paper_id stringlengths 2 9 | section_index int64 0 331 | file_index stringlengths 1 2 | file_offset int64 8.37k 6.95B | mag_field_of_study list | original_text stringlengths 95 4.82k | section_title stringlengths 6 27 | samples list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
13005450 | 46 | 19 | 3,373,628,764 | [
"Economics"
] | The discourse surrounding the ecotourism model suggests this activity represents the best option for the economic improvement in PAs [52] . However, examples around the globe have shown that ecotourism is not always successful in achieving equitable socioeconomic benefits, conservation, or both [53] [54] [55] . Althoug... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "The discourse surrounding the ecotourism model suggests this activity represents the best option for the economic improvement in PAs.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The discourse surrounding the ecotourism model suggests this activity represents the best option for the economic ... |
13005450 | 45 | 19 | 3,373,628,764 | [
"Economics"
] | In recent years, policymakers involved in conservation actions have firmly maintained that market-oriented activities mitigate local monetary needs, substitute traditional productive activities, and consequently reduce human pressures on natural ecosystems [46, 47] . Inside PAs, this one-dimensional interpretation of n... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "In recent years, policymakers involved in conservation actions have firmly maintained that market-oriented activities mitigate local monetary needs, substitute traditional productive activities, and consequently reduce human pressures on natural ecosystems.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"origina... |
13005450 | 2 | 19 | 3,373,628,764 | [
"Economics"
] | The challenge to achieve integral conservation projects in PAs, therefore, has been twofold: to include interest of local residents, and to incorporate the agendas of external stakeholders involved in the implementation of local conservation actions [18] . However, power asymmetries and lack of consensus on the main go... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The challenge to achieve integral conservation projects in PAs, therefore, has been twofold: to include interest of local residents, and to incorporate the agendas of external stakeholders involved in the implementation of local conservation actions.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text"... |
53355345 | 2 | 5 | 1,623,424,704 | [
"Chemistry"
] | Two complicating factors can be identified in risers. Firstly, small particle sizes and large gas velocities are essential to facilitate the transport of solids, demanding small grid sizes and time steps. As a result, risers are computationally demanding to simulate and simplifying assumptions are often used in the lit... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Two complicating factors can be identified in risers.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Two complicating factors can be identified in risers.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Firstly, small particle sizes and large gas velocities are essent... |
18576299 | 19 | 62 | 6,126,489,040 | [
"Medicine"
] | Other published data using similar validated questionnaires in assessing sexual function at 12 months post-LRP reported inferior results (39-64%) compared to these results of 90.2, 78 and 66.4% in the <50, 50-59, and ‡60 year old age groups, respectively [34, 35, 40] . The pROB results showing no significant difference... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "Other published data using similar validated questionnaires in assessing sexual function at 12 months post-LRP reported inferior results (39-64%) compared to these results of 90.2, 78 and 66.4% in the <50, 50-59, and ‡60 year old age groups, respectively.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_... |
12431306 | 33 | 33 | 6,592,432,230 | [
"Mathematics"
] | In all of the above examples, an inÿnite number of transitions takes place in the time interval ( ∞ − ; ∞ ) for any ¿ 0. There are, however, also Zeno hybrid automata for which there exists an interval ( ∞ − ; ∞ ) in which no transitions take place, while an inÿnite number of transitions takes place at ∞ . One such exa... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "In all of the above examples, an inÿnite number of transitions takes place in the time interval ( ∞ − ; ∞ ) for any ¿ 0.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In all of the above examples, an inÿnite number of transitions takes place in the time interval ( ∞ − ; ∞ ) for any ¿ 0.",
... |
16225157 | 0 | 7 | 2,425,930,839 | [
"Computer Science"
] | Connected component labeling is a process that assigns unique labels to the connected components of a binary (black and white) image as labels. As illustrated in Figure 1 , each connected component of black pixels is assigned an integer value as a unique label. More specifically, each pixel assigned a label such that p... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Connected component labeling is a process that assigns unique labels to the connected components of a binary (black and white) image as labels.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Connected component labeling is a process that assigns unique labels to the connected components of ... |
195346826 | 0 | 34 | 526,820,322 | [
"Computer Science"
] | The demand for data visualization has significantly grown in recent years with the increasing availability of digitized data across everyday domains [44] . Visualizations aim to enhance understanding of underlying data by leveraging human visual perception, evolved for fast pattern detection and recognition. Understand... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "The demand for data visualization has significantly grown in recent years with the increasing availability of digitized data across everyday domains.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The demand for data visualization has significantly grown in recent years with the increasing avai... |
14193891 | 2 | 74 | 4,075,105,387 | [
"Mathematics"
] | Recently, FPU-type models have been studied in the context of energy transport and Fourier heat law in 1D chains of particles [5, 6, 7] . Quite unexpectedly, FPU-type models, namely Hamiltonians of the type (1) with non-linear inter-particle interaction V (x) (and no on-site potential), turned out to be anomalous heat ... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Recently, FPU-type models have been studied in the context of energy transport and Fourier heat law in 1D chains of particles.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Recently, FPU-type models have been studied in the context of energy transport and Fourier heat law in 1D chains of parti... |
14193891 | 66 | 74 | 4,075,105,387 | [
"Mathematics"
] | Finally, though we suggested several interesting properties of the above model, we must admit that most of our conclusions are based on numerical evidence. Therefore, we believe that it should be a challenging and not impossible future task to try to provide more rigorous justifications (and perhaps proofs) of our resu... | Discussion and conclusion | [
{
"text": "Finally, though we suggested several interesting properties of the above model, we must admit that most of our conclusions are based on numerical evidence.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Finally, though we suggested several interesting properties of the above model, we must ... |
17993653 | 45 | 26 | 3,009,892,992 | [
"Chemistry"
] | These study results indicate that short-term exposure to FCVs and refueling can improve a variety of impressions among participants. It is encouraging that impressions of FCVs improve with exposure as opposed to decline for the future of FCV acceptance. The positive reaction to hydrogen vehicles is a result that is con... | CONCLUSIONS | [
{
"text": "These study results indicate that short-term exposure to FCVs and refueling can improve a variety of impressions among participants.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "These study results indicate that short-term exposure to FCVs and refueling can improve a variety of impression... |
17993653 | 13 | 26 | 3,009,892,992 | [
"Chemistry"
] | Hydrogen vehicle marketing experts have observed that exposure through media stories can impact public acceptance, especially general opinions of safety and quality of the hydrogen driving experience [20] . To better understand potential consumer response to new vehicle types, marketing researchers support test-drives ... | BACKGROUND | [
{
"text": "Hydrogen vehicle marketing experts have observed that exposure through media stories can impact public acceptance, especially general opinions of safety and quality of the hydrogen driving experience.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Hydrogen vehicle marketing experts have observe... |
17993653 | 9 | 26 | 3,009,892,992 | [
"Chemistry"
] | Consumer interactions with hydrogen buses have been the source of most hydrogen response studies to date. One of the earliest occurred in 1998 when the first hydrogen bus was publicly deployed in Munich. Passengers aboard this bus were surveyed using standard Likertscale responses. Overall, few barriers to hydrogen acc... | BACKGROUND | [
{
"text": "Consumer interactions with hydrogen buses have been the source of most hydrogen response studies to date.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Consumer interactions with hydrogen buses have been the source of most hydrogen response studies to date.",
"ref_ids": null,
"cita... |
151592245 | 3 | 79 | 2,379,776,336 | [
"Psychology"
] | In the present study, the authors address both gaps in the literature and examine how transformational leaders foster innovation by managing resources embedded in social relations among organizational members. The authors focus on upper echelons (CEOs and their top management teams; hereafter, TMT) because they have th... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "In the present study, the authors address both gaps in the literature and examine how transformational leaders foster innovation by managing resources embedded in social relations among organizational members.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the present study, the authors ... |
151592245 | 2 | 79 | 2,379,776,336 | [
"Psychology"
] | A social capital perspective takes us beyond organizational confines to capture internal group "bonding" (collaboration, cooperation, and trust) and external "bridging" linkages (Adler and Kwon, 2002) . Exploring social capital as a mediator addresses another literature gap that limits TFL impacts to intra-organization... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "A social capital perspective takes us beyond organizational confines to capture internal group \"bonding\" (collaboration, cooperation, and trust) and external \"bridging\" linkages.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "A social capital perspective takes us beyond organizational confi... |
137967720 | 0 | 44 | 2,661,899,973 | [
"Materials Science"
] | Extensive research is carried out on the radio-frequency (RF) plasma treatment of natural silk fibers by modifying their wetting, dyeing, and printing properties; tensile properties; shrink resistance; flame retardance; antibacterial properties; biocompatibility; hydrophilicity; and hydrophobicity [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [... | Background | [
{
"text": "Extensive research is carried out on the radio-frequency (RF) plasma treatment of natural silk fibers by modifying their wetting, dyeing, and printing properties; tensile properties; shrink resistance; flame retardance; antibacterial properties; biocompatibility; hydrophilicity; and hydrophobicity.",... |
54735145 | 0 | 83 | 5,140,487,476 | [
"Economics"
] | In order to meet the challenge of maintaining a clean environment and supporting the sustainable development of modern industries, many governments, local authorities, and regulators have decided to support non-fossil fuels such as wind, hydro, and solar as well as biomass, biofuels, and biogas and to some extent repla... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "In order to meet the challenge of maintaining a clean environment and supporting the sustainable development of modern industries, many governments, local authorities, and regulators have decided to support non-fossil fuels such as wind, hydro, and solar as well as biomass, biofuels, and biogas and t... |
55927986 | 5 | 16 | 23,667,801 | [
"Materials Science"
] | Radiation oxidation in the Al / ad.H2O heterosystem was carried out at room temperature (T = 300K). The samples were irradiated on an isotope 60 Co source with a dose rate dФ γ / dt = 1.03 Gy/ s. The absorbed dose determined by the ferrosulfate dosimeter was varied within the Ф γ = 0.5-120 kGy [11] . | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Radiation oxidation in the Al / ad.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Radiation oxidation in the Al / ad.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "H2O heterosystem was carried out at room temperature (T = 300K).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
... |
55109767 | 0 | 37 | 1,246,616,872 | [
"Engineering"
] | Soft pneumatic actuators (SPAs) with internal fluidic channels (commonly referred to as PneuNets) are made of highly stretchable elastomer materials, which deform upon the pressurisation of the internal channels to create a predefined motion [1] . The response of this type of actuators is governed by its morphology, wh... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Soft pneumatic actuators (SPAs) with internal fluidic channels (commonly referred to as PneuNets) are made of highly stretchable elastomer materials, which deform upon the pressurisation of the internal channels to create a predefined motion.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Soft ... |
54747340 | 11 | 6 | 6,444,921,978 | [
"Materials Science"
] | The XRD of EFB, 0.5 wt%, 1 wt% Cu-EFB and copper nanoparticles were illustrated in Figure 2 . The important peak position for amorphous and crystalline parts of cellulose were analysed and the data were presented in Table 1 . The noticeable strong crystalline peak for EFB powder was observed around 2θ = 22.2˚, which re... | Results and Discussion | [
{
"text": "The XRD of EFB, 0.5 wt%, 1 wt% Cu-EFB and copper nanoparticles were illustrated in Figure 2 .",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The XRD of EFB, 0.5 wt%, 1 wt% Cu-EFB and copper nanoparticles were illustrated in Figure 2 .",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
... |
54697918 | 2 | 21 | 164,648,318 | [
"Physics"
] | Most of the works have been done on FOFC-based applied metrology, but there are few reports on the temporal coherence function (TCF) of an FOFC, which is important for interference phenomenon. We had analyzed the temporal coherence function of the FOFC [11] [12] . As a result, it has been understood that the coherence ... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Most of the works have been done on FOFC-based applied metrology, but there are few reports on the temporal coherence function (TCF) of an FOFC, which is important for interference phenomenon.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Most of the works have been done on FOFC-based appl... |
67802746 | 0 | 39 | 1,303,163,874 | [
"Biology"
] | Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) (KBG) is a forage crop native to Asia and Europe, and is one of the most widely used cool-season turfgrass in both temperate and cooler regions (Gan et al., 2016) . KBG is able to reproduce both sexually (seeds) and asexually (apomixes), and it has been demonstrated that a complex ... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) (KBG) is a forage crop native to Asia and Europe, and is one of the most widely used cool-season turfgrass in both temperate and cooler regions.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) (KBG) is a forage crop nati... |
67802746 | 22 | 39 | 1,303,163,874 | [
"Biology"
] | In our previous study, we demonstrated that a dendrogram of the same materials (except for Z73) carried out with 20 RAPD primers was generally similar to the results obtained in this study (Tu et al., 2017) . Clusters I and III in the RAPD dendrogram were found to approximately correspond to that in the SSR and SSR+SRA... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "In our previous study, we demonstrated that a dendrogram of the same materials (except for Z73) carried out with 20 RAPD primers was generally similar to the results obtained in this study.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In our previous study, we demonstrated that a dendrogram o... |
145040428 | 4 | 72 | 6,676,043,765 | [
"Psychology"
] | A module which is containing critical thinking components, those are interpretation, analysis, conclusions, evaluation, explanation and self-regulation are called as critical thinking skillsbased module (Fascione, 2011) . Critical thinking skills-based module can be developed through several ways including: through ope... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "A module which is containing critical thinking components, those are interpretation, analysis, conclusions, evaluation, explanation and self-regulation are called as critical thinking skillsbased module.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "A module which is containing critical thinki... |
145040428 | 1 | 72 | 6,676,043,765 | [
"Psychology"
] | Critical thinking is a capability to consider any information from any sources and then processing in a creative and logic way, also analysing until it was concluded if that is correct and can be maintained (Moon, 2008) . Critical thinking is thinking seriously, active, accurate in analysing all of the information whic... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Critical thinking is a capability to consider any information from any sources and then processing in a creative and logic way, also analysing until it was concluded if that is correct and can be maintained.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Critical thinking is a capability to con... |
145040428 | 2 | 72 | 6,676,043,765 | [
"Psychology"
] | Critical thinking can be trained in formal schools through the interaction between teachers and students which is visualised in the learning process (Nafi'ah & Prasetyo, 2015; Thompson, 2011) . Learning process which is designed to train students to think critically,; therefore that students have a purpose to survive a... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Critical thinking can be trained in formal schools through the interaction between teachers and students which is visualised in the learning process.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Critical thinking can be trained in formal schools through the interaction between teachers and st... |
145040428 | 0 | 72 | 6,676,043,765 | [
"Psychology"
] | The development in 21 century needs human resources which have quality and adaptation capability to face the changes of the times (Widhy, 2013) . As an impact, everyone needs skills. Skills that needed are life skills and career, skills in technology, media and information, also innovation and critical thinking skills ... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "The development in 21 century needs human resources which have quality and adaptation capability to face the changes of the times.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The development in 21 century needs human resources which have quality and adaptation capability to face the changes ... |
145040428 | 3 | 72 | 6,676,043,765 | [
"Psychology"
] | Critical thinking in learning biology is developed one through literature because literature is a kind of text types that capable to empowering critical ideas (Khatib & Alizadeh, 2012) . The literature which accommodates critical thinking does not promote about rote learning content, but to focus on the learning proces... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Critical thinking in learning biology is developed one through literature because literature is a kind of text types that capable to empowering critical ideas.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Critical thinking in learning biology is developed one through literature because litera... |
115272422 | 4 | 7 | 5,968,997,821 | [
"Engineering"
] | Electricity generation in Saudi Arabia causes major environmental consequences that include an impact on air, climate, water and land (Al-Natheer, 2006) . As per 2012 data, Saudi Arabia has been the world's ninth largest CO 2 emitter with 2.8% of global emissions. Due to heavy reliance on fossil fuels, the electricity ... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Electricity generation in Saudi Arabia causes major environmental consequences that include an impact on air, climate, water and land.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Electricity generation in Saudi Arabia causes major environmental consequences that include an impact on air, cli... |
4956429 | 35 | 57 | 6,075,725,822 | [
"Biology"
] | Accumulation of autogenic carbonate sediments suggests a net precipitation of CaCO 3 from the water column in both bays. Mineral precipitation would drastically alter seawater pH, pCO 2 , and carbonate saturation in carbonate accumulating systems like Florida Bay and Shark Bay but for the production of organic matter b... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "Accumulation of autogenic carbonate sediments suggests a net precipitation of CaCO 3 from the water column in both bays.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Accumulation of autogenic carbonate sediments suggests a net precipitation of CaCO 3 from the water column in both bays.",
... |
54608080 | 3 | 73 | 3,375,489,257 | [
"Economics"
] | The presence of phytoplasmas was tested by molecular method nested-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) from the sample, which contained mix of tissues of leaf, petiole with veins of 1st line and phloem from summer shoots. Isolation of DNA was made by modifi ed protocol (Ahrens & Seemüller, 1992) . In the fi rst PCR reactio... | MATERIAL AND METHODS | [
{
"text": "The presence of phytoplasmas was tested by molecular method nested-PCR (polymerase chain reaction) from the sample, which contained mix of tissues of leaf, petiole with veins of 1st line and phloem from summer shoots.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The presence of phytoplasm... |
122734939 | 1 | 2 | 1,656,979,254 | [
"Mathematics"
] | The initial assumption at the beginning of this literature review was that there would be an abundance of research performed in multiaxial vibration since most mechanical and electronics products are universally subject to multidegrees of freedom (MDoF) dynamic loading. However, only limited life-cycle modeling studies... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The initial assumption at the beginning of this literature review was that there would be an abundance of research performed in multiaxial vibration since most mechanical and electronics products are universally subject to multidegrees of freedom (MDoF) dynamic loading.",
"label": "non-check-wort... |
122734939 | 2 | 2 | 1,656,979,254 | [
"Mathematics"
] | Understanding the failure mechanisms due to complex vibration loading is becoming increasingly important for current systems that are progressively complex and electronically rich [14] . These failure mechanisms can be exploited through accelerated multiaxial vibration testing, which may provide reliability improvement... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Understanding the failure mechanisms due to complex vibration loading is becoming increasingly important for current systems that are progressively complex and electronically rich.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Understanding the failure mechanisms due to complex vibration loadi... |
55221112 | 23 | 58 | 4,568,184,538 | [
"Chemistry"
] | It is believed that intermittent hypoxic training IHT would potentiate greater performance improvements compared to similar training at sea level. The effectiveness of hypoxic training to improve performance, however, varied among different sports [3, 43] . Increased hypoxic stress at altitude facilitates key physiolog... | Conclusions | [
{
"text": "It is believed that intermittent hypoxic training IHT would potentiate greater performance improvements compared to similar training at sea level.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "It is believed that intermittent hypoxic training IHT would potentiate greater performance improv... |
55221112 | 18 | 58 | 4,568,184,538 | [
"Chemistry"
] | The opposite effect of hypoxia on differences between DSC curves after 1 h of rest and before the exercise can be observed for women. Differential curves shown in Fig. 7 indicate that these differences increase with increasing altitude in the female group. The clear minimum in the temperature range 50-60°C, accompanied... | Results | [
{
"text": "The opposite effect of hypoxia on differences between DSC curves after 1 h of rest and before the exercise can be observed for women.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The opposite effect of hypoxia on differences between DSC curves after 1 h of rest and before the exercise can... |
5880140 | 1 | 60 | 733,382,475 | [
"Computer Science"
] | From a parsing point of view, discontinuities pose a challenge. Mildly context-sensitive formalisms, that are expressive enough to model discontinuities have high parsing complexity. For example, the CKY algorithm for a binary probabilistic LCFRS is in O(n 3k ), where k is the fan-out of the grammar (Kallmeyer, 2010) . | Introduction | [
{
"text": "From a parsing point of view, discontinuities pose a challenge.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "From a parsing point of view, discontinuities pose a challenge.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Mildly context-sensitive formalisms, that are... |
44216874 | 19 | 50 | 1,610,274,901 | [
"Biology"
] | One possible solution to reduce culture stress could be to refresh the medium and add fresh ovaries to each Petri dish at day 21 in induction culture, as suggested by earlier reports [13] - [15] . However, the refreshing protocol does not address the competition for space or possibly oxygen, which leads to a third and ... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "One possible solution to reduce culture stress could be to refresh the medium and add fresh ovaries to each Petri dish at day 21 in induction culture, as suggested by earlier reports.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "One possible solution to reduce culture stress could be to refre... |
118307506 | 1 | 85 | 1,064,965,527 | [
"Physics"
] | The modern approach to the relation between string theory and gauge theories relies on the AdS/CFT correspondence [3] . Within this framework the QCD flux tube is expected to be described by a string propagating in a space-time with an extra curved dimension, which can be interpreted as the dynamical string tension, or... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The modern approach to the relation between string theory and gauge theories relies on the AdS/CFT correspondence.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The modern approach to the relation between string theory and gauge theories relies on the AdS/CFT correspondence [3] .",
"ref_id... |
3469513 | 1 | 27 | 1,883,024,701 | [
"Mathematics"
] | There are two separate regions usually associated with strong winds in Shapiro-Keyser cyclones. The first region is the low-level jet ahead of the cold front in the warm sector of the cyclone. This low-level jet is part of the broader airstream known as the warm conveyor belt, which transports heat and moisture northwa... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "There are two separate regions usually associated with strong winds in Shapiro-Keyser cyclones.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "There are two separate regions usually associated with strong winds in Shapiro-Keyser cyclones.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}... |
211204948 | 79 | 72 | 6,648,696,710 | [
"Physics"
] | In our analyses of neutrino-anti-neutrino asymmetry, we have always made the assumption that the net lepton number (i.e., the sum of the three flavor lepton numbers) cannot change. For the Lagrangian in Eq. (1.1), this is certainly true. If we were to consider vector mediators, then lepton number would not be conserved... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "In our analyses of neutrino-anti-neutrino asymmetry, we have always made the assumption that the net lepton number (i.e., the sum of the three flavor lepton numbers) cannot change.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In our analyses of neutrino-anti-neutrino asymmetry, we have al... |
211204948 | 80 | 72 | 6,648,696,710 | [
"Physics"
] | Returning to the scalar-mediator scenario, we only considered the case when the mass of the mediator is much larger than BBN energy scales. If this were not the case, then it is possible for the mediator to be produced on shell, through reactions like ν +ν → φ+φ, during BBN. As we take the self-interactions strong enou... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "Returning to the scalar-mediator scenario, we only considered the case when the mass of the mediator is much larger than BBN energy scales.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Returning to the scalar-mediator scenario, we only considered the case when the mass of the mediator is ... |
211204948 | 6 | 72 | 6,648,696,710 | [
"Physics"
] | Here the flavor off-diagonal entries produce flavor-changing couplings. The second matrix represents the coupling scheme we adopt for our early universe weak decoupling and Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) calculations. We employ an overall coupling strength g and equal strength in all neutrino-neutrino scattering channe... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Here the flavor off-diagonal entries produce flavor-changing couplings.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Here the flavor off-diagonal entries produce flavor-changing couplings.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The second matrix represents ... |
17008628 | 23 | 47 | 3,942,571,839 | [
"Medicine"
] | In order to understand better how the observed recruitment of B and T cells into the lungs is mediated, we looked at expression of the homeostatic chemokines, CXCL13, CCL19 and CCL21, known to influence lymphocyte migration and to be expressed by epithelial, endothelial and dendritic cells [7, 19] . Increased CXCL13 ex... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "In order to understand better how the observed recruitment of B and T cells into the lungs is mediated, we looked at expression of the homeostatic chemokines, CXCL13, CCL19 and CCL21, known to influence lymphocyte migration and to be expressed by epithelial, endothelial and dendritic cells.",
"la... |
85511413 | 2 | 46 | 3,900,079,720 | [
"Engineering"
] | In addition to the cost, by now, mooring has also taken part in the failure of several WECs due to insufficient durability of the mooring system [7, 9, 10] . Consequently, a Danish research project entitled "Mooring Solutions for Large Wave Energy Converters" (MSLWEC) was initiated in 2014, which aimed at reducing the ... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "In addition to the cost, by now, mooring has also taken part in the failure of several WECs due to insufficient durability of the mooring system.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In addition to the cost, by now, mooring has also taken part in the failure of several WECs due to ins... |
829112 | 20 | 90 | 1,190,111,499 | [
"Psychology"
] | The main aim of this study was to establish a valid cut-off age for discriminating EO-AD from LO-AD. For this purpose, we applied admixture analysis to investigate a large sample of AD patients. This is a specific statistical procedure that has been widely used to determine cut-off ages in other neuropsychiatric disord... | CONCLUSION | [
{
"text": "The main aim of this study was to establish a valid cut-off age for discriminating EO-AD from LO-AD.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The main aim of this study was to establish a valid cut-off age for discriminating EO-AD from LO-AD.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text"... |
829112 | 27 | 90 | 1,190,111,499 | [
"Psychology"
] | Some issues that may limit our study results must be also described. First, our sample was homogeneous with regard to ethnicity (all participants were white, Caucasian Italians) and our data were cross-sectional. Thus, in future studies our results should be confirmed in other populations and should consider the longit... | CONCLUSION | [
{
"text": "Some issues that may limit our study results must be also described.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Some issues that may limit our study results must be also described.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "First, our sample was homogeneous w... |
136993713 | 0 | 21 | 1,859,970,040 | [
"Materials Science"
] | Since its discovery in the early 1960s Nitinol has attracted an increasing amount of attention. Its near room temperature phase transformation can result in shape-memory and superelastic capabilities, which allow Nitinol to provide functionality never possible with conventional engineering alloys [1] . Additionally, th... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Since its discovery in the early 1960s Nitinol has attracted an increasing amount of attention.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Since its discovery in the early 1960s Nitinol has attracted an increasing amount of attention.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}... |
43538142 | 1 | 51 | 2,283,455,574 | [
"Computer Science"
] | Other applications of LSN are railroad/subway monitoring, AC power line monitoring, river monitoring, and border monitoring [1] . LSNs used for monitoring these structures consist of a number of sensor nodes. Each sensor node is equipped with sensing elements, a battery, a wireless communication device, a low-capabilit... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Other applications of LSN are railroad/subway monitoring, AC power line monitoring, river monitoring, and border monitoring.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Other applications of LSN are railroad/subway monitoring, AC power line monitoring, river monitoring, and border monitoring... |
14428198 | 3 | 83 | 5,092,807,121 | [
"Mathematics"
] | In this way, we can explicitly explain the orthogonality of many of the orthogonal polynomial solutions of (1.1). Moreover, from our results, we are able to obtain more examples of orthogonal polynomials satisfying differential equations of the type (1.1), which do not appear in the classification by Krall and Sheffer ... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "In this way, we can explicitly explain the orthogonality of many of the orthogonal polynomial solutions of (1.1).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In this way, we can explicitly explain the orthogonality of many of the orthogonal polynomial solutions of (1.1).",
"ref_ids":... |
46221236 | 3 | 69 | 4,431,094,857 | [
"Materials Science"
] | To efficiently utilize fibres in UHPFRC, one of the promising methods is to appropriately blend several different types of fibres in one concrete matrix [36, 37] . There are many studies about the influence of hybrid fibres on the fresh and hardened properties of normal concrete [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] . Due to t... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "To efficiently utilize fibres in UHPFRC, one of the promising methods is to appropriately blend several different types of fibres in one concrete matrix.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "To efficiently utilize fibres in UHPFRC, one of the promising methods is to appropriately blen... |
15835626 | 1 | 23 | 4,401,762,735 | [
"Physics"
] | In the context of string theory, the D-branes are natural boundaries for the open strings. These boundaries have very interesting effects in the theory among them is the non-commutativity of the D-brane coordinates [6, 7] . This non commutativity appears due to the presence of a constant B-field on the boundary that im... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "In the context of string theory, the D-branes are natural boundaries for the open strings.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the context of string theory, the D-branes are natural boundaries for the open strings.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
... |
119636639 | 17 | 49 | 3,458,782,956 | [
"Mathematics"
] | The spaceḢ s log is articulated on the standard homogeneous Sobolev spaceḢ s with an extra logarithmic weight for the high frequency part. The spaceḢ s,t is nothing but the usual Sobolev spaceḢ t for high frequencies while it behaves likė H s for low frequencies. If s > t, it is not difficult to see thatḢ s,t =Ḣ s +Ḣ t... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The spaceḢ s log is articulated on the standard homogeneous Sobolev spaceḢ s with an extra logarithmic weight for the high frequency part.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The spaceḢ s log is articulated on the standard homogeneous Sobolev spaceḢ s with an extra logarithmic we... |
17542297 | 0 | 95 | 5,515,628,552 | [
"Computer Science"
] | Post-retrieval clustering (PRC), also known as search results clustering or ephemeral clustering, is the task of clustering Web search results. For a given query, the retrieved Web snippets are automatically clustered and presented to the user with meaningful labels in order to minimize the information search process. ... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Post-retrieval clustering (PRC), also known as search results clustering or ephemeral clustering, is the task of clustering Web search results.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Post-retrieval clustering (PRC), also known as search results clustering or ephemeral clustering, is... |
6254384 | 1 | 32 | 4,537,904,735 | [
"Medicine"
] | The best known types of BK-AO are associated with a severe functional deficiency of C1-inhibitor (C1-Inh), the serpin that controls the proteases of the classic complement pathway convertase and of the contact system that generates BK from high molecular weight kininogen (HK) [4] . In such patients, C1-Inh activity is ... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The best known types of BK-AO are associated with a severe functional deficiency of C1-inhibitor (C1-Inh), the serpin that controls the proteases of the classic complement pathway convertase and of the contact system that generates BK from high molecular weight kininogen (HK).",
"label": "check-w... |
100508771 | 3 | 70 | 463,560,487 | [
"Chemistry"
] | Currently, the use of multivariate optimization strategies as analytical methodologies is widespread because these strategies reduce the number of experiments required to reach the optimal conditions and indicate the possible influences of some variables on others. Response surface methodology (RSM) is an approach to m... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Currently, the use of multivariate optimization strategies as analytical methodologies is widespread because these strategies reduce the number of experiments required to reach the optimal conditions and indicate the possible influences of some variables on others.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
... |
100508771 | 2 | 70 | 463,560,487 | [
"Chemistry"
] | The traditional solvent extraction methods often used for the extraction of different bioactive compounds have certain drawbacks, such as long analysis times, laborious procedures, low selectivity, low extraction yields and large required amounts of toxic solvents. Recently, emphasis has shifted towards the use of sub-... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The traditional solvent extraction methods often used for the extraction of different bioactive compounds have certain drawbacks, such as long analysis times, laborious procedures, low selectivity, low extraction yields and large required amounts of toxic solvents.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
... |
11760061 | 2 | 0 | 1,389,207,217 | [
"Medicine"
] | During pregnancy, angiogenesis is an important and complex process involving several families of growth factors. Among these, two of the most documented are the family of vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and the family of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) [4, 5] . On the other hand, meteorin (METRN) is a ... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "During pregnancy, angiogenesis is an important and complex process involving several families of growth factors.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "During pregnancy, angiogenesis is an important and complex process involving several families of growth factors.",
"ref_ids": n... |
86833298 | 13 | 89 | 336,219,802 | [
"Biology"
] | In the males of L. emarginata, the existence of polymorphism was associated with increased levels of methyl farnesoate in the hemolymph glands and large claws (Sagi et al., 1994; Laufer and Ahl, 1995; Rotllant et al., 2000) . In this species, small-clawed males did not mate under competition circumstances, but did so w... | DISCUSSION | [
{
"text": "In the males of L. emarginata, the existence of polymorphism was associated with increased levels of methyl farnesoate in the hemolymph glands and large claws.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the males of L. emarginata, the existence of polymorphism was associated with increas... |
85724947 | 2 | 49 | 5,071,931,892 | [
"Chemistry"
] | The presence of some components of essential oils gives the hydrosol its scent. Hydrosols are, therefore, quite fragrant, strongly flavoured and have a pH of 4.5 to 5.5 (Schorr, 2004; Tannous et al., 2004; Paolini et al., 2008) . Despite the definition reported above, there is no legal definition for hydrosol per se no... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "The presence of some components of essential oils gives the hydrosol its scent.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The presence of some components of essential oils gives the hydrosol its scent.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Hydrosols are... |
122501696 | 1 | 67 | 3,518,490,936 | [
"Physics"
] | Stand-alone WTG are not economically competitive because of their intermittent nature (associated with high cut-in speeds) and because they require large storage capacity to meet the load. Stand-alone diesel systems contribute in atmospheric pollution. The diesel generator efficiency drops when it operates at less than... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Stand-alone WTG are not economically competitive because of their intermittent nature (associated with high cut-in speeds) and because they require large storage capacity to meet the load.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Stand-alone WTG are not economically competitive becaus... |
119446231 | 47 | 51 | 819,361,608 | [
"Physics"
] | Finally, let us emphasise that gaseous deuterium and helium (3 and 4) (un)polarised targets can be used with AFTER@LHCb [15] . The expected luminosities are at least as large as those discussed here. If one can ensure that the nucleus stays intact, this would provide new means to study the GPDs of these light nuclei [4... | Conclusions | [
{
"text": "Finally, let us emphasise that gaseous deuterium and helium (3 and 4) (un)polarised targets can be used with AFTER@LHCb.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Finally, let us emphasise that gaseous deuterium and helium (3 and 4) (un)polarised targets can be used with AFTER@LHCb [15] ."... |
119446231 | 4 | 51 | 819,361,608 | [
"Physics"
] | The structure of this Letter is as follows. In section 2, we recall the main characteristics of the UPCs and the corresponding photon fluxes in the fixed-target mode using the LHC beams. In section 3, we evaluate the expected cross sections for J/ψ exclusive production and the corresponding counting rates both for AFTE... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The structure of this Letter is as follows.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The structure of this Letter is as follows.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In section 2, we recall the main characteristics of the UPCs and the corresponding ph... |
85828230 | 31 | 69 | 2,159,922,837 | [
"Biology"
] | The ripening date was significantly related to the respective HAD. Early ripening requires higher rates of dry matter accumulation in fruits and more rapid translocation of essential leaf elements, which increases the susceptibility to foliar diseases. In addition, ripening is marked by the release of ethylene, which a... | Results and Discussion | [
{
"text": "The ripening date was significantly related to the respective HAD.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The ripening date was significantly related to the respective HAD.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Early ripening requires higher rates of... |
85828230 | 15 | 69 | 2,159,922,837 | [
"Biology"
] | The average monthly temperature during this work ranged from 19.1 to 23.1°C, which was considered to be within the ideal range for the development of BLS (Topp et al., 1993) . The total precipitation during the studied period was 675 mm in 2008-09; 712 mm in 2009-10; and 1307 mm in 2010-11 . These values represent the ... | Results and Discussion | [
{
"text": "The average monthly temperature during this work ranged from 19.1 to 23.1°C, which was considered to be within the ideal range for the development of BLS.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The average monthly temperature during this work ranged from 19.1 to 23.1°C, which was consid... |
484000 | 1 | 14 | 6,412,094,362 | [
"Chemistry"
] | Cysteine is a non-essential (biosynthesized in humans) -amino acid. The side chain on cysteine is thiol, which is nonpolar and thus cysteine is usually classified as a hydrophobic amino acid. The thiol side chain often participates in enzymatic reactions, serving as a nucleophile. The thiol is susceptible to oxidizatio... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Cysteine is a non-essential (biosynthesized in humans) -amino acid.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Cysteine is a non-essential (biosynthesized in humans) -amino acid.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The side chain on cysteine is thiol, ... |
52289644 | 98 | 77 | 708,608,990 | [
"Computer Science"
] | There are similarities between our work and verification techniques based on program transformation [22, 30] . Our systematic exploration of execution rules for abstraction is similar to unfolding, and widening is similar to folding. The main difference is that abstract interpretation widens at syntactic program points... | Related Work | [
{
"text": "There are similarities between our work and verification techniques based on program transformation.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "There are similarities between our work and verification techniques based on program transformation [22, 30] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"... |
73692289 | 1 | 53 | 4,052,490,195 | [
"Engineering"
] | Since solar energy is time dependent, the main disadvantage of this energy resource is the mismatch between the energy supply and the energy demand. In solar vapor absorption systems, the energy received from the solar collector is given as heat input to the generator; hence it has to assure a constant heat input to th... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Since solar energy is time dependent, the main disadvantage of this energy resource is the mismatch between the energy supply and the energy demand.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Since solar energy is time dependent, the main disadvantage of this energy resource is the mism... |
52151755 | 3 | 84 | 5,241,393,581 | [
"Medicine"
] | Using wavelet based multifractal analysis, we analyse the temporal fluctuation of the local regularity of ECG inter-beat interval in episodes of AF and other rhythms and evaluate the practicality of multifractal features in the discrimination of AF from other rhythms. We hypothesise that atrial fibrillation rhythm, alt... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Using wavelet based multifractal analysis, we analyse the temporal fluctuation of the local regularity of ECG inter-beat interval in episodes of AF and other rhythms and evaluate the practicality of multifractal features in the discrimination of AF from other rhythms.",
"label": "non-check-worthy... |
14844021 | 21 | 18 | 6,228,014,439 | [
"Biology"
] | The strategy of cooperation within the industry clusters aimed at the choice of innovation strategy should be focused within a specialised expertise, where the strategy is focused on specialisation of an early innovation initiation in the segment. This strategy requires unique skills in the subject field and continuous... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "The strategy of cooperation within the industry clusters aimed at the choice of innovation strategy should be focused within a specialised expertise, where the strategy is focused on specialisation of an early innovation initiation in the segment.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text... |
54576096 | 1 | 67 | 1,404,097,224 | [
"Mathematics"
] | There is still much work to be completed in the search for an anti-HIV vaccine. Set of the chemotherapies are aimed at killing or halting the pathogen, but treatment which can boost the immune system can serve to help the body fight infection on its own [2] . The new treatments are aimed at reducing viral population an... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "There is still much work to be completed in the search for an anti-HIV vaccine.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "There is still much work to be completed in the search for an anti-HIV vaccine.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Set of the ch... |
101786528 | 20 | 55 | 3,774,108,930 | [
"Chemistry"
] | Observation revealed high air pollution tolerance index (APTI) in the sequence of C. gigantean (Fig. 5) . APTI [ 10 in C. gigantean indicated the high tolerance to air pollution. This was probably due to the interaction of biochemical parameters in their aerial parts when compared to the APTI values in the other sample... | Results and discussion | [
{
"text": "Observation revealed high air pollution tolerance index (APTI) in the sequence of C. gigantean (Fig. 5) .",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Observation revealed high air pollution tolerance index (APTI) in the sequence of C. gigantean (Fig. 5) .",
"ref_ids": null,
"cita... |
17129652 | 0 | 63 | 5,448,413,186 | [
"Engineering"
] | On a vertical SiC-JFET like those of INFINEON, there is a N-type lateral channel with two P-layers connected to the source and the gate terminals respectively. Because of the difference in potentials between the two P-regions of a PNP structure (Fig. 1) , the punch-through phenomenon may occur. When this happens, the g... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "On a vertical SiC-JFET like those of INFINEON, there is a N-type lateral channel with two P-layers connected to the source and the gate terminals respectively.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "On a vertical SiC-JFET like those of INFINEON, there is a N-type lateral channel wit... |
54686760 | 11 | 14 | 2,958,377,172 | [
"Chemistry"
] | It is principally believed that the more distinct minima identified in the parameter space, the wider the uncertainty interval achieved. There have been efforts to improve the algorithm's performance in finding distinct multiple minima [18] . However, we demonstrate that identifying more distinct minima does not always... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "It is principally believed that the more distinct minima identified in the parameter space, the wider the uncertainty interval achieved.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "It is principally believed that the more distinct minima identified in the parameter space, the wider the u... |
54686760 | 7 | 14 | 2,958,377,172 | [
"Chemistry"
] | We use Genetic Algorithms (GA) and the Neighbourhood Algorithm (NA) to generate an ensemble of reservoir models for a synthetic reservoir case, the IC Fault model [17] . These algorithms also have tuning parameters that can be adjusted to change the search behaviour, e.g. global exploration or local refinement. We then... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "We use Genetic Algorithms (GA) and the Neighbourhood Algorithm (NA) to generate an ensemble of reservoir models for a synthetic reservoir case, the IC Fault model.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "We use Genetic Algorithms (GA) and the Neighbourhood Algorithm (NA) to generate an e... |
20862280 | 5 | 1 | 2,041,863,882 | [
"Computer Science"
] | The indexing problem is worsened by applications, such as patient monitoring, producing large event narratives . In this paper we propose CECKD, an integration of the CEC with an alternative indexing mechanism for events and MVIs using Kd-trees [4] . A Kd-tree is a space-partitioning data structure for organizing point... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The indexing problem is worsened by applications, such as patient monitoring, producing large event narratives .",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The indexing problem is worsened by applications, such as patient monitoring, producing large event narratives .",
"ref_ids": n... |
56271160 | 0 | 56 | 3,137,103,238 | [
"Materials Science"
] | Undesired tool vibrations, whose main sources are environment, process and machine tool, etc., often accompany machining operations [1] . According to the sources, there exist three types of machining vibrations: free vibration, forced vibration, and self-excited vibration [2] . Free vibration occurs because of the col... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Undesired tool vibrations, whose main sources are environment, process and machine tool, etc., often accompany machining operations.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Undesired tool vibrations, whose main sources are environment, process and machine tool, etc., often accompany mach... |
2670615 | 52 | 97 | 3,976,386,025 | [
"Computer Science"
] | Our framework architecture shares many elements with PCC [7] . However, our approach differs from it in the following aspects. First of all, PCC focuses on security aspects of code mobility while we concentrate on adaptation issues. In our approach, the proof is not used to guarantee, on the client side, that the appli... | RELATED WORK | [
{
"text": "Our framework architecture shares many elements with PCC.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Our framework architecture shares many elements with PCC [7] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF6"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[7]"
]
},
{
"text": "Howe... |
157603013 | 1 | 43 | 2,957,763,443 | [
"Economics"
] | Energy-saving is an important task today and in the future. The implementation of energy-saving policies can promote the structural adjustment of industries and products, and affect the enhancement of energy efficiency in production and processing (He et al., 2011) . The analyses of consumption patterns and the assessm... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Energy-saving is an important task today and in the future.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Energy-saving is an important task today and in the future.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The implementation of energy-saving policies can prom... |
24785230 | 0 | 64 | 6,121,573,308 | [
"Engineering"
] | The uncertainties in material properties, geometric dimensions, load conditions and so on are ubiquitous for engineering structures [1] . The optimal solutions to the optimization models of engineering structures that neglect these uncertainties may be infeasible because their mechanical performance indices will fluctu... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The uncertainties in material properties, geometric dimensions, load conditions and so on are ubiquitous for engineering structures.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The uncertainties in material properties, geometric dimensions, load conditions and so on are ubiquitous for engine... |
55332655 | 39 | 68 | 1,480,530,667 | [
"Psychology"
] | Implications for future research are diverse, but one major aspect refers to the improvement of teacher support during the intervention. Apparently, the introductory training to the metacognitive guidance was not sufficient to enable teachers to implement both socioscienti�c decision making and metacognitive instructio... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "Implications for future research are diverse, but one major aspect refers to the improvement of teacher support during the intervention.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Implications for future research are diverse, but one major aspect refers to the improvement of teacher sup... |
118461969 | 4 | 18 | 5,038,168,622 | [
"Physics"
] | In the holographic context, another remarkable development is the evolution of geometrical methods for calculations of entanglement entropy in strongly-coupled field theories. Entanglement entropy is useful measure in quantum information theory, many-body physics and QFTs. It characterizes various topological phases, s... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "In the holographic context, another remarkable development is the evolution of geometrical methods for calculations of entanglement entropy in strongly-coupled field theories.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the holographic context, another remarkable development is the ev... |
118461969 | 5 | 18 | 5,038,168,622 | [
"Physics"
] | Entanglement entropy is typically difficult to calculate in quantum field theories. The Ryu-Takayanagi prescription however offers a simple and elegant route for the calculation of holographic entanglement entropy [36, 37] . It states that entanglement entropy of a sub-system A, is given by the minimal surface in AdS t... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Entanglement entropy is typically difficult to calculate in quantum field theories.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Entanglement entropy is typically difficult to calculate in quantum field theories.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The R... |
54527759 | 1 | 3 | 4,278,822,872 | [
"Mathematics"
] | Photorefractive crystals are materials in which the local refractive index is slightly changed by spatially modulated light intensity. Thus, photorefractive crystals can be used as an active or a passive optical element in optical information processing, optical communication and optical storage [13] . Photorefractive ... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Photorefractive crystals are materials in which the local refractive index is slightly changed by spatially modulated light intensity.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Photorefractive crystals are materials in which the local refractive index is slightly changed by spatially m... |
115712270 | 3 | 66 | 6,674,215,434 | [
"Engineering"
] | The effectiveness of the methodology is assessed by studying a linear cascade based on the T106 blade section and the CT3 transonic turbine stage analyzed in the framework of the TATEF2 (Turbine Aero-Thermal External Flows) European program. The linear cascade was extensively studied in a high-speed wind tunnel with bo... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The effectiveness of the methodology is assessed by studying a linear cascade based on the T106 blade section and the CT3 transonic turbine stage analyzed in the framework of the TATEF2 (Turbine Aero-Thermal External Flows) European program.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Th... |
115712270 | 2 | 66 | 6,674,215,434 | [
"Engineering"
] | This work discusses the implementation and validation of novel models for secondary and tip leakage flow effects in an axisymmetric Euler solver with tangential blockage and body forces for turbomachinery applications, which inherits its numerical scheme from a state-of-the-art CFD solver (TRAF code [8] ). The body for... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "This work discusses the implementation and validation of novel models for secondary and tip leakage flow effects in an axisymmetric Euler solver with tangential blockage and body forces for turbomachinery applications, which inherits its numerical scheme from a state-of-the-art CFD solver (TRAF code)... |
119297677 | 42 | 88 | 5,269,662,962 | [
"Physics"
] | We did exhibit in this paper a way to generate hierarchies in the soft masses, for different matter sectors. This was achieved in string theory using gauge/gravity duality. More specifically, we used a warped deformed conifold background with a holomorphic embedding of D7-branes. The hierarchy between the radial positi... | Conclusions | [
{
"text": "We did exhibit in this paper a way to generate hierarchies in the soft masses, for different matter sectors.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "We did exhibit in this paper a way to generate hierarchies in the soft masses, for different matter sectors.",
"ref_ids": null,
... |
104464620 | 0 | 81 | 6,329,128,907 | [
"Chemistry"
] | Anthocyanidins of grape berry skins play a key role in wine color intensity, hue and stability. In Vitis vinifera L. berries, anthocyanidins occur as 3-O-glucosides (anthocyanins), substituted with two (di-oxygenated: cyanidin-and peonidin-3-O-glucosides) or three (tri-oxygenated: delphinidin-, petunidin-, and malvidin... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Anthocyanidins of grape berry skins play a key role in wine color intensity, hue and stability.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Anthocyanidins of grape berry skins play a key role in wine color intensity, hue and stability.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
}... |
104464620 | 1 | 81 | 6,329,128,907 | [
"Chemistry"
] | The composition of anthocyanins (relative abundance of individual anthocyanins, ratio of di-oxygenated vs. tri-oxygenated side-ring forms, ratio of acylated vs. non-acylated derivatives, etc) is variable among grapevine varieties (Kallithraka et al., 2005; Monagas et al., 2003) . It has been shown that the profile and ... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "The composition of anthocyanins (relative abundance of individual anthocyanins, ratio of di-oxygenated vs. tri-oxygenated side-ring forms, ratio of acylated vs. non-acylated derivatives, etc) is variable among grapevine varieties.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The composition o... |
46043354 | 68 | 37 | 2,920,180,032 | [
"Chemistry"
] | Other authors argue that a phenomenological law is without physical foundation and its use should be avoided and suggest a solid incompressibility equation to replace it (Fortes and Okos, 1980) . In fact the Darcy-flow model avoids the use of a phenomenological law and its formulation has physical bases. Besides, contr... | DISCUSSION | [
{
"text": "Other authors argue that a phenomenological law is without physical foundation and its use should be avoided and suggest a solid incompressibility equation to replace it.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Other authors argue that a phenomenological law is without physical foundatio... |
19012902 | 6 | 71 | 56,086,517 | [
"Physics"
] | One characteristic feature of separatrix regions is the existence of a density cavity inside the region (Mozer et al., 2002; André et al., 2004; Cattell et al., 2005; Retinò et al., 2006; Khotyaintsev et al., 2006) . Numerical simulations also predict a density cavity as well as strong currents and electric fields with... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "One characteristic feature of separatrix regions is the existence of a density cavity inside the region.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "One characteristic feature of separatrix regions is the existence of a density cavity inside the region (Mozer et al., 2002; André et al., 2004... |
19012902 | 35 | 71 | 56,086,517 | [
"Physics"
] | We find a similar structure of the separatrix region in all our events: (1) a density cavity, (2) strong parallel currents which coincide with the ion boundary, (3) strong electric fields and (4) large potential variations across the region. In most events there are multiple density dips inside the cavities. The total ... | Conclusions | [
{
"text": "We find a similar structure of the separatrix region in all our events: (1) a density cavity, (2) strong parallel currents which coincide with the ion boundary, (3) strong electric fields and (4) large potential variations across the region.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "We... |
7409058 | 145 | 68 | 6,168,919,720 | [
"Computer Science"
] | In the Semantic Web, what is meant by a source description is a semantic model describing the source in terms of the concepts and relationships defined by a domain ontology. There are many studies on mapping data sources to ontologies. Several approaches have been proposed to generate semantic web data from databases a... | Related Work | [
{
"text": "In the Semantic Web, what is meant by a source description is a semantic model describing the source in terms of the concepts and relationships defined by a domain ontology.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the Semantic Web, what is meant by a source description is a semant... |
7409058 | 1 | 68 | 6,168,919,720 | [
"Computer Science"
] | A large amount of data in LOD comes from struc- tured sources such as relational databases and spreadsheets. Publishing these sources into LOD involves constructing source descriptions that represent the intended meaning of the data by specifying mappings between the sources and the domain ontology [1] . A domain ontol... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "A large amount of data in LOD comes from struc- tured sources such as relational databases and spreadsheets.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A large amount of data in LOD comes from struc- tured sources such as relational databases and spreadsheets.",
"ref_ids": null,
... |
55227034 | 0 | 15 | 4,547,961,965 | [
"Chemistry"
] | Whey is opaque greenish yellow with total solids generally of 6.0 to 6.5%, commonly obtained as a by-product from the natural cheese making process, and amount of its production tends to increase as the cheese consumption is on the rise, allegedly due to westernization of eating habits in Korea. Fluid whey is rich nutr... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Whey is opaque greenish yellow with total solids generally of 6.0 to 6.5%, commonly obtained as a by-product from the natural cheese making process, and amount of its production tends to increase as the cheese consumption is on the rise, allegedly due to westernization of eating habits in Korea.",
... |
55227034 | 1 | 15 | 4,547,961,965 | [
"Chemistry"
] | As far as relative sweetness is concerned, oligosaccharides are low, compared to sucrose or fructose, which are commonly used sweetener in food industry. Therefore, oligosaccharides are frequently applied to manufacture the low-sweet foods by taking advantage of their low sweetness. Of the oligosaccharides commercially... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "As far as relative sweetness is concerned, oligosaccharides are low, compared to sucrose or fructose, which are commonly used sweetener in food industry.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "As far as relative sweetness is concerned, oligosaccharides are low, compared to sucrose o... |
58643255 | 0 | 45 | 6,691,116,975 | [
"Medicine"
] | The intake of selenium worldwide ranges from 7 to 4990 µg/day, and varies greatly from deficient to toxic intakes [1] . New Zealand soils contain low levels of selenium, leading to low levels in the food supply [2] . The most recent New Zealand Total Diet Survey suggested dietary selenium intake was inadequate througho... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The intake of selenium worldwide ranges from 7 to 4990 µg/day, and varies greatly from deficient to toxic intakes.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The intake of selenium worldwide ranges from 7 to 4990 µg/day, and varies greatly from deficient to toxic intakes [1] .",
"ref_id... |
56515468 | 37 | 10 | 4,012,442,647 | [
"Psychology"
] | The presence of feeding enrichment toys resulted in a higher level of activity. A similar increase in (physical) activity has also been found in other studies, which have investigated the effect of chewable toys on dog-behaviour (Hubrecht, 1993; Wells, 2004) . Making the animal actively obtain food from feeding enrichm... | Discussion and conclusion | [
{
"text": "The presence of feeding enrichment toys resulted in a higher level of activity.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The presence of feeding enrichment toys resulted in a higher level of activity.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "A similar inc... |
17107420 | 3 | 32 | 4,898,552,566 | [
"Computer Science"
] | Baseline JPEG (simply called JPEG from this point onwards) file is used in the experiments because it is widely used in the Internet, and in many applications [9, 10] . Nevertheless, the introduced algorithms can be altered to extend the fragmentation point detection experiment to other JPEG file types (e.g. progressiv... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Baseline JPEG (simply called JPEG from this point onwards) file is used in the experiments because it is widely used in the Internet, and in many applications.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Baseline JPEG (simply called JPEG from this point onwards) file is used in the experimen... |
16498805 | 1 | 78 | 2,221,008,442 | [
"Engineering"
] | Nowadays, the advances in field programmable gate array (FPGA), microprocessors, multimedia, integrated circuits, Internet of Things (IOT) and digital signal processing (DSP) have resulted in much more complicated circuits with billions of transistors. The ubiquity of the sophisticated technologies leads to the potenti... | Background | [
{
"text": "Nowadays, the advances in field programmable gate array (FPGA), microprocessors, multimedia, integrated circuits, Internet of Things (IOT) and digital signal processing (DSP) have resulted in much more complicated circuits with billions of transistors.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original... |
94919041 | 3 | 46 | 4,432,322,974 | [
"Chemistry"
] | A significant effect on the probability of occurrence of defects is exerted by the fat content in the feedstock, which is true for both pork and beef. The probability of occurrence of DFD properties is high in beef containing less than 4% of muscle fat. Selective breeding of meattype pigs aimed at changing the ratio be... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "A significant effect on the probability of occurrence of defects is exerted by the fat content in the feedstock, which is true for both pork and beef.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A significant effect on the probability of occurrence of defects is exerted by the fat conten... |
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