accounts, concludes that it is not possible to declare how Harold died.
Harold's death left the English forces leaderless, and they began to collapse. Many of them fled, but the soldiers of the royal household gathered around Harold's body and fought to the end. The Normans began to pursue the fleeing troops, and except for a rearguard action at a site known as the "Malfosse", the battle was over. Exactly what happened at the Malfosse, or "Evil Ditch", and where it took place, is unclear. It occurred at a small fortification or set of trenches where some Englishmen rallied and seriously wounded Eustace of Boulogne before being destroyed by Duke William.
Reasons for the outcome
Harold's defeat was probably due to several circumstances. One was the need to defend against two almost simultaneous invasions. The fact that Harold had dismissed his forces in southern England on 8 September also contributed to the defeat. Many historians fault Harold for hurrying south and not gathering more forces before confronting William at Hastings, although it is not clear that the English forces were insufficient to deal with William's forces. Against these arguments for an exhausted English army, the length of the battle, which lasted an entire day, show that the English forces were not tired by their long march. Tied in with the speed of Harold's advance to Hastings is the possibility Harold may not have trusted Earls Edwin of Mercia and Morcar of Northumbria once their enemy Tostig had been defeated, and declined to bring them and their forces south. Modern historians have pointed out that one reason for Harold's rush to battle was to contain William's depredations and keep him from breaking free of his beachhead.
Most of the blame for the defeat probably lies in the events of the battle. William was the more experienced military leader, and in addition the lack of cavalry on the English side allowed Harold fewer tactical options. Some writers have criticised Harold for not exploiting the opportunity offered by the rumoured death of William early in the battle. The English appear to have erred in not staying strictly on the defence, for when they pursued the retreating Normans they exposed their flanks to attack. Whether this was due to the inexperience of the English commanders or the indiscipline of the English soldiers is unclear.[lower-alpha 20] In the end, Harold's death appears to have been decisive, as it signalled the break-up of the English forces in disarray. The historian David Nicolle said of the battle that William's army "demonstrated – not without difficulty – the superiority of Norman-French mixed cavalry and infantry tactics over the Germanic-Scandinavian infantry traditions of the Anglo-Saxons."
The day after the battle, Harold's body was identified, either by his armour or marks on his body.[lower-alpha 21] His personal standard was presented to William, and later sent to the papacy. The bodies of the English dead, including some of Harold's brothers and his housecarls, were left on the battlefield, although some were removed by relatives later. The Norman dead were buried in a large communal grave, which has not been found.[lower-alpha 22] Exact casualty figures are unknown. Of the Englishmen known to be at the battle, the number of dead implies that the death rate was about 50 per cent of those engaged, although this may be too high. Of the named Normans who fought at Hastings, one in seven is stated to have died, but these were all noblemen, and it is probable that the death rate among the common soldiers was higher. Although Orderic Vitalis's figures are highly exaggerated,[lower-alpha 23] his ratio of one in four casualties may be accurate. Marren speculates that perhaps 2,000 Normans and 4,000 Englishmen were killed at Hastings. The Normans buried their dead in mass graves. Reports stated that some of the English dead were still being found on the hillside years later. Although scholars thought for a long time that remains would not be recoverable, due to the acidic soil, recent finds have changed this view. One skeleton that was found in a medieval cemetery, and originally was thought to be associated with the 13th century Battle of Lewes now is thought to be associated with Hastings instead.[lower-alpha 24]
One story relates that Gytha, Harold's mother, offered the victorious duke the weight of her son's body in gold for its custody, but was refused. William ordered that Harold's body be thrown into the sea, but whether that took place is unclear. Another story relates that Harold was buried at the top of a cliff. Waltham Abbey, which had been founded by Harold, later claimed that his body had been secretly buried there. Other legends claimed that Harold did not die at Hastings, but escaped and became a hermit at Chester.
William expected to receive the submission of the surviving English leaders after his victory, but instead Edgar the Ætheling[lower-alpha 25] was proclaimed king by the Witenagemot, with the support of Earls Edwin and Morcar, Stigand, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and Ealdred, the Archbishop of York. William therefore advanced on London, marching around the coast of Kent. He defeated an English force that attacked him at Southwark but was unable to storm London Bridge, forcing him to reach the capital by a more circuitous route.
William moved up the Thames valley to cross the river at Wallingford, where he received the submission of Stigand. He then travelled north-east along the Chilterns, before advancing towards London from the north-west,[lower-alpha 26] fighting further engagements against forces from the city. The English leaders surrendered to William at Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire. William was acclaimed King of England and crowned by Ealdred on 25 December 1066, in Westminster Abbey.
Despite the submission of the English nobles, resistance continued to erupt for several years. There were rebellions in Exeter in late 1067, an invasion by Harold's sons in mid-1068, and an uprising in Northumbria in 1068. In 1069 William faced more troubles from Northumbrian rebels, an invading Danish fleet, and rebellions in the south and west of England. He ruthlessly put down the various risings, culminating in the Harrying of the North in late 1069 and early 1070 that devastated parts of northern England. A further rebellion in 1070 by Hereward the Wake was also defeated by the king, at Ely.
Battle Abbey was founded by William at the site of the battle. According to 12th-century sources, William made a vow to found the abbey, and the high altar of the church was placed at the site where Harold had died. More likely, the foundation was imposed on William by papal legates in 1070. The topography of the battlefield has been altered by subsequent construction work for the abbey, and the slope defended by the English is now much less steep than it was at the time of the battle; the top of the ridge has also been built up and levelled. After the Dissolution of the Monasteries, the abbey's lands passed to secular landowners, who used it as a residence or country house. In 1976 the estate was put up for sale and purchased by the government with the aid of some American donors who wished to honour the 200th anniversary of American independence. The battlefield and abbey grounds are currently owned and administered by English Heritage and are open to the public. The Bayeux Tapestry is an embroidered narrative of the events leading up to Hastings probably commissioned by Odo of Bayeux soon after the battle, perhaps to hang at the bishop's palace at Bayeux.[lower-alpha 27] In modern times annual reenactments of the Battle of Hastings have drawn thousands of participants and spectators to the site of the original battle.
- The Vikings in the region became known as the "Northmen" from which "Normandy" and "Normans" are derived.
- There is some slight confusion in the original sources about the exact date; it was most likely 5 January, but a few contemporary sources give 4 January.
- Other contenders later came to the fore. The first was Edgar Ætheling, Edward the Confessor's great nephew who was a patrilineal descendant of King Edmund Ironside. He was the son of Edward the Exile, son of Edmund Ironside, and was born in Hungary, where his father had fled after the conquest of England by Cnut. After his family's eventual return to England and his father's death in 1057, Edgar had by far the strongest hereditary claim to the throne, but he was only about thirteen or fourteen at the time of Edward the Confessor's death, and with little family to support him, his claim was passed over by the Witan. Another contender was Sweyn II of Denmark, who had a claim to the throne as the grandson of Sweyn Forkbeard and nephew of Cnut, but he did not make his bid for the throne until 1069. Tostig Godwinson's attacks in early 1066 may have been the beginning of a bid for the throne, but after defeat at the hands of Edwin and Morcar and the desertion of most of his followers he threw his lot in with Harald Hardrada.
- The surviving ship list gives 776 ships, contributed by 14 different Norman nobles. This list does not include William's flagship, the Mora, given to him by his wife, Matilda of Flanders. The Mora is depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry with a lion figurehead.
- The comet's appearance was depicted on the Bayeux Tapestry, where it is connected with Harold's coronation, although the appearance of the comet was later, from 24 April to 1 May 1066. The image on the tapestry is the earliest pictorial depiction of Halley's Comet to survive.
- Most modern historians agree on this date, although a few contemporary sources have William landing on 29 September.
- Most contemporary accounts have William landing at Pevensey, with only the E version of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle giving the landing as taking place at Hastings. Most modern accounts also state that William's forces landed at Pevensey.
- Of those 35, 5 are known to have died in the battle: Robert of Vitot, Engenulf of Laigle, Robert fitzErneis, Roger son of Turold, and Taillefer.
- "Hoar" means grey, and probably refers to a crab-apple tree covered with lichen that was likely a local landmark.
- The 400,000 figure is given in Wace's Romance de Rou and the 1,200,000 figure coming from the Carmen de Hastingae Proelio.
- Of these named persons, eight died in the battle – Harold, Gyrth, Leofwine, Godric the sheriff, Thurkill of Berkshire, Breme, and someone known only as "son of Helloc".
- Some historians have argued, based on comments by Snorri Sturlson made in the 13th century, that the English army did occasionally fight as cavalry. Contemporary accounts, such as in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle record that when English soldiers were forced to fight on horseback, they were usually routed, as in 1055 near Hereford.
- This was the name favoured by Edward Freeman, a Victorian historian who wrote one of the definitive accounts of the battle.
- "Sandlacu" can be rendered into Modern English as "sandlake".
- "Senlac" also means "lake of blood" in French.
- There is a story that the first fighting at Hastings was between a jongleur named Taillefer and some of the English fighters which comes from three sources: the Carmen de Hastingae Proelio, Wace's Romance de Rou, and the 12th-century account of Henry of Huntingdon. The story has two versions, in one of which Taillefer entertained the Norman army prior to the battle by juggling a sword but then killed an English soldier sent to kill him. Another version has the jongleur charging the English and killing two before dying himself.
- Examples of the use of feigned flight include the Battle of Arques around 1052, the Battle of Messina in 1060, and the Battle of Cassel in 1071.
- The issue is furthered confused by the fact that there is evidence that the 19th century restoration of the Tapestry changed the scene by inserting or changing the placement of the arrow through the eye.
- Amatus' account is less than trustworthy because it also states that Duke William commanded 100,000 soldiers at Hastings.
- Modern wargaming has demonstrated the correctness of not pursuing the fleeing Normans, with the historian Christopher Gravett stating that if in a wargame he allowed Harold to pursue the Normans, his opponent "promptly, and rightly, punished such rashness with a brisk counter-attack with proved to be the turning point of the battle — just as in 1066".
- A 12th-century tradition stated that Harold's face could not be recognised and Edith the Fair, Harold's common-law wife, was brought to the battlefield to identify his body from marks that only she knew.
- It is possible the grave site was located where the abbey now stands.
- He states that there were 15,000 casualties out of 60,000 who fought on William's side at the battle.
- This skeleton, numbered 180, sustained six fatal sword cuts to the back of the skull and was one of five skeletons that had suffered violent trauma. Analysis continues on the other remains to try and build up a more accurate picture of who the individuals are.
- Ætheling is the Anglo-Saxon term for a royal prince with some claim to the throne.
- William appears to have taken this route to meet up with reinforcements that had landed by Portsmouth and met him between London and Winchester. By swinging around to the north, William cut off London from reinforcements.
- The first recorded mention of the tapestry is from 1476, but it is similar in style to late Anglo-Saxon manuscript illustrations and may have been composed and executed in England. The Tapestry now is displayed at the former Bishop's Palace at Bayeux in France.
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- Quoted in Marren 1066 p. 152
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- Marren 1066 pp. 147–149
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0ebe1c82-9717-4669-b0cd-1976aadc9bbc | Today marks World Press Freedom Day | social_studies | historical_context | Today marks World Press Freedom Day. As with all international days, it is an annual opportunity to discuss, educate, and reaffirm our understanding of a significant aspect of human life and history. On this day we recognize the vital nature of a free press to any functioning and flourishing democracy. We evaluate the state of press freedom in today’s world, celebrate the achievements of journalistic courage and endeavor, remember those who gave their lives in the name of their profession, and fight for those who suffer under tyranny because of it.
May 3 was designated World Press Freedom Day by the United Nations General Assembly in 1993, following a recommendation adopted at UNESCO’S General Conference in 1991. Earlier that same year, from April 29 to May 3, 63 independent African journalists from 38 countries gathered in the Namibian capital of Windhoek for a UNESCO seminar entitled “Promoting an Independent and Pluralistic African Media.” They met amidst an environment of growing violence and harassment of journalists, to discuss and promote the essential role of a free, independent and pluralistic media in a functioning democracy. The participants sought to codify the importance of press freedom, independence and pluralism. This now-historic event culminated in the signing of the Windhoek Declaration, a crucial affirmation of the international community’s faith and commitment in the necessity of freedom of the press and freedom of expression.
It is in accordance with the spirit of the day, Freedom Now reflects on the story of brave journalist and blogger – Nguyen Van Hoa. Hoa dared to perform his duties in Vietnam, a country that routinely threatens, intimidates, and imprisons journalists who write independent of their censorship. This blog post outlines the importance of press freedom during the pandemic and beyond by offering an explanation of what Vietnamese society loses through government attacks on journalists.
The Formosa Disaster
In December 2012, the Formosa Plastics Group, a Taiwanese company, built a large iron and steelmaking factory in the port city of Ky Anh on the north central coast of Vietnam. The project was already unpopular locally, as many local citizens were concerned over China’s growing influence in their country. However, tensions would spill over in a devastating way less than four years later when, on April 6, 2016, a local fisherman discovered a waste disposal pipe pumping toxic yellow liquid directly from the factory into the sea.
Above the mouth of the pipe, the water was covered with dead and dying fish. The following day, reports began to emerge of fish miles away that had suddenly fallen sick and died. Soon, the shorelines along the central coast of Vietnam were strewn with dead fish. A local fisherman who dived in the nearby water was rushed to hospital where he subsequently died. People who ingested the poisoned fish were hospitalized, and many died. One couple was diagnosed with cancer after working for Formosa. Many other others have reported health problems linked to the dumping. An estimated 115 tons of fish were killed, and over 125 miles of Vietnam’s central coastline was poisoned, affecting four Vietnamese provinces: Ha Tinh, Quang Binh, Quang Tri, and Thua Thien-Hue.
The Government’s Response
Initially, officials claimed there was no evidence that the devastation was caused by Formosa, with the Natural Resources and Environment Deputy Minister Vo Tuan Nhan claiming that the damage and deaths were caused by an increase in a form of red algae. On April 27, at one of the first press conferences following the disaster, Minister Vo claimed no connection between Formosa and the disaster could be inferred based on available evidence. He was then asked to comment on the high levels of metal found in the water, to which he replied, “Don’t ask that question. That question damages our country.” Formosa themselves denied involvement, taking nearly three months to admit guilt. An executive claimed that the Vietnamese people could either have fish or steel, not both. Ultimately, Formosa pledged $500 million to clean up the mess from the spill and compensate those who lives had been affected by the dumping.
The devastation to marine life, the environment and the local communities that rely on fish stocks and tourism for their livelihoods, are now known as the Formosa Disaster, widely considered to be one of Vietnam’s largest environmental catastrophes.
The People’s Response
Protests soon began over the government’s handling of the amount, as well as the rate at which people were receiving compensation. On April 28, when the red algae story was officially dismissed, protests began in Canh Duong, a beach community, as fishermen shut down the local highway and demanded Formosa be expelled from Vietnam. The officials responded by arresting human rights defenders, journalists and bloggers who tried to raise awareness of the ongoing events. By May 1, protests spread across Vietnam, reaching the capital city of Hanoi. Protestors carried banners with slogans stating “I choose fish” and “Formosa Out!”
Amplifying Voices, Providing Accountability
Nguyen Van Hoa was twenty-one years old and working as a citizen journalist for Radio Free Asia at the time of the disaster. He was a part of a larger group of journalists and bloggers looking to raise awareness of the waste spill, as well as call attention to government failure and inaction. In October 2016, he was first on the scene to shoot footage of a peaceful protest of 10,000 people, calling for immediate action from outside the Formosa factory. He then shared his footage on social media.
Within a month, he was being targeted by the authorities. In November 2016, Hoa was beaten and his equipment was stolen. On the January 11, 2017 he was arrested at his home. His family were not told of his whereabouts and they reported him missing. Only after his family put together a petition to ascertain his whereabouts did the local authorities inform them of incarceration. He was initially charged under a notorious law used to punish journalists and dissenters: article 258 of the 1999 penal code for “abusing democratic freedoms to infringe on the interests of the state,” an offense that carries a maximum sentence of seven years in prison. Four months later, these charges were upgraded to “disseminating propaganda against the Socialist Republic of Vietnam”, a crime that allows the state to restrict his freedom for up to decade.
After spending 11 months in pre-trial detention, Hoa was convicted in November 2017 in a trial that lasted two and a half hours, was closed to the public, and did not allow him to have a lawyer present. The prosecution claimed Hoa was the main organizer of the anti-Formosa protests, describing him as a “high-tech criminal who used many tricks to hinder the investigation,” He was also accused of working for foreign organizations that were never identified during the trial.
Throughout his detention, Hoa has been subjected to solitary confinement and beatings, one of which was intended to force him into signing a confession indicting a fellow journalist.
Freedom Now has worked to elevate Hoa’s case and draw attention to his unjust imprisonment by engaging with various UN bodies, facilitating his adoption by the U.S. House of Representative’s Defending Freedoms Project, and nominating him for the UNESCO/Guillermo Cano World Press Freedom Prize.
Press Freedom in Vietnam
Contrary to the values of World Press Freedom Day, Vietnam is a country that has greatly restricted journalists. Reporters Without Borders ranks Vietnam as 175 out of 180 countries in their World Press Freedom Index. The Constitution recognizes freedom of the press, but in practice, there is very little space for independent journalism. Moreover, print and broadcast media throughout Vietnam is owned by and aligned with the Communist Party.
The only source of independent opinion and non-party voices are freelance journalists and bloggers. However, independent reporters are constantly subjected to harassment and violence, sometimes by plainclothes police. The authorities also use oppressive laws and decrees to maintain a stranglehold on expression. Three laws found in the country’s criminal code stand out and are worth noting. They state “activities aimed at overthrowing the government,” “anti-state propaganda” and “abusing the rights to freedom and democracy to threaten the interests of the state” all carry long prison sentences. It is essentially illegal to criticize the government, deny the achievements of the revolution, or spread of “reactionary ideologies.”
Due to the oppressive and stifling space for freedom of expression, many people in Vietnam turn to online spaces for journalism. As internet usage increases in Vietnam, the authorities have also taken to police the internet. Decree 72, passed in 2013, gave new power to the authorities to censor online speech. A 10,000-person “internet army” called Force 47 are tasked with defending the ruling party from non-state sanctioned information and countering the activities of dissidents and bloggers. In 2020, the authorities took Facebook offline until the social media site agreed to censor articles and limit access to content that were considered “anti-state” and therefore illegal. After seven weeks of pressure, Facebook agreed to do so.
World Press Freedom Day 2021 is taking place during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic has shown precisely why the dissemination of accurate information serves a vital role in saving lives. Every day, we rely on reports to keep us informed of the current state of the virus, as well as government measures in place to stop the spread. Journalists have put themselves in the way of real physical and psychological harm to ensure the public has the most reliable information on how to stay safe. Vital work has been done to ensure that the scientific data is portioned out in ways that are digestible and clear for the general consumption. Ensuring the public circulation of vital information has been the difference between life and death during the pandemic.
However, in a cruel irony, many factors of the pandemic have put further strain on an already struggling communications ecosystem. Governments have increased pressure on journalists, having them arrested or even jailed for their reporting on their handling of the pandemic. Online censorship has increased, as well as threats to those who share information. On top of this pressure, for many news outlets, an already difficult economic system has become worse. Economic fallout from the pandemic has hit many industries, and news is one of them. Alongside the pandemic, the decline of advertising in newspapers and the move towards social media, has spelt tragedy for many local news organizations.
At the same time, whilst information has saved lives and empowered people, disinformation and misinformation has done the opposite. The UN has suggested that we are currently also living in an “infodemic”, with such a deluge of information, some right, some wrong, that it has created an almost impossible atmosphere for accurate information and real journalism to be heard. Few internet providers and search engines are transparent about their search algorithms, and the role they play in filtering this process. Within this void of truth, conspiracy theories can thrive. Fragmentation and polarization have led to many losing faith in journalism, thought-leaders and even in truth itself.
The Public Good Aspect
World Press Freedom Day 2021 is based around the theme of “Information as a Public Good”. Precisely what is a public good? A pure public good is the type of good that satisfies two conditions; it is non-excludable and it is non-rivalrous.
What do these concepts mean? Non-excludability is when the price for excluding, or preventing, a person from enjoying the good is prohibitively high. A classic example is fresh air. One cannot package and sell fresh air (even though some people have apparently started to try). One cannot build a wall around fresh air and charge people an entry fee.
For a good to be non-rivalrous, the good must not be degraded or used up through consumption. The cost of allowing another to enjoy the use of the product is virtually nothing. An example of this is radio. Broadcasting costs money but allowing people to tune in costs virtually no extra.
Information is non-excludable when consume a fact – whether you have paid for it or not. Whilst university professors could exclude people from their lectures via attendance and ticket sales, they cannot exclude the information they have imparted on their audience being spread through society. It is true that there are artificial means to ensure some form of excludability, such as subscription fees, copyright, secrecy and direct censorship, but the information itself is non-excludable. Information is also inherently non-rivalrous. The enjoyment of a fact does not affect or degrade its enjoyment. Nor are individuals prevented from enjoying the fact just because thousands of others have also enjoyed it.
However, due to the fact that public goods cannot be packaged and sold to those who wish to pay for them, they are very often under-supplied by the market, and thus require public support, both from government and civil society.
Take flood defenses, for example. Since individuals in flood-prone areas clearly benefit from such structures, regardless of whether they had a direct role in construction, they could be inclined to not pay for these defenses. This is a classic free-rider problem. Many of the benefits information has given us throughout the pandemic has been disseminated by journalists and news teams, however, many of us have paid nothing for their hard work.
One way to show why this is important and positive for societies is to show the externalities or spill-overs of accurate information. An externality is the result or effects of an action performed by one individual or firm on an outside party, that the resultant party does not pay for. Simply put, it is a cost or benefit that results from an action that is not paid for or received by the acting party. These can be either positive or negative. For example, pollution is a negative externality. Polluting organizations infer costs on those who breathe their polluted air or drink polluted water, yet they pay these people nothing to reimburse their costs. A positive example could be if you own a beautiful home, and you cultivate your garden. Passers-by gain an aesthetic benefit from your actions that they give you no price for.
Depriving Vietnamese Society of a Public Good
The Vietnamese government’s reaction to the Formosa disaster is a cascade of failures. The government failed to prevent the Formosa corporation from polluting, it failed to fully punish the perpetrators, and it failed to fully compensate the victims. The protesters wanted to call attention to how their government was treating them. They wanted to use their voices to bring out a shift in governmental effectiveness and policy. This was a non-violent way of asking for political accountability.
The wrongful imprisonment of Hoa is yet another example of how the Vietnamese government has failed its citizens by denying them a public good. There are three ways in which Hoa’s journalism contributed to the improvement of society.
First, Hoa highlighted both the government’s inaction, and amplified the voices of his fellow citizens in their discontents. If allowed to perform his job, then Hoa could have enabled the Vietnamese people to bring pressure down on the authorities and achieve the justice they deserved.
Second, Hoa was able to identify politicians who acted contrary to constituents’ best interests. This could lead to mass resignations of politicians who no longer have the trust of the individuals who elected them. Moreover, this could ensure that future politicians judge their actions more carefully, perhaps ensuring another Formosa catastrophe never happens again.
Finally, Hoa provided an opportunity for Vietnamese officials to enact a policy to prevent future ecological disasters. Hoa’s work would identify misconduct being performed by industries, factories and politicians, and therefore lead to misbehaving people being caught, forced to pay compensation and maybe arrested.
The aim of World Press Freedom Day is an annual reminder of the challenges facing a free press and what needs to been to overcome those challenges. This is why this year’s World Press Freedom Day is focusing on freedom as a public good, with real positive externalities, so that we can all be reminded, citizens and political actors, of the vital role a free, independent and diverse media can play. We must fend off these attacks, remind ourselves of the necessity of information for our society and ensure the free press is supported in places where their voices are being censored and silenced. | 0.65 | medium | 6 | 3,421 | [
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260ba359-2ec2-4d48-bb41-55e96a32c278 | Strategic Integration Visual Semiotics | interdisciplinary | research_summary | ## The Strategic Integration of Visual Semiotics in Commercial Branding Efficacy: A Quantitative Analysis --- ### Abstract This study systematically investigates the measurable impact of intentional visual semiotic deployment within corporate branding strategies on key business performance indicators, specifically consumer recall and perceived brand trustworthiness. Utilizing a controlled experimental design, we compared brand assets featuring high degrees of visual coherence, derived from established semiotic principles (e.g., iconicity, indexicality), against control sets exhibiting lower structural visual complexity. Results indicate a statistically significant positive correlation ($p < 0.01$) between high visual semiotic coherence and enhanced consumer recall rates (mean increase of 18.5%) and a moderate increase in perceived trustworthiness metrics (Cohen's $d = 0.55$). This research confirms that the strategic application of visual language, treated as a structured semiotic system, constitutes a quantifiable asset in optimizing market penetration and relational capital formation within competitive business environments. ### 1. Introduction The efficacy of commercial branding extends beyond mere aesthetic appeal; it functions as a critical mechanism for rapid cognitive encoding and the establishment of durable consumer-brand relationships [1]. In the competitive landscape of modern commerce, where information saturation necessitates immediate recognition, the visual elements of a brand—logo, color palette, and typography—serve as primary vectors for communication [2]. Traditional marketing approaches often treat these elements heuristically. However, a more systematic, problem-solving methodology requires viewing these visual assets through the lens of applied semiotics, the study of signs and symbols and their interpretation. The core problem addressed herein is the quantification of the return on investment (ROI) derived from rigorously structured visual messaging. We hypothesize that brands whose visual architectures adhere to internally consistent semiotic frameworks—where the relationship between the signifier (the visual element) and the signified (the brand attribute) is deliberately indexed or iconic—will demonstrate superior performance metrics compared to those employing visually disparate or randomly associated elements. **Hypothesis ($\text{H}_1$):** A statistically significant increase in consumer short-term recall and perceived brand trustworthiness will be observed in target audiences exposed to branded materials structured according to high visual semiotic coherence principles, relative to a control group exposed to low visual semiotic coherence materials. ### 2. Methods To systematically test $\text{H}_1$, a controlled, between-subjects experimental design was implemented. The methodology focused on isolating the variable of "Visual Semiotic Coherence" (VSC) while controlling for confounding variables such as product category, price point, and exposure duration. #### 2.1 Stimuli Development Two distinct sets of proprietary visual stimuli were developed for a hypothetical mid-tier technology service provider: 1. **Experimental Group (High VSC):** Stimuli were designed using a pre-defined semiotic matrix. For instance, concepts related to 'speed' were consistently represented by angular, forward-leaning forms and a specific high-saturation color index ($\lambda = 520 \text{ nm}$). Iconicity (direct resemblance) and indexicality (causal relationship) were prioritized over arbitrary symbolism. 2. **Control Group (Low VSC):** Stimuli were generated by randomly pairing visual elements (e.g., associating the concept of 'speed' with rounded, static forms and a low-saturation color index, $\lambda = 680 \text{ nm}$). This ensured the visual language lacked systematic internal logic. Both sets maintained identical textual content and overall spatial layout to isolate the visual variable. #### 2.2 Participant Recruitment and Procedure A total sample size of $N=200$ participants (aged 18–55, balanced for gender) was recruited via an online panel service. Participants were randomly assigned to either the High VSC ($n=100$) or Low VSC ($n=100$) condition. Exposure involved a standardized 15-second viewing period of the assigned stimuli, followed by a 10-minute distraction task to mitigate short-term memory bias. #### 2.3 Dependent Measures Two primary dependent variables were quantitatively assessed: 1. **Brand Recall:** Measured via a free-recall task where participants listed all brands they could remember from the exposure session. Data normalized as the percentage of correct brand mentions. 2. **Perceived Trustworthiness ($\text{PT}$):** Measured using a standardized 7-point Likert scale (1 = Not at all trustworthy, 7 = Extremely trustworthy) applied to the exposed brand concept immediately following the recall task. ### 3. Results Data analysis employed independent samples t-tests to compare the means between the High VSC and Low VSC groups. #### 3.1 Brand Recall Efficacy The High VSC group demonstrated significantly higher rates of brand recall compared to the Low VSC group. | Group | Mean Recall Percentage ($\bar{X}$) | Standard Deviation ($\text{SD}$) | $t$-statistic | $p$-value | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | High VSC | $68.2\%$ | $6.1$ | $4.89$ | $< 0.001$ | | Low VSC | $49.7\%$ | $7.5$ | | | The difference in mean recall represents an $18.5\%$ improvement attributable to the structured visual framework. The result strongly rejects the null hypothesis regarding recall ($p < 0.001$). #### 3.2 Perceived Trustworthiness Analysis of the Perceived Trustworthiness (PT) scores also indicated a favorable outcome for the High VSC condition. | Group | Mean PT Score ($\bar{X}$) | Standard Deviation ($\text{SD}$) | Cohen's $d$ | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | High VSC | $5.41$ | $0.88$ | $0.55$ (Medium Effect) | | Low VSC | $4.85$ | $1.02$ | | The calculated Cohen's $d$ of $0.55$ suggests a medium, practically significant effect size, indicating that systematic visual encoding fosters greater immediate confidence in the brand entity [3]. ### 4. Discussion The findings provide robust empirical support for $\text{H}_1$. The systematic application of visual semiotics is not merely a subjective design preference but a measurable strategic lever for enhancing cognitive processing efficiency in consumers. The $18.5\%$ recall improvement suggests that when visual signs operate within a coherent, predictable semiotic system, the cognitive load required for encoding the brand message is reduced, leading to superior memory consolidation [4]. The moderate increase in perceived trustworthiness ($d=0.55$) aligns with theories suggesting that visual consistency signals organizational competence and reliability [5]. Inconsistent visual cues, conversely, may introduce perceptual noise, leading to an unconscious attribution of organizational instability. This research frames visual branding as a problem of structured information transfer. By employing systematic methodologies derived from semiotic theory—ensuring that the chosen visual lexicon is consistently indexed to the intended brand attributes—businesses can engineer more effective and recallable market presences. Future research should explore the longitudinal decay rate of recall for high vs. low VSC brands and investigate the role of cultural context in modulating semiotic effectiveness. ### References [1] Keller, K. L. (2013). *Strategic brand management* (4th ed.). Pearson Education. [2] Barthes, R. (1967). *Elements of semiology*. Hill and Wang. [3] Cohen, J. (1988). *Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences* (2nd ed.). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [4] Pieters, R., & Warlop, L. (1999). Visual attention and the effectiveness of advertising imagery. *Journal of Consumer Research*, *25*(3), 336–351. [5] Aaker, D. A. (1996). *Building strong brands*. The Free Press. | 0.65 | high | 6 | 1,717 | [
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90b4f342-3b52-4242-879a-3935ac7a5ede | 3V0594 | interdisciplinary | historical_context | 3V0594.01 /wae/thaet/: issues: discussion of what a word is. 9/8/79
Peggy has enjoyed playing with my belt as a baby but has not done so
for quite a while. Today, she sat in my lap and, pointing at my belt
buckle, said, “/wae/thaet/?” I told her it was a belt buckle, which
answer seemed to satisfy her.
Relevance: This pair of incidents highlights the difficulty of ascribing
competence from performance — but they also show the extent to
which context of utterance, the pragmatics of speech, makes it
1. it is clear that Peggy uses /wae/thaet/ to mean “what’s that?”
2. she may also use it to mean “wash that”, but such would be a more
restricted meaning and would become, if not be essentially, secondary.
These observations are important because they come down on the issue
of what a word is. That is, is /wae/thaet/ an idiom or two words of
distinguishable meaning ? I believe the former is the case. | 0.65 | medium | 4 | 252 | [
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7f36144d-c6cc-4c1e-a343-9ce837dece12 | Estepona Golf Apartment Project for Sale | language_arts | practical_application | Estepona Golf Apartment Project for Sale
Frontline golf plot set on the famous Estepona Golf course, known for its stunning sea views from many areas of the course and Sierra Bermeja mountain range backdrop.
Frontline Golf Project for 69 Apartments.
This PM1 plot lines the 9th hole with east to west and south-east orientations.
- Frontline Golf Project for 69 Apartments
- Sold with Project and Provisional License
- Views to Golf, Lake and Sea
- Good Orientation
- Consolidated Plot with roads and preinstallation of services already in place
- Excellent Price with High ROI
Available now in next boom area for new build development on the Costa del Sol.
Get in touch now for more information
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c899967c-e75a-4f51-850e-a790d320c518 | Alphabet Soup: PPG, SLO | technology | data_analysis | Alphabet Soup: PPG, SLO, EEP, SAT, ACT....What's an Art Teacher To Do?
Data collection and standards based learning have taken hold even in art. Project-based classes that aren't necessarily taking tests as the main form of assessment may find it especially challenging to collect data and write SMART goals in their Student Learning Objectives (SLOs). Often the examples given during professional development have nothing to do with art or other project based classes. Yet we all know we have a measurable curriculum and we all use rubrics and assessment. This page and mini-workshop are meant to help. As I learn about this process I hope to link resources here. Let me know if you find things and I'll add them. Hopefully, together as Art Educators we can find creative ways of collecting data and meeting the requirements of standards based learning, without losing the hands on time in the classroom.
Cheat Sheet on the Alphabet Soup
EEP: Educator Effectiveness Plan: A document that lists the Student Learning Objectives, Professional Practice goals and Professional Growth Strategies and Support for an educator, along with the activities required to attain these goals and the measures necessary to evaluate the progress made on them.
PPG: Professional Practice Goals: Establishing practice related goals are an important part of professional practice. Goals are set as educators prepare for their Educator Effectiveness Plans and they are monitored by the educator along with their evaluator during the year.
SLO: Student Learning Objectives: Rigorous, yet attainable goals for student learning growth aligned to appropriate standards set by individual educators. Educators must develop SLOs based on a thorough review of needs, identification of the targeted population, clear rationale for the amount of expected growth, and the identification of specific instructional strategies or supports that will allow the attainment of the growth goals. The ultimate goal of SLOs is to promote student learning and achievement while providing for pedagogical growth, reflection, and innovation.
PDSA: Plan Do Study Act
Plan: Identify SMART Goals for yourself or your department.
Do: Develop and implement a plan to achieve your SMART goals
Study: Analyze the data after implementing an approach.
Act: Revise or continue with the plan you've chosen to attain your SMART goals.
Remember that SLOs should always be SMART goals.
SLO Example for Art
Samples from Stark County Schools Art Education
Samples from Pennsylvania Schools Art Education
Elementary Visual Art SLO example
Three Ring App Great for Documenting Student Progress
Pinterest Board with SLOs for Visual Art
SLO Toolkit from WI DPI
The Art of Education: Click the Past Workshops Link for September
The Art of Education SLO Document
The Common Core and The Arts
10 Steps for Migrating Your Curriculum to Common Core
Student Learning Objectives and the Arts
Common Core Learning First Alliance
Common Core and the Arts Slide Show
Educator Effectiveness Forms from PHS
Draft of National High School Visual Art Standards
Draft of National High School Media Art Standards
Wisconsin DPI SLO Template
Bring On the Revolution! | 0.65 | medium | 6 | 629 | [
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c11d50ec-537f-4190-afe8-69e5c8b52332 | Autumn Sale, up to 70% off | interdisciplinary | review_summary | Autumn Sale, up to 70% off. Hurry, sale ends in:
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Reina Scalo Polished Radiator 1535 x 500mm
Reina Radiators Reina Radiators
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Reina Scalo Polished Radiator 1535 x 500mm
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Ask a Question | 0.7 | medium | 4 | 510 | [
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f675d9be-a12b-4f21-8efe-2061c67d1eaa | How Sense Home Position | science | tutorial | How to Sense the Home Position on a 3D Printer
For any 3D printer to understand where its print head is, it needs a reference point, called the home position. Before a 3D printer begins a print job, one of the very first actions it performs is to locate this home position. This is very important as the print head could be nearly anywhere in the space above the build platform.
To ensure that the print head is at a known position, you use a sensor or switch fitted at the ends of each axis. The switch is triggered when the print head has reached home position.
For Delta printers, the home position is at the very top of the machine. Thus the switches or sensors are usually fitted to the top frames on each of the three vertical arms in this design: When the carriages move up, they hit each sensor in turn and locate the home position.
When all the frame construction and moving axes systems are fitted together, the wiring of the electronics can begin. Again, it's not as complicated as it may sound. The electronics are modular and wiring is straightforward; when the wiring is complete, so is the home 3D printer. | 0.6 | low | 4 | 240 | [
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dc03e98e-bb52-4fb0-b5ca-04420a2eb1e0 | Episode series where | interdisciplinary | practical_application | This is Episode 3 in the series where we go over MVC (model view controller), the core software design pattern that we use to build iPhone and iPad applications. We describe some MVC examples and the responsibilities of each role as well as how each part in the MVC design pattern communicates with each other.
Other videos in this series
S01E01 – Introduction, Demo App and Installing XCode
S01E02 – XCode Interface Introduction and Tutorial
The goal is to get apps submitted into the Apple App Store and to have fun doing it! I will teach you the basics of using XCode, architecting iPhone and iPad applications, designing the user interface, coding it in Objective C, all the way to monetizing it and putting it into the Apple App Store.
This first tutorial series of videos is going to teach you the basics of iOS development before we can get into some serious app building. We’re going to build a basic iPhone demo app together step by step to teach you the basic building blocks of iOS development. By the end of this series (approximately 8 videos) you’ll have a good understanding of what an iPhone view is comprised of and how to put different user interface elements on the screen and make them respond to the user’s touch.
Follow along and please remember to COMMENT below to ask questions, LIKE this video to keep me going and SUBSCRIBE to never miss a video and get free giveaways once I reach 500 subscribers! | 0.55 | medium | 4 | 314 | [
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0d4ae5c0-814d-4e94-a5d1-8bf9df2b9eed | Sensitive teeth? Check your toothpaste | science | historical_context | Sensitive teeth? Check your toothpaste
Some patients may experience dentinal hypersensitivity when using tartar-control toothpaste, reports the Academy of General Dentistry, but the good news is that when they stop using the toothpaste, the sensitivity goes away.
“Dentists and hygienists often recommend that patients use tartar control toothpaste, particularly after a cleaning, to help prevent the build up of tartar, a mineralized plaque, which can lead to gum disease.” says Dr. William Kuttler, spokesdentist for the Academy of General Dentistry, an organization of general dentists dedicated to continuing education. “But after using tartar control toothpaste, about 10 to 20 percent of patients complain of tooth sensitivity, so we suggest they stop using it.”
“For those with tooth sensitivity, the recommendation is to avoid tartar-control toothpaste containing 5 percent pyrophosphate as the active ingredient and use a regular fluoride toothpaste instead,” says Dr. Kuttler. “But for those who do not have sensitivity, tartar control toothpaste tremendously reduces the build-up of tartar. However, check with your dentist. You may not need a tartar-control paste.”
Hypersensitivity affects 40 million adults in the United States and 10 million are considered to be chronically affected. | 0.6 | high | 4 | 258 | [
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0f0a05a4-20a4-400a-a23f-d0df88212690 | approach July 2015, cameras | science | historical_context | On approach in July 2015, the cameras on NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft captured Pluto rotating over the course of a full “Pluto day.” The images have been combined to create this view of a full rotation. Credits: NASA/JHUAPL/SwRI
CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. (AP) - NASA's newest Pluto pictures depict an entire day on the dwarf planet.
The space agency released a series of 10 close-ups of the frosty, faraway world Friday, representing one full rotation, or Pluto day (first image in gallery). A Pluto day is equivalent to 6.4 Earth days.
The New Horizons spacecraft snapped the pictures as it zoomed past Pluto in an unprecedented flyby in July. Pluto was between 400,000 and 5 million miles from the camera for these photos.
A similar series of shots were taken of Pluto's jumbo moon, Charon. But the Pluto pictures stand out much more because of the orb's distinct heart-shaped region. Scientists call the heart Tombaugh Regio, after the U.S. astronomer who discovered Pluto in 1930.
New Horizons is now headed to a new target. | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 258 | [
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53fe2723-b988-4102-a36e-4ca12d73fd15 | VISION USA PROGRAM FAQs | interdisciplinary | practical_application | VISION USA PROGRAM FAQs
WHAT ARE THE ELIGIBILITY REQUIREMENTS TO RECEIVE SERVICES THROUGH VISION USA?
* Eligible applicants must not have had an eye exam in the past 24 months.
* Eligible applicants must not have not have private or government insurance, Medicare or Medicaid regardless of whether eye coverage is included.
* The household income must fall below established levels based on 150% of government poverty guidelines and household size. Income verification is required.
* Eligible applicants must be a US Citizen or Legal Resident and provide last 4-digits.
* Eligible applicants cannot have received a referral through the VISION USA program in the past 24 months.
* VISION USA care is available to a maximum of four household members in a given year. Other household members who have not been seen may apply the following year.
HOW DOES A PATIENT APPLY FOR VISION USA ASSISTANCE?
* Application, instructions and eligibility requirements can be obtained by visiting our program website at www.aoa.org/visionusa .
* Automated attended can be accessed 24x7 to provide program information (800) 766-4466.
* Completed application "MUST" be submitted by a referral agent (i.e., social worker, case agent, health department, primary care physician, community action group, charitable organization). Registered referral agencies submit applications online.
HOW MANY EXAMS DO I DONATE EACH YEAR?
* The doctor determines the number of exams donated on an annual basis and the maximum number of exams to be assigned on a monthly basis.
IS IT POSSIBLE TO SEE ONLY PATIENTS IN MY OWN COMMUNITY?
* Patients are assigned to a doctor closest to their home with a default maximum distance of 20 miles. Distance can be modified upon request.
WHAT IF THE PATIENT NEEDS GLASSES?
* Basic eyewear may be provided through VISION USA – each state determines eyewear distribution for VISION USA separately. Contact your state coordinator for further details.
* A frame kit is available to any provider by submitting a request to VISION USA, 243 N LINDBERGH BLVD, ST LOUIS, MO 63141 along with a $10 tax-deductible donation to Optometry Cares – The AOA Foundation to defray the cost of shipping
* VISION USA providers are only able to provide single vision or bifocal glasses.
* VISION USA does not permit the purchase of more costly frames and lens upgrades at the patient's expense.
* Contact lenses are not available through VISION USA.
* Patients with sufficient resources to supplement the eyewear that is available through the program should not be eligible for VISION USA.
* If glasses are needed, but not provided, doctor can send copy of prescription to VISION USA, 243 N LINDBERGH BLVD, ST LOUIS, MO 63141 for processing of New Eyes for the Needy voucher.
VISION USA PROGRAM FAQs
WHAT IF THE PATIENT WANTS CONTACTS?
* Contact lenses are not available through VISION USA, nor will a contact lens exam be performed.
WHAT IF THE PATIENT NEEDS A REFERRAL?
* Long-term patient care is not part of the program's expectations of each provider. A doctor may choose to provide follow-up care or make referrals to other providers, but this is left to the doctor's discretion.
WHAT ARE THE PATIENT'S RESPONSIBILITIES?
* Patients must call the doctor's office within 30 days of receipt of their eligibility notice to schedule an appointment.
* Eligible applicants who do not make an appointment within 30 days or do not show up for their appointment (without advance notice) forfeit their use of the services and must wait 24 months to reapply.
* Applicants must sign a release authorizing VISION USA to collect exam information for statistical purposes only.
DO I NEED TO FILL OUT ANY FORMS?
* Provider has the patient complete the top portion of the Patient Information Form and sign release giving permission for VISION USA to collect information for statistical purposes.
* Patient Information Form is then completed by provider and one (yellow) copy is sent to VISION USA, 243 N LINDBERGH BLVD, ST LOUIS, MO 63141 for statistical purposes, and (1) copy is kept for the provider's files. Two (2) copies are provided to be sent with lab orders, if applicable.
* Patient release documents are kept on file with the provider.
WHAT TO DO IF A PATIENT MAKES AN APPOINTMENT AND THEN DOES NOT SHOW UP?
* Return Patient Information Form and mark "No Show" and contact VISION USA at firstname.lastname@example.org or (800) 365-2219 ext. 4261 so that we may remove this individual from future eligibility.
DO WE RESCHEDULE IF A PATIENT "NO SHOWS?"
* It is up to the discretion of the doctor's office if you choose to reschedule.
WHO DO I CONTACT IF I HAVE QUESTIONS OR NEED TO MAKE CHANGES TO MY STATUS?
* Contact VISION USA at email@example.com or (800) 365-2219 ext 4261.
CAN ANOTHER DOCTOR IN OUR PRACTICE SEE PATIENT IF ASSIGNED DOCTOR IS NOT AVAILABLE?
* AOA Membership is a requirement of program participation. To be assigned VISION USA patients, each doctor in the office must be an AOA member and sign-up as a VISION USA provider.
WHAT IF THE PATIENT HAS MEDICARE / MEDICAID?
* If it is determined that the patient has Medicare / Medicaid, this would disqualify the patient from use of the VISION USA program. Before treatment is performed, explain use of Medicare / Medicaid option with patient. | 0.75 | medium | 4 | 1,383 | [
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be94a3bf-0c62-4748-993b-fd02d96aabd5 | Copper Pipes are Hazardous to Your Health | life_skills | historical_context | Copper Pipes are Hazardous to Your Health
Ancient mystics believed that a person’s health depended on their environment and how they interacted with the energies around them. Well, they were half-right; a person’s health does depend on the state of their environment, but not in the way they thought.
Pollution is a problem that compromises the well-being of millions of people every day. But, even individuals who have no direct exposure to pollution are still at risk through subtle threats. For example, did you know that if you live in an old home, you have a higher risk of heart disease and Alzheimer’s because of your pipes?
Copper is a heavy metal that can become deadly if allowed to accumulate in the body. Fortunately, not many people are foolish enough to eat it. But, because of its versatility, it was a common material in the construction of both residential and commercial properties as part of the plumbing.
These days, scientists and plumbers such as Walton Plumbing are recommending the current owners of such buildings to test and replace copper pipes for the sake of their health. Copper is a durable material, but it’s still subject to the ravages of time. Degrading copper pipes may shed minute amounts of the metal and mix with the tap water people drink every day.
Excess amounts of copper can lead to heavy metal toxicity because they can contribute to the production of damaging oxidant radicals. These compounds are linked to serious conditions such as diabetes, arteriosclerosis, Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases. One study showed that a high intake of fatty foods in conjunction with the ingestion of copper made people lose cognitive function three times faster than normal.
It’s true that the state of the environment is a major factor in health, but the effects are ultimately under the control of people – ephemeral energies have nothing to do with it. | 0.65 | medium | 6 | 381 | [
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a166ec32-772a-43cc-ab29-04055a151381 | Sandy shore ecosystems threats | science | historical_context | Sandy shore ecosystems and the threats facing them: some predictions for the year 2025
Pollution, mining, disruption of sand transport and tourism development widely affect sandy shores, and these systems may be subject to increased erosion in future, yet there have been few attempts to review them. The present review focuses largely on ocean sandy beaches, providing an introduction to much of the relevant literature, and predicting possible states of the system by 2025. Sandy shores are dynamic harsh environments, the action of waves and tides largely determining species diversity, biomass and community structure. There is an interchange of sand, biological matter and other materials between dunes, intertidal beaches and surf zones. Storms and associated erosion present the most substantial universal hazard to the fauna. Human-related perturbations vary from beach to beach; however, structures or activities that impede natural sand transport or alter the sand budget commonly lead to severe erosion, often of a permanent nature. Many beaches also suffer intermittent or chronic pollution, and direct human interference includes off-road vehicles, mining, trampling, bait collecting, beach cleaning and ecotourism. These interferences typically have a negative impact on the system. Identified long-term trends include chronic beach erosion, often largely due to natural causes, as well as increased ultraviolet (UV) radiation and changes related to global warming. It is not expected that predicted temperature changes will have dramatic effects on the world's beaches by 2025, but the expected rise in sea level, if coupled with an increase in the frequency and/or intensity of storms, as predicted for some regions, is likely to lead to escalating erosion and consequent loss of habitat. It is suggested that increased UV radiation is unlikely to have significant effects. Increases in coastal human populations and tourism, thus increasing pressure on the shore, while serious, may be largely offset in developed and developing countries by better management resulting from greater understanding of the factors governing sandy-shore systems and better communication with beach managers and developers. Beach nourishment is likely to become more widely practised. However, the continuing hardening of surfaces in and above the dunes is bound to be damaging. Human pressures in many underdeveloped countries show no signs of being mitigated by conservation measures; it is likely that their sandy shores will continue to deteriorate during the first quarter of this century. A long-term trend that cannot be ignored is the excessive amount of nitrogen entering the sea, particularly affecting beaches in estuaries and sheltered lagoons. The data presently available and the uncertainty of a number of predictions do not permit of quantitative assessment or modelling of the state of the world's sandy shores by the year 2025, but some tentative, qualitative predictions are offered.(Received April 25 2001)
(Accepted November 28 2001)
Key Words: sandy shores; ecology; climate change; human interference.
c1 Correspondence: Professor Alexander Brown e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org | 0.65 | high | 6 | 600 | [
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6ef85091-0428-433a-88e6-9f23fbfdf482 | The ‘Spanish Masters from the Hermitage | social_studies | historical_context | The ‘Spanish Masters from the Hermitage. The world of El Greco, Ribera, Zurbarán, Velázquez, Murillo & Goya’ exhibition can be admired in the Hermitage until 29 May. This exhibition draws attention to the broader context of painting in the Spanish Golden Century (second half of the sixteenth and the seventeenth century) and the echoes and continuation in subsequent centuries.
Spanish masterpieces were created during the reign of Philip II, the absolute monarch of a colonial empire who enforced strict rules for Catholic paintings. The period that followed was dominated by artists including Francisco de Zurbáran, also known as the Spanish Caravaggio.
A great many aspects of Spanish history are highlighted in this collection, such as the horrors of Napoleon’s conquest in 1808, bullfighting and Mediterranean pub life. The variation of the exhibition is also expressed in the alternation of Spanish painting styles: Baroque, Rococo, dramatic realism and spiritual minimalism.
Today the Hollandsche Schouwburg is a monument and war memorial, before the Second World War it was a popular, luxurious theatre in the centre of the vibrant Jewish neighbourhood. Nazi occupiers turned the theatre into a prison and a deportation centre.
Between 1942 and 1943 around 80.000 Jews were obliged to report here before being deported. Today an exhibition and a memorial commemorate the victims from the holocaust and honours the memories of the innocent and frightened people that were held here against their will.
Tulips with wishes for a better future from schoolchildren.
Commemorative gatherings are often held here, both on a local and on a national scale.
On the first floor you'll find an exhibit on the persecution of Jews in The Netherlands during the Second World War.
The impressive and ever growing Digital Monument to the Jewish Community contains all names of Dutch victims of the holocaust and connects it to more and more information. A stunning accomplishment giving background and sometimes faces to people who were first anonymous victims | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 419 | [
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95eb6791-fc9d-49a5-8a7e-2c27fb5be572 | Orion location prestigious Institute | interdisciplinary | historical_context | Orion I was the location of a prestigious Institute of Cosmology. Crewman Mortimer Harren had hoped to attend the Institute of Cosmology there, and thus signed onto the USS Voyager because a year of field experience was required for admittance. (Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, production art; TNG: "Conspiracy", display graphic; VOY: "The Fight", "Good Shepherd")
"The Explored Galaxy"
"The Explored Galaxy" was a map of charted space in the Alpha Quadrant. Orion was located between the Tholian Assembly and Romulus. Both locations were identified in DS9: "The Search, Part II", "Call to Arms" as being located in this quadrant. This chart, first seen chronologically in Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country, was also seen in several Star Trek: The Next Generation and Star Trek: Deep Space Nine episodes set in the 24th century, from the year 2364 to 2370. These were: TNG: "Conspiracy", "The Measure Of A Man", "The Emissary", "The Mind's Eye", "The Game" and DS9: "In the Hands of the Prophets", "Cardassians".
The Orion system was located in the Beta Quadrant. This system, also known as Pi 3 Orionis, was a trinary star system. Primary was a Class F star with a magnitude of +3, which was ten times the brightness of Sol. Secondary and tertiary were Class F stars. In 2120, this was a destination on the final voyage of Zefram Cochrane. In the mid-22nd century, this system was in non-aligned space, and was in proximity of the Vulcan trade routes. In the late 24th century, this system was located in or near Federation space, and this system was a destination on the major space lanes. (pgs. 36, 45, 60) | 0.65 | medium | 4 | 421 | [
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70cb2bfc-e9f1-4699-8072-733731a0fe79 | visited Moriguchi City Osaka | language_arts | historical_context | We visited Moriguchi City of Osaka prefecture and purchased the old Chinese books.
Titled as “Ezu Sangokushi Engi”, they are Qing dynasty printed edition of the novel “Romance of the Three Kingdoms” (三国志演義) published in 1894.
Romance of the Three Kingdoms, attributed to Luo Guanzhong, is a historical novel set in the turbulent years towards the end of the Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period in Chinese history, starting in 169 AD and ending with the reunification of the land in 280. It is acclaimed as one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. The novel is among the most beloved works of literature in East Asia, and its literary influence in the region has been compared to that of the works of Shakespeare on English literature. It is arguably the most widely read historical novel in late imperial and modern China. These books are Qing dynasty printed edition of the novel with | 0.55 | medium | 4 | 214 | [
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5f6d7342-a250-4311-8060-e8985dc243a0 | Understanding Starting Webcam Business | interdisciplinary | qa_pairs | ## Understanding Starting a Webcam Business: Essential Q&A **Q1: What is the core issue presented in the original question regarding starting a webcam business?** A: The core issue is a beginner’s uncertainty about the logistical and financial aspects of launching a paid webcam website. The individual wants to establish a “subtle, but very s*y” business, has the technical setup (webcam connection) in place, but needs guidance on integrating banking and payment systems beyond a simple platform like PayPal. They are specifically seeking advice on how to receive payments for their services. **Q2: Why is it important to address the banking/payment setup correctly when starting a webcam business?** A: It’s crucial to establish a secure and reliable payment system for several reasons. Firstly, it ensures consistent income and allows for professional operation. Secondly, it protects both the performer and the viewers from fraud and security risks. Thirdly, proper setup is essential for tax compliance and legal adherence to regulations regarding online payments and adult content. Without a solid system, transactions could be blocked, funds lost, or legal issues could arise. **Q3: How might the questioner initially approach setting up payment processing, and what are the limitations of using a simple platform like PayPal?** A: The questioner initially considered PayPal, which is a common starting point for many online businesses. However, PayPal has limitations for adult content creators. PayPal’s terms of service often prohibit or restrict payments for adult entertainment, potentially leading to account suspension or closure. More robust solutions involve integrating with payment gateways specifically designed for adult content, such as Stripe (with appropriate risk assessment and compliance measures), or utilizing specialized platforms that handle payments and content hosting together. **Q4: When would it be advisable to explore alternative payment gateways beyond basic platforms like PayPal, considering the nature of the business?** A: It’s advisable to explore alternative payment gateways *before* fully launching the website and actively accepting payments. Specifically, when the business is starting to generate revenue and the potential risk of PayPal restrictions increases. Also, when seeking to scale operations and handle larger transaction volumes. Waiting until after significant investment and audience growth could lead to substantial financial losses. **Q5: What are common challenges or misconceptions related to accepting payments for webcam services, and how can they be mitigated?** A: A common misconception is assuming any payment processor will work. Another challenge is adhering to increasingly strict regulations regarding adult content and online payments. KYC (Know Your Customer) and AML (Anti-Money Laundering) compliance are critical. Furthermore, there’s a misunderstanding about payment gateway fees – they can vary significantly. To mitigate these, research payment gateways specializing in adult entertainment, implement robust security measures (SSL certificates, two-factor authentication), and consult with a legal professional specializing in online content regulations. **Q6: How can you practically implement a secure and compliant payment system for a webcam business, considering the need for both revenue generation and legal adherence?** A: To implement a secure system: 1) Research and select a payment gateway designed for adult content (e.g., Stripe with careful risk assessment). 2) Set up strong security protocols (SSL, 2FA). 3) Implement KYC/AML procedures to verify user identities. 4) Consult with a lawyer to ensure compliance with local and international regulations regarding adult content and online payments. 5) Clearly display terms of service and privacy policies. 6) Regularly monitor transactions for suspicious activity. **Q7: What should the individual learn next about establishing their webcam business beyond the initial payment setup?** A: The individual should learn about website design and hosting (choosing a reliable provider), audience building strategies (marketing and promotion), content creation best practices (video quality, engagement techniques), intellectual property protection (copyrighting content), and legal aspects of operating an online adult entertainment business (licensing requirements, data privacy laws, and potential tax implications). They should also explore community building and moderation strategies to foster a positive and safe environment for viewers. Furthermore, researching and understanding the terms and conditions of the chosen payment gateway is paramount. | 0.65 | medium | 5 | 853 | [
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ba65ba46-fc02-4723-b1cf-872ffdd29a71 | While firefighter certification qualifications | technology | tutorial | While firefighter certification qualifications may vary slightly within the 50 states, the certification process is similar. To obtain both the Firefighter I and II training and certification, the firefighter must undergo rigorous training both in the classroom and in the field. Once a firefighter obtains his certification, he must continue to take classes to improve his skills and knowledge.
Most governmental entities require that you have at least a high school diploma or GED to work on your firefighter certificate. It is necessary for you to hold a valid driver’s license. You often have to meet residency guidelines in order to get a job as a firefighter. If you aren’t a U.S. citizen, you must have the necessary documentation to work in the United States. Before you work on your certification, you might want to complete training in basic emergency medical procedures, such as infection control, shock management, bleeding control and CPR.
Firefighter candidates typically complete the Firefighter I certification study, before working on Firefighter II certification; however, some training institutions allow you to work on both certificates simultaneously. Training courses are often available through local community colleges and vocational schools. Firefighter training includes hands-on experience as well as classroom work in firefighter safety, fire apparatus maintenance, fire chemistry, fire systems, fire technology, fire prevention and handling hazardous materials safely. Once you are ready to take the certification exams, you must fill out your state’s application and send in the necessary fees.
The written portion of the certification exam covers the materials taught in Firefighter I training classes. The test, which is objective in nature, uses the National Fire Protection Association 1001 code as its source of information. Good reading comprehension skills are essential for you to understand the questions on the test. Test questions might include general firefighting knowledge, apparatus set up, search and rescue, structure ventilation and other subjects.
Physical Fitness Test
While the written exam often allows for some errors, the physical portion of the certification exam is often pass/fail and you must pass all portions of the exam. You must demonstrate that you know how to safely use equipment in a variety of settings. You might be asked to demonstrate skills in a structure where you must evaluate the amount of water available and equipment on hand, assess fire patterns and rescue people. You must also demonstrate you know how to handle fire equipment post-fire.
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961caed8-7e01-4453-a8f5-bb97ee8494bc | Commercial tobacco use leading | life_skills | review_summary | Commercial tobacco use is the leading cause of preventable disease, disability, and death in the United States. Rural communities continue to bear a disproportionate burden of tobacco-related health harms. Given the disproportionate impact commercial tobacco has had on rural communities, NNPHI assembled a team including Maine Public Health Institute (lead author), and National Association of Chronic Disease Directors, and a review committee of experts from 15 organizations. This comprehensive report examines rates and patterns of commercial tobacco use across rural subpopulations; explores aspects of the rural context that may affect tobacco prevention and control efforts; and presents challenges and opportunities for improving rural health through tobacco prevention and control. The report highlights a variety of examples of tobacco prevention and control efforts underway in rural communities across America that can be replicated and scaled to reduce the prevalence of commercial tobacco use and improve public health.
Public health professionals, health department leaders, elected officials, and tobacco control advocates should read this report to understand the unique challenges tobacco control programs face in rural communities, identify strategies and interventions that have worked, and review recommendations to improve tobacco control efforts in rural communities across the country.
Suggested citation: Talbot JA, Williamson ME, Pearson KB et al. Advancing Tobacco Prevention and Control in Rural America. Washington, DC: National Network of Public Health Institutes; 2019.
To download the full report (75 page PDF) please select “View Resource” below. An executive summary is also available here. | 0.65 | high | 6 | 296 | [
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5941c97d-3295-49fb-ba42-e06985ba39d0 | Sisters Cadence Emi use | interdisciplinary | research_summary | Sisters Cadence and Emi use both logical and creative approaches to convince their dad they should be allowed to adopt a puppy.
The bubbly little girls are full of reasons for a puppy, but their firm but fair father is just as full of explanations why the girls aren’t ready for the responsibilities of dog ownership. The steps to successful achievement of a difficult goal and management of negotiations between opposing sides are skillfully woven into the story, with key vocabulary words highlighted in boldface type. The sisters draw up a written plan to achieve their goal and address each point of their numbered list in some way. The girls take care of a neighbor’s dog, research different dog breeds, and create their own book about the value of owning a dog. Their efforts result in their father’s admission that his daughters have shown they can be “persistent, responsible, smart, and creative.” Together, girls and dad choose an appealing puppy from a shelter. Cheerful, cartoon-style illustrations capture the warm atmosphere of this single-parent household, complemented by lots of display type in varying sizes and colors.
Lots of stories address getting a dog, but this tale recounts practical steps in successfully working toward a goal, with the kids solving their own problem. (Picture book. 4-7) | 0.65 | medium | 5 | 263 | [
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6df03c00-78d0-4ddc-8d5e-be8b57d7ad68 | Monster Phonics at Highfield Hall | science | data_analysis | Monster Phonics at Highfield Hall
Reading is the foundation that all other education is built on, and phonics is a major part of early reading. Phonics makes all the difference to children’s reading, enabling all children to decode words effectively. Through daily lessons, children learn the skills of blending sounds for reading and segmenting words for spelling.
How is phonics taught?
We teach Phonics using a systematic phonics programme called Monster Phonics which covers the 6 phases of Letters and Sounds. Further details can be found on the Monster Phonics website https://monsterphonics.com/
Phonic Knowledge and Skills
(Nursery / Start of Reception)
Activities are divided into 7 aspects, including environmental sounds, instrumental sounds, body sounds, rhythm and rhyme, alliteration, voice sounds and finally oral blending and segmenting.
Learning 19 letters of the alphabet and one sound for each. Blending sounds together to make words. Segmenting words into their separate sounds. Beginning to read simple captions.
The remaining 7 letters of the alphabet, one sound for each. Graphemes such as ch, oo, th representing the remaining sounds not covered by single letters. Reading captions, sentences and questions. On completion of this phase, children will have learnt the ‘simple code’, i.e. one grapheme for each phoneme in the English language.
No new grapheme-phoneme correspondences are taught in this phase. Children learn to blend and segment longer words with adjacent consonants, e.g. swim, clap, jump.
(Throughout Year 1)
Now we move on to the ‘complex code’. Children learn more graphemes for the phonemes which they already know, plus different ways of pronouncing the graphemes they already know.
(Throughout Year 2 & beyond)
Working on spelling, including prefixes and suffixes, doubling and dropping letters etc.
Children will continue to revisit any Phonics Phases as necessary to embed their Phonic knowledge.
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Monster Phonics supports children to become confident and successful readers and embrace a love of reading. Children are taught to read letters or groups of letters by:
-saying the sound(s) they represent
-high frequency words (HFW words the children see and encounter often such as “the” or “I”) and Common Exception Words (CEW)-these are words that have -sounds in them that are taught in later year groups
-blending (the skill of joining sounds together to read words. Children are taught to -say the separate sounds in a word and to then blend them together to decode the word)
-segmenting (the opposite of blending). Children are taught to segment a word into its separate sounds in order to spell it
We believe that by doing this we are equipping the children to learn to read and write independently from an early age
Monster Phonics uses characters, colours, songs and actions to make phonics teaching and learning exciting and memorable. The children are excited to learn and look forward to lessons, wondering which character they will be learning with in each lesson.
Progress in phonics is constantly monitored so that learning can be tailored to the needs of individual children as we at Highfield Hall appreciate that young children learn at different rates using a range of learning styles.
All children are assessed towards the end of year 1 using the Phonics Screening Check. This is a simply a one to one assessment with the class teacher that allows the children to demonstrate their blending skills to read a mix of real words and pseudo-words (made up words). For more information see the link below.
Phonics links for parents:
What are ‘high frequency’ words?
High frequency words (HFW) are words which appear most commonly in the English language. A child may be able to sound out some of them, such as ‘at’, ‘in’ or ‘he’, but some are not decodable through phonics, such as ‘said’, ‘are’ or ‘Mr’. Research has suggested that there are just sixteen words which will make up a quarter of the words in a text, regardless of whether it has been written for an adult or a child.
High frequency words: what they are and why they’re important
Why are ‘high frequency words’ so important?
Recognising and being able to read high frequency words give children more confidence: if a child can already recognise a quarter of the words in a text, they are more likely to want to keep reading. In comparison, if they don’t recognise those words, they will have to work much harder at sounding out words and are likely to become discouraged.
Basically, by recognising the high frequency words, a child already has some very strong building blocks for reading under their belt.
My child has learnt their 100 HFW. What next?
After children have learned the first 100 high frequency words, they will be introduced to the next 200 high frequency words. By the end of Year 2, most children should know all of these words, as they will then be introduced to the Year 3/4 statutory spelling words.
By the end of Year 2, children are expected to know how to spell 200 High Frequency Words when they write. If they know how to spell these words, it will make writing and reading much easier for them. | 0.65 | medium | 5 | 1,126 | [
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9292f80e-f62e-4258-bc31-9c789f30a7ae | "Candy rots your teeth." | life_skills | historical_context | "Candy rots your teeth."
"You only get sweets if you've been good."
"Eat your vegetables first, then you can have dessert."
"No you can't have any more fries. You'll get fat."
These are all well-meaning snippets of wisdom from parents intent on limiting their kids' intake of sweets.
But they may be counterproductive.
In our efforts to enforce a little moderation on our would-be sugar fiends, we run the risk of turning candy, cake and treats into a bigger deal in a child's mind. We may be unintentionally reinforcing the message that sweets are more exciting than vegetables, and that good times and unhealthy indulgence go hand-in-hand.
With foods with added sugars and solid fats contributing almost 35 percent of calories in the average American's diet, rethinking our relationship to treats and indulgences has never been more urgent. Exactly how to do that with kids requires revisiting some basic assumptions.
A sweet tooth is a natural phenomenon
The first thing to acknowledge is that there is a very real, physical reason why children like candy and fatty foods so much, and that's because their metabolism is in overdrive. Because they are growing and learning at an astounding rate, and because they usually accompany that growth with a busy schedule of play, play and more play, their calorific needs are much higher than an adult of a comparable body size.
That's not to say a diet of pure M&Ms and soda is a good idea for your 5-year-old, but it is still a fact worth remembering next time your child throws a fit over a chocolate chip cookie.
The forbidden fruit gum
Another fact that is often hard for us parents to accept is that banning something outright rarely works — especially if that something is readily available outside of the home.
Instead of preventing our children from enjoying any processed foods, fatty treats or refined sugars, we may be better off allowing them to enjoy those foods in moderation – taking care not to make a big deal out of them, and providing plenty of healthy alternatives for them to choose from.
In fact, child nutrition expert and registered dietitian Ellyn Satter suggests that when you do occasionally allow fries or chips with a meal, you should arrange to have enough that everyone can eat their fill — because fatty foods don't compete with other mealtime foods in the way that sugary treats can. Even with sugary treats, Satter suggests that allowing children an unlimited supply of cookies or desserts at snack time is no bad thing. They'll eventually learn that it doesn't always feel too great to overindulge.
Serve treats with your meal
Many dietitians now advise parents that dessert may actually be better served alongside the main meal from time-to-time — presenting cake and broccoli as equally valid, equally exciting and delicious food choices. The majority of food a child is offered each day should still be fruits, vegetables and carbohydrates, but the occasional donut is not going to throw their eating off balance. Just don't allow seconds on dessert during mealtimes.
Do not reward or console with food
One of the most important lessons to learn in developing a healthy attitude to less healthy foods — for yourself or for your children — is to avoid rewarding with food. While a trip to the ice cream store may sound like a logical reward for good behavior, or a fun way to cheer a child up if he's down, these kinds of "benefits" can create associations that are hard to break later in life.
Instead of rewarding or consoling with food, try giving out stickers, or even just promising your child an hour of your undivided attention. Not only will you avoid creating unhealthy mental associations to food, you'll also create unique memories for you and your children to cherish.
Double standards are sometimes OK
These days, many dietitians recommend developing a division of responsibility regarding eating, with parents deciding what to offer, and children deciding if and how much they want to eat of what is offered. (The "no seconds on dessert" rule is an exception to this concept, which is why occasional unlimited supplies at snack time help to offset that inconsistency.)
With regards to sodas, Ellyn Satter has no qualms about how the division of responsibilities should play out: "If you drink soda, maintain a double standard. Tell your child it is a grownup drink, which it is. When she is old enough to learn about soda-drinking from friends — probably in middle school — arrange to have soda occasionally for snack or along with a particular meal, such as pizza or tacos. The trick is including it regularly enough so it doesn't get to be 'forbidden,' but not making it available in unlimited quantities, all the time."
Provide alternatives and promote exploration
Finally — and this advice really applies to all aspects of healthy eating — the most important thing you can do as a parent is introduce a wide range of foods to your children, and encourage them to explore, experiment and enjoy the flavors and textures that the world has to offer.
I know from painful experience that there will be many, many times when your children will refuse the same spinach that they thought was delicious only a week ago, or demand yet another cookie, or simply eat nothing at all. These are all natural ways for your child to explore boundaries and to develop their own relationships with and opinions about food.
Try to remember that you can never, and should never, control what they eat — but you can act as a guide, providing them with a broad range of choices. Over time, they'll develop their own sense of self-control and moderation, leaving you to worry about your own temptations in the candy aisle. | 0.55 | medium | 4 | 1,172 | [
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1fb3be95-3d18-47ba-8736-f1cb450ca527 | NASSAU COUNTY INTERIM FINANCE | technology | problem_set | NASSAU COUNTY INTERIM FINANCE AUTHORITY MINUTES OF THE MEETING OF THE DIRECTORS HELD ON DECEMBER 30, 2010
Pursuant to notice dated December 22, 2010, a meeting of the Nassau County Interim Finance Authority ("NIFA") was convened at 10:00 AM at the Marriott Long Island Hotel & Conference Center located at 101 James Doolittle Blvd, Uniondale, NY 11553.
The following Directors of the Authority were present:
Ronald Stack, Chairman
George Marlin
Thomas Stokes
Robert Wild
Christopher Wright
Leonard Steinman (via telephone, none voting)
Also present from the Authority were Evan Cohen, Executive Director; Jeremy Wise,
General Counsel; Maria Kwiatkowski, Deputy Director; Jane Cunneen, Acting Treasurer; and Laurie
Boucher, Corporate Secretary. Consultants to the Authority were also present and included Judge
Judith Kaye and Christopher Gunther from Skadden, Arps and Marti Kopacz, Bob Childree and
Michael Imber from Grant Thornton.
Upon determining that a quorum was present, the Chairman called the meeting to order.
Chairman Stack stated that the first item on the agenda was a resolution to approve the minutes of the December 21, 2010 Directors' meeting.
2
Upon motion duly made and seconded, the following resolution was approved unanimously:
Resolution No. 10-298
APPROVAL OF MINUTES AND RATIFICATION OF ACTIONS TAKEN AT THE DECEMBER
21, 2010 MEETING OF THE DIRECTORS OF THE NASSAU COUNTY INTERIM FINANCE
AUTHORITY
RESOLVED, that the Minutes of the meeting of the Authority held on December 21, 2010 are hereby approved and all actions taken by the Directors present at such meeting, as set forth in such Minutes, are hereby in all respects ratified and approved as actions of the Authority.
* * *
Chairman Stack stated that the County Executive and County Comptroller requested to address the Board members before going into executive session. The Chairman stated that although NIFA normally asks the elected officials to speak after the meeting, he would allow them to address the Board before executive session. He stated that the County Comptroller had a previous engagement and would not be speaking to the Directors.
After the County Executive concluded his presentation, he submitted an update to the financial status of the County, which he requested be incorporated into the records of the meeting. (See letter below)
7
Chairman Stack then entertained a motion to go into executive session to discuss legal matters, including potential litigation. He explained that the Directors could be in the executive session for a long time.
Upon motion duly made and seconded, the following resolution was approved unanimously:
RESOLUTION NO. 10-299
EXECUTIVE SESSION - PURSUANT TO SECTION105 OF THE PUBLICOFFICERS LAW
RESOLVED, that pursuant to Section 105 of the Public Officers Law, the Directors of the Nassau County Interim Finance Authority shall convene in Executive Session for the purpose of discussing legal matters.
* * *
At 10:25 AM the open session of the Directors was temporarily adjourned and an executive session of the Directors was convened. At 1:27 PM the executive session was adjourned and the open session was reconvened. The Chairman stated that no votes were taken during executive session.
Chairman Stack apologized to the public for the amount of time that the Directors were in executive session. He stated that in light of the County Executive's letter from yesterday which included various new contingencies and his comments at the meeting this morning, NIFA has decided to grant the County, in an abundance of caution, one final opportunity to present its support for the items that the County claims will result in a balanced budget for 2011 and will prevent a one percent deficit in the major operating funds for fiscal year 2011. The Chairman stated that NIFA requests no later than January 20, in writing, a full description of these items. He indicated that NIFA will send a letter to the County requesting very specific back-up material for these items. The Chairman stated that NIFA will hold its next meeting after the information is analyzed. He stated that based on the information NIFA has at this time, it is extremely concerned that the 2011 budget is not balanced and that a one percent deficit is a real threat.
Director Wild stated that he finds it disturbing that the County waited until the very last minute to submit new information to the County. He demanded that the County supply NIFA with the information it needs to complete its analysis on an ongoing basis. He stated that the NIFA Directors are volunteers who put in the time and energy to help the County and its citizens.
Director Marlin stated that the County has a budget deficit and a credibility deficit. He stated that while the County has eliminated some of the deficit, it has not done enough. He stated that there has been a lack of candor from the County and it has not kept its promises about several gap closing items.
Director Wright stated that NIFA has been concerned as well as accommodating to the County by providing multiple extensions of time both publicly and privately. He stated that NIFA expects the information requested on or before January 20 will bear fruit.
9
Director Stokes stated that NIFA expects the County to identify where the gaps lie in the budget and define those contingencies with dates and state specifically how those risks are going to
be closed.
The Chairman stated again that NIFA is giving the County one final opportunity to presents its case that this budget is balanced. He stated that NIFA will analyze their response and
will meet after January 20 with its decision on whether it believes the budget is balanced.
The Chairman then entertained a motion to adjourn. Upon motion duly made and seconded, the Directors voted unanimously to adjourn the meeting at 1:35 PM.
Respectfully submitted,
Laurie A. Boucher
Corporate Secretary | 0.75 | medium | 6 | 1,432 | [
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5c5d964c-bc1f-4795-873c-771809c1d602 | Make GigSalad better, upgrade your browser | arts_and_creativity | historical_context | Make GigSalad better, upgrade your browser!
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55879fcb-6ae0-493f-8214-f3371bc59bc2 | Human Resource Management Assignment Help | interdisciplinary | code_implementation | Human Resource Management Assignment Help
Human Resource Management (HRM) is a strategic and coherent approach of the management of an organization’s most valued assets-people who work there and contribute individually and collectively to the achievement of organization’s objectives. It is a set of interrelated policies with an ideological and philosophical underpinning. Along with this assignment help, it is the function within an organization that focuses on recruitment, management and providing direction for the people, who work in the organization. HRM is the organizational function that deals with issues related to compensation, hiring, performance management, organization development, safety, wellness, benefits, employee motivation, communication, administration, and training.
It is a strategic and comprehensive approach to manage people, workplace culture and environment. HRM enables employees to contribute effectively and productively for achieving organizational goals and objectives. HRM is a specific managerial and organizational philosophy that views people as organizational assets. It is an integration of personnel management function into strategic management of the organization. In present, HRM is moving away from traditional personnel, administration and transactional roles due to increasing outsourcing of workforce. HRM helps to add value in strategic utilization of employees. The new role of HRM involves strategic direction and HRM metrics and measurements to demonstrate value.
Primary function of HRM
HRM plays an important role in effective selection and utilization of employees to best achieve the goals and the strategies of the organizations, as well as the goals and the needs of employees. As per HR assignment help experts,following are primary functions of human resource management:
Human resource planning: It includes planning of human resource for present and future demand and supplies. For planning this, it is important to research the external market, changes in policies and demands of labor and availability of talented people.
Recruitment and selection: It is the primary function of HRM to meet workforce demands and labor force trends. This function mainly deals with the identification of potential applicants for current and future openings and for assessing and evaluating to make a selection and placement decision. This function ensures that the organization selects the most skilful and competent person from a sea of applicants at that time. It includes evaluation of ability and competency of potential employees in relation to needs of organization.
Compensation and benefits: This function is related to provide an equal wage structure, competitive benefits package, incentives, awards, salary increments, bonus and promotions. These tools are helpful to motivate employees for improving their performance and skills.
Employee relations: This function is related with communication system through that employees can share their problems and grievances. These issues are solved by management to develop effective relations with employee. HRM provides safe and healthy work environment.
Human resource development: It is related with employee training and development, new hire orientation, leadership training professional development seminars and workshops, career planning to improve the skills and knowledge of employees.
Role of HR in Strategic Plan
Human resource plays an important role in strategic plan. It formulates policies and strategies required for ensuring an effective strategic plan. HR also develops long term and short objectives for strategic plan. Mission is also developed by human resources to achieve strategic goals for which the strategic plan is constructed by the organization. It is the human resources, who prepare different activities for the strategic plan. Along with this, human resources also perform the task of conducting situational analysis. Under this analysis, SWOT analysis, competitor analysis, market analysis etc are performed by human resources.
In addition our assignment experts says that, HR also performs the task of formulating marketing strategies. Under these marketing strategies, HR develops segmentation strategy, targeting strategy and positioning strategy for marketing the products and services. Furthermore, human resource also develops budget related activities. In addition, human resource develops contingency plans. This contingency plan is effective to ensure success of the strategic plan. Apart from this, human resource also performs the task of developing monitoring and control related aspects.
Under these activities, strategies related to monitor the progress and results of the strategic plan are monitored. Moreover, human resource also performs the task of controlling the strategic plan related issues and challenges. It helps in avoiding any unexpected outcomes. Resource implications are also performed by the human resources to ensure effective strategic plan. Human resource also performs the task of executing the strategic plan related activities that are needed to achieve the long term and short term goals
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409fbca6-9c70-4c89-8fa7-e2fc66eacac8 | Sustainable packaging become mainstream | science | data_analysis | Sustainable packaging has become a mainstream trend, with more and more companies recognizing the importance of reducing waste and improving the environmental impact of their products. However, there is still a long way to go to achieve truly sustainable packaging solutions.
Driven by consumer demand and environmental concerns, the trend towards sustainable packaging is growing rapidly. Sustainable packaging is defined as packaging that has a reduced impact on the environment and is made from renewable, recyclable, or biodegradable materials. This includes using materials like recycled paper, bioplastics, and compostable materials.
While the trend is encouraging, there are still many challenges to overcome. One of the biggest challenges is the lack of infrastructure and systems to support sustainable packaging. This includes the need for better waste management, recycling facilities, and composting programs.
Another challenge is the need for more innovation and creativity in developing sustainable packaging solutions. This includes finding alternatives to single-use plastics, which are a major contributor to plastic pollution in our oceans and landfills.
So what can companies do to address these challenges and create more sustainable packaging solutions? Here are a few suggestions:
- Use Sustainable Materials: Companies can switch to more sustainable materials, such as recycled paper, bioplastics, and compostable materials. This not only reduces the environmental impact of packaging but also creates a more positive image for the company.
- Reduce Packaging Waste: Companies can work to reduce the amount of packaging waste generated by their products. This includes using smaller packaging, designing packaging that is easier to recycle, and encouraging consumers to recycle.
- Innovate: Companies can invest in research and development to find more innovative and eco-friendly packaging solutions. This includes exploring new materials and developing packaging that is biodegradable, reusable, and/or refillable.
- Collaborate: Companies can work with other businesses, governments, and organizations to create a circular economy for packaging materials. This involves designing products and packaging with recycling and reuse in mind, as well as implementing effective waste management systems.
While sustainable packaging has become a mainstream trend, there is still much work to be done to create truly sustainable packaging solutions. Companies can play a critical role in this effort by investing in innovation, collaborating with others, and using more sustainable materials. By doing so, companies can not only reduce their environmental impact but also enhance their brand image and reputation. | 0.65 | medium | 4 | 468 | [
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7652f0bb-6b12-4654-86bd-06591eacdfae | When critical piece technology | technology | data_analysis | When a critical piece of technology fails, a database will either failover or fall over. Databases are almost always backed-up so if a database falls over, it can normally be recovered, but processing interruptions to important applications can be very expensive, so important databases are rarely allowed to fall over.
- How Bad Is This in Practice?
- Failover to the Rescue?
- Is Failover Sufficient?
- A New Approach in the Cloud
When a database falls over, it usually recovers like this: The database keeps a log file of all completed transactions. If it fails, you run a recovery job that returns it to a known consistent state corresponding either to the last back-up or to a checkpoint. The job then applies completed transactions from the log file and then you reconnect all the users. Users check their last transaction to see if it completed and then everything continues as before.
Experience suggests that the users will lose the database for at least 20 minutes. They will be unhappy. But it will be worse if there are any dependencies. Not so long ago we built silo systems: one or more applications and a database to serve them. If we lost the database then only a limited number of users would be impacted. But then came the internet, web services, and service oriented architecture (SOA).
The internet is merciless as regards availability — it demands 24/7. The impact of web services and SOA proliferated these high service levels because they enabled software reuse, which created dependencies. Reuse is a good thing and dependencies are not a bad thing, if you can meet the service levels.
As we move forward in time, applications and databases simply become more and more interdependent, their availability requirements soon approach 24/7, and database fall over becomes unacceptable. That’s pretty much where many companies are right now.
Failover is better. Technically, failover involves automatically switching to a standby environment (hardware, database software, and networking connections) when a database fails. To achieve this, a considerable amount of redundancy (duplication) needs to be built into the environment, it is necessary to have a replica database ready to go into action when the live database fails.
This can be achieved by continually passing transactions from the live database to the replica and, conveniently, there is very little overhead involved in this. There will also normally be a heartbeat “pulse” continually passed between the primary and the replica so that the replica knows when to go into action — although some databases require operator approval before automatically failing over.
In theory, failover is invisible; the database gets swapped out and nobody notices. In practice it is not so simple. There are a series of re-connections from application to database to be made and the replica suddenly has a large workload run. It may be that insufficient resources are immediately available and operations staff need to bolster the resources to meet the demand.
A hot standby needs to have exactly as much resource as the primary if failover is going to work perfectly. But if you provided that much resource for many databases you would duplicate a large amount of resource. It’s more economic to provide enough resource for failover to commence and then gradually configure. There will be a dip in performance, but not for very long.
When disaster recovery is added to the mix everything gets more complex. Now think of two data centers many miles apart. You might like to have the hot standby database running in the remote data center. But if you do, there are problems when you failover. In that situation, local applications will have to access the standby database many miles away over the network and the latency involved in that may be prohibitive.
So, it may not work to use the disaster recovery site for failover. Failover may have to be set up locally.
A complicated picture quickly starts to develop. Some databases (ones that don’t matter so much) will be allowed to fall over and will be recovered slowly. More important databases, at greater resource cost, will failover and those which are truly mission critical will have a failover capability and a disaster recovery service.
One of the extraordinary things about some of the newer distributed cloud database technologies is that you do not have to worry about any of this. Explained simply, some of the newer distributed cloud database technologies keep a full disk copy of the database at every database location. You can have one or more locations within a data center and a location in each of the multiple data centers. Set this up correctly and you can forget about fail over and disaster recovery for the database entirely. It’s already done.
Take the fall over situation. Imagine that in one of the database locations a critical component fails and eliminates one or more of the servers running one of these new databases in that location. If the data on disk is still available at that location and there is still at least one server running then it will continue to run rather than fall over.
However it may be short of resource to execute all the work it is receiving. If so, the database brokers will divert some of the workload to a different database location which has available resource. It will happen automatically. No one will notice.
Now take the failover situation. Imagine that some critical component fails which takes out one of the database locations completely. The connection brokers simply make connections to one or more new locations and transfer the workload accordingly. The brokers will know which connections will be most efficient. Failover will happen automatically. No one will notice.
Now take the disaster recovery situation. Imagine that a whole data center disappears. The connection brokers will make connections to another physical site. Disaster recovery will happen automatically. No one will notice.
In reality, with failover or disaster recovery, keeping the applications running will be much more of a challenge than keeping your new database running.
It could be argued that today’s new distributed cloud database technology doesn’t really failover or recover, because it has been designed to never fail. | 0.65 | medium | 4 | 1,235 | [
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97078c68-8f91-4056-935f-ed4ffbac09e0 | Contact(s): Jay Watson, DNR | science | problem_set | Contact(s): Jay Watson, DNR insect ecologist, 920-662-5161 OR Eva Lewandowski, DNR citizen-based monitoring coordinator, 608-264-6057
MADISON - Wisconsin has 20 species of native bumble bees, and with many of these important pollinators in decline, creating habitat for them or helping monitor their populations are two of the most important steps concerned citizens can take for Pollinator Week this June 17-23.
"Our native pollinators are incredibly important to maintaining Wisconsin's native ecosystems, many fruit crops, and backyard gardens, but they need our help," says Jay Watson, the Department of Natural Resources' insect ecologist.
"Creating healthy habitat for pollinators and getting trained to help identify and locate bumble bees, Karner blue butterflies, and monarch eggs and caterpillars are great ways to help."
Gov. Tony Evers has joined governors from 48 other states to declare June 17-23 as "Pollinator Week." A pollinator is any animal that visits flowering plants and transfers pollen from flower to flower, aiding plant reproduction. In Wisconsin, native pollinators include bees (Wisconsin has 400 species of them, including bumble bee species), butterflies, moths, flower flies, beetles, wasps, and hummingbirds. Populations of some pollinators in Wisconsin, including several bumble bees and butterflies, are in decline, with potential widespread implications.
Globally, somewhere between 75 percent and 95 percent of all flowering plants - some 180,000 species in all and 1,200 crops -- need pollinators to help reproduce, according to the Pollinator Partnership, the organizer of the awareness week.
In Wisconsin, many of these flowering plants and the insects that pollinate them feed other wildlife and support healthy ecosystems that clean the air and stabilize soils, Watson says.
Pollinators are crucial for many Wisconsin agricultural crops too. Without pollinators, Wisconsin cranberry growers would lose three-quarters of their crop, apple growers would lose 80 percent, and cherry growers would lose 60 percent. In 2015, that would have added up to a whopping $134 million loss, according to the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection. Concern over declines in pollinators led that department to initiate development of the Wisconsin Pollinator Protection Plan in 2015.
Feed pollinators and help find them
Good habitat for pollinators will include a diversity of native plants, leaf litter or "unmanicured" green spaces, and minimal to no pesticide use, Watson says.
"Even if you only have a small yard or an apartment balcony, you can grow native flowers that provide food for pollinators," he says.
Lists of plants good for pollinators and other resources are found on DNR's Saving Pollinators web page, found on dnr.wi.gov, search "pollinators."
Volunteering with a citizen-based monitoring program to help pollinators is something that anyone can do, wherever they are in the state, says Eva Lewandowski, citizen-based monitoring coordinator at DNR.
"There are several pollinator projects in Wisconsin that people can join to help provide high quality data that can be used for conservation and management," Lewandowski says. Those programs include: | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 686 | [
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21516383-bb02-4c46-b530-479f0e0e8b58 | recent years, rapid advancements | interdisciplinary | problem_set | In recent years, rapid advancements in realistic image and video synthesis have figuratively “opened the floodgates” for applications in numerous areas. One of the most well-known examples is digital humans, which have already started to transform the way we create, communicate, and in the future may even start being used in the special effects industry.
We call these artificial characters the avatar of a particular person. The primary defining characteristic of avatars is the ability for a user to impose an arbitrary motion on a static image or a 3D model. By this definition, the computer graphics models of humans used in the movies are also avatars, but with a very costly creation and animation process.
Figure 1. Examples of head avatars produced by our model . They are animated using keypoints and obtained using a single source image.
Modeling the human appearance is one of the most well-studied problems in computer graphics. One of its prime applications has always been special effects, with computer-generated humans now regularly appearing in feature films.
To create these scenes, special effects artists use 3D mesh models, a versatile representation that can be put into 3D scenes, relighted, and even used for physics simulations. However, the price for that versatility is the lengthy creation process, which typically requires days or even weeks of highly trained professional labor. It is true that modern techniques, like photogrammetry and motion capture, have allowed us to significantly speed up the design and animation process compared to the early years of computer graphics imagery. However, creating these models, especially for the actors from the past, may still be prohibitively costly, with the price tag that only major blockbuster movies or video game makers can afford. This price stems from the necessity to have specialized and expensive equipment, as well as a large team of special effects artists since many steps of the avatar creation process are still not automated.
This labor intensiveness of the creation process for computer-generated humans is also associated with the so-called Uncanny Valley hypothesis . It states that people prefer unrealistic depictions of themselves more than imperfect realistic ones. The lack of mimics or expressiveness, the glassy look of the eyes, or plastic skin texture will make synthetic images of humans uncanny or even revolting. This effect is purely psychological and, unfortunately, is more pronounced and amplified in videos. Therefore, artists spend a lot of time and effort in the design process of such characters to make them as life-like as possible. Thus, the problem of Uncanny Valley is a significant roadblock on the way to genuinely realistic virtual humans.
Also, while full-body modeling is the ultimate goal of all avatar systems, solving this problem for the head separately from the rest of the body has a lot of practical sense. Human heads have high photometric, geometric, and kinematic complexity, which mainly stems from modeling a mouth cavity and hair. These areas have always been challenging for traditional mesh-based modeling. Another complicating factor is the acuteness of the human visual system towards even minor mistakes in the appearance modeling of humans, especially their heads, which we have discussed earlier. Therefore, in our research, we decided to focus on the problem of modeling talking heads. These models are quite useful on their own since they already allow us to build communication systems. But, in contrary to the mesh-based approaches, they are comparably easy to obtain using novel techniques which apply neural networks for image synthesis.
The main goal of using approaches based on neural networks and computer vision is their ability to generalize, given enough training data. Some models are even able to work with (arguably) the hardest type of data, in-the-wild images, which are taken with unspecified cameras, lighting conditions, and potentially poor quality. This allows such methods to utilize large amounts of image and video data available online instead of relying on scarce data obtained in controlled environments. Also, it makes the usage of these models easier since the data they require can be obtained with a camera using any modern smartphone.
A lot of previous works in computer vision has been devoted to statistical modeling of the appearance of human faces using mesh-based models, with remarkably good results obtained both with classical techniques and, more recently, with neural networks . While modeling faces is a highly related task to talking head modeling, the two tasks are not identical. The latter also involves modeling non-face parts such as hair, neck, mouth cavity, and often shoulders/upper garment. These non-face parts cannot be handled by some trivial extension of the face modeling methods since they are much less amenable for registration and often have higher variability and higher complexity than the face part. In principle, the results of face or lips modeling results can be stitched into an existing head video. Such design, however, does not allow complete control over the head rotation in the resulting video and therefore does not result in a fully-fledged talking head system.
The design of our first system , which we developed in 2019, borrows a lot from the progress in generative modeling of images. In recent years, alternative approaches to creating digital humans started to emerge, which utilize the direct synthesis of images via neural networks. The advancements in the so-called generative adversarial networks (GANs) allowed these networks to produce highly realistic portrait images, close to being indistinguishable from the real photos. Furthermore, the same system could also work across multiple diverse domains and synthesize natural scenery, cats, dogs, and human faces.
Figure 2. Example pipeline of motion transfer using a direct synthesis system . Key points are detected from a source video, and then the system is directly producing the image with a posed avatar. (Source.)
These advancements later lead to the development of models that could train an avatar of a person given multiple posed images and enough time for training. The systems typically used key points, encoding face or body parts, to guide the animation. The drawback that most of these systems shared was the necessity to use large amounts of data (hundreds of frames per new person) and lengthy training process, which could take hours on the modern graphical processing units (GPUs).
Figure 3. The scheme of our approach. Few available images are first fed into the embedder and are encoded into adaptive parameters of the generator. Then, key points (landmarks) are processed by a generator network to produce an output image. We use both perceptual, GAN-based losses, and auxiliary objectives for training, which help us improve fine-tuning (they are depicted on the rest of the scheme). (Source of the images.)
To alleviate that issue while keeping a high degree of personalization of the avatars, we employed a simplified meta-learning strategy for training. During training, we showed the neural network a small sample of images of the same person and asked it to recreate an image with that individual, given only its pose, encoded in the facial key points. We used modulation via adaptive instance normalization layers to initialize some weights in our network in a way that gets us the best quality possible. After that, during test time, we additionally fine-tune all the weights of the generator using all available images. The key insight of our work was that the generator network did not lose its generalization capabilities after fine-tuning on a tiny set of images while improving the quality of the results.
The results that we obtained encouraged us to continue our research, but there were multiple problems with the model that we had. The quality was still poor, the inference time was slow, and we had to do fine-tuning, which limited the devices we could run this model on to desktops or servers with a dedicated GPU. While the fine-tuning scheme was a really cheap way to improve the quality of our system, we had to come up with a model that would perform well without it.
Our main goal was the development of a neural network that would work on mobile devices, specifically Samsung devices. At that time, the fastest available framework to run these models was Snapdragon Neural Processing Engine (SNPE) . While being extremely efficient, it supported a very limited set of layers, which are the building blocks of neural networks. Moreover, there was no way to add any additional layers that we may require to run our models. Competitor frameworks, like TFLite , while being flexible, were significantly slower in our measurements (up to two times, compared to SNPE).
Therefore, we decided to design a new architecture that would allow efficient real-time inference under the constraints mentioned above. This meant that we had to rule out some of the popular competitor models, like Siarohin et al. , and come up with a different pipeline.
The key approach that would allow speeding up the inference, and differentiate us from the competitors, was allocating as much computation as possible for the initialization of our model. For us, it is possible to spend ten seconds on the avatar creation process if that would reduce per-frame inference time. We employed two ideas to achieve that. Firstly, we propose to split the single generator network into two parts: one would be computationally expensive and run once per avatar, while another would be lightweight and run once per frame. Secondly, we employ an iterative strategy for updating the parameters of our model during test-time, which was inspired by the learned gradient descend method. Essentially, we still want to do fine-tuning, but in a way that could be ported to mobile devices.
Figure 4. In our Bi-Layer Model , the input image is first encoded by the embedder into a set of adaptive parameters in both of the generators. We then predict a high-frequency “texture” via a heavy texture generator network, which concludes person-specific initialization. For inference, we do a forward pass through the inference generator to obtain pose-specific warping of the texture and a low-frequency component of the output. The final image is obtained by a simple summation of the two components. (Source of the images.)
In order to split the generator, we also split the output image into two layers: low-frequency and high-frequency. The low-frequency layer is predicted directly by a lightweight generator, while the high-frequency layer is predicted by warping the output of a computationally heavy generator. The lightweight (inference) generator is driven by the output pose, while the heavy generator is pose agnostic. We call the output of a heavy pose-agnostic network a “texture”, and the heavy generator a “texture generator.”
Figure 5. Detailed steps of the generation process. (Source of the images.)
After training the base model, we also obtain the network that does iterative texture enhancement. It works in a feedforward way, and we train it using the unrolling technique (“back-propagation through time”). Specifically, during training, we train it by backpropagation through all iterations. Then, during inference, we can use it to enhance the estimate of the texture obtained by the texture generator.
Figure 6. Animation results. (Source of the images.)
This method allows us to build a system capable of the creation and inference of realistic avatars on devices with a Snapdragon chip, but the approach, due to the simplicity of its components, can, in theory, be ported to other frameworks. Rendering took us on average 42 ms per frame, as measured on Adreno 640 GPU, FP 16 mode, using the SNPE benchmarking tool.
Our Neural Talking Heads was the first system that could initialize from a few images and produce realistic-looking avatars. We achieved that using a proposed fine-tuning pipeline and a simplified meta-learning scheme. Our second work has proposed a simpler and more computationally efficient architecture compared to our competitors. This allowed realistic avatars to run on Samsung mobile devices in close to real-time settings. We hope that, in the future, these approaches could find their way into more mobile applications or even products, which require real-time human head synthesis.
M. Mori, “The uncanny valley”, Energy, 1970. V. Blanz et al., “A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces”, SIGGRAPH, 1999. J. Thies et al., “Face2Face: Real-Time Face Capture and Reenactment of RGB Videos”, CVPR, 2016. S. Lombardi et al., “Deep appearance models for face rendering”, ACM Transactions on Graphics, 2018. E. Zakharov et al., “Few-Shot Adversarial Learning of Realistic Neural Talking Head Models”, ICCV, 2019. C. Chan et al., “Everybody Dance Now”, ICCV, 2019. https://developer.qualcomm.com/docs/snpe/overview.html https://www.tensorflow.org/lite A. Siarohin, “First Order Motion Model”, NeurIPS, 2019. M. Andrychowicz, “Learning to learning by gradient descent by gradient descent”, NeurIPS, 2016. E. Zakharov et al., “Fast Bi-layer Neural Synthesis of One-Shot Realistic Head Avatars”, ECCV, 2020. | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 2,756 | [
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08a56848-bf98-4a26-8bb2-1794d5d7f34b | iconography, there different tokens | interdisciplinary | historical_context | In iconography, there are different tokens, called “attributes,” that help to distinguish between different saints. Attributes can be common objects, or more unusual ones. For example, St. Peter has a set of keys, St. Jerome is dressed as a cardinal (even though he wasn’t one), and St. Catherine of Alexandria is distinguished by a wheel.
Today is the feast of St. Lucy, which brings to mind the first time I saw an image of her, along with her “attribute.” She was holding two eyes, on a plate. No, that’s not a typo. Two eyes. On a plate.
In a word, it was grotesque. In several more words, it was unpalatable, impolite, bizarre, and disturbing. Of course, I wasn’t naïve enough to believe such things never happened—Byzantine history provides plenty of examples—but why would anyone be so crude as to commemorate it with a statue?
It’s said that, after St. Lucy was blinded, God miraculously restored her sight. But it’s also fairly likely that this is only a legend. After all, neither the blinding itself nor the miraculous healing is mentioned either in the thirteenth-century Golden Legend or in earlier works.
Perhaps it will be helpful to go to the Gospels:
The eye is the lamp of the body. So, if your eye is sound, your whole body will be full of light; but if your eye is not sound, your whole body will be full of darkness. If then the light in you is darkness, how great is the darkness! (Mt 6:22–23)
Christ points out the limits of our vision. In one way or another, we are all blinded to our faults. Incidentally, this passage comes right after Christ’s condemnation of hypocrisy. We can all look great in our own eyes, and we can all rationalize anything that gets in the way of our self-deception. But we have been warned, on good authority, not to embrace this way of seeing:
And if your eye causes you to sin, pluck it out and throw it away; it is better for you to enter life with one eye than with two eyes to be thrown into the hell of fire. (Mt 18:9)
And so, the unsettling image of St. Lucy starts to make a bit more sense. More than just a legendary accretion, her story is a call to the profound reevaluation we must make if we are to see clearly.
St. Lucy was martyred during the persecution of Diocletian, but, before she was killed, the Roman authorities tried to humiliate and disgrace her by condemning her to a house of ill repute—to put it more plainly, a brothel. When the judge sentenced her, she replied,
If you were to lift my hand to your idol and so make me offer against my will, I would still be guiltless in the sight of the true God, who judges according to the will and knows all things. If now, against my will, you cause me to be polluted, a twofold purity will be gloriously imputed to me. You cannot bend my will to your purpose; whatever you do to my body, that cannot happen to me.
St. Lucy could see something that the judge could not. But preaching the faith to him was like trying to sell the Brooklyn Bridge to a Manhattanite—a hard sell if there ever was one. His worldly way of thinking might be summed up in Mark Twain’s charming but cynical definition of faith: “believing that which we know not to be true.”
Charming, perhaps, but wrong—dead wrong. Such “faith” does not produce martyrs. St. Lucy, like other saints through the ages, saw through the outward appearance of respectability, comfort, and peace that is offered by the world. These items were off the table for her, because she caught the glimpse of something far greater.
Fulton Sheen once remarked that humor results from the ability to see through things. Slapstick, irony, even puns are only really funny when they point beyond themselves. The Church exhibits her sense of humor in this way by placing the feast day of St. Lucy, whose name means “light,” at the darkest time of the year. It’s not such a great one-liner, of course, and it won’t get as many laughs as Mark Twain. But then it’s a different kind of humor—the sort that doesn’t go stale.
C.S. Lewis gives his own charming description of faith in his second Narnia novel, Prince Caspian. One day, the youngest child in the story—Lucy Pevensie—encounters the lion Aslan, whom she hasn’t seen in a long time; but, much to her dismay, she soon realizes that her siblings cannot see him, even in broad daylight. Then she notices something else:
“Aslan,” said Lucy, “you’re bigger.”
“That is because you are older, little one,” answered he.
“Not because you are?”
“I am not. But every year you grow, you will find me bigger.”
As we grow older, does our faith, like the faith of St. Lucy and little Lucy Pevensie, allow us to see Christ “grow bigger”? Or is there a need to rub our eyes, in the event that we are missing something important? Getting to the bottom of these questions will probably take more than one Advent, so it’s a good idea to get started now.
image: Griffoni Polyptych: St Lucy, by Francesco del Cossa/ Wikimedia Commons | 0.6 | medium | 3 | 1,195 | [
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1c0d5004-6658-47ce-8310-094cd43cbfcc | Graphic design, also known | arts_and_creativity | data_analysis | Graphic design, also known as communication design, is the art and practice of planning and projecting ideas and experiences with visual and textual content. The form it takes can be physical or virtual and can include images, words, or graphics.
The lectures are separated into different modules.
Complete each module by taking tests at the end of the module.
You will be eligible for a certificate after completing all the modules designed for this skill. | 0.5 | medium | 4 | 88 | [
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210c65c5-581b-4d96-afb0-c69e2fd74227 | Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site Resources | technology | tutorial | Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site Resources
to visit the Perryville Civil War Battlefield website.
to visit the Friends of Perryville website.
With the help of a class from Centre College, Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site now has a digital database
of more than 5,800 soldiers who died, were wounded or went missing during the largest Civil War battle in Kentucky. Click here
to search the database.
On October 8, 1862, cannon explosions shattered the rural peace of this tranquil countryside and the death moans of young soldiers. Perryville became the site of the most destructive Civil War battle in the state which left more than 7,600 killed, wounded or missing. The park museum tells of the battle that was the South’s last serious attempt to gain possession of Kentucky.
Jeff Shaara, author of the guidebook Jeff Shaara's Civil War Battlefields: Discovering America's Hallowed Ground
, lists Perryville Battlefield as one of the 10 great Civil War places to visit in USA Today
The battlefield is one of the most unaltered Civil War sites in the nation; vistas visible today are virtually those soldiers saw on that fateful day in 1862. A self-guided walking tour on the battlefield interprets battle events. This is one of the stops along Kentucky's Lincoln Heritage Trail.
Open all year.
Closes November 27th.
Open December through March by appointment only.
Perryville Battlefield State Historic Site
1825 Battlefield Rd. | 0.65 | medium | 5 | 327 | [
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24e827f4-34ac-4b13-a978-e44e485dbed9 | Southern African Large Telescope | science | research_summary | Southern African Large Telescope (SALT), largest telescope in the Southern Hemisphere, with a mirror measuring 11.1 by 9.8 metres (36.4 by 32.2 feet); it is located at the South African Astronomical Observatory near Sutherland, S.Af., at an elevation of 1,798 metres (5,899 feet). SALT is based on the Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET). Like the HET, SALT is fixed at an elevation angle of 55° and thus moves only in azimuth; it follows objects with a moving instrument package at the focal point of the telescope mirror. The mirror is made up of 91 identical hexagonal segments. SALT is designed specifically for spectroscopy of astronomical objects. Construction of SALT began in 2000, and it made its first observations in 2005. The primary partner in funding SALT is the National Research Foundation of South Africa. More than 20 research institutes and universities in Germany, India, New Zealand, Poland, the United Kingdom, and the United States are also partners in SALT. | 0.65 | medium | 6 | 238 | [
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a9e01685-fe1a-4a3d-a212-5413bd9f1ff8 | Visit PrepLogos | interdisciplinary | historical_context | Visit PrepLogos.com
Logos & Artwork at PrepLogos.com
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Check out Stadium Info and Photos Check out some interesting HS Football Videos - You won't believe your eyes!
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All-TimeSchoolRegion TitlesState TitlesRecord (if available)
1Valdosta3521905-221-34
2Lincoln County3714735-259-24
3Carrollton277629-218-23
4Buford 216
4LaGrange186761-344-41
4Americus-Sumter206627-389-32
7Thomasville215693-334-46
7Thomas Co. Central115391-254-9
7Hawkinsville125439-306-15
7Lowndes105359-206-3
7Morgan County95406-246-16
7Statesboro105637-303-37
7Thomson255621-293-37
14Warner Robins234485-215-11
14Clinch County144421-278-18
14Dublin194594-300-28
14Charlton County214429-318-13
14Parkview64
14Washington-Wilkes204638-361-33
14Waycross74448-284-33
Click School Names for additional info on that school.
Information from several sources, including Georgia High School Football Historians Website - www.ghsfha.org.
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8601a5e1-5027-415e-a685-64362f17f49f | Individuals spend excessive amount | science | historical_context | Individuals spend an excessive amount of time on their feet. For this reason good foot care is essential to balanced health. Podiatrists, doctors in the field of Podiatry, often treat various foot aliments, problems and diseases. Acquire insight on podiatry and foot medicine by understanding the following definitions.
Podiatry - The branch of medicine that diagnoses, treats and prevents diseases associated with the human foot and ankle. It is a sub-specialty of internal medicine and is also referred to as chiropody.
Bunion - Pain and swelling at the base of the big toe. It forms when the joint enlarges due to new bone forming. A bunion also indicates that the toe is misaligned. Typically women are affected by this condition, especially ballet dancers. Other factors that contribute to a bunion forming, include wearing high heel shoes or shoes that are too tight.
Bunionectomy - Surgery to remove the bunion and re-align the big toe. In this surgery bone cutting is performed on one or more bones of the foot, like the ankle. This removes spurs around the joint and balances the tendons around the toe.
Heel Spur - Nail-like growth of calcium around the ligaments and tendons of the foot where it attaches to the heel bone. It is also referred to as calcaneal spur. Men and women are at risks for heel spurs and often associated with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, poor circulation of the blood and other degenerative diseases. It is important to inform the podiatrist of any preexisting conditions when seeking treatment for a heel spur.
Plantar Fasciitis - Inflammation of the thick tissue on the bottom of the foot.
Ossatron Machine - Machine used to treat plantar fasciitis, heel spurs and inflammation of the heel. This is shock-wave therapy applied to the affected area to help reduce inflammation.
Visit podiatrist specialists for foot treatment, corns, foot problems, and even ankle pain in every area of the country. Providing patients with access to a directory of the top podiatrists in every area.
Foot Doctor, Podiatrist, Physician, and Surgeon of the foot offering diagnosis of foot and ankle problem(s) and treatment through medication and/or surgery. Sports medicine specialist, able to help everyone from school to professional athletes.
Podiatrists are medical professionals that focus on the care of the human foot, and they are generally referred to as doctors of podiatry.
The need for specialized care of the foot, ankle and leg is growing. Diabetics often develop foot and limb problems. Geriatric medicine also often involves foot care, with elderly people developing issues such as bunions, calluses and arthritis. Some podiatrists may specialize in this, while others offer pediatric care. Pediatric podiatry might include the treatment of club feet and other deformities or advising parents on how best to ensure the healthy development of their child's feet and legs.
Podiatry is also important to the physically active. Sports medicine places a great importance on the feet and legs. Podiatrists may be called upon to assist in the treatment of athlete's foot or for a tendon injury. One common problem, especially in runners, is heel pain. Toe problems can include ingrown nails, arthritis and turf toe, which is a tearing of the joint capsule at the base of the big toe associated with playing sports on artificial turf.
Podiatrists work in hospitals and clinics. They may prescribe treatments ranging from a change of shoes to surgery. As doctors, they are able to write prescriptions for medications, such as pain relievers. Although podiatry focuses on the foot and ankle, and on treatments for bunions and heel spurs, the feet are often an echo of the general health of an individual. Poor circulation can aggravate foot problems. While many people may never see a podiatrist, they can be an essential medical professional for many diabetics and athletes. | 0.65 | medium | 5 | 806 | [
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e8616b7e-6f46-4fe6-a790-75f3e33c1f79 | Kinross Gold Corporation Recruitment 2020 | life_skills | historical_context | Kinross Gold Corporation Recruitment 2020
Posted on :
17 Sep, 2020
Category :
Technical Recruitment in Ghana
Chirano is located in southwestern Ghana, approximately 100 kilometres southwest of Kumasi, Ghana’s second largest city. The mine is within the Bibiani gold belt and consists of 11 deposits. Open pit and underground ore are processed at the Chirano plant. The capacity of the mill is approximately 3.5 million tonnes per annum. Processing involves crushing, ball mill grinding, leaching, and CIL.
Job Description
Job Title: Technical Services Manager
Lead the execution of strategy for the mine engineering function and ensure alignment with the organization’s overall strategy. Ensure continued growth of the mine engineering team, to maximize operational efficiencies and profitability, and to cultivate exceptional stakeholder and employee satisfaction.
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Job Responsibilities
• Develop and establish standards of mine design and mine planning aligning with corporate standards
• Lead execution of mine design and mine plan
• Interface across departments and outside firms to ensure deliverables align with overall strategy and meet objectives
• Provide technical support, advice and assistance to operations, technical services and project groups
• Execute short and intermediate-term strategies that support the growth of the mine engineering team; ensures strategies are concretely linked to the organization’s overall strategy
• Lead the execution of strategies in the mine engineering team to enhance current practices and performance
• Develop systems and measures that appropriately assess the team’s performance and review progress to ensure achievement of targets
• Manage the human, financial, and operational resources of the department.
• Formulate the annual operating and capital budgets for the team
• Act as a change agent and project sponsor for key initiatives; models organizational values, sets the cultural tone, and prioritizes business goals
• Set performance targets and measures, monitors, and manages the overall performance of the function and direct reports
• Build the capabilities of the team to enhance the metallurgic team’s ability to achieve financial and operating strategy; identifies succession role requirements and high potential talent and actively develops key talent
• Train and provide mentorship to all Technical Services staff and implement programs for the retention of employees
Education and Experience
• Bachelor of Science in Mining Engineering or its equivalent from a recognized accredited institution
• Minimum of 15 years of related work experience
• Knowledge and experience in coordinating the mine engineering functions for study phases, basic and detailed engineering through site development and operations
• Knowledge and experience in developing policies and procedures relating to safety, the environment and individual, and organizational development
• Proficiency with Vulcan, Surpac, Mine 24-D, Datamine or other industry standard mining software
• Excellent organizational and time management skills with the ability to work independently
• Must be able to apply standards, policies and procedures relating to confidentiality and the protection of personal and sensitive data.
• Excellent verbal and written communication skills
• Strong analytical mindset and attention to detail
• Must be prepared to sit and obtain Chief Mining Engineer certificate of competency from the Minerals Commission within 3 months of appointment
Closing Date : 4 Oct, 2020
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92909a1e-cf26-4f3a-8d83-443b6263bf70 | |Budget Amount *help | interdisciplinary | research_summary | |Budget Amount *help
¥1,400,000 (Direct Cost : ¥1,400,000)
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The term of subjectivity has been playing a center role since 1945's while containing various opinions of what is the school education, and of how we teach mathematics. However, the nature of subjectivity concept is not yet clarified, and has a considerable ambiguity.
(1) to determine subjectivity concept which involves some affective variable,
(2) to construct framework about subjectivity concept in mathematical learning and teaching process, and (3) to develop the measurement scale to evaluate the subjectivity concept.
The subjectivity concept is actively discussed from 1945's to 1955' in the field of the philosophy, literature, and the history study. Many fruitful ideas in previous research were considered in this study, and a decision was made to determine the subjectivity concept. We define subjectivity as the attitude and the practice power of student who positively searches for the truth and value of mathematics in the practice of mathematical activity.
Also, this conception is related to some variables, such as independence, cooperation, sympathy, or problem-solving ability. Based on framework about subjectivity concept, two learning and teaching models were constructed in this study. One is learning type to emphasize a social side, centering on a free idea and the conversation. The other one is learning type to emphasize a personal side, putting a mathematical idea forward. A semantic differential scale with 21 bipolar pairs for measuring subjectivity of student in mathematical learning process was composed. This scale consist of five bipolar pairs on independence, on cooperation, on problem-solving ability, and consist of three bipolar pairs on atmosphere of class and depth of thinking.
We think this study offers one direction to the research of the subjectivity concept which has been talked up to now ideally in school education. | 0.65 | medium | 6 | 461 | [
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75e6af6e-3504-46d3-8cbf-a3d6b25c9d14 | Let's dive into health | science | data_analysis | Let's dive into a health sciences problem with a business twist! Imagine you're a consultant brought in to help a small, independent pharmacy. ### Problem A local independent pharmacy is experiencing declining sales and profits. They've noticed a significant increase in competition from large chain pharmacies and online retailers. The owner wants to understand *why* this is happening and *what* they can do to improve their business performance. They've asked for a data-driven approach to identify the core issues and propose actionable solutions. ### Common Pitfalls Before we jump into solutions, what are some ways someone might *incorrectly* try to solve this problem? * **Pitfall 1: Focusing solely on price.** * **Why it's wrong**: While price is a factor, it's rarely the *only* factor driving customer loyalty or sales. Large chains often have economies of scale that allow them to undercut smaller businesses on price for many common items. Simply trying to match their prices might lead to unsustainable losses for the independent pharmacy. It ignores other potential value propositions. * **Pitfall 2: Making assumptions about customer needs without data.** * **Why it's wrong**: The owner might *think* they know why customers are leaving (e.g., "people just want convenience"), but without gathering actual customer feedback or analyzing sales data, these are just guesses. Acting on assumptions can lead to wasted resources on initiatives that don't address the real problems. For example, investing in a fancy new delivery app might not be useful if customers are actually leaving due to a lack of personalized health advice. ### Correct Method So, how can we approach this problem systematically, using health sciences principles within a business context? * **Step 1: Define Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) relevant to pharmacy business health.** * **Because**: To understand performance and identify decline, we need measurable metrics. What aspects of the pharmacy's operation directly reflect its success or struggle? Think about what "sales and profits" actually *mean* in a pharmacy context. * **Step 2: Gather and analyze relevant data.** * **Because**: We need objective evidence to understand the *current state* and identify *trends*. What kind of data would be most insightful? Consider both internal pharmacy data and external market data. * **Step 3: Segment customers and analyze their purchasing behavior.** * **Because**: Not all customers are the same, and their needs and value to the pharmacy can differ. Understanding *who* is buying *what* can reveal opportunities or highlight areas of decline. This ties into health sciences by considering different patient populations and their health needs. * **Step 4: Identify the pharmacy's unique value proposition (UVP) and potential areas for enhancement.** * **Because**: Simply competing on price is a losing game against large chains. What *else* can this independent pharmacy offer that the chains can't or don't? Think about the strengths of a smaller, community-focused business. How can health sciences expertise be leveraged here? * **Step 5: Develop targeted strategies based on data insights and the UVP.** * **Because**: Once we understand the problems and the pharmacy's strengths, we can create specific, actionable plans. These plans should aim to address the identified weaknesses and capitalize on the pharmacy's unique advantages. Let's flesh these steps out with more specific actions: * **Step 1: Define Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).** * **Action**: Identify KPIs such as: * **Revenue per customer:** How much does the average customer spend? * **Customer retention rate:** What percentage of customers return over a given period? * **Prescription volume:** How many prescriptions are being filled? * **Over-the-counter (OTC) sales:** What's the performance of non-prescription items? * **Profit margin by product category:** Where is the pharmacy making and losing money? * **Customer acquisition cost (CAC):** How much does it cost to get a new customer? * **Customer lifetime value (CLTV):** What is the total value a customer brings over time? * **Because**: These KPIs provide a quantifiable picture of the pharmacy's financial health and customer engagement, moving beyond vague notions of "declining sales." * **Step 2: Gather and analyze relevant data.** * **Action**: Collect historical sales data (from the pharmacy's point-of-sale system), prescription records, customer loyalty program data (if available), and conduct market research on local demographics and competitor offerings. Analyze trends in these KPIs over the past 1-3 years. * **Because**: This provides the raw material for understanding *what* has been happening. Analyzing trends (e.g., a steady decline in prescription volume, a drop in repeat customers) helps pinpoint the *nature* of the problem. * **Step 3: Segment customers and analyze their purchasing behavior.** * **Action**: If loyalty data exists, segment customers by frequency of visits, types of products purchased (e.g., chronic condition medications, acute care items, wellness products), and total spending. If not, analyze sales data to identify common product bundles or customer profiles. Conduct brief customer surveys or informal interviews at the point of sale. * **Because**: This helps answer questions like: Are we losing our long-term, high-value customers? Are younger demographics not engaging with us? Are customers only coming for prescriptions and not OTC items? This segmentation reveals *who* is affected and *how*. * **Step 4: Identify the pharmacy's unique value proposition (UVP) and potential areas for enhancement.** * **Action**: Brainstorm what makes this independent pharmacy different. Is it the pharmacist's expertise and willingness to offer personalized health advice? A curated selection of specialized health products? Strong community ties? A focus on specific health needs (e.g., elder care, specific chronic conditions)? * **Because**: The UVP is the foundation for differentiation. Health sciences expertise is a prime candidate for a UVP in a pharmacy. Can the pharmacist offer medication therapy management (MTM), immunizations, health screenings, or specialized consultations that chains might not prioritize? * **Step 5: Develop targeted strategies.** * **Action**: Based on the analysis: * *If data shows declining prescription volume and a strong pharmacist expertise:* Develop a strategy to promote MTM services, medication adherence programs, and specialized consultations (e.g., diabetes management, smoking cessation). * *If data shows a loss of repeat customers and a strong community feel:* Implement a personalized customer outreach program, perhaps focusing on specific health needs identified in Step 3, or host community health workshops. * *If data shows low OTC sales but a curated selection:* Highlight these unique OTC products through in-store displays and online content, emphasizing quality or niche benefits. * *Consider partnerships:* Collaborate with local doctors' offices or senior living facilities for referrals or specialized services. * **Because**: These strategies directly address the identified issues and leverage the pharmacy's unique strengths, moving beyond price competition and offering tangible value rooted in health sciences. ### Verification How do we know if our proposed solutions are on the right track? * **Action**: Before fully implementing any new strategy, pilot it on a small scale. For example, if the strategy is to promote MTM services, select a small group of existing customers and offer them a free MTM consultation. Track their satisfaction and any subsequent changes in their purchasing behavior or prescription refills. * **Because**: This allows for early detection of flaws or unexpected outcomes without committing significant resources. * **Action**: After implementation (even a pilot), continuously monitor the defined KPIs. * **Because**: Did the customer retention rate improve after the outreach program? Did prescription volume increase after promoting MTM? Did revenue per customer go up after introducing new specialized OTC products? This data-driven feedback loop confirms whether the strategies are working and allows for adjustments. * **Action**: Gather qualitative feedback from both staff and customers. * **Because**: While KPIs tell us *what* is happening, feedback helps us understand *why*. Are customers finding the new services valuable? Are staff equipped to deliver them effectively? This provides context to the quantitative data. ### Generalizable Pattern What's the underlying pattern we used here? 1. **Diagnose with Data:** Start by defining what success looks like (KPIs) and gathering objective data to understand the current situation and identify trends. 2. **Segment and Understand:** Break down the problem (customers, products, services) into smaller, manageable segments to uncover specific causes and opportunities. 3. **Identify Differentiators:** Determine what unique strengths or value propositions exist, especially those that competitors cannot easily replicate. 4. **Strategize and Act:** Develop targeted interventions that leverage these differentiators to address the identified problems. 5. **Measure and Iterate:** Continuously monitor performance against KPIs and gather feedback to refine strategies. This pattern is essentially a **"Data-Driven Strategic Diagnosis and Intervention"** model. ### Broader Application How does this reasoning process connect to broader principles in applied fields, especially those involving health sciences and business? * **Evidence-Based Practice (EBP):** Just as healthcare professionals rely on evidence to make clinical decisions, businesses must rely on data and analysis to make strategic decisions. This problem demonstrates applying EBP principles to business challenges. * **Market Analysis and Strategy:** Understanding market dynamics, competition, and customer needs is fundamental to business strategy. Here, we used health sciences knowledge (patient needs, pharmacist roles) to inform a business market analysis. * **Value Proposition Design:** Businesses succeed by offering value. In health sciences, value can be clinical outcomes, patient experience, or access to expertise. In this business context, we focused on how the pharmacy can create and communicate *health-related* value beyond just dispensing medication. * **Customer Relationship Management (CRM):** Understanding customer segments and tailoring services to their needs is crucial for retention and growth. Applying this to a pharmacy means recognizing different patient populations and their unique health journeys. * **Operational Efficiency and Service Design:** The problem also touches on how to design and deliver services (like MTM or specialized consultations) effectively within an operational framework, ensuring they are both valuable to the customer and sustainable for the business. This approach shows how health sciences expertise isn't just about clinical practice; it's a powerful lens through which to analyze and improve business operations in health-related industries. What other ways could a pharmacist's unique knowledge be a business asset? | 0.6 | medium | 4 | 2,158 | [
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7a0bc0b0-4e60-4267-bb8b-af323b03ed96 | E-cigarettes helped 18,000 people | interdisciplinary | research_summary | E-cigarettes may have helped 18,000 people quit smoking in 2015
14 September 2016
E-cigarettes may have helped about 18,000 people in England to give up smoking in 2015, according to new research by UCL which was published in the British Medical Journal.
Researchers at the UCL Health Behaviour Research Centre analysed data from the Smoking Toolkit study – which provides the latest information on smoking and smoking cessation in England – and data on the percentage of the smokers who set a quit date with Stop Smoking Services.
There was no evidence that e-cigarettes prompted more people to try and quit, but over this time period, as more people used e-cigarettes, more people successfully quit smoking.
It’s estimated that 2.8 million people in the UK use e-cigarettes. And they are the most popular smoking cessation aid in the UK.
But the most effective way to quit smoking remains through prescription medication and professional support from free local Stop Smoking Services.
Although fewer people (450,000 a year) take up these services than those who use e-cigarettes, a smoker using a Stop Smoking Service is around three times more likely to quit than going cold turkey on their own.
Tobacco kills more than 100,000 people a year in the UK and is still the number one preventable cause of cancer.
Professor Robert West (UCL Health Behaviour Research Centre) said: “England is sometimes singled out as being too positive in its attitude to e-cigarettes. These data suggest that our relatively liberal regulation of e-cigarettes is probably justified.”
Alison Cox, director of prevention at Cancer Research UK, said: “Giving up smoking can be really tough. It’s important to remember that getting support from Stop Smoking Services is still the most effective way to quit.
“E-cigarettes can play a role in helping people quit and the evidence so far shows e-cigarettes are much safer than tobacco. This study shows the positive impact they’ve had on helping people give up the deadly addiction.
“We’ll continue to fund research into e-cigarettes to build our understanding, and encourage people to combine the most popular method with the most effective – Stop Smoking Services. But this study reassures us of the promise these products have.”
- Paper in British Medical Journal (£)
- Professor Robert West's academic profile
- UCL Health Behaviour Research Centre
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cf55657a-f513-49d2-aee9-5cee807f0e65 | ready recent review Emotional | technology | review_summary | I was ready a recent review of Emotional Intensity in Gifted Students the other day. While the overall review was fine, the reviewer was left wanting more tips and suggestions for early childhood.
Okay, fair enough. I can do that.
But first, I thought I’d present some of the more common early childhood indicators that you have a gifted toddler.
Like the characteristics I have pointed out in my books and other posts, much of the early indicators of giftedness relate to both cognitive and emotional intensity.
Here are the more common attributes of gifted infants and toddlers:
- Early walkers and talkers
- Very alert
- Gets very fussy if facing in the same direction for too long (think crib)
- Demonstrates a strong desire to explore and learn
- Easily bored with toys and things
- Shows a strong preference for new things.
- Easily frustrated with familiar objects
- Highly intense
- Early reading or math skills
- Demonstrates an early and high interest in numbers and letters
- Lots of “why” questions
- Emotional intensity – may be highly sensitive to their environment, for example
In the next few posts I will be highlighting some strategies for working with gifted toddlers through first grade. Stay tuned… | 0.7 | medium | 4 | 258 | [
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f1e061d7-aa61-4d82-b5cf-0865b2c7eb25 | Understanding Temperature Heat: Beginner's | science | historical_context | # Understanding Temperature and Heat: A Beginner's Guide ## 1. Overview and Introduction This document serves as a foundational guide to understanding the concepts of **Temperature** and **Heat** within the field of physics. These concepts are fundamental to thermodynamics and describe the energy state and transfer within physical systems. ### 1.1 What is Temperature? **Temperature** is a physical quantity that expresses the degree of hotness or coldness of a substance. Microscopically, temperature is a measure of the *average kinetic energy* of the particles (atoms or molecules) within a system. * **High Temperature:** Particles are moving, vibrating, or rotating rapidly (high average kinetic energy). * **Low Temperature:** Particles are moving slowly (low average kinetic energy). ### 1.2 What is Heat? **Heat** (often symbolized as $Q$) is the transfer of thermal energy between physical systems or objects due to a temperature difference. Heat is energy *in transit*. It always flows spontaneously from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature. ### 1.3 Key Differences Summarized | Feature | Temperature | Heat | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | **Definition** | Measure of the average kinetic energy of particles. | Energy transferred due to a temperature difference. | | **Nature** | A state function (property of the system). | Energy in transit (a process). | | **Units (SI)** | Kelvin (K) | Joule (J) | --- ## 2. Prerequisites and Setup Since this topic is conceptual physics, there are no software installations required. However, to effectively measure and discuss these concepts, you need familiarity with standard measurement units. ### 2.1 Required Knowledge * Basic understanding of energy and matter. * Familiarity with standard scientific units. ### 2.2 Measurement Scales To quantify temperature, we use standardized scales: | Scale | Abbreviation | Reference Points (Water at 1 atm) | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | **Celsius** | ${}^{\circ}\text{C}$ | $0^{\circ}\text{C}$ (Freezing), $100^{\circ}\text{C}$ (Boiling) | | **Fahrenheit** | ${}^{\circ}\text{F}$ | $32^{\circ}\text{F}$ (Freezing), $212^{\circ}\text{F}$ (Boiling) | | **Kelvin (SI Unit)** | $\text{K}$ | $273.15\text{ K}$ (Freezing), $373.15\text{ K}$ (Boiling) | --- ## 3. Getting Started: Unit Conversion The first practical step is learning how to convert between the common temperature scales. ### 3.1 Temperature Conversion Formulas To move between scales, use the following formulas: **1. Celsius to Fahrenheit:** $$\text{F} = (\text{C} \times \frac{9}{5}) + 32$$ **2. Fahrenheit to Celsius:** $$\text{C} = (\text{F} - 32) \times \frac{5}{9}$$ **3. Celsius to Kelvin:** $$\text{K} = \text{C} + 273.15$$ ### 3.2 Conversion Example **Task:** Convert a room temperature of $25^{\circ}\text{C}$ to Fahrenheit and Kelvin. **Step 1: Celsius to Fahrenheit** $$\text{F} = (25 \times \frac{9}{5}) + 32$$ $$\text{F} = (25 \times 1.8) + 32$$ $$\text{F} = 45 + 32 = 77^{\circ}\text{F}$$ **Step 2: Celsius to Kelvin** $$\text{K} = 25 + 273.15$$ $$\text{K} = 298.15\text{ K}$$ --- ## 4. Detailed Feature Documentation: Heat Transfer Mechanisms Heat transfer is the core mechanism by which thermal energy moves between objects at different temperatures. There are three primary modes of heat transfer. ### 4.1 Conduction **Definition:** Heat transfer through direct contact, where kinetic energy is passed from one particle to the next through collisions. This is most effective in solids. **Factors Affecting Conduction:** 1. **Material Type:** Metals are generally good conductors; wood and air are poor conductors (insulators). 2. **Temperature Gradient:** The larger the difference in temperature, the faster the conduction. ### 4.2 Convection **Definition:** Heat transfer through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases). When a fluid is heated, it becomes less dense and rises, displacing cooler, denser fluid, creating a convection current. **Example:** Boiling water in a pot or atmospheric weather patterns. ### 4.3 Radiation **Definition:** Heat transfer via electromagnetic waves (specifically infrared radiation). This method does **not** require a medium; it can occur through a vacuum. **Example:** The heat felt from the Sun or a campfire. All objects above absolute zero ($0\text{ K}$) radiate heat. --- ## 5. Examples and Use Cases Understanding heat and temperature is crucial in engineering, cooking, and meteorology. ### 5.1 Use Case: Thermal Equilibrium When two objects, A (hotter) and B (cooler), are placed in thermal contact, heat ($Q$) flows from A to B until they reach the same final temperature. At this point, they are in **thermal equilibrium**. No net heat transfer occurs. **Scenario:** A $100\text{ g}$ block of iron at $100^{\circ}\text{C}$ is placed into $500\text{ g}$ of water at $20^{\circ}\text{C}$. Assuming no heat loss to the surroundings, they will eventually reach an equilibrium temperature ($T_f$). * **Principle Applied:** Heat lost by iron = Heat gained by water. * **Formula (Conceptual):** $Q_{\text{lost}} = Q_{\text{gained}}$ ### 5.2 Use Case: Specific Heat Capacity ($c$) Specific heat capacity is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one unit of mass of a substance by one degree Celsius (or Kelvin). **Formula for Heat Transfer ($Q$):** $$Q = mc\Delta T$$ Where: * $Q$ = Heat energy transferred (Joules, J) * $m$ = Mass of the substance (kilograms, kg) * $c$ = Specific heat capacity ($\text{J}/\text{kg}\cdot\text{K}$) * $\Delta T$ = Change in temperature ($T_{\text{final}} - T_{\text{initial}}$) **Example Calculation:** How much heat is required to raise the temperature of $2\text{ kg}$ of water (Specific Heat of Water $\approx 4186\ \text{J}/\text{kg}\cdot\text{K}$) by $10\text{ K}$? $$Q = (2\text{ kg}) \times (4186\ \text{J}/\text{kg}\cdot\text{K}) \times (10\text{ K})$$ $$Q = 83,720\text{ J}$$ --- ## 6. Troubleshooting and FAQ This section addresses common points of confusion regarding temperature and heat. | Issue/Question | Explanation & Solution | | :--- | :--- | | **"Why doesn't temperature change when I add ice?"** | When ice melts, the added heat energy is used entirely to break the molecular bonds (Phase Change). This heat is called **Latent Heat of Fusion**. The temperature remains constant at $0^{\circ}\text{C}$ until all the ice has melted. | | **"Can an object have a high temperature but low heat content?"** | Yes. A small cup of boiling water ($100^{\circ}\text{C}$) has a high temperature, but a large bathtub full of water at $60^{\circ}\text{C}$ contains much more total thermal energy (heat content) because it has a much greater mass ($m$). | | **"What is Absolute Zero?"** | Absolute Zero ($0\text{ K}$ or $-273.15^{\circ}\text{C}$) is the theoretical temperature where all particle motion ceases (zero kinetic energy). It is the lowest possible temperature. | | **"My thermometer reads Celsius, but I need Kelvin for calculations."** | Always use the Kelvin scale ($\text{K}$) for thermodynamic calculations involving gas laws or energy transfer formulas, as it is an absolute scale. Remember: $\text{K} = \text{C} + 273.15$. | --- ## 7. Best Practices and Tips To ensure accurate understanding and application of temperature and heat concepts: 1. **Always Specify Units:** Never state a temperature or heat value without its corresponding unit (e.g., $300\text{ K}$ vs. $300^{\circ}\text{C}$). 2. **Distinguish State vs. Transfer:** Constantly remind yourself: Temperature is a *state* (a property), while Heat is *transfer* (a process). 3. **Use SI Units for Physics:** For formal physics problems, convert all measurements to SI units (Kelvin for temperature, Joules for energy) before applying formulas like $Q = mc\Delta T$. 4. **Consider the Medium:** When analyzing heat transfer, identify the dominant mechanism (conduction, convection, or radiation) relevant to the specific scenario. For example, space travel relies solely on radiation. | 0.7 | medium | 7 | 2,116 | [
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