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004acd65-0f8a-4342-8761-8da04dfc73fe.5 | **Native Colombian Fruits and Their by-Products: Phenolic Profile, Antioxidant Activity and Hypoglycaemic Potential**
**Monica Rosa Loizzo 1, Paolo Lucci 2,\*, Oscar Núñez 3, Rosa Tundis 1, Michele Balzano 4, Natale Giuseppe Frega 4, Lanfranco Conte 2, Sabrina Moret 2, Daria Filatova 3, Encarnación Moyano <sup>3</sup>... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.788471 | 1-5-2021 17:44 | {
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004acd65-0f8a-4342-8761-8da04dfc73fe.6 | **Effect of Artificial LED Light and Far Infrared Irradiation on Phenolic Compound, Isoflavones and Antioxidant Capacity in Soybean (***Glycine max* **L.) Sprout**
#### **Md Obyedul Kalam Azad †, Won Woo Kim †, Cheol Ho Park and Dong Ha Cho \***
College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.790143 | 1-5-2021 17:44 | {
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004acd65-0f8a-4342-8761-8da04dfc73fe.7 | **Characterization of Sparkling Wines According to Polyphenolic Profiles Obtained by HPLC-UV/Vis and Principal Component Analysis**
#### **Anaïs Izquierdo-Llopart \* and Javier Saurina \***
Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Sp... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.791260 | 1-5-2021 17:44 | {
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004acd65-0f8a-4342-8761-8da04dfc73fe.8 | **Characterization and Determination of Interesterification Markers (Triacylglycerol Regioisomers) in Confectionery Oils by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry**
**Valentina Santoro 1,\*, Federica Dal Bello 1, Riccardo Aigotti 1, Daniela Gastaldi 1, Francesco Romaniello 1,2, Emanuele Forte 2, Martina Magni 2, Clau... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.793349 | 1-5-2021 17:44 | {
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004acd65-0f8a-4342-8761-8da04dfc73fe.9 | **Authentication and Quantitation of Fraud in Extra Virgin Olive Oils Based on HPLC-UV Fingerprinting and Multivariate Calibration**
#### **Núria Carranco 1, Mireia Farrés-Cebrián 1, Javier Saurina 1,2 and Oscar Núñez 1,2,3,\***
Received: 30 January 2018; Accepted: 20 March 2018; Published: 21 March 2018
**Abstract... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.794933 | 1-5-2021 17:44 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.0 | # **Heterogeneous Catalysis and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) for Environmental Protection (VOCs Oxidation, Air and Water Purification)**
Edited by Roberto Fiorenza Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in *Catalysts*
www.mdpi.com/journal/catalysts
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.1 | **Heterogeneous Catalysis and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) for Environmental Protection (VOCs Oxidation, Air and Water Purification)**
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.2 | **Heterogeneous Catalysis and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) for Environmental Protection (VOCs Oxidation, Air and Water Purification)**
Editor
**Roberto Fiorenza**
MDPI • Basel • Beijing • Wuhan • Barcelona • Belgrade • Manchester • Tokyo • Cluj • Tianjin
*Editor* Roberto Fiorenza Dip. Scienze Chimiche Univers... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.804324 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.3 | **Contents**
Reprinted from: *Catalysts* **2021**, *11*, 664, doi:10.3390/catal11060664 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . **157**
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.804415 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.5 | **Roberto Fiorenza**
Roberto Fiorenza (PhD) is a researcher in industrial chemistry at the department of Chemical Sciences of the University of Catania (Italy). He works on the synthesis and characterization of new materials (catalysts) for environmental and energy applications (purification of air, water, production ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.804445 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.6 | **Preface to "Heterogeneous Catalysis and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) for Environmental Protection (VOCs Oxidation, Air and Water Purification)"**
The quality of air and water is a key contemporary problem. The globalization economy and the current pandemic situation have given rise to new problems related to e... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.804611 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.7 | *Editorial* **Heterogeneous Catalysis and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs) for Environmental Protection (VOC Oxidation, Air and Water Purification)**
**Roberto Fiorenza**
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; rfiorenza@unict.it; Tel.: +39-0957385012
The qu... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.804726 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.9 | **Development of Pharmaceutical VOCs Elimination by Catalytic Processes in China**
### **Lilong Zhou 1,\*, Chen Ma <sup>1</sup> , Jonathan Horlyck <sup>2</sup> , Runjing Liu <sup>1</sup> and Jimmy Yun 1,2,3,\***
Received: 26 May 2020; Accepted: 9 June 2020; Published: 13 June 2020
**Abstract:** As a byproduct of em... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.805452 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.10 | **1. Introduction**
Recently, the Chinese public has become increasingly concerned about the levels of chemical air pollution present in the form of haze. A main contributing factor to this pollution is the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the industry. VOCs are organic compounds with boiling points i... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.805540 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.11 | **2. Catalogue and Emission Amounts of VOCs in the China Pharmaceutical Industry**
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.805643 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.12 | *2.1. Catalogue of Pharmaceutical VOCs in China*
Medicines in China are mainly produced in six ways, biological fermentation, chemical synthesis, extraction, coagulation preparation, bioengineering, and treatment of traditional Chinese medicine [4,14]. The different methods produce varying levels of pollution, with th... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.805673 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.13 | *2.2. The Guiding Emission Standards of VOCs in China*
The guiding emission standards of VOCs include six kinds of VOCs on the boundary of factories (Table 1) and four pollutant classifications with a total of 16 compounds in the areas surrounding workshops and installations (Table 2) [13]. These parameters are determ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.805946 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.14 | *2.3. VOCs Emissions in the Chinese Pharmaceutical Industry*
China is the second largest producer of pharmaceutical products, only behind the United States of America. There are more than 1300 kinds of drug intermediates, 30 types of medicaments, and over 4500 pharmaceutical products made in China [23]. According to p... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.806028 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.15 | *4.1. Catalytic Combustion*
Catalytic combustion has received attention recently, as it shows great potential to address the shortcomings of the incineration method. Catalytic combustion is suitable for waste gas streams with low VOC concentrations and a moderate flow rate. Compared with the incineration method, catal... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.807957 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.16 | 4.1.1. Noble Metal Catalysts
The general consensus of previous studies is that noble metal catalysts show the best catalytic performance in the combustion of non-halogenated VOCs. The noble catalysts which have been investigated include platinum, palladium, ruthenium, iridium, gold, and silver (Table 5) [2,41–44]. Due... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.808210 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.17 | 4.1.2. Non-Noble Metal Catalysts
To address the cost of noble metals, non-noble metal oxides catalysts were developed for the abatement of VOCs. The materials which have been studied as non-noble metals include the derivatives of transition metals and rare earth elements, such as Ti, Cu, Mn, Al, Ce, Co, Fe, Cr, and V ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.808798 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.18 | 4.1.3. Perovskite Catalysts
Perovskite-type oxides are a kind of composite oxides which have a similar structure with CaTiO3, and can be expressed by ABO3. The common way to modify the perovskite catalysts is replacement of the cation B by B' to tune the redox ability or enhance the stability [1]. With the replacement... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.809387 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.19 | 4.1.4. Concentrated Oxidation Catalysts decomposed at 250 °C overthe NaX zeolite. The addition of Pt on the zeolite can significantly increase the catalytic activity. The main obstacle for the application of zeolite was the coke that formed during
The low concentration of VOCs can limit the catalytic efficiency of cat... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.809701 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.20 | 4.1.5. The Influence Factors on Catalytic Performance
In the real industrial process, a lot of factors influence the catalytic efficiency. Firstly, the kind of VOCs determines the selection of catalysts. For example, noble metal catalysts show the best VOCs eliminating efficiency, but they are not suitable for the des... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.809975 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.21 | *4.2. Photocatalytic Oxidation*
Photocatalytic reactions have drawn a lot of attention and have been well developed in recent years since Fujishima found the splitting water to H<sup>2</sup> and O<sup>2</sup> over TiO<sup>2</sup> [55,179,180]. Different kinds of photocatalysts have been developed to treat VOCs contain... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.810299 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.22 | *4.4. Electron Beam Treatment*
In the electron beam technology, an electron beam generated from an EB accelerator and absorbed by the background gas to ionize the air and form some active oxidizing radicals, such as ·OH and ·HO<sup>2</sup> and excited ions as O (3P), which is critical for the destruction of VOCs [216–... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.811352 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.23 | **5. Outlook of the Di**ff**erent Kinds of Technologies**
Different kinds of VOCs were emitted from different parts of pharmaceutical production processes. With the new VOCs discharge standards coming into force, it is critical for the pharmaceutical companies to eliminate VOCs exhaustively in China. According to the ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.811513 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.25 | *Review* **Bimetallic Catalysts for Volatile Organic Compound Oxidation**
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.811743 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.26 | **Roberto Fiorenza**
Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; rfiorenza@unict.it; Tel.: +39-393-6586864
Received: 25 May 2020; Accepted: 9 June 2020; Published: 12 June 2020
**Abstract:** In recent years, the impending necessity to improve the quality of outdoor... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.811772 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.27 | **1. Introduction**
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are a wide group of organic compounds characterized to boiling points less than 250 ◦C at room temperature and at atmospheric pressure [1]. Due to their carcinogenic and toxic nature, most VOCs are considered major causes of air pollution. Indeed, their emission in... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.811908 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.28 | **2. Bimetallic Catalysts for VOC Oxidation**
Bimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) are a kind of materials formed by two different metals and characterized with peculiar features [41,42]. Specifically, they can show new properties resulting from the combination of features arising from the monometallic counterparts. Usually... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.812397 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.29 | 2.1.1. Au-Pd Catalysts
Gold is miscible with palladium in all compositions; consequently, while the formation of gold–palladium alloys is favored, the segregation of single metals was, in fact, avoided [76,83]. In Table 1 are reported some of the experimental results of the application of the Au-Pd systems in catalyti... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.813368 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.30 | 2.1.2. Au-Ag and Au-Cu Catalysts
The establishment of a strong interaction between gold and silver with the formation of an alloy or of bimetallic clusters was investigated by our research group both in VOC oxidation and in H<sup>2</sup> purification towards the preferential oxidation of CO (PROX reaction) [50,53,68].... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.813893 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.31 | 2.1.3. Other Au-Based Bimetallic Catalysts
As discussed in the last examined work, among the other Au-based bimetallic catalysts, the Au-Pt system exhibited promising performance in VOC oxidation [96–98].
Kim et al. [97] investigated catalytic oxidation of toluene employing the Au-Pt/ZnO-Al2O<sup>3</sup> catalyst pre... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.814386 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.32 | *2.2. Other Bimetallic Catalysts*
Among the other noble metals, the most employed catalysts for catalytic oxidation of VOCs are platinum-based materials [16], and similarly to gold, platinum has shown a good affinity with palladium [105–108]. In general, as can be seen from Table 2, the use of noble-metals-based bimet... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.814991 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.33 | **3. Bimetallic Catalysts for the Photocatalytic Oxidation of VOCs**
The urgent request for a "greener" and sustainable industrial chemistry has driven a huge field of research towards alternative ways to treat VOCs instead of catalytic combustion. Among the various AOPs (see the Introduction section), photocatalytic ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.816061 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.34 | **4. Conclusions**
In this review, the application of bimetallic catalysts for VOC oxidation was examined in terms of catalytic activity and physicochemical properties. Among the various systems, gold-based bimetallic catalysts exhibited a good performance in the degradation of a wide range of VOCs. The presence of na... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.817081 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.36 | *Article* **Optimized Synthesis Routes of MnOx-ZrO<sup>2</sup> Hybrid Catalysts for Improved Toluene Combustion**
**Xin Huang <sup>1</sup> , Luming Li 2,3,\*, Rong Liu 4,\*, Hongmei Li <sup>2</sup> , Li Lan <sup>5</sup> and Weiqi Zhou <sup>1</sup>**
**Abstract:** In this contribution, the three Mn-Zr catalysts with ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.817255 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.37 | **1. Introduction**
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been considered important harmful pollutants and can be transferred into secondary aerogel and ozone via complex photochemical reactions in the atmosphere, which are threatening the ecological environment and human health [1–4]. It is urgent to adopt effective... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.817393 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.40 | 2.1.1. XRD Analysis
The XRD patterns of the as-prepared Mn-Zr catalysts with different Mn/Zr ratios are shown in Figure 1. Obviously, the intensity and position of the characteristic peak varies with the Mn/Zr ratio and synthesized routes. The intensity of characteristic peaks
of MnxZr1−xO<sup>2</sup> solid solution ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.817919 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.41 | 2.1.2. BET Analysis
It was accepted that the catalytic activity of nanocatalysts is closely related to their surface texture, such as specific surface area, average pore size, and pore volume. Figure 2 shows the nitrogen adsorption-desorption curves of as-obtained catalysts (TP-Mn2Zr3, CP-Mn2Zr3, and MP-Mn2Zr3), and i... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.818198 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.42 | 2.1.5. H2-TPR Results Analysis
The H2-TPR experiments were employed to investigate the reducibility of the catalysts. The H2-TPR cures of TP-Mn2Zr3, CP-Mn2Zr3, and MP-Mn2Zr3 samples in the range of 100–700 ◦C are shown in Figure 5. There exist three obvious characteristic peaks of hydrogen consumption. It was reported... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.818792 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.43 | *2.2. Evaluation of Catalytic Activity*
The catalytic oxidation performance of the synthesized catalysts for toluene abatement was assessed. The functional cures between the conversion of toluene on the catalysts and reaction temperature are depicted in Figure 6. All the catalysts can achieve complete catalytic oxidat... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.819036 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.44 | **3. Discussion**
It was widely accepted that the physical and chemical properties, such as component of active phase, specific surface area, Mn valence, concentration of adsorbed oxygen/lattice oxygen and reduction ability, can command the activity of the catalyst [48]. For the component factor of the active phase, w... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.819500 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.46 | *4.1. Materials*
Zirconium (IV) oxynitrate hydrate (ZrO(NO3)2·H2O) and Manganese nitrate (Mn(NO3)2) solution 50 wt.% were purchased from Chengdu Hua Xia Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. (Chengdu, China). Ammonia (NH3·H2O) (25~28%) reagent was purchased from Chengdu Ke Long chemicals Co., Ltd (Chengdu, China). All the reagen... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.819756 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.47 | *4.2. Catalyst Preparation*
Firstly, Mn-Zr hybrids catalysts with different ratios were prepared by conventional optimized co-precipitation routes [24,25]. In a typical preparation, manganese nitrate
solution (50 wt.%) (3.58, 7.16, 7.16, 10.74, and 10.74 g, respectively) and zirconium (IV) oxynitrate hydrate (7.48, 7... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.819804 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.48 | *4.4. Catalyst Characterization*
The investigation of the phase composition of the catalysts was carried out by the Rigaku DX-2700 (Rigaku, Tokyo, Japan) diffractometer equipment with Cu-Kα (λ = 0.154 nm) as the radiation source. The scan started from 10 to 80◦ with a scanning rate of 0.06◦/s. The results of the speci... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.820106 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.49 | **5. Conclusions**
In this paper, a series of Mn-Zr catalysts with different Mn/Zr ratios were successfully prepared via co-precipitation and improved co-precipitation routes, and their catalytic performance for toluene combustion was evaluated. It was found that the TP-Mn2Zr3 catalyst possesses the lowest T<sup>50</s... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.820229 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.51 | *Article* **VOCs Photothermo-Catalytic Removal on MnOx-ZrO<sup>2</sup> Catalysts**
**Roberto Fiorenza \* , Roberta Agata Farina, Enrica Maria Malannata, Francesca Lo Presti and Stefano Andrea Balsamo**
> Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy; roberta.agata.far... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.820422 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.52 | **1. Introduction**
Nowadays, the quality of air, both in indoor and outdoor environments, is an extremely important concern. Furthermore, the COVID-19 emergency has pointed to the necessity of clean air to discourage virus infection. Among the air pollutants, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) include many of the most... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.820862 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.54 | *2.1. Structural, Morphological, Textural and Optical Properties of the Samples*
The XRD patterns of the analysed samples are shown in Figure 1. The precipitation of manganese chloride (II) with NaOH and the employed calcination temperature (600 ◦C for 2 h) allowed to obtain the Mn3O4.The signals at 2θ = 18.1◦ , 28.9◦... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.821416 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.55 | *2.3. Photocatalytic, Thermocatalytic and Photothermo-Catalytic Removal of Ethanol in Gas Phase*
The ethanol being an alcohol was more reactive than the aromatic toluene, but its oxidation can give various by-products; the most common in the gas phase oxidation was acetaldehyde [3,31,39], which is also the main by-pro... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.822446 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.56 | **3. Discussion**
The mixed oxides MnOx-ZrO<sup>2</sup> here investigated showed promising performance in the removal of VOCs in the gas phase, considering the absence of noble metals co-catalysts and an initial VOCs concentration of 1000 ppm. The amount of zirconium oxide added on manganese oxide is a key parameter t... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.822873 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.57 | *4.3. Photo, Thermo and Photothermo-Catalytic Oxidation of VOCs*
The thermocatalytic removal of VOCs in gas phase and atmospheric pressure was carried out in a fixed bed flow reactor packed with the powder catalysts (0.15 g, 80–140 mesh), using the same experimental conditions described in the ref. [3]. A heating ramp... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.823825 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.58 | **5. Conclusions**
The MnOx-ZrO<sup>2</sup> mixed oxides exhibited promising performance in the removal of toluene and ethanol in the gas phase, especially in the multi-catalytic solar photothermal approach. The ionic interaction between the manganese and the zirconium ions exploited with the addition of a low amount ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.823967 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.60 | *Article* **Photocatalytic Degradation of Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics in Solution by Au@ZnO-rGO-gC3N<sup>4</sup> Composites**
**Abniel Machín 1,\* , Kenneth Fontánez <sup>2</sup> , José Duconge <sup>3</sup> , María C. Cotto <sup>3</sup> , Florian I. Petrescu <sup>4</sup> , Carmen Morant <sup>5</sup> and Francisco Márq... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.824147 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.61 | **1. Introduction**
Antibiotics have become emerging pollutants due to their widespread use and persistence in the environment [1–3]. The origin is very varied, although they come mainly from medical treatments, agricultural, livestock, and industrial production [4–7]. The presence of antibiotics in the natural enviro... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.824266 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.63 | *2.1. Characterization of Catalysts*
Three types of catalysts were synthesized, based on Au@ZnONPs, Au@ZnONPs-3%rGO, and Au@ZnONPs-3%rGO-3%gC3N4. In these catalysts, the percentage of rGO and gC3N<sup>4</sup> was always maintained at 3%, although percentages of Au nanoparticles of 1%, 5% and 10% were used, thus, a tot... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.824888 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.64 | *2.2. Photocatalytic Degradation*
Before proceeding to the CFX and LFX photodegradation, several preliminary studies were carried out to establish the optimal reaction conditions. To do this, a study of the optimal pH was initially carried out, and it was established that the most appropriate pH for both antibiotics w... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.825553 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.65 | *2.3. Proposed Photodegradation Mechanism for CFX and LFX*
As previously shown, gold nanoparticles improve catalytic efficiency, which increases appreciably when rGO and gC3N<sup>4</sup> are incorporated. The most efficient catalyst for the photodegradation of CFX and LFX (10%Au@ZnONPs-3%rGO-3%gC3N4) incorporates diff... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.826011 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.67 | *3.1. Reagents and Materials*
All the reagents were used as received, without further purification. All the solutions were prepared using deionized water (Milli-Q water, 18.2 MΩcm−<sup>1</sup> at 25 ◦C). Zn(CH3COO)<sup>2</sup> (99.99%, trace metal basis), HAuCl4•3H2O (ACS Reagent, 49.0+% Au basis), Ethanol (200 proof,... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.826359 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.68 | *3.2. Synthesis of Nanomaterials*
Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were synthesized by thermal decomposition of anhydrous zinc acetate. In a standard synthesis, 5 g of zinc acetate was introduced into an alumina crucible which was covered by a perforated alumina lid, and subsequently placed in a tube furnace. Next, t... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.826429 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.69 | *3.3. Characterization of the Catalysts*
The morphology of the catalysts was characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), using a Hitachi S-3000N instrument (Westford, MA, USA), equipped with a EDX Quantax EDS X-Flash 6I30 Analyzer, and by High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM), using a JEOL ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.826758 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.70 | *3.4. Photocatalytic Experiments*
To test the activity of the synthesized catalysts in the photodegradation process of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, a solar simulator composed of three white annular bulbs with a total irradiation power of 90 watts was used. In the case of ciprofloxacin, <sup>a</sup> <sup>2</sup> <su... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.826896 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.71 | **4. Conclusions**
The photocatalytic degradation of two quinolone-type antibiotics (CFX and LFX) in aqueous solution was studied, using catalysts based on ZnONPs, which were synthesized by means of a thermal procedure. Subsequently, the efficiency of ZnONPs was optimized by incorporating different cocatalysts of gold... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.827011 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.73 | **Comparative Study of ZnO Thin Films Doped with Transition Metals (Cu and Co) for Methylene Blue**
**William Vallejo 1,\* , Alvaro Cantillo <sup>1</sup> , Briggitte Salazar <sup>1</sup> , Carlos Diaz-Uribe <sup>1</sup> , Wilkendry Ramos <sup>1</sup> , Eduard Romero <sup>2</sup> and Mikel Hurtado 3,4**
**Photodegrada... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.827325 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.74 | **1. Introduction**
Synthetic dyes are commonly used by various industries, especially textile ones. These physically and chemically stable compounds are harmful to the environment. Synthetic dyes are recalcitrant compounds that exhibit high solubility in water and accumulate in both wastewater and industrial effluent... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.827456 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.76 | *2.1. Structural Study*
Figure 1 shows the XRD pattern for the catalysts synthesized in this study. The hexagonal wurtzite phase (JCPDS No. 36−1451) is identified as a crystalline structure for ZnO thin films, with the signals of the diffraction pattern corresponding to those reported by other authors [46]. The doping... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.827985 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.77 | *2.2. Raman Study*
*2.2. Raman Study*
\*FWHM: full width at half maximum. The Raman spectra of the catalysts are shown in Figure 2. All the peaks correspond with wurtzite–ZnO (C<sup>4</sup> 6v): (i) 97.4 cm−<sup>1</sup> (vibrational mode E2L), (ii) 340 cm (E2H–E2L), and (iii) 437.0 cm−<sup>1</sup> and 581 cm−<sup>1<... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.828135 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.78 | **3. Materials and Methods**
## **3. Materials and Methods** *3.1. Synthesis and Characterization*
*3.1. Synthesis and Characterization* The ZnO synthesis was carried out according to a previous report [69]: Twenty five mL of ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) (25%**–**35% *w/w*) reactive grade (Merck) was placed in a 250 ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.828919 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.79 | **4. Conclusions**
We synthesized and characterized ZnO thin films doped with Co and Cu. Raman results corroborated the doping process, which suggested the generation of a heterostructure. For the doped ZnO catalysts, the results show a reduction in the *E<sup>g</sup>* values (from 3.22 to 2.42 eV for the best catalys... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.829188 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.81 | *Article* **Magnetite, Hematite and Zero-Valent Iron as Co-Catalysts in Advanced Oxidation Processes Application for Cosmetic Wastewater Treatment**
**Jan Bogacki \* , Piotr Marcinowski , Dominika Bury , Monika Krupa, Dominika Scie ´ zy ´nska and ˙ Prasanth Prabhu**
> Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environme... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.829354 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.82 | **1. Introduction**
The cosmetics market is booming and it is one of the fastest growing consumer markets. It globally generated EUR 474.2 billion in 2019. The coronavirus pandemic resulted in a decrease in industry revenues in 2020 by only 1.2%, to EUR 468.3 billion [1].
The constantly increasing production of cosme... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.829498 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.84 | *2.1. Raw Wastewater*
CW parameters used in the experiments are shown in Table 1. Low values of parameters indicating the content of organic compounds (total organic carbon, TOC and chemical oxygen demand, COD), and the almost complete absence of suspended solids (TSS) and nitrogen compounds (total Kjeldahl nitrogen, ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.829891 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.85 | *2.2. Kinetics Matching*
In the case of the classical Fenton process, it involves catalytic radical oxidation and final coagulation combined with coprecipitation. The applied modification of the process causes the concentration of iron (II) ions to change due to the dissolution of metallic iron— Fe (II)—amount constan... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.829969 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.86 | *2.4. HS-SPME–GC–MS Analysis*
Head space-solid phase micro extraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS-SPME–GC–MS) analysis results are shown in Table 2. GC-MS chromatograms, for raw and treated samples (the sample with the lowest TOC after the process was selected), are shown in Figures S1 and S2.
The identi... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.831021 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.87 | **3. Discussion**
An innovative solution was applied that has not yet been used as a cosmetic wastewater treatment technique, nor has it appeared in other industries. After separate analysis of the effectiveness of each catalyst, metallic iron with hematite and metallic iron with magnetite [33], the compounds were com... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.831103 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.89 | *4.1. Wastewater*
Samples of real cosmetic wastewater, pre-treated by coagulation coupled with dissolved air flotation, were taken for the tests. The samples were taken from an industrial plant located in Poland.
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.831569 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.90 | *4.2. Treatment Process*
Zero-valent iron (Ferox Target, 325 mesh) was supplied by Hepure (Hillsborough, NJ, USA). Hematite (10 µm) was supplied by Kremer (Aichstetten, Germany); magnetite (10 µm) was supplied by Kremer (Aichstetten, Germany); 30% H2O<sup>2</sup> solution was supplied by Stanlab (Lublin, Poland).
Dos... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.831611 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.91 | *4.3. Analytical Methods*
Total organic carbon (TOC), five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonia, surfactants, pH, and conductivity were determined according to the standard methods.
TOC was determined using a TOC-L ana... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.831710 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.92 | **5. Conclusions**
Due to the increasing consumption of cosmetics, an effective and inexpensive method of CW treatment is needed. The effective treatment of CW in accordance with applicable legal standards is difficult. The results of this research confirmed the effectiveness of the pretreatment of wastewater currentl... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.831765 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.94 | *Article* **Alkali-Activated Materials as Catalysts for Water Purification**
**Anne Heponiemi \* , Janne Pesonen , Tao Hu and Ulla Lassi**
Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland; janne.pesonen@oulu.fi (J.P.); tao.hu@oulu.fi (T.H.); ulla.lassi@oulu.fi (U.L.) *... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.831922 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.95 | **1. Introduction**
Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) are inorganic, amorphous compounds that contain [SiO4] <sup>4</sup><sup>−</sup> and [AlO4] <sup>5</sup>−, which can be prepared by using aluminosilicates in addition to hydroxides, carbonates, or silicates of alkali and alkaline earth metals. The calcium content af... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.832151 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.96 | **2. Results and Discussion**
In this section, the stability and characteristics, such as phase composition and specific surface area, of the prepared materials are discussed. In addition, the activity of AAMs for the CWPO of BPA is evaluated. The prepared materials were named according to their NaOH concentration and... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.832565 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.97 | *2.1. Stability of Alkali-Activated Materials*
Table 1 lists the conductivity values of aqueous solutions after 4 h at 150 ◦C under an N<sup>2</sup> atmosphere of 2 MPa and an AAM concentration of 4 g/dm<sup>3</sup> .
**Table 1.** Conductivity of aqueous solutions after 4 h at 150 ◦C under an N<sup>2</sup> atmospher... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.832615 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.98 | *2.2. Characterization of AAMs*
Table 3 lists the results of the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface areas of the prepared AAMs.
**Table 3.** BET-specific surface areas (SSA) and pore volumes (PV) of AAMs.
The specific surface area of BFS was negligible, while alkali activation led to the increased surface area of... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.832764 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.99 | *2.4. Stability of the Used Catalysts*
The possible leaching of the elements from the prepared AAMs was examined by ICP-OES in detail, in addition to the leaching tests (Section 2.1) after oxidation. The oxidized water samples were immediately filtered after 3 h CWPO using a 0.45 µm cellulose nitrate filter to remove ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.833988 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.100 | **3. Materials and Methods**
In this section, the preparation method and characterization techniques of catalysts are described. In addition, reaction conditions for the CWPO of the bisphenol A aqueous solution are presented.
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.834926 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.101 | *3.1. Preparation of Alkali-Activated Materials and Fe Catalysts*
AAMs were synthesized using powdered blast furnace slag (BFS) obtained from the Finnish steel industry. Table 5 lists the elemental composition of the slag, as determined by ICP-OES analysis.
AAMs were prepared by mixing 40 g of BFS with 17.5, 20.0, 25... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.834977 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.102 | *3.2. Stability of AAMs*
The stability of as-prepared AAMs was examined by measuring the possible leaching of the main elements of samples (i.e., Al, Ca, Mg, Na, and Si) to the water phase. Before the test, samples were crushed using a jaw crusher, sieved to a particle size of 1–2 mm, washed with deionized water, and ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.835119 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.103 | *3.3. Characterization of Samples*
The surface morphology and chemical composition of the prepared AAMs were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM; Carl Zeiss Microscopy GMbH, Jena, Germany) combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS; analyzer at the Centre for Material Analysis, ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.835198 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.104 | *3.4. Catalytic Wet Peroxide Oxidation Experiments*
Oxidation experiments with a BPA aqueous solution (60 mg/L) were performed in a three-necked flask equipped with a reflux condenser. BFS30-60, BFS25-60, BFS20-60, BFS17.5-60, Fe/BFS30-60, and Fe/BFS17.5-60 were examined at a reaction temperature of 50 ◦C, a H2O<sup>2... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.835366 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.105 | *3.5. Water Sample Analysis*
The BPA concentration of the water samples was determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) equipped with a Waters 996 photodiode array (PDA) detector (Waters Corp., Milford, MA, USA) at a wavelength of 226 nm. A mixture of 0.1% trifluoracetic acid (TFA) in methanol and 0.1% TF... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.835474 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
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"title": "Heterogeneous Catalysis and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) for Environmental Protectio... |
004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.106 | **4. Conclusions**
In this study, novel, eco-efficient, BFS-based alkali-activated materials were prepared and examined as catalysts for the CWPO of a BPA aqueous solution. AAMs consolidated at 60 ◦C were selected for catalytic studies, as they were more stable in the aqueous phase, and the phase structure was more po... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.835633 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"book_id": "004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b",
"url": "https://mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/5163",
"author": "",
"title": "Heterogeneous Catalysis and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) for Environmental Protectio... |
004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.109 | **Eco-Friendly Cotton**/**Linen Fabric Treatment Using Aqueous Ozone and Ultraviolet Photolysis**
### **Kengo Hamada 1,\* , Tsuyoshi Ochiai 1,2 , Yasuyuki Tsuchida <sup>3</sup> , Kyohei Miyano <sup>4</sup> , Yosuke Ishikawa <sup>4</sup> , Toshinari Nagura <sup>4</sup> and Noritaka Kimura <sup>3</sup>**
Received: 30 ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.835853 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"book_id": "004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b",
"url": "https://mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/5163",
"author": "",
"title": "Heterogeneous Catalysis and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) for Environmental Protectio... |
004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.110 | **1. Introduction**
In the manufacture of natural fabric products, such as cotton and linen, alkaline chemicals and surfactants are used to remove contaminants (i.e., scouring). In addition, to bleach coloured components derived from natural products, an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite or heat treatment is use... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.835970 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"book_id": "004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b",
"url": "https://mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/5163",
"author": "",
"title": "Heterogeneous Catalysis and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) for Environmental Protectio... |
004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.111 | *2.2. Suppression of Colour Reversion Using Rongalite Treatment*
second AOP treatment 15 min after ironing (red).
second AOP treatment 15 min after ironing (red).
Figure 9 shows the reflectance spectra of cotton samples with and without rongalite treatment. The reflectance spectrum of the cotton fabric subjected to ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.836551 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"book_id": "004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b",
"url": "https://mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/5163",
"author": "",
"title": "Heterogeneous Catalysis and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) for Environmental Protectio... |
004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.113 | **CeO<sup>2</sup> for Water Remediation: Comparison of Various Advanced Oxidation Processes**
**Roberto Fiorenza <sup>1</sup> , Stefano Andrea Balsamo <sup>1</sup> , Luisa D'Urso <sup>1</sup> , Salvatore Sciré 1 , Maria Violetta Brundo <sup>2</sup> , Roberta Pecoraro <sup>2</sup> , Elena Maria Scalisi <sup>2</sup> , V... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.837813 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"book_id": "004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b",
"url": "https://mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/5163",
"author": "",
"title": "Heterogeneous Catalysis and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) for Environmental Protectio... |
004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.114 | **1. Introduction**
Among the environmental questions of the present, water pollution by emergent contaminants, such as pharmaceuticals and pesticides, is a serious problem, making their removal a challenging task [1]. In particular, the use of pesticides has increased over the years to improve the production of agric... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.837982 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"book_id": "004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b",
"url": "https://mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/5163",
"author": "",
"title": "Heterogeneous Catalysis and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) for Environmental Protectio... |
004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b.115 | **2. Results and Discussion 2. Results and Discussion**
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:58.838655 | 6-5-2022 13:29 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/",
"book_id": "004db1df-dc76-42af-952f-1f5e82b7822b",
"url": "https://mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/5163",
"author": "",
"title": "Heterogeneous Catalysis and Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP) for Environmental Protectio... |
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