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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.91 | *2.2. BTEX Determination by HS-SPME-GC-MS Analysis*
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.92 | 2.2.1. Standards and Reagents
The reference standard benzene (99.96%), toluene (99.93%), ethylbenzene (≥ 99.90%), p-xylene (99.90%), and benzene-d6 (99.99%), the latter used as internal standard (IS), were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. The reagents methanol and propylene glycol used for the preparation of standard/cal... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.097544 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.93 | 2.2.2. Standards and Calibration Solutions
For each compound, internal standard included, two standard stock solutions were preliminarily prepared. The first set of standard solutions (S1) was prepared diluting reference standards in methanol at a concentration of about 9 <sup>×</sup> 10<sup>7</sup> <sup>μ</sup>g/L. T... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.097597 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.94 | 2.2.3. Sample Preparation
Sample preparation prior analysis required the dilution of an aliquot of refill liquid (1 ml) with 100 μl of methanol and 100 μl of IS solution. The dilution with a proper solvent is fundamental to avoid inhomogeneous samples due to the difficulty in sampling exact volumes of high viscosity f... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.097702 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.95 | 2.2.4. HS-SPME-GC-MS Method Conditions and Performance Characteristics
The collection of BTEX in the volatile fraction of both calibration and sample solutions was carried out in 20-ml HS vials with magnetic screw caps provided with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/silicone septa (Agilent Technologies). BTEX were collec... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.097745 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.96 | *2.3. Identification of Flavoring Additives by GC-MS-O Analysis*
GC-MS-O methodology was revealed to be a powerful approach for accurate identification of volatile odor-active compounds in high-level complexity matrices through coupling traditional chromatographic analysis with human sensory perception [36–38]. For th... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.098085 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.97 | 2.3.1. Sample Selection and Preparation
The e-liquids subjected to the in-depth investigation were e-liquids with ID A 1-5 manufactured in China, with medium-high nicotine content and characterized by flavors covering different categories, from tobacco to fruits (Table 1). The aforementioned e-liquids were chosen for ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.098135 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.98 | 2.3.2. GC-MS-O Analysis Conditions
The VOCs collected were analyzed using an air sampler-thermal desorber integrated system (UNITY 2™Markes International Ltd, Llantrisant, UK) connected to a gas chromatograph (7890 Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara CA, USA) equipped with an Olfactory Detection Port (ODP 3 Gerstel GmbH... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.098261 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.100 | *3.1. Quantitative Analysis: BTEX Contamination of the Investigated E-Liquids*
Single and total BTEX concentrations, expressed in μg/L, are reported in Table 2. As shown, most of the e-liquids investigated in the present study (85/97) were revealed to be affected, to a lesser or greater extent, by BTEX contamination. ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.098510 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.101 | *3.2. GC-MS-O Qualitative Analysis: Identification of Flavoring Additives*
The sensory evaluation report by GC-MS-O analysis of e-liquids ID A 1–5 is shown in Table 3. Molecular formula, CAS number and retention time (TR), expressed in minutes, of identified odor-active compounds, as well as the intensity of the odor ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.098722 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.103 | *4.1. Discussion on BTEX Results*
HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis of 97 e-liquids highlighted BTEX contamination. Experimental data obtained suggest that, during the period 2013–2015, contaminated e-liquids were commercially available on the EU market, particularly e-liquids imported into EU member states and manufactured in C... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.099327 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.104 | *4.2. Discussion of Flavoring Additives Results*
Among the flavoring additives identified, diacetyl is certainly worthy of an in-depth analysis. Diacetyl is a volatile α-diketone and is a natural constituent of many regularly consumed foods (i.e., dairy products, fruits, coffee). Due to its flavor characteristics, it ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.099713 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.105 | **5. Conclusions**
In the present paper, results from a study on the chemical characterization of levels of BTEX in 97 e-liquids, representative of the EU market between 2013 and 2015 prior the implementation of TPD in most EU member states, are reported. To our knowledge, there have been very few studies focused on B... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.100289 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.107 | **The Relevance of Indoor Air Quality in Hospital Settings: From an Exclusively Biological Issue to a Global Approach in the Italian Context**
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.100534 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.108 | **Gaetano Settimo 1, Marco Gola 2,\* and Stefano Capolongo <sup>2</sup>**
Received: 2 March 2020; Accepted: 7 April 2020; Published: 8 April 2020
**Abstract:** In the context of the architectures for health, it is an utmost priority to operate a regular and continuous updating of quality, efficacy, and efficiency's ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.100569 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.109 | **1. The Relevance of Built Environment: The Case of Healing Spaces**
In a strategic field such as care and assistance, diagnostics, prevention, research, training, and safeguarding of public health by architectures for health (hospitals, community health centers, clinics and outpatient centers, etc.), both public and... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.100703 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.110 | **2. Design and Management Aspects that A**ff**ect Indoor Air in Hospital Settings**
In this evolutionary context, there has been growing attention to indoor air quality's issue in healthcare facilities, which, in order to satisfy primarily the requests of patients, healthcare users and workers, administrative and non... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.100986 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.111 | **3. Chemical and Biological Concentrations in Indoor Air in Healthcare Environments**
It should be underlined that, until a few years ago, in Italy, most of the activities and direct and indirect interventions of prevention and training were limited exclusively to select and identified healthcare environments with sp... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.101542 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.112 | **4. Future Perspectives**
In conclusion, hospital facilities are complex constructions, with very different needs, users, and requirements compared to other building facilities, and they work 24/7, all year long. For this reason, every action should be assessed in relation to their performances and the aim to interru... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.102355 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.114 | *Article* **Indoor Comfort and Symptomatology in Non-University Educational Buildings: Occupants' Perception**
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.102488 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.115 | **Miguel Ángel Campano-Laborda, Samuel Domínguez-Amarillo, Jesica Fernández-Agüera \* and Ignacio Acosta**
Instituto Universitario de Arquitectura y Ciencias de la Construcción, Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain; mcampano@us.es (M.Á.C.-L.); sdomin@us.es (S.D.-A.); i... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.102521 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.116 | **1. Introduction**
#### *1.1. State of the Art*
Non-university educational buildings are one of the most widespread building typologies, in which teenagers, a more sensitive population than adults and with specific different thermal preferences due to their different metabolic rate values [1–4], spend more than 25% ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.102713 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.117 | **2. Methods and Materials**
The acquisition of both the physical measurement data and the occupants' sensation votes during a normal school day was developed through the following phases:
The data collection was performed both in winter and midseason in two sets per day: One in the early morning, at the beginning o... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.103068 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.118 | *2.1. Definition of the Study Sample*
The study sample was composed of 47 multipurpose classrooms (for ages 12–17) from 8 educational buildings, selected from the most representative climate zones of the region of Andalusia according to the Spanish energy performance zoning [55–57] (zones A4, B4, C3, and C4), which in... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.103129 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.119 | *2.2. Characterization of the Airtightness of the Samples*
The assessment of the infiltration level of the classrooms under study was performed by a series of airtightness tests (doors and windows closed) in order to obtain their expected average infiltrations rates (Figure 2). These tests consisted of decreasing the ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.103329 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.120 | *2.3. Field Measurements*
The measurement campaign was developed in the selected classrooms according a data collection protocol [16,17,60] in which physical parameters relating to hygrothermal comfort, CO2 concentration, and illuminance were obtained in a spatial matrix [61] previously and throughout the survey distr... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.103574 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.121 | *2.4. Design and Distribution of Surveys*
The survey was designed to collect information and votes from occupants in order to comprehensively assess the environment in conjunction with the measurement of the physical parameters. The survey design was based on the experience of previous research [16,17,60,61,65] with t... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.103809 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.122 | **3. Results**
The results of the present study, part of a PhD dissertation [69], can be grouped into five subsections:
These values were analyzed according to seasons (winter, W, and midseasons, MS) and windows' and doors' operation (open windows, OW, closed windows, CW, open door, OD). In this way, 26 classrooms (... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.103974 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.123 | *3.3. Mean Values of Occupants' Votes*
The mean thermal sensation vote (TSV) of the students in both seasons was "slightly warm", with a value of +0.32 on the ASHRAE scale in winter and +0.38 in midseasons, having a SD of between 0.93 and 0.83, respectively. This can be identified as a common situation among poorly ve... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.104451 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.124 | *3.4. Mean Values of Occupants' Clothing Insulation*
The occupants' clothing insulation (Icl) showed two models of response linked to the season, as it can be seen in Table 7. Clothing distribution in winter was homogeneous, with a mean value of 0.90 clo and a SD of 0.19, common both for open and closed windows, and a... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.104721 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.125 | *3.6. Airtightness*
The average value of the infiltration rate at 50 Pa (n50) was 6.97 h<sup>−</sup>1, with a standard deviation of 2.06 h<sup>−</sup>1. Models with the lowest n50 values were those in the C3 climate zone, where the lowest average temperature values are recorded in the winter. The values of n50 ranged ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.105241 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.126 | *4.2. Relationship between Physical Parameters and Symptoms Described*
Some symptoms were more predominant when outdoor temperature was lower, although no clear linear relationship could be established. These symptoms were more frequent in winter when the thermal differential is at its highest, usually linked to a lac... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.105484 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.128 | **Table A1.** Excerpt from the surveys distributed to students.
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.130 | *Article* **Indoor Air Quality Improvement by Simple Ventilated Practice and** *Sansevieria Trifasciata*
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.131 | **Kanittha Pamonpol 1,\*, Thanita Areerob <sup>2</sup> and Kritana Prueksakorn 2,3,\***
Received: 21 January 2020; Accepted: 3 March 2020; Published: 9 March 2020
**Abstract:** Optimum thermal comfort and good indoor air quality (IAQ) is important for occupants. In tropical region offices, an air conditioner is indi... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.106602 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.132 | **1. Introduction**
In tropical regions, where the mean annual temperature (T) exceed 30 ◦C, [1,2], air conditioning (AC) is often used in buildings to make the conditions more comfortable for occupants and it can be found in commercial buildings, government buildings, factories, universities, schools, and homes. AC i... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.106749 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.134 | *2.1. Studied Site*
The study site was an air-conditioned office in Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University under the Royal Patronage (VRU), which is located in Pathum Thani province, a suburban area 15 km north of Bangkok, Thailand at 14◦8.004 north latitude and 100◦36.961 east longitude, with the site, on average, 5 m ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.107201 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.135 | *2.2. Measurement of IAQ Parameters*
Data were collected in the air-conditioned office for approximately one year from May 2017 to May 2018 to indicate the quality of the indoor air by the recommended levels of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) [27]. RH, T, CO, and... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.107288 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.136 | *2.3. Simple Ventilation Practices for Improving IAQ*
After obtaining the results of the one-year observation, four different systems were implemented in June 2018 during working hours (9:00–17:00) to discover the simplest and most efficient means of removing stale air from inside the room, and introducing fresh air f... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.107373 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.137 | *2.5. Numerical Study*
In addition to the measurement of the IAQ, a simulation was performed to estimate the efficiency of the office ventilation while using the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software system, ANSYS Airpak 3.0.16 (Fluent Inc., Lebanon, NH, USA). Airpak simulation software has been broadly applied
... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.107678 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.138 | *2.6. Estimation of Mitigation of Electricity Use and GHG Emissions*
Electricity usage directly impacts the increases in GHG emissions. Reducing electricity consumption not only helps decrease GHG emissions, but also reduces the cost of electricity. Table 1 presents the possible options for electricity saving scenario... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.107935 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.139 | *3.1. Results of Monthly Monitoring Data*
The data from 24-hour monitoring of IAQ at one-minute intervals were converted into monthly results, as presented in Figure 3. The average RH of the office was 67.50% ± 3.98%, which was a little over the range of the recommended standard of 65% or less [36]. Thailand is locate... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.108064 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.140 | *3.2. Results of Simple Ventilated Practices for The Improvement of IAQ*
Based on the measurements for the entire year, CO2 was the parameter that most obviously exceeded the comfortable standard and there was no obvious method of solving this problem, which did not involve reconstruction and the installation of a ven... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.108380 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.141 | *3.3. Results of Using Sansevieria trifasciata for IAQ Improvement*
Table 3 presents the results of monitoring the parameters that are relevant to IAQ during the experimental placement of mother-in-law's tongue plants in the poorly ventilated room.
**Table 3.** Results of indoor air quality improvement using *Sansev... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.108705 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.142 | *3.4. Results of The Simulation*
As noted above, the stale air inside the room might not be properly ventilated and this section presents the results of the computer simulation generated to explain that hypothesis, as shown in Figure 10.
**Figure 10.** Assessment of air ventilation: mean age of air, (**a**) fan mount... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.109288 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.143 | *3.5. Mitigation of GHG Emissions*
Table 4 summarizes the reduction in electricity costs and hence GWP for the three experimental cases.
**Table 4.** Estimation of mitigations of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions based on the electricity saving scenarios.
Notes: Cases A, B, and C are detailed in Table 1. Superscripts:... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.109476 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.144 | **4. Conclusions**
This study conducted measurements of four IAQ parameters i.e., T, RH, CO, and CO2, in a small room with six occupants and found that the levels of some of the parameters exceeded the recommended levels, particularly the level of CO2, the source of which was human respiration. Therefore, the number o... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.109684 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.147 | **Indoor Particle Concentrations, Size Distributions, and Exposures in Middle Eastern Microenvironments**
**Tareq Hussein 1,2,\*, Ali Alameer 1, Omar Jaghbeir 1, Kolthoum Albeitshaweesh 1, Mazen Malkawi 3, Brandon E. Boor 4,5, Antti Joonas Koivisto 2, Jakob Löndahl 6, Osama Alrifai <sup>7</sup> and Afnan Al-Hunaiti <s... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.109909 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.148 | **1. Introduction**
Indoor air pollution has a significant impact on human respiratory and cardiovascular health because people spend the majority of their time in indoor environments, including their homes, offices, and schools [1–9]. The World Health Organization (WHO) has recognized healthy indoor air as a fundamen... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.110178 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.150 | *2.1. Residential Indoor Environment Study Sites in Jordan*
The residential indoor environments targeted in this study were houses and apartments covering a large geographical area within Amman, the capital city of Jordan (Figure 1). The selection was based upon two main criteria: (1) prevalence of smoking indoors and... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.110401 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.151 | 2.2.1. Measurement Campaign
Indoor aerosol measurements were performed during two seasons: winter and summer, as indicated in Table 2. The winter campaign occurred from 23 December 2018 to 12 January 2019. All eight study sites participated in the winter campaign. The summer campaign occurred from 16 May to 22 June 20... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.110511 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.152 | *2.3. Processing of Size-Fractionated Aerosol Concentration Data*
The utilization of portable aerosol instruments with different particle diameter ranges and cutoff diameters enables derivations of size-fractionated particle number and mass concentrations [47]: Super-micron (1–10 μm) particle number and mass concentra... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.110779 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.154 | *3.1. Comparisons between Di*ff*erent Aerosol Instruments—Technical Notes*
The co-location of different aerosol instruments covering similar size ranges provides a basis to compare concentration outputs as measured through different techniques. First, the PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations reported by the DustTrak can be c... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.110943 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.155 | *3.2. Overview of Indoor Particle Concentrations in Jordanian Dwellings*
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.111176 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.156 | 3.2.1. Indoor Particle Concentrations during the Winter Season
An overview of the indoor submicron particle number (PN) concentrations and PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations is presented Tables 4 and 5 (mean ± SD and 95%) and illustrated in Figure 5 for each of the eight Jordanian dwellings investigated in this study. Part... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.111203 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.157 | *3.3. Indoor Particle Number and Mass Size Distributions in Jordanian Dwellings*
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.111627 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.158 | 3.3.1. Indoor Particle Size Distributions in the Absence of Indoor Activities
The mean particle number and mass size distributions for each dwelling in the absence of indoor activities during the winter campaign are presented in Figure S9. Significant differences in the mean particle number and mass size distributions... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.111655 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.159 | 3.3.2. Overall Mean Indoor Particle Number and Mass Size Distributions
The overall mean particle number and mass size distributions were calculated for each dwelling for the entire winter measurement campaign (Figures 6 and 7). This includes periods with and without indoor activities. In the following section, we will... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.111799 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.160 | 3.3.3. The Impact of Indoor Activities on Indoor Particle Size Distributions and Concentrations
As listed in Table 1, the heating processes reported in this study included both combustion (natural gas heater and/or kerosene heater) and non-combustion (central heating, electric, and air conditioning). The cooking activ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.112015 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.161 | Cooking Activities in the Absence of Combustion Heating Processes
Cooking on a stove (natural gas) can be classified as light or intensive. Light cooking activities were reported in dwelling A1 as cooking soup and making chai latte (Figure S10). During these two activities, the mean calculated PM2.5 concentration was ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.112166 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.162 | Concurrent Cooking Activities and Combustion Heating Processes
Periodically, the cooking activities occurred concurrently with a combustion heating process (natural gas or kerosene heaters). All of these cooking activities, aside from two, did not report the type of cooking; therefore, it was not possible to classify ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.112300 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.163 | Indoor Smoking of Shisha and Tobacco
Smoking indoors is prohibited in Jordan. However, this is often violated in many indoor environments in the country. In this study, shisha smoking and/or tobacco smoking was reported in three dwellings (GFA3, H1, and D1). It was not possible to separate the smoking events from the ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.112416 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.164 | *3.4. Concentrations of Selected Gaseous Pollutants in Jordanian Dwellings*
The indoor activities documented in the eight dwellings were associated with emissions of gaseous pollutants for which exceptionally high concentrations were observed (Figures S1–S8). For example, the shisha smoking and preceding preparation (... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.112546 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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001fcd9a-cd27-45e8-b23f-f447874e0974.165 | **4. Conclusions**
Indoor air quality has been given very little attention in the Middle East. Residential indoor environments in Jordan have unique characteristics with respect to size, ventilation modes, occupancy, activities, cooking styles, and heating processes. These factors vary between the winter and summer. I... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.112877 | 11-1-2022 14:33 | {
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00210593-c9b9-4d6f-9f8b-238faf7dc64f | **Life Course Research and Social Policies 17**
# Sandra V. Constantin
# A Life Course Perspective on Chinese Youths
From the Transformation of Social Policies to the Individualization of the Transition to Adulthood
# **Life Course Research and Social Policies**
Volume 17
#### **Series Editors**
Flavia Fossati, ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.116903 | 14-6-2024 06:12 | {
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"author": "Constantin, Sandra V.",
"title": "A Life Course Perspective on Ch... |
0024144a-a6ce-4490-ad8f-59c145166ff3 | # The Ik language
## Dictionary and grammar sketch
Terrill B. Schrock
African Language Grammars and Dictionaries 1
## African Language Grammars and Dictionaries
Chief Editor: Adams Bodomo Editors: Ken Hiraiwa, Firmin Ahoua
In this series:
# The Ik language
## Dictionary and grammar sketch
Terrill B. Schrock
... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.157539 | {
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0025fd58-dc3d-4c1b-9075-3b20d5ae0a98 | # MITOCHONDRIA AND ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM DYSFUNCTION IN PARKINSON'S DISEASE
EDITED BY : Sandeep Kumar Barodia, Krishnan Prabhakaran, Smitha Karunakaran, Vikas Mishra and Victor Tapias, PUBLISHED IN : Frontiers in Neuroscience
#### Frontiers eBook Copyright Statement
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00274f8d-5b4d-46b7-be49-66627b48ea8d | # New technologies to improve the ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources
Fiona R. Hay, Aarhus University, Denmark; and Sershen, University of the Western Cape & Institute of Natural Resources, South Africa
# **New technologies to improve the ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources**
*Fiona R. Hay, A... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.462862 | 3-3-2023 05:26 | {
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00315389-ac15-4185-b49d-fa76bff78a40.0 | # **Target and Non-Target Approaches for Food Authenticity and Traceability**
Edited by Joana S. Amaral Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in *Foods*
www.mdpi.com/journal/foods
## **Target and Non-Target Approaches for Food Authenticity and Traceability**
## **Target and Non-Target Approaches for Food A... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.474611 | 25-10-2022 11:03 | {
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00356cdb-56f1-45a1-b97a-312d2e8aacab.0 | # **New Developments in Geometric Function Theory**
Edited by Georgia Irina Oros Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in *Axioms*
www.mdpi.com/journal/axioms
## **New Developments in Geometric Function Theory**
## **New Developments in Geometric Function Theory**
Editor
**Georgia Irina Oros**
MDPI ' Ba... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.527298 | 2-2-2023 17:39 | {
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0039f385-c9b0-4fa4-b06c-9a5b9a2397e4.0 | # **Materials and Processes for Photocatalytic and (Photo)Electrocatalytic Removal of Bio-Refractory Pollutants and Emerging Contaminants from Waters**
Edited by Annalisa Vacca Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in *Catalysts*
www.mdpi.com/journal/catalysts
**Materials and Processes for Photocatalytic an... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.565883 | 6-5-2022 13:34 | {
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0039f385-c9b0-4fa4-b06c-9a5b9a2397e4.1 | **Materials and Processes for Photocatalytic and (Photo)Electrocatalytic Removal of Bio-Refractory Pollutants and Emerging Contaminants from Waters**
Editor
**Annalisa Vacca**
MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin
*Editor* Annalisa Vacca Universita di Cagliari `... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.566008 | 6-5-2022 13:34 | {
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0039f385-c9b0-4fa4-b06c-9a5b9a2397e4.2 | **Contents**
## **About the Editor**
**Annalisa Vacca**, a graduate in Chemical Engineering and PhD in Industrial Engineering, was granted the position of full professor in the field of "Fundamentals of chemical technology" in 2022. She carries out didactic and scientific research in the Department of Mechanical, Ch... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.566142 | 6-5-2022 13:34 | {
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0039f385-c9b0-4fa4-b06c-9a5b9a2397e4.3 | **Fast Microwave Synthesis of Gold-Doped TiO2 Assisted by Modified Cyclodextrins for Photocatalytic Degradation of Dye and Hydrogen Production**
**Cécile Machut 1,\*, Nicolas Kania 1, Bastien Léger 1, Frédéric Wyrwalski 1, Sébastien Noël 1, Ahmed Addad 2, Eric Monflier <sup>1</sup> and Anne Ponchel <sup>1</sup>**
Re... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.578118 | 6-5-2022 13:34 | {
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0039f385-c9b0-4fa4-b06c-9a5b9a2397e4.4 | **On the Role of the Cathode for the Electro-Oxidation of Perfluorooctanoic Acid**
**Alicia L. Garcia-Costa 1,2,\*, Andre Savall 2, Juan A. Zazo 1, Jose A. Casas <sup>1</sup> and Karine Groenen Serrano 2,\***
**\*** Correspondence: alicial.garcia@uam.es (A.L.G.C.); serrano@chimie.ups-tlse.fr (K.G.S.)
Received: 22 J... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.585447 | 6-5-2022 13:34 | {
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003cf560-3166-422f-9a1c-98b1e971efa6.0 | **Dietary Polyphenols and Human Health**
• Anna Tresserra-Rimbau
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003cf560-3166-422f-9a1c-98b1e971efa6.1 | **Dietary Polyphenols and Human Health**
Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in *Nutrients* Anna Tresserra-Rimbau Edited by
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003cf560-3166-422f-9a1c-98b1e971efa6.3 | **Dietary Polyphenols and Human Health**
Editor
**Anna Tresserra-Rimbau**
MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin
*Editor* Anna Tresserra-Rimbau University of Barcelona Barcelona
*Editorial Office* MDPI St. Alban-Anlage 66 4052 Basel, Switzerland
This is a repri... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.599100 | 1-5-2021 17:49 | {
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003cf560-3166-422f-9a1c-98b1e971efa6.5 | **About the Editor**
**Anna Tresserra-Rimbau** is Serra-Hunter tenure teacher in the Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy of the Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science of the University of Barcelona. She is a member of the INSA-UB (Institute for Research on Nutrition and Food Safety) and the CIBEROBN con... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.599199 | 1-5-2021 17:49 | {
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003cf560-3166-422f-9a1c-98b1e971efa6.6 | **Estimated Intakes of Nutrients and Polyphenols in Participants Completing the MaPLE Randomised Controlled Trial and Its Relevance for the Future Development of Dietary Guidelines for the Older Subjects**
**Daniela Martini 1,**†**, Stefano Bernardi 1,**†**, Cristian Del Bo' 1, Nicole Hidalgo Liberona 2,3, Raul Zamora... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.599774 | 1-5-2021 17:49 | {
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003cf560-3166-422f-9a1c-98b1e971efa6.7 | *Article* **A High Polyphenol Diet Improves Psychological Well-Being: The Polyphenol Intervention Trial (PPhIT)**
**Meropi D. Kontogianni 1, Aswathy Vijayakumar 2, Ciara Rooney 2, Rebecca L. Noad 2,3, Katherine M. Appleton 4, Danielle McCarthy 5, Michael Donnelly 2, Ian S. Young 2,5, Michelle C. McKinley 2,5, Pascal P... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.603074 | 1-5-2021 17:49 | {
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003cf560-3166-422f-9a1c-98b1e971efa6.8 | **Acute E**ff**ects of a Polyphenol-Rich Leaf Extract of** *Mangifera indica* **L. (Zynamite) on Cognitive Function in Healthy Adults: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study**
### **Emma L. Wightman 1,2, Philippa A. Jackson 2, Joanne Forster 2, Julie Khan 2, Julia C. Wiebe 3, Nigel Gericke 3,4 and David O.... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.605736 | 1-5-2021 17:49 | {
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"title": "Dietary Polyphenols and Human Health",
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003cf560-3166-422f-9a1c-98b1e971efa6.9 | *Article* **Associations of Urinary Phytoestrogen Concentrations with Sleep Disorders and Sleep Duration among Adults**
### **Jing Sun 1, Hong Jiang 2,\*, Weijing Wang 1, Xue Dong <sup>1</sup> and Dongfeng Zhang <sup>1</sup>**
Received: 29 June 2020; Accepted: 13 July 2020; Published: 16 July 2020
**Abstract:** Cur... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.608551 | 1-5-2021 17:49 | {
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003cf560-3166-422f-9a1c-98b1e971efa6.10 | *Article* **Rice Bran Phenolic Extracts Modulate Insulin Secretion and Gene Expression Associated with** β**-Cell Function**
### **Nancy Saji 1,2, Nidhish Francis 1,3, Lachlan J. Schwarz 1,4, Christopher L. Blanchard 1,2 and Abishek B. Santhakumar 1,2,\***
Received: 10 May 2020; Accepted: 20 June 2020; Published: 24... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.610740 | 1-5-2021 17:49 | {
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"publisher": "MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Pu... |
003cf560-3166-422f-9a1c-98b1e971efa6.11 | *Article* **Black Sorghum Phenolic Extract Modulates Platelet Activation and Platelet Microparticle Release**
### **Borkwei Ed Nignpense 1, Kenneth A Chinkwo 1,2, Christopher L Blanchard 1,2 and Abishek B Santhakumar 1,2,\***
Received: 20 May 2020; Accepted: 10 June 2020; Published: 12 June 2020
**Abstract:** Plate... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.612576 | 1-5-2021 17:49 | {
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003cf560-3166-422f-9a1c-98b1e971efa6.12 | **Dietary Polyphenol Intake is Associated with HDL-Cholesterol and A Better Profile of Other Components of the Metabolic Syndrome: A PREDIMED-Plus Sub-Study**
**Sara Castro-Barquero 1,2,**†**, Anna Tresserra-Rimbau 2,3,4,5,**†**, Facundo Vitelli-Storelli 6, Mónica Doménech 1,2, Jordi Salas-Salvadó 2,3,4,5, Vicente Mar... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.614815 | 1-5-2021 17:49 | {
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"publisher": "MDPI - Multidisciplinary Digital Pu... |
003cf560-3166-422f-9a1c-98b1e971efa6.13 | *Review* **E**ff**ects of Dietary Phytoestrogens on Hormones throughout a Human Lifespan: A Review**
### **Inés Domínguez-López 1, Maria Yago-Aragón 1, Albert Salas-Huetos 2, Anna Tresserra-Rimbau 1,3,4,5,\* and Sara Hurtado-Barroso 1,3**
Received: 7 July 2020; Accepted: 12 August 2020; Published: 15 August 2020
**... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.617044 | 1-5-2021 17:49 | {
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003cf560-3166-422f-9a1c-98b1e971efa6.14 | *Review* **Metabolic Impact of Flavonoids Consumption in Obesity: From Central to Peripheral**
**Viviana Sandoval 1,**†**, Hèctor Sanz-Lamora 1,2,**†**, Giselle Arias 1, Pedro F. Marrero 1,3,4, Diego Haro 1,3,4,\* and Joana Relat 1,2,4,\***
Received: 21 July 2020; Accepted: 5 August 2020; Published: 10 August 2020
... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.620465 | 1-5-2021 17:49 | {
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003cf560-3166-422f-9a1c-98b1e971efa6.15 | *Review* **Antidiabetic E**ff**ects of Flavan-3-ols and Their Microbial Metabolites**
### **Estefanía Márquez Campos, Linda Jakobs and Marie-Christine Simon \***
Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Nutrition and Microbiota, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; estefania.marquezc@gmail.com (E.M.C.); ljakobs... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.628684 | 1-5-2021 17:49 | {
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003cf94e-81c7-4214-b0fe-134420ebdba8.0 | *Edited by Elmer P. Dadios*
Fuzzy Logic is becoming an essential method of solving problems in all domains. It gives tremendous impact on the design of autonomous intelligent systems. The purpose of this book is to introduce Hybrid Algorithms, Techniques, and Implementations of Fuzzy Logic. The book consists of thirte... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.645422 | 20-4-2021 17:29 | {
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003cf94e-81c7-4214-b0fe-134420ebdba8.1 | **FUZZY LOGIC – ALGORITHMS, TECHNIQUES AND IMPLEMENTATIONS**
Edited by **Elmer P. Dadios**
### **Fuzzy Logic - Algorithms, Techniques and Implementations**
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/2663 Edited by Elmer P. Dadios
### **Contributors**
Kazuhisa Takemura, Toshihisa Sato, Motoyuki Akamatsu, Hashim Habiballa, Thoedtid... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.645563 | 20-4-2021 17:29 | {
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003cf94e-81c7-4214-b0fe-134420ebdba8.2 | We are IntechOpen, the world's leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists
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003cf94e-81c7-4214-b0fe-134420ebdba8.3 | **Meet the editor**
Prof Elmer P. Dadios finished his doctoral degree at Loughborough University, United Kingdom in 1996. He was a recipient of the Philippines Department of Science and Technology (DOST) 50 Men and Women of Science and Technology; DOST Scholar Achievers); The National Research Council of the Philippin... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.646130 | 20-4-2021 17:29 | {
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003dfb30-3d3b-432a-9c4e-217966fc6cb3 | We are IntechOpen, the world's leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists
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"author": "Bernini, Ro... | |
004623c8-cb6c-4a99-aee8-c83552616d6e | # **Ecological Impacts of Toxic Chemicals**
# **Editors**
# **Francisco Sánchez-Bayo**
*University of Technology Sydney, Australia*
# **Paul J. van den Brink**
*Alterra and Wageningen University, The Netherlands*
# **Reinier M. Mann**
*University of Technology Sydney, Australia*
© 2011 by the Editor / Authors. ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.715779 | 19-10-2023 18:40 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
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"url": "https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/20.500.12657/75863/1/9781608051212.pdf",
"author": "",
"title": "Ecological Impacts of Toxic Chemicals",
"publisher": "... |
004acd65-0f8a-4342-8761-8da04dfc73fe.0 | **Application of Liquid Chromatography in Food Analysis**
• Oscar Núñez and Paolo Lucci
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.778756 | 1-5-2021 17:44 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"book_id": "004acd65-0f8a-4342-8761-8da04dfc73fe",
"url": "https://mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/2994",
"author": "",
"title": "Application of Liquid Chromatography in Food Analysis",
"publisher": "MDPI - Multidiscip... |
004acd65-0f8a-4342-8761-8da04dfc73fe.1 | **Application of Liquid Chromatography in Food Analysis**
Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in *Foods* Oscar Núñez and Paolo Lucci Edited by
www.mdpi.com/journal/foods
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.778838 | 1-5-2021 17:44 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"book_id": "004acd65-0f8a-4342-8761-8da04dfc73fe",
"url": "https://mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/2994",
"author": "",
"title": "Application of Liquid Chromatography in Food Analysis",
"publisher": "MDPI - Multidiscip... |
004acd65-0f8a-4342-8761-8da04dfc73fe.2 | **Application of Liquid Chromatography in Food Analysis**
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.778879 | 1-5-2021 17:44 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"book_id": "004acd65-0f8a-4342-8761-8da04dfc73fe",
"url": "https://mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/2994",
"author": "",
"title": "Application of Liquid Chromatography in Food Analysis",
"publisher": "MDPI - Multidiscip... |
004acd65-0f8a-4342-8761-8da04dfc73fe.3 | **Application of Liquid Chromatography in Food Analysis**
Editors
**Oscar N ´u ˜nez Paolo Lucci**
MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin
*Editors* Oscar Nu´ nez ˜ University of Barcelona (INSA-UB) Spain
Paolo Lucci University of Udine — UNIUD Italy
*Editorial O... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.778904 | 1-5-2021 17:44 | {
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"book_id": "004acd65-0f8a-4342-8761-8da04dfc73fe",
"url": "https://mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/2994",
"author": "",
"title": "Application of Liquid Chromatography in Food Analysis",
"publisher": "MDPI - Multidiscip... |
004acd65-0f8a-4342-8761-8da04dfc73fe.4 | **Contents**
## **About the Editors**
**Oscar N ´u ˜nez** studied chemistry at the University of Barcelona where he also received his Ph.D. in 2004. He worked as visiting researcher for half a year in the development of on-line pre-concentration methods using micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) at the Univ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.779089 | 1-5-2021 17:44 | {
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"book_id": "004acd65-0f8a-4342-8761-8da04dfc73fe",
"url": "https://mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/2994",
"author": "",
"title": "Application of Liquid Chromatography in Food Analysis",
"publisher": "MDPI - Multidiscip... |
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