question stringlengths 14 1.69M | answer stringlengths 1 40.5k | meat_tokens int64 1 8.18k |
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Beaming beacon of positivity and unparalleled source of motivational energy. Saara's professional aspiration is to transform client's lives utilizing approaches that are fun, engaging, and exciting. Under her tutelage and guidance clients learn to make sustainable long-term changes, without resorting to ineffective fitness fads, destructive diets, or other trendy nonsense. Her academic background and personal passions are firmly rooted in performance psychology and health promotion, and she strives to push people to be their best selves.
In college, Saara received an athletic scholarship for diving and studied kinesiology (human movement), health promotion, and psychology. Deciding that sport and exercise was totally her thing, she moved to Finland to pursue a Master`s degree in Sport and Exercise Psychology. While studying,<|fim_middle|> is the Denver representative through September 2019. She aims to help make Colorado one of the healthiest states in the nation.
In her free time she enjoys drinking home brews and other craft beers with her husband, playing with her boxers, and exploring all that Colorado has to offer. | she was also diving for the Finnish National team and training for the 2008 Olympics where she was the first overall alternate for the Beijing games. Saara has coached and trained divers of all levels from beginner to international for the past 15 years in three different countries. Having worked with many Olympic level coaches and athletes, she knows what works and what doesn't. Saara leverages her unique combination of academic excellence, athletic prowess, and extensive experience when training and coaching clients. There's a masterful method to her madness: currently a PhD candidate in Sports Psychology (if you are interested in some of her research work click here), Saara is also an appointee for the Colorado Governors council of Active and Healthy Lifestyles. She sits on the communications committee and | 156 |
stf903x2: standard extracts from the full 1990 stf3 datasets, as used in our 1990-2000 trends reports.
stf803:<|fim_middle|> and select the geographic area using the drop-down menus. Once you navigate to the geographic entity you want, click on the FIPS code / link to get to the data applications (aka "applinks") page for the area, and then choose the link to the 1990 Demographic Profile in the Census 1990 section.
1990 Summary File Tapes 1 and 3 via American FactFinder.
The Archive of Census Related Products at CIESIN is a good source of 1990 census data. It even has a small amount of 1980 data.
For data from earlier censuses see this page at the Census Bureau. These collections (one per census back to 1790) of primarily printed reports have been greatly enhanced (circa 2012). This is a remarkable trove of historical census data. | complete 1980 STF3 tables for the entire country (one dataset per state).
stf803x2: standard extracts derived from the corresponding stf803 datasets. This directory contains data for the entire country (one dataset per state), as well as some entire-US sets (uszips, usstcnty, usplaces).
Don't overlook our SF3 Trend Reports, which have 1990 and 2000 data for a wide range of geographic areas.
Basic Tables: 1990 Demographic Profile Reports are available for a wide range of geographic areas and levels. An alternative way to access these 1990 profiles is to invoke the Geographic Codes Lookup application | 149 |
Lakeside Board of Education
Staff Development Room
The meeting was called to order by the president. The following members were present: Mr. Collins, Ms. Griffin, Mr. Livingston, Mr. McJoy and Mr. Williams. Mrs. Green and Mr. Mosley were absent.
The January 9, 2017 minutes and financial report were approved as presented.
Two students from Lakeside Elementary (Trevin Marum and Jalin Washington) were Region 6 first place winners in the Fall 2016 Arkansas Stock Market Game competition. The students made a presentation to the board. Mr Livingston, the board president, presented a certificate of achievement to each student.
Mrs. Stone gave a report on the Lakeside Elementary Art Show. Ms. Armour presented a proposal to allow Delta Horizon to carry select Lakeside High School Students to Washington, DC and New York during spring break (March 19, 2018-March 23, 2018). The trip will be funded by students and parents. A motion was made by Mr. Collins and seconded by Mr. McJoy to allow Delta Horizon to carry select High school students to Washington, D.C. and New York. The motion carried.
The superintendent presented the proposed 2017-18 school calendar (#2) adopted by certified staff. A motion was made by Mr. Collins and seconded by Mr. Williams to approve the 2017-2018<|fim_middle|>.
The president requested that the board go into executive session for the purpose of employment, appointment, discipline, promotion, or resignation of personnel. After the discussion, the public was allowed to return. A motion was made by Mr. Williams and seconded by Mr. Collins to accept the resignation of Jordyn Williams and approve the contracts of Virginia Mitchell and Shirley Smith. The motion carried.
There being no further business, the meeting adjourned at 6:40 P.M. | school calendar adopted by the teachers. The motion carried.
The superintendent reported on the Arkansas State Board meeting which granted the 12 school districts a five year waiver to help deal with the teacher shortage. Also, the superintendent discussed the Hooked on Fishing not on Drugs Grant, Mainline Clinic Grand Opening and Mr. Collins gave a report on ASBA School Law Seminar he attended in Little Rock | 78 |
The business of the Company was established in Montreal in 1866 by Robert Reford. Continuity in family ownership and management has been maintained since that time.
In the initial period, the Company participated in ownership and operation of<|fim_middle|> ports world wide through the Multiport Ship Agencies Network.
A wide variety of owners, operators, and charterers, covering diverse activities, are represented.
At all other ports in Canada and US ports on the Great Lakes, the Company is either represented by sub-agents or our own personnel travel, as required. | sailing vessels such as the Thermopylae as well as general commodity trading business. Since these early years, however, there has been no participation in ownership or management of vessels. In the period of 1911-1945 the Company was associated with Cunard and later White Star Line, as General Agents for Canada.
Since 1945, the Company has acted exclusively as General Steamship Agents. The Company is the oldest Canadian steamship agency organization. It is a wholly owned Canadian company.
The Company's head office is in Montreal. It also maintains and operates offices in Toronto, Vancouver, and Maritimes and acts as general and/or port agent for over 1,000 vessel calls per annum.
Robert Reford is an ISO approved Company and has been certified to ISO 9002 (1994) standards by Intertek Testing Services NA Ltd.
In addition to the above, services can be offered at all other Canadian ports, and at | 205 |
The BIMM Alumni Network is an exclusive and free service which offers a range of benefits and resources to all BIMM graduates ranging from A&R advice and funding, Business and Enterprise Awards for talented entrepreneurs, networking events, access to industry conferences, festivals, masterclasses, jobs board and ongoing careers support.
We're extremely proud of our students and alumni and love to stay connected after you've graduated so we can support and celebrate your careers as you start working in roles across the creative industries.
Explore the benefits and resources available via BIMM's extensive alumni network by logging into BIMM Connect – your dedicated Careers platform.
Whenever possible we love our BIMM Alumni to visit our colleges to guide current students & talk to them about their journey in the music industry. Who better to explain<|fim_middle|>ducers - come & check out some of our fantastic Alumni. | the in's & out's of the industry than those who started in the very same rooms as the audience?!
From Artists, Songwriters & Vocalists to Managers, Promoters & Pro | 38 |
Easter is a celebration of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ! It is traditionally a time of hope and new beginnings.
There are a number of Scriptures which point to the hope of the resurrection that are helpful when life is wearing you down, you face despair or debilitating circumstances seem to loom over your life. If you find yourself in this position, look to the hope found in Christ!
Some of the greatest Scripture that speak of the resurrection of Jesus Christ are found in the gospel accounts. When the women and disciples went to the tomb and found it was empty. At first some were afraid, it took a while for the reality that<|fim_middle|> on Christ as the son of God will experience a resurrection just as Christ arose from the grave.
In which believers will be united with the Godhead and beloved believers who have passed on before.
The resurrection, therefore, gives me reason to hope. Hope for power to make it through today, and hope for a power that will be witnessed by all upon the resurrection of the dead. | Jesus had risen from the dead to take hold.
The great truth that we take away from this verse is that Christ is not dead. He defeated death and the grave. He came out victorious on the other side of the grade and because of that victory we can place our hope in Him.
Because of his resurrection power we can have hope that Christ has the power to intervene in our everyday lives.
Were it not for the resurrection, the gospel message would be without power. Because the resurrection demonstrated God's great power we can know that his power is real and available for believers.
Because of the resurrection, I have an eternal hope. When I die, or loved ones pass away, I don't have to live in futility because of the resurrection of Christ. Scripture assures me that those who have believed | 160 |
Flight tickets to Heraklion. Book your flight with Brussels Airlines.
According to Greek mythology, Matala is the place where Zeus swam ashore with the kidnapped Europa on his back. In more recent times, Matala has become legendary because of its cliffside caves and crescent-shaped bay, the perfect backdrop for a magical sunset.
Located at the entrance of the old port of Heraklion, the 16th-century Koules Fortress underwent six years of restoration before reopening. The brand-new exhibition tells the story of the building, featuring ancient amphorae, Venetian cannons and finds from several shipwrecks.
Agios Nikolaos is quite different from other towns in Crete, combining resort-style flair and modern architecture with a bustling nightlife. Hire a car, drive along the northern coastline and head east towards the hilly terrain overlooking the shores of the beautiful Mirabello Bay.
So don't wait a moment longer, and book your Brussels Airlines ticket to Heraklion, Crete!
Head to the beach, of course! The island of Crete is famous for its beautiful beaches. Whether you are looking for popular beaches offering many complementary services (like Matala, Amoudara or Malia) or for secluded bays (Agiofaraggo and Dermatos), and whether you prefer sand, pebbles or rock, you will definitely find the perfect beach near Heraklion.
See where King Minos and the mythical Minotaur lived: the Minoan palaces of Knossos, Phaestos and Zakros are situated near Heraklion and can be easily reached by bus. You can also visit a number of Minoan tombs near Her<|fim_middle|> So even if you can't handle the heat in the peak of summer (average highs of 30°C in July-August), just about any other month in spring or summer is a good option. If you plan on visiting archaeological sites or going on excursions, avoid peak summer and plan your trip in spring or autumn. Springtime would be the best choice as nature will be in full bloom.
What to eat in Heraklion, Crete?
Don't wait a moment longer and book now your getaway to Heraklion Crete with Brussels Airlines. | aklion, where you can admire statues, pottery and other pieces of Minoan art.
Discover Heraklion's Venetian past: the Venetians ruled Crete in the 16th century and have left many architectural reminders of their time on the island. Their influence is mostly visible in the defensive buildings dominating the harbour like the Koules Fortress, the Loggia (today the Heraklion Town Hall), and the Morosini Fountain, decorated with lions, the symbol of La Serenissima (a name for the Republic of Venice).
And its Byzantine past: the Byzantine influence is mostly to be found in the religious buildings, like the Agios Titos Cathedral or the Agios Minas Cathedral, both converted into mosques during the Ottoman occupation.
Interesting museums to visit are the Historical Museum of Crete, the Museum of Natural History, and The Archeological Museum.
Enjoy the animated nightlife of Heraklion on Korai Street or in St. Titus Square.
Brussels Airlines flights arrive and depart from Nikos Kazantzakis International Airport, which is located 3 km from Heraklion.
The Palace of Knossos is one of the most visited places in Greece after the Acropolis. We advise that you set aside a full day for the visit.
When to go to Heraklion, Crete?
Crete has a Mediterranean climate with strong sub-Saharan influences from the nearby African continent. Winters are mild and summers are long, hot and sunny. With over 300 days of sunshine, Heraklion is a top destination for guaranteed sunshine. Though summers are hot and dry, the strong Meltemi wind can cool the weather down significantly, especially in the northern regions such as Chania. Crete will occasionally suffer heatwaves coming from Africa, yet these will usually only affect southern Crete.
Generally, the most popular moment to visit Heraklion, and Crete in general, is between June and September. Summer starts early in Crete, with the average highs already climbing to 24°C in May. | 421 |
Alsat-2A ist ein alger<|fim_middle|>Erdbeobachtungssatellit
Raumfahrt (Algerien)
Raumfahrtmission 2010 | ischer Erdbeobachtungssatellit der algerischen Raumfahrtbehörde ASAL. Er wurde von EADS Astrium gefertigt, gehört zur Baureihe AstroSat 100 und basiert auf dem Satellitenbus Myriade. Auftraggeber war das algerische nationale Zentrum für Weltraumtechnik (Centre National des Techniques Spatiales, CNTS). Der Vertrag zum Bau wurde im Februar 2006 abgeschlossen.
Aufbau
Alsat-2A stellt den Nachfolger des am 28. November 2002 gestarteten Satelliten Alsat-1 dar und soll neben der Kartographie auch Informationen für die Land-, Forst- und Wasserwirtschaft gewinnen, die Suche nach Bodenschätzen und die Planungen der Landnutzung unterstützen und beim Katastrophenschutz helfen. Dafür befindet sich ein NAOMI für New Astrosat Observation Modular Instrument genanntes Teleskop mit 200 mm Spiegeldurchmesser an Bord, welches eine Auflösung von 2,5 Metern panchromatisch und von 10 Metern in vier einzelnen Spektralbereichen erzielt. Die Schwadbreite des Teleskops beträgt 17,5 Kilometer, wobei der Satellit etwa alle drei Tage die gleiche Stelle der Erdoberfläche überfliegt und das Teleskop bis zu 35° außerhalb der Bahnebene Bilder aufnehmen kann. Die Datenübertragung erfolgt im X- und S-Band. Die Energieversorgung übernimmt ein Solarzellenausleger aus zwei Elementen, der maximal 175 Watt elektrische Leistung für den Betrieb der Satellitensysteme bereitstellt und von Lithiumionenakkumulatoren mit einer Gesamtkapazität von 15 Amperestunden unterstützt wird. Als Lebensdauer sind mindestens fünf Jahre angegeben. Für Bahnkorrekturmanöver führt der Satellit 4,5 Kilogramm Hydrazin für seine entsprechenden Triebwerke mit. Die Stabilisierung erfolgt mithilfe von Stern- und Sonnensensoren, Reaktion wheels, Gyroskopen und GPS.
Start
Der Start erfolgte am 12. Juli 2010 um 05:52 Uhr MESZ zusammen mit vier weiteren Satelliten mit der PSLV-Rakete C15 vom Raketenstartplatz Satish Dhawan Space Centre aus, wobei die PSLV bei diesem Start nicht mit Boostern ausgerüstet war. Die Hauptnutzlast Cartosat-2B wurde als erster Satellit nach 1034 Sekunden in einer Höhe von rund 637 Kilometern über der Erdoberfläche in einem kreisförmigen sonnensynchronen Orbit mit einer Bahnneigung von rund 98,1° ausgesetzt. Anschließend wurde auch der 116 kg schwere Alsat-2A abgetrennt und schließlich auch die drei Nano- bzw. Picosatelliten Studsat aus Indien, AISSat-1 aus Norwegen und TIsat-1 aus der Schweiz ausgesetzt.
Alsat-2B
Der baugleiche Alsat-2B wurde im algerischen Raumfahrtentwicklungszentrum Centre de développement spatial in Oran gefertigt und am 26. September 2016 ins All gebracht. Wegen der verlängerten Lebenszeit von 2A kann er nun zusammen mit 2B genutzt werden
Weblinks
Astrium: Erfolgreicher Start von ALSAT-2A
Astrium, ASAL: ALSAT-2 Programme (englisch; PDF; 3,9 MB)
ASAL: Homepage (französisch)
Einzelnachweise
| 887 |
Minnesota is known<|fim_middle|> St. Cloud, there is exciting food being prepared all over the state. If you have ever considered a career in the kitchen, get a degree from a Michigan culinary school. You will be surrounded by professional instructors and ambitious fellow students as you dive into the magical world of the culinary arts. Whether you passion is to cook Southern inspired BBQ, traditional French dishes, or Japanese sushi, the skills and techniques you learn at a Michigan culinary school will serve you well. Classes are forming all the time and you will be able to select the curriculum that interests you most. Plus, many Michigan culinary schools have begun offering online as well as in person instruction to make getting your degree more convenient than ever. | as the land of 10,000 lakes but there are certainly more restaurants and chefs in the state than that. From the cities of Minneapolis to | 32 |
Metrofire is a market leader<|fim_middle|>. | in the provision of fire safety and emergency management solutions for the health and aged care industry, offering a range of consulting services, education programs and fire safety training packages solely and exclusively for the healthcare sector.
As a specialist provider, we work with healthcare organisations of all sizes, across Australia, in both the public and private sectors - providing tailored and cost effective emergency management solutions which satisfy specific ACHS requirements and exceed nominated benchmarks.
With over one hundred years of collective experience in the healthcare fire safety and emergency management sector, we are able to offer innovative and practical solutions to improve emergency management functions within your organisation.
Metrofire is a market leader in the provision of emergency response and fire safety training to the health and aged care industry, specialising in all aspects of healthcare emergency response training.
Metrofire's exclusive OnAlert® online training platform enables the flexible and cost effective delivery of cutting edge, highly interactive and comprehensive emergency procedures training - specifically designed for the healthcare industry | 191 |
Home Fun Thunderbirds Video Games Roundup!
Fun Guest Blog Reviews
Thunderbirds Video Games Roundup!
By Andrew Clements
Prepare to plug in your controllers and boot up your consoles as Ian Coomber guides us through some of the Thunderbirds video games that have been produced in recent years.
It's fair to say that ever since they were first shown on TV screens in 1965, viewers everywhere have imagined themselves sitting in the pilot seat of the fantastic Thunderbird machines themselves. Real life may not have caught up with Brains' creations just yet, but thanks to the advent of video games, fans have been able to at least recreate their adventures in the comfort of their own living rooms; something which first occurred thanks to the Commodore 64 and ZX Spectrum back in 1984.
Copies of this original game might be considered collectors items today, but thanks to the series' second revival in the 2000s, it wasn't the only one to be produced. While a tie-in for the 2004 Hollywood effort was somewhat predictable,<|fim_middle|> whoever is speaking at the time. Throughout the game this includes the whole cast, including Jeff, Brains, and The Hood, but is not without its imperfections. The addition of another character from a different Anderson series is a surprising if not wholly unwelcome error (presumably in the mistaken belief of being Tin-Tin?), although an image of Marina does kind of miss the whole point somewhat.
Thunderbirds (2007) – Playstation 2
Not to be outdone in its rivalry with Nintendo, Sony's Playstation 2 had it's own game released in 2007. Produced by Blast! who also released a Captain Scarlet driving game the previous year, this is a game that is steeped in nostalgia by design. This time aimed at gamers who would have been introduced to Thunderbirds during its 1990s revival, the game is mostly played in the same style as the critically acclaimed Desert Strike and Jungle Strike, released fifteen years earlier. Thunderbirds 3 and 4 meanwhile go back to an even earlier era, and their missions will be instantly recognizable to anyone who ever played the arcade classic Asteroids.
Although it may not feature the Mole or Lady Penelope, this Thunderbirds does at least offer times where you can choose which craft to control. Thunderbirds 1 and 2 are often interchangeable, particularly when shooting down the Hood's drones, but do still have their own unique abilities; where TB1 can land in order to rescue those in danger, TB2 can airlift everything from radioactive barrels to cows (yes, really!) away from the danger zone. In addition to this, just as TB2 is needed to launch TB4's missions, so too must TB1 rendezvous with TB3. A slightly odd feature of finding the spaceship ready and waiting away from Tracy Island, but which at least makes sense in terms of the games mechanics.
Overcoming the handhelds limitations, Thunderbirds here makes full use of a complete TV screen and the game is much more seamless as a result. All the information you need (health, fuel, lives, etc) is right there, and both the map and instructions relayed from Thunderbird 5 are made obvious without ever being obtrusive. It may be a budget game which was never meant to compete with contemporary releases such as Bioshock, or Assassin's Creed, but its simple enough game play still manages to create a fully immersive experience. Piloting a favourite Thunderbird against the clock to the sound of Barry Gray's heart pounding score is simply something that no other video games can compare to.
Our thanks to Ian for his thoughts on these Thunderbirds video games. Have you played any of them before and if so, did you you enjoy them? Let us know in the comments below!
A few years ago, our very own Chris Thompson created some concept images for a Thunderbirds video game that he'd like to see. Envisioned as more of a Just Cause-style free-roaming adventure game than the more linear versions currently available, we'd love to see a game like this in future.
Here are a few of the concept images as an extra end-of-level treat!
Tagsgameboyplaystationthunderbirdsvideo games
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A writer, film maker and self confessed Gerry Anderson fanatic. Free to good home.
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video games released throughout the decade, each for a different generation of console, is surely something worth celebrating. It may have been ten years since the last release, a long time in an industry that is constantly inundated with the latest titles, but that doesn't mean they can't still be found on the second hand market. For any Thunderbirds fan who may have the right console, even if packed away somewhere, these video games just might be the excuse to dust them off you were looking for….
Thunderbirds (2000) – Game Boy Color
Released in 2000, this had pretty much everything you could want from a game called Thunderbirds. Not only do you pilot all four primary vehicles, but the Mole and FAB 1 are also there for your controlling pleasure.
That said, the number of level styles aren't as varied; TB4 and the Mole have almost identical controls, and the only difference to TB2's is that the action is viewed from above rather than side on. It might not be perfect – Thunderbird 3's mazes in particular can be annoying when you lose a life because of something which isn't your fault – but the ease in which all of the craft are controlled shows how the simplicity of the console is used to its advantage. A password system that allows you to access later levels where saving a game isn't an option is also a welcome feature as not only does it give you greater choice than starting from the beginning every single time, but also allows you to pick up where you left off after a game over, essentially giving you as many continues as you need.
The main Thunderbirds theme is still highly recognizable, although can only be described as 'springy', and is now heard in such a dated way that it makes you wonder how it was ever considered state of the art.
Despite all the Game Boy Color's limitations however, for a screen which is somewhat small and pixelated, the recreation of photographic images is much better than you might expect from a handheld console now nearly 20 years old.
Thunderbirds: International Rescue (2001) – Game Boy Advance
Much like the fact it was released on the updated Game Boy Advance (and is also playable on the DS & DSlite), Thunderbirds: International Rescue is essentially just an upgraded version of its Game Boy Color predecessor. Perhaps the most obvious new addition is that of FAB2, as well as the inclusion of being able to play as a fully uniformed member of International Rescue in a traditional run and jump 2D platformer. Certain levels now also include a number of exit points, allowing you to choose who or what you want to control next.
Despite the ease with which the craft continue to be controlled, it's still advisable to play the introductory levels as some of the more useful features are also the most easily missed; there will be times when Thunderbird 2's map is indispensable for example, but you need to know to press Select to be able to access it.
One specific change from its predecessor is the change in TB1's levels from rescuing to just scrolling and shooting, but a non-violent ethos is still maintained in other ways. When your health runs out you will often be told that vehicles merely need to make an emergency landing rather than crashing in an impressive Supermarionation fireball, likewise Gordon will point out the "mechanical" Manta Ray that can be destroyed, and even goes so far as to point out how pretty the other fish are.
The game also features more impressive music this time round, although in game dialogue is still limited to on-screen text accompanied by an image of | 758 |
Posted on October 1, 2015 October 1, 2015 by Steven
Interview: Alex Fegan, director of 'Older Than Ireland'
Alex Fegan's documentary Older Than Ireland tells the story of a hundred years of a life as seen through the eyes of thirty Irish centenarians. Beginning with their youth and working up to their thoughts of the afterlife, each person shares their extraordinary stories of a life that has shone for over a hundred years.
Alex explains that the idea for the film came about when he met a man who was going to a 100-year-old's birthday party. "I just thought that was amazing. I asked him what was she like and he said she was in great form. That triggered the idea and things took off from there."
Being born before 1916 and with the centenary coming up next year, Alex felt it would be an interesting way to get an historical perspective from the nation's older citizens. Yet, as Alex admits, the film<|fim_middle|> being allowed to talk and tell their stories. "I suppose what we ultimately decided was just to hold the camera up to these people and let them do all the talking, deciding to try and stand out of things as much as conceivably possible. You've got to remember", Alex continues, "these people are 100 years of age and over. They've got a lot more wisdom then we do – they're really authentic and they have zero pretence whatsoever. They just say it as it is. They don't care what I think or what anybody else thinks. They just speak their mind. So, ultimately, what we wanted to do was to capture these people who are spiritually and soulfully as authentic as you can get."
As well as offering a rare insight into the personal lives of the individuals featured in Older Than Ireland, the film also exists as a great personal archive for the families of those involved in the film. Alex talks about how families have sent on emails saying how grateful they are. "Especially for those centenarians who have since passed. It's such a nice thing that they have this film. As well as that, we will be providing all the footage to them – we had about two hours, at least, of an interview per person, so it's a lovely record. Sometimes you don't take the time to put the camera on people and just let them tell their stories. One of the reasons this film got made was because when we went to the Irish Film Board with the initial idea, which they really got behind, they said to us that no matter what happened with the film, it would exist as a great archive."
Finally, Alex hopes that the film will encourage families to visit the cinema together. "We are trying to encourage young people to take their grandparents to the film. It could be seen as a cynical ploy to get more people into the cinema but one thing we did discover making the film was that a lot of older people find loneliness to be the biggest issue. They all want to go to the cinema. They might not want to watch The Avengers but I'm sure they would like to see this film. So we are hoping that younger people will take their grandparents or elderly neighbours to see the film."
You can check olderthanireland.ie for screenings.
August 12, 2015 Review of Irish Film at Galway Film Fleadh: Older than Ireland
September 28, 2015 Review: Older Than Ireland
October 11, 2013 Interview: Alex Fegan, director of 'The Irish Pub'
November 19, 2015 IFI Ireland on Sunday Interview: Johnny Gogan, director of 'Generate The State/Gineador An Stait'
February 12, 2015 IFI Ireland on Sunday Interview: Neasa Ní Chianáin, director of 'The Stranger '
March 2, 2017 Interview: Ciaran Creagh, writer/director of 'In View'
November 9, 2013 IFI Ireland on Sunday Interview: Michelle Deignan, director of 'Breaking Ground: the Story of the London Irish Women's Centre'
May 1, 2015 Interview: Moe Honan, co-producer of 'Two by Two'
April 10, 2015 IFI Ireland on Sunday Interview: Treasa O'Brien, co-director of 'Eat Your Children'
November 23, 2011 IFI French Film Festival: L'Atalante
CategoriesExclusives, Featured, Interviews TagsAlex Fegan, interview, Older Than Ireland, Steven Galvin
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Interview with Jack Reynor, actor 'Sing Street' | found its own narrative and rather than Alex looking to tell a particular story, the story began to tell itself. "That's the great thing about documentary – you can start off in a particular direction but then you can discover a whole new thing. We realised as the journey went on that the film really isn't about history at all or being Irish. It's about being human. I suppose more things have happened in the last century than any other century – and while that's in the film, it's really irrelevant. The only thing that matters is the personal stories and these are stories of relationships. That was the big discovery. Ultimately, when you reach the pinnacle of the mountain of life you know that what matters is your spouse, your kids, your family and your friends.
"Early on we had an idea of going through the decades, so the film had various narratives, starting off with the '10s, then the '20s and '30s and so on, and asked them what their thoughts were about the 1929 crash or the political situation in Ireland in the '40s or '50s for example. But very soon we realised they weren't that interested in talking about such things. They just didn't have a passion for that. What they did have a passion for was their wedding day, their first kiss, telling a story about their first pair of shoes. The stuff that probably everybody else will think about when they reach 100 – things like their school days, first girlfriend or boyfriend, how they proposed to their wife, how their husband proposed to them, their honeymoon… these are the things that they really wanted to reflect back on. You ask what was your happiest time and that's what they would talk about. So what we initially set out to do just didn't transpire in the way that we thought it would. What quickly became apparent was that this was a film more about their personal journey than a sociopolitical journey."
Ultimately, this is what makes Older Than Ireland' such a wonderfully warm and tender film. You never feel that the people involved are being interviewed. It's more that they are | 440 |
Under contract with UDOT design Consultant, SUE Solutions performed Quality Level 'A' Subsurface Utility Engineering services for this UDOT project, which is part of the Mountain View Corridor Project, located in Lehi, Utah. The UDOT Consultant identified four locations which conflicted with the ongoing project design. SUE Solutions coordinated their<|fim_middle|> existing utilities gathering critical utility data such as depth, size, material, and material type. This data is to be used to further design the roadway and utility improvements. Utilities potholed and exposed consisted of culinary water lines and pressurized irrigation water lines. | Level 'A' locating services with the design consultant, local Blue Stake contractors, and Lehi Water Department, successfully completing the potholing services. SUE Solutions locating services were completed through the use of non-destructive means (vacuum excavation and compressed air) to expose | 55 |
Festivals in ancient Rome were an important part of Roman religious life during both the Republican and Imperial eras, and one of the primary features of the Roman calendar. Feriae were either public or private, state holidays were celebrated by the Roman people and received public funding. Games, such as the Ludi Apollinares, were not technically feriae, although feriae were paid for by the state, ludi were often funded by wealthy individuals. Feriae privatae were holidays celebrated in honor of individuals or by families. Conceptivae were annual holidays that were moveable feasts, the date was announced by the magistrates or priests who were responsible for them, imperativae were holidays held on demand when special celebrations or expiations were called for. One of the most important sources for Roman holidays is Ovids Fasti, varro defined feriae as days instituted for the sake of the gods. Religious rites were performed on the feriae, and public business was suspended, even slaves were supposed to be given some form of rest.
Cicero says specifically that people who were free should not engage in lawsuits and quarrels, agricultural writers recognized that some jobs on a farm might still need to be performed, and specified what these were. Some agricultural tasks not otherwise permitted could be carried out if an expiation were made in advance, within the city of Rome, the flamens and the priest known as the Rex sacrorum were not allowed even to see work done. On a practical level, those who inadvertently worked could pay a fine or offer up a piaculum, work considered vital either to the gods or preserving human life was excusable, according to some experts on religious law. Although Romans were required not to work, they were not required to take any action unless they were priests or had family rites to maintain. Following is a month-by-month list of Roman festivals and games that had a place on the calendar. For some, the date on which they were first established is recorded, a deitys festival often marked the anniversary of the founding of a temple, or a rededication after a major renovation.
Hellenistic polytheistic traditions survived in pockets of Greece throughout Late Antiquity. The Neoplatonic Academy was shut down by Justinian I in 529, under Roman authority, the various national myths most similar to Rome were adopted by analogue into the overall Roman mythos, further cementing Imperial control. Consequently, the Romans were generally tolerant and accommodating towards new deities, the more philosophical outlook of the Hellenic parts of the Roman empire led to a renaissance of intellectual religious thought around the start of the 2nd century. A more organised form of alatrist henotheistic panentheism emerged in parallel to Hermetism, at least one major meeting place for followers of this neopythagoreanism was built in Rome itself, near Porta Maggiore, to a design similar to Christian churches, though subterranean. Neoplatonism began to be adopted by prominent scholars such as the Christian theologian Origen, during the rule of Gallienus, the imperial family themselves gave patronage to Plotinus, and encouraged his philosophical activities.
Neoplatonism was further developed by Iamblichus, who believed that physical invocations would be able to produce soteriological results, Mithraism wasnt exclusive - it was possible and common to follow Mithraism and other cults simultaneously. From the reign of Septimius Severus, less gender-specific and he rode roughshod over other elements of traditional religion, marrying a Vestal Virgin, and moved the most sacred relics of Roman religion to a new temple dedicated exclusively to El-Gabal. Nearly half a century after Elagabalus, Aurelian came to power and he was a reformer, strengthening the position of the sun-god as the main divinity of the Roman pantheon, he even built a brand new temple, in Rome, dedicated to the deity. Lactantius argued that Aurelian would have outlawed all the gods if he had had enough time. Imperial tolerance only extended to religions that did not resist Roman authority, religions that were hostile to the state or any that claimed exclusive rights to religious beliefs and practice were not included and some exclusive Eastern cults were persecuted.
Jews were given special privileges owing to their dominance in economy and dispersal, tolerance of Judaism turned to persecution when collaboration was perceived as ending, see Anti-Judaism in the pre-Christian Roman Empire. The results included massacres of Christian communities and Jewish nationalist groups, the early Christian community was perceived at times to be an intrinsically destabilising influence and threat to the peace of Rome, a religio illicita. The same gods whom the Romans believed had protected and blessed their city, after the initial conflicts between the state and the new emerging religion, Gallienus was the first emperor to issue an edict of toleration for all religious creeds including Christianity. According to Christian polemicists writing after his death, Constantine I was baptized on his deathbed, eusebius, a contemporary Christian historian, praises him for having some pagan temples torn down. Actual persecution was sporadic and generally the result of local initiative, official orders may have established an understanding that actual persecution would be tolerated, but in the first century of official Christianity did not generally organize it.
Latin literature includes the essays, poems and other writings written in the Latin language. Latin literature was in ways a continuation of Greek literature. Formal Latin literature began in 240 BC, when a Roman audience saw a Latin version of a Greek play, the adaptor was Livius Andronicus, a Greek who had been brought to Rome as a prisoner of war in 272 BC. Andronicus translated Homers Greek epic the Odyssey into an old type of Latin verse called Saturnian, the first Latin poet to write on a Roman theme was Gnaeus Naevius during the 3rd century BC. He composed a poem about the first Punic War, in which he had fought. Naeviuss dramas were mainly reworkings of Greek originals, but he created based on Roman myths. Quintus En<|fim_middle|> of armistice, treaty. Libations poured onto the earth are meant for the dead and for the chthonic gods, in the Book of the Dead in the Odyssey, Odysseus digs an offering pit around which he pours in order honey and water.
The most prominent feature of the ruins that were once the Temple of Vesta is the hearth (seen here in the foreground).
Friday is associated in many cultures with the love goddess Venus, and the planet named for her.
A cult statue of the divinized Augustus, disfigured by a Christian cross carved into the emperor's forehead.
Saint Ambrose and Emperor Theodosius, Anthony van Dyck.
Jupiter, the supreme Roman god of the sky. | nius wrote an epic, the Annals, describing Roman history from the founding of Rome to his own time. He adopted Greek dactylic hexameter, which became the verse form for Roman epics. He became famous for his tragic dramas, in this field, his most distinguished successors were Marcus Pacuvius and Lucius Accius.
These three writers rarely used episodes from Roman history, they wrote Latin versions of tragic themes that the Greeks had already handled. But even when they copied the Greeks, they did not translate slavishly, only fragments of their plays have survived. Considerably more is known about early Latin comedy, as 26 Early Latin comedies are extant –20 of which Plautus wrote, and these men modeled their comedies on Greek plays known as New Comedy. But they treated the plots and wording of the originals freely, Plautus scattered songs through his plays and increased the humor with puns and wisecracks, plus comic actions by the actors. Terences plays were more polite in tone, dealing with domestic situations and his works provided the chief inspiration for French and English comedies of the 17th century AD, and even for modern American comedy. The prose of the period is best known through On Agriculture by Cato the Elder, Cato wrote the first Latin history of Rome and of other Italian cities. He was the first Roman statesman to put his political speeches in writing as a means of influencing public opinion, Early Latin literature ended with Gaius Lucilius, who created a new kind of poetry in his 30 books of Satires.
Philosophy, political thought, and mythology are three major examples of how classical culture survives and continues to have influence. The West is one of a number of world cultures regarded as having a classical tradition, including the Indian, Judaic, the study of the classical tradition differs from classical philology, which seeks to recover the meanings that ancient texts had in their original contexts. It examines both efforts to uncover the realities of the Greco-Roman world and creative misunderstandings that reinterpret ancient values and aesthetic models for contemporary use. The classicist and translator Charles Martindale has defined the reception of antiquity as a two-way process … in which the present. The beginning of a classical tradition is usually located in the Renaissance. The use and meaning of the tradition may seem, however. The English word tradition, and with it the concept of handing down classical culture, derives from the Latin verb trado, traditus, in the sense of hand over, hand down.
The Vinalia were Roman festivals of the wine harvest, wine vintage and gardens, held in honour of Jupiter and Venus. The Vinalia prima, known as the Vinalia urbana was held on April 23, to bless and sample last years wine, the Vinalia rustica was on August 19, before the harvest and grape-pressing. The Vinalia Urbana was held on 23 April and it was predominantly a wine festival, shared by Venus as patron of profane wine intended for everyday human use, and Jupiter as patron of the strongest, sacrificial grade wine. In honour of Venus, whose powers had provided humankind with ordinary wine, common girls and prostitutes gathered at Venus Erycinas Colline temple – probably on separate occasions, for proprietys sake – to offer the goddess myrtle and rushes concealed in rose-bunches. In return, they asked her for beauty and popular favour, the Vinalia Rustica was held on August 19. It was originally a rustic Latin harvest festival, celebrating the grape harvest, vegetable growth, at the Roman Vinalia Rustica, kitchen gardens and market-gardens, and presumably vineyards were dedicated to Venus Obsequens, the oldest known form of Venus.
A libation is a ritual pouring of a liquid as an offering to a god or spirit, or in memory of those who have passed on. It was common in many religions of antiquity and continues to be offered in various cultures today, various substances have been used for libations, most commonly wine or olive oil, and in India, ghee. The vessels used in the ritual, including the patera, often had a significant form which differentiated them from secular vessels, the libation could be poured onto something of religious significance, such as an altar, or into the earth. In East Asia, pouring an offering of rice into a stream, symbolises the unattachment from karma. Libation was part of ancient Egyptian society where it was an offering to honor and please the various divinities, sacred ancestors, humans present and not present. It is suggested that libation originated somewhere in the upper Nile Valley and spread out to other regions of Africa, isaiah uses libation as a metaphor when describing the end of the Suffering Servant figure who poured out his life unto death.
Libation was a central and vital aspect of ancient Greek religion and it is one of the basic religious acts that define piety in ancient Greece, dating back to the Bronze Age and even prehistoric Greece. Libations were a part of life, and the pious might perform them every day in the morning and evening. A libation most often consisted of mixed wine and water, but could be unmixed wine, oil, the form of libation called spondē is typically the ritualized pouring of wine from a jug or bowl held in the hand. The most common ritual was to pour the liquid from an oinochoē into a phiale, after wine was poured from the phiale, the remainder of the contents was drunk by the celebrant. A libation is poured any time wine is to be drunk, the etiquette of the symposium required that when the first bowl of wine was served, a libation was made to Zeus and the Olympian gods. Heroes received a libation from the second krater served, and Zeus the Finisher from the third, an alternative was to offer a libation from the first bowl to the Agathos Daimon and from the third bowl to Hermes.
An individual at the symposium could make an invocation of, the Greeks stood when they prayed, either with their arms uplifted, or in the act of libation with the right arm extended to hold the phiale. In conducting animal sacrifice, wine is poured onto the victim as part of its ritual slaughter and preparation and this scene is commonly depicted in Greek art, which often shows sacrificers or the gods themselves holding the phiale. The Greek verb spendō, pour a libation, conclude a pact, derives from the Indo-European root *spend-, make an offering, perform a rite, the noun is spondē or spondai, libation. In the middle voice, the verb means enter into an agreement, blood sacrifice was performed to begin a war, spondai marked the conclusion of hostilities, and is often thus used in the sense | 1,425 |
Last Sunday my daughter and I went to Fountain Square to shoot some photos. I asked her what she wanted for lunch & without hesitation she said "Siam Square". Having never been to this<|fim_middle|> Curry dish for a while now. I'm usually a Pad Thai (chicken/pork) guy but I was feeling a little adventitious today.
My daughter ordered the Chicken Pad Thai and, after a brief discussion with our server, I went for the Red Curry. I was not sure what to expect but sometimes you just have to throw caution to the wind.
I'm glad I took a chance because I was VERY impressed with the Red Curry. It was spicy (medium), sweet and had a lot of interesting flavors. The bamboo shoots and green beans were plentiful as was the thinly sliced chicken. Several Thai Basil leaves were mixed through the dish and they added a wonderful herbal flavor.
We've visited many Thai places this last year and the Pad Thai almost always is a little sweet (sometimes too sweet). The Pad Thai at Siam square had a nice "char/caramelization" mixed in and the noodles had a great texture. The Pad Thai has to be one of the best I've had to date.
Service was very attentive and the prices were on par with other Thai places in the Indy area. We spent some time exploring the Fountain Square District and identified several places to try next time we're in the area. I think Duck Pin Bowling is on the agenda for the next visit! | restaurant I was happy to go based on the glowing feedback from friends.
Note, all images in this review are from the Internet because we actually left the cameras in the car while we ate & the lighting did not work for phone pictures. Rookie mistake for sure.
The menu at Siam Square is pretty typical of any Thai restaurant including lunch specials during the week. I've wanted to try a | 78 |
ISERN
International Software Engineering Research Network
ISERN Manifesto
ISERN Members
Welcome to ISERN
International Software Engineering Research Network (ISERN)
ISERN is a community that believes software engineering research needs to be performed in an experimental context. By doing this we will be able to observe and experiment with the technologies in use, understand their weaknesses and strengths,tailor the technologies for the goals and characteristics of particular projects and package them together with empirically gained experience to enhance their reuse potential in future projects.
The founding ISERN members chose the Quality Improvement Paradigm as the reference model to provide a common terminology for their cooperation.
The ISERN community holds annual meetings.
The next meeting will be in Bari, October 5-6, 2020.
For the history of meetings check HISTORY.
As a community, we have begun to recognize that software cannot be produced with a standard technology, but needs to be developed with technologies tailored to the goals and characteristics of particular projects. Consequently, software engineering research needs to be performed in an experimental context that allows us to observe and experiment with the technologies in use, understand their weaknesses and strengths, tailor the technologies for the goals and characteristics of particular projects, and package them together with empirically gained experience to enhance their reuse potential in future projects.
Several software engineering research groups have made the paradigm shift to an experimental, empirical software engineering view. The purpose of this network is to encourage and support the collaboration and exchange of results and personnel among these groups. Specific emphasis is placed on experimentation and empirical studies with development technologies in different environments; the repetition of experiments across environments; and the development and exchange of methods and tools for model building, experimentation, and assessment. The long-term expectation is that such cooperation will enable the abstraction and unification of environment-specific results and knowledge with the objective of generating the basic components of our discipline.
The founding ISERN members chose the Quality Improvement Paradigm as the reference model to provide a common terminology for their cooperation. The QIP is an experimental framework for software development, based on the scientific method and instantiated in the TAME project at the University of Maryland. It views measurement as essential to the capture and effective reuse of software experience, and assumes the process is a variable based on the characteristics and goals of the project and organization. This framework<|fim_middle|> Teresa Baldassarre
University of Calgary (Canada), Guenther Ruhe
University of Castilla-La Mancha (Spain), Marcela Genero
University of Hawaii (US), Dan Port
University of Helsinki (Finland), Tomi Männistö
University of Jyväskylä (Finland), Pekka Abrahamsson
Emeritus (Germany), Dieter Rombach
University of Maryland-Baltimore County (US), Carolyn Seaman
University of New South Wales (Australia), Ross Jeffery
University of Oslo (Norway), Dag Sjøberg
University of Oulu (Finland), Markku Oivo
University of Southern California (US), Barry Boehm
University of Stuttgart (Germany), Stefan Wagner
University of Tartu – Institute of Computer Science (Estonia), Dietmar Pfahl
University of Tennessee (US), Audris Mockus
University of Twente (The Netherlands), Maya Daneva
University of Uruguay (ORT) (Uruguay), Martin Solari
University Politecnico di Torino (Italy), Maurizio Morisio
Vienna University of Technology (Austria), Stefan Biffl
VTT Electronics (Finland), Matias Vierimaa
On behalf of the ISERN Steering Committee: Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering (Germany), Andreas Jedlitschka | views software engineering as a laboratory science which must be supported by the effective cooperation between academia and industry in order to achieve significant improvements.
ISERN is open to other academic and industrial groups world-wide which are active in experimental software engineering research and are willing to adopt the experimental framework. There is no membership fee. The individual network members are responsible for funding collaboration through existing local or future joint grants.
To see the whole manifesto (Purpose and Focus, Common Research Framework, Activities, Communication, Members, Membership Application, Meetings and Meeting participation, Benefits, Benefits from Network, Benefits to Researchers, Benefits to Companies), check COMPLETE ISERN MANISFESTO.
The list of ISERN Organizations and their contact person.
Aalto University School of Science and Technology (TKK) (Finland), Caspar Lassenius
Armed Forces University (ESPE) (Ecuador), Efrain R. Fonseca
Blekinge Institute of Technology (Sweden), Claes Wohlin
Carnegie Mellon University Silicon Valley (US), Hakan Erdogmus
Chalmers University of Technology (Sweden), NN
Clausthal University of Technology (Germany), NN
COPPE/UFRJ (Brazil), Guilherme Travassos
Emeritus (US), Victor Basili
Federal University of Pernambuco (Brasil), Fabio Q.B. da Silva
Fraunhofer Institute for Experimental Software Engineering (Germany), Andreas Jedlitschka
Free University of Bolzano-Bozen (Italy), Barbara Russo
ISCAS (China), Qing Wang
IT University of Copenhagen (Denmark), Maria Paasivaara
Lund University (Sweden), Per Runeson
Monash University (Australia), Burak Turhan
Montana State University (US), Clemente Izuireta
Nanjing University (China), He Zhang
Nara Institute of Science and Technology (Japan), Kenichi Matsumoto
North Carolina State University (US), Laurie Williams
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (Norway), Jingyu Li
NTT Data Corporation (Japan), Takeshi Hayama
Osaka University (Japan), Shinji Kusumoto
Peking University (China), Minghui Zhou
Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil), Marcos Kalinowski
Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grande do Sul (Brasil), Rafael Prikladnicki
QAware GmbH (Germany), Marcus Ciolkowski
Queens University (UK), Desmond Greer
Ryerson University (Canada), Ayse Bener
Simula Research Labs (Norway), Magne Jorgensen
SINTEF (Norway), Daniela Cruzes
Software Engineering Research & Practices s.r.l. (SER&Practices) (Italy), Danilo Caivano
Tampere University of Technology (Finland), Davide Taibi
Technical University Munich (Germany), NN
Technical University of Catalunya – BarcelonaTech (Spain), Xavier Franch
Technical University Clausthal (Germany), NN
Univ of Innsbruck (Austria), Michael Felderer
Univ. of Gronningen (The Netherlands), Paris Avgeriou
Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (Spain), Sira Vegas
Universidad Politecnica de Valencia (Spain), Oscar Pastor
University degli Studi dell'Insubria (Italy), Sandro Morasca
Emeritus (Italy), Giovanni Cantone
University degli Studi di Roma Tor Vergata (Italy), NN
University of Alabahma (US), Jeffrey Carver
University of Bari (Italy), Maria | 752 |
<|fim_middle|> meeting your goals. You'll also find watches in plenty of styles to go with any outfit in your closet. You can even choose multiple bands to swap out depending on the occasion. Whether your workouts are at home or at the gym, you'll find the exercise accessories you need to help make your routine complete. A floor mat is a necessity when you're doing Pilates or yoga. After a long workout, help your muscles unwind with a good selection of massage rollers. From the newest technology to the traditional essentials, check out the selection of gym accessories you'll find when you shop at HSN. | When you shop for the latest fitness accessories at HSN, you'll find options that can help you achieve all your health goals. Whether you like going for a run outside or hitting the gym, you can find the best accessories to make your workout complete. Sport watches can do everything from tell you how many miles you ran on the treadmill to how many hours of sleep you got last night. With all the information you can get from your sport watch, it's easy to make sure you're | 98 |
Lt. Kernel<|fim_middle|>15-225-9242 | Travels to the Governor's Charity Steer Show
The Iowa Corn Promotion Board® (ICPB) is proud to sponsor Lt. Kernel, the corn-fed steer, at this year's 40th Annual Governor's Charity Steer Show on Saturday, August 13, 2022, at the Iowa State Fair in Des Moines, Iowa. This year's steer will be accompanied by the Iowa Corn Promotion Board® (ICPB) President Kelly Nieuwenhuis, a corn and pork producer from O'Brien County, and Kourtney Dekker, daughter of Kirk and Tina Dekker and Senior at Sheldon Community High School.
"I am most excited to see people from across Iowa come together to raise money for the families in need at the Ronald McDonald House. I know this is a once-in-a-lifetime experience and I am so grateful for this opportunity!" said Dekker. As an eight-year member of the Western Workers 4-H Club and an active member of the Sheldon FFA Chapter, she has seen the value raising livestock can have.
"Iowa Corn is excited to provide this opportunity for Kourtney while promoting and supporting our livestock customers," shared Nieuwenhuis.
LT. Kernel will be sold at auction concluding the show. The Iowa Cattlemen's Association has a goal of raising $400,000 for the 40th anniversary of the show and beating last year's record of over $375,000. All proceeds of the show go directly to the Ronald McDonald Houses of Iowa and the families in need at the facility. To donate on behalf of Kourtney and Iowa Corn visit https://donorbox.org/gcss2022 and mention Kourtney in the notes.
Rachel Zumbach, Public Relations Manager, rzumbach@iowacorn.org, 5 | 380 |
Born in the neighborhood of Irajá, Rio de Janeiro, Zeca Pagodinho grew up around the most traditional manifestations of samba and started making his own verses while still a kid. In the '70s, Zeca started frequenting the Carnival Block of Cacique de Ramos, which took place in Rio de Janeiro every Wednesday and became a true pagode's crib (pagode is a type of samba). At one of these jams, samba singer Beth Carvalho was impressed with Zeca's skills and invited him to record the song "Camarão Que Dorme a Onda Leva". From that point on, Zeca began to record his own albums. There are now 15 of them, and three DVDs. His creative, joyful, malicious songs translate the day-by-day of the typical easy going carioca and are a big success in<|fim_middle|>, tells the story of someone who asks a friend (or partner) to use their credit card on his behalf; afterwards, the relationship breaks up. Both persons are implied to have low incomes.
SPC = Credit Protection Service, a government agency of credit protection that registers data about bad payers. | Brazil. He's one of the biggest-sellers in the country.
One of Zeca's first hits is from his first album. It's called SPC; the SPC, in Brazil, is a blacklist of bad debtors from which it is hard to get one's name removed (it stands for Credit Protection Service). The song, a partnership between Arlindo Cruz and Zeca | 79 |
Spend an unforgettable amazing evening with a Sicilian family, where you can enjoy a traditional 4 course dinner cooked by Sicilian chef donna Caterina. Sitting on a beautiful terrace near the sea,<|fim_middle|> dessert you will taste a traditional Sicilian dolce - cannoli, ice cream, granita, fruits, accompanied by famous Sicilian liquors like limoncello or amaro. All the evening you will be enjoying a nice and friendly company of locals who will be happy to tell the stories about every day life and history of Sicily. After the dinner, the driver will bring you back to your hotel, port or other location at your convenience. | you will taste authentic dishes of the island accompanied by perfect domestic wines and liquors. It's a great opportunity to sidestep common touristic routes, to taste traditional antipasti, pasta, main dish and dolce (dessert), and to spend an unforgettable evening with locals.
You will be picked-up from your hotel, port or other location at your convenience and a driver will bring you to a nice home restaurant of chefs don Luciano and donna Caterina. The dinner will be served on a beautiful terrace with an amazing sea view. You will be offered traditional appetizers (antipasti) - Sicilian bruschettas, caponata (traditional Sicilian dish of eggplant, tomatoes, pepper, onion, capers), a plate of domestic meat and cheese delicacies, marinated anchovy or sardines, mussels soup, served with fresh bread and fine red and white wines. For the first course you will taste pasta palermitana (traditional pasta dish with anchovy and pistachio), pasta with tuna caviar or pasta with mussels and clams. For the second dish donna Caterina will offer you fresh fish of the day (tuna, sward fish, baked sardines, merlani, baccalà or other fresh fish depending on season). And finally for the | 272 |
Mayoral Awards – we won!
Very worthy opponents, with the people of Mangemangeroa in the business of restoration and planting for the past 22 years, and the team at Shakespear headed by one of our most recognizable rangers (Matt Maitland). The team at Tararata Stream were doing great work as well by looking after native fish, and working with artists and scientists in this South Auckland neighbourhood.
But the jury, in their wisdom, chose us as winner! Our project, not even two years old but run by experienced and dedicated people, with rare native birds and plants, and funded without council money: they must have liked some or all of it ;). A huge thank you to Auckland Council and their sponsors for organizing this event and another huge thank you to the jury, among them Councillor Penny Hulse, Councillor Alf Filipaina, Glen Wilcox and local board members.
The awards were presented by Mayor Phil Goff and the keynote speaker Dr Michelle Dickinson (aka Nano Girl<|fim_middle|>, let's celebrate together at our upcoming second birthday party in November. | ) shared her lively story of becoming a New Zealander and did an impressive job of convincing us of the need to get our next generation into science and conservation.
With the other category winners like Frazer Dale, Windy Hill Reserve, CatchIT Schools, Kaipatiki Project Nursery, EcoTrack and The Chewcard Project, Matuku Link was in very good company.
John Sumich got on stage, Colleen as our Rivercare representative and yours truly were there at the night, but Matuku Link couldn't have done it without all of you! This is OUR Mayoral Award | 119 |
\section{Introduction}
An {\em extended formulation} (shorthand: {\em EF}) of a polytope $P \subseteq \mathbb{R}^d$ is a system of linear constraints
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:EF}
E^\leqslant x + F^\leqslant y \leqslant g^\leqslant, \quad
E^= x + F^= y = g^=
\end{equation}
with $(x,y) \in \mathbb{R}^{d+k}$ such that $x \in \mathbb{R}^d$ belongs to $P$ if and only if there exists $y \in \mathbb{R}^k$ such that $(x,y)$ satisfies \eqref{eq:EF}. An extended formulation of $P$ is simply a linear description of $P$ in an extended space. Geometrically, $P$ is described as the projection of the polyhedron\footnote{We remark that although we allow for now $Q$ to be unbounded, we will soon show that one can restrict to the case where $Q$ is bounded, that is, a polytope.} $Q \subseteq \mathbb{R}^{d+k}$ defined by \eqref{eq:EF}. More generally, we call a polyhedron $Q \subseteq \mathbb{R}^e$ an {\em extension} (or {\em lift}) of $P$ if there exists an affine map $\pi : \mathbb{R}^e \to \mathbb{R}^d$ such that $\pi(Q) = P$.
Consider a linear description $Ax \leqslant b$ of $P$ in its original space. If $f : \mathbb{R}^d \to \mathbb{R}$ is any function, then
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:opt_problem_EF}
\sup \setDef{f(x)}{Ax \leqslant b} = \sup \setDef{f(x)}{E^\leqslant x + F^\leqslant y \leqslant g^\leqslant, \ E^= x + F^= y = g^=}\,.
\end{equation}
Thus every optimization problem on $P$ can be reformulated as an optimization problem over any extension of $P$. This is why extended formulations are interesting for optimization: in \eqref{eq:opt_problem_EF}, the number of constraints in the right-hand side can be much smaller than the number of constraints in the left-hand side.
We define the {\em size} of an extended formulations as its number of inequalities, and the size of an extension as its number of facets; these turn out to be the right measures of size. Note that the size of an extended formulation is at least the size of the associated extension because every facet of a polyhedron is part of every linear description of this polyhedron (in the space in which it is defined), and every extension corresponds to an extended formulation with exactly its size.
The field of extended formulations is attracting more and more attention. In particular, size lower-bounding techniques are becoming increasingly powerful and diverse, see, e.g., \cite{Yannakakis91,
KaibelPashkovichTheis10,GP12,FioriniKaibelPashkovichTheis11,extform4,BFPS12,BM13,BP2013commInfo}. The reader will find in the surveys~\cite{CCZ10,Kaibel11,Wolsey11} a good description of the field as it was a few years ago.
In this paper, we study some restricted forms of extended formulations (extensions) which we call {\em flow-based extended formulations (extensions)}, see Section \ref{sec:flow-based_EFs} for a definition. Informally, a flow-based extension of a polytope $P$ is another polytope $Q$ that can be realized as the convex hull of all flows in some network. This definition is inspired by the prominent role played by network flows in discrete optimization: many algorithms and structural results crucially rely on network flows~\cite{AhujaMagnantiOrlinBook,SchrijverBook}. Quite a lot of known extended formulations are based on network flows, such as those obtained from dynamic programming algorithms~\cite{Martin91}.
Here, we focus on uncapacitated networks. Our main contribution is to prove size lower bounds of the form $2^{\Omega(n)}$ for uncapacitated flow-based extended formulations of several polytopes, such as the perfect matching polytope of (bipartite and non-bipartite) complete graphs and the traveling salesman polytope of the complete graph. Our results are summarized in Table~\ref{tab:results}. Below, the notations $O^*(\cdot)$, $\Omega^*(\cdot)$ and $\Theta^*(\cdot)$ have the same meaning as the usual notations $O(\cdot)$, $\Omega(\cdot)$ and $\Theta(\cdot)$, except that polynomial factors are ignored.
\begin{table}[ht]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|r||c|c|}
\hline
Polytope & Size bounds for general EFs & Size bounds for flow-based EFs\\
\hline
\hline
$\mathop{\mathrm{P}_\mathrm{perfect\ matching}}(K_{n,n})$ & $\Theta(n^2)$~\cite{Birkhoff} & $\mathbf{\Theta^*(2^n)}$\\
\hline
$\mathop{\mathrm{P}_\mathrm{perfect\ matching}}(K_n)$ & $\Omega(n^2)$, $O^*(2^{\frac{n}{2}})$~\cite{KaibelPashkovichTheis10,FaenzaFioriniGrappeTiwary11}
& $\mathbf{\Omega^*(2^{\frac{n}{2}})}$, $\mathbf{O(2^{0.695n})}$\\
\hline
$\mathop{\mathrm{P}_\mathrm{traveling\ salesman}}(K_n)$ & $2^{\Omega(\sqrt{n})}$~\cite{extform4}, $O^*(2^n)$~\cite{heldKarp70} &$\mathbf{\Omega^*(2^{\frac{n}{4}})}$, $O^*(2^n)$~\cite{heldKarp70}\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
\caption{Table of results. New results are indicated in boldface. The bounds for flow-based EFs assume that the network is uncapacitated.} \label{tab:results}
\end{table}
Before giving an outline of the paper, we briefly discuss our motivations. Lower bounds on restricted types of extended formulations have been studied by quite many authors, starting with the work of Yannakakis~\cite{Yannakakis91} on symmetric extended formulations. There has been work on hierarchies such as the Sherali-Adams~\cite{SheraliAdams1990} and Lov\'asz-Schrijver hierarchies<|fim_middle|> every node $v$ in the network $N=(V,A)$ associated to a minimum-size uncapacitated flow-based extension $Q \subseteq \mathbb{R}^A$ of $P$, there is a unique $\epsilon\in\mathbbm{R}$ such that $c \, \pi(\chi^\sigma)=\epsilon$ for every $s$--$v$ path $\sigma$.
\end{lem}
\begin{proof}
Let $\sigma_1, \sigma_2$ be two paths from source $s$ to node $v$. Due to minimality of the extension there is also a path $\sigma_3$ from $v$ to $t$. Since $\sigma_1\cup \sigma_3$ and $\sigma_2\cup \sigma_3$ define paths from $s$ to $t$, the projections $\pi(\chi^{\sigma_1\cup \sigma_3})$ and $\pi(\chi^{\sigma_2\cup \sigma_3})$ lie in the polytope $P$, and thus satisfy the equation $c\, x = \delta$. Therefore,
%
\begin{equation*}
0= c \, \pi(\chi^{\sigma_1\cup \sigma_3})-c \, \pi(\chi^{\sigma_2\cup \sigma_3})=c \, \pi(\chi^{\sigma_1}) - c \, \pi(\chi^{\sigma_2})\,.
\end{equation*}
To conclude the proof, we may define $\epsilon$ as the value $c \, \pi(\chi^{\sigma_1})$.
\end{proof}
\subsubsection{Extension of Faces}
\begin{lem}\label{lem:faces}
For every polytope $P \neq \varnothing$ and face $F$ of $P$, there holds $\xc_\text{$s$--$t$ path}(P)\geqslant \xc_\text{$s$--$t$ path}(F)$.
\end{lem}
\begin{proof}
Let $Q$ be a minimum size $s$--$t$ path extension of $P$ and let $N=(V,A)$ denote the corresponding network. The polytope $\pi^{-1}(F)\cap Q$ is a face of $Q$. From the linear description of $Q$, see \eqref{eq:flow_balance}--\eqref{eq:flow_lb}, we infer
\begin{equation*}
\pi^{-1}(F)\cap Q=\setDef{\phi\in Q}{\phi_a=0\,, a\in A'}
\end{equation*}
for some $A'\subseteq A$. Hence, the $s$--$t$ path polytope $Q'$ associated with the network $N'=(V, A\setminus A')$ together with the projection $\pi$ defines an $s$--$t$ path extension of face $F$. Because the size of the extension $Q'$ of $F$ is not larger than the size of the extension $Q$ of $P$, we have
$\xc_\text{$s$--$t$ path}(F) \leqslant \xc_\text{$s$--$t$ path}(P)$.
\end{proof}
\section{Lower Bounds} \label{sec:lower_bounds}
Now we provide lower bounds on the size of uncapacitated flow-based extensions or, equivalently (by Lemmas \ref{lem:nonnegative_pi} and \ref{lem:acyclic}), $s$--$t$ path extensions of the (bipartite and non-bipartite) perfect matching polytope and traveling salesman polytope. We start by proving that the $s$--$t$ path extension complexity of the perfect matching polytope of $K_{n,n}$ is $\Theta^*(2^n)$. This is striking because this polytope has $\Theta(n^2)$ facets, and a size-$\Theta(n^2)$ {\em capacitated} flow-based extension. Perhaps less striking are our exponential lower bounds for the perfect matching polytope and traveling salesman polytope of $K_n$. We derive these by combining our lower bound on $\xc_{\text{$s$--$t$ path}}(\mathop{\mathrm{P}_\mathrm{perfect\ matching}}(K_{n,n}))$ and Lemma \ref{lem:faces}.
\subsection{Bipartite Perfect Matchings}
\begin{thm}\label{thm:bipartite_matchings}
Every uncapacitated flow-based extension (or, equivalently, $s$--$t$ path extension) of the perfect matching polytope of the complete bipartite graph $K_{n,n}$ has size $\Omega\left(\frac{2^{n}}{\sqrt{n}}\right)$.
\end{thm}
\begin{proof}
Due to Lemma~\ref{lem:nonnegative_pi}, we may assume that the projection $\pi:\mathbbm{R}^{A}\rightarrow\mathbbm{R}^{d}$ is given by a linear nonnegative map.
Consider an $s$--$t$ path extension $Q\subseteq\mathbbm{R}^{A}$ with network $N = (V,A)$ and nonnegative linear projection $\pi:\mathbbm{R}^{A}\rightarrow\mathbbm{R}^{d}$.
For each vertex $u$ of $K_{n,n}$, the equation
$$
x(\delta(u)) = 1 \iff \sum_{e \in \delta(u)} x_e = 1
$$
is valid for $\mathop{\mathrm{P}_\mathrm{perfect\ matching}}(K_{n,n})$. From Lemma~\ref{lem:equations}, we conclude that for every node $v$ of $N$ there is a nonnegative vector $\epsilon^v\in\mathbbm{R}^{2n}$ such that for every $s$--$v$ path $\sigma$ in the network $N$ and every vertex $u$ of the graph $K_{n,n}$ the following holds:
\begin{equation*}
\sum_{e\in\delta(u)}\pi_e(\chi^\sigma)=\epsilon_u^v\,.
\end{equation*}
We base our analysis on the support of $\epsilon^v$, which we denote $\supp{\epsilon^v}$.
Now consider a node $v$ of network $N$. For every $s$--$t$ path $\sigma$ going through $v$ and such that $\pi(\chi^{\sigma}) = \chi^{M}$ for some perfect matching $M$ of $K_{n,n}$, matching $M$ and cut $\delta(\supp{\epsilon^v})$ do not have an edge in common.
Hence if $\sabs{\supp{\epsilon^v}}=n$ the $s$--$t$ paths of $N$ going through $v$ define at most $\frac{n}{2}!\frac{n}{2}!$ perfect matchings $M$ of $K_{n,n}$.
Moreover, for every arc $a=(v_1,v_2)$ in $N$ with $\sabs{\supp{\epsilon^{v_1}}}=n_1<n$ and $\sabs{\supp{\epsilon^{v_2}}}=n_2>n$ there are at most $\frac{n_1}{2}!\frac{2n-n_2}{2}! \leqslant \frac{n}{2}! \frac{n}{2}!$ perfect matchings $M$ such that there is an $s$--$t$ path $\sigma$ in $N$ with $a \in \sigma $ and $\chi^{M}=\pi(\chi^{\sigma})$, since in this case $\sigma$ contains both nodes $v_1$ and $v_2$ and every such matching $M$ must contain all the edges from the support of $\pi(\chi^{\{a\}})$.
Since the polytope $Q$ is an extension of $\mathop{\mathrm{P}_\mathrm{perfect\ matching}}(K_{n,n})$, for every perfect matching $M$ in $K_{n,n}$ there is an $s$--$t$ path $\sigma$ such that $\chi^\sigma$ projects to $\chi^M$. But since $\epsilon^{s}$ is an all zero vector and $\epsilon^{t}$ is an all one vector, this path $\sigma$ must go through a node $v$ with $\sabs{\supp{\epsilon^v}}=n$ or contain an arc $a = (v_1,v_2)$ with $\sabs{\supp{\epsilon^{v_1}}}<n<\sabs{\supp{\epsilon^{v_2}}}$.
Since the total number of perfect matchings in $K_{n,n}$ equals $n!$, network $N$ contains at least
\begin{equation*}
\frac{n!}{2\frac{n}{2}!\frac{n}{2}!}=\Omega\left(\frac{2^n}{\sqrt{n}}\right)
\end{equation*}
nodes $v$ with $\sabs{\supp{\epsilon^v}}=n$ or arcs $a=(v_1,v_2)$ with $\sabs{\supp{\epsilon^{v_1}}}<n<\sabs{\supp{\epsilon^{v_2}}}$. The result follows.
\end{proof}
The lower bound in Theorem~\ref{thm:bipartite_matchings} is tight, up to polynomial factors. Indeed, consider a complete bipartite graph $K_{n,n}$ with bipartition $U=\{u_1,\ldots, u_n\}$ and $W=\{w_1,\ldots, w_n\}$. We construct the network $N=(V,A)$ with
\begin{equation*}
V:=2^W\qquad\text{and}\qquad A:=\setDef{(S_1,S_2)\in V\times V}{S_1\subseteq S_2\text{ and }\sabs{S_1}+1=\sabs{S_2}}
\end{equation*}
and a linear projection $\pi$ such that for every arc $a=(S_1,S_2)\in A$
\begin{equation*}
\pi_{u_i,w_j}(\chi^{\{a\}}):=\begin{cases}
1 & \text{if}\quad i=\sabs{S_2},\quad \{w_j\}\cup S_1=S_2\\
0 & \text{otherwise}
\end{cases}\,.
\end{equation*}
It is not hard to see that every $\varnothing$--$W$ path in this network defines a perfect matching. This fact can be seen algorithmically, as follows. Start with $S=\varnothing$ and repeat the following step until $S = W$: having matched the vertices $v_1,\ldots,v_\sabs{S}$ with the vertices in $S$, select a mate $w \in W\setminus S$ for vertex $v_{\sabs{S}+1}$ and replace $S$ by $S\cup\{w\}$. It follows that the projection of the $\varnothing$--$W$ path polytope of network $N$ coincides with the perfect matching polytope of $K_{n,n}$. Since network $N$ has $n 2^{n-1} = O^*(2^n)$ arcs, we conclude that $\xc(\mathop{\mathrm{P}_\mathrm{perfect\ matching}}(K_{n,n})) = \Theta^*(2^n)$.
\subsection{Nonbipartite Perfect Matchings}
\begin{thm}\label{thm:complete_matchings}
Every uncapacitated flow-based extension (or, equivalently, $s$--$t$ path extension) of the perfect matching polytope of the complete graph $K_{n,n}$ has size $\Omega\left(\frac{2^{\frac{n}{2}}}{\sqrt{n}}\right)$.
\end{thm}
\begin{proof}
Indeed, the polytope $\mathop{\mathrm{P}_\mathrm{perfect\ matching}}(K_{\frac{n}{2}, \frac{n}{2}})$ is a face of the polytope $\mathop{\mathrm{P}_\mathrm{perfect\ matching}}(K_n)$, and thus Lemma~\ref{lem:faces} gives the lower bound.
\end{proof}
In order to construct an $s$--$t$ path extension of size close to the lower bound in Theorem~\ref{thm:complete_matchings}, we consider a complete graph $K_{n}$ with vertex set $U=\{u_1,\ldots, u_n\}$ and construct the network $N=(V,A)$ with
\begin{align*}
V:=\setDef{S\subseteq U}{\sabs{S}=2k,\ 0 \leqslant k\leqslant \frac{n}{2} \ \text{ and }\ \forall 1 \leqslant i\leqslant k : u_i\in S}\\ A:=\setDef{(S_1,S_2)\in V\times V}{S_1\subseteq S_2\text{ and }\sabs{S_1}+2=\sabs{S_2}}
\end{align*}
and a linear projection $\pi$ such that for every arc $a=(S_1,S_2)\in A$
\begin{equation*}
\pi_{u_i,u_j}(\chi^{\{a\}})=\begin{cases}
1 & \text{if }\, \{u_i, u_j\}\cup S_1=S_2\\
0 & \text{otherwise}.
\end{cases}
\end{equation*}
It is once again easy to verify that this defines an $s$--$t$ path extension, this time of the perfect matching polytope of $K_n$. The idea is that every $\varnothing$--$U$ path in network $N$ defines a perfect matching of $K_n$ and conversely, every perfect matching of $K_n$ corresponds to at least one (actually many) $\varnothing$--$U$ path in $N$. The $\varnothing$--$U$ paths in $N$ actually correspond to perfect matchings whose edges are ordered in such a way that for each $i$, vertex $u_i$ is covered by one of the first $i$ edges in the ordering. Every arc $(S,S \cup \{u_i,u_j\})$ in such a path corresponds to the addition of edge $u_iu_j$ to the matching.
Up to a polynomial factor, the size of the network equals the number of nodes in the network, that is,
\begin{equation*}
\sum_{k=0}^{\frac{n}{2}} \binom{n-k}{k}\,.
\end{equation*}
This is due to the fact that the nodes $S$ in the $k$th level of network $N$ are of the form $S = \{u_1,\ldots,u_k\} \cup T$, where $T$ is contained in $U \setminus \{u_1,\ldots,u_k\}$ and has size $k$. Since the number of summands in the above expression is $\frac{n}{2}+1$, the size of the constructed extension is
\begin{equation*}
O^*\left(\max_{0\leqslant k \leqslant \frac{n}{2}} \binom{n-k}{k}\right)=O^*\left(\max_{0 < k <\frac{n}{2}} \frac{(n-k)^{n-k}}{k^k (n-2k)^{n-2k}}\right)\,,
\end{equation*}
where we used Stirling's formula to simplify the left-hand side. Calculating the derivative of the function $\frac{(n-k)^{n-k}}{k^k (n-2k)^{n-2k}}$, we determine that the maximum in the above interval is achieved in the case when $k$ equals $\frac{2}{5+\sqrt{5}}n$, thus the size of the extension is $O(2^{0.695 n})$.
\subsection{Hamiltonian Cycles}
\begin{thm}\label{thm:complete_traveling}
Every uncapacitated flow-based extension (or, equivalently, $s$--$t$ path extension) of the traveling salesman polytope of the complete graph $K_{n}$ has size $\Omega\left(\frac{2^{\frac{n}{4}}}{\sqrt{n}}\right)$.
\end{thm}
\begin{proof}
Assume for now that $n=4k$ for some $k\in\mathbbm{N}$, the other cases will be dealt with later. Take a partition of the vertices of $K_n$ in $U=\{u_1,\ldots, u_{2k}\}$ and $W=\{w_1,\ldots,w_{2k}\}$, and consider the following sets of edges in the graph $K_n$:
\begin{equation*}
E_0 := \setDef{u_iw_j}{i\neq j,\, 0\leqslant i,j\leqslant 2k}\qquad\text{and}\qquad E_1 := \setDef{u_iw_i}{ 0\leqslant i\leqslant 2k}\,.
\end{equation*}
Define the face $F$ of the polytope $\mathop{\mathrm{P}_\mathrm{traveling\ salesman}}(K_n)$ as the set of points in $\mathop{\mathrm{P}_\mathrm{traveling\ salesman}}(K_n)$ such that $x_e=0$ for every $e \in E_0$ and $x_e=1$ for every $e \in E_1$.
Let us show that the face $F$ together with an orthogonal projection on the variables corresponding to the edges $u_iu_j$ for $0\leqslant i,j\leqslant 2k$ gives an extension of the perfect matching polytope $\mathop{\mathrm{P}_\mathrm{perfect\ matching}}(K_{2k})$ (here the complete graph $K_{2k}$ is defined on the vertex set $U$).
First, every Hamiltonian cycle $C$ in the graph $K_n$ restricted to the edges contained in $U$ is a perfect matching, whenever $\chi^{C}$ belongs to the face $F$. Indeed, for every vertex $u_i$ in $U$ there must be exactly two edges in $C$ adjacent to it. Since the characteristic vector $\chi^{C}$ lies in the face $F$, one of these edges is the edge $u_iw_i$ and the other is contained in $U$.
Second, every perfect matching $M$ in the graph $K_{2k}$ can be extended to a Hamiltonian cycle $C$ in $K_n$ such that $\chi^{C}$ lies in $F$. Indeed, extend $M$ by another perfect matching $M'$ of $K_{2k}$ to a Hamiltonian cycle in $K_{2k}$. Then the desired hamiltonian cycle $C$ can be defined as the union of $M$, $E_1$ and $\setDef{w_iw_j}{u_iu_j \in M'}$. Thus the result follows from Theorem~\ref{thm:complete_matchings} and Lemma~\ref{lem:faces}.
If $n=4k+r$, for some $k,r\in\mathbbm{N}$, $1\leqslant r\leqslant 3$, the result is obtained in a similar way by taking a bipartition $U=\{u_1,\ldots, u_{2k}\}$ and $W=\{w_1,\ldots,w_{2k+r}\}$ and defining the face $F$ by equations $x_e=0$ for every $e \in E_0$, $x_e=1$ for every $e \in E_1$ and $x_{w_{2k}w_{2k+1}}=\ldots=x_{w_{2k+r-1}w_{2k+r}}=1$, where the edge sets $E_0$ and $E_1$ are defined as above.
\end{proof}
For the traveling salesman polytope there is a $s$--$t$ path extension of size $O^*(2^n)$ constructed in a similar manner as the $s$--$t$ path extension of the perfect matching polytope of $K_{n,n}$. This extension corresponds to a well-known dynamic programming algorithm of Held and Karp for the traveling salesman problem~\cite{heldKarp70}. We define this extension here for completeness.
Consider a complete graph $K_{n}$ with vertex set $U=\{u_1,\ldots, u_n\}$ and construct the network $N=(V,A)$ with
\begin{eqnarray*}
V &:= &\setDef{(S,v)}{S\subseteq U,\, v\in S, u_1\in S}\cup\{(U,\varnothing)\}\\
A &:= &\setDef{((S_1,v_1),(S_2,v_2))\in V\times V}{S_1\cup\{v_2\}=S_2\text{ and }\sabs{S_1}+1=\sabs{S_2}}\\
&&\cup\,\setDef{((U,v),(U,\varnothing))\in V\times V}{v\in U}
\end{eqnarray*}
and a linear projection $\pi$ such that for every arc $a=((S_1,v_1),(S_2,v_2))\in A$, $v_1\in U$, $v_2\in U$
\begin{equation*}
\pi_{u_i,u_j}(\chi^{\{a\}}):=\begin{cases}
1 & \text{if }\, \{u_i, u_j\}=\{v_1,v_2\}\\
0 & \text{otherwise}
\end{cases}
\end{equation*}
and for an arc $a=((U,v),(U,\varnothing))\in A$, $v\in U$
\begin{equation*}
\pi_{u_i,u_j}(\chi^{\{a\}}):=\begin{cases}
1 & \text{if }\,\{u_i, u_j\}=\{u_1,v\} \\
0 & \text{otherwise}
\end{cases}\,.
\end{equation*}
It is straightforward to see that the network with source $(u_1,\{u_1\})$ and sink $(U,\varnothing)$ generates the desired $s$--$t$ path extension.
\section{Open Problems}
We conclude this paper by stating three open problems.
\begin{enumerate}[(i)]
\item Obtain lower bounds for capacitated flow-based extensions. Although this type of extensions is more expressive than uncapacitated flow-based extensions, we suspect that exponential size lower bounds can be obtained for nonbipartite matchings and Hamiltonian cycles.
\item How difficult is this to compute a small uncapacitated flow-based extension for a given 0/1-polytope? Are there good general lower bounds?
\item All the lower bounds obtained here are of the type $2^{\Omega(\sqrt{d})}$, where $d$ is the dimension of $P$. Find an explicit $0/1$-polytope $P$ such that every uncapacitated flow-based extension has size $2^{\Omega(d)}$. (Notice that every polytope $P$ has an uncapacitated flow-based extension of size at most the number of vertices of $P$, thus this last lower bound would be essentially tight.)
\item Davis-Stober, Doignon, Fiorini, Glineur and Regenwetter~\cite{DDFGR13} give uncapacitated flow-based extensions of size $O^*(2^n)$ for the linear ordering polytope and $O^*(3^n)$ for the interval order polytope. Is there such an extension of size $O^*(c^n)$ for the semiorder polytope? (Semiorders are also known as unit interval orders.)
\end{enumerate}
\section{Acknowledgements}
The authors thank Hans Tiwary for taking part in the early stage of this work, and Michele Conforti, Santanu Dey, Marco Di Summa, Sebastian Pokutta and Dirk Oliver Theis for stimulating discussions.
\bibliographystyle{plain}
| ~\cite{LovaszSchriver1991}, see, e.g., \cite{BGHMT2006,STT2007,FernandezdelaVegaMathieu2007,CMM2009,GMT2009,BenabbasMagen2010}; further work on symmetric extended formulations~\cite{KaibelPashkovichTheis10,Pashkovich12,GP12} and also work on extended formulations from low variance protocols~\cite{FaenzaFioriniGrappeTiwary11}.
We think that the restriction of being flow-based is as natural as the restrictions studied in the aforementioned papers. Combinatorial optimization offers a variety of modeling tools beyond flows, which are the most basic and important modeling tool: e.g., matchings, polymatroids and polymatroid intersections~\cite{SchrijverBook}. It seems a worthy research goal to characterize the expressivity of these modeling tools, and give theoretical explanations of the fact that some problems can be efficiently expressed by some modeling tools and not by others. This paper is a first step in that direction.
Of particular interest are {\em separations} between modeling tools. It is striking that all our lower bounds rely on a separation between uncapacitated and capacitated flows: while the perfect matching polytope of the complete bipartite graph $K_{n,n}$ has a $O(n^2)$-size capacitated flow-based extended formulation, we show a $\Omega^*(2^n)$ lower bound on the size of every uncapacitated flow-based extended formulations of that polytope. Via reductions, we derive from this the other lower bounds reported in Table~\ref{tab:results}.
We conclude this discussion by focussing on the traveling salesman polytope. Held and Karp~\cite{heldKarp70} gave a $O^*(2^n)$-complexity dynamic programming algorithm for the traveling salesman problem based on subsets. In our terminology, this yields a $O^*(2^n)$-size uncapacitated flow-based extended formulation for the traveling salesman polytope. In a survey paper on exact algorithms for combinatorial optimization problems, Woeginger~\cite{Woeginger03} stated as an open problem the question of determining if the traveling salesman problem has an exact algorithm of complexity $(2-\varepsilon)^n$ for some $\varepsilon > 0$. The question was answered affirmatively by Bjorklund~\cite{Bjorklund10}, at least if one tolerates randomized algorithms with small failure probability and restricts to instances where the coefficients are bounded. Our $\Omega^*(2^{\frac{n}{4}})$ lower bound for uncapacitated flow-based extended formulations for the traveling salesman polytope also applies to dynamic programming algorithms for the traveling salesman problem, which sheds some light on Woeginger's question.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. We begin with preliminaries in Section~\ref{sec:preliminaries}: after introducing some notations, we define convex polytopes in general as well as the particular convex polytopes studied here. Then, in Section~\ref{sec:flow-based_EFs}, we formally define flow-based extended formulations, discuss an example and establish basic properties of flow-based extended formulations, focussing on the uncapacitated case. Finally, in Section \ref{sec:lower_bounds}, we prove size bounds for uncapacitated flow-based extended formulations described in Table \ref{tab:results}.
\section{Preliminaries} \label{sec:preliminaries}
Let $I$ be a finite ground set. The {\sl incidence vector} of a subset $J \subseteq I$ is the vector $\chi^J \in \mathbb{R}^I$ defined as
\[
\chi^J_i = \left\{
\begin{array}{l l}
1 & \quad \text{if } i \in J\\
0 & \quad \text{if } i \notin J
\end{array} \right.
\]
for $i \in I$. For $x \in \mathbb{R}^I$, we let $x(J) := \sum_{i \in J} x_i$.
First, let $G = (V,E)$ be an undirected graph. For a subset of vertices $U\subseteq V$, we denote as $\delta(U)$ the set of edges of $G$ with exactly one endpoint in $U$. So,
\begin{eqnarray*}
\delta(U) &= &\{uv \in E : u \in U, v \notin U\}\ .
\end{eqnarray*}
Now, let $N=(V,A)$ be a directed graph. For $U \subseteq V$, we denote by $\delta^+(U)$ the set of arcs of $N$ with tail in $U$ and head in $V \setminus U$, and by $\delta^{-}(U)$ the set of arcs of $N$ with head in $U$ and tail in $V\setminus U$, i.e.
\begin{eqnarray*}
\delta^+(U) &= &\{(u,v) \in A : u\in U, v\notin U\}\ , \text{ and}\\
\delta^-(U) &= &\{(v,u) \in A : u\in U, v\notin U\}\ .
\end{eqnarray*}
As usual, for $v \in V$, we use the shortcuts $\delta(v)$, $\delta^+(v)$ and $\delta^-(v)$ for $\delta(\{v\})$, $\delta^+(\{v\})$ and $\delta^-(\{v\})$ respectively.
\subsection{Convex Polytopes and Polyhedra} \label{sec:convex_polytopes}
A {\em (convex) polytope} is a set $P \subseteq \mathbb{R}^d$ that is the convex hull of a finite set of points in $\mathbb{R}^d$. Equivalently, $P \subseteq \mathbb{R}^d$ is a polytope if and only if $P$ is bounded and the intersection of a finite collection of closed halfspaces. This is equivalent to saying that $P$ is bounded and the set of solutions of a finite system of linear inequalities (or equalities, each of which can be represented by a pair of inequalities). A {\em (convex) polyhedron} is similar to a polytope, except that it may be unbounded. Formally, a polyhedron $Q \subseteq \mathbb{R}^d$ is any set that can be represented as the Minkowski sum of a polytope and a polyhedral cone or, equivalently, as the intersection of a finite collection of closed halfspaces. For more background on polytopes and polyhedra, see the standard reference~\cite{Ziegler}.
\subsection{Perfect Matching Polytope} \label{sec:perfect_matching_polytope}
A {\sl perfect matching} of an undirected graph $G=(V,E)$ is set of edges $M \subseteq E$ such that every vertex of $G$ is incident to exactly one edge in $M$. The {\sl perfect matching polytope} of the graph $G$ is the convex hull of the incidence vectors of the perfect matchings of $G,$ i.e.,
$$
\mathop{\mathrm{P}_\mathrm{perfect\ matching}}(G) = \mathop{\mathrm{conv}}\{\chi^M \in\mathbb{R}^E : M~ \text{perfect matching of}~ G\}\ .
$$
Edmonds \cite{Edmonds65} showed that the perfect matching polytope of $G$ is described by the following system of linear constraints (see also \cite{SchrijverBookA03}, page 438):
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:odd_cut} x(\delta(U)) &\geqslant &1 \quad \text{for } U\subseteq V \text{ with } |U| \text{ odd}\ ,\\
\nonumber x(\delta(v)) &= &1 \quad \text{for } v \in V\ ,\\
\nonumber x_e &\geqslant& 0 \quad \text{for } e\in E\ .
\end{eqnarray}
In the case where the graph $G$ is bipartite, that is, when the vertex set $V$ can be partitioned into two sets $A$ and $B$ such that every edge in $E$ has an endpoint in $A$ and the other in $B$, the odd cut inequalities \eqref{eq:odd_cut} may be dropped~\cite{Birkhoff}. Thus the perfect matching polytope of a bipartite graph $G$ is described as follows:
\begin{eqnarray*}
x(\delta(v)) &= &1 \quad \text{for } v \in V\ ,\\
x_e &\geqslant& 0 \quad \text{for } e\in E\ .
\end{eqnarray*}
\subsection{Traveling Salesman Polytope} \label{sec:traveling_salesman_polytope}
A {\sl Hamiltonian cycle} of $G=(V,E)$ is a connected subgraph of $G$ such that every vertex of $G$ is incident to exactly two edges in $C$. The {\sl traveling salesman polytope} of the graph $G$ is the convex hull of the incidence vectors of the hamiltonian cycles of $G,$ i.e.,
$$
\mathop{\mathrm{P}_\mathrm{traveling\ salesman}}(G) = \mathop{\mathrm{conv}}\{\chi^{E(C)} \in\mathbb{R}^E : C~ \text{Hamiltonian cycle of}~ G\}\ .
$$
In the formula above, $E(C)$ denotes the edge set of Hamiltonian cycle $C$.
No linear description of the traveling salesman polytope of the complete graph $K_n$ is known. Moreover no ``reasonable'' linear description of this polytope should be expected unless $\mathcal{NP}=\text{co-}\mathcal{NP}$ (see Corollary 5.16a \cite{SchrijverBookA03}).
\subsection{Flow Polyhedron} \label{sec:flow_polyhedra}
Let $N = (V,A)$ be a network with source node $s \in V$, sink node $t \in V \setminus \{s\}$ and arc capacities $c_a \in \mathbb{R}_+ \cup \{\infty\}$ for $a \in A$. An $s$--$t$ {\em flow} of value $k$ is a vector $\phi \in \mathbb{R}^A$ satisfying
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{eq:flow_balance}
\phi(\delta^+(v)) - \phi(\delta^-(v)) &= &0 \quad \forall v \in V \setminus \{s,t\},\\
\label{eq:flow_value}
\phi(\delta^+(s)) - \phi(\delta^-(s)) &= &k,\\
\label{eq:flow_lb}
\phi_a &\geqslant &0 \quad \forall a \in A,\\
\label{eq:flow_ub}
\phi_a &\leqslant &c_a \quad \forall a \in A.
\end{eqnarray}
For a fixed $k \in \mathbb{R}$, the set of all $s$--$t$ flows of value $k$ in network $N$ defines a polyhedron $Q = Q(V,A,s,t,k,c)$ that we call {\em flow polyhedron}.
In this paper, we will assume most of the time that the network is {\em uncapacitated}, that is, $c_a = \infty$ for all $a \in A$. This amounts to ignoring the upper bound inequalities \eqref{eq:flow_ub}.
\section{Flow-based Extended Formulations} \label{sec:flow-based_EFs}
\subsection{Definition} \label{sec:flow-based_EFs_def}
Consider again a network $N = (V,A)$ with source node $s \in V$, sink node $t \in V \setminus \{s\}$, arc capacities $c_a \in \mathbb{R}_+ \cup \{\infty\}$ for $a \in A$ and flow value $k \in \mathbb{R}_+$. We say that the flow polyhedron $Q = Q(V,A,s,t,k,c)$ is a {\em flow-based extension} of a given polytope $P$ in $\mathbb{R}^d$ if there exists a linear projection $\pi : \mathbb{R}^A \to \mathbb{R}^d$ such that $\pi(Q) = P$.
A flow-based extension is said to be {\em uncapacitated} if the associated network is uncapacitated.
From now on, we will always assume that the projection $\pi$ is linear. This causes essentially no loss of generality because an affine projection can be made linear at the cost of adding one new arc $(s',s)$ to the network and moving the source to the node $s'$. We denote by $M \in \mathbb{R}^{d \times A}$ the matrix of projection $\pi$, that is, the matrix $M\in \mathbb{R}^{d \times A}$ such that $\pi(\phi) = M\phi$ for all $\phi \in \mathbb{R}^A$.
Moreover, we denote by $F \in \mathbb{R}^{(V \setminus \{s,t\}) \times A}$ the coefficient matrix of the flow balance equations. In other words, $F\phi = 0$ is the matrix form of \eqref{eq:flow_balance}. Then, the flow-based extension $Q$ can be described algebraically as:
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:flow_EF}
x = M\phi,\ F\phi = 0,\ \phi(\delta^+(s)) - \phi(\delta^-(s)) = k,\ 0 \leqslant \phi \leqslant c,
\end{equation}
We call system~\eqref{eq:flow_EF} a {\em flow-based extended formulation} of $P$.
Notice that in the uncapacitated case, the size (that is, number of inequalities) of a flow-based extended formulation is exactly the number of arcs in the corresponding network.
Notice also that in the uncapacitated case, we can assume that $k = 1$ without loss of generality. This is because changing $k$ to $1$ simply amounts to replacing $Q$ by $(1/k)Q$. Indeed, if $\pi : \mathbb{R}^A \to \mathbb{R}^d$ projects $Q$ to $P$, then $\pi' : \mathbb{R}^A \to \mathbb{R}^d : \phi \mapsto \pi'(\phi) := \pi(k \phi)$ projects $(1/k)Q$ to $P$. (In case $k = 0$, $Q$ is just a point. We will ignore this case in what follows.)
We will prove below that in the uncapacitated case, we can furthermore assume that $N$ is acyclic, provided $\varnothing \subsetneq P \subseteq \mathbb{R}^d_+$. In this case, $Q$ is a polytope and its vertices are the characteristic vectors $\chi^\sigma$ of all directed $s$--$t$ paths $\sigma$ in network $N$ (this follows from the well-known fact that the system \eqref{eq:flow_balance}--\eqref{eq:flow_lb} defining $Q$ is totally unimodular). We call such an extension an {\em $s$--$t$ path extension}, any corresponding extended formulation an {\em $s$--$t$ path extended formulation} and define the {\em $s$--$t$ path extension complexity} $\xc_\text{$s$--$t$ path}(P)$ of a polytope $P$ as the minimum number of arcs of a network whose $s$--$t$ path polytope is an extension of $P$. We will show that this is also the minimum size of an uncapacitated flow-based extended formulation of $P$.
\subsection{Example: Regular Languages}
In order to convince the reader that $s$--$t$ path extensions are quite powerful, we now discuss an illustrating example that generalizes Carr and Konjevod's flow-based extended formulation of the convex hull of even 0/1-vectors in $\mathbb{R}^n$~\cite{CK04}.
Consider a {\sl deterministic finite automaton} $M$ over the alphabet $\{0,1\}$, that is, a $4$-tuple $(Q,\delta,q_0,F)$ where $Q$ is now a (nonempty) finite set of {\sl states}, $\delta : Q \times \{0,1\} \to Q$ is the {\sl transition function}, $q_0 \in Q$ is the {\sl initial state} and $F \subseteq Q$ is the set of {\sl accept states}. For a given input word $x = x_1 x_2 \cdots x_n$ in $\{0,1\}^*$, the automaton $M$ performs a computation starting at the initial state $q_0$ and in which the state $q_{i}$ ($i \in [n]$) is determined by the previous state $q_{i-1}$ and the $i$th letter $x_i$ of word $x$ through the equation $q_{i} = \delta(q_{i-1},x_i)$. The automaton is said to {\sl accept} $x$ if the final state $q_n$ is an accept state, that is, $q_n$ belongs to $F$.
The automaton $M$ defines a language $L = L(M)$ over $\{0,1\}$ consisting of all words $x \in \{0,1\}^*$ accepted by $M$. Such a language is said to be {\sl regular}. Now pick a positive integer $n$, and consider a word $x = x_1x_2 \cdots x_n$ of length $n$ in $L$. Treating each letter of word $x$ as belonging to a different coordinate, we see that $x$ defines a $0/1$-vector $(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n)^\intercal$ in $\mathbb{R}^n$. By taking the convex hull of all $0/1$-vectors corresponding to all words of length $n$ in $L$, we obtain a $0/1$-polytope $P_n(L)$ in $\mathbb{R}^n$.
As we show now, one can easily construct compact flow-based extended formulations for such $0/1$-polytopes.
\begin{prop}
Let $L$ denote a regular language over $\{0,1\}$ and $M = (Q,\delta,q_0,F)$ any deterministic finite automaton recognizing the language $L$. For each positive integer $n$, there exists an $s$--$t$ path extended formulation of $P_n(L)$ with size at most $2|Q|n$.
\end{prop}
\begin{proof}
We define a network $N$ from automaton $M$. Besides source node $s$ and sink node $t$, network $N$ has $n-1$ nodes $(q,1)$, \ldots, $(q,n-1)$ for each state $q \in Q$. To simplify notations, we also denote $s$ by $(q_0,0)$. This defines the node set $V$ of $N$. For $i \in [n-1]$, we connect node $(q,i-1)$ to each of the nodes $(\delta(q,0),i)$ and $(\delta(q,1),i)$ by an arc. Moreover, for each transition $q ' = \delta(q,\sigma)$ with $q' \in F$ we add an arc from node $(q,n-1)$ to sink node $t$. This defines the arc set $A$ of $N$. See Figure \ref{fig:even} for an example. In a formula, we have (with a slight abuse of notation because the network can have parallel arcs)
\begin{eqnarray*}
V &= &\{\underbrace{(q_0,0)}_{= s}\} \cup \setDef{(q,i)}{q \in Q, i \in [n-1]} \cup \{t\},\\
A &= &\setDef{((q,i-1),(\delta(q,\sigma),i))}{(q,i-1) \in N, i \in [n-1], \sigma \in \{0,1\}}\\
&&\mbox{} \cup \setDef{((q,n-1),t)}{\exists \sigma \in \{0,1\} : \delta(q,\sigma) \in F}\,.
\end{eqnarray*}
Each arc $a \in A$ corresponds to a transition $q' = \delta(q,\sigma)$, and is said to carry the label $\sigma \in \{0,1\}$. Thus the label carried by an arc is the symbol that caused the transition.
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\input{even.eps_t}
\caption{Deterministic finite automaton (left) and corresponding network (right).}
\label{fig:even}
\end{figure}
In the network $N=(V,A)$, we send $k = 1$ units of flow from $s$ to $t$, setting all capacities $c_a$ to $\infty$. The column of the projection matrix corresponding to arc $a \in A$ from node $(q,i-1)$ is the $0/1$-vector $(0,\ldots,0,\sigma,0,\ldots,0)^\intercal$ with $\sigma$ in position $i$ and $0$ everywhere else, where $\sigma \in \{0,1\}$ is the label carried by arc $a$. We leave it to the reader to perform the straightforward check that this defines an $s$-$t$ path extended formulation of $P_n(L)$.
The size of this extended formulation is the number of arcs in the network, that is,
$$
2 + 2|Q|(n-1) \leqslant 2 |Q| n.
$$
\end{proof}
\subsection{Basic Properties}
\subsubsection{Nonnegativity of the Projection}
A linear projection $\pi : \mathbb{R}^A \to \mathbb{R}^d$ is called {\em nonnegative} if its projection matrix is (entry-wise) nonnegative.
\begin{lem} \label{lem:nonnegative_pi}
For every uncapacitated flow-based extension $Q \subseteq \mathbb{R}^A$, $\pi : \mathbb{R}^A \to \mathbb{R}^d$ of a polytope $P \subseteq \mathbb{R}^d_+$, there is a nonnegative linear projection $\pi' : \mathbb{R}^A \to \mathbb{R}^d$ such that $\pi'(Q) = P$.
\end{lem}
\begin{proof}
As above, let $M$ denote the matrix of $\pi$. It suffices to show that for every row $M_i$ of the matrix $M$ there exists a row vector $\Lambda_i \in (\mathbb{R}^{V \setminus \{s,t\}})^*$ such that $M_i + \Lambda_i F \geqslant 0$, since due to~\eqref{eq:flow_EF} the system $F\phi = 0$ holds for all $\phi\in Q$ and thus $(M + \Lambda F) \phi = M \phi + \Lambda F \phi = M\phi$.
Suppose, for the sake of contradiction, that no such $\Lambda_i$ exists for some $i$. Then by Farkas' lemma, there exists a vector $\psi \in\mathbb{R}^{A}$ such that
\begin{equation*}
F\psi = 0,\quad \psi \geqslant 0 \quad \text{and} \quad M_i \psi < 0\,.
\end{equation*}
Thus $\psi$ is an $s$--$t$ flow in $N$. Because the network is uncapacitated, we can assume that the value of $\psi$ is precisely $k$, by scaling $\psi$ if necessary, hence $\psi \in Q$. Now, the inequality $M_i \psi < 0$ means that the $i$th coordinate of the projection $\pi(\psi) = M\psi$ is negative, which gives the desired contradiction.
\end{proof}
\subsubsection{Acyclicity of the Network}
\begin{lem} \label{lem:acyclic}
The network associated to every minimum size uncapacitated flow-based extension $Q \subseteq \mathbb{R}^A$ of a nonempty polytope $P \subseteq \mathbb{R}_+^d$ is acyclic.
\end{lem}
\begin{proof}
By Lemma \ref{lem:nonnegative_pi} the projection $\pi : \phi \mapsto M\phi$ may be assumed nonnegative. Consider a directed cycle $C$ in network $N$ and the corresponding columns of $M$. Take a point $\phi\in Q$ and consider the projection $\pi(\phi+K\chi^C)$ where $K \in \mathbb{R}_+$. By linearity, $\pi(\phi+K\chi^C) = \pi(\phi) + K \pi(\chi^C)$. If $\pi(\chi^C)$ is a non-zero vector and $K$ is chosen large enough, $\pi(\phi)+K \pi(\chi^C)$ would be outside of polytope $P$, a contradiction to the fact that $\phi+K\chi^C$ satisfies~\eqref{eq:flow_EF} and thus lies in $Q$.
Hence $\pi(\chi^C)$ is a zero vector. Due to nonegativity of $\pi$, for every arc $a\in A$ contained in at least one directed cycle, the corresponding column of $M$ is zero, that is, $\pi(\chi^{\{a\}}) = 0$. Therefore, if $N$ contains a directed cycle, we can contract every strongly connected component of $N$ to a node and obtain a smaller flow-based extension of $P$, a contradiction. Note that if $s$ and $t$ are in the same strongly connected component of $N$, in which case we are not allowed to contract this component because we assume $s \neq t$, then necessarily $P = \{0\}$ and a minimum size flow-based extension of $P$ is given by a network with two nodes connected by a single arc. The result follows.
\end{proof}
\subsubsection{Equations for the Initial Polytope}
\begin{lem}\label{lem:equations}
Let the equation $c\,x= \delta$ be valid for a nonempty polytope $P \subseteq \mathbb{R}^d$. Then for | 6,141 |
Brexit shouldn't cause 'major' changes, Obama says
WASHINGTON (AP) — President Barack Obama isn't expecting "major, cataclysmic changes" as a result of Britain's pending exit from the European Union.
Speaking to NPR, Obama also said there are more differences than similarities when it comes to Britain's election compared with the current presidential election in the United States where discontent has fueled Republican Donald Trump's rise.
Obama says Europe hasn't fared as well as the United States since the financial crisis that struck in<|fim_middle|>, or we'll make America great again."
But Obama said he didn't believe Trump was "a legitimate spokesperson for a populist surge from working class people on either side of the Atlantic." | 2008, and there was some belief that the European Union was moving too fast and without as much consensus as it should.
"I think that the best way to think about this is, a pause button has been pressed on the project of full European integration," Obama said in the interview, parts of which aired Tuesday. "I would not overstate it. There's been a little bit of hysteria post-Brexit vote, as if somehow NATO's gone, the trans-Atlantic alliance is dissolving, and every country is rushing off to its own corner. That's not what's happening."
Obama acknowledged some similarities between Britain's election and the presidential election in the U.S. He says people have been able to into fear that people may have about losing control and to offer "vague, nostalgic feelings about how, you know, we'll make Britain great again | 176 |
Dell looked to an even broader market for new product ideas, using Salesforce.com<|fim_middle|>7 by BillMac to offer a free cup of coffee Nov. 4 to anyone in the United States who voted.
The use of these collective decision-making technologies, both sophisticated prediction markets and simple voting tools, is spreading, and they're increasingly being paired together as a component of corporate innovation programs, helping companies sort through reams of ideas–from new products to customer service to productivity improvements–to find that handful of blockbusters.
A key in any system relying on mass participation is motivating the right people to participate. The software system itself must be user-friendly and offer value, such as providing easy access to ideas that may stimulate one's own thinking, or useful metric about that other groups in the corporation are doing. If outsiders are involved, there must be filters of some kind to pre-select those whose opinions are likely to matter. The ability to pass a CAPTCHA test is not necessarily correlated with having valuable insights.
Will "Innovation Clouds" become the way of the future? Can crowdsourcing help identify the next iPod? Or is it more likely to give us Edsels?
As James Surowiecki indicated in his famous Wisdom of the Crowds, crowd-based decisions work best when the work is done with a decentralized, diverse, independent population. Will it work for corporate idea management? Not easy! People can readily fall into line and comply with corporate culture and the opinion of local influencers. We'll stay tuned and watch how these concepts play out. | 's online voting service called Ideas and launching Dell IdeaStorm, where anyone can submit and vote on new features and options for Dell products. Perhaps best known of these ideas is a Linux-based laptop Dell introduced in May 2007. Starbucks uses the same voting platform, at MyStarbucksIdea.com, and took an online suggestion posted Oct. | 72 |
5 weeks, 35 days or lots of hours.
I figure that it's about time for a recap post! It's important to stop and look at all you have achieved and reassess your goals and to do list now and then!
When you put it all down together I cant believe how much has happened! I dont mean to blow my own trumpet but I am really proud of myself! Hehe. So on the 2nd of April I stood at Melbourne airport and took the first official step of this journey, saying goodbye to my town, my country, my family and friends.
I boarded a plane to Brisbane, and a connecting flight to Tokyo.
I explored the city streets and found beautiful blossoms.
I caught the train to Kyoto and explored a whole lot more!
I found the Nanzenji Temple and the Philosophers Walk and I watched the people go about their daily lives. I soaked it all up. I was a foreigner in a foreign country and I didnt really speak the language. That's kinda thrilling.
Then I headed to Vancouver, Canada – a city and a country that I had been dreaming about visiting since I was 18. Nine years later and I finally got here – at precisely the right time. It's funny how things work out like that, but I truly believe that to undertake such a big adventure I wouldnt have been in the right frame of mind to do until now.
And so I made it to Stanley Park – I even walked all the way around it. I saw squirrels and a raccoon and a hummingbird and canadian geese and deer and robins. I ate a nanaimo bar, a cinnamon bun, a beaver tail, a reese bar, a jolly rancher, a key lime pie and more! I went to the hockey, gastown, granville island, kitsilano, lynn valley suspension bridge, lonsdale quay, metrotown, park royal mall, commercial drive, main street, downtown, MOA, the Aquarium, capilano suspension bridge, pemberton, van art gallery, deep cove, chinatown, chinese gardens. I made new friends and listened to tips about where to go and what to do. I crossed a lot off my to do list!! And you know what? I still have a lot to do!
A customer at work enquired about my accent today and asked whether I was from Australia or New Zealand. I realised that she is the first stranger I have spoken to who has guessed it correctly. She was so lovely and told me her son had visited Australia. I asked if he had been to Melbourne and she said no. I told her that he missed out! She laughed. See, I know my accent stands out and to locals I say things strangely, but hardly anyone has actually said anything to me about that. Isnt that a little strange itself?
There are people over here that are so lovely and welcoming and friendly but there is also a part of the population that seem to be quite unfriendly and.. well.. basically cold. It's hard to break through the surface with them.
The main thing that has struck me is that everything is so different over here. And yes, I mean everything. The only thing that remains the same is the human relationships and psyche. As we are all humans on this earth the issues dont really change with the location.
It has been an incredible, interesting, fun, inspiring trip so far. 35 days of adventure down- and counting!! Here's hoping that there are many, many more to come. And I hope that your adventures inspire you to try for more too.
Someone said to me that I am brave doing all of these things by myself. Many people have said that they couldnt have done what I am doing. I dont think it's about being brave. I spent a few years of my life waiting. I was waiting for friends. Waiting for them to come along so I could have someone to go to a concert with. Or go on a roadtrip with. Or go overseas with. Years I waited and friends came and went. And as their promises faded to dust I realised something. If I sit and wait for someone to come before I do what I want to do then I will be waiting for years and lets face it – I might never get there! So you know what I did? I started doing things by myself. I like my own company – I know I am reliable, fun and I listen to my gut. I got to go to concerts and line up early and go front row and meet my fave musicians. I got to travel and explore and I found out that being alone isnt as scary as being with someone you dont want to be with.
So thats how I came to take this trip by myself, and I say to all those who dont think they could do it – you can. You should! Dont put something you want to do on the backburner for someone else. Go do what you want to do – go explore the world. It'll be the best decision you ever made for yourself.
So yesterday I met up with my new friend from work Sophie and she took me exploring around her<|fim_middle|> then headed down to the beach.
Man, it was so windy!! We were almost blown away! I hadnt seen it like this before and it made walking a bit harder.
It was perfect for the kite surfers though, they were loving it!
We got a drink after all the walking and sat down for a little while.
You can see how bad the wind was! Look at my hair! hahahaha. I was glad to see that I wasnt the only one who was feeling the cold. And so on we went.
Sophie showed me some cool places and then we ended up at the Planetarium.
And lo and behold it was closed! Bugger!
Undeterred, we walked on to check out the 100ft totem pole that towered over the park.
Massive eh?!! Then Sophie showed me the community gardens and her old school. It was really interesting, and my feet were sore by the end of the day! hehehe. | local area of Kitsilano. I hadnt been there before, so it was a great opportunity for me to get some good insider knowledge. First of all we met at the Art Gallery in Vancouver (after my meeting with the extras agent) and headed to Red Robin for lunch. They have some really nice burgers with big fries. We also got some freckled lemonade, which was incredible!
It has strawberries in a sugar syrup in a tangy lemonade. Soooo good!!
So after that we stopped in a few vintage stores and then caught a bus to Kits. We did a little shopping at Zulu Records (really cool record and cd store), Gravity Pope (awesome but expensive shoes), the Salvation Army thrift store and a few other little shops and | 154 |
HomeSportsFederal authorities investigating cause of helicopter crash that killed Kobe Bryant and 8 others
Federal authorities investigating cause of helicopter crash that killed Kobe Bryant and 8 others
January 27, 2020 The Fore Online Sports 0
(CNN)Local and federal authorities are investigating the Southern California helicopter crash that claimed the lives of nine people — including 41-year-old NBA legend Kobe Bryant.
The helicopter crashed into a hillside in Calabasas, California, Sunday morning, killing everyone on board.
"It's a logistical nightmare in a sense because the crash site itself is not easily accessible," Los Angeles County Sheriff Alex Villanueva said in a news conference late Sunday, adding that the investigation could be a "very extensive process.
"Villanuevasaid the sheriff's office is working with the National Transportation Safety Board and Federal Aviation Administration to determine the cause of the crash and have already secured the site.
The effort to recover the victims' bodies hasalso begun but could take a couple of days, Los Angeles County Chief Medical Examiner Jonathan Lucas said, "given the terrain and the condition of the site.
""We're doing everything we can to confirm identifications and give closure to the families involved.
"An NBA legend who was also a cultural icon: Kobe BryantBryant was traveling to a basketball game with his 13-year-old daughter, Gianna, who was scheduled to play Sunday afternoon. With them was<|fim_middle|> and our hearts are broken," OCC President Angelica Suarez said in a statement. "Coach Altobelli was a giant on our campus – a beloved teacher, coach, colleague and friend. This is a tremendous loss for our campus community.
"Among the victims was also Christina Mauser, an assistant girls basketball coach for a private school in Corona del Mar, California.
"My kids and I are devastated. We lost our beautiful wife and mom today in a helicopter crash," her husband, Matt Mauser, wrote on Facebook.
After Anthony Joshua Defeat, Andy Ruiz And Trainer Part Ways
Kobe Bryant: The crash occurred under foggy and cloudy conditions with extremely low visibility | Orange Coast College (OCC) baseball coach John Altobelli, his with wife, Keri, and daughter, Alyssa, Altobelli's brother told CNN. Alyssa was Gianna's teammate, OCC assistant coach Ron La Ruffa told CNN.
Altobelli would routinely travel with his daughter for games, La Ruffa said.
"We have lost a member of our OCC family, | 82 |
"A wise man should have money in his head, but not in his heart"
It is our mission to add measurable value to our clients' lives in<|fim_middle|> efforts to be an indispensable business and life partner. From a company perspective it is further our mission and desire to establish ProVérte as synonymous with competence & reliability.
We do not aspire towards winning industry awards or being patted on the back by product providers. This type of recognition simply does not motivate us. We measure our success by the extent of value we can add to individuals', families' and organisations' financial well-being through a practical planning process. We understand very well that trust and respect are two things you have to earn and we are committed to consistently acting and transacting in ways that would earn us this respect and trust.
Intelligence and ambition without integrity is a dangerous combination. This is why integrity is at the top of our list of core values. This also forms an integral part of our screening process when looking for prospective employees. It's a non-negotiable attribute required from all employees of ProVérte.
It is of extreme importance to us that our clients get a what-you-see-is-what-you-get experience with ProVérte. We endeavour to make our processes, remuneration models and work methods as transparent as possible so that clients can evaluate the advice without any anxiety about hidden agendas.
One of the cornerstones of any successful relationship is mutual respect. We commit ourselves to always show respect towards every person we encounter daily. We feel so strongly about this that we will not stay in a relationship with clients or providers, big or small, if this common courtesy is not reciprocated. | the areas of financial planning & risk management. We desperately want to be a positive force in our clients' lives, therefore we are unwavering in our | 31 |
Sarah Edna Hesketh Papers
Sarah Edna Hesketh Papers, 1917-1924, 1987
Title: Sarah Edna Hesketh Papers, 1917-1924, 1987
ID: OGLMC1155
Primary Creator: Hesketh, Sarah Edna (1899-1998)
Extent: 0.5 Linear Feet
Subjects: University of North Dakota - Alumni, Women's History
1899-1998; UND alum
The Sarah Edna Hesketh Papers contain her 1987 autobiography, newspaper clippings about University of North Dakota events, photographs, programs from plays, concerts and other events, and various other mementos from her college years, 1918-1922.
Sarah Edna Hesketh Wrentmore Bolingbroke was born on February 18, 1899 in Rolla, North Dakota. She attended the University of North Dakota from 1918 to 1922. She majored in accounting, while also pursuing a diploma in expression from Wesley College. While at UND, she acted as President of the YWCA, was a four year participant in the Dakota Playmakers and functioned as Junior Class Treasurer. The summer after her graduation, she took courses in education to obtain a Teacher's Certificate. She then taught high school for seven years in North and South Dakota, as well as Oregon. In 1929, she attended the Research Bureau of Retail Training at the University of Pittsburgh, received a Master's degree and began work as a personnel director, first in Baltimore, Maryland and eventually in Akron, Ohio. After marrying Laurence Wrentmore, an auto parts salesman, she<|fim_middle|> Women's Society of Christian Service of Methodist Churches for four years. Sarah continued to reside in Portland after her husband's death in 1965. In 1986, she married George Bolingbroke, who died May 3, 1995. Sarah died December 1, 1998.
Acquisition Source: Ann Coffman (Sarah Edna Hesketh's step-daughter)
Acquisition Method: Donation; Acc.#87-1566
Preferred Citation: (Description of Item). Sarah Edna Hesketh Papers. OGLMC 1155, Box #, Folder #. Elwyn B. Robinson Department of Special Collections. Chester Fritz Library. University of North Dakota.
Folder 1: Autobiography, 1987
Folder 2: Miscellaneous, 1917-1924
Folder 3: Scrapbook, 1918-1922 | traveled with him throughout the northwestern United States, before they moved to Portland, Oregon. She was an active member in the Methodist Church and was President of the | 32 |
Jimmy Page Says Unheard Led Zeppelin to Be Released in 2018
Barry Kerzner
Are you ready for some Led Zeppelin that's never been heard before? According to Jimmy Page, it's on the way in 2018.
Page said in an interview with Academy of Achievement that unreleased Led Ze<|fim_middle|> following the death of drummer John Bonham, the group disbanded. 2018 marks the band's 50th anniversary. Estimates place their record sales between 200 and 300 million units worldwide. In 1995 they were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005. In 2012 Page, Plant, and Jones were recipients of Kennedy Center Honors.
You can watch the interview below.
Share your thoughts in the Comments section below.
PrevPreviousWorld Premiere – Amy Black "What Makes A Man?"
NextNew Jimi Hendrix Album – 'Both Sides of the Sky' Out March 9thNext | ppelin material would be released in 2018 "for sure."
Page also said, "There'll be Led Zeppelin product coming out, for sure, that people haven't heard, because I'm working on that. Next year will be the 50th year, so there's all manner of surprises coming out."
In recent years Led Zeppelin has issued material that includes a deluxe editions of their studio albums. Each edition reissue includes material that did not appear on studio albums: alternate takes, live takes, out-takes and demos.
Led Zeppelin was formed in 1968 and | 124 |
Bristow Promotes New 'Get Hired Illinois' Platform
Jun 2<|fim_middle|> to upload jobs, host virtual career fairs, and training opportunities. The new portal already features nearly 60,000 jobs across various industries. Visit the new Get Hired Illinois Website at www.illinois.gov/gethired.
"Although the COVID-19 outbreak has setback numerous employers and workers, this platform will help put our economy work toward recovery," said Bristow. "I encourage anyone who is looking for employment to visit the new Get Hired Illinois website and find resources and job opportunities."
To find the most recent information about resources and information regarding COVID-19 in Illinois, visit https://coronavirus.illinois.gov or call the Illinois Department of Public Health at 1-800-889-3931. | , 2020 | Bristow
ALTON, Ill. – State Rep. Monica Bristow, D-Alton, is promoting a new Get Hired Illinois program from the Illinois Department of Commerce and Economic Opportunity and Illinois Department of Employment Security. This program will help connect employers and job seekers with opportunities for job and career development across the state.
"The new Get Hired Illinois platform will help lay the groundwork to getting job seekers back to work and the economy on track," said Bristow. "It's essential that as our economy begins opening back up, that both employers and job seekers have the resources they need to return to normal."
The Get Hired Illinois portal is a collection of both IDES and DCEO information and resources to give job seekers and employers a single platform to find unemployment resources and job opportunities. The page will allow for employers | 175 |
25.4149, Review: Sociolinguistics; Translation: Chung (2013)
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Subject: 25.4149, Review: Sociolinguistics; Translation: Chung (2013)
Editor for this issue: Sara Couture <sara at linguistlist.org>
From: Kunkun Zhang [zkk226 at hotmail.com]
Subject: Translation and Fantasy Literature in Taiwan
Discuss this message:
http://linguistlist.org/pubs/reviews/get-review.cfm?subid=29902097
Book announced at http://linguistlist.org/issues/24/24-4342.html
AUTHOR: Yu-Ling Chung
TITLE: Translation and Fantasy Literature in Taiwan
PUBLISHER: Palgrave Macmillan
REVIEWER: Kunkun Zhang, Macquarie University
Review's Editors: Malgorzata Cavar and Sara Couture
This book employs Pierre Bourdieu's habitus-capital-field framework (e.g.
Bourdieu 1990, 1992, 1995a, 1995b, 1998, 2008; Bourdieu & Wacquant, 1992) to
explore the upsurge of fantasy literature translation in Taiwan from 1998 to
present day, and discusses the socio-cultural roles played by the fantasy
translators. It is targeted at scholars and students in the field of
translation studies, particularly those specialized in the sociological
studies of translation, but it also holds interest to those who have curiosity
about fantasy literature, Taiwan studies, and Bourdieu's theory of sociology.
The monograph consists of an introduction and five chapters. While Chapters 1
and 2 introduce the theoretical framework and fantasy literature in Taiwan,
the next two chapters explore the translation field in Taiwan and the social
roles of fantasy translators. Chapter 5 is the conclusion of the book.
The "Introduction" provides some background information of Taiwan's
translation practice, and then brings up two questions to be investigated in
the book as well as three assumptions as starting points for the discussion.
The two research questions are, first, what are the social and cultural forces
behind the rise of fantasy translation in Taiwan since 1998, and second, how
are the fantasy translators recognized. The three assumptions underlying the
further discussion are separately talked about: first, translators in the
history of China used to be invisible; second, fantasy literature used to be
marginal in Taiwan; and third, the game industry in Taiwan opened up
opportunities for fantasy literature as a genre to thrive there. This section
also sets out the reasons why fantasy translation in Taiwan since 1998 is to
be investigated.
Chapter 1, "The Sociological Turn of Translation Studies," presents the
theoretical framework employed throughout the book. First, after briefly
reviewing the history of translation studies, from the early linguistic and
literary studies of translation to the "cultural turn", Chung introduces the
sociological approach to translation studies and a recent trend towards
translator-centric studies. Then, the author presents Bourdieu's approach to
translation studies that views translation as a social practice. Bourdieu's
habitus-capital-field framework for translation studies is illustrated here
through defining and discussing such concepts as translators' habitus, the
translation field, and translators as social agents. Habitus can be defined as
the socialized dispositions that maneuver people's ways of thinking and
behaving. One acquires her/his habitus from previous social<|fim_middle|> translation field on
the Chinese mainland.
One point that needs to be clarified is about the Chinese language reform and
character simplification in modern Chinese history. When talking about the
language culture in Taiwanese literary field, the author compares the
evolution of modern Chinese language across the Taiwan Strait. However, the
statement about the language reform and character simplification on the
Chinese mainland is rather inaccurate and somewhat misleading. The author
relates the character simplification to the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976),
remarking that "[t]he vernacular Chinese transformed radically after the
Cultural Revolution, for example , the writing reform of traditional
characters and the change in the mode of speech and thought" (p. 99). However,
the simplification of Chinese characters, which began in the early 20th
century, had been largely completed before the start of Cultural Revolution.
The "Scheme of Simplified Chinese Characters" was published in 1956 and the
"Complete List of Simplified Characters" was published in 1964. The simplified
characters in this "List" are the Chinese characters used by the People's
Republic of China (PRC) today. Note that the "Second Chinese Character
Simplification Scheme (Draft)" released in 1977 was later rescinded by the
government of PRC and has little effect on contemporary Chinese language.
Nevertheless, this minor factual inaccuracy does not affect the author's
overall sound argumentation.
Chung has conducted the document analysis and interviews in 2006 (p. 14), and
after her fruitful work during the following years, she now presents us this
book. It adopts the sociological theory and empirical methodology to analyze
verified aspects of fantasy translation in Taiwan since 1998. The book
explores not only the dynamic, complex relationship between different elements
in the translation field but also the roles of fantasy translators as social
agents, and thereby it enriches the sociological study of translation as a
social practice.
It is interesting that this book itself can be viewed as a result of the
struggle of Taiwanese fantasy translators, as recognition won by the fantasy
translation in the academic field of Taiwan. Since part of the book deals with
the interaction between the translation and academic fields, the research
becomes part of the body of researched material itself.
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1990. In other words: Essays towards a reflexive sociology,
trans. Matthew Adamson. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1992. Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of
taste, trans. Richards Nice. London: Routledge.
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1995a. Sociology in question, trans. Richard Nice. London:
Sage Publications.
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1995b. The logic of practice, trans. Richard Nice.
Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
Bourdieu, Pierre. 1998. Practical reason: On the theory of action. Cambridge,
UK: Polity Press.
Bourdieu, Pierre. 2008. A conservative revolution in publishing. Translation
Studies 1(2): 123-153.
Bourdieu, Pierre and Loïc J. D. Wacquant. 1992. An invitation to reflexive
sociology. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
ABOUT THE REVIEWER
Kunkun Zhang is a PhD candidate at Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
His research interests include (multimodal) discourse analysis, (social)
semiotics, literary stylistics, and systemic functional linguistics. As a
translator, he is also interested in English-Chinese contrastive linguistics
and translation studies. | experiences and in
return the habitus that is acquired shapes her/his perception and behaviors.
Social agents with different habitus will struggle for four types of capital
(economic, cultural, social, and symbolic capital) with other agents in a
given field. In this chapter, Chung not only reviews Bourdieu's theory but
also illustrates its application in translation studies. Translators with
different habitus will select different texts to translate and use different
strategies for translation. They struggle for all types of capital with other
translators as well as other agents (e.g. publishers, reviewers) in a
translation field. As with any other field, a translation field is dynamic
rather than static. For one thing, translators can affect a field by accepting
or rejecting its norms. For another, the interactions and struggles for power
between various social agents are shaped by and at the same time reshape the
field.
Chapter 2, "The Evolution of Fantasy Literature in Taiwan," offers an overview
of the evolution of fantasy literature in Taiwan from a historical
perspective. The author first outlines the definitions and conceptualization
of fantasy in Western literary history, where categories and key concepts are
briefly discussed. Then Chung introduces the fantasy writing in Chinese
history, mainly covering two literary genres: Zhi Guai (a classical Chinese
literary genre that gives a prominent part to strange and supernatural
stories), and Wu Xia (a popular literary genre that features martial arts).
Subsequently, this chapter describes the sudden increase of fantasy
translation in Taiwan from 1998 onwards and identifies factors that may
directly contribute to the thriving of fantasy translation. In particular, the
rise of role-playing games, the reading of fairy tales, and the development of
local rental book stores all play important roles in the sudden emergence of
fantasy translation in Taiwan.
In Chapter 3, "A Translation Field in the Taiwanese Market," the author
surveys the translation field of Taiwan contextualized in publishing, the
literary field, and book and translation reviewing. Translation in Taiwan is
seen as a field not because of its high institutionalization, but because it
is a social space where various agents struggle for power and resources. After
a brief introduction of Bourdieu's framework of a publishing field, the author
reviews the history of the publishing industry and the status quo of the
publishing business in Taiwan. Then Chung focuses on the fantasy translation
business in Taiwan and discusses the translation publishing practice of five
major publishers that publish translated fantasy books. The practice includes
book selection, translator selection, book editing, distribution and
marketing. Finally Chung talks about two fields closely related to the
Taiwanese translation field: the language culture in the Taiwanese literary
field as well as book and translation review in Taiwan. In the first aspect,
the language in Taiwan is very much literary-based. In the second aspect, the
translation review in Taiwan is largely limited to the linguistic level,
without taking social contexts into consideration.
After the study of Taiwanese translation field in the previous chapter,
Chapter 4 focuses on the fantasy translators. As an active force that
struggles for capitals in a given field, the social agents are creative on the
one hand and restricted by social contexts on the other hand. Translators are
creative in that they are able to select source texts, and adopt their own
unique strategies for translation. Meanwhile, they are partially determined by
the society. For instance, the Taiwanese fantasy translators are influenced by
the computer gaming industry. The author conducts the interview-based case
studies of three representative fantasy translators: Zhu Xue-Heng, Tan
Guang-Lei and Hsu Ching-Wen. Their social habitus and professional habitus are
analyzed. Due to their habitus, the style of their translation is radically
different from that of traditional translation that is decisively influenced
by the academic field and literary field. Their new style results from the
influence of online gaming community and internet language: creation of new
terms, instructive tone from technical manuals, and usage of colloquialism.
Although the fantasy translation is criticized by the academic and literary
reviewers, it is highly appraised by netizens, namely Internet users, and is
popular with common readers. The fantasy translators have challenged the
traditional norms and strived for capitals (e.g. economic resources, social
power, and reputation) in the translation field of Taiwan, thus reshaping this
The final chapter summarizes the findings of the study and provides
suggestions for further research. The book illustrates the Taiwanese
translation field in relation to book market as well as translation and book
reviews in Taiwan. The achievements of those fantasy translators result from
their habitus on the one hand and the status of book market and the rise of
online gaming on the other hand. The future research agenda pointed out by the
author includes the investigation of fantasy translators' impact on readers,
the survey of the fantasy translators' influence on other translators, and the
building of large corpora.
This study is a successful case that applies Bourdieu's sociological theory to
translation studies. Using the habitus-capital-field framework, the study
explores the social forces (e.g. online game industry) that bring about the
rise of fantasy translation in Taiwan, and analyzes how the fantasy
translators struggle for all types of capital, particularly how they earn
economic interests and social recognition. The sociological perspective allows
the investigation of different contextual elements of Taiwanese fantasy
translation as well as the relationship of fantasy translators with other
translators and other social agents within the translation field. The book
shows the explanatory power of Bourdieu's theory of sociology and broadens its
application. At the same time, it demonstrates the effectiveness of a
sociocultural approach to translation studies.
Although the overall research design is well-structured, there is still room
for improvement in methodology. The sociological approach used in this
monograph could be complemented and enhanced by textual analysis. The
sociological perspective on translation studies goes beyond the language
level, stressing social contexts and the role of translators as active social
agents, and thus in this book it plays an essential role in revealing the
social forces behind fantasy translation and the causes of fantasy
translators' reputation in Taiwan. This perspective is complementary rather
than contradictory to textual analysis. The book reviewed is rather limited in
textual analysis, and the analysis is far from systematic. The author
illustrates the facts that these fantasy translators coin new terms, adopt
instructive styles, and use colloquial language (pp. 127-128). However, she
only provides several random examples for each point and does not analyze any
specific texts. To combine the macro perspective of sociology and the micro
analysis of translation texts, we could, for example, investigate how a
translator's habitus influences her/his strategies for translation. Chung has
illustrated how the fantasy translators' habitus is influenced by social
factors, yet she does not analyze any translator's translating strategies and
styles based on systematic text analysis. Of course, even without the textual
analysis, the study presented in this book has already been a successful one.
This monograph lays the groundwork for future studies. Bourdieu's theoretical
framework could be applied to the fantasy translation on the Chinese mainland,
where the translation field also has a complex relationship with the
publishing and literary fields. Fantasy literature and fantasy translation are
developing fast on the mainland. For instance, fantasy translation has its own
magazines and awards. However, they are still marginal in the literary and
translation fields. As with the situation in Taiwan, the fantasy translation
on the mainland is much influenced by the internet and it exerts influence on
local fantasy writing. However, it seems that the fantasy translators on the
mainland do not achieve the recognition as their Taiwanese peers do; compared
with Taiwanese fantasy translators, they have limited power and resources.
Bourdieu's framework would make it possible to explore the fantasy
translators' habitus, their struggle for various forms of capital, their
social roles as well as the contextual forces behind the | 1,708 |
I've enjoyed staying aware of Mike Greenly, a highly respected writer I've known about for years and even interviewed in the past. Having recently read about some of his newest projects, I decided to capture the story of the widely praised support he gives to executive clients.
Greenly has found his purpose in life. Once a top marketing and communications exec for Avon Products – becoming the youngest VP in its history when Avon was the world's largest beauty company – Greenly is now a "secret weapon" for effective sales meetings, product launches and individual speeches by clients across many industries.
He also enjoys being something of a "marketing geek", as he puts it – having been a writer and then brand manager at Lever Brothers, in highly competitive categories like detergents and toothpaste where savvy marketing is crucial. He left Lever for Avon with a culture he considered more motivational and people-focused. Obviously, the fit was a good one and led to his becoming an Officer.
When companies hire Greenly to help an entire team with product launches or sales meetings, he captures each individual's voice and message, while making their separate presentations fit together like a solved jigsaw puzzle. His goal is always to drive home the client's intended message in a convincing and memorable way.
Greenly loves using his affinity with words to make a positive difference in the world. He keeps that goal in mind whether helping his clients be more effective in business or using his talent for words to affect people's hearts through his lyrics. His most recent song is "Common Ground" – written with Gil Polk and English singer, Sam Stevens. Stevens has recorded the song in several versions and it's also now available as Dance Club remixes by such globally famous DJ's as Tony Moran.
Greenly has further hared his knowledge via four chapters in The CHANGE self-empowerment book series. In volume 8, he describes his transformation from stage fright to now being able to speak comfortably to even an audience of 5,000 people … experience that helps him coach his clients to achieve greater effectiveness on stage. His chapters in volumes 14, 15 and 16 provide guidance on writing a speech, writing song lyrics and making personal sales calls. The latter includes breakthrough research by revered author and creativity expert, Ned Herrmann, on the quadrants of the human brain. Greenly has used this learning in guest speeches and communications workshops for execs at ExxonMobil, Patròn Spirits,<|fim_middle|> a speech or veer off?
MG: Many of my clients are in highly regulated industries – pharmaceuticals, beverage alcohol, finance, etc. Lawyers must review and approve every scripted word.
Even in those cultures, it's understood that a presenter can choose to make a spontaneous, in-the-moment comment to the audience … while never including new facts or direction not already reviewed by lawyers.
For some clients, I write a complete, word-for-word script to begin with. Then, once Legal has approved, I'll convert the text to "bullet points" to allow a more informal and conversational speaking style.
But again – deviations and ad libs must never distract from the primary take-away message of any communication.
Q: Are there certain givens you can or will employ depending on the executive's background?
MG: I should mention that some speechwriters I know keep re-cycling material they've kept "on the shelf." Not I. I never do "cookie cutter" work. Everything is custom-created for each individual client or team.
One of the most uniquely successful presentations I ever wrote was decades ago, for the CEO of DuPont to his senior global management. He was a brilliant thinker and leader but, given the motivational needs of the occasion, I got him to tell a "bedtime" story to the hundreds of execs in his audience. He wore pajamas and a bathrobe, sitting in a wing chair on-stage, like a loving grandfather. The execs were served milk and cookies for the end-of-day message. I got tremendous positive feedback about the "fable" I wrote with a moral (about teamwork) and the impact it had on its audience.
The only "given" is my need to help each presentation convey a desired message in a way that suits the situation. Again, my tagline expresses this: "Sound like yourself … only better." My clients say they can feel that in my work.
While my #1 skill has to be writing, of course, I know that my ability to ask the right questions is also crucial to delivering the right results.
Q: To achieve what you want to find for yourself are you as much a life coach as a writer?
MG: I'm not really a "life" coach – even though I was in training to become a full-time psychotherapist when Avon made me a VP. But I am definitely a communications coach; that is my expertise.
I do know that my interactions with my clients are always personal. Real. Authentic. Even intimate. And I'll admit that, given my decades of corporate experience and my work with many hundreds of presenters, clients sometimes (always privately) turn to me for advice based on my life experience.
A few agencies I know only want to have attractive 30-year-olds representing them in competitive pitches. But the client execs, themselves, readily understand that my decades on their side of the desk offer experience that a younger person won't yet have had time to gain.
Q: From one speech, has there ever come a series and even brochures, pamphlets or whole career course work?
MG: One major pharma exec – for whom I'd written and coached his delivery for years – called me in near-panic. He was about to give the most important speech of his lifetime, he said: to the House of Representatives in Washington, DC. He said he'd been learning from my verbal feedback but that it would help him if I'd write my guidance down on paper. I did – creating a special Presentation Tips document. My client later said it was so helpful, it enabled him to experience a "triumph" in front of Congress. I often share that document with the clients I coach.
It also eventually became the basis for some of what I offered in vol. 8 of The CHANGE book series. I've also used its content while leading Presentation Skills workshops or as a guest speaker on that topic. From pharma clients to Metz Culinary Management, the "basics" of being effective in front of an audience don't change from one industry to the next.
Q: When crafting a great speech how personal do you get?
MG: I've learned an important lesson: when an exec allows him- or herself to be personal, the message has significantly greater resonance. Specifically, I remember – over 20 years ago – helping a pharma exec with her speech.
Her message was feeling "muddy" until I got her to share a relevant memory from having been a Girl Scout. All of a sudden, with that anecdote included in her speech, the ideas she was passionate about came to life in a more human and relatable way. Later she thanked me for nudging her outside her comfort zone.
The simple fact is: not once have I had a client regret sharing something personal that fit the context of a presentation. Another example: a different pharma exec shared his own medical condition and family history when launching a product that could make a difference for similar patients. Afterward, he praised it as one of the best speeches I'd ever written for him. It wouldn't have been the same if he'd not been willing to be personal in his remarks for the product launch.
Q: How spiritual do you get?
MG: Most of the organizations that hire me have zero interest in being "spiritual." Talk about values? Yes, absolutely. Along with making a positive difference to the world.
But clients – rightly, in my opinion – tend to avoid spirituality, religion and even, for the most part, politics.
The goal is to unite an audience behind a common point of view, never to divide or segment. Personal history is one thing, as I mentioned with your previous question. But while there are, indeed, rare exceptions depending on context, spirituality is generally too private and personal for most situations.
Q: How often do you employ macro ideas in the presentations you create?
MG: Analogies can be useful. And in some situations, big-picture metaphors can be helpful. In general, though, every presentation I create is focused squarely on the client's message … about a product, reorganization, employee policy, whatever. The wrong macro idea or metaphor, superimposed onto a message, can become a distraction if it's not truly relevant.
My client is always the subject matter expert. I'm only the communications expert who helps a desired message get across in the best and most vivid way. | Roche Pharmaceuticals and more.
Greenly has also used his talents to raise funds for worthy causes. His songs have contributed many thousands of dollars to organizations including the American Human Association, the Alzheimer's Foundation of America, the CJD Foundation, the Rottweiler Foundation and more. He also arranged for a book-signing event (vol. 16 of The CHANGE) in New York on March 30 to benefit Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS.
Though Greenly admits he "can barely change a light bulb," it seems he has always had an affinity for words. He still remembers the first poem he composed at the age of four and – unusual, in his home town congregation in Beaufort, South Carolina — he wrote his own Bar Mitzvah speech instead of having the Rabbi write it for him.
"Eventually I went to Duke University. So I'm a real Southerner by birth and upbringing. But I'm also Jewish which made me 'different' – especially back then. I actually had classmates ask, in all seriousness, if I had been born with a Devil's tail.
Greenly's youthful isolation went further than just the religion into which he was born. He became even more of an outsider when he was chosen to skip the second grade. Now he was "different" in yet another way: he was a year younger than all his classmates. Being "different" motivated him to learn how to fit in — almost too much so.
"When I went to high school, I was determined to become popular and, indeed, I was voted 'Most Popular' as a senior. The problem was, that popular persona was not the real me … just the identity I'd invented to hide behind.
"In college on a scholarship to Duke, I was called into the Dean's office and was told, I would lose that financial support because my grades were only average instead of meeting the Dean's List requirement. They said, 'You're a smart guy, so why aren't you getting better grades?' Duke helped me to discover that my lingering anxieties from childhood were getting in the way of my studies. Thanks to their help, I got into psychotherapy, kept my scholarship and graduated Phi Beta Kappa. That therapy was a life-changing gift, which went on to become years of psychoanalysis in New York.
During his years as an executive, Greenly worked to develop the knowledge that has led him to the career and creativity he so enjoys today. He admits that it took courage to leave his corporate position and go freelance. But two books changed his life and led him to make his leap.
"Alvin Toffler's 'The Third Wave' made me aware of the newly emerging Information Age. My presentation to Avon leadership about that vision caused them to buy me one of the first Apple computers. My 'assignment' was to report back to senior management about what we needed to do in an increasingly digital time. Another book — Gail Sheehy's 'Passages' — made me realize that I was at a potential turning point in my life. The two books, and psychoanalysis, gave me the strength to take the leap of leaving corporate life behind, while helping others still within it.
The following is a Q&A discussion outlining who Mike Greenly is and how he does what he does.
Q: Do you have a format with which you can make a great speech?
Q: When do you stay on script in | 702 |
<|fim_middle|> network in Europe. | Alde Rask, who founded the company in 1949, was an ingenious inventor. In his spirit, we continue with sustained innovation and technical development, with emphasis on comfort in caravans, mobile homes and boats. Our defined strategy is to continue to be a world leader within our field. This is why we're constantly working to devise ways of developing even better functions, even longer service life and even better service.
Silent, invisible, pleasant comfort is what we work with – every day.
There's nothing to beat hydronic heating. It's silent, it's consistent and it's all-enveloping.
Hydronic heat is just "there", without you noticing it. Real quality heat.
But not only does hydronic heating provide pleasant, noiseless heat. It also gives dust-free and healthy air with natural moisture.
Alde's heating systems are probably the most reliable you can buy.
Heating and hot water for many years, with nothing to worry about. How is this possible?
Well, it probably has something to do with our origins. Scandinavia is a cold place, with a tough climate. That's why we have to be sure that the products we're using are reliable, that they can work flawlessly at any time of year. Since 1966, when our first boiler was developed, we've been carrying out testing every day to make sure that you get quality and efficiency that will last.
We're world leaders in our field, and that makes us proud. Yet if you see us as warm and welcoming in your dealings with us, that would make us even prouder. We're happy to listen to experiences, suggestions and opinions that might help us to improve. Building strong, long-lasting relationships with our customers and dealers is extremely important to us. We're always ready to provide help together with our extensive service and dealer | 383 |
Thank you to Octopus Publishing for sending me the 5:<|fim_middle|>. | 2 Cookbook by Angela Dowden to review.
Being paperback it's hard to read whilst following a recipe and I do prefer pictures (being a food stylist!) but for £7.99 you get a whole range of recipes as well as a guide to the 5:2 diet, with plenty of information and advice on how to follow it, tailor it to suit yourself, and a very positive and healthy attitude for sticking to a lifestyle choice rather than a weight-loss fad.
Good recipes though, giving the number of calories per dish as required on the two days of the week when you are fasting.
Also fast day meal planners which help and which you can change to suit yourself, depending on whether you have breakfast or lunch or supper or a combination of each. It is divided into 100, 200 and 300 calorie meals (and snacks up to 50 and up to 100 calories) which you can mix and match to create your own 500 calorie-a-day food plan.
I have somewhat of a muffin-top which I would like to dispose of, but I also think that following this plan, rather than a 'diet', is much more sustainable. You will 'starve' yourself for a day but you know you will be able to eat whatever you want the next day, so it's not as unattainable as the usual 'I'm never drinking again' or 'I'm giving up sugar' or any of those diets where you decide you will never have chocolate again, so it is much easier to keep up as a lifestyle choice. I know several friends who are following it rigourously and claim to feel healthier. And have lost weight. Even if you are not trying to lose any weight, you can still feel the benefits by doing one day a week.
So choose your day. Stick to it. Just for one day. Then do it again a week later. It's not that hard! And with a book like this with some recipes that you can actually enjoy, it can happen. You will feel so virtuous. I will report back with de-muffin-top-development. I can feel it going already.
Mix together the ingredients for the marinade in a large non-metallic bowl. Add the fish, courgette, onion and mushrooms and coat well. Cover and leave to marinate in the fridge for at least an hour.
Brush the rack of the grill pan lightly with vegetable oil to prevent sticking. Thread 4 skewers alternately with fish, mushrooms, courgettes and onion. Brush with oil and cook under a preheated hot grill for about 10 minutes, turning the skewers frequently until cooked through. Serve hot.
This was a quick and very tasty dish, which can be adapted to various different types of fish. If you haven't had your full quota of calories for your fast day, you can even have a little rice with it... Delicious! The perfect end to a hungry busy day.
Lay the chicken fillets on a chopping board and slice each in half horizontally. Place in a large shallow ovenproof dish in which the fillets fit snugly.
Mix together the soy sauce, sugar, garlic, vinegar, orange juice and pepper and pour the mixture over the chicken. Cover and leave to marinate in the fridge until ready to cook.
Bake in a preheated oven 180c (gas 4) for 30 mins until the chicken is cooked through. Serve the chicken with the cooking juices spooned over..
Ah! I'm sort of following 5:2 using an article I knicked from my mum out of a paper, and I was thinking about getting a book to keep myself going on it so may be this is the book I need!
It may well be! It does give you meals to look forward to and very good guidelines | 793 |
Oh fun in the sun! Everyone deserves a holiday! I was fortunate to take two holidays this summer, each which celebrated a unique part of our vast country, Canada. First, we toured Vancouver Island including stops in Victoria, Parksville/Qualicum Beach area, Tofino, and Salt Spring Island. Then, we spent a week in Quebec City and Montreal to take in the Tall Ships Festival on the mighty St. Laurence River as part of Canada's 150th celebrations.
From one coast virtually to the other, I was truly inspired! I was awestruck by the natural rugged beauty of the landscape on Vancouver Island in the west. It truly was a<|fim_middle|> Sask, an extensive renovation of an old farmhouse near Moosomin, Sk, a Regina church, a well known local restaurant, and more! My recent experience in Canada's natural landscapes, and our collective Canadian story and culture are sure to influence these projects! | holiday – I was unplugged from my cell phone with no tv or phone in our room while we were in Tofino. I fell asleep each night to the peaceful and soothing sounds of the tides crashing along the vast beaches. The natural, locally grown foods were amazing and the humidity of the sea salt in the air was refreshing.
Culture, history and art are at every glance in Quebec City and Montreal! Everywhere you look there are public art installations, demonstrations, galleries and exhibits. Local shops are decorated beautifully with fresh flowers and seemingly endless amounts of local wares. The food, music and art were truly inspiring – offering a re-charge to my creativity and love for design. The tall ships festival spoke to my "inner pirate" and I'm now hooked – looking forward to my next vacation which will involve sleeping on a sailboat! This prairie girl is definitely looking forward to an adventure on the seas!
I can't wait to encorporate all the inspiration from my Canadian summer travels into my new projects this fall! A beautiful "cabin" (aka residence) on Pasqua Lake, the 2018 Spring Hospitals of Regina Foundation Lottery Home (being built again by Ripplinger Homes!), two amazing new homes near Riceton | 253 |
The Review: As soon as I heard about Wintersong by S. Jae-Jones I pre-ordered it straight away. If I'm honest that's not me at all. I very rarely pre-order debut books until I start hearing some hype from bloggers who received advanced copies, however I read the blurb of this story and just knew that I had to read this book.
Wintersong is about a young girl named Lisel who has to hide her musical talent from her family but yet there is one person who loves to hear Lisel play, someone from her past who she has tried to forget but that person can't forget her – The Goblin King. Deep in the woods and underground The Goblin King lives and he will do anything to have Lisel – even if that means taking away one of the people she loves most, her sister. Lisel will do anything to get her sister back and away from the goblins and The Goblin King but that means she may have to sacrifice herself.
You know when you start reading a book and you just don't want to put it down? That's how I felt while reading Wintersong. It was impossible to put down and I fell in love with the story from the very start. The story is simply written so beautifully and it's such a magical read that is mysterious and spell-binding. And the music aspect was such a beautiful touch that made me enjoy it all the more.
The characters were simply fantastic. They weren't perfect and had their faults but no-one is perfect and so I forgave them when they made mistakes. I just loved the characters, every minute they were together was nail-biting and nerve-racking but so beautiful too. I loved that they could connect through music when they couldn't or wouldn't always put their feelings into words.<|fim_middle|> that moment that Liesl's sister eats the juicy ripe peaches that starts the whole story in motion!
This candle has been newly added to Bookworm Candles and Craft store and added to her Location candle range and today we are offering three winners a 2oz sample candle of The Goblin Grove. So if you loved this book or even if it's new to you, then feel free to enter! And it's international!
Gabriel Merrick plays with fire. Literally. Sometimes he can even control it. And sometimes he can't.
Gabriel has always had his brothers to rely on, especially his twin, Nick.
But when an arsonist starts wreaking havoc on their town, all the signs point to Gabriel. Only he's not doing it. And no one seems to believe him.
The Review: Spark is the second book in Brigid Kemmerer's Elemental series and I'm so glad I decided to carry out with this series. It's been too long since I have been able to dive into a series and not want to put it down.
Each book features a different character and this time it's another Merrick brother – Gabriel. Gabriel has an affinity to Fire, he can start them but learning control is hard for him. Sometimes his element likes to play but other times it likes to take over and as everyone knows fire is catching so it's a very dangerous thing to play with.
I really liked getting to know Gabriel more. In Storm he was very much the fun brother who doesn't hold back what he wants to say, however as you read Spark you start to see that under his tough guy exterior he's actually struggling with a lot issues – the loss of his parents and the guilt he feels over it, he feels stupid for not being able to pass math without the help of his twin brother Nick and also he actually feels pretty alone. He hasn't got a lot of close friends nor has he got a girlfriend so when his brother's start pairing off, he struggles with his loneliness and his guilt for his issues causes him to argue with everyone close to him. Then there is also the fact that someone is starting fires in the neighbourhood and Gabriel is suspect number one. Gabriel's story is a sad one just because he's dealing with so much but I still enjoyed every minute of his journey.
The bright spot in this story is Layne who does become Gabriel's love interest. She is a great character to get to know but she is also dealing with her own issues which vary from parental problems, to having a deaf brother who is being bullied at school and then finally to Lanie being hurt from a young age and dealing with the after effects of that. The author tackles all of these issues very well and as a reader you can see why there are so many obstacles in the characters life – it's for them to grow and to become stronger characters but it's also eye opening to readers to some of the real day to day issues some people deal with and as I said, the author tackles this well and it honestly made for great reading.
I love the whole element aspect of the story. Being able to control either fire, water, air or earth has always been interesting to me and I'm enjoying exploring it with this story. I'm honestly not sure which brother or which element I like more! Hopefully I'll be able to answer that by the end of the series.
As the series progresses you can see trouble brewing for the Merrick brothers and the people attached to them. The story is around someone starting local fires but there is a lot more to it. The Merrick brothers have to keep a low profile to not draw attention to themselves or they could be killed – so yeah, this is definitely one read you'll burn straight through.
Now the big question for you readers – what element would you like to control? | It just made for a very beautiful read!
I hear the story is being compared to a Hades and Persephone re-telling or a Labyrinth re-telling which doesn't bother me at all because this book could have been a re-telling of any kind and I still would have looked this book. It is its own book, no matter where the inspiration came from to write it, so before you read try and keep an open mind and I'm sure you'll love it.
By the time I'd finished the book my emotions were all over the place. That ending? Talk about a cliff-hanger but I'm so glad the author is writing another book because I wouldn't have been happy had that been the end of the story.
In all Wintersong is a fantastic read and dare I say my favourite read of 2017 so far!
Now because I loved this story so much, I have teamed up with Bookworm Candles and Crafts to provide you with a little giveaway. Once I finished this book I immediately went to Danielle and started plowing her with ideas for candles to make. In the end we decided on The Goblin Grove location candle.
The Goblin Grove is a key feature throughout the book and a fantastic location to get lost in. This candle smells like alder circle, woven music and sweet ripe fruit. This beautiful candle represents everything this magical book has to offer, from the circle of alder trees in The Goblin Grove, to the music being played by the characters and most importantly to | 308 |
Bond's Classy UK Poster for 'Skyfall' Reminds Us How to be Swanky
<|fim_middle|> that would make this poster
spencer on Sep 17, 2012
While I really like the idea of this poster, after seeing it on the glossy pages of a magazine the other day Daniel Craig looked more like a waxwork figure. Not sure what went wrong in the transfer!
Dearsleazy on Sep 18, 2012
New comments are no longer allowed on this post. | Source: ComingSoon
"Just look at you - chasing spies, England, the empire, MI6. So old fashioned." Sliding or standing? Which do you prefer? Eon Productions has debuted the latest poster (via ComingSoon) for James Bond's Skyfall, directed by Sam Mendes, starring Daniel Craig as 007. Just last week we unveiled the official US poster, featuring the same sliding Bond-in-sleek-blue-suit photo we've seen them use before. This time they've gone back to the classy Bond we know, just posing him with Walter PPK in hand in front of the dark gun-barrel swirl and a hint of London's Union Jack. I quite like it, but it's not that original in design. See in full below!
Here's the new UK Skyfall poster. Do you like this pose/design better than the one where he's sliding along?
Skyfall is being directed by Sam Mendes (American Beauty, Road to Perdition, Jarhead, Revolutionary Road, Away We Go), from a script by John Logan, Neal Purvis and Robert Wade. Skyfall will once again star Daniel Craig as James Bond 007, along with Javier Bardem, Dame Judi Dench as M, Ralph Fiennes, Albert Finney, Naomie Harris, Bérénice Marlohe, Helen McCrory, Ola Rapace with Ben Whishaw. You can also follow the official twitter @007 for updates as well, they've been tweeting photos and more. Columbia Pictures, Eon Productions and MGM have Skyfall set to hit US theaters on November 9th this fall. We'll continue to keep you updated on all things Bond. Less than two more months to go! Which do you like?
Find more posts: Hype, James Bond, Posters
Shawl neck tuxedo's are cool.
DAVIDPD on Sep 17, 2012
I don't quite like it that much. The sliding poster was better.
Kwaz on Sep 17, 2012
simple and classic
truong18 on Sep 17, 2012
Richie G on Sep 17, 2012
This movie will blow everybody's mind! As much as Casino Royale was perfection in cinema, it was just the origins of how Bond became the true Agent 007. Now Quantum of Solace was suppose to be about him being cold blooded and super badass, and instead, we got a sentimental Bond. But no matter no matter, Vesper is all in the past now that he finally got "his revenge" with Vesper's boyfriend and now we get the classy, super bad ass Agent 007 with gadgets, Q, the hot women, traveling around Europe and Asia. Can't wait for this movie!
Luis Eduardo Ortiz on Sep 17, 2012
The coldest blood runs through his veins, you know his name 😉
Fidel Reyes on Sep 17, 2012
He was pretty cold-blooded and badass in Quantum, precisely because of his obsession with revenge. Don't think I saw a "sentimental" Bond in that movie. The brilliance of the new 007 films is that they give Bond a REASON to be so ruthless. I hope that same attention to his characterization continues in Skyfall. I like the continuity so far.
Ali Miller on Sep 18, 2012
entirely appropriate poster for Bond.................and terrific >;-)
Rosalee Adams on Sep 17, 2012
Such a small gun, he needs a bazooka.
Carpola on Sep 17, 2012
anybody know where i could buy a gun like that? and how much it costs? thank you
Walther PPK 500-700 dollar price range....
Jericho on Sep 18, 2012
thanks, buddy
I think they need one with Daniel giving a slight smirk i think | 858 |
Singapore's Kallang River-Bishan Park project commencement a success
DENVER, CO, Oct. 28, 2009 -- CH2M HILL, along with partners, officials, dignitaries from Singapore's national<|fim_middle|> Changi Water Reclamation Plant, which was commissioned in June 2009, to support the 4.8 million and growing population into the next century. The development of a NEWater demonstration facility followed by four other NEWater Plants® to utilize reclaimed water has also helped the island-nation close the water gap. Through these landmark projects in combination with the ABC Waters Program, CH2M HILL and partners have been able to help Singapore meet its goals of cleaner waters around the island, a healthier environment for its citizens, and has enhanced the country's reputation as a global water high-tech centre."
About CH2M HILL
Headquartered near Denver, Colo, employee-owned CH2M HILL is a global leader in engineering, procurement, construction, management and operations for government, civil, industrial and energy clients. With $6.4 billion in revenue and more than 25,000 employees, CH2M HILL is an industry-leading program management, construction management and design firm, as ranked by Engineering News-Record (2009). The firm's work is concentrated in the areas of energy, water, transportation, environmental, nuclear and industrial facilities. The firm has long been recognized as a most-admired company and leading employer, including being named by FORTUNE as one of the 100 Best Companies to Work For (2009). Visit www.ch2mhill.com. | water agency, and members of the local grassroots community, celebrated the official commencement of the Kallang River-Bishan Park project, a part of the Active, Beautiful and Clean (ABC) Waters Program...
• Beauty and function intersect through Singapore's ABC (Active, Beautiful, Clean) Waters Program
DENVER, CO, Oct. 28, 2009 -- CH2M HILL, a global full-service engineering, procurement, construction, and operations firm, is pleased to announce that in early October the Singapore Prime Minister, Lee Hsien Loong, along with several other dignitaries and CEOs from PUB, the national water agency, and National Parks Board joined CH2M HILL, its partner Atelier Dreiseitl, and the local grassroots community to celebrate the official commencement of the Kallang River-Bishan Park project, a part of the Active, Beautiful and Clean (ABC) Waters Program.
The ABC Waters Program initiated in 2006 will transform Singapore's extensive network of drains, canals and reservoirs into beautiful streams, rivers and lakes for people to enjoy and get close to water. The goal is to create a vibrant, healthy, and sustainable waterbodies and provide the community with beautiful spaces to use and enjoy.
The Kallang River-Bishan Park project will transform 3 kilometers of Singapore's longest river from a concrete canal into a natural river with bioengineered slopes and landscaped banks. The area features integration with a popular existing park, rivulets for people to play in, new footbridges, new playgrounds, water cascades and a river promenade for entertainment, street bazaars, and more. One of the existing ponds will also be converted into a biotope, which will help to improve the water quality in the recreational ponds. The commencement was held at a test reach of the future river, which was created several months ago to analyse the bioengineering techniques. The Kallang River-Bishan Park project is expected to be completed in 2011. Under Phase 1 of the ABC Waters Program, over 20 projects will be initiated by 2011. Downstream of the Kallang River, another ABC Waters project, the Marina Barrage, which opened last year, has already attracted more than half a million visitors. The ABC Waters Program will ensure a healthier and more sustainable future for Singapore.
CH2M HILL partnered with Atelier Dreiseitl and worked with associate firms DesignInc and Phrase Communications to create an integrated approach to waterway management for the ABC Waters Program in the Central Catchment that incorporates engineering, science, landscape design, the behavioral framework of urban design, and a commitment to community involvement. The program ensures a sustainable future for Singapore by increasing understanding of the vital role waterways play in daily life, increasing native vegetation and fauna, improving the stormwater system, and greening the city to improve the environment. Sustainability is the unifying theme for all of the water fronts, not just in the design of the waterways, walkways, and open space activity areas, but also in the buildings adjacent, to bring people into the beautiful new areas and to create a culture of water appreciation. New housing developments will integrate seamlessly with adjacent waterways to create a beautiful and relaxing waterfront living environment.
"CH2M HILL has been helping Singaporeans improve their quality of living over the past fifteen years through its engagement with PUB's ground-breaking infrastructure projects," says John Quarendon, CH2M HILL Asia Regional Managing Director. "We began by delivering the vital infrastructure of the massive S$3.65 billion Deep Tunnel Sewerage System, a superhighway for used water collection, and the | 764 |
Walt Disney Park Guide
Epcot vs. Hollywood Studios
Things to Do at the Magic Kingdom
Diane Dilov-Schultheis, Leaf Group
(Photo: http://www.sxc.hu/photo/95713 )
Tips on Overlooked and Hidden Things in the Disney Magic Kingdom
Attractions at the Walt Disney Park in Paris
The Magic Kingdom is one of the Walt Disney World Resort's four theme parks located in Central Florida. The Magic Kingdom is filled with things to do for kids of all ages. Covering 107 acres with the renowned Cinderella Castle centered among seven delightful and entertaining lands, you can spend your time doing lots of amazing things.
Magic Kingdom Attractions
Moving through the various lands, you encounter endless and incredible attractions. Ride a horse-drawn streetcar down Main Street U.S.A. admiring all<|fim_middle|> like Mickey, Minnie, Snow White, Goofy, Donald Duck, Winnie the Pooh and others. Learn how to become a pirate at the Pirate Tutorial or see how Ariel the Mermaid lives in the magical play area Ariel's Grotto. Finish the day watching an incredible firework show above Cinderella's Castle.
Magic Kingdom Shopping
The Magic Kingdom offers the shopper an abundance of things to do. Explore the stores found in the different lands and you will soon be discovering one of a kind items relating to each specific area. Buy anything and everything "Disney" in the parks largest souvenir and gift shop, the Emporium that is 17,000 square feet in size. Buy some tasty treats in the Main Street Confectionery or do some holiday shopping early in Ye Olde Christmas Shoppe. Spend time slowly going through the various shops, boutiques and specialty stores and you will find treasures and trinkets of all kinds.
Walt Disney World Resort Magic Kingdom
Diane Dilov-Schultheis has been writing professionally since 2000. She is a food and travel writer who also specializes in gaming, satellites, RV repair, gardening, finances and electronics. She is a member of the Society of Professional Journalists and has been published online at the Travel Channel and Intel.
Family Getaways in New Jersey
The Biggest & Best Zoos in Missouri
Information About Epcot in Disney World
Kids' Activities in Myrtle Beach, SC
Activity Based Attractions in California
Southern US Travel»
Florida Tourism» | there is to see. Explore the famous Swiss Family Tree House or board a boat and escape from the Pirates of the Caribbean or other wild adventures in Adventureland. Move on to Frontierland and ride a runaway railroad down Big Thunder Mountain or relax and take a journey on the Liberty Square Riverboat. Relive all of your childhood fairytales, like Peter Pan, Snow White, Dumbo and more in Fantasyland, visit Mickey's Toontown Fair area or race a car and ride in a spaceship in Tomorrow Land.
Magic Kingdom Entertainment
The magical and astounding entertainment provided at the Magic Kingdom gives you plenty of things to do. Enjoy one of the bigger than life, colorful and exciting parades taking place throughout the park. Watch some of the entertaining and lively shows provided by small groups of musicians or dancers to large productions. Meet several of the world famous Disney characters | 174 |
Central Ohio Injured Warfighters Participating in Motorsports Competition this Sunday in Xenia, OH.
Xenia, OH Saturday September 5th – Through VETMotorsports, an award-winning, non-clinical outreach program that honors and empowers injured warfighters through active participation in motorsports, four combat-wounded United States veterans from central Ohio will be participating in the Western Ohio Region Sports Car Club of America (SCCA) autocross event on September 6th at Kil-Kare Raceway.
The VETMotorsports program was created to provide inspiration and motivation to combat-wounded, post-9/11 warfighters by making them part of a new team and giving them a new mission.<|fim_middle|> a donation, visit www.VETMotorsports.org. | VETMotorsports recruits participants, embeds them with professional racing teams or puts them behind the wheel, and covers all expenses for them a caregiver to take part in the experience.
Taking part in the Western Ohio SCCA event as drivers will be Mansfield and Columbus-area warfighters James B, Erik B, Adam G and Dean H. All were injured serving in Operation Iraqi Freedom, Operation Enduring Freedom or Operation New Dawn.
The event, which is open to the public, will feature a timed competition in which drivers navigate one at a time through a defined course. Injured warfighters will be racing against the clock rather than other cars, and competing not only against themselves for their best time but 'civilian' drivers as well.
"After seeing firsthand how injured warfighters have positively reacted to being behind the wheel, we're looking forward to our partnership with the VETMotorsports team and the value they're bringing to the lives of wounded service men and women," said Western Ohio SCCA chairperson Greg Schnittger.
Founded in 2012, Veteran Empowerment Through Motorsports (VETMotorsports) is an award-winning, non-profit, non-clinical outreach program that embeds qualifying warfighters with existing race teams to provide them with unique motorsports experiences. By placing veterans in hands-on, high-stress, team environments that mimic active duty, the organization gives them direction, empowerment and challenges that help them focus on ability and moving forward rather than disability and the past. To date VETMotorsports has helped more than 118 injured warfighters participate in 47 motorcycle and auto racing events across the United States. To learn more about VETMotorsports, participate in the program, or make | 356 |
<|fim_middle|> | One can only imagine how on-the-fly movie making is, how props, animatronic creatures, costumes, and sets are only made to be held together long enough for their close-ups. We all know the many stories of famous vehicles, spaceships, and other movie props that ended up tossed onto junk heaps, re-furbed and reused in other productions, or scavenged for parts.
And then there is the flipside of all this, those professional prop preservationists and fans who go to great, even obsessive lengths to preserve the sets and props of our beloved cinematic history.
In this Tested video, our favorite geek obsessive, Adam Savage, gets an intimate tour of Tom Spina's studio. Tom and his team repair, restore, and preserve iconic movie props and other artifacts. In the video, Adam and Tom examine and discuss several of the animatronic puppets used in the Gremlins 2 movie. Very much the worse for wear (and age), Tom and the team are painstakingly trying to preserve these creature while keeping them as historically accurate as possible. | 217 |
Solid hardwood floors have the simplest manufacturing process of any type of flooring. Boards of wood are cut from logs, and then dried out in kilns to reduce their moisture content. They are then milled at the factory, churning out planks in the common 3/4" thickness as well as other sizes, generally with tongue and groove edges for easy installation. From there, you just need to install them!
Engineered hardwood floors are manufactured in one of three ways. Rotary–peel engineered hardwood floors begin as logs soaked in water. The outside layer of wood is then peeled from the log with a sharp blade, which circles around the log until it reaches the center. This creates a wood veneer, which is then pressed flat under high pressure. Rotary–peel engineered hardwood floors generally have an appearance similar to that of plywood. A common problem with this process is the wood cupping or curling back to its original shape.
Sliced engineered hardwood flooring is treated using a similar process as rotary–peel floors. The difference is that instead of being sliced off using a circular method, the wood is sliced from the very end of the log. This process creates a finer–grained appearance more similar to hardwood than plywood. The edges of sliced–peel planks can sometimes splinter or crack<|fim_middle|> type of finish you apply. If you prefer to skip that step, make sure you choose prefinished floors. | .
The third process, known as dry solid–sawn engineering, involves keeping the planks in a low–humidity environment and slowly drying them. The veneer layer of wood is then cut out in a manner similar to that of solid plank construction. This style looks the closest to solid hardwood, and is not susceptible to the problems that rotary–peel and sliced–peel engineered floors might face. Solid–sawn engineered planks are more stable and will hold up better in the long run, making this the most dependable type of engineered hardwood floor.
Once the veneer layer is taken, two, three, or five thin sheets of wood are glued to each other to form a plank. Each sheet is stacked in the opposite direction of the one below in a process called cross–ply construction, which offers increased dimensional stability and resistance to the effects of moisture. Sometimes these planks are spliced together in rows of two or three, creating longstrip planks. This type of hardwood flooring is easier to install, and can be installed in multiple areas of the home. You can also find solid–sawn engineered planks as floating floors.
Hardwood floors are sometimes left unfinished, especially solid hardwood floors. They must be sanded and finished during installation, a process which may require you to leave your home for a period of time depending on what | 273 |
never ending because there is not ONE perfect pound cake.
there are too many perfect pound cakes.
THIS IS ONE OF THOSE POUND CAKES.
perfect in it's own way.
a whole cup of Parmesan cheese sets this one apart from the norm. the parmesan hits your senses first with the fabulous aroma, then the vanilla sets in with a bit of warmth and familiar flavor...the texture is not like your basic pound cake. at first it is just a tad "cakie"...on the verge of crumbly, but not crumbly like cornbread...hard to describe, but holds together nicely. as<|fim_middle|> dry out very easily, so keep a close eye towards the end and use your toothpick or long skewer as i did.
NOTE...i like to let my pound cakes rest for a day. they tend to develop flavors and less "cakie"texture when they sit. go ahead and try it the first day out of the oven, but save some wrapped in saran and try it 2-3 days later and see if you can tell the difference.
below is a fun way to serve a jam sandwich when you're faced with a pound cake cooked in a tube or bundt pan. i usually like to cook in loaf pans for easy storage, but the tube or bundt pan makes a better presentation as a whole.
The cake looks delicious. But I cannot get over the parmesan as an ingredient..wondering what it tastes like. Haha the idea of the pound cake sandwich is great! | you'll see in the ingredients is 1 cup of corn starch. i might think about changing this next time. maybe more flour less cornstarch might make a difference. if you let it rest for a day it seems to gather it's senses and acts more like a pound cake.
results ?...rave reviews from all of my foodie friends and guinea pigs. at first they thought it sounded odd, but after the first bite one remark was..."this might be the best thing you've ever given me."
i served it like little sandwiches shown in last photo...sandwiched with some Cherry Balsamic Jam...i will post the jam recipe soon.
i love pound cake for breakfast. one of my favorite ways to eat pound cake is to give it a light saute in a hot skillet. this one lends itself to this method because it wakes up the parmesan flavors.
warm toasty cake and cold smooth ice cream (or vanilla greek yogurt in my case) is never turned down in this house. throw on a few fresh seasonal cherries and you have quite the dessert.
1 1/2 cups sugar...i used 3/4 cups regular sugar and 3/4 cup Z sweet sugar sub.
cream together the butter and shortening in a mixer.
add sugar and mix until light and fluffy.
add eggs one at a time...beating after each one. add vanilla. mix well.
stir together dry ingredients in another bowl.
add dry to wet alternating with the milk. mix until just incorporated.
pour into prepared pan and bake for 30-40 minutes...until golden on top and toothpick inserted comes out clean...mine took 47 minutes.
you do not want this to overcook...i think it could tend to | 362 |
Who Can I See About Bronchitis?
Sickness never happens when we have time for it. Don't you feel like it always occurs at the absolutely worst time, such as on a weekend?
Fortunately, our East Tennessee<|fim_middle|>ent Care TN locations today to be seen by one of our knowledgeable and experienced physicians. | urgent care centers are open seven days a week for extended hours so that you can get the medical treatment you need when you need it, even on weekends.
Let's take a look at one common condition we treat—bronchitis.
Bronchitis occurs when the lining of the bronchial tube becomes inflamed. When you visit an AFC location, one of our doctors will examine you, review your symptoms and potentially order blood work or an X-ray. Based on their findings, they'll suggest at treatment plan.
The condition can last from two to four weeks, depending on the severity of your symptoms. While most symptoms go away after a couple weeks, a cough can linger for a week longer.
Get rest and quality sleep.
If prescribed an antibiotic, take as directed.
Try OTC meds to relieve pain and cough.
Feeling less than your best? Visit one of our AFC Urg | 179 |
View allHome Page StoriesHorse WelfareInspiring StoriesScholarshipsTherapeuticYouth
"Peace at Home Project" for Veterans
A Licensed 2* Parelli Professional known as "Nancy Natural" hosted a retreat for Special Operations veterans who are on a working journey. "They are self-starters, self-guided, and self-driven at Waypoint Ranch in Carrollton, Ga., where their motto is "Live, Learn, Work, Ride. Your self-carriage is your choice," said Nancy Slater. "Stephanie Cirasa runs the Peace at Home Project there using her horses. She wanted to see what I was doing in Lake Wales, Fla., using Parelli Natural Horsemanship as a healing tool."
Equine-Assisted Counseling for Veterans
After funding for equine-assisted counseling ran dry for veterans at S.T.E.P.S. with Horses in Texas, a $2,500 grant from the Parelli Foundation drew them back in July 2019. Licensed professional counselors (or supervised graduate-level interns) and Professional Association of<|fim_middle|> since grammar school and the late fifties. He was raised on an oil lease in the western side of the great San Joaquin Valley of California. Being far removed from any town, horses became his primary toys. As a boy, he found himself helping the neighbors with problem horses, and was soon teaching kids from town how to ride.
Lisa Trowse and Just Jack
The beginning of Lisa's story is common to so many women. A horse-loving girl who owned and rode her own horse regularly in her youth, she disconnected from horses for a time, as career and family became her focus. Years later, Lisa's loving husband encouraged her to reignite her passion for horses by giving her "a few lessons" as a gift. But here is exactly where Lisa's similarity to other horse owners abruptly ends.
A collection of stories about donations "in memory of" | Therapeutic Horsemanship International (PATH Intl.)-certified equine specialists in mental health and learning have since held 18 sessions for four clients.
A Different Kind of Horseman
Horses were the furthest thing from my mind when my friend asked me to attend a local "roundup" for kids at a small barn 6 years ago. It was a bright spring day. A gentle breeze cooled us off from the beating Georgia sun. I stood there in my tennis shoes, awkwardly waiting for my turn to get on the horse. Still, to this day, I remember that first ride. How the saddle squeaked under my weight. How looking down on everyone else gave me an excited chill. How, when I looked up and really felt that horse move under me, I felt like I was someone else. Something else. No longer was I entirely me. Something changed—clicked —within me.
Back-to-Back Grants for Maryland Horse Rescue
Horses at risk, especially those in their golden years and those blind, are well off at the Maryland Horse Rescue Rehabilitation and Adoption in Mount Airy, Md. A Parelli Foundation grant in 2018 furthered their ability to partner with humans after training by 2* Licensed Parelli Professional Dru Lucia Roia.
Born 2 Be Therapeutic Equestrian Center
"Consistency in handling is vital when you have many volunteer hands working with a herd of therapy horses," Mary said. "The training the volunteers received has made them more effective leaders, teaching them to think like a horse! We have also been fortunate to have Debbie share her talents to teach us all a new and effective way to communicate with our horses."
Thinking, Connecting, and Striving at Inspiration Ranch
As the therapy horses became more interested in their humans, the humans got hooked on horse psychology. "There was one woman with a dressage background who was fairly new to the program," said Christi. "She was skeptical about Parelli and didn't see any value in it. Then she got excited—she was the biggest proponent!"
Such enthusiasm is important for team members. They're tasked with promoting success, independence, and dignity among students.
Joining Hearts and Hands to Hooves
In June, Animal Guardians Horse Rescue, Inc. (AGHR) in central California used a Parelli Foundation Horse Welfare grant to buy Parelli Natural Horsemanship (PNH) tools and hire 4* Licensed Parelli Professional (LPP) Susan Nelson Thibault. In the high desert town of Tehachapi in the southern Sierra Nevada mountain range, the group gathered for a Parelli Charity Fundraiser Clinic at 3L Ranch, which Susan operates with her husband, Maurice, also a 4* LPP.
Hidden Passion for Relationship with Horses
As an infant I held Garrett Eigenhuis and bounced him for quite some time to get him to sleep. When he was a three year old, I remember him dashing across the front yard and wrapping his arms around my legs when I arrived at his home. Now at seventeen and 6'1" tall and a Parelli Foundation scholarship recipient, his love and deep passion for horses and the Parelli method of natural horsemanship has ignited in me a like passion…a passion I never knew I had.
Jody's Story – One of Love and Commitment
3* Licensed Parelli Professional Jody Grimm-Ellis's story is unique and beautiful, yet it is not unusual to find such fabulously similar individual stories in the Parelli family. It is a story of love—and the sweat and commitment behind it—of those who wish to truly make a difference in the lives of horses and the people who love them.
Grant Supports Heartland Horses
We have incorporated the Parelli methodology into our volunteer training and horse handling programs with great results. Because we are a therapeutic riding center our horses are handled by many different individuals. We feel the Parelli methods are a wonderful way to insure consistency in handling our horses as well as significantly improve the environment that our horses are required to live in. We have resolved many behavioral issues by improving our volunteers' and staff's horsemanship skills.
Horses for Orphans Project in Brazil
The boys' eyes were wide with anticipation as the bags were opened and the Parelli equipment was presented. Two-star Licensed Parelli Professional Debbie Adcock had somehow managed to haul horse blankets, carrot sticks, telescoping poles, and various tack onto several planes, through four airports. After traveling for 2 days, everything had arrived safely. Their smiles were overwhelming.
Hearts Therapeutic Riding
Inexperienced hands and riders can be very taxing on a horse's body and mind. The degradation began to manifest inside of Jake. He began to nip the person leading him and refused to move when asked. Now, when Jake sees Lisa, he prances along the fence lines begging for her to come and play, all because he and his human friends have learned the concepts of natural horsemanship.
Meet Wordsmith Volunteer Joan Reinbott
Copy editing and writing for the Parelli Foundation is a respite from my bread-and-butter work on medical textbooks and journals. Although it's rewarding to help doctors publish their findings, it's not as fun as reading about horses and the people who love them.Joan's daughter JackieAlso fun is studying Parelli Natural Horsemanship in midlife after a childhood of hacking around the family cattle farm on my Shetland pony and Appaloosa.
Passive Persistence in the Proper Position at Achaius Ranch
Achaius, which means "horseman" in several languages, is the name of a ranch serving upwards of 200 youth in Ladoga, Indiana. Co-founders Elisha and Rodney McCulloh received a $2,500 grant in 2018 and welcomed 3* licensed Parelli Professional Tiffany Rowe.
When asked about teaching the staff, Tiffany said: "Achaius is a special place! You can feel the positive energy when you arrive. I love going there. I am always excited about working with the youth and horses at Achaius.
Meet Social Media Volunteer Tifaine Regnier
Like many Thoroughbreds, Indigo tried his best at the track but was dismissed as "too slow." An osteopathic veterinarian determined that the gelding had suffered at least three fractures—on the forehead, sternum, and tail. "I still don't know what happened to him before he came home with me," Regnier said. Because of back pain after a jumping accident, her focus was on groundwork and studying something she'd heard about, the Parelli Natural Horsemanship (PNH) Seven Games. Together they found a road back to wholeness. In gratitude, she began volunteering for the Parelli Foundation in 2017
Leading by Example at Serenity Farm
Upon receipt of a Parelli Foundation grant, the founder of Serenity Farm Equestrian Center in Luckey, Ohio, expressed a burst of gratitude for help from licensed 4-Star Parelli Professional Jesse R. Peters.
Gratitude from a Therapeutic Center
A Parelli Foundation donation of halters, Level 1 kits, and $500 delighted the Heritage Community, a residential treatment center for adolescents in Provo, Utah. Former Licensed Parelli Professional and Utah resident Lillan Roquet brought six staff members up to Level 2 in all-day clinics with their therapy horses. The scholarship even allowed instructors to submit audition videos to Parelli Natural Horsemanship to mark their progress.
It's Pure Parelli at Wildhorse Ranch Rescue
Kim Meagher, founder and chairman, said: "While we've used the methods and held clinics here and there, we never had the funds to provide enough proper equipment and frequency of clinics for our volunteers and staff. With the Parelli Foundation grant, after 23 years, we are finally a 100% Parelli Natural Horsemanship Rescue! We removed all of the non-Parelli gear and outfitted our ranch with only Parelli equipment."
Leg Up Farm Is Now Savvier Than Ever
Dan Roser is especially gifted at motivating horses that some people have labeled "lazy" and "pushy." He does this by passing on some wisdom he learned from Pat Parelli: "Techniques are nothing if you can't read a horse."
Parelli Foundation Helps With Community Outreach
This year, the Parelli Foundation was proud to provide LEAD with Horses a grant to assist them in local community outreach. "I can tell you that the response to this outreach effort was fantastic. Thanks to the Parelli Grant funds, our brochures reached new families and schools, and we have almost doubled the number of children served this year. We expanded classes and have also added new courses to meet the demand," said Jeane Spada-Allgood.
Danica Finds a Loving Partner
Instead of running circles around her grazing mother at Atwood Ranch, Danica now runs circles around Anna Furber's heart. This kindhearted, right-brained introvert from the Road to the Summit in 2015 found her forever partner, and oh the mountains they have climbed together—literally!
Horses Help Youth at McKenna Farms
Horses have a demanding job at McKenna Farms Therapy Services. They help youth with special needs, ages 5 to 21, to achieve their full potential through participation in the hippotherapy, therapeutic riding, and equestrian team programs. McKenna Farms Therapy Services is a non-profit organization in Dallas, Georgia that serves 500 children per week with the help of 23 therapists, dozens of volunteers, and 16 horses.
Scholarship Recipient Spotlight – Kari Bowser
Kari Bowser is a 2-Star Licensed Parelli Professional from Quebec, Canada, who recently received a $2,000 scholarship that she will apply toward the costs of attending Pat Parelli's Mastery Program. '"Receiving this scholarship means more than just the money", says Kari. "It was such an amazing feeling when I got the news to know that the Foundation and others had a belief in me that warranted this scholarship."
Parelli Natural Horsemanship in the Classroom
In 2017, The Parelli Foundation provided a grant for school supplies to Victory Ridge Academy in Lake Wales, Florida, a special needs charter school that focuses on education and therapy. Nancy Slater is proudly entering her 5th year teaching Parelli Natural Horsemanship in public schools. Horses are an important part of the therapy program at Victory Ridge Academy where Nancy has been the PATH International Instructor (Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship). A therapist once commented on how her work with therapy horses is similar to other types of behavioral modification used with students.
Scholarship Recipients "Pay-It-Forward"
Erin Fowle is a Parelli Foundation scholarship recipient and a 3* Parelli Professional. All scholarship recipients are required to give a few hours of their time to help in one or more of our program areas; Youth Horsemanship, Therapeutic Horsemanship, Horse Welfare, and Scholarships for the Talented and the Career Minded. This requirement is called "Pay-It-Forward". Here are some thoughts from Erin about her horsemanship journey with the Foundation and her Pay-It-Forward experience.
Equine Therapy for Veterans
The Parelli Foundation has made a grant to Windhaven Therapeutic Riding (WHTR), a non-profit organization that offers a variety of courses for veterans, active-duty, and reserve members of the military in La Center, Washington. Created by veterans for veterans, the program runs for a minimum of two years and provides an effective treatment alternative to those for whom standard treatment has not been effective or when treatment side effects are not tolerated well.
Therapeutic Horsemanship at Courage Reins
At Courage Reins Equine Therapy, Highland, Utah we have been extremely fortunate to be a recipient of the Parelli Foundation grant for training. We are seeing some huge changes.
Festival Magnifico and the Parelli Foundation
Nine Master Horseman All in the Same Arena, Supporting the Parelli Foundation's Programs!! On May 5-7, 2017, the Parelli Foundation hosted Festival Magnifico in Hamilton, Texas. During the weekend, we showcased our Rehoming 4 Life, Road to the Summit, Future of Horsemanship, and scholarship programs. The centerpiece of Festival Magnifico was a gathering of nine Master Horsemen to collaboratively demonstrate the potential of natural horsemanship. Horses helping people and people helping horses was the predominant theme throughout the event, as were key learning opportunities, uplifting stories, demonstrations of incredible horse-human partnerships, along with fun, exciting horsemanship challenges that attracted amateurs and professionals alike.
Susan Carr Hanson – A Passion for Youth and Horsemanship
Within the Parelli Natural Horsemanship family, there are a few shining stars who selflessly dedicate their lives to making the world a better place for horses and humans. One of those people was Susan Carr Hanson. With her own blend of enthusiasm and determination, combined with a riotous sense of humor and boundless energy, Susan encouraged everyone around her to strive to be the best they could be, in life and for their horses. Earlier this year, the world suffered a loss with the sudden and unexpected passing of Susan.
First Canadian Future of Horsemanship Scholarship Recipient
There were no Parelli instructors in Nova Scotia, but Ada's parents had always tried to provide an environment that encouraged her to fully engage her interests. When she was ten, they helped her connect with other PNH students. For the first three years, she played with half-a-dozen horses owned by members of the small Parelli community. These experiences made her realize that one day, she too would like to empower humans to be the best they could be for their horses, just as her mentors empowered her.
ACTT Naturally Recognized by the Parelli Foundation
On May 13, 2016, ACTT Naturally was recognized by the Parelli Foundation for the wonderful work it is doing: helping horses and humans live a better life both through Parelli Natural Horsemanship and the equine-facilitated learning programs.
"Giving Back" to Therapeutic Horsemanship at Hope Landing
By Kimberly McCloy Hey y'all! Here's one …SAAAA -VVY! Just saying it out loud should make you SMILE (it does for me)! That word has so many different meanings for me now. My name is Kimberly McCloy, and I am the Equine Director at HOPE Landing, Inc. in El Dorado, Arkansas. I am blessed…
In the Kitchen with Linda
Immediately following the 2015 Summit, a Foundation fundraising event took place at the private home of Linda and Pat Parelli. As the Summit rolled to a close, two women held tickets to spend three days "In the Kitchen with Linda." Cheryl Almasy, a Parelli student since 2000 travelled from Pennsylvania to attend, and she was joined by Lorraine Kaliher, a long time Parelli student and Parelli Foundation supporter, arriving from Georgia. The reality of taking part in this amazing opportunity caught up with Lorraine on the drive to Linda and Pat's house as it would with most Parelli students:
Wildfire Cooperation in California
The Parelli Foundation "Rehoming 4 Life" workshop in Petaluma, California, laid the groundwork for life saving cooperation between horse rescue operations, a veterinarian, and ranches to save horses threatened by the Valley Fires in California. Through amazing teamwork, the animal hospital, rescues, and volunteers together helped rescue, treat, and care for over 300 animals.
Linda Deppe – Inspiring Team Member
Linda Hiller Deppe, is a special person, wife, mother and grandmother, and valued graphic designer for the Parelli Foundation. She is a shining example of the talented and dedicated people that make the Parelli Foundation possible.
What is a Rally Roundup?
This is an opportunity to orchestrate your own learning; experience being taught by various Licensed Parelli Professionals; reconnect with old friends and make new ones; and raise money to change the world for horses and humans. Come with or without your horse and experience a "Parelli Rally"!
Erin Fowle – Why I Support the Foundation
Erin's interest in the therapeutic riding side of the Foundation led her to become PATH (Professional Association of Therapeutic Horsemanship)-certified and teach at the local therapeutic riding center. By doing this, she also touches two other areas supported by the Foundation: horse welfare and youth.
Ernie: A Horse that had to learn to have fun again!
Ernie is one of those horses that people are drawn to; standing 17 hh, he is described as calm, sweet and loveable – a true "gentle giant." Having spent the early part of his life becoming well-trained in the hunter jumper ring, Ernie immediately draws people in, which is exactly what is needed for his role as a therapy horse, but Ernie needed help.
Road to the Summit 2014 – Bart Update
AR HOW BOUTA DATE, aka "Bart," aka "Buddy," was one of the Atwood Horses sold through the Foundation's online auction in 2014. Arva Steele purchased him and changed his barn name from "Bart" to "Buddy." After partnering with him for a year, she says:
Solving the Horse Rescue Puzzle
When Cheryl Flanagan started rescuing racehorses who were not winning on the Florida tracks, little did she know how many puzzle pieces would eventually make up the picture years later in Georgia. On any given day, Save the Horses in Cumming, Georgia, is home to over 100 rescued equines. Cheryl has a strong belief in matching horses and humans so that as many horses as possible find happy forever homes.
Anna and the Youth Scholarship Program
In early 2015, the Parelli Foundation launched a pilot project for its "Future of Horsemanship." The program's three phases focus on recognizing and supporting talented and motivated young people, to help them achieve their dreams with horses and, in the process, create cornerstones for the vision of making the world a better place for horses and humans.
Molly the Pony
Molly the Pony was rescued by Kaye Harris from the aftermath of hurricane Katrina. She has only three legs after losing one with a run in with a dog. The Parelli Foundation has been helping Kaye learn natural horsemanship.
Getting All Horses to "Behave Like Jake"
The Special K Ranch is a residential ranch in Montana for adults with disabilities and, among its many activities, is an equine program. Special K was fortunate to have a PNH developed horse, Jake, donated to the program. The staff was so impressed with Jake that the finance manager of the ranch, Sharon Flemetis, contacted the Parelli Foundation to find out how they could "get all of their horses to behave like Jake."
Meet Dave Ellis
5 Star Master Instructor Dave Ellis has been with Pat Parelli since 1985. He has been involved with horses | 3,981 |
82 Hagiwara Tea Garden Drive San Francisco , CA 94118
April 20, 2022 Golden Gate Park Segway Crew
14 Things You Didn't Know About John McLaren, the Head Gardener in Golden Gate Park
John McLaren is more than a horticulturist and head gardener that aided the creation of Golden Gate Park. He's considered a co-creator of the entire park system in the San Francisco area. As a nod to his 56 years of service to Golden Gate Park and surrounding parks, we've compiled a list of 12 things you didn't know about John McLaren.
John McLaren Fun Facts to Consider as You Visit Golden Gate Park
John McLaren was ardent about not putting statues in Golden Gate Park which he called "stookies. Famous for fighting every time anyone wanted to place a statue in his park. When he lost the fight, after the ribbon<|fim_middle|>
If you have a group from 3 to 10 guests, we can arrange a memorable Private Segway Tour in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park.
The extended Golden Gate Park tour route is only available for our private tour guests.
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Private Tour rates include your own personal guide, extra training staff (as needed), longer routes and staff/guide gratuities.
Golden Gate Park Large Group Tour
Private Tours & Team Building for Groups from 10 to 60 Guests
This extended Golden Gate Park route is only available for our private tour guests.
The extended route includes the best of our Golden Gate Park routes and can include the Eastern - Museums and Formal Gardens or Western -Pacific Ocean and Ocean Beach parts of the park.
Tour and Explore all of Golden Gate Park with the Only Licensed and Permitted Segway Company in the Park! Guided tours are always the best experience – With our fun tour guides and headset narration you won't get lost and miss the best sights and off the beaten track parts of this amazing park. Info and Reservations 1-415-474-3130.
© Copyright 2023 San Francisco Electric Tour Co. The San Francisco Electric Tour Company is a private company and is not affiliated with Segway, LLC. Segway and Segway HT are registered trademarks of Segway LLC. All rights reserved. | cutting and unveiling he would send his men to hide the offending monument by planting trees, shrubs and vines around it, obscuring the view.
Ironicaly he's remembered by a small statue in the park. This statue was packed in a crate hidden away in a barn by McLaren. It was not displayed until after he passed away. Showing his connction with the park it is the only statue in the park not on a pedstal.
The bronze statue still has saw marks on one leg where someone tried and failed to steal it. Maybe McLarens ghost?
The second-largest park in San Francisco is named after John McLaren and spans 300 acres, only about 1/3 the size of Golden Gate Park.
McLaren was the first superintendent of parks. This role required him to manage the maintenance and construction of the San Francisco parks.
He stayed in his role of superintendent for 56 years, aiding in planting and gardening until the park became the lush masterpiece that it is today.
During his park stewardship, McLaren is credited with planting a whopping two million trees.
He was initially a dairyman in Scotland, his homeland, until he began his studies of horticulture at the Edinburgh Royal Botanical Garden. Here, he was taken under the wing of a gardener as an apprentice.
John McLaren moved to the US in 1870, where he began working on estates like the George Howard estate. After befriending John Muir, he shifted his focus to building the Golden Gate Park and was named superintendent in 1887.
McLaren negotiated $30,000 a year toward building the Golden Gate Park and no "Keep off the grass" signs as part of his requirements for agreeing to the title of the superintendent.
He lived in the McLaren Lodge, which later became the Recreation and Park headquarters. The lodge is at the entrance to the park.
McLaren had a reputation as a cranky man who was highly dedicated to his work. His dedication earned him a lifetime tenure at Golden Gate Park.
McLaren was known to hand out candy to children who passed the McLaren Lodge every Sunday despite his reputation.
John Hays McLaren lived to the age of 96. He was honored during his funeral by being driven through the Golden Gate Park.
Golden Gate Park Tour Opportunities
After learning about John McLaren, you can appreciate his work as you visit Golden Gate Park. The expansive park is best traveled through a Golden Gate Park Segway tour.
Choose between joining a group for a 2.5-hour trip through the park on The Official Golden Gate Park Segway Tour. Or, enjoy a more in-depth three-hour Private group Golden Gate Park Segway Tour, including additional landmarks and attractions.
FAVORITE HIDDEN GEM Now if I told you that it wouldn't be hidden, would it? (Russian cemetery on top of Russian Hill…but don't tell anyone!) FAVORITE PART OF THE JOB Every day is different…Golden Gate Park is my office… The...
Johannes Full Bio
17 Fantastic Things to Do in Golden Gate Park
Official Golden Gate Park Segway Tour
Glide through the 1,000+ acre Golden Gate Park
Have a blast riding through seven beautiful miles of Golden Gate Park's landscaped trails and roads.
Visit hidden sights that include the Lilly Pond, Shakespeare Garden and Fern Grotto.
The fully guided tour explores the east end, including the National Aids Memorial, Music Concourse, Pioneer Grove, and Stow Lake.
Tour guides share tidbits and trivia about the Park's stewards over the years, the impact of WWII on the Japanese Tea Garden, and the story of the park's historical transformation from bleak sand dunes to today's lush vista.
This fully narrated tour is 2.5 hours long, including fun training.
Golden Gate Park Private VIP Segway Tour | 793 |
Hot Wheels Battle Force 5 est une série télévisée d'animation américaine et canadienne en 52 épisodes de 22 minutes.
En France, elle a été diffusée sur la chaîne téléTOON+.
Histoire
Un jour en voiture dans les plaines de sel, pilote expert Vert Wheeler tombe sur une dimension appel<|fim_middle|> d'une expérience, la vitesse et l'énergie que son moteur a mises en place ont créé un portail et l'ont échoué sur une lune Sentient rouge.
A.J. Dalton - D'abord mentionné dans « Cold as Ice » et se joint à « Deep Freeze. » C'est un expert canadien en survie et en terrain originaire du Yukon. Avant Battle Force 5, lui et Vert étaient des amis proches. Les deux ont un amour pour les sports extrêmes, ce qui est évident par l'énergie et l'enthousiasme d'A.J.
Doublage
Alexandre Crépet : Vert Wheeler
Sébastien Hébrant
Série télévisée créée en 2009
Série télévisée disparue en 2011
Série télévisée canadienne des années 2000
Série télévisée canadienne des années 2010
Série télévisée de Teletoon (Canada)
Série d'animation canadienne
Série d'animation doublée au Québec | ée une zone de bataille où il rencontre une forme de vie appelée un Sensible nommé Sage. Ensemble, ils assemblent une équipe de course équipée de véhicules armés à la fine pointe de la technologie pour rivaliser avec le sark robotique et les vandales animaux dans les zones de bataille pour les dispositifs qui contrôlent les zones appelées Battle Keys pour déterminer le sort de la Terre.
Personnages
Vert Wheeler - Commandant de champ de la Force de bataille 5. Quelque temps avant la série, lui et A.J. Dalton étaient des amis proches, partageant un amour pour les sports extrêmes.
Agura Ibaden - Officier des opérations spéciales du BF5, commandant en second, et Hunter. La tomboy femme et afro-américaine membre de battle force 5. Son passe-temps préféré est la conduite hors route et a été introduit dans BF5.
Sherman et Spinner Cortez - Stratège tactique et soutient technique de la BF5. Spinner est le frère jumeau plus âgé et plus court, agit immature, et est marqué par les compétences de piratage.
Stanford Isaac Rhodes IV - Expert de l'artillerie de BF5. Le plus ancien membre de l'équipe et une partie de la famille royale britannique, le dans la ligne pour le trône. Il aime faire la fête, mais déteste la planète Vandal de ses expériences là-bas et les énigmes ne sont pas son point fort. Il a un ancêtre qui a déjà exploré le Multivers et a également été très superstitieux.
Zoom Takazumi - Scout BF5. Le plus jeune membre de l'équipe et un combattant qualifié Muay Thai de Bangkok, Thaïlande. Il est athlétique, agité et curieux, mais il est prêt à se battre pour le bien de la Terre. Il n'aime pas la glace, le froid, les conférences, et d'être appelé « enfant ». Il lève aussi les yeux vers Vert comme un frère aîné, ce qui a causé des ennuis.
Membres secondaires
Sage - Une femme Blue Sentient, conseillère et leader de BF5, et la sœur jumelle de Krytus. Elle peut se transformer en un petit dodécaèdre pour hiberner et se trouve être le dernier Sentient Bleu en raison d'une intervention de Rawkus. Elle peut tirer un choc électrique pour étourdir les ennemis et léviter.
Tezz Volitov - Se joint à The Power of Resistance. Un génie scientifique d'origine européenne avec un accent russe et une expertise en électromagnétisme. Il y a des années, au cours | 633 |
Pregnancy & childbirth is a time of transformation on all levels: physical, mental, emotional & spiritual. It is a rite of passage, through which once passed we are forever changed. It is up<|fim_middle|> and feel confident that whatever happens I will be there with you and your partner to help navigate some of the most memorable months of your life.
Then at 38 weeks of pregnancy I go on call for you 24 hours a day. When you need me, I will be there to offer continuous support for the whole labour.
My goal is to help you to feel safe and relaxed. I do not lead nor advise, yet assist you to find the right choices for you. I work in a home, hospital or birth centre setting, and work alongside midwives, obstetricians and other professionals to help create the ideal birth team whatever kind of birth you are preparing for.
Retaining fee 50% of full fee is payable when contract is signed. The remainder of the full fee, payable by 38 weeks into the pregnancy. Talk to me about payment by instalments.
I am a member of the National organisation Doula UK, and am committed to abiding by Doula UK's Philosophy, Code of Conduct and Infant Feeding Guidance.
Dads & doulas – what's the difference? | to us how we prepare for and approach these intense periods of change. With the virtual world at our fingertips we are able to research innumerable amounts of information, as never before. Yet in our time hungry world I feel it is up-most importance that we give ourselves, and our growing child the precious gift of time. The presence of our attention increases self-awareness, which in turn is extremely important when preparing for birth & parenting. Many answers we seek, lie within. My work is about holding a safe, sacred space for you.
Birth doula – individual support during pregnancy, labour & birth, and postpartum. See below for more details.
My role as your birth doula is to support you to have the most positive experience possible. The way this works is that we meet a few times during pregnancy so I get to know you & your family really well. Each birth is as unique as you, so we work together to find the best way I can support you. This could include information about how the birth process works, talking about previous birth experiences, building up a toolkit of comfort measures, preparing mentally for the challenges of labour, helping you and your partner become an effective team, working with fear-processing techniques to promote calm & relaxation, meeting your young children to help with child care during the birth or any other myriad of issues. I have many years of experiences | 278 |
The AKG Perception 420 large diaphragm condenser microphone gives you high sensitivity, a very forgiving SPL capacity, and multiple pickup patterns<|fim_middle|> familiar logo on an AKG mic, you know it's made to do the job, and do it well. | ; in short, it's a versatile addition to any pro facility, where uncompromising quality is standard. The Perception 420 features a 20dB pad, switchable bass roll-off, and pristine sound quality. You can select between cardioid, omni, and figure-eight pickup patterns for a variety of miking applications. This mic is ruggedly constructed and includes a spider-style shockmount and aluminum carrying case. AKG means quality, and the Perception 420 is no exception!
The AKG Perception Series includes the 120, 170, 220, and 420. Each model features a 20dB attenuation pad for an even wider range of miking capabilities including vocals, brass instruments, electric guitar amps and drums across multiple market applications of studio recording, live sound and broadcast. Designed and engineered in Vienna, Austria, the entire Perception line offers AKG's signature sound quality captured in a rugged precision-tooled zinc/aluminum alloy body with a dent-resistant stainless steel grille screen.
AKG's Perception 420 is a multi-pattern large-diaphragm condenser microphone for more demanding professional studio recording applications. Three selectable polar patterns - cardioid, omnidirectional or figure-eight - allow a wide range of stereo miking techniques and ambient recording.
The 420 is ideal for professional studio recording of grand piano, woodwind and brass instruments as well as drums and percussion. Offering high sensitivity and 155dB maximum SPL, the Perception 420 delivers a warm transparent sound quality in a selection of cardioid, omni-directional or figure-eight pickup patterns. A switchable bass cut filter and preattenuation pad enable the Perception 420 to be used close to sound sources in sound fields as high as 155 dB. The microphone's chassis is made of precision-tooled zinc/aluminium alloy and boasts a dent resistant stainless-steel wire-mesh front grille. It comes complete with a spider-type shock mount in an aluminium carrying case.
AKG has been designing and building top-quality microphones for over 60 years, and they continue to put great effort into meeting the needs of modern engineers, producers, and artists. From new, budget-minded models to classic studio essentials, AKG puts quality into every microphone they produce. When you see the | 482 |
Can I clone (copy) another user's access rights on objects in WorkSpan?
An administrator of your company can clone any employee's access rights and grant them to another user in one or more objects.
An admin can access the Employees section under the Companies menu and then go to Manage Teams<|fim_middle|> user's access using the option Replace Person-A with Person-B, wherever Person-A exists. Person B will receive access to all the objects that Person A has access to, and Person A will be removed.
How do I use the latest version of WorkSpan?
How do I share a post on my network feed with only specific people?
How do I collaborate with people in my network?
How do I toggle between a list view and a table view in WorkSpan?
How can I invite more users?
What is the difference between sharing modes and access levels in WorkSpan?
Why is Google SSO not working for me?
How do I delete a user that has left our company in WorkSpan? | .
In Type of Member Operation field, select Add person-B wherever Person-A exists. Person B will receive access to all the elements that A has access to for the selected objects.
Select the Time Frame to further segment the objects by time periods, e.g, currently active or active in the last 3 months, that you want to add for a selected user.
Select one or more objects in Make Changes In.
You can also replace a | 88 |
One of my favorite things about Christmas is how easy it is to combine FAITH and FUN.
Honestly, at what other time of year can you BOTH praise God for the wonder of the Incarnation AND welcome a jolly fat man down your chimney? Or sing songs about BOTH heralding angels AND animated snowmen? See what I mean?
You can BOTH quietly prepare your heart for the coming of the savior AND prepare your home for the<|fim_middle|> May the blessings of the baby Jesus bring warmth and love to your heart. And may Santa leave a little happiness under your tree. | coming of St. Nick!
You can BOTH visit Santa at the mall to tell him your wishes AND attend Mass weekly and on Christmas Eve to give glory to our Savior.
It's perfectly acceptable for BOTH an Advent wreath AND that blasted Elf on the Shelf to be part of your readiness for the coming holiday.
And, if you're anything like my youngest daughter, you can ask BOTH Santa AND the baby Jesus for a white Christmas so you can see snow for the first time in your little life during our trip up north.
At our house, we incorporate BOTH our Catholic Advent traditions AND the more secular Christmas traditions and I couldn't love it more.
Well, frankly, it looks like a Hallmark store and a Nativity shop exploded all over the place. Allow me to take you on a little tour. And, since we're such good friends, please overlook the fact that I forgot to dust before taking pictures.
Almost 16 years of parenting four kids has brought a LOT of books into our house. During Advent and Christmas (along with other holidays), I like to have baskets out and in easy reach filled with books that are pertinent to the season. In the kids' study room, there's a big basket of Santa-and-winter-type books. From the Grinch to the Gingerbread Man and everything in between, we've got your reading needs covered. In the family room, under the Christmas tree with all of the kids' ornaments on it, there's an equally large basket of religious stories. Little Golden Book favorites from my own childhood mingle with newer releases, all sharing the love and light of Christ.
We have two fun ways to count down to the big day. I hesitate to call them "Advent calendars" since they arbitrarily start on December 1st instead of the first day of Advent, but I digress. Each day, the kids take turns adding an ornament to the felt tree and a piece of the Nativity to the manger scene until they are all filled in on Christmas. Now, I'd be lying through my teeth if I told you that it was all fun and games and nobody ever got their tinsel in a tangle over whose turn it was. But 'tis the season, I guess!
Now, I know there are some families who really go all out with their observance of Advent. Maybe they sing "O Come, O Come Emmanuel" and say special prayers together around the Advent wreath. Or, maybe they put together a Jesse Tree and do the readings that go along with it. Our Advent wreath experience goes a little something like this… On the nights that we all sit down to dinner together, they boys end up fighting over who gets to use the lighter to light the candle. After the meal, the girls argue over who gets to blow it out. So touching and special and in keeping with the love of the season, yes?
But what about the Saint Nicholas/Santa Claus thing?
Well, once again, we have a BOTH-AND situation happening. But, is it confusing or contradictory to celebrate the feast day of a saint and then the arrival of a secular characterization of that same saint just a couple of weeks later, you ask?
Not really. You see, first, since we celebrate the saints and the waiting period of Advent, St. Nicholas visits the kids on December 6 and we talk (OK, I talk at them) about who the sainted bishop really was. He leaves treats in their stockings or at their spot at the kitchen table, which is really fun! (You can read more about St. Nicholas Day here.) And then, yes. Santa comes on Christmas Eve, just as he does for all good little boys and girls! And I can't say that the kids have ever been confused or anything less than excited about it!
Another fun tidbit is that we combine these two ideas with that pesky little Elf on the Shelf! He hitches a ride to our house with St. Nicholas on his feast day, but then catches a ride back to the North Pole with Santa on Christmas Eve! Win-win, I'd say!
The true beauty, though, lies in doing what is best for your family.
If you take away nothing from this blog post but this, I'll be a happy camper.
Whatever your family finds special and brings you joy. Whatever makes the season meaningful for you. THAT is what you are supposed to do.
Traditions that bring me life may bog you down and drive you crazy. Observances that you consider an essential part of your Advent may make me scratch my head in wonder. This may be a year that celebration seems easy and necessary. Or, it may be a year of grieving and anxiety that make celebrations seem like insurmountable feats.
However you choose to celebrate, whether as a BOTH-AND or an EITHER-OR, I hope your Christmas season is filled with light, hope, love, and family. | 1,001 |
Thanks for all of your comments regarding our exciting news!!! It is all really exciting - but also slightly stressful when it comes to trying to book the right flights etc.
These amazing cards I won (made by Amanda from Kre8ive Life) that arrived in the mail today! I love how she stitches cotton onto her cards.
haha! that is one cool drawing!!
oh wow, your trip will be totally amazing!!!
Im going to check out the photography tips.
Yes, great art there by Master 8!
What a great blog post that will be... you should blog as you go. Seriously - it's way better that way, than having to come home and remember it all. Plus then we get to travel WITH YOU!!
love the tee, the cards, the drawing, everything!
I LOVE the hairy on the spiders<|fim_middle|> is gorgeous. | legs! SO cute made me chuckle!
Thanks for the referral to the free photography tips. Will definitely check it out... have a blessed weekend!
wicked picture of you dad PJ!!!!!
love the art and the cards are so sweet!!!
So many things to like! Your Dad surfing is pretty amazing!
Yay!! I'm super excited for you guys!! I can't wait to hear all about it!
Master 8 is one cool artist! I always love your Friday Faves!
Frame that spider! Too cute!
That surfing picture is amazing!!
I am SOOOOO glad that you love them. Hope you enjoy them and those that receive them LOVE'M too. Love your Friday Favourites, the photo of your Dad surfing | 148 |
Sick Of It All: A Lesson in Violence
Home > Features > Sick Of It All: A Lesson in Violence
Latest release: Based on a True Story (Century Media)
Website: www.sickofitall.com
Sick of it All were only in Australia eight months ago, yet in a few weeks' time they will be returning to feature at the Soundwave Festival. During the intervening period the New York hardcore veterans have at last started work on the follow up to 2010's Based on a True Story. Laughing as our interview is finally connected after two previous attempts – during the second of which the conference company accidentally left hold music playing as we tried to speak to each other – vocalist Lou Koller admits that the album should have probably been completed already but for life getting in the way.
"We were supposed to start an album right away [after the Australian tour], but then my brother's wife gave birth to their first baby so we took a bunch of months off for that and then they had to move so we took another bunch of months off for that," he says. "So we finally started writing."
Koller promises that the next record will be an "expansion" on the last two albums, but that there will also be a sting in the tail influenced by their 2011 compilation set.
"For our 25th anniversary we did a record called Nonstop which was, we re-recorded our favourite Sick of it All songs. And that inspired us to put a little bit more of our old school style in there too," says Koller. "So it's going to have a little more aggression and some old school flavour thrown in for good measure."
While looking back at their own early work has helped to fire the creative process, Sick of it All also find plenty of motivation from the newer breed of acts that probably drew their inspiration from them. Even older bands that convinced Koller to get into hardcore also continue to electrify him.
"New bands, young and up and coming bands, we'll see 'em and I'll be totally inspired to want to go home and write. But it's not like we sit there and say, 'Wow, that new band has such a cool new style we have to copy it'. It's more like, 'They do what they do really well, we should push ourselves to be like that in Sick of it All'," Koller says. "It's also older bands too. Craig (Setari – bass) fills in with the Cro-Mags a lot. I went to see them and they were playing with D.R.I. Watching the Cro-Mags and D.R.I. was so exciting that I wanted to get in the studio to write and record so we could get back out on the road."
The Cro-Mags of course took part in Soundwave last year but were probably better appreciated at the Sidewaves they played opening for Hatebreed and Biohazard. To Lou Koller's eyes, there is a strange and considerable irony in that.
"It was funny to me that the Cro-Mags would be the opening band for that [show], because they influenced Biohazard and Hatebreed. Those bands wouldn't exist without the Cro-Mags. But it was great that fans of Biohazard and Hatebreed got to see the band that inspired them."
As the Cro-Mags influenced Sick of it All at a time when hardcore's popularity was beginning to decline, so Sick of it All has in turn influenced a legion of musicians. Their violent and uncompromising style and stance ushered in New York hardcore's second wave and opened the door for a third and continues to resonate today in the urgent rage of hundreds of underground acts. Yet it isn't just punk and metal bands that hold his band dear, as Koller explains.
"We played the Reading Festival one year with Dashboard Confessional and Coheed & Cambria and some others, and the guy from Dashboard Confessional comes walking up to us and telling me and my brother Pete that Sick of it All was a huge influence on him through his whole teenage life, and he kept that drive that he got from Sick of It All with him," he says. "Here's a guy who just gets up and sings with an acoustic guitar and people just melt, you know? He's telling us that we're a huge influence on him. We're like, 'Holy shit, that's awesome!'"
Koller is also pretty enthusiastic about bringing Sick of it All to the Soundwave Festival. "I hear that Madball's coming this year, which is great," he says, and they have since been named to play a Sidewave show together. He promises that fans will see a different side to Sick of it All this time than on their previous tour.
"This will be more of an across the board type of thing, a mix of a lot of older stuff from the last few albums.<|fim_middle|> Fire
Children of Bodom: Halo of Blood
News Unearth to Extinction 1 year ago
News R.I.P. Sean Heist 1 year ago
News Electric Mary are All Right 2 years ago
News Black Rheno Vortex 1 year ago | We're gonna try and play a variety. Hopefully the fans will love it. We also listen to our fans and whatever they ask for on Facebook or Sickofitall.com. We always take it into account."
His band's last Aussie visit is still pretty fresh in his mind – one very special moment in particular.
"Every show we had a lot of fun and the crowds were amazing. Sydney of course and Melbourne was great, Perth was a lot of fun. I think the highlight," he recalls with some awe, "was going with Agnostic Front out to Bon Scott's grave and just standing there, with Agnostic Front, the band that made me love hardcore… it was just a cool moment."
With Sick of it All still as potent now as they were more than twenty years ago, hardcore fans are sure to be left with some cool moments of their own when they hit town. Lou Koller guarantees it.
"I know there's a million bands at Soundwave, but you've gotta come see us. You ain't gonna be disappointed man. I'm telling you right now!"
Sick of it All are playing the sold-out Soundwave Festival and these shows with Madball and Vision of Disorder:
26/2: Manning Bar, Sydney NSW
27/2: The Esplanade Hotel, Melbourne VIC
Categories: Features Author by Brian GiffinPosted on January 10, 2013 October 9, 2017 Bands: Lou Koller, Sick of it All Tags: Hardcore
Refused and Sick Of It All for January
City of Fire: City of | 328 |
The 2012–13 CWHL season (Canadian Women's Hockey League) was the league's sixth.<|fim_middle|>onte, Montreal
Defender: Kacey Bellamy, Boston
Defender: Tessa Bonhomme, Toronto
Forward: Jayna Hefford, Brampton
Forward: Rebecca Johnston, Toronto
Forward: Meghan Duggan, Boston
CWHL All-Rookie Team
Goaltender: Genevieve Lacasse, Boston
Defender: Tara Watchorn, Alberta
Defender: Anne Schleper, Boston
Forward: Hilary Knight, Boston
Forward: Ann-Sophie Bettez, Montreal
Forward: Rebecca Johnston, Toronto
CWHL Monthly Top Scorer
October: Vicki Bendus, Brampton
November: Meghan Agosta, Montreal
December: Meghan Agosta, Montreal
January: Meghan Agosta, Montreal
February: Jayna Hefford, Brampton
March: Meghan Agosta, Montreal
Postseason
References
Canadian Women's Hockey League seasons | The Boston Blades defeated the defending champions Montreal Stars at the finals in Markham, Ontario.
Teams and statistics
Final standings:
Team Alberta was captained by Bobbi-Jo Slusar with alternates Meaghan Mikkelson, Jenna Cunningham and Erin Duggan. Boston was captained by Caitlin Cahow. Brampton was captained by Jayna Hefford with alternates Gillian Apps and Lori Dupuis. Montreal was captained by Lisa-Marie Breton, with alternates Caroline Ouellette, Noémie Marin and Catherine Ward. Toronto was captained by Tessa Bonhomme with alternates Mallory Deluce, Shannon Moulson and Britni Smith.
Awards and honours
The 2013 CWHL Awards Gala was held on Mar. 21, 2013 in Markham, ON (during the Clarkson Cup weekend). That night, the league formally recognized the CWHL regular-season champions, the Angela James Bowl winner, the Most Valuable Player, the Goaltender of the Year, the Rookie of the Year, the Coach of the Year, the Defenceman of the Year, and the Humanitarian Award winner. The all-star teams (as voted by the five head coaches) and annual all-rookie team were announced before the start of the 2013–14 season.
Most Valuable Player: Hilary Knight, Boston
Angela James Bowl: Top Scorer Meghan Agosta, Montreal
Outstanding Rookie: Ann-Sophie Bettez, Montreal
Coach of the Year: Digit Murphy, Boston
Humanitarian Award: Samantha Holmes-Domagala
CWHL Top Players
Top Forward: Hilary Knight, Boston
Top Defender: Catherine Ward, Montreal
Top Goaltender: Genevieve Lacasse, Boston
CWHL All-Stars
First Team All-Stars
Goaltender: Genevieve Lacasse, Boston
Defender: Gigi Marvin, Boston
Defender: Catherine Ward, Montreal
Forward: Hilary Knight, Boston
Forward: Meghan Agosta, Montréal
Forward: Caroline Ouellette, Montreal
Second Team All-Stars
Goaltender: Charline Lab | 450 |
Trump: Vaccine Distribution Is The States' Problem, Not Mine!
US President Donald Trump wears a mask as he visits Walter Reed National Military Medical Center in Bethesda, Maryland' on July 11, 2020. (Photo by ALEX EDELMAN / AFP) (Photo by ALEX EDELMAN/AFP via Getty Images)
By Josh Kovensky
EDITORS' NOTE: TPM is making our COVID-19 coverage free to all readers during this national health crisis. If you'd like to support TPM's reporters, editors and staff, the best way to do so is to become a member.
It's up to the states to distribute the COVID-19 vaccine, President Trump tweeted Tuesday, responding to mounting criticism of his administration's failure to plan for distributing the vaccine beyond simply delivering it to the states.
"It is up to the States to distribute the vaccines once brought to the designated areas by the Federal Government," Trump wrote. "We have not only developed the vaccines, including putting up money to move the process along quickly, but gotten them to the states."
It is up to the States to distribute the vaccines once brought to the designated areas by the Federal Government. We have not only developed the vaccines, including putting up money to move the process along quickly, but gotten them to the states. Biden failed with Swine Flu!
Trump's comments echo the response of administration officials to criticism of the distribution effort.
That effort received virtually no federal funding — $6 million from HHS per state — until Sunday, when President Trump signed legislation devoting at least $4.5 billion to help states distribute the vaccine to American citizens.
Meanwhile, Operation Warp Speed is set to miss its first goal — 20 million Americans vaccinated by the end of the year. According to an estimate from NBC news, only around 2 million Americans have received the first shot in the two-course regime as of Tuesday.
State and local officials have been clamoring for funding to distribute the vaccine for months. Meanwhile, experts say that the distribution effort is currently at the simplest phase, sending shots out to the relatively static populations that work or reside in long term care facilities or those medical workers who are fighting the virus.
Trump officials, apart from suggesting that the states are to blame for the slow rollout, have said that vaccines will be widely available one month into Biden's administration, a forecast contradicted by officials working on the distribution effort and which could obscure the Trump administration's failure to plan.
Key Coronavirus Crisis Links
TPM's COVID-19 hub.
Josh Marshall's Twitter List of Trusted Experts (Epidemiologists, Researchers, Clinicians, Journalists, Government Agencies) providing reliable real-time information<|fim_middle|> Cristina Cabrera
Uh, good luck with that.
By Matt Shuham
The Fox Business Network host Maria Bartiromo will reportedly soon be getting a chance to audition for a primetime Fox… | on the COVID-19 Crisis.
COVID-19 Tracking Project (updated data on testing and infections in the U.S.).
Johns Hopkins Global COVID-19 Survey (most up to date numbers globally and for countries around the world).
Worldometers.info (extensive source of information and data visualizations on COVID-19 Crisis — discussion of data here).
Josh Kovensky is an investigative reporter for Talking Points Memo, based in New York. He previously worked for the Kyiv Post in Ukraine, covering politics, business, and corruption there.
COVID-19Trumpvaccine
By Kate Riga
Georgia's secretary of state announced Tuesday afternoon that the runoff elections have been officially certified, clearing the way for Sens.-Elect…
By | 152 |
Farm Taxes: Good Time to Get Out of Your C-Corp with Less Penalties – DTN
By Elizabeth Williams, DTN Special Correspondent
Photo: Nuttapon Khewprasert
There was a time when C-corporations made a lot of sense for farmers, but as tax laws changed and the benefits eroded, farmers found changing their business structure could be cumbersome and expensive. Tax advisers say 2017's Tax Cuts and Jobs Act makes it easier than ever to make the switch.
"If you've been sitting on the sidelines waiting for a better time to get out of your C-corp, today is a good time," said Doug Claussen, certified public accountant with KCoe Isom in Goodland, Kansas.
Many farm corporations were formed in the 1970s because of lower corporate tax rates, ease of farm succession and deductible fringe benefits.
"C-corporations were the best thing for many years until the 1986 tax law," Claussen said. But for many, the tax consequences of converting were too steep to justify a change.
The new law lessens the penalties for converting from a C-corporation to an S-corporation, and tax experts say it's especially beneficial for farmers with an heir or heirs that aren't involved in business operations. C-corporations also aren't eligible for the new Section 199A deduction.
It's just one way changes to the tax code are forcing farmers to change their mindset. In this four-part series, DTN explains how to maximize deductions by avoiding losses, how changes to rules governing equipment trade-ins could complicate your state tax return, and why it might be a good time to change your farm's corporate structure to take advantage of lower tax rates and reconsider gifting strategies.
LOWER PENALTIES ON CONVERSIONS
Under the 1986 law, taking land out of a C-corporation triggered a taxable sale at the corporate tax rate, and then when the proceeds were distributed to the shareholders, they'd have to pay a tax on the cash dividend — a double tax.
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That meant the best way to transfer land out of C-corporation was to convert to an S-corporation, which means the tax liability is passed-though to an individual's tax return instead of the corporation's.
While converting corporate structure helped avoid the double tax, it required appreciated assets to be held in the S-corporation for a minimum of 10 years; otherwise, asset sales would be subject to a "built in gains" tax at the highest corporate income tax rate — 35%.
The new tax law slashes that waiting period to five years and lowers the highest corporate income tax rate to a flat 21% for all C-corporate income.
"The waiting period is shorter and the 'hammer' is not as big," Claussen noted.
TAKING LAND OUT OF C-CORPORATION LOWERS TAX ON LAND SALES
Land is often one of the assets off-farm heirs like to inherit, because it generally appreciates in value and provides an annual return.
However, if the land is inside a farming corporation, the off-farm heirs only inherit corporate stock, Claussen said. That stock most likely doesn't pay an annual dividend, and the off-farm heir rarely sees the financial benefit from the increase in the value of the land, unless they sell their stock back to the on-farm heir.
Also, land inside a C-corporation does not receive a step-up in basis when a stockholder dies.
For example, a farmer bought 500 acres for $1,500 an acre. Now it's worth $8,000 per acre. If the land was not in a C-corporation when the owner died, the tax basis would step-up to the current market value of $8,000. The heirs could sell the land without paying any capital gains tax. That's $4 million tax-free.
If those 500 acres were in a C-corporation, and the farmer wanted to leave that tract to his off-farm heirs, it becomes more complicated, because the corporation lives on even after the farmer passes away. If the heirs wanted to sell that land, the corporation could sell the land for $8,000 per acre and pay tax on the gain ($8,000 – $1,500 = $6,500 per acre). At a 21% federal corporate tax rate on 500 acres, that tax bill would be $682,500.
In addition, the proceeds from the sale are treated as dividend payments. The cash dividend from the sale ($4 million – $682,500 tax = $3,317,500) would be subject to income tax at the shareholder level. That rate is usually 15%.
After taxes, heirs would receive $2,819,875 from the sale instead of the $4 million had the land not been inside of the corporation.
"The worse thing is owning land in a C-corp until you die if your heirs will likely sell the land after you have died," said Tad Goodenbour, a tax services partner with BKD CPAs and Advisors in Colorado Springs. "If I were 70 years old and had no on-farm heir, I would convert my C-corporation to an S-corporation and get the five-year clock running."
C-CORPORATIONS MISS OUT NEW DEDUCTIONS
C-Corporations are not eligible for the new Section 199A deduction, which is reserved for individuals and pass through-entities like S-corporations.
The new tax law cut the top corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, while pass-through entities only saw their top rate decrease from 39.6% to 37%. The new Section 199a deduction of 20% for sole proprietors and pass-throughs was seen as a way to level the playing field with the new tax cut for C corporations.
"This is going to be big," said Rod Mauszycki, principal with CliftonLarsonAllen in Minneapolis and DTN/The Progressive Farmer's tax columnist. "Farmers who are now C corporations will be asking themselves should they switch to a partnership or an S corporation. I've seen several clients for whom it will be worth it to make changes. 199A could be a substantial deduction that would be missed in a C corp."
The deduction would help farmers better manage their tax liability and elevate the need for prepaying for input and making unnecessary asset purchases to avoid tax. Please see the first story in this series, "Paying a Little Tax Now Saves Taxes in the Long Run" for more details on why it's important for taxes to show an income each year: here.
Essentially, qualified business income (taxable income) under one of the pass-through entities will get a 20% tax deduction that didn't exist previously. Passive investment such as capital gains, dividends and interest income does not qualify for the deduction. The deduction is phased out for income above $315,000 (for joint returns) and $157,500 for individuals.
The new law eliminated the 9% domestic production activities deduction (DPAD) deduction for farmers and farming entities. However, it has essentially been kept in place for cooperatives under 199A(g). If a farmer sells to a cooperative, the cooperative can pass through 199A(g) deductions to its patrons as it did with DPAD. If the farmer or farm entity also sells to a non-cooperative, he or she can also calculate an additional deduction under 199A.
The Internal Revenue Service is unlikely to finish writing the rules for Section 199A(g) before farmers need to file their taxes.
There are some drawback to converting a C-corporation to and S-corporation, Claussen said. If machinery or grain is owned by your C-corporation, there could be negative tax consequences to converting, but it will generally be offset by gains elsewhere.
And, for families who want to keep the farm corporation going forever, the C-corp structure works well.
Claussen recommends working closely with your tax adviser before making any changes to your corporate structure.
Des Keller contributed to this report.
Editor's Note: If you're interested in learning more about changing your business structure and how it could affect your taxes, make sure to attend the "Use It. Lose It. Or Die With It." breakout session, hosted by KCoe Isom's Doug Claussen, at the DTN Ag Summit in Chicago. The DTN Ag Summit runs December 3-5. You can find all of the details at www.dtnagsummit.com
Copyright DTN. All rights reserved. Disclaimer.
Posted in A<|fim_middle|> Split Sprays – AgFax Tree Crops
TS Barry Adding to Miss. Delta Flood Woes – DTN
Trade Disruption: What Can We Learn from 1970s -1980s?
DTN Fertilizer Trends: Some Manufacturers Push for Higher Prices
USDA Extends Crops Reporting Deadline for 12 States – DTN
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Cotton, Sorghum: Transform WG Gets Section 18 Emergency Use Exemptions
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CORRECTION: Louisiana: Horizon Ag Field Day Scheduled, June 25 | -AgFax News, Corn Belt, Cotton, South, Editor's Picks, Southwest, Grain, Far West, Livestock, Mobile, Peanuts, Policy, Rice, Soybeans, Tree and VineTagged DTN, taxes, tax deductions, tax reform, ag taxes, S Corporation, C Corporation, Section 199A, Elizabeth Williams, Doug Claussen
Compromised Corn Ahead Tags: green snap, Pineapple Leaves, Floppy Corn Syndrome, Rapid Growth Syndrome, Crazy Disease Lurking, Poor Pollination Risks, droughty
Rather like the old Bible verse, some cornfields are starting to suffer for the sins of their planters. "As you might imagine, we're seeing a hodgepodge of problems, since so […]
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Almonds: Growers Make Real Progress With Hull | 202 |
A Northern Ireland in its year of trading has been named the winner in United Kingdom. Wine and Brine that is located in the awesome small market town of Moira has been there since the month of December.
Chris worked with chefs like Gary Rhodes and Richard prior to returning back to Northern Ireland after two decades. Wine and Brine was a great winner and a nice role model of its own type. He had a nice cooking of fresh and local ingredients at affordable prices.
Wine and Brine has a big local fan base. Every town needs to have luxury hotels and restaurants. "We are a smart business and it makes us distinct for us. We want to make nice food available for<|fim_middle|> use of the wine suppliers", says the chef.
"Our butcher is only some miles radius away than most of the suppliers", she added. The achievement was nicely deserved. Chris and Davina provides good standards at reasonable prices. | all by making | 3 |
Neil Harris has described a "rollercoaster of emotions" as the summer transfer window continues ahead of the new Sky Bet Championship season.
The Lions have made two summer signings so far, with Ben Amos joining Murray Wallace and the rest of the squad in Portugal for the club's pre-season training camp.
The manager told millwallfc.co.uk that whilst the club are trying to improve with incomings - wanting "one, if not two, more," there may also be outgoings before the campaign gets underway with the visit of Middlesbrough on Saturday 4th August.
"We've made bids for players. It's been well publicised that we missed out on Ben Marshall and whilst we won't talk about other teams' players, we want to try and improve. We're trying to add quality.
"There's going to be some players come August that want to get out the door and play some football, whether that be on loan or permanently. They're great lads - it's hard to say no when they come to me, I just want<|fim_middle|>.
"If we can bring one, if not two, more into the group - it's a rollercoaster of emotions in the transfer window, because one minute you think you've got a deal done and then the next minute, it's been scrapped." | them to be happy | 4 |
Photo by Jamie Maury, TexAgs
Texas A&M Soccer
Aggies eliminated in Elite Eight with 1-0 loss to North Carolina
Author By Jennifer Streeter
No. 7 Texas A&M had not been to the NCAA Quarterfinals in quite some time.
Now, the Aggies will not advance any<|fim_middle|>2a, 5/10/21
It was an outstanding season. Congratulations to the players and coaches.
Great season Gals !
BigJim49 AustinNowDallas | further in this year's tournament and have concluded their season. A&M fell Sunday to No. 2 North Carolina in the Elite Eight.
A&M coach G Guerrieri said the loss was a result of not capitalizing on opportunities.
"This was just one of those games where it was two moments," Guerrieri said. "A moment where we made a fatal error in the back and got too casual with the ball. And then we didn't take advantage of the errors they made."
"There are a lot of things that we're proud of. There is a lot that we have accomplished."
- Head coach G Guerrieri
The game-winning goal for the Tar Heels was scored late in the first half.
With under two minutes remaining in the first half, North Carolina's junior forward and midfielder Rachael Dorwart posted her second career goal of the season.
The ball went into the lower-left corner of the net, assisted by sophomore forward and defender Hallie Klanke. The goal was scored off of Dorwart's left foot.
"We made a mistake on a back pass and they countered on us," Guerrieri said. "And as we were trying to organize quickly, a kid stepped in and hit a super left-footed shot into the far side netting. Great finish, you just can't make mistakes at this level or teams will burn you."
The second half was tougher for the Aggies, with most of it being played on A&M's side of the field.
Not much was generated offensively for the Aggies. A&M had a total of four shots, two of which were on target. Only one shot was taken for the Aggies in the second half.
A highlight of the contest for the maroon and white was sophomore goalkeeper Kenna Caldwell. The Colorado native had two saves and positioned herself very well throughout the match.
SEC freshman of the year, midfielder Barbara Olivieri, recorded the most shots for the Aggies throughout the match. She logged two shots, one of which was on goal.
Guerrieri said that the soccer world is Olivieri's oyster.
"In the first half today I thought she was the best player on the field," Guerrieri said. "The newcomer of the year, it's all rosy. It's up to her, the world is at her feet for her to take advantage of. Today will be something that she'll learn from and know that there [are] still a lot of things that we can do to move forward."
Olivieri tied with North Carolina's junior midfielder Brianno Pinto, who also kicked two shots with one being on target, for most shots in the match.
A&M finished the season at 12-4-1 (7-1-0) and were the 2021 SEC champions.
Guerrieri said it shows a lot how far the Aggies went following the graduation of so many players after the fall slate.
The Aggies end the season as SEC regular-season Champions for the first time since 2014.
"For most people and most neutrals and people around the country will look at A&M this year and say we overachieved," Guerrieri said. "This team still came back [after so many players leaving] and marched through a huge national tournament to get to the national elite eight."
While it ended on a negative note, this was the first time A&M made it to the quarterfinals since 2017.
Another positive is the potential of A&M's roster, as the Aggies made it this far into the NCAA Tournament with a starting lineup made up primarily of underclassmen. This was senior midfielder Taylor Ziemer's final game with A&M. The California native was the lone senior on A&M's roster this season and served as a leader for the team.
Soccer will return to action in the fall; the 2021 season is only three months away.
"There [are] a lot of things that we're proud of. There is a lot that we have accomplished," Guerrieri said."
Behind the Number: Introducing Karlina Sample & Ali Russell
by TexAgs
Story Poster story photo
TexAgs presents STACKED: Annual Report 2022
by Brandon Jones
Soccer: A&M releases spring slate
by Richard Zane
1mo ago
Wrapping up Texas A&M's 2022 soccer season with forward Ali Russell
by Kennedy Smith
Soccer: Maile Hayes selected to All-Region Squad
Tags: G Guerrieri, Texas A&M vs. North Carolina, Kenna Caldwell, Taylor Ziemer, Barbara Olivieri, Soccer, Texas A&M, North Carolina, 2020
Billy Liucci's TexAgs Premium (10 replies) Texas A&M Soccer (4 replies)
2,450 Views | 4 Replies | Last: 1 yr ago by BigJim49 AustinNowDallas
94chem
4:30p, 5/9/21
Huh. Had no idea they were playing soccer in the spring. As usual, my second alma mater beats my first one.
94chem,
That, sir, was the greatest post in the history of TexAgs. I salute you. -- Dough
sharpdressedman
12:2 | 1,107 |
Ask Dan! about DSS - Can decision support help political leaders make decisions?
Can decision support help<|fim_middle|> a reality.
Today one can look at their ideas and especially there ideals and still find a solid anchor for action. Many of the solutions of both men over their political lifespan have been adopted. Some policies and programs each advocated were adopted many years following their deaths.
I plan to continue my research, but at this point my conclusion is that computerized decision support would not have helped either man be more successful. Both made decisions based upon principles that were deeply felt and not upon political expediency. Both men were rational and analytical in their thinking. Both men were knowledgeable and consulted with others. They kept the facts in their heads and had outstanding memories and excellent analytical capabilities. Critical thinking, within the context of personal values and relevant facts, was their decision support. | political leaders make decisions?
For many years, I have been systematically reading books by and about Herbert Clark Hoover and Henry Agard Wallace. Why you might ask? What do the writings of 2 dead politicians have to do with decision support? What do we learn about decision making from political biographies?
One was an engineer, the other a largely self taught scientist and geneticist. Both were very successful financially. Hoover created a global engineering consultancy and made profitable investments. Wallace created hybrid corn and helped found Pioneer Hybrid seed corn company. Hoover was an orphan at age 9, but Wallace also had a childhood of hard work on the farm. Hoover was more the dandy and proper gentleman; Wallace was more the barefoot farm boy or unsophisticated "hick". Both are great examples of the American dream of hard work, creativity and merit leading to success.In many ways both were idealists.
What am I learning about decision making? The rational, analytical decision making approaches of both men were often thwarted by political and self-interest decision making. Both men had high integrity and strong religious beliefs and well thought out values. Neither was very sensitive to the emotional side of decision making. Yet based on their records and accomplishments it is appropriate to call them farsighted geniuses of the first or highest order. Despite, or because of, their brilliant minds both failed to deal with the conniving, self-interest and bigotry that got in the way of making their ideas | 295 |
The ability not only to account for but also leverage digital technology and novel operating practices is a critical qualification for corporate leaders. This is particularly evident given that resources<|fim_middle|> modeling, empirical work through archival and survey data, as well as experimental approaches. ISOM's rising prominence in the academies is apparent in their numerous publications and editorial roles at top journals such as MIS Quarterly, Journal of Operations Management, Information Systems Research, Production and Operations Management, Management Science, Journal of MIS and Manufacturing and Service Operations Management. | and technological skills crucial for competition are increasingly outsourced and offshored. The ISOM area seeks to distinguish itself as a group of high-impact scholars who bring thought leadership to understanding, explaining, and shaping these issues. Faculty in the Information Systems & Operations Management (ISOM) area study systems and processes that define the operating and information practices in firms, markets, and society. Globalization and emerging digital technologies have and continue to transform the structure, form, and governance of these systems and processes.
Research methods employed in ISOM research include theory-building, analytical and computational | 115 |
Browse: Home » Sarah Smarsh: Reporting on Rural America and Class
Sarah Smarsh: Reporting on Rural America and Class
in Audio & Video, Business & Economics, Citizen Action & Interest Groups, Policy & Issues, Politics & Government
April 18, 2017—Sarah Smarsh, a reporter on socioeconomic class, politics, and policy for The New Yorker, The Guardian, Harper's online, and other publications, discussed media coverage of class in the U.S. Below are some highlights from her conversation with Shorenstein Center Director Nicco Mele, as well as the full audio recording.
The Construct of the "White Working Class"
Classism can be invisible to the economically privileged in a way that is not unlike how racism can be invisible to a white person.
"I'm a fifth-generation Kansas farm girl, and some of my family was in Wichita working on factory assembly lines, so I am a native of the so-called white working class…I made my way into this realm of discourse and the professional class, where I have always been aware of myself as a sort of economic 'other'…Classism can be invisible to the economically privileged in a way that is not unlike how racism can be invisible to a white person, in a country that is whiteness and wealth privileged."
"That term [white working class] was created by a middle and upper middle class culture that needed to somehow distinguish and note that one can be simultaneously white and economically disenfranchised in this country…we didn't walk around self-identifying as 'the white working class.' We were people. It's been kind of psychologically distressing to me…to see suddenly a fixation and a concern about a people that I know and love as human beings in a way that is only [focused on] reductive political frameworks, and to have that term become shorthand for a type of voter, or a type of person, bigotry even—a certain bent that actually does not represent the people that I know."
Political Diversity
The Trump train is a white phenomenon, not a poor white phenomenon.
"The Trump train is a white phenomenon, not a poor white phenomenon. At every economic level, white people—including almost by the same margin, college educated white people—came out for Trump at the same rate. I don't see any news stories or media narratives examining the great mystery of why middle class suburban white men with golf clubs and tidy garages voted for him—but there are a lot of obsessive reports going on about why coal country did. I have some theories on why that might be. For middle and upper class, mostly white media, to have this group that feels foreign to them and safely apart from them—i.e. the working class, or poor whites—that's an easy scapegoat. Their relatives in Westchester might be a harder thing to face."
"I was raised by mostly apolitical people who were largely disconnected and disenfranchised from political discourse and activism and the system…and I think that's a large part of what we in clunky terms call 'red America'…but for those who do come out and vote…most of the women that I know in those communities did not vote for Trump. There's a real strong progressive history actually in Kansas, and in much of the Midwest, if you take a longer view than short-term American political memory—and there's still some of that stronghold there. More people caucused for Bernie Sanders in Kansas than they did for Donald Trump."
A Disconnect Between Politics and Everyday Life
"The real divide in this country right now, and the one that we should be working on if we want to hold this society together, is not about red versus blue…It's about the disconnect between the way we discuss politics and what is happening in people's lives on the ground…as far as my community at large…every day was about survival, and politics and political activism…all have at their base a kind of impetus to effect some sort of change or move some kind of dial in the public sphere. We felt so disconnected from<|fim_middle|> McCoy and photo by Jessica Colarossi of the Shorenstein Center.
← Media & Politics Must Reads, April 14 , 2017
Media & Politics Must Reads, April 21, 2017 → | whatever that sphere is that even that impulse did not exist. We were there to put food on our own table and if our neighbors needed help, we helped them, and it was an incredibly—to use media language—hyperlocal way to live."
Smarsh's Approach to Storytelling
"We get into trouble with sensationalism and voyeurism when we say 'I'm going to look in this person's life for an example of x' or 'I'm going to look for a way in which this human being's infinitely complex existence can fit into this story I'd like to tell.' I come at it from the opposite direction. I feel the issue arising within the personal experience, and then move toward the research and the data…I think that it inevitably honors the people involved more."
The Urban/Rural Divide
"It's hard for me to read the narratives, and just to see even among friends of mine, a kind of settling in to using 'urban' and 'rural' as a shorthand for all sorts of things that those words do not necessarily represent. As far as how it shows up on the political map and election results…I can tell you that where I'm from in rural Kansas, most people don't vote. They show up as red because there are extremist factions that have taken hold in this country…that have gotten a particular extreme presence within those communities to the polls, often leveraging hot-button issues like abortion. I think urban and rural, just like the red and blue thing, is more a feature of who is showing up and for what reason, than it is actually a reflection of the political texture of the place."
Is There Any Hope for a Shared Public Sphere?
"We're all in such different spaces and 'bubbles,' the only place that public exists at this moment is when we sit down in the same room and share space and have conversations. That's a form of the public that can never be reduced to a statistic or dismantled by Breitbart, or misconstrued by a red/blue map. The only way I think we're going to get through this perilous moment in the country in terms of disconnect, if our goal is to reunite, is going to be, paradoxically, to get out from behind the screens where our internet is and somehow find ways to engage each other."
On Returning to Kansas to Work
There is a civic responsibility about where you decide to put your body in this country.
"There is a civic responsibility about where you decide to put your body in this country. Whether that means that you identify as a liberal person and so you want to be a in a city–fair enough. For me, knowing myself now to be a political outlier in a place that I'm watching being eaten alive by big money interests and forces against which my home community has no chance—and I am somebody that might have a shot at getting heard—I don't want to be somewhere where I'm talking about them in the past tense. I want to be there, and speaking among them…I can do the most good there."
Article by Nilagia | 619 |
Now knowing what they had to do, the Maladroits left the strange doors, exited Gnometown and returned to Bramblewick.
They had a invitations to send out.
Since they would need the assistance of all their friends, they offered to host a dinner for them at their estate (well, in Knox's Magnificent Mansion, as it had more room). When all had gathered and supped on Lucas' fine cuisine, they revealed what they had found and deduced. When the group asked the assembly for help, all happily agreed. Particularly Master Morvant and Mistress Cordova, who were itching to get out of the Tower. The motley crew of ne'er-do-bads spent the rest of the evening in conversation and high spirits. They should all get to know one another better, it was thought, so that the teams that were chosen would work well. Also, they were all fun people. As his spell would last a few days, Knox left an open invitation for any of the guests to use the mansion and its fabulous facilities until then. In the meantime, teams were decided [<- document link?].
Callon headed out early the next morning to take care of a quick errand, and found himself waylaid by a starstruck youth. When the boy spoke of his "almost succeeding," Callon began to suspect something was amiss. When he saw the reflection of Des and Griev in his eyes, his sigh of long-suffering wasn't long enough. He took the forced hallucination aside so that he could speak to the spirits in his blade without appearing insane. They led him to an obscure overlook. After drawing the blade itself and sweeping it at the boy, he dissolved into the diminutive floating forms of Des and Griev. A long conversation followed, in which they pointed out his reluctance to take ownership of his choices. It rankled him, but he found it increasingly difficult to refute. Finally, they offered to take the burden from him. They could make the hard calls; all he had to do was follow. He had been tired and doubting himself for so long. It was so tempting to just left someone else deal with it all. A defiance rose up in him, then. Blah blah choices. What did he WANT? It was time to stop wallowing in duty and set his own course. With new determination, he reached his hand past the ones proffered by the spirits and gripped the hilt of Desangriev, instead. He ignored their commentary and told them that his path was his to make, and, as his weapon, theirs to follow. They consented.
Forgetting his original errand, he returned to Bramblewick to retrieve Alera and Lucas for a visit to the Congregate. Stepping inside the Magnificent Mansion, he found many of the guests sitting in the kitchen area enjoying a fine breakfast. He noticed Cordova sitting at the table, grinning slyly his way. With a new vigor at having, he realized, claimed his life as his own, he strode over to her, gently grabbed her slender forearm, and lifted the elven beauty into a powerful kiss.
Upon reaching the Congregate, Alera stayed with Callon for his visits while Lucas adjourned to the temple of Fharlaghn. Callon took Alera first to the temple of her former patron, Heironeous. There, he gave a soldier's salute with Desangriev and spoke to the god's idol on many things. His thanks for the assistance in Heaven. His troubles believing in him after what happened to his mother and Beletsirana, both clerics of his. How he had come to terms with all of it, including Bel's death, and would be honored to bear Heironeous' blessing on his armor. Turning to leave, he said that he hadn't forgotten the god's strange blessing, assuring the deity that he wouldn't let things get screwed up. The thoroughly uncomfortable Alera was glad to leave.
Next was a visit to the temple of Moradin. Alera stood on more as an observer this time as Callon knelt and spoke in Dwarven to the King of Forges. He thanked him as he had Heironeous, and asked advice on what should be done with Elf Protector. Callon was in favor of its dissolution, but the Maladroits had justifiable reservations. Then, dropping into Avanni, he spoke to Moradin of how they had both lost someone they held dear. However, the language of truth that had been Avanna's rested within him thanks to Bel. Callon would not let either of them be forgotten, and would endeavor to use the powerful tongue to empower mens' souls and speak light to darkness. Once more in Dwarven, he said he would be honored to bear the blessing of Moradin on his armor. A nearby dwarven priest, in awe of what had transpired, immediately offered a benediction. Callon gratefully accepted.
While the fighter and the cleric were thus engaged, Lucas had a man from Tortuftus come up to him in the temple. Retreating to a isolated pew, the man spoke in careful words of how Lucas' homeland hadn't forgotten him. He then produced, to Lucas' amazement, a sword that perfectly resembled the idea he was going to present to Lifti. With the exception of the Tortuftan royal crest emblazoned on the cross-guard. Lucas was reticent to accept, and two spent several moments in a tense gaze. It wasn't until he heard Callon and Alera calling for him outside that he remembered all the strings of attachment that bound his soul. Slowly, he reached out and took the sword from the man. In return, he offered Lucas a satisfied smirk before leaving the temple.
Since they were at the Congregate, the three of them thought it only proper that Alera pay a visit to the temple of her current patron, Sarenrae. When they approached, they found a crazed throng of people waiting to greet Alera. With rapturous cries of delight, they surrounded the poor, dumbfounded cleric. Callon stepped in to try and keep some space around her while she tried to figure out what was happening. And why was everyone dressed like her?! One of the head priests of the temple came out and explained to her that, well, she was a celebrity. Between her exploits with the Maladroits, the Marvelous Tales, and being perhaps the most powerful of Sarenrae's clerics in Riparia, was it really surprising? An unfortunate downside was that people were spending their money on attiring themselves like her rather than tithing to the temple. Knowing its many good services, she couldn't let that stand. Callon offered some advice on what to say to the gathered mob. Even with her blessings of charisma, all her words did was fan the flames of their adulation even higher. It wasn't until she made a public display of tithing her own money that they people followed suit. Deeply unsettled by the events, Callon and Lucas led her back to Bramblewick.
In the middle of this chaos, Knox was paying a peaceful visit to his parents, Rost and Kell. While Keaton played with his parents' familiars, a toad named Ribbles and a weasel named Business, his parents told him it was time for him to learn a family secret. As it turned out, neither of them were born elves! After they had married, they realized that they wanted to have more time than the meager lifespans they were born with. So they developed a transmutation ritual that turned them both into proper elves, now with centuries of life to look forward to. The fact that they bred true with Knox was testament to their success. They didn't tell him this in order to pass on the knowledge, however. That was something they didn't intend on sharing with anyone. Rather, they told him in order to encourage him to find what he truly wished to turn into (as they were<|fim_middle|>. When the man presented the artifact, it had one gem remaining. He had no money on him, but if the Maladroits would provide enough capital, then he would multiply it with the artifact. He would use what he needed to raise his friends and the Maladroits could keep the rest.
Initially suspect, they asked around. The rest of the Horizon Hunters vouched for the man, but thought his plan too fanciful for them to believe. It was sad, but adventurers died all the time. Knox recognized the artifact, though there was no way to prove it without testing it. With one gem left, that wasn't possible. Seeing either a) Great opportunity, b) A scheme to rob them of some gold, or c) JONID, they decided to take a chance. Returning to Bramblewick, they placed 25,100 gold in the pouch (for a good return in case it was the real deal). Once they had, the man dropped his disguise. Jonid cried out, "Haha! So long, suckers!" and disappeared with the pouch and their money.
The Shank List got its first application of highlighter ink that night. | a family of Transmuters). Pensive, Knox returned to Bramblewick.
Later that evening, all of the Maladroits had business with the Horizon Hunters (forgot what it was). Upon reaching the guild hall, they were surprised to see the Invincible Trio emerging. From the shouts inside, it was easy to guess that they had come merely to antagonize the guild. Fox, the wizard, bumped intentionally into Knox. While the Maladroits took it in stride, it began a conversation that started downhill and never got traction upward. The Trio were all belligerent and full of themselves, only paying enough heed to what was said in order to give a disdainful reply. When they all realized that words were a lost cause, Callon couldn't even find the worth in being angry at such men, and bid the Trio a polite farewell. Lucas was plotting pranks. SOOO many pranks.
Inside the guildhall, they spent some time talking to the Horizon Hunters and commiserating with the visit they had just suffered. Then, a man called out them. He sat alone at a table and had a sad tale to tell. He and some fellows had found the location of the fabled Tomb of Horrors and made plans to venture inside. Despite the exceptional gear they wore, all but he perished. He was able to retrieve a single bone from each in order to revive them. He had a plan, you see. One of them had found an incredible artifact. It was a pouch that would multiply tenfold any wealth put into it. It would only work as many times as there were gems left to remove. It was how they had afforded such grand equipment | 342 |
Reminiscent of Martha Hall Kelly's Lilac Girls and Kristin Hannah's The Nightingale, this sweeping, entrancing story is a must-listen for fans of remarkable women rising to challenges they could never have predicted.
In 1941, 19-year-old Louise Keene's life had been decided for her - she'll wait at home in her Cornish village until her wealthy suitor returns from war to ask for her hand. But when Louise unexpectedly meets Flight Lieutenant Paul Bolton, a dashing RAF pilot stationed at a local base,<|fim_middle|> Louise discovered her strengths thro her work. it was a good slice of British history and women's contributions to it. | everything changes. And changes again when Paul's unit is deployed without warning.
A compelling story about two women who find themselves during dark times. I couldn't put it down.
This is chick lit with WWII as a backdrop. This might sound like a condemnation, but actually this is a pretty good book as historical romances go....yes, there were some plot elements were totally predictable, but I enjoyed the alternating stories. And good narration, too.
A great read. You'll enjoy this story. Hard to put down. We'll Worth it.! Looking forward to other stories by this author.
loved it. great war story with lovely narration interesting descriptions..well written loads of facts...a great read if you love an English war theme ..
Great book! This story tugged at my heart and made me feel all kinds of emotions. I made the mistake of reading it while away from my love which made it all the more depressing.
I just loved this book. Well written with a nice twist in the end.
I liked the narrators voice, very soft and good with the different characters.
I can really recommend this book.
Very dissappointing. Sappy soap opera. Present ation was good just didn't l care the story.
I love World War II fiction and this one didnt disappoint. The present day romance and the mystery of Louise's diary was interwoven with Louise's story of being an Ack Ack bomber spotter in London. | 292 |
Here's the comparison between YU Yureka S vs Intex Staari 1<|fim_middle|>U Yureka S vs Intex Staari 12 click on links given below.
The device has 4.0% larger screen than Intex Staari 12. The bigger screen is always preferred for internet surfing and Live streaming, online TV shows & movies.
Intex Staari 12 has GPS. GPS(Global Positioning System) is used for determining the device current location. You can get directions to a lot of places with the help of GPS.
Intex Staari 12 has FM Radio. Listen to your favourite radio stations on your device. Enjoy music on the go with FM Radio.
Intex Staari 12 has a Front Camera. Front Camera allowed you to take your own selfie and do live video calling.
Intex Staari 12 has Removable Battery. Remove the battery to switch off your device (Hard Reset) when it freezes. You can replace the battery or use a spare battery when the device's battery performance is reduced.
Intex Staari 12 has VoLTE Support. VoLTE allows voice service (control and media planes) being delivered as data flows within the LTE data bearer. | 2. The Mobile Phone comparison is based on phone specs, features, complete technical specifications. Also see the price comparison of YU Yureka S vs Intex Staari 12. In case you are looking to buy Y | 46 |
There's a color that works the way you want for each room.
1 Do Darker Painted Walls Make Rooms Look Smaller?
When you're faced with a wall<|fim_middle|>9. | of paint samples the last thing you should do is pull what you think is the right color for your dining room and ask the retailer to mix up a couple gallons. Likely you'll be disappointed once it's on the walls because of how the shade looks in the room. Once you understand the effect of lighting on color you can avert disillusionment with a color test.
"Metamerism," when concerning decor, is the effect that different lighting has on colors. No matter what the material or finish, from clothing to wallpaper to paint and even skin, different types of light, such as florescent, incandescent and halogen change the way we see colors by either enhancing or muting their tone or shade depth. Interior designers consider daylight to be the purest form of light in which to decipher a fabric or paint's true shade. But stepping outside of the paint store with a handful of swatches still won't tell you how a certain color will look on your interior walls.
Take two of each of your favorite swatches home, but don't lay the colorful little squares on the dining room table and try to pick the right one -- unless you're choosing a color with which to paint the table. Light reflects differently off horizontal and vertical surfaces. Even the amount of light on each side of the space will make a difference to the colors' appearance. Tape one of each color set on opposite walls, then stand back to get a feel for each hue. Now the only problem you're facing is that a 2-inch-square sample of any tone or shade may appear darker when covering an entire wall; some retailers sell jumbo swatches of their best-selling paint colors -- when they have the extra-large squares in the colors you're considering, they're well worth the small investment.
You may know from past paint projects that a tiny paint swatch can be deceiving. And jumbo swatches don't come in every color. Paint samples, on the other hand are a better test medium. Many retailers will mix you a tiny sample can of any color you wish for roughly the same price of a jumbo swatch -- about $5 at the time of publication. When your walls are anything but white, apply a coat of primer before the sample coat. Alternatively, paint most of the inside of a large, white poster paper -- leaving a 2 or 3-inch white border -- for better color-test results. Tape the painted poster paper -- or paint a 2-foot-square of each color -- on opposite walls. Give the paper or the walls a second coat for proper coverage and truer results. Let the paint dry, then look at how each shade contrasts with the flooring, window treatments, furniture and decor. Colors that sit across the color wheel from each other, such as gold or honey against blue or cherry against green contrast nicely.
Once you have the samples on the wall, you'll need a 24- hour period to examine each colors' reaction to the room's light. Over the course of a full day, light varies; the space may get morning sunlight, your light bulbs and the type of lighting -- whether an overhead chandelier, a floor lamp or wall sconces -- makes the paint look different at dusk than at dawn or after dark. You can't change the fact that artificial light changes your wall color, but you can switch to white, frosted or daylight bulbs to help control the effect, if needed. In the end, the right color changes keep things interesting.
Hordos, Lorna. "Color Testing When Painting a Dining Room." Home Guides | SF Gate, http://homeguides.sfgate.com/color-testing-painting-dining-room-50582.html. Accessed 20 April 201 | 763 |
The gospel for today is called 'The Parable of the Sower.' Some preachers and theologians like to call it 'The 'Parable of the Soils.' It speaks not of the power of the seed or of the availability of the opportunity. It speaks of responses to the Good News Jesus had brought into our world. I invite you to meditate on these responses, recognize ourselves, our situation, and our possibilities.
The parable is<|fim_middle|> again. It's the ground of one who "hears the word and understands it." How does this come to us?
We hearken to God's voice. We accept the promise. We embrace the decision. We begin the walk together.
Good ground! Good seed! Good news! | not about opinions. For me, it's about responses. What do you think God is calling us to do in the context of our ministry? What do you see, hear, and think as you reflect on this parable?
As I mentioned last week, we live in a high-pressured, fast-tempo world. Some people feel pressed for time and haunted by tasks to be done. Many have "two-job" lives in order to make the economic demands of their families or stay up with the social pressures of their circle. Even our children are pressed with such busy schedules because we have organized entertainment, sports, and other activities so as to fill every moment of their lives. Leisurely family meals in which conversation can take place is a thing of the past. It's easy to ignore the silent signals of our starving souls that they must find nourishment. God's ideas are easily swept away of our lives.
Jesus comes to say that the seed that finds good ground will reproduce itself in fruit over and over | 204 |
Does your adviser ask good questions?
When people get serious about preparing for retirement and later life, they invariably ask the same question: How do I find a good financial planner?
Yes, technical money-management skills are essential. Equally important, though, may be the questions that are asked in your initial interview with a prospective planner – not the questions that you ask, but the questions the planner asks you.
More advisers are aiming for their clients' emotional bull's-eye<|fim_middle|> financial circumstances: the size of your assets, your annual income, the insurance that you own.
Sure, all this might sound touchy-feely. And you might be uncomfortable with personal questions in a financial planner's office. But do yourself a favor: Make a list of questions that you want to ask a prospective financial planner – and then listen carefully to the questions that he or she asks you. Sometimes, touchy-feely works. | .
That's the thrust of a thoughtful article in this month's Financial Advisor magazine titled "Demonstrating That You Care." Written by Roy Diliberto, chairman and founder of RTD Financial Advisors in Philadelphia, the piece is aimed primarily at the author's peers. But if one of your priorities in 2013 is finding a good financial planner – or perhaps a better adviser than the one you have now – take a few minutes to consider Diliberto's thinking.
There are, of course, all types of financial planners. One might try, from the start, to impress you with his or her technical – and superior – knowledge of the markets. Another might dive in with questions about your | 142 |
Volunteer Burn Out
How many of you have ever been on a mission trip? How many of you have ever served someone or helped at a non-profit in your community?
This week Joel sat down and figured out how many services he volunteers for. He came up with 9 things that he helps with on a regular basis. This is on top of the fact that he runs a non-profit and his job is organizing groups to serve at non-profits all over our city. I started thinking<|fim_middle|> also part of 9 volunteer activities/organizations on a regular basis and some of them are different from Joel's.
Just thinking about this made me tired. We had a conversation about what we would do if we weren't volunteering our time. For one thing, I imagined myself blogging a lot more. I also felt really free just thinking about it all that time I could get back. Suddenly, I had this urge to quit everything and start fresh. Then Joel asked me something, "Do you think we volunteer because we think we are important?"
I don't know that answer to that. We do think our time makes a difference in people's lives and that is a big motivating factor, but we began to wonder if we both stepped out of these opportunities…would they just cease to happen? Probably not so then, why do we do them? Why do we want to quit them so often?
I mentioned this conversation to my friend and pastor, Petra. She didn't say much at the time, but taught me a great lesson a couple days later. Ministry of Education (one of the committees I serve on) was asked to serve Room in the Inn for a group of young adults who were simulating the experience of being homeless and then being provided food and shelter by the church for the night. I've served our real homeless neighbors like this a couple times already this year so I didn't think it would be a big deal to spend a couple hours helping to make this young adult's mission trip effective.
From 5:30-8:00 we prepared dinner, served dinner, ate with our guests and cleaned up. Petra came in and announced to the group she would like to debrief with us before we go. All of us sort of groaned and made lots of comments about how it "better be de-BRIEF because we have been doing this all evening."
When we sat down, Petra asked us to reflect on our experience. So we shared our observations and comparisons. Then she asked what we did before we came to Room in the Inn. After that she said she was going to play a song from our worship service and asked us to dedicate the length of the song to thinking about why we volunteered tonight and what we will take with us.
I admit that when she said we were going to listen to the song I was pouting inside. I was tired. I had worked all day and I had already volunteered at the middle school that morning at 7am. I wanted to go home. By the end of the song, the words finally broke through my train of thoughts that seemed almost glued to worrying, complaining and exhaustion. It was like something clicked, finally. It was genius. I needed to be captured there just long enough for my own barriers to fall down.
The song seemed to engulf us all and we were held there in this suspended moment in time. Then Petra explained that so often we serve without ever pausing to reflect on the experience. We don't think about what we just did for someone, what was said, why it matters, or how it impacted their lives or ours. We just do and do and do and then we go and do the next thing. This is how we become a church of exhausted volunteers.
I was floored. Not only do I serve like this- get it done, move to the next thing- I teach the youth to do the same thing.
One woman in our group began tearing up and shared with us that she had returned just a week ago from a mission trip with our church at Appalachian Service Project. She said she experienced heaven when she worked hard all day with God's people and then spent the evening reflecting on that gift. The group would end their nights in song, worshiping God. It was so hard to transition back to the busy and mindless speed of life in Charlotte. She longed for that intentionality and reminder of purpose; that all she did was part of something grand and wonderful in God's created world. She is right. We should be able to experience this Kingdom living every day.
Without these moments of pause all our efforts can become things that we do and things that we do soon pile up into burdens that we carry.
Thank you, Petra for reminding me that each of these moments of service are gifts and if I take but a moment to reflect on that, I will experience the greatest gift of all- fulfillment.
Are we human beings or human's doing?
Sexual but not sexist
New Soul
What will our legacy be?
Suffocating
Is marriage fun?
Lewis and Clark and McKay Glasgow
Tending my inner opposite
The Little Mermaid Complex
When Strangers Kiss
Seaside Donkey
Getting the Christian Way wrong...
Reminders from Eccesiastes
Movement not Location
You are the Church | about the areas where I volunteer outside of my job description (director of middle school youth) and I am | 21 |
Crewton Ramone Just Play With Base Ten Blocks And Learn Math.
Let me start of by saying it's not like your kids will just hover around the blocks and learn math by osmosis...they need some direction and it is purposeful play we are going for not just messing around and throwing blocks at each other.
A seminar company I used to work with way back in the 90's made it sound like all you had to do was buy a kit and your kids would be math geniuses in no time even if the kit just got stuck under their bed and never saw the light of day. They were excellent salesmen. People believed them. Well, turns out children learn a lot thru play and if you aren't new to my blog and website you have heard this all before. A lot. You've seen lots of quotes, and videos...but you haven't seen this one. I just added it to the first grade math worksheets page.
By now I hope you understand that the worksheets are to be used sparingly. They are NOT a primary teaching tool. The blocks are.
On that page CLICK the links or the worksheets for FREE downloads of them. That's right FREE. There is another short video there I would encourage you to watch, and here is a much longer video by the same guy, Dr. Doug Clements. Teachers in particular might want to make the time to watch that.
Once you have some experience with manipulatives you will see clearly all the learning taking place, these are second graders after all. If you are new around here spend some time perusing the house of math and this blog. After a while you will be able to see the math concepts they are internalizing and how important they are...AND they get to associate FUN with "math time."
Meantime you can come play on Face Book.
Base ten blocks are very effective at teaching math so effective kids can teach each other. Not only are they effective they make math fun. They even make algebra fun. This lesson was lots of fun and lasted an hour, we built 25 addends in the tray, we played what's under the cup did a little skip counting and generally had a gay ol' time.
It used to be called Mortensen MORE THAN Math for very good reason. Here a little brother is helped out by his big sister. I can't think of anything more beautiful than siblings learning from each other...unless it's parents learning math from their kids and vise versa. This little boy has two older brothers too, one of whom was supposed to have class with me but we ran out of time and he asked if he could take his brother's place. He is the youngest and only 5 so he was a little shy, so his big sister came in for moral support. She was by coincidence doing her math from school while she watched/helped us.
A family that plays math together stays math together...or something.
She has had quite a few lessons with me and now her school work is easy and she's getting A's. When she get's to "harder" algebra she will still get A's. As you know the most common grade for algebra is F. Most students who take it FAIL. What does that do to a child's self esteem, particularly girls? There are some child psychologists who have figured out that if they fix the math grade a lot of other family problems disappear. Problem is most of them can't teach math any better than their clients teachers. Until now.
"She's doing math, I'm doing Math too!"
Why not avoid the problems in the first place? Here is a system for teaching mathematics that makes it so easy even math phobics can learn how to do it. I have taught more than one mom who hated math to play math with her children. Often that's the first hurdle...getting them to make math fun. This child's mom also works with him and spent a lot of time home schooling the other three...with a few supplemental lessons from me when it came to math. So playing math over the internet is natural to this little boy, although he was a little shy at first and wanted somebody to be there for security. Mom had to take his brother to swimming practice...so his sister was elected. Here we see him playing what's under the cup with my little boys. Even though these games are far under the older children's skill level, having their addends reinforced this way doesn't hurt anything.
Repetition is the mother of skill, but this kind of repetition doesn't get boring or tedious because they are just playing with another kid...imagine if they had a worksheet with 50 of these problems, even if they were set up algebraically where they had to find x it would be drudgery or had to go through a deck of addition flashcards.
On top of that, the emotions and associations that go along with play are positive whereas the emotions and asscoiations that go along with drill work and work sheets are negative. You need only look in the mirror in most cases for confirmation of this. What asscociaitions do YOU have with math? Yes you reading this. Chances are they are quite negative...and even if they are neutral you don't associate FUN or PLAY with MATH. There are a very few reading this that do... Why is that? And if you hate math as a teacher or a parent, do think that might maybe somehow perhaps transfer to you students or children. People used to think they had bad math genes.
At this age even sorting the blocks is useful, I admonish parents NOT to clean up after their kids after a math lesson. Make them do it, or make them do MOST of it with your help. While you put away blocks you can count and do a little multiplication just so they hear the patterns...when they<|fim_middle|> kids in Europe learn several languages and switch back and fourth easily. Math is just another language. Early Exposure to Math concepts helps ensure success. It should also be obvious that drill work is not the most effective method for learning math although repetition is the mother of skill, you can get them to repeat math facts by building and playing until they KNOW them rather than dry, stale, lame worksheets and flash cards, that turn the kids off and make them hate math by the time they reach 6th grade.
Also I'd like to address this line of thinking. If they learn math "this way" instead of "the other way" won't they get confused? Again, just like kids being able to switch easily between languages kids can easily switch between symbols and blocks and I have tons of video where my boys do algebra in their heads without blocks or even symbols on a white board or even paper and pencil...all verbally. Once you can see it in your mind, you can use symbols to describe it if you need to, or you can just say the answer.
Further, "this way" they actually see where the rules come from instead of just memorizing rules or facts or algorithms. If they play enough they will see a pattern or a way to figure out the answer and then they can make their own rule, it doesn't matter that the rule or formula already exists THEY discovered it for themselves given direction and play time. They see and understand why and THEY will tell you the formulas...if you do it right; they really will tell you the rule or formula (like Pythagorean Theorem for example) instead of just memorizing a lot of disjointed rules and formulas that become compartmentalized with no idea how it all fits together. Jerry Mortensen used to call this "the meaningless dance." This should sound familiar to you because more likely than not this is the way YOU were taught math and by high school or college none of it made much sense even if you could memorize long enough to get an "A" on a test...you still can't/couldn't apply it. Math also enhances critical thinking...but that's a whole other topic.
If we taught little kids English the way we teach math, precious few of us would speak English. Math: patterns, rules, predictability, consistency...English is kind of a mess.
Here is another blog post on division showing some division worksheets I had made. Search Crewton Ramone division and you will find a host of posts vids and pages I've made over the years.
More First Grade Math Fun with Manipulatives.
Use a block you know to count to a number you don't know. It's fun to use your new skills right away.
If you read this blog regularly you are quite familiar with the concept MAKE MATH FUN. Especially when they are only in first grade, five or six years old....why would you make it "work"? Manipulatives when used properly can make math fun. And can be quite powerful at getting concepts across to students who don't grasp them when they are presented using symbols only. I remember a parent asking me why put a whole bag over there head why not just have them close their eyes? Because the bag is MORE FUN. What's under the cup is FUN. Playing with brightly colored blocks is FUN. What the hell happened to you are your way to adulthood? Do you forget to have fun...? I remember being with some adult friends on Halloween and they were stressing out about hotel rooms and their costumes and whatever else...and I said "You might be forgetting to have fun."
First graders still know how to play and have fun. They could help you if you let them. Relax. You have time. Let them goof around...of course there needs to be some discipline but don't get so caught up in the lesson or the idea that this is math time I have to teach them xyz. Good for you for being conscientious and relax: playing is learning. All you have to do is provide a little structure and direction.
Pretending you have x-ray vision is fun.
Be playful, have fun with your math instruction all the way through high school. People are always amazed when I say I make math fun...amazed might not be the right word incredulous might be a better word. They can't imagine math being fun...or even using math and fun in the same sentence. "Here have a worksheet instead." That's because they had a bad experience...I, myself, have shed a few tears over the mathematics. Then I found out it doesn't have to be that way. Break the cycle of math violence in your household! Have fun with your kids playing math, dammit! Use your weapons of math instruction for instruction not destruction (although at older ages you might want to do some analysis and deconstruction).
The patterns of multiplication are easy to discover and hear. I can't stress enough multiplication is the major milestone in the beginning of a child's math career. Needs to be made as painless as possible. And as the case with all languages it is better if it is taught EARLY rather than later. Sing songs, watch vids play games learn multiplication...you may find that it allows students to practice their addends and addition...because that's all multiplication is, it's counting quickly.
They're just playing with blocks they said. Manipulatives aren't particularly productive they said. Sure, I said.
And here is the House Of Math if you stumbled onto this post by accident and you are new around here. Soon this kid will have his own page and it will be password protected; you may eventually want to get a password.
Update: He now has his own page, you'll find this post and more vids you won't find anywhere else at CRHOM. This snippet was made from a much higher quality vid using screencasting the vid at my website has better audio and video.
"We didn't do anything dad, we just played with blocks." ~My favorite quote from a little girl who went from "F" to "A".
Or what do I get for a Password?
Slightly "older" student begins the process of mastering multiplication.
People sometimes email me and ask if they should get a password...of course I say yes.
Here is the short version with links to all the pages where you can use your password: PP Links Page.
There is no short cut I can give you as been said there is no royal road to mathematics, but I can sure remove a lot of the excuses we used to get when people would buy a kit and wonder what to do next. There is no one path to take because each kid and situation is different. And this method does not believe in the standard way they have done things in public schools where basically everybody learns the same thing on the same day at the same time. So quit asking. Not gonna happen here although I am trying to show you how to use these blocks for your situation...ie I want to teach my kid addition, or long division or fractions or what have you.
There was a time when you got a password with your order but that time has passed. (I haven't updated every page I've built over the years to reflect this so you may see a page that say you do....but you don't.) Be aware that Mortensen Company fills all my orders on blocks and pays me a commission. I fill orders for passwords...which basically means I send you an email in case you miss the pop up page when you check out with paypal.
The GETTING STARTED PAGE is a 5 dollar value all by itself. Many people have found it useful to go to that page and use it as a starting point. Make sure to check out the pdf's on that page too, scroll down, there are four of them there. They contain old articles and scope and sequence for the books, and a nice dissertation from an experienced teacher on why she likes this method.
etc you need a password. You will also find that we use algebra to teach the basic operations and I'll show you how. I often use algebra to teach addition and multiplication and use it to sneak math facts in on older students who need remedial work in mathematics. Sound intriguing? It should.
I am told constantly that my password should cost more, not just for the content on those pages but also as a thank you for all the free stuff you were "fronted"...as it were...lol. Yes: I am trying to get you addicted to math.
Check out the advanced algebra page. The only place that shows you how to use the blocks for that on the entire web!
The Password Protected screencast channel it has Percentages on it. My percentages page needs work...and it's on the list of things to update.
There are new pages added and pages updated pretty regularly, I'm always adding youtube vids so you might want to subscribe to my youtube channel.
People sometimes tell me they don't see anything new, that's because your browser is loading the old page out of your cache from last time you were at my site. Hit refresh for the new stuff...the Sample Lessons page has a ton of stuff on it and so does Sarah's Page. Those of you who have funtionally autistic children or students might find that page QUITE interesting. It shows how I took a student who was basically being ignored in a public school system mathematically and got her to pass her GED and Compass Test. Ironically the reason she had to take the GED is because she didn't have enough math credits...but that was because they were teaching her math and I didn't meet her until 10th grade.
You put your password in there and you'll get a list of pages where you can use your password. Or you can hit Test on the navigation bar.
Channel of Screencasts you can't get anywhere else: (currently mostly same as "advanced algebra") but also HAS PERCENTAGES AND FACTORING NEGATIVE EXPRESSIONS.
And guess what? There's more. Buy a password and find out how much more. Just go to the TEST Page they are listed there.
One password does it all at the moment if you run into a page that asks for a password you'll have it.
I did it in one take and didn't do any editing...you may want to skip it and go to the second one....it's "only" 18 minutes long instead of 38.
That thing is way too long. Here is a shorter version that mostly just covers my website.
Problem is getting close to solved. Now you want an example of how to present whatever it is chances are there's a video for that. If not email me and I'll make one...eventually. Use your search engine!
Vid courses should also come out this year...(2014). If you have a topic you'd like to see leave a comment. I have done a few parent/teacher trainings...which cover what to do in what order depending on the situation, I am told I should make some vids like that...so much to do so little time.
When you do order, turn off your pop up blocker. I have it set up so when you finish paying a page pops up with the password on it and info on where you can use it. If you miss that page just send me an email ad I'll send it right out. Also check whatever email you use for paypal, I don't know how many times people have sent me pissy emails when I already sent them the password but then they tell me they only use that email address for paypal and never check it.
Some Math Enrichment I did with a 9 year old.
Schools you are free to put this software on your computers for your kindergarteners and first and second graders. No license fee, no software fee JUST USE IT.
Go here for an hour long overview of the method and more vids.
Too funny, this post is getting too long...lol...so I'll stop here.
" The way to have a good idea , is to have lots of ideas. " | are very young you might just have them put same with same...at this age you can say things like 3 sevens is 21 and as you put fives away count them, five, ten, fifteen, twenty... This would also be a great time to put a skip count CD on or multiplication rock songs as music to clean up to. If you sing the clean up song by Barney while you do it, the ten bars will turn into snakes at night and disable your pets. And now that song is stuck in your head again. You're welcome.
Learning is going on all the time...even during clean up.
When you get right down to it, he doesn't really need me because his sister (who as I said has MANY lessons under her belt) and his mom who has spent some time on my blog and website, plays with him too. His sister was actually a big help during this lesson. Soon it can be just me an him as he get used to Crewton Ramone.
The video snippet below gives you a feel for what happened during an hour long session with a five year old who is learning his addends. I also put part of a game of what's under the cup on it which will get him ready for some simple algebraic problem solving...this is so important and yet it is rarely done in public schools across the country. You can certainly hear his enthusiasm. The pictures alone should be enough to warm your heart. I know parents who wish their kids would play together but sometimes it's hard when the ages are far apart.
Once counting is mastered we can do all sorts of math, in this case it's addition using addends and of course we make a game of it and play math. What's under the cup is a kid favorite.
Soon he will see 8 + x = 15 instead of the cup...and it will make sense that x = 7...and when he sees some rules years from now in public school those will make sense too... you can find more on tmy blog and website.
You know how you're supposed to read to your kids? You should probably math to your kids too.
Meantime Dboyz are just fooling around playing and building stuff....they also were doing some factoring together, you can't see it well but they factored 2x² -3x - 9...and just had fun building towers and a "castle" out of addends. They are 7 and 9 so for them it's just play (if you ask them they are sure they didn't learn anything...there are lots of other kids for whom these activities would still be challenging learning exercises. Dboyz are reinforcing facts they already know without paper and pencil or math worksheets.
Can your 4 year old solve this? Why not?
Using manipulatives to teach math really does make things easier for everybody involved. And as we used say Mortensen Math makes math child's play: because it does. Preschoolers can do math that amazes adults. Here we begin introducing symbols to a very young child but before we did any of this we played games and especially a game called "What's Under The Cup?" This is an absolute favorite of pre-schoolers. Start doing what you see here and eventually you can work your way up to what you see here, "advanced what's under the cup." And we'll get to problems like 3x + 2 = 2x + 5.
Problem solving is simple when you baby step your way there. So for now we are just figuring out problems like 8 + x = 12. Keep it easy no need to rush. just play.
After this we played what's under the cup for real...and we played for a good 20 more minutes. Even though if you listen you will her ask "Can I go now?" She stayed and they played. She had fun because my youngest was playing with her instead of me and her dad. Kids like to play with other kids which is why group learning can be so effective...it's also why I try to put young students in groups.
I paid my youngest a dollar for helping me tutor this little girl in Chicago...and he is thrilled.
"Wait, you're paying me for this? This is so awesome!"
Just as aside, this child was being taught via vid chat, I wasn't even there in person. I agree that you lose a little when you do it over the internet instead of in person but you don't lose that much. Lots of people could benefit from internet tutoring...again if I can make it this easy for her using the blocks, I can probably make it much easier for older kids too....in fact lots of teens go from "F" to "A" in short order. I prefer YOU teach your own kids but tutoring is what I do. So if you need help be in touch. I also "coach" teachers and parents.
All we did was play what's under the cup. I didn't get that on vid...because when the camera goes on things change and my first obligation is to the paying customer not making vids for the internet...my boy is an old pro at this game and for him it's super easy but he like to play with this little girl via vid chat, she had fun and our lesson lasted longer than usual because she was fully engaged in playing math. Here he is "back in the day" when he was also four.
We made a problem for her, then she made one for us and she learned addends...and I had an epiphany myself while watching them PLAY. I can't stress enough how important it is to let them play, you provide the framework or game and some direction and they'll do the rest if you let them. I also have to work a little with the father on removing NO from the lesson and letting her fool around to get the right answer. She's never wrong just getting more information. 3 + X = 12 she picks a 7 because she knows 3 needs a 7 to be ten and that's often a right answer when there's a three involved...she sees it's a little short and then sees she needs 2 more so she makes the addend for 9 with a 7 and a 2 AND she gets the answer for 3 + X = 12. In her head she realizes she needs a 9 because she can see it. Harder to do if you just have symbols. Her thought process in no way benefits from her being told "no" when she gets the 7.
Fear of Failure Can Be Taught Unconsciously or UN-taught Conciously.
We also want to remove the fear of failure. Ever hear of Sara Blakely? Her father actually used to ask her how often she failed. You might go read that article because it is very rare that I link to stuff I haven't written...and even less to Forbes or CNBC. They don't need my help. (I need your help though, you could link to me, like pages pin on pinterest etc, it helps people find my work. Page rank, all that SEO stuff.) But that's a good article and a fun interview. Billion with a B.
Parents might want to apply it as best they can with their own kids. It will be hard because in school kids learn to fear the all-mighty "F". They learn to fear failure instead of looking at it as an important part of learning and a crucial part of success. Whether it's mathematics or life in general. This patterning starts young. Instead of being afraid to try or being hesitant to look stupid or displease mom or dad, they just play and learn. There should also be some words of encouragement to keep trying even if you get it wrong more than once.
What usually ends up happening is children or teenagers fail math (algebra is still the most failed subject) learn to hate math and don't keep trying. I can't blame them, really. They are put into a system where they can't succeed; where the system doesn't change to fit the student's natural learning style instead they expect the student to adapt to the teaching style. Worse, it's EXPECTED that a certain percent will fail. Bummer for you if you're in that crowd. At the house of math one of the axioms is put the child in a situation where they can not fail, although they may fail on the way to right answers with directed discovery they eventually get there maybe even on their own.
We've Gotten To The Point Now Where We Expect Students To Fail Math.
Having said all this about failure, I remember a teacher that came to one of our trainings got excited and really applied the lessons she learned and the use of the blocks to her algebra class. I was the trainer that gave her another 30 hours when she had come back after her first 10 hour training. She was so excited and happy and MAD. Her pre-algebra class got all A's because of this method. No one failed, no one even got a "B." Was the principal thrilled? Hell no. He told her she had some how made the tests too easy and that she needed to make the class harder. Her algebra class where she had similar success, not ALL A's but no F's was met with a similar response. This was not a brand new teacher this was a veteran teacher. Some kids should be failing or she wasn't doing it right. This was a training with about 100 people in it, in Utah. Other people chimed in with similar experiences.
I removed all but one of the expletives from the above paragraph for your reading enjoyment. If a four year old can do this and you can see second graders doing algebra and problem solving perhaps teen-agers can do it too. You might also search Crewton Ramone in the classroom and see what comes back.
Now, get yourself a password and get started. I know you're wondering what you get for a password. So I made a whole blog post just for you. I am told I don't charge enough. I am going to give Raymond his own page, fix the percents page and add a trig page here shortly. Then there will be training pages you can buy...just give it a little time; I remember when there were no videos and passwords were a buck.
Give your child a headstart in math with my counting book.
Dboyz Night Time Fash Card Caper.
First I want to make it clear that flash cards are not a primary teaching tool. If anything I use them as a diagnostic tool to see where students are, how easily they can recall facts and where we can play games and do other activities that will cover the ones they need work on, these two have pretty much mastered this deck. The point is when you are doing math try to have fun with it. It doesn't have to be "work." Before I turned the camera on it was much sillier and we were having lots more laughs...which is why I got the camera. Of course when I turned the camera on things changed but you can still see we were having fun not just "drilling..."
This is more of a home video. It is poor quality and too dark but that's not the point. The point is not to use flash cards as your primary tool for memorizing math facts...and that if you are relaxed and having fun MORE learning takes place not less. There are now plenty of studies that bear this out, and corporations are well aware that it is easier to program people when they are relaxed and happy than when they are stressed and upset.
This was back in December. I probably have pulled flash cards out ONCE since then. We have been playing math for so long by now this kind of single digit division is easy for them to do...no stress, no tears, but it does make them think a little differently than when we do multiplication.
People who use base ten blocks understand the diagram. With multiplication you get the sides of the rectangle, you have to tell me the whole rectangle. With factoring you get the whole rectangle, you have to tell me both sides, with division you get the whole rectangle AND you get one side all you do is tell me the other side. You get MORE information. We are fooling around with the basic concept of the rectangle and using it to facilitate counting. This is concept #3 of the 5 basic concepts. They also get a better feel for the idea of inverse functions and what that means.
It amazes me that some students don't get the connection between multiplication and division. With division you actually get the most information and yet we usually teach it last and kids end up hating it. At Crewton Ramone's house of math we teach it right along with addition and subtraction, and even the little kids under 5 are exposed to the idea that it's just more fun counting...because really that's all it is. Take a look at the smiley face division books. These are for kids who can't even write yet!
I have seen kids who are two and a half who can't hardly speak yet sit on their mommy's lap and point to the right answer...the parent was so enthusiastic about Mortensen Math. "Why not? I read her story books this is just another book but she can participate..." Certainly I have no problem with this. My book is designed for little kids too, just another book to read at bedtime. Some people will try and tell you you should wait, and that somehow you're taking away their childhood and other such rubbish. We know the best time to teach a language is when they are YOUNGER, | 2,815 |
Northern, Stone Child, Aaniiih Nakoda receiving pandemic emergency funding
Last updated 4/13/2020 at 12:02pm
Havre Daily News staff
Montana's U.S. senators have announced that Montana universities and colleges, including the Havre, Rocky Boy and Fort Belknap institutions, are receiving funding to help with the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic.
Montana State University-Northern in Havre will receive $911,258; Stone Child College on the Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation will receive $216,798, and Aaniiih Nakoda College on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation willl receive $114,359.
"I've heard from educators across our state that the COVID-19 pandemic has dealt a huge blow to Montana's colleges and universities, forcing them to close their doors to students and faculty," Sen. Jon Tester, D-Mont., said. in a press release "So I fought to secure this funding so that our colleges and universities can weather this storm. We depend on these higher education institutions to teach our next generation of leaders, pursue advancements in research and technology, and drive our economy — and this funding is critical to helping them continue their work amid today's uncertainty."
Tester's release said the recently passed Coronavirus<|fim_middle|> to providing direct emergency cash grants to students for expenses related to disruptions to their educations due to the COVID-19 outbreak, including things like course materials and technology as well as food, housing, health care and childcare.
"Montana college students have seen their lives and education disrupted because of the ongoing Coronavirus pandemic," Daines, who is running for re-election and faces John Driscoll of Helena and Daniel Larson of Stevensville in the Republican primary election, said in the release. "This critical funding I fought to secure in the Coronavirus Economic Recovery Package will help our students get the relief they need during this crisis and lift any burdens they might have because of the disruption to their education."
The $31,412,577 in funding directed for Montana colleges and universities, will provide direct cash grants to Montana students and cover coronavirus-related costs that the university or college faced, Daines' release said. Of the $31,412,577, each university or college must direct half of its award to its students through emergency financial aid.
Tester's release said the other award amounts are:
• Great Falls College Montana State University — $845,222
• Helena College University Of Montana — $685,627
• Montana Academy Of Salon — $152,333
• Montana State University – Billings — $2,193,195
• Montana State University Bozeman — $10,560,079
• Montana Technological University — $1,676,199
• University Of Montana — $7,652,275
• University Of Montana Western — $1,164,902
• Flathead Valley Community College — $925,144
• Carroll College — $941,622
• Rocky Mountain College — $933,392
• University Of Providence — $376,995
• Salish Kootenai College — $832,524
• Blackfeet Community College — $266,062
• Chief Dull Knife College — $103,368
• Fort Peck Community College — $151,493
• Miles Community College — $246,778
• Dawson Community College — $142,151
• Aaniiih Nakoda College — $114,359
• Little Big Horn College — $260,189
• Bitterroot School Of Cosmetology — $60,612
• Academy of Cosmetology — $43,527
• Bold Beauty Academy — $151,384
• Butte Academy Of Beauty Culture — $77,189
• Crevier's School of Cosmetology — $188,300
• Pima Medical Institute — $340,233 | Aid, Relief and Economic Securities Act included allocation of $32 million in critical relief funding for more than 25 Montana colleges and universities to mitigate shortfalls and provide financial aid to students during the COVID-19 pandemic.
A release from U.S. Sen. Steve Daines, R-Mont., said U.S. Department of Education will be directing $31,412,577 to Montana colleges and universities. $15,518,482 will go | 102 |
Energy is vital to our society. That's why the companies within Enexis Groep work on a reliable and sustainable energy supply for today and<|fim_middle|> Their main area of concern now is answering the question: How will we have arranged the energy supply in 2030?
Enexis develops smart grids, a smart and flexible network, which operates according to the energy demand and supply and helps customers to save energy. The organisation wants to serve as a role model by inspiring others to create a more sustainable world. They do this by recycling raw materials, compensating energy loss in the nets and building energy neutral houses, as well as by focusing on decreasing their footprint.
With all this energy in mind, Nudge is excited to get to know the participants from Enexis and to work together at the Challenge to come up with some dynamic solutions to today's problems. | for the future. By employing their knowledge, expertise and energy in all possible ways, they are fulfilling their vision to accelerate the energy transition. | 28 |
Wire Leeds confirm Wild Beasts DJ Set
Wild Beasts hit Leeds' best indie night this week for a much-anticipated DJ set. The Kendal band will spin records at Fuzzy Logic at Wire,<|fim_middle|> Beasts' slot follows recent Fuzzy Logic events featuring hit-packed DJ sets from Oxford math-pop giants Foals and local indie heroes Alt-J. Wild Beasts have strong ties to Leeds and worked on their new album in the city. The basement is sure to be packed with friends and fans eager to celebrate with the band, comprised of Hayden Thorpe, Ben Little, Tom Fleming and Chris Talbot. Fuzzy Logic, which started way back in 1999, is very pleased to be able to bring fans an exclusive set from one of their favourite bands of 2014.
Following the release of 'Present Tense' in February Wild Beasts have played a series of sold out shows around the country. Honing their set for a festival season which includes a performance at Glastonbury, they've delighted crowds with disco-tinged electronics of their new record. So those crammed into the Wire basement on Thursday night should be ready to sweat and sway – Wild Beasts know how to work a dance floor.
Recent years have seen Wild Beasts remix tracks by a varied list of artists including Lady Gaga, Jessie Ware and 2:54. Earlier this year, the band even recorded a cover of Miley Cyrus' 'Wrecking Ball' single. Their own material lends itself well to a re-fix too. This year's single 'Wanderlust' was reshuffled by explosive electro group Factory Floor and techno producer The Field. The band's influences veer from the powerful and destructive sonics of Michael Gira's Swans to hip-hop producer Clams Casino. With that in mind, Thursday night promises an eclectic and highly danceable set.
Before the main event, Fuzzy Logic's own Pete Fabianski will play a selection of the hottest indie rock 'n' roll tunes. Stretching from of the moment floorfillers back to the sounds of the 1960s, Fuzzy Logic offers hit after hit every Thursday, right the way through to 4am.
Words by Ben Homewood
Images courtesy of Wire Leeds and The Great Escape Brighton | Leeds on Thursday night (22nd May). Ahead of the summer festival season, Wild Beasts are in celebratory mood as they ride the wave of success created by their fourth album 'Present Tense'. The famous Leeds basement will be packed out for the latest Fuzzy Logic party.
Wild | 59 |
Are you able to give yourself the gift of forgiveness? Find out here!
For the following 10 questions, rate each item from 1 to 10 to find out your "Forgiveness IQ." Rate your responses on a continuum from 1 (Strongly Disagree) to 10 (Strongly Agree).
1. ________ I will not forgive someone if they are not sorry and do not admit what they have done.
2. ________ Those who have wronged or slighted me but take no responsibility for hurting me do not deserve to be forgiven.
3. ________ I find that my lack of ability to forgive makes me stuck thinking about what happened in the past.
4. ________ I cannot forgive because I do not want to condone bad behavior.
5. ________ A difficulty in forgiving makes it hard for me to trust others.
6. ________ It is hard to forgive, because forgiving is letting someone off the hook and makes them no longer accountable.
7. ________ Forgiveness is something that you just feel; it is not a trainable skill.
8. ________ Since there is nothing I can do about things now, I tend to keep things in and do not share my hurt with others.
9. ________ If I forgive, that means I will be vulnerable again so I need to protect myself.
10. _______ I cannot forgive myself for past mistakes, choices and failures.
15 or Lower — You are a Forgiveness Genius: Congratulations!
16–29 — Strong Forgiveness Competency: You have given yourself the gift of forgiveness and you usually stay positive.
30–49 — Moderate Forgiveness Competency: You have some work to do on becoming less negative and stuck in past resentments.
70–84 — Severely Forgiveness Impaired: Consider seeking professional help to give yourself the gift of forgiveness.
85–100 — DANGER ZONE: A lack of forgiveness impairs your mental health. Seek psychological help.
The questions for this quick test identify the major stumbling blocks people often have when overcoming resentments, grudges and their own self-rec<|fim_middle|> I.Q! | riminations. Some major points to take away from this quick quiz are that forgiveness is a skill you can choose to develop; an inability to forgive holds you back from living a happy and healthy life; being unforgiving makes you a prisoner of your past, and forgiveness is a gift you give to yourself.
For the self-recriminators, work on forgiving yourself for not having the foresight to know what you now know in hindsight. We are all works in progress, and it's time to let yourself off the hook and build on your regrets rather than live in them. Life is all about evolving and learning. If you made a mistake in the past, learn from it instead of living in it. Those who are defined by their past can not immerse themselves in life at present.
For those hurts from the past, make the choice to let lessons learned deepen you instead of weaken you. As you work on these points, take this quick test occasionally so you can remind yourself to keep on working to boost your Forgiveness | 207 |
When I was ten we moved from a top floor flat in a high-rise block in the middle of Glasgow to the green fields of Surrey. My dad, a specialist in agricultural engineering, had got himself a job on a farm instead of an industrial factory. The worst decision of his life it turned out. And mine.
It all started when I ate the dog food. Not deliberately, of course. Mum had had a difficult day with Class 4B and she'd muddled the tin of Pedigree Chum with the steak pie filling. Gran and K<|fim_middle|> - indeed, he'd hardly even spoken to her. But there was something about her that interested him, that made him want to know her a whole lot better. And that was surely never going to happen now.
'I'm not,' Shazia lied. She pulled her coat around her neck more tightly. 'It just made me jump, that's all.' She glanced at Emma's face, rapt in the flickering coloured lights of a Roman candle. It had been a mistake, coming here. She shouldn't have let Emma talk her into it.
There was a series of shrill squeals from a firework, twizzling and sparking through the air. Shazia bit her lip and clenched her fists so tightly her fingernails dug into her palms. It was bringing it all back, what had happened. The whole reason she'd moved to this town. Emma didn't know – how could she? She knew nothing of Shazia's previous life. | ally said the pie was disgusting and refused to eat it. I'm not so fussy. I was wolfing down the last crumb when . . .BANG! BOOM! SCREECH!
Noises outside! Noises everywhere! It was literally the most terrifying thing that had ever happened. Next thing I knew, I was crouching under the dinner table, my heart hammering against my ribs. Truffle was already down there, shaking and panting too. He smelled great though. No wonder! He'd just scoffed a bowlful of steak pie filling. I licked the gravy off his chops. Not something I'd usually do, but it was surprisingly delicious. Even better with a bit of Labrador slobber mixed in.
'It's me, Anton, of course!' I barked.
In that moment, the decision had been very easy to make. If Ria did what they asked, they would leave her alone, for once. But now she stood facing the shop, clutching the envelope of notes in her hand, she was no longer so sure.
No Children or Animals allowed!
The windows were caked with dust, and it looked dark and deserted beyond. She looked up and down the quiet side street near the estate where she lived. Was the shop even open?
Ria pushed the door open, which dragged across the old floorboards. 'Hello'? she said, her voice echoing. It sounded like she was in an empty warehouse, not a shop. No-one replied and no light came on. At first there was only darkness and silence in reply.
Joy and Aiden cooed with delight, along with the rest of the crowd, as the sky lit up like colourful sprinkles on a doughnut. Well, that was the closest comparison Aiden could think of. A second later multiple claps from each explosion reached them and the music's tempo increased as the display powered towards its conclusion.
"Best bonfire night ever!" Aiden declared, ignoring the wisps of his breath in the chill evening. He stomped his feet for warmth, determined the cold wouldn't dampen his enthusiasm.
Joy didn't want to take her eyes from the object so had no idea if Aiden was referring to it, or the display. Just beneath the music and cacophony of bangs, she became aware of muttering around her. "What the heck is that?" a man to her left asked. More voices joined in as the fireball became as big as a fist and growing larger by the second.
Outside in the dark, drizzly night, a rocket exploded, sending showers of multi-coloured sparks blazing across the sky.
Josh couldn't even be bothered to go to the window to look. He shrugged himself into his duffle coat and decided that he had never felt less like going to a Bonfire Party in his life. It was being hosted by Henry and he'd invited the whole class. He'd spent the previous few days boasting about how much his parents had spent on the occasion. There would be top-of-the-range fireworks, a barbecue and even a proper bonfire with a guy and everything. To Josh, who could barely afford a packet of sparklers, this was hard enough to take... but the absolute killer was that Kate was going to be there and Henry had been been very quick to tell as many people as possible that he and Kate were now 'going out together.' And it wasn't as if Josh had any claim on Kate | 708 |
We've just finished the third Books N Bloggers Swap of the year. But it went out with a bang! I was partnered with the lovely Olive from abookolive. She's a video blogger on Youtube so it was so fun to watch her videos and get to know her. Videos are a fun media and Olive does a great job with it. Watching her talk about books made me want to read everything she was reading. We do have very similar taste which was fun and unusual!
So for those unfamiliar with Chaotic Goddess' Books N Blogger swap, it works like this. You send your partner one book off their wishlist, one book you've read and think they'll enjoy and one book that you have not read, but think would be up their alley. So do you want to see what Olive picked for me? You know you do!
So, for a book she's read that she thinks I'll enjoy, she picked Naomi Novik's Uprooted. It involves a wizard called Dragon, and a girl trying to save her beautiful friend, but her friend may not be the one in danger... I love books with a fantasy element in them, and this one looks<|fim_middle|> before, but it looks right up my alley. I love Tana French. The Likeness is my favorite so far. Thanks for hosting such an awesome swap! You and Miss Angie do a great job running these! | right up my alley.
For a book from my wishlist, Olive chose The Sparrow by Mary Doria Russell. This book involves space travel and something horrible happening to the whole crew. There's only one survivor. What happened? Only Father Emilio Sandoz knows. I've been warned this is a depressing book, but I'm still looking forward to reading it. It's gotten good reviews on Goodreads and I think it sounds really interesting.
And finally, for the books she's read that she thinks I'll enjoy, Olive picked Faithful Place by Tana French. I love the Dublin Murder Squad and adore Tana French! I've read three of her other books, but hadn't been able to get my hands on this one yet. Frank Mackey is a detective with Dublin Undercover and this book involves what happened to his girl Rosie, who he was all set to run away with 22 years ago. But, Rosie never showed. Now her suitcase has been found and the question is, what happened to Rosie? Frank Mackey is a main character in The Likeness (my favorite of Tana's books so far) and Olive says this one is pretty awesome. So I can't wait to read it.
Finally, she sent me an awesome metal bookmark with the quote "Learn from yesterday, Live for today, Hope for tomorrow". That's a pretty good mantra. I'm a bookmark user all the way, so this will be put to good use.
So if you want to see everyone's link ups, head over to Chaotic Goddess' page or just click the picture below. And if you like books, check out abookoilive's channel. Olive does a great and she'll help you find your next favorite.
What a great stack of books! I am having so much fun seeing what everyone else got and enjoying the reveal. Happy Reading!
Agreed! A lot of times I find more books to add to my list just by seeing what everyone else got.
Thanks for joining us for the swap- I'm so glad you two have such similar great taste!
I had never heard of Uprooted | 433 |
Police investigating reports of armed robbery at restaurant
The owner described how a warning shot was fired during the incident
Simon Leonard
Police have released more details following reports of an armed robbery at a popular restaurant in Cleethorpes.
The incident happened at Oriental Express on Kings Road last night (Friday, January 5) shortly before 10pm.
Owner Chung Yeung has spoken about the moment an armed robber fired a warning shot and told staff to get on the floor during the incident.
A spokeswoman for Humberside Police said: "We are investigating reports of an alleged armed robbery at a takeaway restaurant on Kings Road, Cleethorpes, which was called in to us just before 10pm yesterday (Friday, January 5)."
Detective Sergeant Steve Watts, who is investigating the incident, said: "Two men are alleged to have entered the premises and demanded money from the staff. Money was handed over<|fim_middle|> about this incident to call us on 101, quoting log number 501 of January 5."
Calls can also be made anonymously to Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111. | and there are reports a firearm was discharged before the men left on a moped.
"Our officers were on the scene quickly and we undertook area searches but the two suspects remain outstanding at this time.
The Oriental Express restaurant, at the boating lake, Cleethorpes, where a robbery took place on Friday night as staff were closing up (Image: Rick Byrne)
Baby suffered in pain for three days because couple didn't follow doctor's orders to take him to A&E
"No-one was injured in the incident.
"An investigation is underway and accounts have been obtained from a number of witnesses to the incident. As our enquiries continue, we appeal to anyone who knows anything | 136 |
We continuously strive to become the preferred source for<|fim_middle|> the challenges ahead.
Joy:- Helping others through our daily business activities and community service brings us joy. | employment and human resource services. We are dedicated to serving our customers and the community with the highest levels of service, knowledge, professionalism, honesty, and integrity.
Trust:- We are a high performing, a high-quality organization dedicated to employment and human resource services – a trusted partner and resource for our customers and our community.
Respect:- We treat every individual with respect, in every interaction.
Integrity:- We promise only what we can deliver, and we deliver on every promise. Our business is built on a foundation of honesty and integrity.
Commitment:- We are committed to providing solutions for our customers. We exist to meet and solve the challenges our customers face.
Professionalism:- We are seasoned professionals, continuously educating ourselves and preparing for | 147 |
Event Archive - Eagle Eyes (Eagles Tribute)
Fri. September 21st 2018 - Fri. September 21st 2018 @ Cowichan Performing Arts Centre Duncan BC (All Ages)
7:30pm doors at 6:30pm
$45 (fee's included)
Tickets at: Cowichan Performing Arts Centre
Presented by: Mur-Man Productions
'Eagle<|fim_middle|>-year career. Eagle Eyes are a 'must see' for all Eagles fans whether they are fans of classic rock, country rock with a twinge of bluegrass.
The four members of Eagle Eyes have over 120 years of combined experience as professional touring musicians honing their musical and vocal skills. All four members of Eagle Eyes reside on Vancouver island, 2 in Lake Cowichan, 1- Port Alberni & 1- in Youbou | Eyes' are the tribute to one of the most legendary Rock & Roll Bands of all time 'The Eagles'. The Eagles are one of the world's best-selling bands of all time, having sold more than 150 million records.
Eagle Eyes audiences are being captivated by the stunning replication of the trademark vocal harmonies that the Eagles have been noted for over their historic 40 | 79 |
We're currently closed.
Fossils – witnesses of life
Krahuletzmuseum Eggenburg > permanent exhibiton > Fossils – witnesses of life
26. November 2018 permanent exhibitonRocky
Fossils are fossilized remains of extinct creatures, the oldest pieces in the Krahuletz Museum date back to the Permian age, 300 million years ago, and were found in Kamptal.
Fossil animals such as the Eggenburger Krokodil or the manatee Metaxytherium krahuletzi are among the highlights of our collection and established their worldwide fame.
Make an exciting safari through the history of the earth to manatees, dolphins, cloven-hoofed animals, primeval horses, rhinos, mammoths and many other prehistoric animals.
The oldest fossils in the Krahuletz Museum are remnants of a tropical fern forest from the Permian age, 300 million years ago, and were found near Zöbing in Kamptal.
The Eggenburger Krokodil, the scientific name is Gavialosuchus eggenburgensis, lived about 20 million years ago in the estuaries on the edge of the Eggenburg Sea, similar to today's Gavialen and fed mainly on fish.
The scientific name of our manatees is "Metaxytherium krahuletzi", they were named after Johann Krahuletz, who had found the first bones. They<|fim_middle|> ago in the riparian forests along the Urdonau, where he mainly fed on foliage. Despite its similarity to modern elephants, it is only very broadly related to these. The skull of our tetralophodon was found in 1950 during road construction in Hohenwart.
← The archaeological collection Minerals →
20. January / 18:30 - 19:30
13. February / 19:00 - 20:00
22. February / 9:00 - 15:00
3. May / 10:00 - 18:00
16. May / 10:00 - 17. May / 17:00
This website uses cookies to analyze traffic as the website is used. By using this website you agree to the cookies being stored. | lived about 20 million years ago on the coast of the tropical Eggenburg Sea. In the communal sand pit of Kühnring seven almost complete skeletons of manatees were discovered, which had probably jointly found death by a storm surge and a debris avalanche.
Old elephant
The old elephant named "Tetralophodon longirostris" lived about 15 million years | 80 |
It's quite near to Brent Cross and Hendon Central too (walking distance) and it's still quite short. I don't want to make the 240 worse, but I don't want the 384 to be removed so people don't have any bus service at all. It's interesting to have this discussion because we can actually talk about alternatives, whereas TfL just seems to have drawn lines on a map without any knowledge of the roads in Barnet and how the 384 currently connects residential areas to key high streets and stations.
So do you think that extending the 384 via the<|fim_middle|> the New Barnet/East Barnet roads. People say that the current 384 route goes 'all round the houses' but it's still a viable way of getting from High Barnet all the way to Cockfosters if you need to (ironically the only bit that seems to make it slow is the Westbrook Crescent loop, which they intend to keep). I'm not sure that a diversion all round Western Way wouldn't reduce passenger numbers further than TfL seems to think they already have reduced (that's what happens when you make that crucial every 15 to every 20 cut).
I agree that the 389 and the 399 could do with a frequency increase though (the chance would be a fine thing). However, the demand between The Spires and Quinta Drive is still too high for a route like these, which is one of the reasons the 384 was extended over this section via former route 385 in 1998. Lots of shopping trips to The Spires and Barnet High Street from Quinta Drive area, only bus that takes you from the upper high street and The Spires to the hospital (plus A&E dept), Wentworth Road/Byng Road are remote from any other service and have lots of 'ordinary' houses plus two primary schools and a new children's hospice (notice how the 384 proposal would still have it stopping at the top of Wentworth Road in both directions). And people from these areas often want to go beyond High Barnet to New Barnet station, East Barnet Road or even Cockfosters and Trent Park (I know because I used to be one of these people). I doubt there'd be enough demand for both the 384 and the 389 in this area though - note that although still bad, in High Barnet it's only Alston and Strafford roads that wouldn't have a 384 in both directions, whereas on the New Barnet and East Barnet sections many roads would be left without any bus.
I also agree with you about diverting the 240 via Deansbrook Road anyway, as the 221 has had a frequency increase via The Hale and the 303 is also serving that area now too. If the 240 were extended to Barnet this would also avoid a double run via Hale Lane, and connect Edgware Community Hospital with Barnet Hospital. Personally I would also divert the 114 via Hale Lane, Dean's Lane and Orange Hill Road, as this would restore the other broken link to Burnt Oak station - the 251 could probably survive on its own at the eastern end of Watling Avenue.
I agree with your proposals for the 240, and though extending this to Barnet would be ideal, I wouldn't mind the changes to the 384 you have suggested if the 240 plan doesn't go through.
As you mentioned, I urge people to voice their opinions on this through signing petitions and responding (with alternative suggestions e.g extending the 240) to the consultation before the 9th of November in order to make a real difference. We shouldn't let TfL throw out public opinions from a consultation response like they always do, let's make an impact!
Have you seen some of the rural routes particularly down south? I know for a fact that there are plenty of twisty/narrow roads that are served perfectly fine with little Solos/E200s or equivalent.
Your point about the bus gate; I do agree TfL will be reluctant to do it however looking on StreetView, there is an empty grass patch and a turning point for gritting vehicles directly to the west of the road which could easily be developed further whether it be to widen the carriageway or put a little "bus only" section, much more so than the 303s ASDA gate which has more structural challenges imo.
The 384 used to have single door single deckers, but these were replaced with double door ones maybe around ten years ago (I don't know the length of the current fleet - I'm sure someone else does). A small number of residents of Alston and Strafford roads objected to having larger buses, or any buses, going down those roads, which I fear TfL may use to attempt to justify removing the 384 from these roads towards Cockfosters as per the consultation, even though in my experience a larger number of residents support the bus. I think that there would definitely be a capacity issue if the buses were made smaller again, especially at school times and if it is the 384 that is extended to Edgware yet not made more frequent again.
Personally I really think the 240 idea has legs (or should I say wheels!) - quite a few people have mentioned it when I've been out campaigning. If SDs would be too crowded, DDs could still go the A1 and Stirling Corner way and pass by Barnet Hospital on Wood Street or possibly go into and round the hospital terminus for a double run - I just don't think that route makes as much sense as the one via Marsh, Hendon Wood, Barnet Gate and Mays lanes.
As per your picture it would great if the 240 could go to Hadley Highstone (via the whole of Mays Lane and Barnet Hill?) to bring a frequent TfL bus back to that area, but perhaps terminating at New Barnet station or even near JCoSS itself might be more realistic given that TfL seem to want to bend over backwards to provide a quicker link to the school, and I imagine some people would inevitably complain about buses terminating at Hadley Highstone, losing parking spaces, and all that rubbish.
Just throwing this one out there, as I am not familiar with this route, but if not the 240, what about extending the 340 from Edgware to Barnet? According to Robert Munster, it has an off-peak running time of 24 minutes.
If Barnet Hospital to Brimsdown isn't too long for the 307, is Barnet to Harrow? Such an extension would fulfil ambitions for more 'super-orbital' routes connecting stops at or near the ends of tube lines and on train lines, like the 307 does.
Feel free to shout this one down and tell me it would be unworkable (reasons appreciated).
I'm saying that will probably be one of TfL's excuses.
Another thread has mentioned a 240/340 merger as an explanation for why the tender announcement is delayed. Your idea about the 340 running to Barnet (provided it doesn't merge with the 240) is not a bad one, and definitely will put TfL in good light with regards to orbital links and connecting hospitals/shopping centres/town centres/tube stations etc.
It may be a bit of a reliability issue however, as the 340 is known to have some traffic delays in the Harrow and Edgware areas especially at peak times, and so is the 292 down the A1 and Selvage Ln (I presume this is the route you are thinking about for the 340 extension?).
Looks like I'll be adding yet another addendum to my consultation response in that case!
Yes, for DDs it would probably have to be Selvage Lane - Apex Corner - the A1 - Stirling Corner - Barnet Road - Arkley - Wood Street - possible double run round Barnet Hospital terminus. Although possibly DDs could manage Barnet Gate Lane and all of Mays Lane (if there was a bus gate at the width restriction), I think they might fare less well on Hendon Wood Lane, Trinder Road and the bottom of Wellhouse Lane. | route I suggested but keeping on all the currently-served roads would be viable? What about the slight extension of the 184 to Quinta Drive? Can you think of any other alternatives?
I think it is viable and this would probably relieve 251 in the peaks.
- can't afford a bus gate at Hendon Wood Lane width restriction or LBB wouldn't co-operate.
And they might not say this, but this alternative route would mean they couldn't fulfil their ambition of reducing the 292 frequency either (or maybe they could as that is the bus people living round Marsh Lane currently use).
I don't think any of those counter arguments are particularly strong personally.
It would probably be the need for a bus gate and how twisty the road is. It has been more than a month since the 303 has been extended and there is still no gate so I doubt they will fit one here.
Are you referring to the section behind Colindale Asda? I thought I must have been mistaken when I looked up the route the other day and realised it didn't go past there any more - I could have sworn the consultation involved it going via Asda, I've forgotten whether that was in both directions or one way? Is this because they haven't installed a bus gate?
If so, I worry about this setting a precedent of diverting a route along different roads than were the ones that were consulted on (I am worried they might also try to pull a similar stunt by removing the 384 from The Avenue and the top of Wentworth Road towards Cockfosters and just having it go down Stapylton Road, if people on the northern section of Salisbury Road object to having a bus come down their road - I am keeping a close eye on that because it is NOT what is being consulted on - see the map).
Yes, I am. The only reasons the 303 is diverted because the DLEs can´t get round the normal route and the aformentioned bus gate.
Was the 303 supposed to go via Asda in both directions, or just in one direction and go via Grove Park or Hay Lane in the other direction? Seems like it wouldn't make sense for it only to serve Asda in one direction. Sounds like a lot of people are angry about all the broken links yet they still went ahead with it and not even sticking to what was consulted on (why they couldn't have thought of diverting the 240 and/or the 114 I have no idea). This doesn't bode well for the outcome of the 384 consultation.
It´s supposed to be bi-directional. TfL don't think about breaking links or inconvinencing people and it seems like they only consult us because they have to. Unfortunaly, people's plea to keep the 384 how it is will most likely be ignored unless it costs TfL money to ignore. Everything TfL do is for money.
TfL simply did not care about people being angry, it was something like 25% opposed and 28% approved, which is not the best of ratios but it still went ahead. They could easily divert the 240 down Deansbrook, but like it has been said TfL don't care about inconveniencing people. As for the 114 idea, personally I'd go for the 240 idea instead, seeing as the 114 is a long route and diverting the 114 along the old 305 routing to Burnt Oak would add extra time to the journey, and Watling Avenue sees a lot of people using the route to get to Harrow. Overall there are many ways TfL could restore the links, but they simply don't care. What they do care about is cutting costs.
Did all of the other 47% really choose 'neither support nor oppose' or did they just write a comment that couldn't be interpreted either way? The people using the 114 from that area to get to Harrow aren't too far from the 186 - an alternative would be to divert the 251 but then the east of Watling Avenue would lose access to ECH. These suggestions probably belong in the thread about that consultation though.
Re the 384: East Barnet Labour councillors and some concerned users of the bus are presenting the petitions to Andrew Dismore at City Hall at 2:00pm on 1st November. Anyone is welcome to be part of this: please message me if interested.
The 240 is fine and sees enough patronage as it is, it gives a link between Edgware and Mill Hill East (Which would mean going to Camden Town and changing for a Barnet branch train on the tube), serving Mill Hill Village, part of which is currently being redeveloped and also Millbrook Park/Mill Hill East, before making a link between Mill Hill East and Hendon (Hendon is the busiest part of the route) and then onto Golders Green, so is useful in its current form, a route does not need to be long to be useful, the only part of the route I'd change is the Edgware end, where I'd re-route it via Deansbrook Road (Old 303 route), as Hale Lane is paralleled by the 221 and Deansbrook has lost its link.
Perhaps the 384 plan can go ahead, with the 389/399 being made more use of to replace some of the back roads the 384 serves, with a few more journeys a day on these routes added.
The 389 could for example be extended from the Spires (Current Terminus) and follow the 384s current routing to Quinta Drive, with the route being given more journeys during the daytime, rather then just a few in the peaks.
The trouble with this is that the 389 and 399 are both currently ultra-low frequency shopping hours only services (I believe they were made into two separate routes so that there wouldn't be a double run via Salisbury Road with people getting confused as to whether the bus was going to Western Way or Hadley Wood first). The main purpose of the 389 is to connect people in the Western Way area to The Spires, and the main purpose of the 399 is to connect people in Hadley Wood to The Spires. They don't pause for long at either Western Way or Hadley Wood station, so that people can use them as a circular from whichever of the roads in those areas is nearest to them, and then an hour later catch the same route (in fact the very same bus that has turned into the other route and back in the meantime) back home.
I'm not sure that TfL would countenance having a more regular bus service on Western Way, especially as that really would be a big detour for people wanting to get from High Barnet to Gloucester Avenue/Lyonsdown Road/Logmore Avenue/York Road/New Barnet station or | 1,479 |
A longtime Sephora holdout, MAC Cosmetics is close to becoming Ulta's highest-performing brand
Entering Ulta has been a significant boon to MAC Cosmetics' North American business, which has witnessed a slowdown in recent years as department store and mall traffic dwindles.
When the company first announced the partnership, which saw a selection of products go live on Ulta's website this May and into 25 stores in June, MAC's global brand president, Karen Buglisi Weiler, told WWD that MAC hoped to become Ulta's "most-preferred brand."
And on Ulta's first quarter earnings call for 2018 on Thursday, CEO Mary Dillon had high praise for the brand.
"We're delighted with our new partnership with MAC," she said, noting that the brand is now in 107 stores and will be in 120 by the end of this year. The brand is No. 1 in 80 percent of the Ulta locations it's carried in, she said, and a close second in the rest. It's also been one of the more popular brands ordered through the chain's store-to-door initiative, which allows customers to place online orders in store and have products delivered to their homes, said Dillon.
In February, the brand kicked off a similar push for new customers by partnering with Birchbox to sell a selection of its products. Surprisingly, however, MAC has long held off on entering Sephora, Ulta's competitor in the specialty-multi space.
So far, MAC's products have been relegated to Ulta's specialized prestige boutiques, of which there are 700 in total. Ulta counts 1,0<|fim_middle|>, collects a massive amount of data that helps to personalize its consumers' experience. "This provides a huge boost to MAC."
Elsewhere, according to Freda, sales on MAC's website have accelerated, while sales in its freestanding stores and department stores continue to decline. The brand plans to double-down on speedier, more trend-driven product launches in the coming year, in an effort to offset those losses — but expect to see it further expand into Ulta stores, as well.
"MAC is more of an edgy boutique brand, and it was the first in the department store sector," said the retail investment researcher Jane Hali. "Over time, it didn't fit in with the luxury names — Givenchy, Dior — at places like Saks, nor the traditional brands — like Bobbi Brown, Estée Lauder — at stores like Macy's."
Ulta, where millennial consumers routinely seek out boutique brands like Urban Decay and Benefit, she said, is simply a much better fit. | 78 doors, so MAC's in-store presence is still a small piece of a much larger pie.
Nevertheless, Ulta — which grew its prestige segment by 28 percent this quarter — reported that MAC and its fellow prestige brands Clinique, Lancôme and Benefit, contributed to almost a third of the company's total growth during the quarter. The company saw a 20 percent uptick in net sales.
The MAC assortment at Ulta currently includes around 45 percent of its overall assortment, featuring hero products like its Lipglass lip gloss and Studio Fix Fluid foundation, as well as some exclusive instant artistry kits, which combine various products. Five of MAC's best-selling items were also moved to the impulse purchase section at checkouts this quarter, said Dillon.
One of the cosmetics brand's main goals in entering Ulta was to reach both new and younger consumers for the brand, according to Fabrizio Freda, the CEO of Estée Lauder, MAC's parent company. The brand has been successful on that front, he said on Estée Lauder's first quarter earnings call for 2018 in early November, citing findings from Ulta's consumer insights team: "[The rollout] has resonated strongly, as approximately half the consumers who purchased MAC products were new or lapsed users of the brand."
Dillon echoed those findings, from Ulta's consumer insight team, while discussing Ulta's most recent earnings: "We're helping to recruit a new consumer to the brand."
That consumer is the omnichannel shopper, said Phil Granof, the CMO of the multi-channel retail platform NewStore. "These shoppers spend two-and-a-half times more than single channel shoppers," he said, adding that Ulta's popular loyalty program, responsible for 90 percent of its sales | 368 |
Dr. Meredith Gould's medical adventures began when she was seven years<|fim_middle|>. Gould's views about patient empowerment. She views the Medicine X e-Patient community as a safe, smart environment to discuss all this...and more. | old. She is now 63, so that's a lot of time logged in and around the world of healthcare. As a young woman, Dr. Gould spent countless hours in doctors' offices and many thousands of unreimbursed dollars on testing and medication.
During her late forties, Dr. Gould decided to shift her focus away from being chronically ill to helping others communicate clearly with healthcare professionals, manage hospitalizations, and die at home with optimal comfort.
Over the years, she has learned how and when to distinguish healing from curing. She is deeply committed to helping others embrace the former, especially when the latter isn't an option.
Personal experiences plus rigorous training as a sociologist and as a marketing communications professional have shaped Dr | 148 |
If there is any time to shine, it's during the holidays. And by shine,<|fim_middle|>-reflecting liquid with your fingers or a brush to the areas of your bone structure you want to accentuate.
These papers are perfect for the woman on the go—or should we say "glow." Lightly sweep a sheet across your cheekbones (or your shoulders).
Boost your bone structure with this highlighting concealer stick. Perfect to throw in a party clutch, it'll keep you shimmering all night long.
Gently dust on this radiant powder with a fluffy brush for a brighter appearance with pearlescent undertones.
This lightweight translucent formula results in a dewy complexion and glow. Apply it gently with your fingers to your cheekbones and collarbone. | we mean strobe. And by strobe, we mean apply an iridescent highlighting product. This miracle worker, whether in liquid, powder or gel form, will brighten your face and keep you glowing all night long. Apply it to your cheekbones, inner corners of the eyes and beneath your eyebrows for an illuminating and glittering effect, or add some shimmer to your body by placing it on your collarbones and shoulders. Get ready for people to stare—in the best way possible.
This metallic pressed powder brings attention to the most defining parts of your face—your cheeks and brows.
Apply the light | 123 |
Learn how to fix a broken window once and you have it in your arsenal of life skills forever. Read what's involved and the step-by-step directions to make this repair and what tools and material you need to do it yourself.
Protect the area around the window with a canvas drop cloth<|fim_middle|>, then dispose of them by wrapping them in newspaper. Tape the newspaper shut and put it in the trash.
The hardest part of this repair is cleaning out the rabbet (the 90-degree notch) in the window frame that the glass sits in. You'll find glass fragments and glazing points--the small triangular steel wedges that hold the pane of glass in place--embedded in the putty. Use a wood chisel, old screwdriver or putty knife to remove the hardened putty and glazing points. In some cases, you may find it easier to soften the putty with a heat gun -- but be careful. Too much heat may damage the paint and create more repair work. Measure the height and width of the opening and then subtract 1/8 inch from these measurements. Order glass cut to fit at a glass or hardware store.
Apply an exterior-grade primer to the rabbet when it's cleaned out. The primer seals the wood and prevents the putty from drying out.
Press the glass pane into the opening. Hold it in place with a temporary glob of window putty. It will be removed after the glazing points are installed. | . Wear heavy-duty leather work gloves and safety glasses and carefully remove as much of the broken glass as possible. Drop the glass pieces into a bucket | 29 |
Specialized Collections
Government Documents: Home
International, Federal, State, and Local, Government Documents at the Morrow Library of Marshall University
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U.S. Government Documents at Marshall Univeristy
The James E. Morrow Library at Marshall University has been part of the federal depository library program since 1925. The second largest federal depository in the state of West Virginia, the library has acquired a wide range of United States government documents that are essential in supporting teaching and research in many academic departments, schools and programs.
Who We Serve & Our Resources
As a selective depository, Marshall University receives only publications it has designated as appropriate to its collections, approximately 80 percent of the total range of publications offered to depository libraries. This department selects, processes, organizes, and provides free access to a wide variety of U.S. government publications -- print and non-print items that serves the educational and informational needs of Marshall University Students and the citizens of the 3rd Congressional District. Our holdings include paper documents, microforms, maps, atlases, video tapes, kits, and CDs. The Government Documents department also provides fast and easy access to a plethora of online resources. Online resources include a large number of government information sources, federal agency websites, and other useful databases & web accessible resources tools.
Not all of the government publications housed in the Morrow Library can be found in the Catalog, so be sure to check the MarchiveWeb DOCS database or a paper copy of the monthly catalog as well.
FDsys (now known as GovInfo) is an online portal for government information resources pertaining to the legislative, the judicial, and the executive branches of the federal government.
The FDLP website is a source of information for librarians who manage U. S. government documents collections.
Depository Access Policy
The general public is welcome to use depository materials free of charge.
PLEASE NOTE: While the general public is welcome to use depository materials free of charge, many of our U.S. Government resources, including many of the resources listed in this research guide, are not de<|fim_middle|>2000, years will be 4 digits.
i.e. - in order --- A 1.2:999 A 1.2:D 600,
A 1.2:90-2
The call number stem is the numbers before the colon. If this stem has numbers slashed onto the base number, the base number comes first, followed by the slashed numbers in order. (A 1.23: is the base number)
i.e. - in order --- A 1.23: A 1.23/D:
A 1.23/D-2: A 1.23/2
An Explanation of the Superintendent of Documents Classification System (This guide has been provided by the Angelo State University Library)
Next: Databases, Indexes, & Print and Web Collections >>
Last Updated: Feb 21, 2022 1:47 PM
URL: https://libguides.marshall.edu/c.php?g=399396
Subjects: Government, Law & Criminal Justice, Nursing, Allied Health & Medicine
Tags: government, health, library | pository materials and may only be used by Marshall University students, faculty, and staff. This includes most of the electronic resources such as our EBSCO databases and JSTOR.
Marshall University's Morrow Library adheres to the Federal Depository Library policies set by the Goverment Printing Office. A detailed handbook serves as Marshall's guide to the Morrow Library Government Document's Policies, Procedures, and Instructions.
SuDoc Classification System
The SuDocs (Superintendent of Documents) system organizes publications based upon issuing agency. The SuDoc number or call number is based on this issuing agency.
A = publications of the Department of Agriculture,
C = publications of the Department of Commerce,
D = publications of the Department of Defense,
HS = publications of the Department of Homeland Security, and so on.
There are exceptions:
Y 1 call numbers are general publications of Congress such as House and Senate Documents and Reports
Y 3 call numbers are publications of independent boards and commissions of Congress
Y 4 call numbers are House and Senate Committee hearings and publications.
The SuDoc system is not a decimal system.The number after the point is a whole number.
i.e. - in order --- A 1.2, A 1.23, A 1.256
If the call number is the same to a certain point, then varies, the order is: Years, Letters, Numbers. Until the year 2000, the first number was dropped from years, so those years have 3 digits. Beginning with the year | 312 |
The Barbary Macaques troop at Woburn Safari Park received an early visit from some mischievous visitors, who came bearing shamrock-shaped enrichment treats for them ahead of St Patrick's Day.
Although wary of the cheeky counterparts to begin with, Berlinga led the way and soon the troop were gathering to check out their green-clad keepers.
Born on<|fim_middle|> keen to try their luck at grabbing themselves their own stylish top hat.
Barbary's are an endangered species but the ever-growing troop at Woburn can be seen roaming freely within the African Forest on the Road Safari and their natural curiosity makes them a popular species among visitors. They can often be seen climbing the trees, foraging through log piles, hitching a ride on the bonnets of vehicles and generally playing as primates are known to do! | the 29th April 2003, Berlinga is an old but confident and bold individual in the troop and so it came as no surprise to keepers that he was first over to inspect their green top hats, beards and St Patrick's inspired treats.
But while the keepers-come-leprechauns didn't show the troop the way to their pot of gold at the end of the rainbow, they did bring with them some shamrock shaped goodies which Berlinga, and the rest of the troop, had great delight in tucking into.
Made from their favourite foods, the enrichment treats consisted of both biscuits and a huge shamrock-shaped cake.
But the food wasn't all that caught the attention of the Barbary's; as, much like the leprechauns, the troop are well-known for their cheekiness, with some particularly | 177 |
Arrival to Zagreb. Visit of the capital of Croatia,<|fim_middle|> park Plitvice (UNESCO heritage). Its 16 beautiful lakes of crystal blue-green color are fed by many small streams and spill into each other in cascades and thundering waterfalls. Walk through the national park, sightseeing by tourist train and ride by boat on the biggest lake, Kozjak. Departure to Zadar/Sibenik region, overnight in hotel.
Sightseeing of Zadar, the ancient town on the Adriatic coast. The rich history of Zadar is reflected in its numerous monuments: the Roman Forum, churches from early Christian, Roman, Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque periods and famous collection of sacral silver and gold objects. Afterwards visit to the National park Krka Waterfalls. The Krka River is a natural phenomenon with its seven waterfalls and a total drop of 242m, creating the beautiful landscape. The network of paths and bridges permits pleasant and safe walking during the visit. Return to the hotel.
Full day excursion by boat to the National park Kornati islands, the largest and densest archipelago in the Adriatic Sea, consisting of 147 islands. Beautiful nature, a network of countless islands and islets, the magnificent sea – all this makes the Kornati Islands an attractive destination of numerous excursionists and boaters. Return to the hotel.
Departure to the National park Paklenica, an area from the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea to the highest peaks of the Velebit Mountains. The region is rich in forests, deep canyons cut vertically into the Velebit ridge, karst formations and numerous caves and pits. The most frequented trail is the one leading from the reception area through the Velika Paklenica canyon to the Paklenica mountain hut (ca 2hrs walk). In the afternoon, departure to Opatija, well-known tourist resort in the Kvarner bay, overnight.
Free time for a walk through the Opatija's city park with numerous Mediterranean and exotic plants. Departure for home-journey. | including the Cathedral, which two high bell towers have become the symbol of Zagreb; St.Mark's Church with its picturesque roof featuring Croatian coats of arms; the Stone Gate, the entrance to the Upper Town; the Lotršcak Tower. Zagreb is also wellknown for its "Licitar", small, colorfully decorated honey-cakes. Accommodation in hotel, overnight.
Departure to National | 82 |
People sometimes wonder how children who don't go to school will make it in 'real' life. That's an odd notion, that school is preparation for 'real' life, whereas 'real' life is not preparation for 'real' life. Hm, that makes my head spin a little.
It's possible that they are saying that school is filled with unpleasant things and so is life, so better get used to it and not complain. I hope it's not that cynical though. I imagine the logic is more that school teaches you how to work at things (some you'll like and some you won't) in order to achieve things in life. That, if we leave children to their own devices they won't be motivated to do anything. They'll never challenge themselves, never get frustrated, never try to do better at something. They must be motivated by someone else in order to learn and do.
There's something wrong with this logic though, and most of us have had plenty of time to figure that out. The motivation to do things is part of human nature. The thing is that we're all motivated by different things, which I guess is part of the evolutionary genius to keep our species going. We don't all find meaning in the same things. And if it doesn't have meaning to us, we are unlikely to be naturally motivated to do it.
I have a specific memory from primary school that has always stuck with me. I was 11 years old and we had to make cardboard robots. It was a big project that seemed to last forever, though it was probably just a couple of days. I wasn't interested in robots and had no desire to make one. We had to build them at home, and I remember creating an ungainly-looking creature out of cardboard boxes, whilst cursing it for stealing my evening. The next morning I had to lug the damn thing to school to finish off so they could all be displayed together as an example of our learning and productivity. The memory is of standing in the classroom, a sinking feeling in my stomach as I painted my ugly robot and wondered at the pointlessness of this exercise. But what really struck me was that the boy who sat next to me had created a fabulous robot, handsomely built with an intricate electronic system hidden in the boxes that gave it a voice and flashing eyes. He was a shy, nervous child but so animated that day and beaming with pride as he showed off<|fim_middle|> and change activities, they may stick for hours or days at something we don't understand the value of. They may go through periods of intense motivation and exploration, followed by quieter periods where nothing seems to happen. And, when they are motivated by their own desires (and who can tell if it will be drawing dogs, robotics, geography or graphic design) they will learn to deal with the intense frustration that accompanies deep learning – that burning desire to know, when it's still a little beyond your reach. And they will naturally push through it all to learn everything they need to make it their reality. Tests, bribes, threats, fear and praise aren't needed for a child who knows what matters to them.
Posted on April 8, 2019 April 9, 2019 by Esther JonesPosted in Barcelona, Spain, UnschoolingTagged Barcelona, Spain, Unschooling.
Previous Previous post: So what did we do today? | his truly wonderful creation. It was meaningful to him and he put his heart into it. History repeated itself some years later as I sat next to this same classmate in computer science lessons at secondary school. His excitement for the topic was fascinating to me. He would be bristling with energy, hand straining high at every question, whilst I was muddling through just trying to retain sufficient knowledge to pass an exam, and praying for the bell to ring soon. Same school, same teacher, different children.
When I watch our children, I'm struck by how responsible they feel for their own paths. They each have ambitious plans for the future, and when they are intrinsically motivated by something, they are more than prepared to push through whatever it takes. I've seen C (6) draw dogs for hours on end, get frustrated by what she perceives as failures and rip up page after page of half-drawn dogs. But she'll keep trying until she creates a dog that she's happy with. I've watched D (13) try to fix a technical problem with the computer, almost screaming with the frustration of it all and walking off, only to get right back to it a few minutes later. He'll refuse all help, because he wants to be able to do it, and giving up is not an option no matter how hard it is. E (11) spent days learning the capital cities of the world. He would ask for quizzes to test out his knowledge and get annoyed with himself when he got one wrong. But he kept on going. And when each of them masters their chosen expertise, their faces are alive with satisfaction and happiness. Why do they keep pushing? Because they are intrinsically motivated. It is intensely meaningful to them. Of course, if I asked E to fix the computer, D to draw a dog, and C to learn the capital cities of the world, I would be met by incredulous faces. It would be a pointless exercise in which not a lot would be learned anyway. A little like that robot experience.
Motivation that comes from outside is not as powerful or sustainable as our own intrinsic motivation. I was a fairly diligent student ('conscientious' my report always said), but my motivation didn't necessarily came from wanting to know more. It generally came from not wanting to be told off, from not wanting to look stupid or be shown up in front of my friends. There certainly were times when I was motivated by my own desire to learn. I remember wanting to solve equations for my personal satisfaction, though that didn't really extend to anything else in maths. I remember a couple of essays I wrote in English that I poured my heart and soul into. I certainly wanted to learn French and Spanish. I was naturally drawn to these things, and those subjects are what have mostly contributed to my adult life (well, maybe not so much equations, though I'm a good number-cruncher). Despite good exam results, I don't remember much from the other subjects, except a certain dread. And although I haven't needed any of these subjects in my later life (my lame computer skills were obsolete a few years later anyway – Commodore 64 anyone?), I have needed plenty of other things that were never touched on at school. From small business management, publishing and leadership to online marketing and graphic design, these things were part of my path and I easily learned them on the way. Over the years I have also learned huge amounts of tedious things because I wanted to, and not because I enjoyed them. I know the ins and outs of Spanish employment laws, small business tax requirements, and all manner of things that I happily picked up because they were meaningful in my life. Despite going to school for so many years, I am still resistant to things that don't have meaning to me, that don't fulfill a purpose. I don't care so much if they are challenging or even boring, they just need to make sense! I suspect that most people function similarly in their adult lives.
Are children any different? Perhaps, but only in that their potential is so much bigger than ours. Their minds are filled with all the possibilities of the world and all the different things they can and will do. How can we possibly imagine that they will not be motivated? They may get bored, they may chop | 883 |
Over 700 guests gathered at the Oregon Convention Center for the April 8th event, which was emceed by Deb Knapp of KATU-TV. Highlights included a performance by the cast of St. Mary's Academy's production of The Sound of Music. Guests bid on over 45 live auction items and contributed the tune of $356<|fim_middle|> oldest continuingly-operating school and its only all-girls secondary school. Founded in 1859 by the Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary, St. Mary's Academy serves over 725 young women in grades 9-12. The school's college acceptance rate is 100% and SMA students achieve, excel and are recognized locally, regionally and nationally in academic fields, the arts, athletics, community services and extra- and co-curricular activities. | ,500 as part of Bids for Kids, a paddle-raise to fund St. Mary's Academy's tuition assistance program that benefits over 40% of the school's families.
At St. Mary's Academy, We Believe.
Located in the heart of downtown Portland, OR, St. Mary's Academy is the state's | 69 |
Learn the latest on Powerful Deposition Techniques CLE with this convenient, 24/7 On-demand Seminar & Complimentary Podcast. Register to obtain CLE & MCLE credit, online access to complete course & reference materials, and attend this on-demand seminar. YOU MAY LISTEN FROM ALMOST ANY TYPE OF COMPUTER OR IPOD. ACCESS TO THE RECORDING AND MATERIALS DOES NOT EXPIRE.
Listen as many times as you wish and ACCESS TO THE RECORDING AND MATERIALS DOES<|fim_middle|> comprehensive defense. She has successfully defended numerous companies in products liability and mass tort litigation across the country. Additionally, Ms. Kahn has successfully prosecuted and defended a wide range of complex actions, including environmental and groundwater contamination cases, and commercial disputes involving breach of contract, profit-sharing agreements and a variety of business-related torts. | NOT EXPIRE Includes Online Access to over 150 pages of Course/Reference Material & Complimentary Podcast.
From the cutting-edge strategies to best practices on powerful depositions, this seminar will teach you the techniques and tactics to take and defend the most effective depositions. We'll cover strategies on witness preparation, teaching your client to be a successful deposition witness, strategies on formulating tough questions, ordering questions during the deposition, techniques used by the best attorneys, & introducing powerful depositions to for impeachment and refreshing recollection, among numerous other cutting-edge strategies. Specific emphasis will be placed on effectively utilizing videotaped depositions. Our distinguished seminar faculty will also cover ethical considerations to ensure compliance with the evolving rules of professional conduct. Registration includes access to course and reference materials that serve as a helpful guide to the numerous topics and techniques discussed in this on-demand seminar. Register today to learn the cutting-edge to prepare for, take, defend, and utilize powerful depositions to advantage your clients.
1. Teresa Rider Bult is a Partner at Constangy Brooks & Smith, LLP, where she focuses her practice on mediation and employment litigation defense, and has successfully tried both jury and non-jury cases in the employment context. She has gained a national reputation for effectively handling sexual harassment cases with complicated factual scenarios. She also has extensive experience successfully litigating all types of discrimination and wage claims, including class claims, at both the trial and appellate level. Ms. Bult excels at working closely with clients to resolve difficult human resources issues before they transform into litigation. To that end, she often provides audit services to firm clients to analyze human resource compliance issues. She is a highly sought-after lecturer for both attorney education and training on relevant legal topics based on harassment and termination procedures. A SuperLawyer and AV Peer Review Rated By Martindale-Hubbell, Ms. Bult serves as an Administrative Partner for Constangy Brooks & Smith, LLP, and is a member of the firm's Executive Committee.
2. Damian D. Capozzola is a partner in Crowell & Moring, where he represents among the most prominent and largest insurers and health plans. In addition, Mr. Capozzola has also handled significant litigation matters across a broad spectrum of industries, representing some of the world's largest defense contractors, food manufacturers and wholesalers, and telecommunications companies. He has extensive experience in taking and defending depositions, and he has written and lectured on litigation strategies, including the effective use of technology in the courtroom, as well as working with experts. For the last seven years, he has been a co-author of the Trial Practice Series treatise, Expert Witnesses in Civil Trials: Effective Preparation and Presentation. A graduate of the University of Virginia School of Law, Mr. Capozzola has been listed in SuperLawyers and appointed by the governor of his state to the Law Revision Commission.
3. Ruth Kahn, a partner at Steptoe & Johnson LLP, is a nationally respected trial attorney and litigator. Ms. Kahn has handled a wide variety of civil cases in state and federal courts. For the last two decades, Ms. Kahn has focused her practice on the areas of complex litigation and products liability. She has been repeatedly identified as one of the top women litigators in the country. She has developed a forte defending complex, multi-party toxic tort cases involving chronic medical conditions in which it is alleged that exposure to a chemical caused an injury. She actively represents manufacturers and suppliers of chemical and petroleum-based products in litigation and at trial. Ms. Kahn works closely with nationally renowned experts, including epidemiologists, toxicologists, and industrial hygienists to provide a highly skilled, | 747 |
Ozzy Osbourne Guitarist 'Rejected' Jimi Hendrix Offer
Ozzy Osbourne guitarist Zakk Wylde discussed rejecting the idea of ripping off Jimi Hendrix and Eddie Van Halen in a new Guitar World interview.
"I was sat with Steve Vai one night and we were talking about when I got the gig with The Boss [Ozzy]. And I was telling him that I needed to find my own sound to separate me from anybody else.
"I didn't want to get compared to other players… so how could I sound more like Zakk Wylde? I just wrote a list of things you can't do.
"If you don't want to sound like Eddie Van Halen, don't do any tapping or use the whammy bar or harmonics.
"I didn't want people saying I sounded like Yngwie, so that meant no harmonic minor, no sweep-picking or arpeggios.
"If you don't want to sound like Jimi Hendrix, stay off the Uni-Vibe and don't play a Strat with a wah-wah.
"Classical stuff was more Randy's thing so I stayed<|fim_middle|>, pretty much."
Tags: Jimi HendrixOzzy Osbourne | away from that. If you don't want to get compared, don't play it!"
"The only things left were pentatonics and some bluegrass stuff I'd picked up from Albert Lee.
"I wanted to see how creative I could get by taking all these crayons out of the box. I started with 64 and now I only had four left. So the big test was seeing what I could do with less.
"It was kinda cool because it forced me to do things I might not have done otherwise. That's when I started to really focus on my own sound, mainly picked pentatonic ideas.
"When I speak to younger musicians, I always tell them once they've learned all the scales, the rest is up to their imagination.
"If you want to get better, try and write a record using only pentatonic scales. Come up with 10 riffs that are only using those five notes.
"And you might end up writing your own 'Smoke on the Water,' 'Whole Lotta Love,' or 'Into the Void.' They are all from pentatonic scales | 220 |
The mission of the Heritage Oaks Fitness Center is to enrich<|fim_middle|> use our bodies. At the Heritage Oaks Fitness Center, how you move your body is up to you.
At the Fitness Center, we make the active choice the easy choice. The Fitness Center offers a variety of group exercise classes, local outings, and special workshops. The facility houses cardio and strength equipment to cover the entire body.
There are a variety of programs available. Sweat together with friends and neighbors! The Studio is home to an assortment of group exercise classes like BodyWork Cardio, Core Conditioning, Men's Primetime, BOSU Bootcamp, Flow Yoga, Pilates, Tai Chi, Zumba, and more. The Fitness Center is also your central source for all things wellness. Perhaps you want to learn more about nutrition or your options when it comes to managing pain or recovering from an injury - the Fitness Center is your resource.
Outside of the Fitness Center, there is more to do. Join Jenna, the Fitness Director, on various outings like walking the Ringling Bridge, exploring local museums, and kayaking. The Fitness Center also organizes other recreational and social events, such as walking and biking groups. Contact Jenna or a member of the Fitness Committee for more information.
In addition to the Fitness Center offerings, Heritage Oaks GCC has five pools onsite. Enjoy the spa or participate in a Water Workout class at the Clubhouse Pool, or relax at one of the community pools nestled between the course, nature preserves, and homes. The Clubhouse Pool hosts parties and social events, but the other pools may also be reserved for special community events. | the lives of our members and cultivate a positive atmosphere conducive to growth and improvement through unbeatable service and a variety of activities in which to participate.
Fitness is an active process, not merely being strong or conditioned. Fitness is the discipline of making active choices. Every day we are presented with opportunities to move and | 61 |
Whedon Talks Plenty On Avengers 2!
The first sequel of The Avengers titled Age of Ultron is no more than a few months away from hitting the theaters and for the last few days we have had loads of new stuff on the movie from a couple of front-line actors in the movie. At first we heard from Iron Man cast Robert Downey Jr. and then Hulk cast Mark Ruffalo shared on the movie.
Now, Empire Online, again, have revealed an interview of a person connected to the movie, and perhaps the most connected one! It's the director of the first two Avengers ventures, Joss Whedon, that they have talked to and<|fim_middle|> Hank Pym! Let's check out!
A James Bond Style Opening!
At that moment, the director starts singing the Bond theme!
Ultron To Be Less Omnipotent!
The director informs that they had changed the powers of Ultron in the Avengers sequel from what is narrated in the comic books as they had to 'ground things a lot more'. Whedon claims that if they didn't make the main antagonist 'slightly less omnipotent', he would have won against the Avengers! He states that the supervillain will be 'able to control certain things' and that he would not be 'just firing repulsors'.
Not In Spider-Man 3 Territory!
While talking about the origin of Quicksilver and Scarlet Witch, the director explains that he was well-aware to avoid the same track as Spider-Man 3 as he feels that in spite of having 'some great stuff' the movie was 'overloaded with frontstory, backstory and origin story'. However, he claims that the two characters are good to go by they are up and running.
As a reason of having more villains in Age of Ultron, Whedon states that he wanted someone for Ultron to talk to and that some more trouble for the Avengers.
Hank Pym Out By Edgar's Virtue!
Another change in the Avengers sequel from the comic books was switching the creator of the supervillain from Hank Pym to Tony Stark. Whedon claims that Edgar Wright took the character of Hank Pym while developing the story of Ant-Man before he could and the way he worked with the character left hardly any scope for him to involve in Avengers 2. The director also states that having Ultron as the 'brainchild of the Avengers' was compulsory for him and that he didn't want a third scientist after Tony Stark and Bruce Banners.
So, how does all that from the director seem to you? Do drop by! | this man has offered plenty more on the movie including opening scene, powers of Ultron, origin of Quicksilver and Scarlet Witch, and absence of | 30 |
Owner Account
The Travel Chapter is shortlisted for sought-after industry awards for the second year running
Written by<|fim_middle|>506 VAT reg: 143053210 | Sam Thomas
2020 is looking set to be another great year for The Travel Chapter as, for the second year running, it has been nominated for not just one, but three awards at the coveted Travel Marketing Awards.
Founded as an institution since 2009 and with an outstanding reputation, these awards recognise not only the most innovative and best performing campaigns across the past year, but also seek to reward the excellence and expertise of the teams and individuals behind them.
The Travel Chapter has been nominated for an impressive three awards: In-house Marketing/PR team of the year; Integrated Campaign for Canine Cottages' Canine Critics which recognises the most original and best performing campaigns, and the Search Award, acknowledging the success and effective use of search engines as a marketing tool.
This year's ceremony will take place on Monday 9th March at the fabulous London Hilton in the Mayfair district of London and is designed to be a celebration of the talent and expertise within marketing agencies and organisations across the UK. Each entry is appraised by a panel of industry experts and senior marketers.
Other industry giants nominated for the awards include Tui, Virgin Holidays and British Airways, so competition is stiff and being shortlisted is a huge achievement in itself.
James Starkey, Marketing Director at The Travel Chapter, said: "These award nominations are a testament to the skill, ingenuity, and vision of our marketing team. It's a high honour indeed to have been nominated for three separate awards and recognition like this will spur us on to deliver even more innovative and inspiring campaigns throughout 2020 and beyond.
"We're particularly proud to be nominated in the team of the year award. The team have put in some fantastic work over the past year and it's fantastic recognition that we have been placed alongside some great brands and some great campaigns. Good luck to everyone who's been nominated and fingers crossed for some success in our categories!"
This exciting news follows a successful 2019 with nominations for our Contact Centre team at the prestigious ECCCSAs – European Contact Centre and Customer Service Awards in the category of Most Effective Improvement Programme as well as being shortlisted for Best Integrated Campaign at the 2019 UK Search Awards - the premier celebration of SEO, PPC and content marketing in the UK.
See a full list of shortlisted brands.
The Travel Chapter shortlisted for the Amazon Growing Business awards
The Travel Chapter shortlisted at The Travolution Awards
Canine Critic shortlisted for Marketing Award
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The Travel Chapter Limited is registered in England and Wales. Registered office: Travel Chapter House, Gammaton Road, Bideford, EX39 4DF. Company No. 02431 | 567 |
White trout are a great option for anyone looking to go have some fun in Pensacola Bay right now. I would look for them around the Pensacola Bay Bridge or Garcon Point Bridge.
We're getting into the time of year where speckled trout fishing gets really good, especially for the big ones. The last stint of cold weather we had really drove down the<|fim_middle|> to fish right now. White trout, redfish, ground mullet, and black drum are all being caught out there.
With the cold weather, heavy winds, and high water levels on the local rivers very few anglers have hit the water over the past week. If you're looking for something to go after give the hybrid and striped bass a try on Escambia or Blackwater River. | water temperature so the fishing should be good even though the weather is going to be warm for the next week or so.
There's plenty of redfish around, both slot size and bull redfish, if that's what you're looking to catch. Look for the bulls in Pensacola Bay or if the weather allows up and down the beaches out in the Gulf.
Unfortunately, it looks like the east wind is going to blow this weekend and the seas are going to be a bit rough. This is typical January weather, but it sure would be nice to have decent weather one weekend to allow anglers to get offshore.
As you probably expect if you battle your way out there or catch a calm window you should have absolutely no trouble finding amberjack. Of course, getting into federal waters will increase your odds of catching keepers.
Navarre Beach Fishing Pier reported that anglers have been catching bonita, redfish, bluefish, and flounder the last few days. The same can be expected on the Pensacola Beach Gulf Fishing Pier, but with the weather this time of year the fishing can be very different from one day to the next.
Pensacola Bay Fishing Bridge is a great spot | 244 |
\section{Introduction}
Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars are a small group of stars with high luminosity and surface temperatures that can reach 90 000 K. They have strong and broad emission lines of ionized helium, carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen but few absorption lines. Based on the presence of
prominent emission lines from nitrogen or carbon, WR stars are divided into the nitrogen (WN), carbon (WC), and oxygen (WO)
sequence with subclasses defined by the ratios of characteristic
emission lines. While some WN stars have considerable amounts
of hydrogen, all WC and WO stars do not display any measurable
amount of hydrogen in their spectra. High-ionization WC4-6 subtypes are defined as early-type WC stars, and low-ionization WC7-9 subtypes are late-type WC stars. The broad emission lines are produced in optically thick stellar winds with very high speeds of up to 3000 $\rm km s^{-1}$, which means the star is continuously and rapidly losing mass.
WR stars are stripped stellar cores and are produced by strong stellar winds or binary mass transfer. WC stars are a WR subtype with strong carbon spectral line features. Helium burning products are present on these objects, which is a characteristic of evolved massive stars.
In particular, a challenging problem for the evolution of massive stars is the existence of low-luminosity WC stars in the region $4.6 <\log T_{\rm eff}< 5.1$ with $4.9 <\log L/L_{\odot} \leq 5.4$ (Sander et al. 2012; Yoon 2017a). Different origins has been proposed in the literature to explain the existence of low-luminosity (and thus low-mass) WC stars. From a theoretical point of view, we can summarize these origins as follows:
-The red supergiant (RSG) scenario: The mass loss by the typical prescription used during the
RSG wind formalism proposed by de Jager et al. (1988) may be underestimated. This formalism predicts the real
RSG wind-loss rates within no better than a factor of between five and ten. As shown by Meynet et al. (2015), the increase in the mass-loss rate should be more than ten times higher during RSG phase with respect to the standard one. These authors found that enhanced mass-loss rates during the RSG phase have little impact on the Wolf-Reyet populations. The low-luminosity WC stars cannot be reproduced by current rotating single-star models, which merely give rise to high-luminosity WC stars with luminosities exceeding $\rm 10^{5.4} L_{\odot}$ (Meynet \& Maeder 2005; Georgy et al. 2012).
-The massive star scenario: Stars with masses above $25 M_{\odot}$ show greater mass loss. Meynet et al. (1994) showed that low-luminosity WC stars with $\log L/L_{\odot}$ down to 4.5 might be produced from progenitors of 120 $M_{\odot}$ at solar metallicity by using stronger mass-loss rates. However, the high mass-loss rates adopted by Meynet et al. (1994) might no longer be supported by the more recent mass-loss determinations for O-type and WR stars that account for the effect of clumping (Vink et al. 2001; Nugis \& Lamers 2000). It may be the case that the mass-loss prescriptions used underestimate the true time-averaged mass-loss rate due to the fact that they ignore mass-loss episodes of short duration. Very massive stars could lose large amounts of mass in very short periods during strong outbursts at the stage of luminous blue variable (LBV; Smith \& Owocki 2006). LBVs might help to remove the necessary amount of mass as they occur over relative wide range of luminosities (Humphreys et al. 2016; Smith et al. 2019). However, the LBV mass-loss rate is not yet well understood and we are not in a position to resolve this problem.
-The close-binary scenario: The low-mass WC stars are produced by close binary systems through Roche lobe overflow (RLOF). Close binary stars are important in understanding the formation, evolution and death of massive stars.Vanbeveren and Conti (1980) considered the Galactic census of WR binaries, concluding that the real Galactic WR+OB frequency is no more than $30\%-40\%$, a percentage that still holds today. The investigation of binaries in the population of O-type and WR-type stars began in early sixties (Dalton and Sarazin 1995; Vanbeveren 1995; Vanbeveren et al. 1997). Vanbeveren et al. (1998a, b) found that more than $70 \%$ (resp. $60 \%$)of O stars (resp. early B-type stars) are born with a companion star. These authors investigated the O-type binary frequency needed to meet the WR+O-type binary frequency in the solar neighborhood. Eldridge et al. (2008) found that the minimum initial mass for stars to become WC stars is lowered from about 27 solar masses in the single-star scenario to 15 solar masses in the close-binary scenario. This gives a milder appreciation of the relative importance of the different effects for forming WR stars.
Because of its significant incidence, binarity has to be taken into account when deriving properties from massive star populations (de Mink er al. 2014). It is undeniable that understanding binarity and its effects could help to explain the different observed characteristics in massive star populations which remain poorly understood from studies of the single-star scenario.
Binarity may help to explain the formation of WR stars in situations where the single-star scenarios have difficulty in this respect. Stellar winds are weaker at low metallicity than those at solar metallicity. Moreover, star with lower initial masses cannot lose enough hydrogen envelope to uncover their central cores in the absence of mass transfer via RLOF.
Due to interactions in close binary systems, the internal structures of the
stars, including the sizes of their cores, can be significantly affected,
with subsequent effects on the characteristics of the ensuing supernova
progenitors and explosions (Yoon et al. 2010; Eldridge et al. 2013; Podsiadlowski et al. 2004; Podsiadlowski 2014). In some systems, interaction can lead to the merger of the binary components, which could be the origin of rapid rotating massive stars (de Mink er al. 2013).
The effects of the optically thick winds are currently not accounted for in evolutionary models such as those presented here. As for the results from the evolutionary track, there is a great discrepancy in the temperature $\rm T_{\ast}$ between observations and evolutionary models.
However, this effect is well known: the radius $\rm R_{2/3}$ where the optical depth $\rm \tau=\frac{2}{3}$ is reached is much larger than the radius of the star without accounting for the optical thickness of the wind. Thus, the observed $\rm T_{eff}$ is lower than those of the model calculations (Schaller et al. 1992; Meyent \& Maeder 2003; Hamann et al. 2006; Crowther 2007). The observed late-type WC stars with low luminosity are found to have much larger radii and lower surface temperatures than those predicted by theoretical models .
The distance has an impact on the absolute quantities derived from spectral analysis, such as luminosity and mass-loss rate.
However, most distances to the WR stars in the Galactic system were not well constrained before Gaia. This is because these stars are too far to have a reliable HIPPARCOS parallax; the unobscured sources in particular are often relatively isolated. Recently, trigonometric parallax became available for the first time from the Gaia satellite (Hamann et al. 2019; Sander et al. 2012). On average, the new distances are smaller by only $10\%$ than the values adopted in previous work (Hamann et al. 2006). Based on Gaia DR2, Sander et al. (2019) re-examined a previously studied WC star sample to derive key properties of the Galactic WC population.
The newly obtained luminosities are found in the range of $\log L/L_{\odot}=4.9-6.0$ with one outlier (WR 119) having $\log L/L_{\odot}=4.7$. For example, WR 59 underwent the most drastic luminosity revision with $\rm \log L/L_{\odot} = 5.76$, a shift by $\rm +0.86$ dex. These new results provide convenient conditions with which to study the evolution of WC stars.
In this paper, we intend to explore whether the close binary evolution scenario succeeds in producing low-luminosity WC stars.
Specifically, we explore the consequences of close binary scenario on the evolution of the strong mass loss induced by mass transfer in RLOF events occurring at various evolutionary stages, and analyze the potential impact of such close binary evolution on the populations of supergiants and WR stars. Finally, we discuss the evolutionary properties of the progenitor of low-luminosity WC stars originating from such evolutionary histories.
In Section 2, we describe the various parameters in the models.
In Section 3, the results of numerical calculations on the evolution of single stars and binary systems are analyzed in detail.
In Section 4, we provide the necessary discussion of the validity of the formation of these WC stars in the binary system. Finally, we provide conclusions and a summary in Section 5. The effect of accretion efficiency on the evolution of the binary system is investigated in the Appendix.
\section{The initial parameters and model descriptions}
\begin{table}
\scriptsize{
\caption{The parameters adopted in our calculations. The meaning of each column is as follows$^{*}$. }
\begin{center}
\begin{threeparttable}
\setlength{\tabcolsep}{1mm}
\begin{tabular}{lrrrrrrrrrr}
\hline\hline
Models & $M_{\rm 1,ini}$& $M_{\rm 2,ini}$ &
$V_{\rm 1,ini}$ & $V_{\rm 2,ini}$ & $P_{\rm orb,ini}$& $\rm \beta$ & The wind formalism & \\\hline
& $M_{\odot}$& $M_{\odot}$ &
km/s & km/s & days &
& &\\
\hline
S1 &30 &.. &0 &.. &.. &..&Dutch &\\
S2 &30 &.. &300 &.. &.. &..& Dutch &\\
S3 &20 &.. &300 &.. &.. &..& Dutch &\\
S4 &40 &.. &300 &.. &.. &..& Dutch &\\
S5 &35 &.. &300 &.. &.. &..& Dutch&\\
S6 &30 &.. &300 &.. &.. &..&Van and Pot& \\
B1 &30 &27 &300 &300 &6.00 & 0.4&Dutch&\\
B2 &30 &27 &300 &300 &20.0 &0.4 &Dutch&\\
B3 &30 &27 &300 &300 &1000.0 & 0.4 &Dutch&\\
B4 &20 &16 &300 &300 &1000.0 & 0.4 &Dutch&\\
B5 &30 &27 &300 &300 &500.0 &0.4 &Dutch&\\
B6 &30 &27 &300 &300 &1000.0 &0.8&Dutch&\\
B7 &30 &27 &300 &300 &1000.0 &0.2 &Dutch&\\
B8 &30 &27 &300 &300 &1000.0 &0.0 &Dutch&\\
B9 &30 &27 &300 &300 &6.00 & 0.0&Dutch&\\
B10 &30 &27 &300 &300 &6.00 & 0.8&Dutch&\\
\hline\hline
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}
\footnotesize
\item[*]
The symbol S denotes single stars whereas the symbol B denotes the evolution of the binary system.
$M_{\rm 1,\rm ini}$: the initial mass of the primary star in unit of $M_{\odot}$; $M_{\rm 2,\rm ini}$:
the initial mass of the secondary star in units of $M_{\odot}$; $\rm V_{\rm 1,\rm ini}$: the initial equatorial
velocity of the primary star in units of $Km/s$; $V_{\rm 2, \rm ini}$: the initial equatorial velocity of the
secondary star in unit of $\rm km/s$; $P_{\rm orb,\rm ini}$: the initial orbital period; Dutch: the wind mass-loss formalism by Dutch scheme; Van and Pot: the wind mass-loss formalism is same as Dutch scheme except for
the RSG wind formalism proposed by Vanbeveren \& Mennekens (2015) and the WR wind formalism which derived by Potsdam group.
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\end{center}
}
\end{table}
\begin{table*}[h]
\begin{center}
\scriptsize{
\caption{Major evolutionary parameters for five models including single stars and the primary star in binaries. }
\begin{threeparttable}
\begin{tabular}{llrclllllllllllllcll}
& & & & & & & & & &\\
\hline\hline Sequence&Age, & $M_1$ & $\rm \log(\frac{R}{R_{\odot}})$ &$\log T_{\rm eff}$& $\log (\frac{L}{L_{\odot}})$&$\log T_{\rm c}$& $\log \rho_{\rm c}$& $\rm \frac{N}{N_{\rm ini}}$ & $V_{\rm eq}$\\\hline
&Myr&$M_{\odot}$& & K& &K&$\rm g/cm^{3}$&&km/s \\
\hline
ZAMS&&&&&&&&&\\
S1&0.000&30.000&0.870&4.596&5.077&7.562&0.496&1.00&0.00\\
S2&0.000&30.000&0.882&4.583&5.048&7.557&0.485&1.00&300.00\\
B1&0.000&30.000&0.872&4.590&5.057&7.571&0.528&1.00&300.00\\
B2&0.000&30.000&0.872&4.590&5.057&7.571&0.528&1.00&300.00\\
B3&0.000&30.000&0.872&4.590&5.057&7.571&0.528&1.00&300.00\\
\hline
ECHB&&&&&&&&&\\
S1&6.368&26.917&1.640&4.305&5.454&7.780&1.074&1.00&0.00\\
S2&6.724&25.998&1.638&4.310&5.467&7.781&1.071&5.22&4.52\\
B1&6.638&17.967&1.321&4.450&5.395&7.778&1.104&11.75&107.40\\
B2&6.840&25.759&1.644&4.309&5.476&7.783&1.072&6.04&74.17\\
B3&6.955&25.809&1.562&4.352&5.486&7.782&1.065&6.95&4.78\\
\hline
ECHEB&&&&&&&&&\\
S1&6.877&14.105&0.145&5.115&5.703&8.943&4.976&12.58&0.00\\
S2&7.244&13.705&-0.166&5.264&5.676&8.944&4.990&18.49&248.04\\
B1&7.179&8.944&-0.418&5.329&5.434&8.937&5.082&0.00&1.83\\
B2&7.349&10.340&-0.409&5.350&5.537&8.939&5.017&0.00&0.73\\
B3&7.473&12.975&-0.309&5.332&5.662&8.933&4.922&11.89&180.77\\
\hline
ECCB&&&&&&&&&\\
S1&6.877&14.104&0.131&5.122&5.705&9.077&5.731&12.58&0.00\\
S2&7.244&13.705&-0.184&5.274&5.681&9.080&5.779&18.48&235.27\\
B1&7.179&8.944&-0.419&5.330&5.435&9.002&5.618&0.00&1.79\\
B2&7.349&10.340&-0.423&5.359&5.542&9.014&5.558&0.00&0.73\\
B3&7.473&12.974&-0.361&5.361&5.675&9.031&5.451&11.89&187.83\\
\hline
BROLF1&&&&&&&&&\\
B1&5.971&27.933&1.349&4.435&5.391&7.641&0.643&3.64&160.23\\
B2&6.848&25.702&1.721&4.275&5.494&8.100&2.108&6.041&47.85\\
B3&6.967&25.724&2.826&3.725&5.504&8.232&2.537&7.00&0.70\\
\hline
EROLF1&&&&&&&&&\\
B1&6.386&18.427&1.345&4.426&5.345&7.664&0.766&10.21&115.43\\
B2&6.856&16.588&1.780&4.278&5.626&8.253&2.590&12.53&22.76\\
B3&6.977&19.869&2.863&3.735&5.619&8.275&2.659&8.64&0.70\\
\hline
BROLF2&&&&&&&&&\\
B1&6.453&18.393&1.366&4.418&5.356&7.672&0.789&11.43&121.25\\
\hline
EROLF2&&&&&&&&&\\
B1&6.614&17.983&1.368&4.424&5.383&7.725&0.944&11.73&118.71\\
\hline
BROLF3&&&&&&&&&\\
B1&6.646&17.924&1.392&4.429&5.452&8.069&2.044&11.75&29.82\\
\hline
EROLF3&&&&&&&&&\\
B1&6.663&14.283&1.420&4.459&5.631&8.275&2.691&12.60&66.40\\
& & & & & & & & & &\\
%
\hline\hline
\end{tabular}
\begin{tablenotes}
\footnotesize
\item[]Abbreviations: ZAMS-zero age main sequence; TAMS-the terminal of core hydrogen burning; ECHEB-the end of core helium burning; ECCB-the end of core carbon burning. BROLF1-the beginning of the first episode of RLOF, EROLF1-the end of the first episode of RLOF, BROLF2-the beginning of the second episode of RLOF, EROLF2-the end of the second episode of RLOF, BROLF3-the beginning of the third episode of RLOF, EROLF3-the end of the third episode of RLOF.
\end{tablenotes}
\end{threeparttable}
\label{tablemod}
}
\end{center}
\end{table*}
\begin{table*}[h]
\begin{center}
\scriptsize{
\caption{Surface chemical abundances for $\rm ^{1}H$, $\rm ^{4}He$, $\rm ^{12}C$, $\rm ^{14}N$, $\rm ^{16}O$ and $\rm ^{22}Ne$ in mass fraction, and three abundance ratios (in number) $\rm \frac{^{22}Ne}{^{20}Ne}$, $\rm \frac{^{14}N}{^{12}C}$, and $\rm \frac{^{14}N}{^{16}O}$ for single stars and the primary star in the binary system at selected evolutionary points. Other abbreviations are the same as table 2.}
\begin{tabular}{llllllllllllccccccccccccccc}
& & & & & & & & & &\\
\hline\hline Sequence & $t$(Myr), & $ X_{\rm ^{1}H}$, & $Y_{\rm ^{4}He}$, & $\rm \log (^{12}C)$, & $\rm \log (^{14}N)$, & $\rm \log (^{16}O)$, & $ \rm \log (^{22}Ne)$, & $ \rm \log ( \frac{^{22}Ne}{^{20}Ne})$, &
$\rm \log ( \frac{^{14}N}{^{12}C})$, & $\rm \log (\frac{^{14}N}{^{16}O})$ \\
\hline
& & & & & & & & & &\\
ZAMS&&&&&&&&&&&\\
S1&0.000&0.725&0.261&-2.623&-3.153&-2.185&-4.039&-1.134&-0.597&-0.91\\
S2&0.000&0.725&0.261&-2.623&-3.153&-2.185&-4.039&-1.134&-0.597&-0.91\\
B1&0.000&0.725&0.261&-2.623&-3.153&-2<|fim_middle|> velocities for
stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud sample (NGC 2004) of the
FLAMES survey (Brott et al. 2011). The inhibiting effect
of chemical gradients on the efficiency of rotational mixing processes
is regulated by the parameter $\rm f_{\mu}$.
We adopt a value $\rm f_{\mu}=0.1$ as in Yoon et al. (2006) who calibrated this
parameter to match the observed surface helium abundances.
The initial parameters for single stars and the binary system are listed in Table 1. The binary orbit is assumed to be circular and the Roche lobe radius is given by the formula proposed in Eggleton (1983).
We chose three initial orbital periods corresponding to cases where the first mass-transfer event occurs during the MS phase (6.0 days, Case A) after core H exhaustion but before the He ignition in the core (20 days, Case B), during the core He-burning (1000 days, Case C).
\section{Results of numerical calculations}
We present nonrotating and rotating single-star models to compare them with binary star models. We focus our investigation on the evolution of the primary star and explore whether binary evolution via Case A, Case B, or Case C mass transfer could give rise to diverse WR stars in terms of the amount of removed hydrogen or helium envelope. In all models, we calculate the evolution until at least the end of central carbon burning. The evolutionary track of the primary in the close binary system composed of a 30 $M_{\odot}$ star and a 27 $M_{\odot}$ star is shown for cases where the initial orbital period is equal to 6.0, 20 and 100 days.
We adopt the definitions of various kinds of stars according to the relationship between spectral type and surface abundance from Smith \& Maeder (1991) and Meynet \& Maeder (2003), as follows:
-O stars have a surface hydrogen mass fraction $\rm X_{H} > 0.3$ and $\rm \log (T_{\rm eff}/K) > 4.5$;
-B stars have typically $\rm 4.0 <\log (T_{\rm eff}/K)<4.5 $;
-Red supergiant stars (RSGs) have $\rm \log (T_{\rm eff}/K) < 3.66$;
-Blue supergiant stars (BSGs) have $\rm \log (T_{\rm eff}/K) \geq 3.9$ and include O, B, and A stars;
-WR stars have $\rm \log( T_{eff}/K) > 4.0$ and $\rm X_{H} < 0.3$;
-WNL stars are WR stars with $\rm X_{H} > 10^{-5}$;
-WNE stars have $\rm X_{H }< 10^{-5}$ and a surface carbon abundance $\rm X_{C}$ lower than 0.1 times the surface nitrogen abundance $\rm X_{N}$;
-WC stars have $\rm X_{H } < 10^{-5}$ and $\rm \frac{X_{C}}{X_{N}}> 1.0$, and surface abundances (by number) such as $\rm \frac{C+O}{He}< 1.0$;
-WO stars have $\rm X_{H } < 10^{-5}$ and $\rm \frac{X_{C}}{X_{N}}> 1.0$, and $\rm \frac{C+O}{He}>1.0$.
The properties of single stars and the primary star in binaries, such as evolutionary age, actual mass, radius, effective temperature of the surface of the star, luminosity, central temperature and central density, ratio of the surface nitrogen to the initial value, and equatorial velocity, are presented in Table 2.
Surface chemical abundances for single stars and the primary star in binaries, such as evolutionary age, the logarithm of mass fraction of chemical elements such as $\rm ^{1}H$, $\rm ^{4}He$, $\rm \log (^{12}C)$, $\rm \log (^{14}N)$, $\rm \log (^{16}O)$, $\rm \log (^{22}Ne)$, and the logarithm of three abundance ratios (in number) $\rm \log (\frac{^{22}Ne}{^{20}Ne})$, $\rm \log (\frac{^{14}N}{^{12}C})$, and $\rm \log (\frac{^{14}N}{^{16}O})$ are indicated in Table 3.
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{fig1.pdf}\\
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{fig2.pdf}\\\
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{fig3.pdf}\\
\caption{Hertzsprung-Russell diagram of the observed Galactic WC and WO stars with updated luminosities due to Gaia distances. The samples are taken from Sander et al. (2019).
Hertzsprung-Russell diagram with the evolutionary track of the massive models with the different types/phases marked in colours (Before WR stars: black; WNL:
red; WNE: pink; WC: green; WO: cyan). The range for the observed late WC stars with low luminosity is marked by a box. Panel (a): single star models. Panel (b): single star model S6; Panel (c): rotating binary models.}
\label{Fig:parallax}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{fig4.pdf}\\
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{fig5.pdf}\\
\caption{Convective core and stellar mass for nonrotating and rotating single stars and the primary star in rotating binaries vary as a function of evolutionary age.}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{fig6.pdf}\\
\caption{Rotation profiles as a function of the Lagrangian mass at various stages of MS evolution (labeled by the central hydrogen content $X_{c}$) of three models. The dotted lines indicate a rotating 30 $M_{\odot}$ single star S2. Dashed and solid lines indicate the primary star in B2 with initial $\rm P_{orb}=20.0$ days and the primary star in B1 with initial $\rm P_{orb}=6.0 $, respectively.}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{fig7.pdf}\\
\caption{Mass-transfer rate due to RLOF as a function of time for three binaries B1, B2, and B3. }
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.5\textwidth]{fig8.pdf}\\
\caption{Helium cores for nonrotating and rotating single stars and the primary star in rotating binaries vary as a function of evolutionary age.}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure*}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.35\textwidth]{fig9.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=0.35\textwidth]{fig10.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=0.35\textwidth]{fig11.pdf}
\includegraphics[width=0.35\textwidth]{fig12.pdf}
\caption{Panel S1(a): Evolution of the surface abundances in mass fraction as a function of the actual mass of the star for the nonrotating single star S1 with 30 $M_{\odot}$. Different evolutionary phases are indicated in the upper part of the figure. Panel S1(b): Evolution of abundance ratios in number as a function of the actual mass of the star S1. Panels S2(a) and S2(b): Same as Panels S1(a) and S1(b) but for the rotating model S2. Panels B1(a) and B1(b): Same as the Panels S1(a) and S1(b) but for the primary star in model B1 with initial $\rm P_{orb}=6.0$ days. Panels B3(a) and B3(b): Same as the Panels S1(a) and S1(b) for the primary star in model B3 with initial $\rm P_{orb}=1000.0$ days.}
\end{figure*}
\subsection{Evolution on the Hertzsprung-Russel diagram}
\subsubsection{Single stars}
The WC stage is shown as a green line while the WO stage is indicated as a cyan line in Fig. 1. Various symbols are used to label the beginning and end of the core burning phase: hexagons correspond to the end of the main sequence (MS); pentagrams and tetragonals correspond to the start of hydrogen-shell burning and the end of the core helium burning phase, and triangles and crosses denote the start and end of carbon burning, respectively. The start and end of the mass-transfer phases are marked with numbers; 1- the beginning of the first episode of RLOF, $\rm 1^{'}$ (or 1e): the end of the first episode of RLOF, 2- the beginning of the second episode of RLOF, $\rm 2^{'}$: the end of the second episode of RLOF, 3- the beginning of the third episode of RLOF, $\rm 3^{'}$: the end of the third episode of RLOF.
Panel (a) of Fig. 1 shows the evolution of the single-star models in the Hertzsprung-Russel (HR) diagram. The massive star may lose a large fraction of its initial mass during core hydrogen burning. As hydrogen fuel is exhausted, outward pressure in the core drops, and gravity compresses the star.
Rising heat in the contracting core creates pressure that causes outer layers to expand. The remaining hydrogen burns faster in the shell around the core and generates extra energy, disrupting hydrostatic equilibrium and causing the outer region to expand and cool. This is the mirror effect. During this post-main sequence phase, the outer layers of the star expand to many times their original size on a thermal timescale while the central core contracts. The star shifts from a blue supergiant to a red supergiant with a low temperature. The transition from a blue supergiant to a red supergiant is mainly determined by the combined effects of the hydrogen-rich envelope and hydrogen shell-burning source. High-efficiency hydrogen-shell burning boosts the envelope to expand rapidly. Podsiadlowski
et al. (1992) presented results showing that an important factor in determining the time of transition to
the red giant phase is the fractional core mass $\rm \xi_{c}= m_{c}/M$,
where $m_{c}$ is the mass of the hydrogen-exhausted core and $M$ is
the total mass of the star. A reduction in envelope
mass through stellar winds and a
consequent increase in $\rm \xi_{c}$ favors redward motion in the HR
diagram (Maeder 1984).
The hydrogen-burning shell moves outward in the envelope. If the hydrogen-rich envelope is thick enough, the star can maintain a red supergiant structure. When
the mass of the hydrogen-rich envelope falls below a certain threshold value due to stellar wind, the star turns into a blue supergiant configuration again. After that, the star turns into a WR object.
The low-mass star S3 goes through a red supergiant stage
without entering the WR regime. The star ignites central helium as a B-type star at the end of the main sequence (MS) and moves blueward on a nuclear timescale.
The 20 M$_\odot$ model reaches $\rm \log (T_{\rm eff}/K )\sim 3.6$ at the red supergiant stage; subsequently, because of the
strong wind mass loss, it evolves back to the blue part of the HR diagram. The star eventually reaches the blue supergiant phase when the central carbon abundance is exhausted.
van Loon et al. (2005) discovered that the mass-loss rate for stars covered with dust during the red supergiant stage is significantly higher than those of visually bright stars. High mass-loss rates can result in stars evolving back from the red supergiant stage to the blue side of the HR diagram instead of exploding as a type II-P supernova. However, Meynet et al. (2015) revealed that models computed with a strong mass loss during the red supergiant phase are still far from becoming WR stars. Higher mass-loss rates during the red supergiant stage simply reduce the time that the star spends as a red supergiant, but do not increase the total amount of mass lost during this stage considerably. The 20 M$_\odot$ model star is predicted to explode before all surface hydrogen is removed by stellar winds, and does not attain the hydrogen-free WNE or WC stages.
In the single-star evolutionary models for masses above $\sim$ 25-30 M$_\odot$, the mass-loss due to strong stellar winds during the MS stage (plus additional mass loss during an LBV stage) strip off the H-rich outer layers, revealing the H-burning products $\rm ^{4}He$ and $\rm ^{14}N$. Such a star is identified as a WN-type WR star. The nonrotating 30 M$_\odot$ star attains the stage of WNL at the age of 6.684 Myr while the corresponding rotating model S2 reaches the stage of WNL at an age of 7.135 Myr. This indicates that the larger age is simply because rotation increases the duration of the main sequence. Rotating models can attain the WR stage earlier in accordance with the mass fraction of He in the core. For example, the model S2 can attain the stage of WC at an age of 7.244 Myr while the nonrotating model S1 does not attain the stage of WC at the end of evolution. These results indicate that $\rm ^{12}C$ and $\rm ^{16}O$, which are produced by the helium burning shell, can be exposed early on by rotational mixing.
Therefore, rotation decreases the minimum mass that is required to attain the WC stage.
The model S4 with a mass of 40 $M_{\odot}$ can completely lose its hydrogen, becoming a WC and finally a WO star. The two observed WO stars nicely agree with the evolution of the rotating
tracks in model S5 with a mass of 35 $M_{\odot}$. Our results indicate that WO stars have evolved
from early-type WC stars with similar surface abundances during their bluewards evolution.
These stars are core-helium burning or post core-helium burning and represent a final stage in massive
star evolution. They
will explode as type-Ic supernovae within a
few thousand years. These WO stars originate from
single rotating stars with initial masses of greater than about $30 M_{\odot}$.
Single-star models with rotation and an initial mass of 30 $M_{\odot}$ produce WC stars with luminoisties of at least $10^{5.62} L_{\odot}$.
The low mass limit for producing a WC star with luminosities above $10^{5.4} L_{\odot}$ from single stars with $\rm v_{ini}=300 km/s$ is about 25 $M_{\odot}$ at solar metallicity (Limongi \& Chieffi 2018).
The single-star evolutionary models with masses above $\sim$ 25 M$_\odot$ would produce WC stars with luminosities above $10^{5.4} L_{\odot}$, which is above the values observed for many WC stars.
However, the enhanced mass-loss rates (compared to the de Jager rates) during RSG and WR stages proposed by Vanbeveren \& Mennekens (2015) and the Potsdam group can cause the star to approach the observational range of low-luminosity WC stars in model S6 (cf. panel b in Fig. 1). The hydrogen envelope in model S6 decreases faster than the one in model S2 from the RSG stage. For example, the mass for model S6 is 8.924 M$_\odot$ at the core helium exhaustion while it is 13.705 M$_\odot$ for the model S2. Although there is a significant temperature discrepancy, the star in model S6 attains the lowest luminosity of $\sim 10^{5.4} L_{\odot}$ because of the reduction of the convective core and then turns into a WO star in its subsequent evolution (Panel (a) of Fig.2.). Strong mass loss during the RSG phase favors a bluewards evolution and lower luminosity WC stars are easier to form according to the formalism proposed by the Potsdam group (Vanbeveren et al. 2007, 2020). This indicates that the envelope stripped by strong winds is still too thick to evolve into the observed range of the low luminosity WC stars. However, the enhanced mass-loss rate can fit the observations of low-luminosity WO stars well and this is therefore a likely channel of formation for these stars.
\subsubsection{The primary star in the HR diagram}
1. Case A mass transfer
From panel (a) of Fig. 1, we can anticipate that binary evolution may play an important role in forming lower luminosity WR stars. In panel (b) of Fig. 1, the evolutionary track of the primary in the close binary system composed of a 30 $M_{\odot}$ star and a 27 $M_{\odot}$ star is also shown for the case where the initial orbital period is equal to 6.0 days. The primary overfills its Roche lobe at point 1 for the first time during the MS phase, until that point, the star lost little mass due to line-driven stellar winds. There are three episodes of mass transfer due to RLOF. We note that strong mass-loss rates occur in two main events. The first event, characterized by a strong decrease in luminosity, takes place between points 1 and $1'$ (loss of 9.506 $M_{\odot}$ by the primary star in a time interval of about 0.415 Myr).
The second event occurs between points 2 and $2'$ (loss of about 0.41 $M_{\odot}$ in a time interval of about 0.161 Myr).
During these mass-transfer events, the mass-loss rates due to RLOF can be up to nearly 100 times stronger than the wind mass-loss rates of O-type or B-type stars whose characteristic value is about $\rm 10^{-7} M_{\odot}/yr$. Between these two mass-transfer episodes, the star contracts and then expands again due to thermal adjustment. This is because the timescale for losing mass is shorter than the thermal timescale. The core cannot give rise to enough nuclear energy to keep pace with
the expansion of the envelope.
After the core helium burning is ignited, the third episode of mass transfer occurs with the envelope expansion. At the beginning of this last mass transfer, a H-rich envelope of 7.04 $M_{\odot}$ is still present. The star is a WNL star. During the third event of RLOF, the primary star transfers about 3.641 $M_{\odot}$ of envelope to the companion star.
After the third event of RLOF, the primary maintains a hydrogen envelope of 1.3 $M_{\odot}$. As a consequence of three episodes of very large mass loss, the convective core is significantly smaller during the helium burning phase than near the end of the MS. Subsequently, strong mass loss by WR winds reduces the hydrogen-rich envelope by about 4.9 $M_{\odot}$, and the star evolves in the blue region of the HR diagram. The hydrogen burning shell is extinguished and removed readily due to these strong WR winds.
The luminosity decreases again significantly from the end of the third episode of mass transfer (i.e., point $3'$) to the end of central helium burning. The
radius decreases from 25.12 $R_{\odot}$ to 0.41 $R_{\odot}$. Before the primary reaches the minimum luminosity, it enters the WNE phase.
After that, the helium-burning shell is revealed gradually. The star can turn into a WC star. The lowest luminsities reached during the WC phase are around $\rm Log L/L_{\odot} =5.27$, which is lower than for single-star models but still higher than the observed lowest luminous WC stars.
With the exhaustion of central helium, the slow contraction of the star induces a higher effective temperature and an increase in luminosity. The primary star does not experience expansion after central helium burning because the envelope above the helium burning shell has been removed by WR winds.
Their cores become more compact during the late evolutionary
stages. Therefore, some early-type WC and WO stars do not display any inflation and agree well with the model predictions in the HR diagram. As the helium shell burns, the shell burning region changes from radiation into convection as a result of the increase in opacity.
2.Case B mass transfer
In the model B2, with an initial orbital period of 20 days, there is a unique mass-transfer episode when the primary crosses the Hertzsprung gap.
The matter is transferred from the primary star to the companion star. This phase lasts about 0.008 Myr. The primary star lost about 8.01 $M_{\odot}$ during the entire mass-transfer phase. The mass transfer is so rapid that the primary is out of thermal equilibrium. The core cannot generate enough nuclear energy to keep pace with the expansion of the envelope. Therefore, the luminosity of the primary falls dramatically and attains the minimum luminosity. When the masses of the two components are equal, the orbital separation reaches its minimum value. From then on, the orbital separation increases when mass is transferred to the companion star, and so the mass-transfer rate of RLOF reduces. The primary star recovers thermal equilibrium again and its luminosity rises.
We notice that RLOF can inhibit the expansion of the hydrogen envelope and hinder the formation of red supergiant stars. This is mainly because little hydrogen is left in the primary star and the primary evolves quickly into a hot and compact helium star. This indicates that the thickness of the hydrogen envelope above the hydrogen burning shell has an important impact on the stellar expansion.
The maximum size of the convective core during the helium burning phase is approximately equal to that near the end of the MS and its mass can exceed half of the mass of the star (cf., Fig. 2). After undergoing different changes in color and luminosity, the star ends its evolution near the He-ZAMS lines. The primary star in model B2 can give rise to an early WC-type star with low luminosity but fails to reproduce the effective temperatures for the observed late WC subtypes with low luminosity, which might be due to the relatively thin helium envelope above the CO core. This also disfavors the occurrence of inflated envelopes. In addition, the effective temperature obtained from observations only reaches temperature in the psudo-photosphere, which is lower than the actual surface effective temperature of the star. When the optical thickness of the wind is accounted for, the temperature may shift to a redder value by about 0.5 dex (Ekstr\"om et al. 2012).
3.Case C mass transfer
In model B3, with an initial period of 1000 days, the binary system undergoes a unique mass transfer 0.013 Myr after the primary star ignites its central helium, which corresponds to
Case C mass transfer. The typical burning temperature for helium burning is around $2-3\times 10^{8}$ K. Usually the core helium burning is also paired with a hydrogen-burning shell just outside the core.
Central helium burning in massive stars lasts about $10\%$ of the whole lifetime of the star. The luminosity during this phase is comparable to that during hydrogen burning\footnote{It could become lower if the star experiences significant mass loss.}, within a factor of two, but the amount of energy released by helium burning is only about 10 $\%$ of that
released by hydrogen burning. A significant fraction of the luminosity of the star during this phase is also supplied by the hydrogen-burning shell.
The beginning of the mass transfer gives rise to a slight decrease in luminosity, in contrast to Case A and Case B. Contrary to the other systems described in this paper, the primary star in the model B3 spends a large part of its post MS evolution in the red side of the HR diagram, with $\log(T_{\rm eff})<3.9$. After the mass-loss episode, the star evolves towards high effective temperatures and decreases in luminosity, describing a loop in the HR diagram.
We also notice that contrary to the other models, just after the beginning of the helium burning phase, the star loses about 1.34 $M_{\odot}$ through stellar winds. This is mainly because of the mass-loss prescription considered after the MS phase when the star evolves redwards. Later, we find a sharp decrease in the mass of the star due to a short mass-loss episode caused by RLOF, which takes place within about $1.00\times 10^{4}$ years. The star does not experience the red supergiant stage, in contrast to the single star with 30 $M_{\odot}$.
During the helium burning phase, even though the star loses 5.855 $M_{\odot}$ through RLOF, the convective core continues to increase in mass.
The rotating model B3 evolves back to the blue in contrast to the single star S4 with 20 $M_{\odot}$, indicating that rotational mixing, and mass loss due to Roche lobe overflow, promote blueward evolution. Towards the end of the evolution, the star is a WC star with a helium-rich envelope of about 0.24 $M_{\odot}$. Its effective temperature and luminosity can attain $\rm \log T_{eff}\simeq 4.75$ and $\rm \log L/L_{\odot}\simeq 5.27$. Our Case C evolution behaves very similarly to the single-star model but the enhancement of mass loss is also due to mass transfer via RLOF. This model, due to its different mass-loss history compared to the single-star model, satisfactorily
reproduces lower luminous WC stars with lower effective temperatures.
\subsection{The evolution of stellar mass and the convective cores}
\subsubsection{Single stars}
The upper panel of Fig. 2 shows convective cores and stellar mass for nonrotating and rotating single stars as a function
of evolutionary age. Comparing the nonrotating model S1 with the rotating model S2, we
notice that the amount of mass lost is higher for rapidly rotating
stars during the MS. This can be ascribed to the fact that mass loss through stellar winds can be enhanced by the centrifugal force (Langer 1998). Moreover, the rotational models are slightly overluminous with respect to the nonrotating one and the MS lifetime is increased; this favors the enhancement of mass loss via stellar winds.
Furthermore, convective cores appear to be larger in
the star with high rotational velocity because rotational mixing is very
efficient.
Meridional circulations, which are scaled as the square of rotational angular velocity, are responsible for rotational mixing above the convective
core (Maeder \& Meynet 2000; Song et al. 2018). The larger core induced by rotational mixing leads to higher central temperature and lower opacity in the outer envelope. In fact, the size of the convective core is governed by
radiative pressure which is proportional to the quadrature of temperature $\rm T^{4}$. Therefore, the larger the mass of the star, the larger the convective cores. Rotating stars 30 $M_{\odot}$ have a larger convective core than the nonrotating ones. Furthermore, the main consequence of the rotational mixing is the increase in the lifetime of the core hydrogen burning. The main reason is that fresh hydrogen in the outer envelope is transferred into the central core by rotational mixing. This mixing process increases the fuel supply in the stellar core, extending its lifetime for central hydrogen burning.
\subsubsection{The primary star in binaries}
The bottom panel of Fig. 2 shows convective cores and stellar mass for the primary star in rotating binaries as a function
of its evolutionary age. It is found that the convective core of the primary star is reduced in close binaries compared to
the evolution of the convective core mass in the corresponding single star. For example, at the age of 4.0 Myr, the convective core is 14.26 $M_{\odot}$ for model S2 while it is 13.95 $M_{\odot}$ for model B1. This is mainly because tidal
braking can spin the star down when the spin angular velocity of the primary star is
higher than the orbital velocity. According to Zahn (1977), the synchronization timescale is very sensitive to the ratio of stellar radius R to the orbital separation (i.e., $\frac{1}{\tau_{sync}} \propto (\frac{R}{a})^{8.5}$).
Tidal braking spins the primary star down sharply in the binary system B1 with the shortest orbital period because the orbital separation is shortest in contrast to the wide systems B2 and B3 (cf. Fig.3). Therefore, tidal synchronization significantly decreases the efficiency of rotational mixing. This is because, in this model, the angular momentum transport inside the star is very efficient because spin angular momentum of the star is transformed into the orbit by the tidal braking (Song et al. 2016). For massive stars, the most important contribution to rotational mixing is meridional (Eddington-Sweet) circulation and its the efficiency in mixing is proportional to spin angular velocity $\Omega$ to the power of two. Furthermore, it is clear that strong tides can reduce the differential rotation between the core and the outer envelope and thus decrease the shear turbulence, which may play an important role in rotational mixing. The synchronization timescale $\tau_{\rm sync}$ increases with the initial orbital period to such an extent that the effect of tidal braking can be neglected when the orbital period is equal to or greater than about 100 days in model B3. Therefore, rotational mixing in these models has a similar effect to that in the single rotating star models.
We also can notice that convective cores drop from 11.45 $M_{\odot}$ to 10.13 $M_{\odot}$ during the first episode of RLOF. This result shows that a primary star that loses its hydrogen envelop via RLOF will develop a smaller convective core compared to a single counterpart S2. The removal of mass leads on an immediate drop in pressure throughout the interior of the star, as the weight
of that mass is removed at the stellar surface. This pressure drop is transmitted through the star at the speed of sound, i.e., on a dynamical timescale, resulting in a decreasing of central temperature. Therefore, mass loss tends to quench local nuclear burning, which is extremely temperature sensitive, and the size of convective core diminishes. The star becomes less luminous as a result of the reduction of its convective core (Webbink 2006; Song et al. 2020).
The convective core decreases slightly from 10.09 $M_{\odot}$ to 9.868 $M_{\odot}$
during the second event of RLOF in model B1. Therefore, mass transfer has a slight impact on the size of
the convective core because only a tiny fraction of the hydrogen envelope is removed. The response of the convective core to mass losses induced by mass transfer is different after the MS phase. During the RLOF
the convective core increases from 9.32 $M_{\odot}$ to 9.64 $M_{\odot}$ in model B2 and from 9.37 $M_{\odot}$ to 9.46 $M_{\odot}$ in model B3. This change of behavior is due to two effects. First, during the core helium burning phase, the convective core mass tends to increase in mass as a function of time. Second, the core is less coupled to the envelope, being separated from it by a much stronger density gradient than during the core H burning phase. Thus, removing part of the mass from the H-rich envelope has a very small impact on the evolution of the core.
\subsection{Evolution of the mass-transfer rate due to RLOF}
Figure 4 displays the mass-transfer rate due to RLOF as a function of evolutionary age in binaries. Until RLOF, all three models lose very little mass due to line-driven stellar winds. In the Case A mass transfer described here, there are three episodes of RLOF.
The first event, characterized by a strong decrease in luminosity, takes place between the ages of 5.96 Myr and 6.386 Myr. The maximum mass-transfer rate can attain a value of about $\rm 5.888 \times 10^{-4} M_{\odot} yr^{-1}$, which approximately corresponds to $\frac{M_{1}}{\tau_{\rm KH}}$ where $M_{1}$ and $\tau_{\rm KH}$ represent the
mass and the Kelvin-Helmoltz timescale of the primary star, respectively. Most of the hydrogen envelope remains radiative at the beginning of RLOF.
As mass is transferred from the more massive primary to the less massive secondary, the Roche lobes of the two components shrink due to the orbital shrinkage, but their radii do not. The shrinking Roche lobe of the primary implies that it must lose mass at a higher rate of $\rm 10^{-4}M_{\odot}/yr$. At this high mass-transfer rate, the primary star is out of thermal equilibrium. When the primary turns into the less massive of the two components, subsequent mass transfer from then on will enlarge the orbital separation. Therefore, mass transfer maintains a lower rate (i.e., $\rm \sim 10^{-6}M_{\odot}/yr$). The luminosity of the primary star decreases accordingly.
When thermal equilibrium is restored, both the luminosity and radius rise (cf, Panel b in Fig. 1).
The second event of RLOF occurs between the ages of 6.453 Myr and 6.614 Myr when the envelope of the primary star inflates again near the terminal of the MS. The maximum mass-transfer rate reaches a value of $\rm 3.944 \times 10^{-6} M_{\odot} yr^{-1}$. The mass transfer proceeds at the nuclear timescale of the primary.
The star becomes brighter when the surface mass fraction of hydrogen decreases.
The third mass-transfer event proceeds from 6.646 Myr to 6.666 Myr and the maximum mass-transfer rate can attain $\rm 2.15 \times 10^{-4} M_{\odot} yr^{-1}$. The primary inflates and the resulting high mass-transfer rate proceeds on the Kelvin-Helmholtz timescale.
The total mass loss is about 13.6 $M_{\odot}$ during the three mass-transfer episodes. The primary star loses most of the hydrogen envelope during the episodes of mass transfer. After the mass-transfer episodes, the star is composed of a helium core of 11.53 $M_{\odot}$ surrounded by a 2.7 $M_{\odot}$ H-rich envelope. The primary star appears as a late-type WNL star.
There is a unique mass-transfer episode during RLOF for models B2 and B3. Mass transfer in B2 occurs between the ages 6.908 and 6.927 Myr, while mass transfer in B3 occurs between
6.967 and 6.971 Myr. The maximum mass-transfer rate can reach a value of about $\rm 4.6 \times 10^{-3} M_{\odot} yr^{-1}$ for B2 while it can reach $\rm 5.5 \times 10^{-3} M_{\odot} yr^{-1}$ for B3. The primary star overfills its Roche lobe at the still more advanced stage when the initial orbital period increases; it has a shorter Kelvin-Helmholtz timescale ($\rm \tau_{\rm KH}$) and may have developed a deep convective envelope. The maximum mass-transfer rate which scales as $\frac{M_{1}}{\tau_{\rm KH}}$ becomes larger. Therefore, the mass-loss rate due to RLOF can be up to nearly 100 times stronger than the WR wind mass-loss rates which has a characteristic value of about $\rm 1.0 \times 10^{-5} M_{\odot}/yr$. The total transferred mass is about $\rm 9.144 M_{\odot}$ for model B2 while it is $\rm 5.855 M_{\odot}$ for the model B3. An initially tighter system results in a deeper stripping of hydrogen envelopes. The binary system with the short orbital period is prone to producing early-type WC stars but extreme stripping of the envelope through RLOF disfavors the envelope expansion.
\subsection{The evolution of helium cores}
\subsubsection{Single stars}
Figure 5 shows the helium core for nonrotating and rotating single stars and the rotating primary star in binaries as a function
of evolutionary age.
The higher the initial rotation velocity, the larger the helium core at the core hydrogen exhaustion.
For example, the nonrotating model S1 has a helium core of 11.673 $M_{\odot}$ at the age of 6.38 Myr while the rotating model S2 has a helium core 12.11 $M_{\odot}$ at the age of 6.73 Myr.
This results in a shorter lifetime of helium burning because the helium burning lifetime scales inversely with the helium core mass. The helium burning lifetime for model S1 is 0.51 Myr, while it is 0.48 Myr for S2.
At the core hydrogen exhaustion, the helium mass is 11.73 $M_{\odot}$ at the age of 6.37 Myr for the nonrotating model S1 while it is 12.02 $M_{\odot}$ at the age of 6.73 Myr for the rotating model S2. This is because the helium core mass -which scales with the size of the hydrogen convective core during the main sequence-can be enlarged by the rotation mixing.
During core helium burning, the helium core goes up substantially for both models S1 and S2. This is mainly because the final size of the helium core is closely related to the progression of the H-burning shell at the base of the H-rich envelope. Hydrogen burning in a shell (often the dominant nuclear
burning source) continuously adds fresh helium to the core and this process leads to a larger helium core.
The maximum helium core mass in the nonrotating model S1 has a value of 13.94 $M_{\odot}$ at the age of 6.88 Myr while it has a value of 14.07 $M_{\odot}$ in the rotating model S2. This indicates that the freshly produced helium in the H-burning shell is about 2.21 $M_{\odot}$ in nonrotating model S1 whereas it is 2.05 $M_{\odot}$ in rotating model S2, which implies that the hydrogen shell burning is less active in rotating stars than in their nonrotating counterparts. The main reason for this is that a fraction of the helium has diffused from the core to the hydrogen envelope because of rotational mixing, while hydrogen diffuses in the opposite direction. This process results in a lower hydrogen mass fraction and a lower energy generation efficiency in H-shell burning.
Rotational mixing also leads to enlargement of the CO core mass upon core helium exhaustion because the CO core mass is not therefore inversely proportional to helium core mass. Because the compactness of a star at the beginning of the collapse scales directly
with the CO core mass, a larger CO core mass tends to give rise to a more compact core and a more expanded envelope.
\subsubsection{The primary star in binaries}
After the main sequence, the helium core mass increases gradually with burning of the hydrogen shell. In the binary system B1, the helium core for the primary star is 10.99 $M_{\odot}$ at the age of 6.99 Myr while it is 12.89 $M_{\odot}$ at the age of 7.47 Myr.
The primary star loses most of its hydrogen-rich envelope through three episodes of RLOF. Hydrogen shell burning can be extinguished earlier in this case; the helium core can no longer grow and
may collapse because of the strong stellar wind expected in
the subsequent Wolf-Rayet phase (e.g., Woosley et al. 1995;
Wellstein et al. 2001; Pols \& Dewi 2002). Hydrogen shell burning can be extinguished at a late time in model B3 (during the core helium-burning
phase), and therefore, the final mass of the
helium core will often be lower for stars in close binaries than in wide binaries. Similar behavior is also seen in the carbon-oxygen core. For example, the mass of the CO core for the primary star in model B1 is 6.9658 $M_{\odot}$ whereas it is 10.785 $M_{\odot}$ in model B3. Furthermore, the mass of the helium core can be eroded greatly by RLOF in the tight system. The mass of the helium core in model B1 loses 3.612 $M_{\odot}$ after the MS whereas it loses 1.293 $M_{\odot}$ in model B3.
The lack of a hydrogen-burning shell because of RLOF results in a higher C/O ratio at the end of helium
core burning, which affects the strength of subsequent carbon
burning and the final size of the iron core (Brown et al. 2001). We also find that RLOF can reduce the central temperature and increase the lifetime of the core helium burning. For example, the lifetime for core helium burning is 0.54 Myr for B1 and 0.52 Myr for model S2 (cf, Table 1 and Table 2).
\subsection{The evolution of surface chemical compositions}
\subsubsection{Single stars}
Panels S1 (a), S2 (a), S1 (b), and S2 (b) of Fig. 6 show the evolution of surface chemical compositions for nonrotating and rotating single 30 $M_{\odot}$ models. There is no surface enrichment of internal chemical products in the nonrotational model S1 until the first dredge up appears. Because of the motion of the convective dredge up, surface nuclides (i.e., $\rm ^{1}H$, $\rm ^{12}C$, $\rm ^{16}O$, $\rm ^{22}Ne$, and $\rm ^{19}F$) decrease because of dilution. Indeed, a deep convective zone can appear for those stars that evolve in the red. This convective zone will reach above the H-shell burning.
These nuclides can be mixed from the mantle to the deep envelope-where because they had been destroyed by the CNO cycle and pp chains during the MS by the convective motion. At the same time, the nuclides $\rm ^{13}C$ and $\rm ^{14}N$ can be produced by the CNO cycle. The element $\rm ^{23}Na$ can be produced via the reaction $\rm ^{22}Ne(p,\gamma)^{23}Na$. The radioactive isotope $\rm ^{26}Al$ is produced by proton capture on $\rm ^{25}Mg$ before it has time to decay. The isotope $\rm ^{26}Al$ is destroyed in the He core of the WN-type star, and thus its abundance is decreased in the winds of WC and WO stars. Therefore, these nuclides may exhibit surface enrichments.
Furthermore, surface enrichments in internal chemical products for S1 can also be ascribed to the mass removal of hydrogen envelopes via stellar winds after the MS. Markova et al. (2018) noted that the envelope is stripped in the most luminous supergiants by the strong winds ($\rm \log L/L_{\odot} \geq 5.8$ and $\rm \log \dot{M} [M_{\odot}/\rm year] \geq -5.4$). The stellar mass in model S1 reduces from 26.917 $M_{\odot}$ at the end of hydrogen core burning to 14.105 $M_{\odot}$ at the end of helium core burning. The removed hydrogen envelope can eliminate the convective envelope which spans the mass coordinate from 26.6 $M_{\odot}$ to 16.6 $M_{\odot}$ and may attain the position of hydrogen-burning shell. Therefore, the enhancement of chemical compositions can be ascribed to the fact that the CNO products which are generated when the hydrogen-burning shell is exposed by strong stellar winds at the red supergiant stage. As the surface helium mass fraction increases, the star becomes a nitrogen-rich WR star evolving from an O-type star to a WNL star.
In the presence of rotation, surface $\rm ^{14}N$ and $\rm ^{4}He$ can be enriched by the rotational mixing (Meynet \& Maeder 2000; Maeder et al. 2014; Chieffi \& Limongi 2013; Limongi \& Chieffi 2018; Song et al. 2018). The main effect of rotational mixing is to smooth the internal chemical gradients and to facilitate a more progressive arrival of internal nuclear products at the surface (Georgy et al. 2012).
Furthermore, rotation can also enrich the surface $\rm ^{23}Na$ and $\rm ^{26}Al$, as can be seen comparing the model S1 with the model S2. This means that $\rm ^{23}Na$ is always produced by stars in which H-burning takes place via the NeNa cycle. $\rm ^{26}Al$ can be produced in the core by the MgAl cycle if $T \geq 3.0\times 10^{7} K$. Because $\rm ^{19}F$ is destroyed by the CNO cycle, surface $\rm ^{19}F$ element drops rapidly in the rotating star during the main sequence. However, a portion of $\rm ^{19}F$ can also be made during helium burning by the nuclear reaction $\rm ^{15}N(\alpha,\gamma)^{19}F$ with $\rm ^{15}N$ from $\rm ^{18}O(p,\alpha)^{15}N$ and protons from $\rm ^{14}N(n,p)^{14}C$ (Meynet \& Arnould 1993, 2000; Woosley et al. 2002). We note that, after the central helium burning, the nuclide $\rm ^{19}F$ on the surface is more rapidly enriched in the nonrotating star S1 than in the rotating star S2.
Maeder (2009) presented results suggesting that the behavior of the surface excess of nitrogen is a multivariate function (i.e., stellar mass, evolutionary age, projected rotational velocity, metallicity) for a single rotating star.
As expected, we find that nitrogen enrichment increases with increasing of initial velocity and evolutionary age during the MS (cf, Table 3).
During core helium burning, the nitrogen enrichment factor for the rotating 30 $M_{\odot}$ star increases from 5.22 to 19.95. There are three main reasons for nitrogen enhancement. First, strong stellar winds can remove the hydrogen envelope and expose the hydrogen-burning shell which is richer in nitrogen. Second,
rapid expansion results in larger differential rotation which can strengthen the shear instability. Thus the angular momentum transportation from the core to the envelope becomes more efficient, meaning that outer layers can attain the high rotational velocity which favors efficient rotational mixing and mass removal. For example, we find that the equatorial velocity of the model S2 can attain $\rm 248.04 Km/s$ at the end of central helium burning (cf, Table 2). Third, and most important, the mixing of chemical
elements between the helium convective core and the hydrogen-burning shell, which is induced by rotational
mixing greatly modifies the nitrogen enrichment. As opposed to model S1, where no
shell interactions takes place, models with shell interactions can give rise to more $\rm ^{14}N$. Figure 7 shows the variation of the ratio of surface mass fraction $\rm ^{14}N$ to the sum of the initial CNO elements as a function of the stellar mass for the different models. The maximum ratio for the rotating single star S2 can attain 1.45 before core helium exhaustion. More precisely, fresh $\rm ^{12}C$, which
is synthesized in the central He-burning core is transferred to the hydrogen-burning shell, where it
is quickly converted to the primary $\rm ^{14}N$ and all the other CNO nuclei, whose relative abundances are
dictated by the temperature of the H-shell (Limongi and Chieffi 2018).
This process indicates that the abundances of all
of the nuclei involved in the CNO cycle are increased by this interaction.
However, only a tiny amount of primary nitrogen can be produced in the single rotating model S2 with the solar metallicity.
There are two main reasons for this. First, the stars can lose more spin angular momentum and therefore they
rotate slower because of strong stellar winds. Simultaneously, they are less compact, and therefore differential
rotation and shear mixing are weaker. Second, the H burning shell has a much lower temperature
and therefore resides further away from the core, which disfavors mixing between the two (Meynet \& Maeder
2002).
Furthermore, a very small fraction of $\rm ^{14}N$ that transferred back to the central core is quickly
converted into $\rm ^{22}Ne$ before being converted into $\rm ^{25}Mg$ and $\rm ^{26}Mg$, thereby becoming an efficient primary
neutron source. The freshly synthesized helium which is also brought toward the center can reduce the final $\rm ^{12}C/^{16}O$
ratio in the core because these helium elements favor the conversion of $\rm ^{12}C$ into $\rm ^{16}O$. This process
favors the formation of WO stars.
\subsubsection{The primary star in binaries}
Panels B1(a), B3(a), B1(b), and B3(b) in Fig. 6 show the evolution of surface chemical compositions for the primary star in models B1 and B3.
Surface $\rm ^{4}He$ and $\rm ^{14}N$ in the binary system B1 can attain a higher value at the end of the MS compared to its single-star counterparts S2. This is mainly because surface composition is changed as a result of the outer layers being deeply exposed via RLOF. During three episodes of mass transfer due to RLOF, the factor of nitrogen enrichment in model B1 increases from 5.974 to 12.494. Similarly, the factor of nitrogen enrichment in model B2 increases from 6.700 to 12.55 due to RLOF.
However, the hydrogen-burning shell which is the main energy source can be removed as a result of RLOF in binary models. Before core helium exhaustion, the maximum ratio of the mass fraction of $\rm ^{14}N$ to the sum of CNO can reach 1.17 for model B3 while it is 0.92 for model B2 (cf. Fig.6). Therefore, the production of the primary nitrogen can also be restricted by mass transfer via RLOF in contrast to the situation for single star models.
Moreover, RLOF can drastically reduce the spin angular momentum of the primary star and lower the rotation velocity (cf, Table 2).
For instance, the rotational velocity of the primary in model B1 attains 1.83 km s$^{-1}$ at the end of central helium burning while it is 248.04 km s$^{-1}$ for the single-star counterpart S2.
These facts imply that RLOF does not favor the production of the rotational mixing.
A sharp increase in nitrogen enrichment can be seen in model B3 at the age of 7.406 Myr. This indicates that the hydrogen-burning shell in model B3 is exposed by RLOF during the middle period of core helium burning. We find that the WC stage begins early due to RLOF in system B1 compared to system B2. For instance, the primary star in model B1 attains the WC stage at 7.1064 Myr whereas model B3 reaches the WC stage at 7.456 Myr. The mass fraction of helium in the convective core is 0.068 for system B1 while it is 0.012 for system B3.
In contrast to single stars, the most remarkable feature is that the layers that are rich in $\rm ^{12}C$, $\rm ^{16}O$, $\rm ^{19}F$, $\rm ^{22}Ne$, and $\rm ^{25}Mg$ but deficient in $\rm ^{1}H$, $\rm ^{4}He$, and $\rm ^{14}N$ can be exposed early in binaries. Therefore, the corresponding ratios in number $\rm \frac{^{12}C}{^{16}O}$, $\rm \frac{^{25}Mg}{^{26}Mg}$, and $\rm \frac{^{12}C+^{16}O}{^{4}He}$ increase with the decreasing initial orbital period. The shorter the orbital period, the earlier these layers are revealed. This also indicates that
the minimum mass needed to enter the WC stage decrease with decreasing orbital period because the outer layers can be "peeled off" more effectively in the system with the short orbital period.
\subsection{The profile of various chemical elements at the end of central helium burning}
\subsubsection{Single stars}
Panel (a) of Fig. 8 shows the abundances of various elements as a function of the lagrangian mass in different models at the end of the core He-burning phase.
We find that there is a small amount of hydrogen ($X_{\rm H}=0.183$) at the surface of the nonrotating 30 $M_{\odot}$ star S1 (cf. Table 2) whereas there is no hydrogen at the surface of the rotating 30 $M_{\odot}$ star S2.
There are two main reasons for this. First, rotational mixing in S2 can transfer fresh hydrogen from the envelope to the core and less hydrogen can be maintained in model S2. Second, the mass loss can be enhanced by both the slightly increased luminosity and the longer duration of the MS phase in S2, and therefore the hydrogen-deficient layer is exposed (cf. panel b). Yoon et al. (2010) noticed that the presence of a thin hydrogen layer in some models results in a more extended envelope than in the
corresponding single pure helium star models. The surface convective region in model S2 can be decreased by rotation-enhanced mass loss. The surface abundances in $\rm ^{12}C$ and $\rm ^{16}O$ are enriched in the rotating model S2, compared to the nonrotating model S1 (cf. Table 3). This comes from the fact that rotation leads to an increase in the CO-core mass (see Hirschi et al. 2004). Also, the surface abundance of $\rm ^{22}Ne$ is greatly enhanced in the rotating model S2.
The flat profile of helium in the outer region implies that the development of outer convective zones was restrained in the rotating model S2, compared to the nonrotating model S1. For example, there is an outer convective region which spans from $16.63M_{\odot}$ to $16.48 M_{\odot}$ in the nonrotating model S1 whereas the mass coordinate of the corresponding convective layer is from $16.63M_{\odot}$ to $16.35M_{\odot}$ in the rotating model S2.
This is a consequence of the rotational mixing that proceeded during the evolution. Some freshly synthesized helium diffuses into the envelope, which leads to less hydrogen and smaller opacity. As a result, rotational mixing can restrain the development of the outer convective region.
\subsubsection{The primary star in binaries}
Because the ratio of the central density to the central temperature $\rm \frac{\rho_{c}}{T_{c}^{3}}$ decreases with increasing mass and the near constancy of helium burning temperatures, the central density of the primary star in B3 is lower than that in B1 (cf. Table 2). More specifically, the central hydrogen is used up, and most of the initial metallicity of the star is converted to $\rm ^{14}N$. For solar metallicity, the $\rm ^{14}N$ mass fraction in the helium core will therefore be about $1\%-2\%$; $\rm ^{14}N$ burns by two alpha captures and a $\rm \beta^{+}$ decay to $\rm ^{22}Ne$; the reaction is usually $\rm ^{14}N(\alpha,\gamma)^{18}F(e^{+} \nu_{e})^{18}O(\alpha,\gamma)^{22}Ne$.
In model B1, we noted that the neutron-rich isotope $\rm ^{22}Ne$ is generated during helium burning and the abundance of $\rm ^{22}Ne$ is derived from $\rm ^{14}N$.
At the end of the He-burning phase (see panels (d)), the central abundance of $\rm ^{12}C$ in model B3 is significantly lower than in model B1.
The ratio of carbon to oxygen usually decreases as stellar mass increases. At the same time, the abundances of $\rm ^{20}Ne $ and $\rm ^{24}Mg $ are significantly greater. This is a consequence of helium diffusion into the He core at the end of the He-burning phase. Let us recall that $\rm ^{12}C$ is destroyed by alpha capture (to give rise to $\rm ^{16}O$), while $\rm ^{20}Ne$ and $\rm ^{24}Mg$ can also be produced by alpha capture, respectively.
It is clearly shown in panel(b) of Fig. 6 that mass transfer due to RLOF can effectively reduce the mass of the helium convective core. This can be attributed to the fact that an initially tighter orbit leads to deeper stripping of the hydrogen envelope via RLOF. The central temperature can also be decreased by mass removal. For instance, the central temperature for S2 is $\log T_{\rm c}=8.944$, whereas this temperature is $\log T_{\rm c}=8.937$ for B1 (cf, Table 2). For this reason, the central mass fraction of carbon is higher in model B1 and the corresponding central mass fraction of oxygen is smaller in this model. In general, the higher the $\rm ^{12}C$ mass fraction left by core He burning, the slower is the contraction of the CO core and the shallower the final mass-radius relation of the whole star. The more massive the star, the larger the ratio of oxygen to carbon upon central helium exhaustion. Expansion of the helium envelope during the final evolutionary stages becomes more significant for a more compact carbon-oxygen core (the so-called mirror effect).
\subsection{The evolution of stellar radius}
\subsubsection{Single stars}
Figure 9 shows the variation of stellar radius as a function of central temperature.
After leaving the main sequence, the core of the star contracts and its gravitational potential transforms into internal energy. The central temperature increases rapidly and hydrogen begins to ignite in a shell. The shell-burning source is the main factor responsible for the envelope expansion, through the so-called mirror principle.
The maximum radius can be attained in model S1 and this heavily depends on the fact that the star retains a very thick hydrogen envelope. The variation of the radius is rapid because the stellar radius changes on a much shorter thermal timescale after the MS.
Moreover, this also implies that the star has a larger opacity in the presence of heavy hydrogen envelopes which may favor a larger expansion. At the peak of the first stellar expansion, the energy from hydrogen-shell burning contributes about half of the total nuclear luminosity.
After that the star contracts rapidly. This process can be understood by the fact that the energy contribution from the helium-burning shell increases gradually and outweighs that from the hydrogen-shell burning. The turning point in radius expansion is reached when the stars have approximate energy contributions from two shell sources (Laplace et al. 2020). After that, the helium-shell burning governs the radius expansion because the hydrogen-burning shell has been extinguished due to stellar winds. After central helium exhaustion, the rate of neutrino cooling from the carbon-oxygen core increases and the core undergoes rapid Kelvin-Helmholtz contraction. During this phase, both nonrotational and rotational models display overall expansion. With a sufficient amount of helium in the envelope, this would lead to great expansion of the helium envelope.
The mass of the CO core is somewhat higher in the less stripped model S1 in contrast to model S2. Greater CO mass at core He depletion in model S1 favors stronger contraction due to the mirror effect. This is mainly because the shrinkage of the core can alter the hydrostatic structure of
the star, increasing the density and temperature at the base of the
hydrogen-shell burning region, which in turn enhances the rate of nuclear
energy generation in the shell. The extra energy produced in the shell
cannot be transported by the envelope, and so it enters the envelope
causing it to cool and expand (according to the virial theorem).
Therefore, the envelope expansion after core helium exhaustion is more prominent in a more compact stellar CO core.
\subsubsection{The primary star in binaries}
The ultra-stripped donor star in B1 is largely composed of helium and, later,
heavier elements. As a result, one may expect the primary star
to be very compact and display small expansions after Roche-lobe overflow. However, it has been
shown that the slightly stripped primary star in B3 can swell and reach great dimensions
in the late stages of evolution. The main reason for this is that the Roche lobe is larger in a wider system and less of helium envelope above the helium-burning shell can be removed by RLOF.
Moreover, a large convective envelope which spans from the mass coordinate from about 2 $M_{\odot}$ to 13 $M_{\odot}$ has formed at the end of evolution. Convective motions will modify the energy transport in the envelope,
which strongly affects the radius of the star.
The convective regions may have typical convective velocities that exceed the sound speed of the
stellar interior. Therefore, convective motions may be highly turbulent and clumped. Gr\"afener et al. (2012) presented results showing
that clumping of the convective flows in the outer parts
of the star could be what seeds the clumping in stellar winds. In stellar models, this clumping effect may increase the opacity
of the material in the subsurface convective layer but can transfer the
average opacity to a higher density. This increase
in opacity, inflates the envelope, leading to a
cooler temperature. The
updated OPAL opacity table has been obtained by Iglesias \& Rogers (1996), which causes a strong iron bump at around $\log_{10} T \approx 5.25$ (cf. fig. 10). The base of the inflated envelope in these models is located around the characteristic Fe-bump temperature. The maximum opacity within the Fe-bump is located at temperatures, ranging from $\rm 5<\log (T/K)<5.5$.
The radius extension for luminous, metal-rich Wolf-Rayet stars was found by Ishii et al. (1999). These inflated envelopes usually contain a strong density
inversion, as is often observed in stellar models (Petrovic et al. 2006). As a sign of inflation caused by the iron peak, the density inversion in the outermost layers disappears when $\log_{10} T > 5.07$.
Moreover, massive helium stars ($> 15 M_{\odot}$ for helium stars) can develop a core-halo structure with a very extended radiative envelope. This structural change is also caused by the large peak of the iron peak opacities, which is more prominent in more massive metal-rich stars. Petrovic et al. (2006) noted that for small values of the stellar wind mass-loss rate, an extended envelope
structure is still present. However, for mass-loss rates above a critical value, for which they derive an expression, Wolf-Rayet radii decrease and
the stellar structure becomes compact. This indicates that, although some WC stars
have inflating envelopes for most of their lifetimes, the inflation
disappears as they lose most of their helium envelopes and
their cores become more compact during late evolution.
Our theory shows that the envelopes of some early-type WC and
WO stars do not inflate, which is due to the absence of helium envelopes and the positions of these stars on the hot side of the helium ZAMS lines. WC stars
of later spectral subtypes have much cooler temperatures in the presence of helium envelopes. The final surface effective temperature tends to be lower for a higher
helium envelope mass that remains until the end, which is in
turn determined by the initial orbital period. The remaining thicker helium envelope facilitates greater expansion.
Moreover, the WR models follow a mass-luminosity relation of approximately
$\rm L_{\ast}\propto M_{\ast}^{1.35}$ (Maeder \& Meynet 1987; Langer 1989). The increase in L/M with mass is the primary driver of the extended envelopes and large radii of massive high-metallicity WC stars, because radiative acceleration is proportional to stellar luminosity and opacity. Therefore, for a fixed opacity, an evolutionary model with a higher mass of WC stars can attain a higher Eddington factor in its evolution because of its higher L/M ratio (cf. Fig. 10).
It is well known that when the star approaches the Eddington limit, that is, the maximum luminosity they can radiate at, large expansions can be triggered. There are two reasons for the decrease in the luminosity of WC stars in the late stages of evolution. First, the central temperature can be decreased by the previous mass removal due to RLOF. Second,
envelope expansions can give rise to a small temperature gradient inside the star. As the envelope expands, the temperature
throughout the He-burning shell and the density at the top of the He-shell
decrease, in turn decreasing the rate at which nuclear energy is generated.
Therefore, the reduced luminosity in B3 in comparison with the model S2 mainly originates from small temperature gradients.
At the final stage of evolution, helium and carbon shell sources release roughly equivalent luminosities. The layer above the helium-burning shell expands, which results in cooling of the helium-burning shell. Finally, the temperature and density of helium-rich material are too low to sustain helium burning and the helium shell source is extinguished in B1. The maximum envelope expansion is restricted by the orbital period and the mass loss via RLOF. The reduced density due to the expansion has two consequences, a further reduced convective energy transport efficiency, and a reduction in the opacity as the iron peak decreases towards lower densities.
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.50\textwidth]{fig13.pdf}
\caption{Evolution of the ratio of surface mass fraction $\rm ^{14}N$ to the sum of the initial mass fraction of CNO as a function the actual mass of the star in the nonrotating and rotating single stars and the primary stars in rotating binaries.}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.50\textwidth]{fig14.pdf}
\caption{Profile of various chemical elements as a function of mass coordinates in single stars with different initial rotational velocities and the donor star in binaries with different initial orbital period at the end of central helium burning.}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.50\textwidth]{fig15.pdf}
\caption{Stellar radius as a function of the central temperature of the stellar evolutionary sequences of the models
of different initial velocities in single stars and different initial orbital periods in binaries.}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.50\textwidth]{fig16.pdf}
\caption{Eddington factor and opacity as a function of the temperature inside an initially rotating single 30 $M_{\odot}$ star S2 and a primary star in B3 with the same effective temperature $\rm \log T_{eff}=5.11$ at almost the end of the evolution. The Eddington factor is defined as $\rm \Gamma=\frac{\kappa(r)L(r)}{4\pi cGM(r)}$, where M(r) is the Lagrangian mass coordinate, $\kappa(r)$ is the Rosseland mean opacity, and L(r) is the local luminosity (Langer 1997).}
\end{figure}
\section{Discussion of the validity of the formation of these WC stars in the binary system}
The primary star expands until it overfills its Roche lobe. This channel does not depend on the mass-loss rate of stellar winds but on the orbital period. Therefore, it can work at lower luminosity in contrast to the single-star evolution. The secondary star in the binary system can obtain a fraction of mass through RLOF, and is therefore most likely to become a bright and detectable OB star. About $30\%-40\%$ of the Galactic Wolf-Rayet (WR) stars have a
visible OB-type companion (Vanbeveren \& Conti 1980; Crowther 2007). Shara et al. (2017) found that
12 O-type companion stars in the WR+O binaries rotate super-synchronously and these stars are spun up during the RLOF and mass transfer
of the progenitor binary. This is mainly because mass transfer is generally accompanied by angular momentum transfer
and the mass gainer is expected to spin up.
However, except for a few established binaries, a currently present OB-type companion star is usually observationally excluded (Hamann et al. 2019; Sander et al. 2019). Can the binary channel explain the apparently single WC stars in the observed sample?
We cannot exclude the possibility that these stars are members of long-period binaries. There are four possible physical reasons for the formation of these WC stars in the binary system.
First, the systems that go through Case C mass transfer have long initial orbital periods and the secondary star can accrete a little mass from the primary star.
The companion star is therefore expected to be much fainter in the system with a very small initial mass ratio $\rm q=\frac{M_{2}}{M_{1}}$
than the actual primary star and resides in an orbit that is relatively
wide, which would induce low-amplitude radial velocity
variations of the mass gainers (typically 10 km s$^{-1}$). These
WC stars might be identified as single stars but they have, on the other hand, experienced RLOF. Indeed, a certain fraction of even the
present-day single WC stars might have a binary history, and some
of them might have a yet undetected, low-luminosity companion. Recently, Dsilva et al. (2020) analyzed 12 northern Galactic WC stars and found a clear lack of short-period systems, indicating that a large number of Galactic WC binaries appear to reside in
long-period systems with $\rm P_{orb} > $ 100 days. The analysis of Galactic WC stars performed by Sander et al. (2019) suggests the least massive WC masses are of about 5.8 $M_{\odot}$. This value is much lower than the 10 $M_{\odot}$ obtained by single-star models (Georgy et al. 2012). This supports the view that low-luminosity WC stars could indeed be the result of close-binary evolution.
The model B5 with initial $\rm P_{orb}=500$ days can reproduce the observed region of low-luminosity WC stars in the HR diagram (cf. panel (b) in Fig 1.).
WC stars are believed to be the direct
progenitors of black holes and the orbit does not experience
drastic variation during the short-lived WC phase.
The simulation investigations of the orbital period
distribution of OB+BH binary systems by Langer et al. (2020) revealed that the distribution
of WC binary systems at lower metallicity has a
small peak at short orbital periods $\rm (log P_{orb} \sim 0.7)$ and a larger peak at long
periods $\rm (log P_{orb} \sim 2.2)$ at lower metallicity for the Large Magellanic Cloud. At Galactic metallicity, the corresponding evolutionary tracks
will have larger mass-loss rates and will therefore shift the distribution
towards longer periods. As a rough estimate, the Galactic late WC subtypes with low luminosity can be approximately produced in a wide binary system with an initial orbital period of $\rm P_{orb} \approx 10^{2}-10^{3} days$. A single 30 $M_{\odot}$ star can give rise to a late WC star with high luminosity whereas a single 35 $M_{\odot}$ star can produce WO subtypes. Therefore, the mass range of the primary star that can produce these WC subtypes is approximately estimated to within the range of $30-35 M_{\odot}$.
On the other hand, these WC stars might be runaway stars, kicked off when the primary star exploded in a supernova event. For example, WR136 is a runaway star (Tetzlaff et al. 2011).
As an alternative possibility, avoiding a bright companion star, the evolution of a common envelope has been suggested.
A common envelope phase occurs when the orbital period is on the order of years. If the secondary star is originally
a very low-mass star, it might eject the hydrogen envelope without accreting much mass during common envelope evolution (Kruckow et al. 2016). Common-envelope
evolution gives rise to orbital shrinkage, resulting in a very
short-period binary system that may merge. Therefore, the binary system cannot exist and may lead to an
apparently single WC star. If it survived, the faint companion star with low mass might be very difficult to detect. This means that common envelope evolution (meaning no mass transfer and thus no spin up), which excludes any accretion onto the secondary
star with low mass, may partly be responsible
for the formation of the apparently single WC stars.
Finally, we may consider the possibility that the current WC star was originally the secondary star of a binary system and served as the accretor in the first RLOF. The primary star explodes or collapses to a compact object. If the binary system maintained bound after explosion, reverse RLOF might occur, this time from the original secondary star to the compact object. This process can strip off the hydrogen envelope from the secondary star and turn it into a WC star. This process can lead to a WR and a compact companion system. For example, Moffat et al. (1982) suggested that WR124 might be a binary hosting a compact object.
A particularly challenging object is the WC9 star WR 119.
The least luminous in WC samples, with $\rm \log L/L_{\odot} = 4.7$, and with a current mass of
approximately 6 $M_{\odot}$, this star is most likely the product of the binary evolution,
although there is no clear evidence for a close binary system.
Sander et al. (2019) suggested that this system might be an interesting example of a stripped envelope star originating
from a primary star with $\rm M < 18 M_{\odot}$ that lost its hydrogen envelope
to a companion star and eventually shifted from a WN to a WC stage.
\section{Summary and Conclusion}
Observations of Galactic low-luminosity WC stars indicate these stars are located in regions hotter than log$\rm T_{eff}=4.5$, and their luminosities $\rm \log L/L_{\odot}$ range between 4.9 and 5.4. Previous single-star evolutionary models cannot provide a fully satisfactory explanation for their positions in the HR diagram. Binary evolution is a promising channel, allowing enough mass to be removed to reach the lower luminosity of observable samples. The binary models can span a wider region in both luminosity and temperature than the single-star models. The main results of this work are as follows.
(1)Rotation has two effects on the evolution of massive stars. First, rapid rotation enhances mass loss by reducing the depth of the potential from which mass must escape and therefore increases the chance of forming WR stars during the RSG stage, especially strongly at high velocity. Rapid rotation can cause stars to evolve more quickly away from the red supergiant phase and thus decreases the minimum mass that is required to attain the WC stage. Therefore, rapid rotation has an impact on the WC/WN ratio by shortening the WN lifetime. Rotation contributes to the mixing of core fusion products through the radiative envelope, increasing surface abundances of heavy elements and stellar winds.
(2)Rotational mixing can increase the He or CO core mass and decrease the final $\rm ^{12}C/^{16}O$ ratio in the core. A low-mass star with 20 $M_{\odot}$ does not go through a WR stage and such a model ends its evolution as a supergiant. The more massive star (i.e., $M \sim 30 M_{\odot}$ ) can evolve directly from a red supergiant to a WR star in models S1 or S2. The rotating star S2 can reach the late-type WC stage with high luminosity whereas the nonrotating counterpart S1 merely attains the WNL stage at the end of the evolution. Moreover, $\rm ^{12}C$ and $\rm ^{16}O$, which are produced by the helium-burning shell, can be exposed early by rotational mixing and this favors a higher metallicity and a larger opacity. The mass of helium and carbon-oxygen cores is enlarged by rotational mixing.
(3)Before RLOF, we find that nitrogen enrichment is lower in binaries than in single stars. This fact indicates that rotational mixing can be reduced by a lower synchronous rotational velocity.
Nitrogen enrichment is greater for the initial wide system B3 compared to system B1. This can be understood by the fact that tidal braking has a slight impact on the rotational mixing in an initially wide system.
The primary star in binary systems can evolve into a WR star because of stripping by a companion star rather than the inherent mass loss via stellar wind. Extreme stripping of the envelope through RLOF disfavors redward motion in the HR diagram because of the absence of envelope expansions. The primary star that goes through Case A mass transfer can avoid the red supergiant phase and this causes the star to burn most of its helium during a WNL or WNE stage. The primary star ends its evolution as an early-type WC stars with high luminosity and the cores of the binary become more compact during the late evolution.
The primary is expected to be hot and hydrogen depleted. The primary star is also a hot WC star in the system with an initial orbital period of $\rm P_{orb}=20$ days but displays little envelope inflation because of its thin helium envelope.
(4)The primary star responds to the decrease in mass by adapting its internal structure during the MS and thus the size of its convective core reduces. However, the mass of the convective core does not decrease when RLOF occurs after the main sequence. RLOF increases the probability of a star losing its hydrogen envelope and results in fewer RSGs, more WR stars and more Type Ib/c SNe in contrast to single-star models. The donor star is hotter and more compact than its single-star counterpart because this latter keeps more hydrogen in its envelope. As a result, the fraction of WC stars can be produced through the binary channel, and therefore the number of WR stars that can be produced, should be high. The minimum mass for stars entering the WC stage decreases with decreasing initial orbital period.
(5).We find that the later the RLOF occurs, the closer the final state of the primary star is to the observed late-type WC stars with low luminosity in the HR diagram. The late WC stars with low mtallicity have more chance of being produced with an orbital period ranging from 100 days to 1000 days.
In the system with an initial orbital period of $\rm P_{orb}=1000$ days, the primary star can turn into the observed late-type WC star with low luminosity due to significant envelope expansion. Our results are almost is nearly independent of the adopted accretion efficiency factor $1-\beta$.
Heavy helium envelopes can be heated by the helium burning shells and favor envelope expansion. The helium envelope in the wide binary system is not significantly stripped but surface carbon and oxygen are enriched beyond core helium-burning. Envelope inflation tends to be suppressed upon strong mass loss. In the late stages of evolution, the temperature gradient of the primary is smaller than that in the single-star counterpart and thus its luminosity decreases rapidly with the expansion of the envelope.
(6)There are four physical reasons for the occurrence of inflated envelopes. First, less helium envelope can be transferred to the companion star in the wide system. Heavy helium envelopes can be heated by the helium-burning shell and this creates the necessary conditions for envelope expansion. Second, envelope inflation is related to the proximity of the stellar luminosity to its effective Eddington luminosity, that is, to a high luminosity-to-mass ratio or a high envelope opacity. The increase in L/M with mass is the primary cause of the extended envelopes and large radius of massive high-metallicity WR stars. For a fixed opacity,
more massive stars are more prone to inflation due to a higher Eddington factor. Third, the compactness of a star at the beginning of the collapse scales directly
with CO core mass. A larger CO core mass tends to give rise to a more compact core and a greater expansion of envelope due to the mirror effect. RLOF can reduce the mass of both helium and CO cores because hydrogen-burning shells have been removed. Finally, the iron opacity bump also greatly increases the occurrence of inflated envelopes.
\begin{acknowledgements}
This work was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation
of China (Grant Nos. 11863003, 12173010), Swiss National Science Foundation (project number 200020-172505), Science and technology plan projects of Guizhou province (Grant No. [2018]5781).
We are very grateful to an anonymous referee for his/her valuable suggestions and very insightful remarks, which have improved this paper greatly.
\end{acknowledgements}
| .185&-4.039&-1.134&-0.597&-0.91\\
B2&0.000&0.725&0.261&-2.623&-3.153&-2.185&-4.039&-1.134&-0.597&-0.91\\
B3&0.000&0.725&0.261&-2.623&-3.153&-2.185&-4.039&-1.134&-0.597&-0.91\\
\hline
ECHB&&&&&&&&&&&\\
S1&6.368&0.725&0.261&-2.623&-3.153&-2.185&-3.960&-1.134&0.253&-0.91\\
S2&6.724&0.702&0.284&-2.951&-2.436&-2.319&-4.276&-1.449&2.806&-0.06\\
B1&6.638&0.575&0.411&-4.022&-2.083&-3.016&-6.209&-3.301&1.872&0.99\\
B2&6.840&0.692&0.294&-3.003&-2.372&-2.365&-4.421&-1.515&0.564&0.05\\
B3&6.955&0.675&0.311&-3.062&-2.311&-2.424&-4.494&-1.588&0.684&0.17\\
\hline
ECHEB&&&&&&&&&&&\\
S1&6.877&0.183&0.804&-4.002&-2.053&-3.539&-7.080&-4.241&76.114&1.54\\
S2&7.244&0.000&0.972&-2.222&-1.886&-2.524&-3.396&-0.551&1.859&0.69\\
B1&7.179&0.000&0.347&-0.297&-17.917&-0.886&-1.868&1.042&-17.688&-16.97\\
B2&7.349&0.000&0.263&-0.285&-17.676&-0.700&-1.872&1.006&-17.459&-16.92\\
B3&7.473&0.000&0.960&-1.699&-2.078&-2.219&-3.119&-0.196&-0.446&0.20\\
\hline
ECCB&&&&&&&&&&&\\
S1&6.877&0.182&0.804&-4.002&-2.053&-3.539&-7.080&-4.242&76.111&1.54\\
S2&7.244&0.000&0.972&-2.220&-1.886&-2.523&-3.395&-0.550&1.849&0.69\\
B1&7.179&0.000&0.347&-0.297&-17.917&-0.886&-1.868&1.042&-17.687&-16.97\\
B2&7.349&0.000&0.263&-0.285&-17.676&-0.699&-1.872&1.006&-17.458&-16.92\\
B3&7.473&0.000&0.960&-1.699&-2.078&-2.219&-3.119&-0.196&-0.446&0.20\\
\hline
BROLF1&&&&&&&&&&&\\
B1&5.971&0.713&0.273&-2.809&-2.592&-2.258&-4.223&-1.318&0.150&-0.28\\
B2&6.848&0.692&0.294&-3.003&-2.372&-2.365&-4.421&-1.515&0.564&0.05\\
B3&6.967&0.675&0.311&-3.067&-2.308&-2.427&-4.499&-1.592&0.691&0.18\\
\hline
EROLF1&&&&&&&&&&&\\
B1&6.386&0.621&0.366&-3.616&-2.144&-2.705&-5.067&-2.160&1.405&0.62\\
B2&6.856&0.342&0.645&-3.961&-2.055&-3.499&-6.709&-3.796&1.839&1.50\\
B3&6.977&0.594&0.392&-3.205&-2.217&-2.563&-4.659&-1.751&0.921&0.41\\
\hline
BROLF2&&&&&&&&&&&\\
B1&6.453&0.593&0.394&-3.941&-2.095&-2.926&-5.774&-2.866&1.780&0.89\\
\hline
EROLF2&&&&&&&&&&&\\
B1&6.614&0.577&0.410&-4.020&-2.084&-3.011&-6.187&-3.279&1.869&0.99\\
\hline
BROLF3&&&&&&&&&&&\\
B1&6.646&0.575&0.412&-4.023&-2.083&-3.018&-6.216&-3.308&1.873&0.99\\
\hline
EROLF3&&&&&&&&&&&\\
B1&6.663&0.233&0.753&-3.975&-2.053&-3.585&-6.522&-3.607&1.855&1.59\\
\hline\hline
& & & & & & & & & &\\
%
\end{tabular}
\label{tablemod}
}
\end{center}
\end{table*}
The models presented in this investigation are calculated
with the MESA code (Paxton et al. 2011, 2013, 2015, 2018).
We use the Schwarzschild criterion to determine the boundaries
of the convective region. The mixing
length is $l_{\rm m}=1.5 H_{\rm P}$, where $H_{\rm P}$ is the pressure scale height at the outer boundary of the core. We consider convective core-overshooting adopting,
an overshooting parameter of 0.335 pressure scale heights following Brott et al. (2011). This value was
calibrated by adopting observational constraints of Large Magellan Cloud stars with masses of about $15 M_{\odot}$, making it a more appropriate choice in contrast to
smaller values derived from intermediate-mass eclipsing
binaries (Stancliffe et al. 2015).
Our initial models consist of one or two zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) stars of Population I ($X_{\rm H}=0.72, Z=0.014$).
The quantity $\beta$ is the faction of the mass transfer rejected by the accretor and $\rm \beta=0.0$ denotes the conservative case (where all the transferred mass via RLOF is obtained by the gainer).
The efficiency of mass transfer is chosen as $1-\beta=0.6$ in the referenced model. The remaining transferred mass which carries the
specific orbital angular momentum of the mass gainer is directly expelled from the system. The matter that is transferred to the secondary carries a significant amount of angular momentum, especially if it passes through an accretion disk. This can bring the secondary to break-up rotation after accreting only about 10$\%$ of its original mass (Packet 1981). The secondary then has to get rid of some or most of its angular momentum before further accretion can take place. This angular momentum catastrophe therefore potentially limits the amount of accretion. This process necessarily leads to nonconservative mass transfer, and a small mass-transfer efficiency. Although Vanbeveren (1991) proposed that the accretion efficiency depends on the mass ratio of the system, a value of 0.5 has been commonly adopted so far, regardless of the physical mechanism behind the mass loss or the properties of the binary system (De Loore \& De Greve 1992; Vanbeveren et al. 1998a, b c). Also, we adopt an interesting variant of Jeans's mode in this paper which is isotropic re-emission. The transferred matter in the vicinity of the accretor is ejected as a fast, isotropic wind (Soberman et al. 1997). Mass shedding of accreted material from the equator of the accreting star leads to the assumption that the remainder of the mass is lost from the system taking away the specific orbital angular momentum of the accreting star. This process is similar to what is believed to be the cause of the Be phenomenon when the rotation rate is close to the critical limit (e.g., Owocki 2006).
The effect of accretion efficiency in two cases of mass transfer (Case A and Case C) is investigated in the Appendix.
We use the Dutch scheme in MESA for
both hot and cool wind mass-loss rates, with the Dutch scaling
factor of 1.0 \footnote{The Dutch wind mass-loss scheme is a combination of the prescriptions
of Vink et al. (2001) (when $\rm T_{eff} \geq 10^{4} $ K and $\rm X_{surf} \geq
0.4$ ), Nugis \& Lamers (2000) (when $\rm T_{eff} \geq 10^{4} $ K and $\rm X_{surf} <
0.4$ ), and de Jager et al. (1988) (when $\rm T_{eff} < 10^{4} $ K)}. Radiative opacities were interpolated from the OPAL tables (Iglesias \&
Rogers 1996). The opacity increase due to Fe-group elements at $\rm T \sim 180 $ kK plays an
important role in determining the envelope structure in our stellar models.
The Potsdam group reconsidered the mass-loss rates of Galactic WN, WC, and WO stars and the impact of revised distances from Gaia DR2 (Hamann et al. 2019; Sander et al. 2019). In order to investigate the effect of stellar winds on the evolution of WC stars, we also included both the RSG wind formalism proposed by Vanbeveren \& Mennekens (2015) and the WR mass-loss rate formalism derived by Potsdam group in the single-star model S6.
We take into account various instabilities induced
by rotation that result in mixing: Eddington-Sweet circulation,
dynamical and secular shear instability, and the Goldreich-Schubert-Fricke
instability.
The rotational mixing due to these hydrodynamical
instabilities is treated as a diffusive process,
following Heger et al. (2000). The diffusion coefficients are used for the transport of both
the angular momentum and
the chemical species.
The contribution of the rotationally
induced instabilities to the total diffusion coefficient is
reduced by a factor of $\rm f_{c}=0.0228$. This factor has been
calibrated to reproduce the observed nitrogen surface abundances as a function of the projected rotational | 3,306 |
LA is threatening for sure. Got to check them and hope they<|fim_middle|> fight or two if ya hafta. | run out of gas soon.
First time listening to John and Tripp for an extended period as a radio broadcast, not bad.
I'm all about giving J Willy his due, but this split-screen Showcase camera is starting to bother me.
Hey Gary!. Ask Tom where his focus is, NHL or new shiny object Football?
Very impressed by Mrazek so far . keep it clean !
Great frame! Keep it going boys!
Is this the best goal tending we have had since Gerber/Ward? Starting to feel that way.... Look at Mzarek he is pumped and you know he is talking *edit* after big saves.
I think we can all agree, netminding has a whole different feel this year compared to last. I think we struck gold between the pipes.
They did tend to get 'em right the first time. One of those bands I can't pick a favorite song for, because they're all too good to disrespect the others by choosing one.
Imagine if Darling was still here. We would be in the basement of the standings. That guy was terrible.
Kings had a couple of long shifts but the rest was the Canes.
They were buzzing and got two goals to match it. Just glad Kings didn't get one late.
Gotto get to own the first five minutes and squeeze the life out of them.
It's too graphic-heavy. If they'd skinny that down, it'd be ok.
Dangit I just saw 2-0 senators. Now its 2-2.
He's gone , move on.
Time this period to show caniac nation you smell the blood in the water and get em thinking bout that nice comfortable plane ride home. No mercy and take a frustration | 352 |
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