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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.55 | **Author details**
Chidiebere Ugwu\* and Stephen Suru Department of Human Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Anambra State, Nigeria
\*Address all correspondence to: ce.ugwu@unizik.edu.ng
© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is di... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.118107 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.57 | Production and Market
**51**
**Chapter 5**
**Abstract**
*Iyabo Bosede Adeoye*
the perishable nature of the commodity.
**1. Introduction**
**Keywords:** Cucumber, market performance, market structure, constraints
Cucumber is one of the most important exotic vegetables in Nigeria [1] and are valuable source of an... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.118355 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.58 | Market Performance and Structure of Cucumber in Ibadan, Oyo State
*Iyabo Bosede Adeoye*
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.59 | **Abstract**
Cucumber is an important vegetable due to its numerous health benefits. There are a number of empirical studies on the economics of production of the commodity, but there is insufficient information on marketing of the commodity. The study was therefore carried out to examine market performance, structure... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.118590 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.60 | **2. Methodology**
The study area was Ibadan (7o 231 47<sup>1</sup> N 3o 551 01 E), capital of Oyo state. The city has a tropical wet and dry climate. There are eleven local government areas in Ibadan. The city is a major center for trade in horticultural commodities such as plantain, banana, cucumber, watermelon and ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.118800 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.61 | **3. Results and discussion**
*Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breeding*
holder farmers to participate in the output market.
above information gap.
The study area was Ibadan (7o
wholesalers in the selected markets.
**2. Methodology**
perfectly competitive, oligopolistic or monopolistic market [9... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.119048 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.62 | **3.1 Socioeconomic characteristics of marketers**
Findings revealed that most of the retailers (70.37%) and wholesalers (81.25%) were male indicating dominance of male folks in cucumber marketing in the study area. Most of the retailers (42.59%) were within 31–40 years age group whereas majority of the wholesalers (4... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.119114 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.63 | **4. Market performance of cucumber**
Although there are peak and lean season of marketing the commodity. Cucumber marketing is throughout the year. Market performance of cucumber was evaluated using net marketing margin and efficiency. Average quantity sold by retailers weekly in the peak and lean season were 159.8 k... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.119160 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.64 | **5. Conclusion**
Cucumber marketing was dominated by the male folks at both retail and wholesale level. Most of the retailers were within the age group of 31–40 years and were younger than the wholesaler. Cucumber marketing at both retail and wholesale was profitable in both the peak and lean season. The analysis of ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.119743 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.65 | **Acknowledgements**
I wish to acknowledge Mr. Habib Ganiyu for assisting in data collection for the study.
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.67 | **Market Performance and Structure of Cucumber in Ibadan, Oyo State**
Questionnaire code \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Date of interview:\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Phone no …………
**a.State……………………………………………..**
**b.Local Government Area………………………………………………**
**c.Name of Market ……………………………………………………….**
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.68 | **Section A: Socioeconomic characteristics of the Marketers**
1.Sex 1. Male 2. Female
2.Age (Years): …………………………………………………..
**59**
*Market Performance and Structure of Cucumber in Ibadan, Oyo State*
5.Years of experience in marketing ……………………
6.Type of marketer a. Wholesaler Yes…… No…………..
10. Are you a member o... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.119904 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.69 | **Section B: Market performance and structure of Cucumber**
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.70 | **Section C: Constraints in marketing cucumber**
**Any comment ……………………………………………………………………..**
*Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breeding*
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.71 | **Author details**
Iyabo Bosede Adeoye National Horticultural Research Institute, Ibadan, Nigeria
\*Address all correspondence to: bosedeadeoye2005@gmail.com
© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.120121 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.73 | Cultivation and Management
**Chapter 6**
**Abstract**
Biostimulators
*Michael Henry Böhme*
increasing root growth.
**1. Introduction**
**65**
*Bacillus subtilis*, abiotic stress influence
Growth Promoting and Stabilizing
of Cucumber Plants Cultivated in
Soilless Cultivation Systems Using
Cultivation of cucu... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.120382 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.75 | Growth Promoting and Stabilizing of Cucumber Plants Cultivated in Soilless Cultivation Systems Using Biostimulators
*Michael Henry Böhme*
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.76 | **Abstract**
Cultivation of cucumber in greenhouses is predominantly carried out in soilless cultivation systems mainly in substrate culture. The use of organic and completely compostable substrates is of rising interest in such systems, unclean sheep wool was formed as substrate slabs, peat slabs and coconut fiber sl... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.120607 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.77 | **2. Cultivation systems for cucumber growing in greenhouses**
In the last 45 years different hydroponic systems are developed in the world, the different systems can be subdivide in four groups [3]. Whereas, cucumbers are cultivated mostly in the first and second system.
Therefore, substances have been used as ferti... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.121451 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.78 | **2.1 Substrate culture**
Hydroponic systems in a small amount of substrate (3 to 15 l per plant) filled in containers, bags, slabs or channels. Slabs of rockwool, peat or coconut fiber are used. This system is combined with different types of trickle irrigation. There are 'open systems' in which the drainwater flows ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.121591 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.79 | **3. Biostimulators to enhance cucumber growth**
#### **3.1 Lactate**
According to previous investigations, lactates (salts of lactic acid) seem to produce bioregulatory effects. The application of lactates was tested as an approach to improve the nutrient balance and plant vitality. Investigations have shown that la... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.121734 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.80 | **3.2 Humates**
**2. Cultivation systems for cucumber growing in greenhouses**
cultivated mostly in the first and second system.
*Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breeding*
system is rarely used for cucumber cultivation.
vegetables [4] it can be used also for cucumber cultivation.
**3. Biostimulat... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.121780 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.81 | **4. Mineral, organic and synthetic substrates used in the substrate cultivation system of cucumbers**
As mentioned in the introduction different substrates can be used for cucumber cultivation in substrate culture systems. In principle, most substrates are suitable for successful cucumber growing, if adequately suppl... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.122246 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.82 | **5. Effects of biostimulators on the growth and cucumber plant development**
### **5.1 Mineral and organic substrates used in substrate culture of cucumbers treated with biostimulators**
In Europe, about 87 million sheep are produced, in Germany about 2.2 million. Often, there is a lack of capacity for cleaning the ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.122656 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.83 | **5.2 Effects on the nutrient supply in cucumber cultivation using biostimulators**
Cucumber plants were grown in substrate culture using containers (volume 8 L) filled with perlite. The perlite from Slovakia had an average dry density of 120 kg/ m<sup>3</sup> and a grain size between 0.6 and 1.5 mm diameter, with a p... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.123190 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.84 | *5.3.2 Quantity of fruit harvest and marketable fruit quality*
The number of fruits harvested from the eight variants and the control was higher on average when the biostimulators were applied to the rhizosphere directly at the roots (**Figure 6**). The fresh weight of all cucumbers with market quality was about 500 g... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.124061 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.85 | **6. Conclusions**
significant difference in all parameters as compared to the non-treated plants,
disturbing the cucumber plant if the plants were several time treated with
with biostimulators, no correlation could be found (**Figure 10**).
*Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breeding*
The question ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.125174 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.86 | **Author details**
Michael Henry Böhme Department Horticultural Plant Systems, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
\*Address all correspondence to: michael.boehme@hu-berlin.de
© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative C... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.125563 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.88 | **Chapter 7**
[15] Böhme, M., I. Pinker, Y. Schevchenko (2007). Effects of biostimulators on nutrient supply in vegetables.: Procc Gent.. pp. 6:
[16] Böhme, M., Shaban, N. and
Acta Hortic. 514, 33–40.
Pinker, I. (2005). Effect of
[18] Hoang, T. L. (2003).
Universität zu Berlin,
Fakultät.
**88**
697:337–344.
A... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.125631 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.89 | Soil and Agronomic Management for Cucumber Production in Nigeria
*Bernard Ndubuisi Okafor and Japhet J. Yaduma*
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.90 | **Abstract**
Cucumber (*Cucumis sativus. L*) is an important crop; widely cultivated in different agroecologies of Nigeria. Its production continues to gain attention in Nigerian communities because of their nutritional and economic values. Average yield per/ha is below world average. Factors responsible for the low y... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.125754 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.91 | **1. Introduction**
Demand for vitamins and minerals are highly dependent on vegetables. Cucumber and other fruit and leafy vegetables are in high demand because of their nutritional and economic values. According to [1], cucumber production has the capacity to enhance agricultural production, economic empowerment and... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.125834 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.92 | **1.1 Factors affecting cucumber production in Nigeria**
Several factors affect the attainment of sufficiency in cucumber production in Nigeria. These factors as highlighted by [2–5].
#### **1.2 Varieties of cucumber cultivated in Nigeria**
According to [6, 7] there are many varieties cultivated in Nigeria. However... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.125953 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.93 | **2. Cucumber production in Nigeria**
Cucumber is cultivated in every part of Nigerian agro ecology. This cuts across the rainforest to the savannah zones of Nigeria with the production pattern and volume varying from place to place. The 5 highest cucumber producing states in Nigeria are Plateau, Kaduna, Katsina, Kano... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.126028 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.94 | **3. Production/agronomy**
*Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breeding*
Nigeria. These factors as highlighted by [2–5].
c.Improper or inadequate fertiliser application
a.Climate change
b.Scarcity of improved seeds
d.Inappropriate spacing
f. Poor storage facilities
g.Distance to market
k.Availabi... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.126321 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.95 | **4. Nigerian soils and their management for cucumber production**
Nigerian soils show great variability in their properties; from the acid sands of sedimentary rock formation to the basement complex soils and coastal plain sands. pH varies from very acidic (<5 to >7). Constraints include sandiness, shallow depth, aci... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.126472 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.96 | **Table 1.**
inadequate knowledge of the environment and over exploitation of soil resources [25]. Sustainable crop production can be undermined or constrained by poor soil management as crop performance is highly related to soil quality.
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.126805 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.97 | **4.1 Soil constraints to cucumber production and the available management options**
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.126834 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.98 | *4.1.1 Low soil fertility*
*Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breeding*
can also be used for control of cucumber beetles [21].
avoid high loss of moisture due to evapotranspiration.
capacity and Total exchangeable bases.
**3.4 Irrigation**
nematodes in cucumber [20]. *Hyptis suaveolens* and *Centro... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.126858 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.99 | *4.1.2 Soil temperature, soil water and soil compaction*
Soil water is critical to crop production just as fertiliser and other factors of production. Soil fertility depends on soil water, temperature and soil density because fertiliser sources need to decompose or dissolve depending on their source (organic or inorga... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.127032 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.100 | **Author details**
Bernard Ndubuisi Okafor\* and Japhet J. Yaduma National Horticultural Research Institute (NIHORT), Ibadan, Nigeria
\*Address all correspondence to: kpakpando2001@yahoo.com
© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Lic... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.127293 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.102 | **Chapter 8**
*Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breeding*
by different organic and inorganic fertilisers *Proceedings of 35*th *annual conference of Horticultural Society of*
Afolayan S.O., Idris B.A., Jibril A., Igwe H.C., Alewadoile S.,Shuaibu S.M.,
Idris A.U., Kudi D and Hudu M (2020). Productiv... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.127326 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.103 | Health Beneficial Effects of Cucumber
*Shampa Chakraborty and Sadhana Rayalu*
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.104 | **Abstract**
Cucumber is a healthy fruit which having lots of benefits. Cucumber regulates hydration and maintain adequate blood pressure and sugar, soothes skin, helped in digestion and reduces fat and help to weight loss. Cucumber contains a plenty of potassium, fiber, magnesium, manganese and vitamin A, C, K. Cucum... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.127531 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.105 | **1. Introduction**
Cucumbers (scientifically known as *Cucumis sativus*) belong to the same botanical family as melons and squashes. Cucumbers are served into two types. "Slicing cucumbers" for fresh consumption and "Pickling cucumbers" for eventual processing into pickles. Slicing cucumbers are usually larger with s... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.127599 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.106 | **2. Result and discussions**
#### **2.1 Antimicrobial activity**
Khan et al. [1] reported that Cucumber have poor activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosaonly. Osuagwu et al. [2] reported that ethanolic extracts of leaf have antimicrobial property on pathogenic microorganisms for three human pathogens *S. aureus*, *P... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.127685 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.107 | **2.2 Phytochemical analysis**
Sood et al. [5, 6] confirmed the presence of various phytochemicals like tannins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoides, carbohydrates, resins, saponins and phytosterols. Phytochemical screening by color visualization in cucumber showed the presence of flavonoid, tannin, saponin and steroid. T... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.127762 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.108 | **2.3 Nutritional composition**
Urooj et al. [7] reported that among all varieties, English, Zucchini and Pranic healed cucumbers have contained highest moisture and lowest in Holenarasipur and Dotted variety. Eghtedary et al. [8] reported twenty types of cucumber (*Cucumis sativus*) from different regions. Khan [9] r... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.127810 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.109 | **3. Different types of nutrients in cucumber**
Cucumber contains different types of flavonoids such as apigenin, diosmetin, fisetin, luleolin, quercetin, kaempferol, luteolin, naringenin, theaflavanoside I, vicenin. It also contains different types lignans pinoresinol, lariciresinol and secoisolariciresinol and trite... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.127862 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.110 | **3.1 Medicinal uses**
Shrivastava et al. [10] reported that cucumber eating in daily basis can improve hair growth and soothes skin, reduce swelling of eye. Cucumber juice can improve the skin texture and cures skin infections, eczema. A piece of cucumber on the
**101**
**3.7 Digestion**
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.111 | **3.2 Different health beneficial activities of cucumber**
Sharma et al. [12] proved that cucumber juice can acts against acidity and resist to change in pH and have good carminative and antacid potential. Cucumber has also eye soothner activities. Keeping cucumber slices on the eyes for about 10 minutes relaxes our e... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.128170 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.112 | **3.3 Hepatoprotective activity**
Heidari et al. [15] investigated the activity of cucumber juice against cumene hydroperoxide induced-oxidative stress and proved that cucumber can acts as antioxidant agent. The cucumber extracts have antioxidants and radical scavenging property. The extract help to form intracellular... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.128203 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.113 | **3.4 Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity**
Sharmin et al. [16] investigated Hypoglycemic effects of cucumber and proved white pumpkin, gourd has anti hyperglycemic effects on Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats (AIDR). The extract can lessen the high lipid profiles in AIDRs. Therefore, cucumber extracts can be useful, ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.128229 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.114 | **3.5 Hydration and detoxification**
Cucumbers contains 96% water. Therefore, it helps to fill up the daily requirement of water by the body and keep body hydrated. In summers, people tend to dehydrate easily. Consuming cucumber can make hydrate and it also acts as a coolant and give relief from the summer heat. Cucum... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.128350 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.115 | **3.6 Reduce blood pressure**
Cucumbers are a good source of potassium, magnesium and dietary fibre. These nutrients are known to lower blood pressure, thus reducing the risk of heart diseases. Research has also proved that regular consumption of cucumber juice was helpful in reducing blood pressure, in elderly people... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.128380 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.116 | **3.7 Digestion**
Cucumbers act as a coolant for our stomach. The soluble fibre in cucumbers helps in slowing our digestion. Also, the high content of water in cucumber makes our stools soft, prevents constipation and keeps our bowel movements regular.
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.128406 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.117 | **3.8 Reduces blood sugar**
Cucumbers are known to reduce blood sugar levels, thus being helpful in the management and prevention of diabetes mellitus.
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.128431 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.118 | **3.9 Weight loss**
Cucumbers contain 96% of water and are low in calories. There are only 15.5 calories in 100 g of cucumber. High water and low-calorie content of cucumbers, helps in reducing weight.
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.128460 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.119 | **3.10 Skin**
Cucumbers can enhance beauty and have good effects on the skin. Application of cucumber juice on skin makes it soft and glowing. Anti-inflammatory effects of cucumber naturally lighten our skin and reduce tanning. It also reduces wrinkles and fine lines.
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.128494 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.120 | **3.11 Reduces risk of cancer**
The fibre in cucumbers protects from colorectal cancer. Also, cucurbitacin present in cucumbers possesses anti-cancer properties. Tuama et al. [17] showed cucumber extract is rich in bioactive compounds and have anticancer activity with Cell lines of (IC50) with MCF 715.6 ± 1.3 and HeLa... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.128533 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.121 | **4. Effect in hair, nails and breath**
Cucumbers contain silica which is excellent for hair and nail care. They help in strengthening the nails and prevent them from becoming brittle. Moreover, phytochemicals present in cucumber destroy the bacteria in our mouth that cause bad breath.
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.128840 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.122 | **4.1 Antioxidant activity**
Kumaraswamy [18] demonstrated that the yellow cucumber posses more antioxidant activity where as While green and white cucumbers have low antioxidant property. The antioxidant activity is due to the carotenoids, phenolic flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols and lycopene, found in it. Mallik et... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.128883 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.123 | **5. Conclusion**
Cucumber is an excellent and unusual food. A cup of cucumber contained 16 calorie with its peel (15 without) and 4 percent of your daily potassium, 3 percent of your daily fiber and 4 percent of your daily vitamin C. Cucumbers also contained small amounts of vitamin K, vitamin C, magnesium, potassium... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.129015 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.124 | **Acknowledgements**
Authors thank the SERB (PDF/2016/002856) (Govt. of India) for financial support and Knowledge Resource Center-NEERI for checking plagiarism. (KRC No.:CSIR-NEERI/KRC/2021/Jan/EMD/1). SC acknowledges Director-NEERI for his overall support.
**105**
**Author details**
Institute, Nagpur, India
Sham... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.129080 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.125 | **Author details**
Shampa Chakraborty\* and Sadhana Rayalu Environmental Materials Division, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India
\*Address all correspondence to: shampa132@gmail.com
© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.129203 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.128 | Weed Interference and Management in Cucumber (*Cucumis sativus* L.)
*Olumide Samuel Daramola*
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.129236 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.129 | **Abstract**
Weed interference is a major problem in cucumber farming, leading to 45–95% yield reduction. Weed control practices employed to avoid such losses are predominantly hand weeding and herbicides application. All the weed control methods used in cucumber farming have their own limitations. Hand weeding is ted... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.129266 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.130 | **1. Introduction**
Weeds are one of the most important pest that reduces crop productivity. Weeds and crop plants are very similar in their demand for carbon dioxide and nitrogen from the atmosphere, water and minerals from the soil and light from the sun for their growth and development [1]. When weeds compete for t... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.129403 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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"author": "",
"title": "Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breedi... |
0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.131 | **3. Effect of weed interference on cucumber**
Weed interference is the detrimental effects of weed on crop resulting from their interaction with each other. Weeds are considered as the most harmful pest of crops, and their interaction with crops have considerable consequences on the economy, society, and the environm... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.130244 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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"author": "",
"title": "Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breedi... |
0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.132 | **4. Critical period of weed control (CPWC) in cucumber**
The CPWC is a period in the crop growth cycle during which weeds must be controlled to prevent quantitative and qualitative yield losses [21]. It is the period when a crop is most sensitive to weed competition and therefore the time interval when it is necessar... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.130371 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.134 | **5.1 Preventive weed management**
*Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breeding*
and *Cyperus spp* can carry cucumber mosaic virus [42].
**4. Critical period of weed control (CPWC) in cucumber**
The CPWC is a period in the crop growth cycle during which weeds must be controlled to prevent quantitative... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.130838 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.135 | **5.2 Cultural weed management**
Cultural weed control is among the most important means of weed management used easily by most cucumber farmers. Cultural control is the use of common practices such as crop rotation, variation of crop row spacing, competitive cultivars adapted to climate and regional conditions, live ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.130931 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.136 | *5.2.1 Crop rotation*
Crop rotation enhances cucumber productivity by improving weed control and soil productivity. Continuous cultivation and tillage systems have negative interaction with each other and results in a shift in weed species composition with consequence difficulty in weed management [58]. A shift from c... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.131008 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.137 | *5.2.4 Soil solarization*
*Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breeding*
production [21, 46, 50].
*5.2.1 Crop rotation*
benefits [59, 60].
*5.2.2 Primary tillage*
*5.2.3 Stale seedbed*
most environmentally friendly weed control method next to preventive measures. Cultural techniques help the cucumbe... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.131560 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.138 | *5.2.5 Plant density and row spacing*
Manipulation of crop row spacing and planting density can restrict weed seed germination and enhance the crop competitive ability against weeds [71]. Narrow row spacing and high plant densities are important techniques in enhancing cucumber competitiveness and suppressing weed gro... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.131635 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.139 | **6. Mechanical weed management**
Mechanical weed management involves the physical removal of weeds from the field by hand pulling or through the use of farm tools and implements such as hand hoes, cutlasses, cultivators, choppers, mowers disks or weeders [75, 76]. Mechanical weed management is one of the oldest weed ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.131670 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.140 | **7. Chemical weed management**
Chemical weed management in cucumber is mainly through the use of herbicides of different active ingredients. Although only limited herbicides are registered and available for weed control in cucumber, herbicides are an essential component of a successful weed control program in cucumbe... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.131803 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.141 | **8. Integrated weed management in cucumber**
Integrated weed management is the major component of a sustainable cucumber farming. Considering the diversity of weed problem, no single method, whether physical, mechanical or chemical can provide the desired level of efficiency under all situation [19]. Hence, cucumber ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.132307 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.142 | **9. Conclusions**
Cucumber is a difficult crop to manage as it is susceptible to the attack of numerous weeds, disease pathogens, and insect pests. Weeds reduces cucumber yield and deteriorate fruit quality. Unfortunately, cucumber is not a strong competitor against weeds particularly during the early growth stage. H... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.132379 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.143 | **Author details**
Olumide Samuel Daramola Department of Plant Physiology and Crop Production, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
\*Address all correspondence to: olumidedara01@gmail.com
© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creativ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.132555 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.145 | Pest and Disease Prevention
*Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breeding*
Wells LK. POST weed control using halosulfuron in direct-seeded watermelon. Weed Technology
[88] Derr JF Monaco TJ. Ethalfluralin activity in cucmber. Weed science. 1982;
2007;19:706-712
30(5):498-502.
**126**
**129**
**1. I... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.132901 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.147 | Integrated Pest Management for Cucurbits in Cucumber (*Cucumis sativus* L.)
*Ravi Mohan Srivastava and Sneha Joshih*
| doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.133123 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.148 | **Abstract**
The vegetables belonging to family cucurbitaceae are known as cucurbits. These vegetables are attacked by various insect pests right from seeding to harvest. A lot of money, time, and natural resources are invested to cultivate these vegetables. Sustainable pest management practices can save this investme... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.133151 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.149 | **1. Introduction**
Crops belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae are commonly called cucurbits, which include more than 120 genera and 1000 species distributed in tropical and subtropical areas. Cucurbits are tropical in origin and grown mostly in Africa, tropical America, and Asia, mainly Southeast Asia. Cucurbits are... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.133186 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.150 | *1.1.1.2 Monitoring and management with cue/pheromone lures*
For the monitoring of fruit flies, the sex attractant cue-lure traps are more effective than the food attractant tephritlure traps. and cue-lure and methyl eugenol traps have been used to attract males for monitoring and mass trapping [5, 6]. *Ocimum sanctum... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.133700 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.151 | *1.1.1.3 Cultural methods*
Field sanitation is most effective method in melon fruit fly management. It should be done for minimising pest intensity and to break reproduction cycle by removal and destruction of infested fruits daily from the field and bury the damaged fruits 0.46 m deep into the soil [8]. Akhtaruzzaman... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.133736 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.152 | *1.1.1.4 Biological control*
Srinivasan [11] reported *Opius fletcheri* Silv. to be a dominant parasitoid of *B. cucurbitae.* The parasitization of *B. cucurbitae* by *O. flatcheri* has been reported to vary from 0.2 to 1.9% in *M. charantia* [12]. In the IPM program of *B. cucurbitae* at Hawaii, a new parasitoid, *Fo... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.133768 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.153 | *1.1.1.5 Host plant resistance*
Host plant resistance is an important element in IPM programs It is an important component in IPM programs. It does not cause any negative impact to the environment. The success in developing high yielding and melon fruit fly-resistant varieties is limited. By using wide hybridization t... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.133799 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.154 | *1.1.1.7 Chemical control*
The use of chemical insecticide to manage fruit fly is relatively ineffective. Application of malathion (0.05%) as cover spray to kill the insects on contact is effective or a bait spray by adding 50 g gur + 10 mL malathion in 10 L water that attract and kill the adults is good for its manag... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.133864 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.155 | *1.2.1.4 Chemical control*
Generally, this pest attacks the crop at the cotyledonary stage when adults skeletonize the young leaves. At the time of initial infestation, applications of malathion (0.5%) or carbaryl (0.1%) minimise the damage successfully [33]. Dusting with permethrin (0.5%) alone and ash + permethrin d... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.134390 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.156 | **1.3 Hadda beetle (***Epilachna implicate, E. viginitioctopunctata and E. borealis***)**
This is an occasional pest on cucurbit. It is a serious pest of squash, bitter gourd, and pumpkin. Grub only feed on the underside of the leaf, whereas adults may be found to feed on both the leaf surfaces or even on the fruit ri... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.134453 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.157 | *1.3.1.1 Cultural methods*
The best time of day for the inspection of hadda beetles on cucurbits is around noon. As they are not strong fliers, so crop rotation to distant fields tends to limit population and colonisation [36]. On the small scale like kitchen garden handpicking is recommended for the management of thi... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.134581 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.158 | *1.3.1.2 Botanicals*
The application of seed extracts of *Annona squamosa* (3 mL/L of water) helps in minimising population build up to the extent of 76% which is followed by 64% and 57% through NeemAzal (5 mL/L of water) and petroleum ether rhizome extracts of *A. calamus* (2 mL/L of water), respectively [37]. Aqueou... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.134643 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.159 | *1.4.1.2 Cultural method*
Floating row covers or reflective mulches may be effective to exclude or repel this pest [43]. On early crop stage, aluminium foil mulches can be used to repel the invading aphid and check transmission of viruses. Reflective mulches can increase temperature beyond optimum for cucurbits in ver... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.134998 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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"title": "Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breedi... |
0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.160 | *1.4.1.3 Biological control*
Beneficial insects like predators, parasitoids, and pathogens are attracted to plants with moderate to heavy aphid infestations. These natural enemies may attack large numbers of aphids but as the reproductive potential of aphids is very high hence, the impact of the these natural enemies ... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.135099 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/",
"book_id": "0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91",
"url": "https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/books/9704/authors_book/authors_book.pdf",
"author": "",
"title": "Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breedi... |
0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.161 | *1.5.1.5 Chemical control*
The adults at immature stage reside on the underside of leaves, therefore whiteflies are usually difficult to control by using chemicals. Neonicotinoid insecticide like imidacloprid or thiamethoxam applied in soil at the time of planting effectively controls whiteflies. Foliar spray with neo... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.135801 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/",
"book_id": "0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91",
"url": "https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/books/9704/authors_book/authors_book.pdf",
"author": "",
"title": "Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breedi... |
0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.162 | *1.6.1.1 Cultural methods*
Plastic and spun bounded material can be used a row cover at the time of planting. Straw mulch is found effective in controlling squash bugs by providing cover [65]. As this pest prefers squash over other cucurbits, squash planting can be used as a trap crop around other cucurbits. Trap crop... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.135900 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/",
"book_id": "0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91",
"url": "https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/books/9704/authors_book/authors_book.pdf",
"author": "",
"title": "Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breedi... |
0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.163 | *1.6.1.2 Biological control*
Several natural enemies are known to parasitize squash bug, especially Hymenoptera parasitoids belonging to family Encyrtidae and Scelionidae. A important tachinid fly parasitoid *T. pennipes*, attacks nymphs and adults of this pest [66], and 100% parasitisation in certain fields in partic... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.135947 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
"license": "Creative Commons - Attribution - https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/",
"book_id": "0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91",
"url": "https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/books/9704/authors_book/authors_book.pdf",
"author": "",
"title": "Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breedi... |
0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.164 | **2. Conclusion**
The attacks made by the insect pests in cucurbits cause severe yield and quality losses in cucurbits. Cucurbitaceous crop are an important part of the fresh market vegetable crops. The current pest management still relies mainly on chemical pesticides and excessive dependence on chemicals leads to en... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.136233 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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"book_id": "0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91",
"url": "https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/books/9704/authors_book/authors_book.pdf",
"author": "",
"title": "Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breedi... |
0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91.165 | **Author details**
Ravi Mohan Srivastava and Sneha Joshih Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
\*Address all correspondence to: ravimohanento@gmail.com
© 2021 The Author(s). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed... | doab | 2025-04-07T03:56:59.136269 | 1-12-2023 19:39 | {
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"book_id": "0071a6c6-eff7-449d-a548-4af9bff79a91",
"url": "https://mts.intechopen.com/storage/books/9704/authors_book/authors_book.pdf",
"author": "",
"title": "Cucumber Economic Values and Its Cultivation and Breedi... |
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