paper_id stringlengths 2 9 | section_index int64 0 331 | file_index stringlengths 1 2 | file_offset int64 8.37k 6.95B | mag_field_of_study list | original_text stringlengths 95 4.82k | section_title stringlengths 6 27 | samples list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
14501907 | 54 | 34 | 1,457,676,613 | [
"Mathematics"
] | The existence of pronounced negative deviations (outliers) in the Z e -R plots which were clearly associated with either pronounced temporal changes in the gauge observations, or with spatial gradients in the PPI scans in the vicinity of the gauge, have been associated with the systematic errors predicted for non-unifo... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "The existence of pronounced negative deviations (outliers) in the Z e -R plots which were clearly associated with either pronounced temporal changes in the gauge observations, or with spatial gradients in the PPI scans in the vicinity of the gauge, have been associated with the systematic errors pred... |
91266746 | 40 | 79 | 6,167,393,711 | [
"Biology"
] | The tumor microenvironment is a niche that responds to signaling proteins produced by tumor cells and supplies growth factors that support tumor growth and metastasis (Quail and Joyce, 2013) . Much ongoing work seeks inhibitors of tumorigenesis that target the signaling molecules All rights reserved. No reuse allowed w... | DISCUSSION | [
{
"text": "The tumor microenvironment is a niche that responds to signaling proteins produced by tumor cells and supplies growth factors that support tumor growth and metastasis.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The tumor microenvironment is a niche that responds to signaling proteins produc... |
17673975 | 41 | 69 | 2,960,446,151 | [
"Medicine"
] | P73 were cloned due to their structural similarity to p53 and have been shown to share functions with the tumor suppressor gene p53, but their contributions to the inhibition of tumor formation or to the response to chemotherapy has been uncertain. Many studies have revealed p53-like functions of TAp73, such as their a... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "P73 were cloned due to their structural similarity to p53 and have been shown to share functions with the tumor suppressor gene p53, but their contributions to the inhibition of tumor formation or to the response to chemotherapy has been uncertain.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_tex... |
94918876 | 2 | 14 | 4,468,599,127 | [
"Materials Science"
] | ENAs in space plasmas possess energies in the range of a few eV up to MeV depending on their origin and formation [1] . For ENAs with energies below 1 keV/amu, when passing through a thin foil, the angular scattering significantly increases and ionisation efficiency decresases. ENAs of about 300 eV/amu have a too low e... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "ENAs in space plasmas possess energies in the range of a few eV up to MeV depending on their origin and formation.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "ENAs in space plasmas possess energies in the range of a few eV up to MeV depending on their origin and formation [1] .",
"ref_id... |
94918876 | 0 | 14 | 4,468,599,127 | [
"Materials Science"
] | Imaging of plasma populations using energetic neutral atoms became a standard measurement in space plasma research to investigate planetary magnetospheres or even the outer boundaries of our solar system, where the heliosphere encounters the local interstellar medium [1] . Energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) are generated i... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Imaging of plasma populations using energetic neutral atoms became a standard measurement in space plasma research to investigate planetary magnetospheres or even the outer boundaries of our solar system, where the heliosphere encounters the local interstellar medium.",
"label": "check-worthy",
... |
94918876 | 1 | 14 | 4,468,599,127 | [
"Materials Science"
] | Research in ENA measurements started in the late 1960s, when first neutral atom imaging instruments were developed and flown on sounding rockets to measure neutral hydrogen in the Earth's atmosphere [3] . The spectrometer for these experiments consisted of a deflector at the opening to prevent charged particles from en... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Research in ENA measurements started in the late 1960s, when first neutral atom imaging instruments were developed and flown on sounding rockets to measure neutral hydrogen in the Earth's atmosphere.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Research in ENA measurements started in the late... |
55475341 | 3 | 96 | 2,945,856,563 | [
"Engineering"
] | Sustainability encompasses not only the environmental dimension, but also social and economic ones, as it is defined by the Brundtland Commission [10] . Consequently, a methodology to measure sustainability is getting extremely important. The measurement of the environmental dimension of sustainability is the most matu... | Background | [
{
"text": "Sustainability encompasses not only the environmental dimension, but also social and economic ones, as it is defined by the Brundtland Commission.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Sustainability encompasses not only the environmental dimension, but also social and economic ones, a... |
18732145 | 6 | 55 | 1,606,567,181 | [
"Biology"
] | The depth of water in some areas can exceed 4 m as in floating rice areas. Apparently each of these types of floods requires specific adaptive traits, which necessitates the development of unique varieties [9] . Though DWR is cultivated in small areas with low yield, attention should be given to achieve breakthrough in... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The depth of water in some areas can exceed 4 m as in floating rice areas.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The depth of water in some areas can exceed 4 m as in floating rice areas.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Apparently each of thes... |
9759455 | 47 | 73 | 2,974,504,686 | [
"Computer Science"
] | There are many directions for future research on ACO algorithms for protein folding problems. It might be fruitful to consider ACO approaches based on more complex solution components than the simple local structure motifs used here. Furthermore, separate pheromone matrices could be used for independently reinforcing s... | Conclusions and Future Work | [
{
"text": "There are many directions for future research on ACO algorithms for protein folding problems.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "There are many directions for future research on ACO algorithms for protein folding problems.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
... |
56392814 | 0 | 33 | 4,320,268,571 | [
"Materials Science"
] | In the wake of abnormal weather and damage to the environment, people have gradually come to value environmental protection. Traditional petroleum polymers that have been commonly used are not eco-friendly, as they cause tremendous damage to the environment, from the exploitation of their raw materials to their product... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "In the wake of abnormal weather and damage to the environment, people have gradually come to value environmental protection.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the wake of abnormal weather and damage to the environment, people have gradually come to value environmental protec... |
8918765 | 0 | 93 | 4,540,255,627 | [
"Psychology"
] | Distance Learning (DL) is a modality of teaching and learning that has grown and produced good results. Group activity is an important component in classroom teaching. Interactions between students over the course of some educational activity are crucial to the learning process, as each student shares with the others h... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Distance Learning (DL) is a modality of teaching and learning that has grown and produced good results.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Distance Learning (DL) is a modality of teaching and learning that has grown and produced good results.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation... |
8918765 | 1 | 93 | 4,540,255,627 | [
"Psychology"
] | The computer support to collaborative learning is called Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning-CSCL (Dimitracopoulou, 2005) . Systems that implement collaborative learning must include cooperation and communication mechanisms so that the learning process can be performed with quality. Also, such systems must have g... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The computer support to collaborative learning is called Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning-CSCL.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The computer support to collaborative learning is called Computer-Supported Collaborative Learning-CSCL (Dimitracopoulou, 2005) .",
"ref_id... |
67784085 | 4 | 95 | 223,097,706 | [
"Mathematics"
] | Sensitivity to environmental conditions and susceptibility to foliar diseases may be associated with large variability of edaphoclimatic conditions in Brazil and the indication of cultivars of reduced adaptability and stability to different microclimates [16] [17] . In modern agriculture, the recommendation of cultivar... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Sensitivity to environmental conditions and susceptibility to foliar diseases may be associated with large variability of edaphoclimatic conditions in Brazil and the indication of cultivars of reduced adaptability and stability to different microclimates.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_... |
155060417 | 0 | 28 | 5,615,198,255 | [
"Economics"
] | Organizations, as well as individuals, face an increasing need to reflect on routes to be taken in the future, about what to do or what direction to follow (Roche, 2007) . In other words, they are forced to plan. Forecasting the results of football matches has a crucial role for the management of teams in a football le... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Organizations, as well as individuals, face an increasing need to reflect on routes to be taken in the future, about what to do or what direction to follow.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Organizations, as well as individuals, face an increasing need to reflect on routes to be t... |
155060417 | 2 | 28 | 5,615,198,255 | [
"Economics"
] | Results forecasting is an attempt to predict the future behavior from already observed data. For purposes of forecasting, it is critical to identify which variables or information is relevant and should be included in the predictive models. In football, one such variable is home advantage, i.e., the advantage of playin... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Results forecasting is an attempt to predict the future behavior from already observed data.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Results forecasting is an attempt to predict the future behavior from already observed data.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
... |
39861219 | 1 | 6 | 2,398,333,149 | [
"Economics"
] | Altman used the F-test to analyse fi ve fi nancial indicators. The sample tested included 33 bankrupt enterprises together with 33 fi nancially sound enterprises. The original Altman model was 95% accurate (Altman, 1968) . | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Altman used the F-test to analyse fi ve fi nancial indicators.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Altman used the F-test to analyse fi ve fi nancial indicators.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The sample tested included 33 bankrupt enterpri... |
13414543 | 9 | 48 | 4,343,708,769 | [
"Computer Science"
] | These projects prove that computations performed in bioinformatics require ample computational resources that are available through the use of Grid or Cloud computing. In the paper, we present a newly developed Cloud4PSP (Cloud for Protein Structure Prediction) system. Cloud4PSP is a cloud-based computational framework... | Related Works | [
{
"text": "These projects prove that computations performed in bioinformatics require ample computational resources that are available through the use of Grid or Cloud computing.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "These projects prove that computations performed in bioinformatics require a... |
14668666 | 34 | 52 | 1,151,914,384 | [
"Psychology"
] | The pattern of stress assignment in the no condition reveals a strong lexical source of information and a weaker but substantial default pattern. As in the children study , neither lexically based nor default stress assignment indices approach 1.0 in this condition, suggesting the existence of additional factors in the... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "The pattern of stress assignment in the no condition reveals a strong lexical source of information and a weaker but substantial default pattern.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The pattern of stress assignment in the no condition reveals a strong lexical source of informatio... |
15272611 | 45 | 70 | 6,730,056,069 | [
"Computer Science"
] | The co-HMM model is implemented using MATLAB and the uni-modal HMMs were trained using Kevin Murphy Toolbox [16] . The input audio-visual features were computed at 50 frames per second. We first down sample all these input observations to 25 frames per second before training our models to reduce training time and memor... | Methodology | [
{
"text": "The co-HMM model is implemented using MATLAB and the uni-modal HMMs were trained using Kevin Murphy Toolbox.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The co-HMM model is implemented using MATLAB and the uni-modal HMMs were trained using Kevin Murphy Toolbox [16] .",
"ref_ids": [
... |
53360787 | 0 | 50 | 4,303,599,962 | [
"Mathematics"
] | Isoperimetric problems consist in maximizing or minimizing a cost functional subject to integral constraints [5] . They have found a broad class of important applications throughout the centuries. Areas of application include astronomy, physics, geometry, algebra, and analysis [6, 17] . Concrete isoperimetric problems ... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Isoperimetric problems consist in maximizing or minimizing a cost functional subject to integral constraints.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Isoperimetric problems consist in maximizing or minimizing a cost functional subject to integral constraints [5] .",
"ref_ids": [
... |
89717953 | 1 | 23 | 6,402,103,337 | [
"Biology"
] | Colleters are secretory structures consisting of a parenchymatous middle axis surrounded by a layer of secretory palisade-like epidermal cells. Th ese structures are present mainly on the adaxial surface of the stipule and occur in 60 angiosperm families (Thomas 1991; Da Cunha & Vieira 1993) . The function of colleters... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Colleters are secretory structures consisting of a parenchymatous middle axis surrounded by a layer of secretory palisade-like epidermal cells.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Colleters are secretory structures consisting of a parenchymatous middle axis surrounded by a layer ... |
119765059 | 31 | 87 | 6,002,074,658 | [
"Mathematics"
] | This paper proposes new p-based pile-soil interaction models and develops their associated solutions to capture response of rigid piles subjected to soil movement. The impact of soil movement was encapsulated into a power-law distributed loading p over a sliding depth, and load transfer model was adopted for the piles-... | CONCLUSIONS | [
{
"text": "This paper proposes new p-based pile-soil interaction models and develops their associated solutions to capture response of rigid piles subjected to soil movement.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This paper proposes new p-based pile-soil interaction models and develops their ... |
59444829 | 2 | 2 | 967,051,717 | [
"Engineering"
] | The CES units are practically maintenance free. Furthermore, they do not impose any environmental problem, unlike magnetic energy storage units [2, 7] . The operation is quite simple and less expensive compared with SMES which requires a continuously operating liquid helium system. In CES systems there is no need to en... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The CES units are practically maintenance free.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The CES units are practically maintenance free.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Furthermore, they do not impose any environmental problem, unlike magnetic en... |
145730355 | 15 | 48 | 2,750,446,855 | [
"Psychology"
] | Participants also completed an 18-item measure of regulatory focus (Lockwood, Jordan, & Kunda, 2002) . This measure includes a promotion and a prevention subscale; both were reliable (promotion alpha = .83, prevention alpha = .84). The subscales were not significantly correlated, r = -.18, p = .13. In general, particip... | PROCEDURE | [
{
"text": "Participants also completed an 18-item measure of regulatory focus.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Participants also completed an 18-item measure of regulatory focus (Lockwood, Jordan, & Kunda, 2002) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF19"
]
],
"citation_te... |
145730355 | 44 | 48 | 2,750,446,855 | [
"Psychology"
] | We next examined self-construals as predictors of role model preferences. Both the independent and interdependent self-construal subscales were moderately reliable (alphas = .60 and .64, respectively). European Canadian participants reported marginally higher independent self-construals (M = 4.87) than did Asian Canadi... | RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | [
{
"text": "We next examined self-construals as predictors of role model preferences.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "We next examined self-construals as predictors of role model preferences.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Both the independent and ... |
54689791 | 0 | 50 | 2,964,125,488 | [
"Biology"
] | Feed is generally the highest variable costs at aquaculture facilities. Understanding nutrient requirements and implementing appropriate feeding strategies can reduce waste and increase profits. Feed efficiency is vital in livestock farming in general and of course, in the case of aquaculture. From a management standpo... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Feed is generally the highest variable costs at aquaculture facilities.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Feed is generally the highest variable costs at aquaculture facilities.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Understanding nutrient requir... |
59054826 | 14 | 73 | 6,865,834,593 | [
"Biology"
] | In addition to the clustering study the following steps were performed: investigation of the relative contribution of each trait to the genetic divergence among them, estimation of the greatest distance in the cluster of shortest distances between each line, and Genetic divergence in cowpea genotypes with upright growt... | MATERIAL AND METHODS | [
{
"text": "In addition to the clustering study the following steps were performed: investigation of the relative contribution of each trait to the genetic divergence among them, estimation of the greatest distance in the cluster of shortest distances between each line, and Genetic divergence in cowpea genotypes... |
7649021 | 16 | 77 | 6,716,854,095 | [
"Computer Science"
] | The Lattice Boltzmann method has also been used to simulate water [25] . To our knowledge, it is not fast enough for the task of simulating large-scale water in real time due to small time steps. The Lagrangian and Eulerian approaches can also be combined. For example, in movie effect production, FLIP is currently a ve... | Related Work | [
{
"text": "The Lattice Boltzmann method has also been used to simulate water.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The Lattice Boltzmann method has also been used to simulate water [25] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF24"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[25]"
]
},
... |
7649021 | 21 | 77 | 6,716,854,095 | [
"Computer Science"
] | Shallow water equations provide a more physically based approach to heightfield water simulation [7] . They are slightly more complicated than the pipe method but still fast enough for games. They have also been extended in various ways and implemented on the GPU [11, 13, 33] . However, there is some evidence that the ... | Related Work | [
{
"text": "Shallow water equations provide a more physically based approach to heightfield water simulation.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Shallow water equations provide a more physically based approach to heightfield water simulation [7] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF6"
... |
11188435 | 36 | 77 | 3,760,845,732 | [
"Computer Science"
] | We are currently examining several issues in order to extend and elaborate on the work presented in this paper. First of all we are investigating on the way, that a learning theory can be combined with the business model in order to provide a full set of system requirements. Another issue that is being currently examin... | Conclusions and Future Work | [
{
"text": "We are currently examining several issues in order to extend and elaborate on the work presented in this paper.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "We are currently examining several issues in order to extend and elaborate on the work presented in this paper.",
"ref_ids": nul... |
89610722 | 1 | 22 | 1,516,711,960 | [
"Mathematics"
] | Hidden Markov model (HMM) is a representative of state space models and is also a special case of dynamic Bayesian networks. It expresses the change of internal state of the system caused by input, which make the change of output. HMM not only reflects the internal state of system but also shows the relationship of int... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Hidden Markov model (HMM) is a representative of state space models and is also a special case of dynamic Bayesian networks.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Hidden Markov model (HMM) is a representative of state space models and is also a special case of dynamic Bayesian netw... |
27804941 | 2 | 40 | 3,281,487,045 | [
"Mathematics"
] | To be successfully applied for the image classification task, an image descriptor (feature) should be highly discriminative and invariant against image content [11] . Such a descriptor should generate features with high variance and good distribution over category samples. In addition, it should be robust to different ... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "To be successfully applied for the image classification task, an image descriptor (feature) should be highly discriminative and invariant against image content.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "To be successfully applied for the image classification task, an image descriptor (feat... |
12466168 | 2 | 24 | 341,303,463 | [
"Biology"
] | Circularized forms of small RNAs are abundant in some Archaea [9] . Some box C/D snoRNAs seem to be present predominantly or possibly exclusively as circular RNAs [9] [10] [11] . This is also true for assorted other small RNA species, among them the 5S rRNA [9] . The biosynthesis of most of these circular RNAs remains ... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Circularized forms of small RNAs are abundant in some Archaea.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Circularized forms of small RNAs are abundant in some Archaea [9] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF8"
]
],
"citation_text": [
"[9]"
]
},
{
"te... |
12466168 | 23 | 24 | 341,303,463 | [
"Biology"
] | Many circular RNAs in Archaea are produced by BHB-element-dependent enzymatic splicing. In addition to tRNAs, rRNAs (including 5S rRNA), and 7S RNA, our analysis shows that this also pertains to a large subset of box C/D snoRNAs. The generic BHB model we derived from BHB elements reported in the literature does not con... | DISCUSSION | [
{
"text": "Many circular RNAs in Archaea are produced by BHB-element-dependent enzymatic splicing.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Many circular RNAs in Archaea are produced by BHB-element-dependent enzymatic splicing.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text"... |
119173316 | 1 | 33 | 1,047,688,497 | [
"Mathematics"
] | With a few exceptions, the first articles on group rings of infinite groups appeared in the early 1950s. A key person in that line of research was I. Kaplansky, known for his many deep contributions to ring theory and operator algebra. In his famous talk, given at a conference that was held on June 6-8, 1956 at Shelter... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "With a few exceptions, the first articles on group rings of infinite groups appeared in the early 1950s.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "With a few exceptions, the first articles on group rings of infinite groups appeared in the early 1950s.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citati... |
28700482 | 70 | 70 | 4,558,651,858 | [
"Computer Science"
] | The proposed Markov model for asynchronous dutycycled MAC protocols has been applied in X-MAC protocol to optimize some protocol parameters to achieve desirable performance. Conceptually, X-MAC is considered as higher efficient protocol than synchronized S-MAC protocol because of the avoidance synchronization overheads... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "The proposed Markov model for asynchronous dutycycled MAC protocols has been applied in X-MAC protocol to optimize some protocol parameters to achieve desirable performance.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The proposed Markov model for asynchronous dutycycled MAC protocols ha... |
28700482 | 6 | 70 | 4,558,651,858 | [
"Computer Science"
] | To better understand the mechanism of a MAC protocol, it is useful to realize that MAC protocols consists usually of three main logical components [19] . First, a collision avoidance (CA) algorithm which uses physical carrier-sensing to register and/or reserve the channel for the duration of the data transmission. Seco... | Related works | [
{
"text": "To better understand the mechanism of a MAC protocol, it is useful to realize that MAC protocols consists usually of three main logical components.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "To better understand the mechanism of a MAC protocol, it is useful to realize that MAC protocols con... |
110552920 | 43 | 76 | 1,626,326,648 | [
"Engineering"
] | This means that they indicate both the reliability and magnitude of the experts' ratings [see 59]. Compared to the ICC, the r wg statistic is a more stable and unbiased indicator of interrater agreement [55, 56, 60] . It is suggested the low estimates for the ICCs are due to the small number of items (or criteria) used... | Results and discussion | [
{
"text": "This means that they indicate both the reliability and magnitude of the experts' ratings [see 59].",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "This means that they indicate both the reliability and magnitude of the experts' ratings [see 59].",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": nu... |
85559513 | 6 | 96 | 2,907,700,551 | [
"Economics"
] | Energy security is a key factor for sustaining the socioeconomic and industrial development of a country [5] . Energy security is a priority for almost all countries, even though there is still no widely accepted definition of energy security [6] . There are a number of definitions which can be divided into those focus... | Literature Review | [
{
"text": "Energy security is a key factor for sustaining the socioeconomic and industrial development of a country.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Energy security is a key factor for sustaining the socioeconomic and industrial development of a country [5] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
... |
148234945 | 0 | 58 | 6,047,115,640 | [
"Psychology"
] | At the professional level, association football ('football') is a global business. Further, to secure its longevity, millions of pounds are spent annually by professional football clubs and governing bodies on unearthing and developing the next generation of players. As an indication of their commitment to this importa... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "At the professional level, association football ('football') is a global business.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "At the professional level, association football ('football') is a global business.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Further... |
148234945 | 9 | 58 | 6,047,115,640 | [
"Psychology"
] | The study adopted an interview process in the form of retrospective qualitative interview recommended for tracing the development of athletes [24] . Interviews were pilot tested for quality and rigor with a volunteer professional footballer. Pilot testing was conducted and refined in association with two authors; this ... | PROCEDURE | [
{
"text": "The study adopted an interview process in the form of retrospective qualitative interview recommended for tracing the development of athletes.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The study adopted an interview process in the form of retrospective qualitative interview recommended for... |
55378163 | 1 | 38 | 6,662,939,047 | [
"Physics"
] | There are much reported work on frequency selective structures for various applications and will not be repeated here [7] - [17] . However, it is to be noted that in order to achieve multi-band frequency selective surfaces, cascaded FSSs are usually used. The cascaded nature of the design leads to relatively thick shie... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "There are much reported work on frequency selective structures for various applications and will not be repeated here.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "There are much reported work on frequency selective structures for various applications and will not be repeated here [7] - [17] ... |
119123891 | 7 | 15 | 4,938,706,091 | [
"Mathematics"
] | Recall that a normal projective variety X is Fano if it admits an ample anticanonical divisor. More generally, X is called almost Fano if it has a numerically effective anticanonical divisor; we say that X is truly almost Fano if it is almost Fano but not Fano. Theorem 1.1 gives us in every dimension the (almost) Fano ... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Recall that a normal projective variety X is Fano if it admits an ample anticanonical divisor.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Recall that a normal projective variety X is Fano if it admits an ample anticanonical divisor.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
... |
46841610 | 1 | 85 | 1,122,751,209 | [
"Chemistry"
] | Elucidation of PFCs sources is crucial for prevention and control of human exposure. However, exposure pathways to PFCs prove to be complicated and remain not well known, because humans are exposed to PFCs via a vast number of pathways over an extended period of time. Possible pathways of human exposure to PFCs include... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Elucidation of PFCs sources is crucial for prevention and control of human exposure.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Elucidation of PFCs sources is crucial for prevention and control of human exposure.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "How... |
6562492 | 12 | 93 | 2,265,100,429 | [
"Computer Science"
] | Further classification of these algorithms can be done on the basis of the techniques used for pose estimation, namely feature based methods, dense methods and hybrid methods that employ a combination of both. Feature-based methods mainly consist of two steps [18, 21] . In the first step, important features are extract... | Related work | [
{
"text": "Further classification of these algorithms can be done on the basis of the techniques used for pose estimation, namely feature based methods, dense methods and hybrid methods that employ a combination of both.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Further classification of these al... |
116165905 | 2 | 71 | 1,659,351,986 | [
"Engineering"
] | Load analysis is essential for DER system design. If the load analysis or evaluation for buildings is not detailed enough, it will exert a great deal of influence on operations [42, 43] . However, energy supply and demand are usually characterized by strong uncertainty [44] . If the uncertainty is not taken into accoun... | Background | [
{
"text": "Load analysis is essential for DER system design.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Load analysis is essential for DER system design.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "If the load analysis or evaluation for buildings is not detailed enough, ... |
54763883 | 0 | 87 | 1,917,090,210 | [
"Biology"
] | Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera L.) is a sclerophyllous evergreen shrub that is well adapted to the Mediterranean climate (Tsiouvaras, 1987) . It is the most abundant evergreen species in Greece and constitutes one of the main shrubland types that extends from lowlands to mountainous areas. Extensive goat farming plays a... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera L.) is a sclerophyllous evergreen shrub that is well adapted to the Mediterranean climate.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera L.) is a sclerophyllous evergreen shrub that is well adapted to the Mediterranean climate (Tsiouv... |
55770110 | 5 | 40 | 5,076,534,467 | [
"Psychology"
] | Laboratories can be considered as the best place to learn manipulative skills and these skills are learned as part of formal instruction in science. However, teaching and learning of science at primary level was more on retention of knowledge where students have to involve themselves with too much writing and too littl... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Laboratories can be considered as the best place to learn manipulative skills and these skills are learned as part of formal instruction in science.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Laboratories can be considered as the best place to learn manipulative skills and these skills ... |
55770110 | 3 | 40 | 5,076,534,467 | [
"Psychology"
] | Practical work has developed tremendously over the years and has been given increasingly important emphasis around the world (Allen, 2012; Hofstein & Mamlok, 2007) . Practical work emphasizes learning through inquiry-discovery in which students are encouraged to learn through the discovery of phenomenon that occurs in ... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Practical work has developed tremendously over the years and has been given increasingly important emphasis around the world.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Practical work has developed tremendously over the years and has been given increasingly important emphasis around the wor... |
204248 | 1 | 76 | 5,208,194,494 | [
"Engineering"
] | Riveted bridges were constructed using built-up sections which comprise several typically flat plated elements riveted together. The primary bridge members, such as girders, stringers and floor-beams are joined through riveted connections consisting of a number of rivets and angle clips. The redundancy of these structu... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Riveted bridges were constructed using built-up sections which comprise several typically flat plated elements riveted together.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Riveted bridges were constructed using built-up sections which comprise several typically flat plated elements rive... |
129361523 | 2 | 98 | 1,729,782,845 | [
"Chemistry"
] | Most maize (Zea mays L.) growing areas in Kenya have acid soils (Muhammad & Underwood, 2004) . Unfortunately, most improved maize germplasm and landraces used by farmers are sensitive to high Al (> 20% saturation), found in many Kenyan acid soils (Ligeyo, 2007; Schulze & Santana, 2003) . In these soils, Al toxicity (of... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Most maize (Zea mays L.) growing areas in Kenya have acid soils.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Most maize (Zea mays L.) growing areas in Kenya have acid soils (Muhammad & Underwood, 2004) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF26"
]
],
"citation_text": [
... |
55622133 | 0 | 50 | 986,604,061 | [
"Engineering"
] | Breast cancer accounts for more than 1 million of the estimated 10 million malignancies diagnosed worldwide each year [1] . Breast imaging technologies for early diagnosis of disease are improving along with treatments that may improve the prognosis [2] . There has been a recent trend toward minimally invasive procedur... | Background | [
{
"text": "Breast cancer accounts for more than 1 million of the estimated 10 million malignancies diagnosed worldwide each year.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Breast cancer accounts for more than 1 million of the estimated 10 million malignancies diagnosed worldwide each year [1] .",
... |
86142338 | 0 | 64 | 6,055,101,861 | [
"Biology"
] | One of the Japanese birches, Monarch birch (Betula maximowicziana) , is distributed in the cool temperate zone from the eastern part of Honshu Island to Hokkaido in Japan (OHWI, 1965) . B. maximowicziana is a monoecious species with an outcrossing breeding system involving wind-pollination and wind dispersal of seeds. ... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "One of the Japanese birches, Monarch birch (Betula maximowicziana) , is distributed in the cool temperate zone from the eastern part of Honshu Island to Hokkaido in Japan.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "One of the Japanese birches, Monarch birch (Betula maximowicziana) , is dist... |
54209382 | 4 | 26 | 630,739,798 | [
"Mathematics"
] | In the event of a smoldering fire, a photoelectric smoke alarm clearly outperforms the ionization type. Ionization smoke alarms outperform photoelectric alarms in fast moving fire ( Figure 1 ). In case of faster reaction, time can be measured in tens of seconds, but in the event of a fast moving fire, these are preciou... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "In the event of a smoldering fire, a photoelectric smoke alarm clearly outperforms the ionization type.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the event of a smoldering fire, a photoelectric smoke alarm clearly outperforms the ionization type.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation... |
54209382 | 1 | 26 | 630,739,798 | [
"Mathematics"
] | The sensor node in the WSN is a small embedded computing device that interfaces and communicates with sensors/actuators via short-range wireless transmitters. It has limited battery resources, processing and communication capabilities. Sensor nodes form a logical network in which data packets are routed hop-by-hop towa... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "The sensor node in the WSN is a small embedded computing device that interfaces and communicates with sensors/actuators via short-range wireless transmitters.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The sensor node in the WSN is a small embedded computing device that interfaces and c... |
54209382 | 0 | 26 | 630,739,798 | [
"Mathematics"
] | A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensor nodes working together for numerous sensing and monitoring services. Applications of WSN are: environmental monitoring, industrial machine monitoring, surveillance systems, military target tracking, etc. Each of the application differs ... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensor nodes working together for numerous sensing and monitoring services.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consists of spatially distributed autonomous sensor nodes w... |
54209382 | 2 | 26 | 630,739,798 | [
"Mathematics"
] | One of the most interesting phenomena that can be monitored by WSN is fire. In order to provide early detection of residential fire, a large number of detectors should be deployed in buildings [3] . This is crucial for early extinguishing, life saving and reduction of potential damages. Detectors should measure periodi... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "One of the most interesting phenomena that can be monitored by WSN is fire.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "One of the most interesting phenomena that can be monitored by WSN is fire.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "In order to provide e... |
95898751 | 3 | 56 | 2,177,722,981 | [
"Chemistry"
] | Hydrogen facility designers and operators are concerned about the selectivity of their chosen hydrogen detection device. This concern was clearly evidenced during a NREL/DOE Hydrogen Sensor Workshop in 2011 when sensor selectivity was repeatedly cited by end-users as a highly important analytical parameter of hydrogen ... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Hydrogen facility designers and operators are concerned about the selectivity of their chosen hydrogen detection device.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Hydrogen facility designers and operators are concerned about the selectivity of their chosen hydrogen detection device.",
... |
11498755 | 18 | 90 | 5,725,508,026 | [
"Medicine"
] | ALK-positive ALCL is an only recently recognized subgroup of CD30-positive ALCL of T-and null-cell phenotype. A strong argument for distinction of this type of lymphoma is the occurrence of the t(2;5)(p23;q35) translocation which is almost exclusively found in this age and morphologically specific group of T-and nullce... | Discussion | [
{
"text": "ALK-positive ALCL is an only recently recognized subgroup of CD30-positive ALCL of T-and null-cell phenotype.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "ALK-positive ALCL is an only recently recognized subgroup of CD30-positive ALCL of T-and null-cell phenotype.",
"ref_ids": null,
... |
54987782 | 2 | 0 | 3,909,286,684 | [
"Engineering"
] | The floater tries to float on the surface of the ocean wave with the translator that moves relative to the stator due to wave action. The floater utilizes the rise and fall of the sea wave at a single point for energy conversion. As the translator moves linearly due to the reciprocating motion of the floater, the wave ... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The floater tries to float on the surface of the ocean wave with the translator that moves relative to the stator due to wave action.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The floater tries to float on the surface of the ocean wave with the translator that moves relative to the sta... |
20403329 | 4 | 74 | 4,131,159,694 | [
"Computer Science"
] | We propose a method that extracts features from raw GPS trajectories using deep learning. Our key idea is to represent GPS trajectories as 2D image data structures (called trajectory images) and use these trajectory images as input of deep learning. This is based on the knowledge that deep learning works well in the fi... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "We propose a method that extracts features from raw GPS trajectories using deep learning.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "We propose a method that extracts features from raw GPS trajectories using deep learning.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"t... |
18101260 | 0 | 73 | 6,016,902,937 | [
"Economics"
] | Throughout the history of software development the structure and layout of the working environment, as well as the way in which employees have been situated within the working environment, has gone through a number of changes. These range from the individualistic, hierarchical approach, to the team approach commonly ad... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Throughout the history of software development the structure and layout of the working environment, as well as the way in which employees have been situated within the working environment, has gone through a number of changes.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Throughout the hi... |
95143362 | 2 | 20 | 241,351,109 | [
"Materials Science"
] | The best known class of biodegradable polymers for sustained drug delivery is poly (dL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). PLGA is a biodegradable and biocompatible polymer that is hydrolytically degraded into nontoxic oligomer and monomer, lactic acid, and glycolic acid [18] . This is the reason that it has been used extens... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The best known class of biodegradable polymers for sustained drug delivery is poly (dL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA).",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The best known class of biodegradable polymers for sustained drug delivery is poly (dL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA).",
"ref... |
95143362 | 0 | 20 | 241,351,109 | [
"Materials Science"
] | Dry eye disease can also be known as Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, either due to insufficient tear production or excessive tear evaporation, both resulting in tears hyperosmolarity that leads to symptoms of discomfort and ocular damage. Dry eye disease is a prevalent disease that affects visual acuity, activities of dail... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Dry eye disease can also be known as Keratoconjunctivitis sicca, either due to insufficient tear production or excessive tear evaporation, both resulting in tears hyperosmolarity that leads to symptoms of discomfort and ocular damage.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Dry eye d... |
95143362 | 1 | 20 | 241,351,109 | [
"Materials Science"
] | Nanoparticles systems accelerate the drug penetration, increase corneal uptake, and avoid systemic absorption. It is able to deliver more intact drug at site of action as compared to free drug [11] [12] [13] . After administration, colloidal drug carriers can remain at the application site (cul-de-sac) and the prolonge... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Nanoparticles systems accelerate the drug penetration, increase corneal uptake, and avoid systemic absorption.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Nanoparticles systems accelerate the drug penetration, increase corneal uptake, and avoid systemic absorption.",
"ref_ids": null,... |
161049848 | 5 | 98 | 6,567,376,680 | [
"Mathematics"
] | The sets of the spectral singularities for closed linear operators on a Banach space was given by Nagy [9] . Nagy shows that the set of spectral singularities dened according to his general denition coincides in the case of dierential operators as dened by Naimark and Lyance [7] , [10] . Pavlov established the dependen... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The sets of the spectral singularities for closed linear operators on a Banach space was given by Nagy.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The sets of the spectral singularities for closed linear operators on a Banach space was given by Nagy [9] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
... |
161049848 | 1 | 98 | 6,567,376,680 | [
"Mathematics"
] | The spectral analysis of dierential equations with spectral singularities was investigated by Naimark [7] . Schwartz studied the spectral singularities of a certain class of abstract linear operators in a Hilbert space [8] . The following denition of spectral singularities is given by Schwartz. | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The spectral analysis of dierential equations with spectral singularities was investigated by Naimark.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The spectral analysis of dierential equations with spectral singularities was investigated by Naimark [7] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"B... |
51910475 | 3 | 68 | 6,334,946,257 | [
"Medicine"
] | Diabetes first detected during pregnancy is classified as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) [1] . GDM is associated with significant short and longterm sequelae on both the mother and the offspring. During pregnancy, gestational diabetes is associated with increased risk of pre-ecl... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Diabetes first detected during pregnancy is classified as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Diabetes first detected during pregnancy is classified as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and type 2 diabetes mel... |
14636709 | 0 | 72 | 5,533,219,925 | [
"Computer Science"
] | Image quality enhancement algorithms are developed to improve the visual appearance of an image by increasing the contrast, adjusting brightness, and enhancing visually important features [1] . Image enhancement is very important pre-processing stage in most image processing applications. For example in face recognitio... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Image quality enhancement algorithms are developed to improve the visual appearance of an image by increasing the contrast, adjusting brightness, and enhancing visually important features.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Image quality enhancement algorithms are developed to impro... |
20761338 | 1 | 66 | 1,982,520,597 | [
"Engineering"
] | Wireless sensor systems are increasingly popular for monitoring biological, environmental and industrial conditions. The absence of wires alleviates discomfort for patients. In addition, allowing measurements to be taken from a distance can protect the safety of industrial workers. As a result, much research has been u... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Wireless sensor systems are increasingly popular for monitoring biological, environmental and industrial conditions.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Wireless sensor systems are increasingly popular for monitoring biological, environmental and industrial conditions.",
"ref... |
6483321 | 5 | 29 | 3,230,032,735 | [
"Computer Science"
] | The quality of the feature set is a key factor influencing the performance of a classification algorithm [21] . Irrelevant and/or redundant features can have an adverse affect on the accuracy of a classifier, as well as increasing the time required to learn a model and the complexity of the trained classifier. Similarl... | BACKGROUND | [
{
"text": "The quality of the feature set is a key factor influencing the performance of a classification algorithm.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The quality of the feature set is a key factor influencing the performance of a classification algorithm [21] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
... |
56412163 | 3 | 58 | 3,468,536,866 | [
"Chemistry"
] | Montmorillonite is widely used for the preparation of polymer composites. Recent research focuses on incorporating layered silicates, especially Na-MMT, that could be used as the reinforcing phase due to the latter's very high aspect ratio (∼100). Thus, with a very low loading of MMT (1-10%), the produced nanocomposite... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Montmorillonite is widely used for the preparation of polymer composites.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Montmorillonite is widely used for the preparation of polymer composites.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Recent research focuses o... |
56412163 | 6 | 58 | 3,468,536,866 | [
"Chemistry"
] | Hydroxyethyl cellulose is one of the best known polymers from the cellulose family of which the hydroxyl groups are replaced by hydroxyethyl groups. It has excellent film forming ability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability which makes it a suitable material for biomedical applications. Composites of natural biopoly... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Hydroxyethyl cellulose is one of the best known polymers from the cellulose family of which the hydroxyl groups are replaced by hydroxyethyl groups.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Hydroxyethyl cellulose is one of the best known polymers from the cellulose family of which the... |
3982009 | 17 | 71 | 6,133,770,104 | [
"Medicine"
] | In this study, we carried out experiments to investigate the validity of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles in improving the freezing capability of cryosurgery in tumor cells and discussed the relative mechanisms. The results suggested that 10 μg/ mL Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles was more effective to enhance the survival rate of cells i... | DISCUSSION | [
{
"text": "In this study, we carried out experiments to investigate the validity of Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles in improving the freezing capability of cryosurgery in tumor cells and discussed the relative mechanisms.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In this study, we carried out experiments ... |
39402337 | 6 | 38 | 2,674,605,412 | [
"Mathematics"
] | When modeling the joint distribution of categorical data, one standard approach is to estimate a log-linear model (Bishop et al., 1975) . This effectively treats any ordinal variable as nominal, which sacrifices information in the ordering. Perhaps more importantly, with many variables the space of possible log-linear ... | Motivation | [
{
"text": "When modeling the joint distribution of categorical data, one standard approach is to estimate a log-linear model.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "When modeling the joint distribution of categorical data, one standard approach is to estimate a log-linear model (Bishop et al., 197... |
55953995 | 11 | 31 | 412,899,835 | [
"Materials Science"
] | Etching process isolates the ITO coated glass into two parts which are anode and cathode in order to prevent short circuit. Figure 2a shows the surface of ITO coated glass substrate after etching process. It is seen that the white trench is actually the glass surface where the ITO has been removed through etching proce... | RESULTS AND DISCUSSION | [
{
"text": "Etching process isolates the ITO coated glass into two parts which are anode and cathode in order to prevent short circuit.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Etching process isolates the ITO coated glass into two parts which are anode and cathode in order to prevent short circu... |
32302057 | 0 | 55 | 5,817,941,232 | [
"Engineering"
] | We are currently involved in an information revolution where technology facilitates tasks and the daily activities of people, making them more productive; however, it is important to evaluate if the evolution of technology is truly helping people. In some cases, technology is not necessarily appropriately adopted; for ... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "We are currently involved in an information revolution where technology facilitates tasks and the daily activities of people, making them more productive; however, it is important to evaluate if the evolution of technology is truly helping people.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text... |
124349634 | 0 | 46 | 2,102,991,963 | [
"Physics"
] | The World's energy demand is increasing progressively with the request to fulfil growing energy needs. Enormous energy consumption is even more serious due to lack of natural resources and expressive ecological instability. The built environment evidently has the highest energy demand in the world, which is a contempor... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The World's energy demand is increasing progressively with the request to fulfil growing energy needs.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The World's energy demand is increasing progressively with the request to fulfil growing energy needs.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_t... |
18657533 | 0 | 84 | 3,365,074,587 | [
"Physics"
] | The circular cylinder is often used to test and compare the ability of control methods to suppress flow instabilities. When the Reynolds number of the flow (Re = U ∞ D/ν, where U ∞ is the inflow velocity, D is the cylinder diameter and ν is the kinematic viscosity) reaches about 47, the interaction between the two shea... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The circular cylinder is often used to test and compare the ability of control methods to suppress flow instabilities.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The circular cylinder is often used to test and compare the ability of control methods to suppress flow instabilities.",
... |
11291205 | 56 | 21 | 2,804,000,869 | [
"Computer Science"
] | Our results suggest that Turkers appear to have a wide range of abilities and that some task framings may elicit higher quality performance than others. It is worth emphasizing that we do not utilize any of the quality-control techniques discussed elsewhere for filtering data generated in Mturk and similar environments... | CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK | [
{
"text": "Our results suggest that Turkers appear to have a wide range of abilities and that some task framings may elicit higher quality performance than others.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Our results suggest that Turkers appear to have a wide range of abilities and that some tas... |
84628270 | 1 | 70 | 5,721,804,248 | [
"Biology"
] | The major difficulty in the use of Lamiaceae species for pharmaceutical purpose in the individual variability, due to genetic and biochemical heterogenecity [16] . The conventional method of propagation of this species through seeds, the seed viability is very poor, season dependence and low germination rate (<10%) pot... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The major difficulty in the use of Lamiaceae species for pharmaceutical purpose in the individual variability, due to genetic and biochemical heterogenecity.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "The major difficulty in the use of Lamiaceae species for pharmaceutical purpose in the ind... |
2755764 | 4 | 72 | 746,040,199 | [
"Computer Science"
] | Our particular motivation is the use of a T&M system for remote collaboration [11] . Here, the emerging model of the environment is used to allow a physically remote user to view and navigate the environment, and spatial annotations that are registered to this model and overlaid onto the real world via an appropriate A... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "Our particular motivation is the use of a T&M system for remote collaboration.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Our particular motivation is the use of a T&M system for remote collaboration [11] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF10"
]
],
"citation_text": [
... |
59494967 | 12 | 16 | 211,876,432 | [
"Engineering"
] | Many real-world problem classes of the ALBP have not been studied so far (Boysen, Fliedner, and Scholl 2008) . In particular, multiple constraints for 2S-ALBP are an open research field (Li, Kucukkoc, and Mukund Nilakantan 2017) . In our study, we tackle two such problem classes with three constraints and two different... | Literature review | [
{
"text": "Many real-world problem classes of the ALBP have not been studied so far.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Many real-world problem classes of the ALBP have not been studied so far (Boysen, Fliedner, and Scholl 2008) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF11"
]
],
... |
59494967 | 1 | 16 | 211,876,432 | [
"Engineering"
] | The Simple ALBP (SALBP) follows some special assumptions like, e.g. no assignment restrictions besides the precedence constraints, one-sided stations, etc. . If the objective is to minimise the number of workstations, the SALBP is of type 1 (SALBP-1), while the SALBP-2 consists in assigning tasks to a given number of w... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The Simple ALBP (SALBP) follows some special assumptions like, e.g. no assignment restrictions besides the precedence constraints, one-sided stations, etc. .",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The Simple ALBP (SALBP) follows some special assumptions like, e.g. no assignment rest... |
11595233 | 5 | 6 | 5,342,327,118 | [
"Physics"
] | The fact that time and space have these differences does not, in itself, constitute a problem. On the surface, the differences don't appear to be pointing to a glaring anomaly that requires a reworking of the foundations of physics like the results of the Michelson-Morley experiment did. Yet there is an anomaly, one th... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "The fact that time and space have these differences does not, in itself, constitute a problem.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "The fact that time and space have these differences does not, in itself, constitute a problem.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
... |
52225934 | 3 | 5 | 1,730,584,856 | [
"Biology"
] | An aqueous extract of (unhydrolysed) MBM was reported to have kaolin (clay) flocculant activity (Piazza and Garcia 2010a) . This extract contained only a fraction of the MBM protein, since most MBM protein is insoluble. Base-catalysed hydrolysis of MBM gave hydrolysates, which showed intriguing differences in their flo... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "An aqueous extract of (unhydrolysed) MBM was reported to have kaolin (clay) flocculant activity.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "An aqueous extract of (unhydrolysed) MBM was reported to have kaolin (clay) flocculant activity (Piazza and Garcia 2010a) .",
"ref_ids": [
[
... |
52225934 | 4 | 5 | 1,730,584,856 | [
"Biology"
] | In the research results presented here, MBM was hydrolysed with two proteases, trypsin and subtilisin. Trypsin is a selective protease that preferentially cleaves the peptide bond on the carboxyl side of arginine and lysine (Yin et al. 2008) . Subtilisin (protease from Bacillus licheniformis) is a protease with broad r... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "In the research results presented here, MBM was hydrolysed with two proteases, trypsin and subtilisin.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the research results presented here, MBM was hydrolysed with two proteases, trypsin and subtilisin.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_t... |
47020218 | 1 | 47 | 5,384,516,167 | [
"Computer Science"
] | Tracking or replicating hand/arm motion is a central part of tele-operation. We interact with our environment mainly using vision and touch. Our hands, with their complex structure, high dexterity and precise manipulation ability are critical instruments in recognising shape, stiffness and weight of an object (Achibet,... | intrODuctiOn | [
{
"text": "Tracking or replicating hand/arm motion is a central part of tele-operation.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Tracking or replicating hand/arm motion is a central part of tele-operation.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "We interact with ou... |
55266559 | 6 | 85 | 1,930,355,866 | [
"Mathematics"
] | Lowe defines a descriptor vector named SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform), which is an algorithm that detects distinctive image points and calculates its descriptor based on the orientation histograms of the encountered key points [9] . The extracted points are invariants to scale, rotation as well as source and ... | Related work | [
{
"text": "Lowe defines a descriptor vector named SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform), which is an algorithm that detects distinctive image points and calculates its descriptor based on the orientation histograms of the encountered key points.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Lowe defin... |
55266559 | 5 | 85 | 1,930,355,866 | [
"Mathematics"
] | Worthington studied topographical information from image intensity data in grey scale using the shape from shading (SFS) algorithm [8] . This information is used for object recognition. It is considered that the shape index information can be used for object recognition based on the surface curvature. Two attributes we... | Related work | [
{
"text": "Worthington studied topographical information from image intensity data in grey scale using the shape from shading (SFS) algorithm.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "Worthington studied topographical information from image intensity data in grey scale using the shape from shading (... |
46421773 | 8 | 81 | 2,805,914,511 | [
"Computer Science"
] | In 2005, Abrahamsson considered agile methods to be the best fit for mobile applications [19] . Abrahamsson regarded the following agile characteristics as applicable to mobile software: high environment volatility, small development teams, object-oriented development environment, non-safety critical software, applicat... | Related Work | [
{
"text": "In 2005, Abrahamsson considered agile methods to be the best fit for mobile applications.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "In 2005, Abrahamsson considered agile methods to be the best fit for mobile applications [19] .",
"ref_ids": [
[
"BIBREF18"
]
],
... |
5619011 | 4 | 24 | 1,068,683,244 | [
"Computer Science"
] | It can be accurately and efficiently computed by 1 minimization. Moreover, in Computer Vision, it has been shown that if the sparsity is properly harnessed, the choice of input features is no longer critical [14, 15] . It is still important that the number of features is sufficient and that the sparse representation ca... | INTRODUCTION | [
{
"text": "It can be accurately and efficiently computed by 1 minimization.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "It can be accurately and efficiently computed by 1 minimization.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "Moreover, in Computer Vision, it has been s... |
18105951 | 0 | 34 | 6,021,345,322 | [
"Engineering"
] | A typical design process of a construction project involves various participants from different design disciplines. Most often, these stakeholders interact with each other in an ad hoc manner that enforces a situation of ill-structured information exchanges. When these exchanges of information occur continuously in cyc... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "A typical design process of a construction project involves various participants from different design disciplines.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A typical design process of a construction project involves various participants from different design disciplines.",
"ref_i... |
17218176 | 44 | 62 | 291,384,910 | [
"Computer Science"
] | As many different workflow systems have been developed based on different programming models having different internal workflow description, interoperability across workflows generated by different workflow systems is a non-trivial challenge. Workflow interoperability is fundamental to facilitate sharing of workflows a... | Related Work | [
{
"text": "As many different workflow systems have been developed based on different programming models having different internal workflow description, interoperability across workflows generated by different workflow systems is a non-trivial challenge.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "A... |
15756445 | 7 | 63 | 6,049,026,768 | [
"Computer Science"
] | As discussed in Section 'Offline learning' , the problem of reconstructing a corrupted multi-parameter physiological signal was formally posed in the 11th annual PhysioNet/CinC challenge [7] . On this CinC dataset, our method performed well relative to the winning entry. The methods used by the respondents to the chall... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "As discussed in Section 'Offline learning' , the problem of reconstructing a corrupted multi-parameter physiological signal was formally posed in the 11th annual PhysioNet/CinC challenge.",
"label": "check-worthy",
"original_text": "As discussed in Section 'Offline learning' , the problem of ... |
55091845 | 34 | 45 | 706,410,527 | [
"Economics"
] | In the USA, the corporate income tax has many benefits. First of all, such preferences are provided for those corporations that invest their money in the area. Just apply incentives that encourage businesses to use alternative energy sources. Of net income deducted state and local taxes on income, 100% of dividends fro... | Results | [
{
"text": "In the USA, the corporate income tax has many benefits.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the USA, the corporate income tax has many benefits.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "First of all, such preferences are provided for those corpora... |
55091845 | 16 | 45 | 706,410,527 | [
"Economics"
] | One of the most important tools are the benefits of tax regulation. They are often used both in Russia and abroad. Benefits stimulate the development of the activity for which they are designed: economic activity increases in preferential activities. Tax credits help to equalize the position of economic agents, as well... | Results | [
{
"text": "One of the most important tools are the benefits of tax regulation.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "One of the most important tools are the benefits of tax regulation.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "They are often used both in Russia an... |
55091845 | 49 | 45 | 706,410,527 | [
"Economics"
] | Global tax practice under the tax burden at the macro level is the ratio of the amount recovered taxes from taxpayers, to the volume of gross domestic product (GDP) . Let us analyze this relation in the previously selected countries (Table 3) . Table 3 leads to the following conclusions. Many economically developed cou... | Results | [
{
"text": "Global tax practice under the tax burden at the macro level is the ratio of the amount recovered taxes from taxpayers, to the volume of gross domestic product (GDP) .",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Global tax practice under the tax burden at the macro level is the ratio of t... |
55091845 | 0 | 45 | 706,410,527 | [
"Economics"
] | Tax regulation serves two very important tasks. The first is aimed at regulating the economy, because through the tools of tax regulations have an impact on the socio-economic development of the country. The second is on the ordering of the existing tax system (Troyanskaya & Tyurina, 2013) . Improved tax regulation wil... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "Tax regulation serves two very important tasks.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "Tax regulation serves two very important tasks.",
"ref_ids": null,
"citation_text": null
},
{
"text": "The first is aimed at regulating the economy, because through the tools of ta... |
54674194 | 1 | 60 | 2,259,240,952 | [
"Mathematics"
] | In the offshore industry a structure is placed in an oil or gas field for several years, often for over twenty years. These structures must survive all weather types, including heavy storms. In high or steep waves offshore structures face the problem of wave impact on their bow or bottom. One reported case is the Schie... | Introduction | [
{
"text": "In the offshore industry a structure is placed in an oil or gas field for several years, often for over twenty years.",
"label": "non-check-worthy",
"original_text": "In the offshore industry a structure is placed in an oil or gas field for several years, often for over twenty years.",
"r... |
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