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The last thing Stella Ryan had time for was a man. With her family in trouble and looking to her to fix everything, romance and commitment were the furthest things from her mind. Until she ran into a man with a jawline that could cut granite and arms she wanted to lick like an ice cream cone. A man who made her forget the things that really mattered.
West Scott was<|fim_middle|> and read it. Luckily, she would never do that to us…instead, she tries to outdo herself with every book and this was no exception! - Goodreads Review
I could live in Jessica Prince's stories. I love them so… - Two Unruly Girls | one of the last bachelors standing. With all his Alpha Omega brothers settling down and popping out a bunch of kids, he had become the target for meddling women looking to fix him up. But there was one woman, in particular, he couldn't get out of his head. The one in the killer dress with a gift for picking pockets.
When fate puts Stella in his path again, he's determined to get to the cause of her desperation and help solve all her problems. If only the headstrong, stubborn woman would let him in. She's trying her hardest to keep her walls up, but he's dead set on showing her that the best things happen when you least expect it.
PRAISE FOR WHEN YOU LEAST EXPECT IT:
It's amazing the ability this author has of bringing romance, suspense, action and fun all in the same book. I swooned, I laughed, I was wary and afraid, and most of all I loved this book. - Goodreads Review
I am just wowed by this book. I am in awe of Jessica Prince and how she writes such great, well developed characters that make you feel like they are right there with you. - Goodreads Review
Excellent story!! I didn't even know I needed Stella & West, but I so did! They were the perfect read for me after a busy week! - Goodreads Review
I am convinced that Jessica can't write a bad book. I adored West and Stella. - Goodreads Review
The Welcome back to Hope Valley was sure worth the wait. This story had everything we have come to love from this series. - Goodreads Review
Jessica Prince is back with the next book in the sexy, swoony, all in your feels Hope Valley series and y'all, this small town has become one of my absolute favorites to visit every few months. - Renee Entress's Blog
Okay here's the deal, if Jessica Prince did a rewrite of the Webster dictionary, I'd happily one click | 406 |
Back in January 2014 and after a very wet winter we began the landscaping works for the first phase of a major housing development on the outskirts of Ashford in Kent. Formerly known as Cheeseman<|fim_middle|> therefore we are unable to carry out our works. In addition to the original Bilham Pond we have created a further five ponds, one having a bridge and a walkway structure over it which we have constructed. | 's Green, we commenced the major earth works by transforming what was previously a farmer's field and setting the soil profiles for the ornamental lakes and park areas. Our works involved creating four ornamental lakes, the planting of 200 trees,1km of hedging and soft landscaping for the Marketing Suite.
By March of that year, the installation of the trees had commenced and the banks created for the lakes, along with the installation of a 60cm girth, 10 metres high pin Oak tree (Quercus palustris) within the development's marketing suite area.
By May we finally managed to get the marketing suite landscaping completed in time for the May Bank Holiday official opening. Additionally we commenced seeding the several acres of meadow and installing the lakes.
The most effective way to achieve the installation of the lakes, given the absence of natural clay, is to use a 1mm low density polyethylene liner sandwiched between geotextile (300 g/m2 needle punched non-woven). This liner is then welded with a twin hot shoe welder, creating two water tight welds per joint.
To create a natural looking habitat within the lakes we buried the liner with 300mm of low nutrient soil, not only protecting the liner, but also improving the aesthetics of the lake.
It is not just what you see above ground in establishing the lakes; it is what goes on below ground and around the lakes to ensure the bio-diversity is protected and the provision of overflows, water top up, and putting measures in place for the mitigation of lake erosion.
Alongside the installation of the lakes we built a Pavilion; construction of which took place at our Edenbridge nursery.
Along with continuing to maintain our installation we have these past two years been constructing and landscaping the Bilham Farm Newt and Reptile Mitigation Area. There is a need to provide a habitat for great crested newts and reptiles which will be displaced by future phases of the development. The Mitigation Area occupies a plot of land approximately 3.6 ha in area and was arable field. The existing Bilham Pond was present in the south west corner of the Mitigation Area, surrounded by bramble and mature white willows and recently we dredged the pond and cleared the area around it.
The installation has taken time due to the seasonal nature of the Newts hibernation and their protection; | 494 |
Hustle dominate Warriors in return to Southaven
Hustle spoil Andrew Harrison and Deyonta Davis' Memphis return
By bcabraham@bcabraham Jan 13, 2<|fim_middle|>Bruno Caboclo- 15 points, 5 rebounds, 3 assists, 4 blocks
Follow Grizzly Bear Blues on Instagram and Twitter | 020, 9:45pm CST
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Photo by Jason Bradwell/NBAE via Getty Images
The Hustle returned home after kicking off 2020 on a 3 game road trip. It was the Hustle's first non-matinee home game since December 11th. With John Konchar (concussion protocol) and Jarrod Uthoff (shoulder) out due to injury, the Hustle got a little help from the Grizzlies as Marko Guduric and Bruno Caboclo joined Josh Jackson on assignment. The Warriors came into Southaven led by a trio of former Grizzlies. Jeremy Pargo, Andrew Harrison and Deyonta Davis made their return back to the Memphis area looking to show off and get a win against their former organization.
The Hustle jumped out to a big lead early behind a strong first quarter from Marko Guduric and Yuta Watanabe leading by as much as 14 points early. After struggling to score at first, the Warriors got hot from deep midway through the quarter to keep the game close before cooling off in the later portions of the quarter. After having their lead cut to 7, the Hustle went on a run to finish the quarter up 12 after Rahlir Hollis-Jefferson stole the ball and was able to slam home a dunk with just .4 seconds remaining in the quarter.
Yuta Watanabe led the Hustle with 11 points and 4 rebounds in the quarter while Marko Guduric chipped in 7 points and 2 steals as the Hustle led 36-24 after the first quarter.
The Hustle started the 2nd quarter with an 8-0 run to extend their lead to 20 points. The hot shooting continued throughout the quarter for the Hustle as they jumped out to a 30 point lead midway through the quarter. After outscoring the Warriors 43-12 in the second quarter, the Hustle led by a whopping 43 points going into the second half as they were up 79-36. Yuta Watanabe led the way with 15 points as the Hustle had 4 players score in double figures in the half. The Hustle shot 62.5% from the field and from beyond the arc (10-16) en route to their dominating first half effort.
The Hustle's dominance continued into the second half as they built their lead up to nearly 50 points before the Warriors got into a little offensive rhythm cutting the lead back under 40 points by the end of the quarter. The only negative so far in the game came in the 3rd quarter when Bruno Caboclo went down hard on a play and was ruled out for the rest of the game, although the game being well in hand probably played a key role in the decision to sit Bruno the rest of the contest. The Hustle coasted throughout the rest of the game, not letting the Warriors get anywhere close to sniffing a comeback. It was a dominating effort from the Hustle who completely outplayed the Warriors.
Final Hustle Stats
Dusty Hannahs- 21 points
Marko Guduric- 20 points, 3 rebounds, 3 assists, 3 steals
Yuta Watanabe- 19 points, 10 rebounds, 3 assists, 2 blocks
Josh Jackson- 17 points, 5 rebounds, 4 assists, 4 steals
| 753 |
Koror, Palau. – Each week since January, fourth and fifth grade students from throughout Palau traveled to Melekeok State to spend the day at Ngardok Nature Reserve through a program sponsored by the Palau Conservation Society (PCS). The program, entitled Nurturing Future Generations of Effective Stewards for Palau's Watersheds, served nearly 500 students and gave them the opportunity to participate in hands-on activities that included an interactive tour of the reserve, tree planting, mulching, bird watching and more. For many youth in attendance, it was their first time at the reserve.
The best part of the day for most youth was seeing Ngardok Lake; some kids even claimed they saw a crocodile. Students said the experience left them with<|fim_middle|> and share what they learned with others. Educational programs like these further the work of PCS as the organization strives to work with communities to preserve the environment for present and future generations.
The program, which ended on February 23, was made possible by a grant from the University of Guam, as well as our partners at the Ngardok Nature Reserve and the Ministry of Education. A special thanks to all the teachers and parents from the various schools who participated which included: Japan Palau Friendship, Ngarchelong, Maris Stella, Melekeok, Airai, Ngardmau, George B. Harris, Koror,Ibobang,Meyuns, Anguar, Peleliu, Kayangel, Ngeremlengui and Aimelik Elementary Schools. | a better understanding of watersheds and best practices to take care of Palau's limited water resources. In addition, PCS staff hope that students will be inspired to take action to protect the environment | 39 |
Home » World News » ROO<|fim_middle|>'s Omicron response 'No country better!
13/12/2021 World News Comments Off on ROOFTOP REVELATIONS: Day 23 with Pastor Corey Brooks | FTOP REVELATIONS: Day 23 with Pastor Corey Brooks
ROOFTOP REVELATIONS: Day 23 with Pastor Corey Brooks
On Nov. 20, 2021, Pastor Corey Brooks began his rooftop vigil for 100 days and nights to help end gun violence on the South Side of Chicago. His anti-violence plan includes raising funds to build a major community center that will address violence head on. This center aims to convert gangsters into citizens, provide trauma counseling to victims of violence, fill in the education gaps left by the failing Chicago Public School system, offer vocational training for the trades and provide a safe place for the youth during after school hours.
But this not a South Side problem alone, Brooks said. He called it an American problem.
That is why for the remainder of Brooks' stay on the freezing roof, he will broadcast his "Rooftop Revelations" to all of America on this site every day.
We were with the pastor on Day 1.
We rejoined the pastor on Day 23. He began by describing how his neighborhood is known in Chicago and around the world, especially among Blacks, as "O-Block." The name comes from a young gangster named O.D. Perry who was shot and killed on the block. The pastor wants to transform the negative connotations of the "O" into positive ones by creating "Opportunity Block."
In his introduction video, he said transformation begins by acknowledging that "race is not the biggest problem that we face in the United States of America, and it's definitely not the biggest problem that we face in Chicago." He also said the "government has simply failed our community on the South Side."
This rooftop journey will include the pastor's thoughts, as well as his conversations with CEOs, gangsters, community leaders, youths and on.
"I'm gonna be coming to you throughout the duration of these days, right here on Fox News, to talk to you about the issues, the problems, possible solutions and what we can do as American citizens to make life better for everyone," Brooks said.
For more information, please visit Project H.O.O.D.
Eli Steele is a documentary filmmaker and writer. His latest film is "What Killed Michael Brown?" Twitter: @Hebro_Steele
This swing district House race may be one of the most expensive in 2022, GOP candidate says
Sajid Javid in fierce shutdown of Labour MP over UK | 508 |
\section{\label{sec:Introduction}Introduction}
Magnetization dynamics in thin-film nanoscale ferromagnets is of fundamental and practical importance in the field of spintronics \cite{Hoffmann2015,Demidov2017, Parkin2016,Back2015,Hellman2017, Sander017, Sluka2019}. The spectrum of spin wave excitations in such nanomagnets is quantized due to geometric confinement \cite{Demokritov2002,Kostylev2005}, which gives rise to a plethora of interesting nonlinear magneto-dynamic effects not found in bulk ferromagnets \cite{Slavin2012,Tiberkevich2009,Ivanov2001,Grollier2017,Grollier2014,Cottam2017,Mancilla2016}. However, calculations of the spin wave spectrum in such structures are challenging due to the importance of nonlocal dipolar interactions \cite{Guslienko2002,Mills2005} and poor understanding of boundary conditions for dynamic magnetization at the nanomagnet edges \cite{Cowburn2000,McMichael2006,Krawczyk2008,Hammel2015}. Despite these challenges, a quantitative description of magnetization dynamics in nanomagnets is critically needed for design and optimization of nanoscale spintronic devices \cite{Fang2019, Tsunegi2019, Dieny2020, Talmelli2020} such as spin torque memory (STT-MRAM) \cite{Dorrance2013,Bhatti2017, Gajek2012b}, spin torque nano-oscillators \cite{Kiselev2003, Rippard2004, Grollier2014b,Ebels2007, Hache2020, Tarequzzaman2019, Koo2020} and ultrasensitive spintronic sensors \cite{Fuji2019}. Operation of all these practical spintronic devices critically depends on details of linear and nonlinear \cite{Li2019} magnetization dynamics in nanomagnets \cite{Barman2021}.
A significant body of prior experimental \cite{Kostylev2007, Katine2013,Almulhem2018,Baberschke2008,Chumak2020,Lindner2011,Gubbiotti2003, Livesey2013, Yu2016, Zhang2019, Purser2020, Schultheiss2021, Zhou2015, Liu2018, Barsukov2019} and theoretical \cite{Schmidt2012,McMichael2005,Mancilla2017,Krawczyk2014} work has been dedicated to studies of spin waves in nanostructures and their interactions with spin currents \cite{Slonczewski1996,Berger1996,Hirsch1999,Zhang2000,Finocchio2007,Ando2008,Dumas2013,Fan2013,Hoffmann2013,Bai2013, Padron-hernandez2011, Ganzhorn2016, Iacocca2019, Wang2019b, guckelhorn2020, Montoya2019}. These studies typically focus on the frequencies and spatial profiles of the eigenmodes. At present, a good quantitative understanding of many types of spin waves in nanomagnets has been achieved with a notable exception of the eigenmodes localized near the nanomagnet edge, the so-called edge modes \cite{Silva2021,McMichael2013}. This is not surprising because magnetic properties of the edge of a thin magnetic film can differ from those of the rest of the film \cite{Silva2021,Silva2011,McMichael2007}, and also from sample to sample. Many magnetic properties such as magnetization, exchange interactions and magnetic anisotropy can become strongly spatially dependent near the magnetic film edge \cite{Belyaev2019,McMichael2012,McMichael2010}, and details of the magnetic edge profile are not well known \cite{McMichael2006b}. Measurements of the edge mode frequencies alone do not provide sufficient information to reconstruct the edge-induced modifications of the film magnetic properties. Therefore, characterization of the edge eigenmode properties going beyond the mode spectrum are needed. The relatively poor understanding of the edge eigenmodes is a challenging problem of significant practical importance because lateral dimensions of spintronic nanodevices such as STT-MRAM are projected to decrease down to a few nanometers \cite{Bhatti2017,Fullerton2008}, which implies that static and dynamic magnetic properties of such devices will be dominated by the magnetic film edge.
In this paper, we study spin wave eigenmodes in ferromagnetic thin-films nanowires \cite{Duan2014,Duan2014b,Duan2015, Yang2015, Smith2020} focusing on the edge eigenmodes \cite{Park2002}. The translational symmetry of the nanowire geometry significantly simplifies theoretical description of the spin wave spectrum and allows us to compare our measurements to an analytical theory of nanowire spin wave eigenmodes we develop here. In order to understand the eigenmode properties beyond the typically measured frequency and damping, we study parametric excitation of spin waves and its tuning by antidamping spin-orbit torque \cite{Miron2010,Ulrichs2011,Demidov2011,Rousseau2012,Wang2013,Hahn2013,Bracher2011,Guo2014,Urazhdin2010,Edwards2012,Epshtein2012, Garello2013, Geranton2016, Laczkowski2017, Ryu2019, Manchon2019, Wang2019, Belashchenko2020, Safranski2020, Shao2021, Kumar2021, Filianina2020, Bapna2018, Safranski2019}. To our knowledge, our experiment is the first measurement of parametric excitation of the edge spin wave eigenmodes. Measurements of the parametric resonance threshold and its tuning by antidamping spin Hall torque allows us to probe ellipticity of the edge modes. This new information on the properties of the edge modes allows us to test a popular model of the edge-induced modifications of thin film magnetic properties \cite{McMichael2006}. Our work places new constraints on the models of magnetic film edge and suggests a pathway for improving these models.
\section{\label{sec:setup}Samples and Measurements}
The nanowire devices studied in this work are patterned from GaAs(substrate)/AlO$_x$(4\,nm)/Py(5\,nm)/ Pt(5\,nm) multilayers deposited by magnetron sputtering, where Permalloy (Py) is a Ni$_{80}$Fe$_{20}$ alloy. Multilayer nanowires that are 6\,$\mu$m long and 190\,nm wide are defined via e-beam lithography and Ar plasma etching. Two Cr(7\,nm)/Au(35\,nm) leads are attached to each nanowire with a 1.8\,$\mu$m gap between the leads, which defines the active region of the device as shown in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:Layout}(a).
We employ an electrically detected ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) technique also known as spin-torque FMR (ST-FMR) \cite{Tulapurkar2005,Sankey2006, Duan2014, Biziere2009, Ganguly2014, Goncalves2013, Cheng2013} to characterize spin waves in the nanowire. Figure~\ref{Fig:Layout}(a) shows the schematics of the ST-FMR setup, which allows us to measure both direct (linear) and parametric (nonlinear) excitation of spin waves in the Py nanowire. In these measurements, we apply an amplitude-modulated microwave current $I_\mathrm{ac}$ to the nanowire through the RF port of a bias tee, where $I_\mathrm{ac}$ represents the root mean square (rms) amplitude of the microwave current. This current applies periodic spin Hall torque and Oersted field $H_\mathrm{ac}$, both arising from microwave current in the Pt layer, to drive forced oscillations of the Py magnetization and thereby excite spin wave modes in the Py nanowire.
We then measure voltage $V$ induced in the nanowire at the modulation frequency $f_\mathrm{mod}$ using a lock-in amplifier \cite{Sankey2006}. The measured voltage $V$ has two contributions \cite{Mecking2007}: (i) photovoltage signal arising from mixing of the microwave current $I_\mathrm{ac}$ and Py resistance oscillations $R_\mathrm{ac}$ at the microwave drive frequency $f$ and (ii) photoresistance signal arising from modulation of the time-averaged sample resistance at $f_\mathrm{mod}$ due to excitation of spin waves. Both the photovoltage and the photoresistance signals are due to anisotropic magneto-resistance (AMR) of the Py layer. As shown in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:Layout}(b), when $f$ coincides with the resonance frequency of a spin wave eigenmode, a peak is observed in the FMR spectrum $V(f)$ or $V(H)$. These measurements were made for magnetic field $H$ applied in the sample plane at the angle $\theta=85^{\circ}$ with respect to the electric current direction as illustrated in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:Layout}(a). Similar to the FMR spectra in our previous work \cite{Duan2014}, we observed two groups of modes: bulk and edge modes. These modes have different profiles along the wire width with reduced amplitude near the wire edges for the bulk modes, and enhanced amplitude for the edge modes. Several closely spaced bulk and edge modes are observed due to quantization induced by the geometric confinement of the modes along the wire length to the 1.8\,$\mu$m active region. Measurements in this work are performed at the bath temperature $T=4.2\,$K unless indicated otherwise.
In order to measure the Gilbert damping parameter of the nanowire, we apply an external magnetic field along the nanowire axis [$\theta=0^{\circ}$ in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:Layout}(a)] and measure resonance frequency and linewidth (half-width at half maximum) of the lowest-frequency (quasi-uniform) bulk mode, as shown in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:FMR}. The slope of the linewidth versus frequency in the inset of Fig.\,\ref{Fig:FMR} gives the effective damping of the quasi-uniform (bulk) mode: $\alpha = 0.031$, a value exceeding that of a thin Py film. This relatively high value of the damping parameter likely arises from two factors: (i) spin pumping into the proximate Pt layer and (ii) atomic inter-diffusion between Py and adjacent layers induced by heating in the device nanofabrication process. The measurements in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:FMR} were made at $I_{\mathrm{dc}}=0$ and $T=94$\,K -- the temperature the wire reaches due to ohmic heating at bath temperature $T=4$\,K and $I_{\mathrm{dc}}$ = 2.2\,mA in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:Layout}(a).
\begin{figure}[pt]
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{Layout.png}\\
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{FMR_trace.png}
\caption{\textbf{ST-FMR measurement schematic and an ST-FMR spectrum.} \textbf{(a)} ST-FMR measurement setup and the coordinate system used in this work. An amplitude-modulated microwave current $I_\mathrm{ac}$ from a microwave generator is applied to the Py/Pt nanowire device, and voltage $V$ induced at the modulation frequency is measured by a lock-in amplifier as a function of external field $H$ applied in the plane of the sample ($\it{xz}$-plane) at an angle $\theta$ with respect to the wire axis. A direct current $I_\mathrm{dc}$ can be applied to the nanowire to tune its effective magnetic damping by spin Hall torque. \textbf{(b)} ST-FMR spectrum of the nanowire device measured at the microwave drive frequency of 6\,GHz, $\theta=85^{\circ}$, $I_{\mathrm{ac}}$ = 0.3\,mA, and $I_{\mathrm{dc}}$ = 2.2\,mA.}
\label{Fig:Layout}
\end{figure}
To study parametric excitation of spin waves in the nanowire and tuning of this process by spin Hall current, we apply a magnetic field $H>$ 450\,Oe in the plane of the sample at the direction perpendicular to the nanowire axis ($\theta=90^{\circ}\pm 0.1^{\circ}$). This field saturates Py magnetization perpendicular to the wire axis everywhere except very near the wire edges where demagnetizing field is enhanced by the edge magnetic charges \cite{Duan2015}. In this configuration, polarization of spin Hall current from Pt is nearly parallel to magnetization of Py, and modification of the effective damping of Py by spin Hall current is maximized \cite{Duan2014}. We apply a direct current $I_\mathrm{dc}$ to the nanowire in order to tune the effective damping of spin wave modes in Py by spin Hall torque arising from current in the Pt layer. In this paper, we use $I_\mathrm{dc}$ smaller than the critical current $I_\mathrm{c}$ for excitation of magnetization auto-oscillations by antidamping spin Hall torque \cite{Duan2014b}.
For magnetization nearly saturated in the plane of the sample perpendicular to the nanowire axis, spin current polarization and the Oersted field are both parallel to magnetization and thus both spin torque and Oersted field torque are nearly zero. Therefore, direct excitation of spin waves by $I_\mathrm{ac}$ in this configuration is very inefficient. In addition, oscillations of magnetization at the ac current frequency $f$ give rise to resistance oscillations at $2f$ in this configuration due to the $R=R_0+R_A\cos^2\varphi$ angular dependence of AMR, with $\varphi$ the angle between magnetization and electric current. Therefore, mixing of resistance and current oscillation does not generate a rectified photovoltage (see Appendix \ref{STFMR} for details). Thus spin waves are both difficult to excite and detect electrically via application of $I_\mathrm{ac}$ at the spin wave resonance frequency for a magnetic field applied at $\theta=90^{\circ}$.
\begin{figure}[pt]
\includegraphics[width=0.99\columnwidth]{FMR.png}
\caption{\textbf{ST-FMR measurements at \boldmath{$\theta=0^\circ$, longitudinal magnetization}.} Resonance frequency of the quasi-uniform spin wave mode versus magnetic field applied parallel to the nanowire axis at the bath temperature $T=94\,$K. Inset shows linewidth of the mode versus frequency. Circles are experimental data while lines are fits described in the text.}
\label{Fig:FMR}
\end{figure}
In contrast, $\theta=90^{\circ}$ is the optimum field direction for parametric excitation of spin waves in the nanowire. For efficient parametric excitation, either the external magnetic field parallel to the equilibrium magnetization direction or the effective damping of a spin wave mode (or both) should be modulated at twice the mode resonance frequency \cite{Gurevich1996}. For $\theta=90^{\circ}$, both the component of the Oersted field parallel to magnetization and the modulation of the effective damping by spin Hall current from Pt are maximized. Therefore, application of $I_\mathrm{ac}$ at $2f$ can efficiently excite parametric resonance of spin waves in the Py nanowire for $\theta=90^{\circ}$. At the same time, spin wave excitations generate resistance oscillations at $2f$, which mix with $I_\mathrm{ac}$ at $2f$ to produce a non-zero rectified photovoltage. Therefore, the efficiency of parametric excitation and electrical detection of spin waves is maximized at $\theta=90^{\circ}$. Parametric excitation is a threshold effect and thus $I_\mathrm{ac}$ exceeding a threshold value $I_\mathrm{th}$ is required for excitation of spin waves at zero temperature. At a finite temperature, parametric drive amplifies the amplitude of thermal spin waves below the threshold current. Analytical expressions for the dependence of $V$ on the drive current $I_\mathrm{ac}$ are derived in Appendix \ref{STFMR} for the $I_\mathrm{ac}\gg I_\mathrm{th}$ and $I_\mathrm{ac}\ll I_\mathrm{th}$ limits:
\begin{figure}[pt]
\includegraphics[width=0.99\columnwidth]{VoltageSpectra.png}
\caption{\textbf{ST-FMR spectra at \boldmath{$\theta=90^\circ$}, transverse magnetization.} ST-FMR signal $V(f,H)$ measured as a function of ac frequency and magnetic field applied at $\theta=90^{\circ}$ for $I_{\mathrm{ac}}$ = 0.3\,mA and $I_{\mathrm{dc}}$ = 2.2\,mA. E, B, EP, and BP label directly excited edge mode, directly excited bulk mode, parametrically driven edge mode, and parametrically driven bulk mode, respectively. Dotted white lines highlight data at 6\,GHz and 10\,GHz employed for detailed analysis described in the text.}
\label{Fig:VoltageSpectra}
\end{figure}
\begin{eqnarray}
V \sim
\begin{cases}
\left(2I_\mathrm{dc}+\sqrt{2}I_\mathrm{ac}\right)/(I_\mathrm{th}-I_\mathrm{ac})^2 & \text{$I_\mathrm{ac}\ll I_\mathrm{th}$ }\\
\left(2I_\mathrm{dc}+\sqrt{2}I_\mathrm{ac}\right)\sqrt{I_\mathrm{ac}^2-I_\mathrm{th}^2} & \text{$I_\mathrm{ac}\gg I_\mathrm{th}$. }
\end{cases}
\label{eq:parametric}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{figure*}[pt]
\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{ST-FMR_spectra_vs_current.png}
\includegraphics[width=0.6\columnwidth]{Direct_vs_current.png}
\includegraphics[width=0.6\columnwidth]{Parametric_vs_current.png}
\caption{\textbf{Dependence of ST-FMR spectra on ac current.} (a) ST-FMR spectra measured at five values of $I_\mathrm{ac}$, f\,=\,6\,GHz and $I_\mathrm{dc}$ = 1.8\,mA (vertically offset for clarity). (b) Directly excited edge mode amplitude as a function of $I_\mathrm{ac}$ and (c) parametrically excited edge mode amplitude as a function of $I_\mathrm{ac}$. Lines are fits to Eq.\,(\ref{eq:direct}) and Eq.\,(\ref{eq:parametric}), respectively.}
\label{Fig:VoltageSignals}
\end{figure*}
Spin pumping combined with inverse SHE in the Pt layer can also give rise to an additional dc voltage term \cite{Bai2013,Liu2011}. However, due to its second order in spin Hall angle $\theta_\mathrm{SH}$, as well as the strong ellipticity of the oscillation, this contribution is orders of magnitude smaller than the signal given by Eq.\,(\ref{eq:parametric}) and is negligible \cite{Liu2011}.
\section{\label{sec:Results}Experimental Results and Analysis}
Figure~\ref{Fig:VoltageSpectra} shows ST-FMR spectra measured as a function of frequency and magnetic field applied at $\theta=90^{\circ}$, with $I_\mathrm{ac}$ = 0.3\,mA and $I_\mathrm{dc}$ = 2.2\,mA. This $I_\mathrm{dc}$ value is just below the critical current for the excitation of auto-oscillations of magnetization $I_\mathrm{c}$, which means that the effective damping is positive but close to zero. Multiple peaks are observed in the spectra. A comparison to ST-FMR data from a similar sample \cite{Duan2014b} lets us identify the two lowest frequency peaks as directly excited edge and bulk spin wave modes (marked as E and B, respectively) \cite{McMichael2006}. The bulk mode amplitude rapidly decreases with increasing hard-axis magnetic field $H$, as expected for a direct mode excitation by an ac drive parallel to magnetization. In contrast, ST-FMR signal amplitude of the directly excited edge mode is not small even for the largest field of 1.5\,kOe used in the measurement. The direct drive can efficiently excite the edge mode because magnetization at the edge of the nanowire is not fully saturated along the applied field due to the high demagnetization field near the wire edges \cite{McMichael2006}.
Two additional ST-FMR peaks are observed in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:VoltageSpectra} at frequencies close to twice the edge and bulk mode frequencies. These peaks marked as EP and BP arise from parametric excitation of the edge and bulk modes, respectively.
Figure~\ref{Fig:VoltageSpectra} reveals that the parametrically excited bulk peak has a higher amplitude compared to the directly excited bulk peak due to the high efficiency of parametric excitation for magnetization parallel to the magnetic field. This trend is not observed for the edge mode because edge magnetization is not fully aligned with the applied field direction.
Figure~\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(a) illustrates the dependence of ST-FMR spectra on the amplitude of the drive $I_\mathrm{ac}$ at fixed dc current, $I_\mathrm{dc}$ = 1.8\,mA, and fixed frequency, 6\,GHz. Comparing to Fig.\,\ref{Fig:VoltageSpectra}, we identify the peak at 0.5\,kOe as the parametrically excited edge mode, and the peak at 1.1\,kOe as the directly excited edge mode. Figures~\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(b) and \ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(c) show the magnitude of the peaks in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(a) as a function of $I_\mathrm{ac}$. As expected \cite{Tiberkevich2009}, the magnitude of the ST-FMR peak for the directly excited edge mode increases quadratically with the amplitude of the eigenmode, which is proportional to $I_\mathrm{ac}$, as shown in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(b):
\begin{eqnarray}
V \propto I_\mathrm{ac}^{2}.
\label{eq:direct}
\end{eqnarray}
In contrast, the parametrically excited edge mode shows a threshold behavior in $I_\mathrm{ac}$ with rapid growth of the mode amplitude above a threshold drive value $I_\mathrm{th}$, as shown Fig.\,\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(c). We determine the value of $I_\mathrm{th}$ via fitting the data in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(c) to Eq.\,(\ref{eq:parametric}). The best fit in this figure is shown by lines in both the $I_\mathrm{ac}\gg I_\mathrm{th}$ and $I_\mathrm{th}\gg I_\mathrm{ac}$ regimes with the common $I_\mathrm{th}$ fitting parameter.
Figure~\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(a) also shows that the linewidth of the ST-FMR peak increases with increasing amplitude for the parametrically excited mode. This increase happens via peak broadening towards lower resonance field (higher resonance frequency), which indicates that spin waves with shorter wavelength along the wire are excited at higher drive power. Specifically, Fig.\,\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(a) reveals a series of peaks that appear at lower resonance fields (higher frequencies) with increasing drive power. These peaks result from confinement of the edge mode to the active region along the wire length by the Oersted field \cite{Duan2014b}. The threshold current for parametric excitation of these higher frequency edge modes is higher for higher mode frequency due to smaller ellipticity of modes with shorter wavelengths \cite{Gurevich1996}. Indeed, at the highest ac current of excitation in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(a) we observe two smaller side peaks at magnetic fields below the main peak at approximately at 500\,Oe. These side peaks arise from spin wave quantization along the wire length due to confinement to the $L_a=1.8\,\mu$m active region. We assume pinning of these modes at the ends of the active region due to the confining potential of the Oersted field from direct bias current in the Pt layer \cite{Duan2014, Duan2014b}. The pinning boundary conditions at the ends of the active region give longitudinal wavelengths of the three lowest frequency modes of 3.6\,$\mu$m, 1.8\,$\mu$m and 1.2\,$\mu$m respectively. The magnetostatic Damon-Eshbach character of these modes with wave vectors along the wire gives rise to a linear frequency-wavevector dispersion \cite{DamEsh1960}. Given this linear dispersion, we expect frequency-equidistant mode separation $\delta f$, which is broadly consistent with the data in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(a). Indeed, $\delta f$ in this case may be estimated from the low wavevector form of the magnetostatic Damon-Eshbach frequencies of a film, i.e. $f=G(\sqrt{h(h+1)} + (kb)/2\sqrt{h(h+1)})$, with $G=21.7$\,GHz and $h=H/4\pi M_s$, where $M_s$ is saturation magnetization of our Py film. This gives a frequency separation between the neighboring length modes of $\delta f \approx$ 0.18\,GHz, which corresponds to a magnetic field separation between the length modes of $\delta H \approx$ 30\,Oe: see Appendix \ref{LM} for details. The experimentally observed separation of these length modes is approximately $\delta H \approx$ 28 and 41\,Oe. Thus, given this quite close agreement, and the approximate nature of our theoretical explanation (the formula is valid for an infinite film, the effective magnetic field is lowered close to the edges of the stripe due to demagnetizing effects), we may say that the physical explanation of these different peaks is quantization of modes along the longitudinal direction.
Figure~\ref{Fig:VoltageSpectra_4Idc_10GHz} shows the dependence of ST-FMR signal on $I_\mathrm{ac}$ at 10\,GHz and $H$ applied at $\theta = 90^\circ$. Four panels of this figure show the data taken at four values of $I_\mathrm{dc}$. Parametrically excited bulk and edge mode signals are observed near 0.7\,kOe and 1\,kOe, respectively. This figure clearly illustrates the threshold character of the parametric spin wave excitation and shows the dependence of $I_\mathrm{th}$ on the magnetic field.
\begin{figure}[pt]
\includegraphics[width=0.99\columnwidth]{4ColorPlots.png}
\caption{\textbf{Effect of direct bias current on parametric excitation of bulk and edge modes.} ST-FMR signal measured at $f$\,=\,10\,GHz and four values of $I_{\mathrm{dc}}:$ \,1.3, 1.5, 1.7, and 2.2\,mA as a function of $I_\mathrm{ac}$ and $H$ applied at $\theta = 90^\circ$.}
\label{Fig:VoltageSpectra_4Idc_10GHz}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width=0.65\columnwidth]{BulkParametric_vs_2current.png}
\includegraphics[width=0.65\columnwidth]{EdgeParametric_vs_2current.png}
\includegraphics[width=0.65\columnwidth]{RFthreshold_vs_Idc.png}
\caption{\textbf{Tuning of parametric excitation by direct current}.
Parametric resonance peak voltage as a function of $I_\mathrm{ac}$ measured at 10\,GHz for $I_\mathrm{dc}$ ranging from 1.3\,mA to 2.2\,mA: (a) bulk mode and (b) edge mode. Lines are guides to the eye. (c) $I_\mathrm{th}$ as a function of $I_\mathrm{dc}$ measured for the bulk mode (circles) and edge mode (triangles). Lines are linear fits to the data.}
\label{Fig:ParametricallyExcited_2}
\label{Fig:FittedRFthreshold}
\end{figure*}
Figure~\ref{Fig:VoltageSpectra_4Idc_10GHz} also reveals the effect of $I_\mathrm{dc}$ on $I_\mathrm{th}$. Antidamping spin Hall torque from $I_\mathrm{dc}$ decreases the effective damping of the modes with increasing $I_\mathrm{dc}$, which leads to a linear decrease of $I_\mathrm{th}$ with $I_\mathrm{dc}$. Figure~\ref{Fig:VoltageSpectra_4Idc_10GHz} also clearly shows that up to four bulk modes are excited parametrically. Similar to the case of the edge modes in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(a), multiple bulk modes arise from spin wave confinement along the wire length within the active region of the nanowire. The threshold current for parametric excitation increases with increasing wavelength of the bulk mode along the wire length primarily due to decrease of the mode ellipticity with increasing wavelength \cite{Gurevich1996}.
Figures \ref{Fig:ParametricallyExcited_2}(a), \ref{Fig:ParametricallyExcited_2}(b) and \ref{Fig:ParametricallyExcited_2}(c) reveal further details of the dependence of $I_\mathrm{th}$ of the edge and bulk modes on $I_\mathrm{dc}$. Figures \ref{Fig:ParametricallyExcited_2}(a) and \ref{Fig:ParametricallyExcited_2}(b) show the ST-FMR peak amplitude for parametrically excited bulk and edge modes as a function of $I_\mathrm{ac}$ for different values of $I_\mathrm{dc}$. We fit each trace to Eq.\,(\ref{eq:parametric}) in order to extract quantitative values of $I_\mathrm{th}$ as a function of $I_\mathrm{dc}$. Symbols in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:ParametricallyExcited_2}(c) show $I_\mathrm{th}$ versus $I_\mathrm{dc}$ for the lowest-frequency bulk and edge modes obtained via this fitting procedure. The data in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:ParametricallyExcited_2}(c) reveal that $I_\mathrm{th}(I_\mathrm{dc})$ is a linear function with a negative slope, as expected due to the linear dependence of the effective damping on antidamping spin Hall torque.
A linear fit to the data in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:ParametricallyExcited_2}(c) allows us to precisely determine the critical current $I_\mathrm{c}$ for excitation of auto-oscillations of magnetization of the bulk and edge modes. This critical current is obtained as an intercept of the linear fit with abscissa of the plot. We note that this method of evaluation of $I_\mathrm{c}$ is significantly more precise than methods based on fitting of the microwave power emitted by the mode versus $I_\mathrm{dc}$ to theoretical values \cite{Akerman2014}, as is usually done for spin torque oscillators. This conventional method lacks precision due to thermally-activated excitation of the mode that smears out the auto-oscillation threshold and typically leads to under-estimation of $I_\mathrm{c}$. Thus our measurements of parametric excitation of spin wave modes demonstrate a precise method for measuring the threshold current for auto-oscillatory dynamics driven by anti-damping spin torques.
Extrapolation of the data in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:ParametricallyExcited_2}(c) to $I_\mathrm{dc}=0$ yields the values of $I_\mathrm{th}$ for the bulk and edge modes in the absence of spin Hall torque. The measured values of $I_\mathrm{th}$ for the bulk and edge modes allow us to test models of spin wave eigenmodes in the nanowire geometry. Indeed, in the parallel pumping geometry studied here ($H_\mathrm{ac}$ is parallel to the nanowire magnetization) \cite{Gurevich1996}, $I_\mathrm{th}$ is directly proportional to the mode damping and inversely proportional to the mode ellipticity \cite{Chen2017}. Thus $I_\mathrm{th}$ diverges for vanishing mode ellipticity. In contrast, $I_\mathrm{c}$, which is also directly proportional to the mode damping, decreases with decreasing mode ellipticity and remains finite for vanishing ellipticity \cite{Grollier2003,Chen2011}. Therefore, measurements of $I_\mathrm{th}$ and $I_\mathrm{c}$ for a given mode allow one to simultaneously determine both the mode ellipticity and the mode damping. This information puts stringent constraints on spin wave eigenmode models, and thus our measurements serve as sensitive tests of spin wave dynamics in the ferromagnetic nanowire geometry. As we show in subsequent sections, our measurements of $I_\mathrm{th}$ and $I_\mathrm{c}$ prove that the currently used model of bulk spin wave modes provides adequate description of the experiment while the edge mode models must be improved to quantitatively describe the experimentally observed edge eigenmodes.
\section{\label{sec:TheoreticalMethods}Theoretical Methods}
In this section, we derive an approximate theory of spin wave eigenmodes in the nanowire geometry and calculate the threshold drive values for parametric excitation of these modes. We consider the nanowire geometry shown Fig.\,\ref{Fig:Layout}(a), i.e. vertically stacked Py and Pt wires of rectangular cross section, each 5\,nm $=2b$ thick and 190\,nm $=2c$ wide. A cartesian coordinate system used in our calculations is shown in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:Layout}(a). An in-plane magnetic field $H$ is applied along the $\hatb{x}$ direction perpendicular to the nanowire axis, and ac and dc electric currents are applied in the $\hatb{z}$ direction along the wire axis.
Our theory takes into account magnetic dilution at the nanowire edges. In this model first proposed in Ref.~\cite{McMichael2006}, the magnitude of the magnetization near the wire edge depends on the distance from the edge, $|\vec{M}(\vec{x})|=M_\mathrm{s}(x)$. Specifically, $M_\mathrm{s}(x)$ is assumed to grow linearly from zero at the edge to its maximum value $M_0$ (saturation magnetization) over the edge dilution length $L$ \cite{Duan2014b}. The model assumes that the exchange constant of the ferromagnet is proportional to $M_\mathrm{s}^2(x)$. Details of a theoretical treatment of the dilution region within a continuum model can be found in Ref.~\cite{Kruglyak2014}.
The dilution model was used in Ref.~\cite{Duan2014b} to fit experimentally measured in-plane and out-of-plane saturation fields as well as the bulk mode eigenfrequency for the Py/Pt nanowires studied here. This fitting procedure gave $M_0 = 608$\,emu/cm$^3$, $L=10$\,nm and $K_\mathrm{s} = 0.237$\, erg/cm$^2$, where $K_\mathrm{s}$ describes interfacial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in this system.
We determine the spin wave dynamics in our nanowire system via solving the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation:
\begin{widetext}
\begin{equation}
\frac{d\vec{M}}{dt} =-|\gamma| \vec{M} \times \vec{H}_\mathrm{eff}+|\gamma| 4 \pi J \vec{M} \times ( \vec{M} \times \hatb{x} ) +\alpha\frac{\vec{M}}{M_\mathrm{s}} \times \frac{d\vec{M}}{dt} \; .
\label{LLG}
\end{equation}
\end{widetext}
The first term in Eq.\,(\ref{LLG}) describes precession of the magnetization around an effective magnetic field $\vec{H}_\mathrm{eff}$, the second term describes spin Hall torque, and the third term describes magnetic damping parametrized by the Gilbert damping constant $\alpha$. We assume uniform magnetization over the 5\,nm thickness of Py because it is similar to the Py exchange length. The effective magnetic field is a sum of several terms: a dc applied magnetic field ($H_0 \hatb{x}$), the Oersted field produced by the electric current in the Pt layer, the demagnetizing field $\vec{H}_\mathrm{dem}(\vec{M})$, the perpendicular anisotropy field, and the exchange field:
\begin{widetext}
\begin{eqnarray}
\vec{H}_\mathrm{eff} & = & [H_0-H_\mathrm{Oe}^0-\sqrt{2} H_\mathrm{Oe}^\mathrm{ac} \cos (\omega t) ] \hatb{x}+\vec{H}_\mathrm{dem}(\vec{M})
+\frac{2K_\mathrm{s}}{M_0b} m_s(x) m_y \hatb{y} +\frac{D}{m_s(x)} \frac{\partial}{\partial x}
(m_s^2(x) \frac{\partial \vec{m}}{\partial x}) \; ,
\label{Heff}
\end{eqnarray}
\end{widetext}
where $\vec{m}=\vec{M}/M_s(x)$ is the magnetization normalized to its local magnitude $M_s(x)$, $m_s(x) \equiv M_s(x)/M_0$, i.e. with these definitions $\vec{M}=M_0m_s(x)\vec{m}$, $|\vec{m}|=1$. The Oersted field $[-H_{Oe}^0-\sqrt{2} H_{Oe}^{\mathrm{ac}} \cos (\omega t)] \hatb{x}$ is modeled as uniform over the Py wire volume and it is generated by an electric current in Pt: $I_{\text{Pt}}(t)=I_{\text{Pt}}^{\mathrm{dc}}+\sqrt{2} I_{\text{Pt}}^{\mathrm{ac}} \cos (\omega t)$, where $I_{\text{Pt}}^{\mathrm{dc}}$ is direct current in Pt and $I_{\text{Pt}}^{\mathrm{ac}}$ is rms ac current in Pt. Details of the Oersted field model are discussed in the Appendix (section \ref{CO}). The perpendicular anisotropy constant $K_s$ includes contributions from both the top and bottom interfaces of the Py film \cite{Rantschler2005}. $D=2A/M_0$ is the exchange stiffness constant, and $A=5 \times 10^{-7}$\, erg/cm is the exchange constant \cite{Duan2014b}.
The magnetization dynamics is described by $\vec{m}(x,t)$ through a complex field $a(x,t)$ and its complex conjugate $a(x,t)^*$ via:
\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{ccc}
m_x = 1-aa^* , \\
m_y = -(i/2)(a-a^*)\sqrt{2-aa^*} ,\\
m_z = (1/2)(a+a^*)\sqrt{2-aa^*} ,
\label{ma}
\end{array}
\end{equation}
a representation that guarantees $\vec{m}^2(x,t)=1$ everywhere. The Landau-Lifshitz equations of motion, including damping and spin transfer, take a nearly Hamiltonian form in these variables:
\begin{eqnarray}
i\frac{da}{d\tau} & = & (1-i \alpha) \frac{1}{m_s(x)} \frac{\delta U}{\delta a^*},
\label{EqM1}
\\
i\frac{da^*}{d\tau} & = & -(1+i \alpha) \frac{1}{m_s(x)} \frac{\delta U^*}{\delta a}
\; .
\label{EqM2}
\end{eqnarray}
These equations are written in scaled variables $U=E/4\pi M_0^2=U_C+iU_{STT}$ and $\tau = 4\pi M_0 |\gamma| t$, where $E=E_C+iE_{STT}$ is the free energy of the system that includes a conservative real part and an imaginary part that describes the action of spin transfer torque.
The conservative part of the free energy $E_C$ consists of a Zeeman term (including the Oersted field), the surface anisotropy term, the exchange term, and the demagnetizing energy terms. The scaled energy terms approximated to quadratic order in the amplitudes $a,a^*$ are given by the following expressions:
\begin{eqnarray}
U_Z & = & -h_x(\tau) \int dV m_s(x) (1-aa^*) , \label{UZ} \\
U_A & = & -k_s \int dV m_s^2(x) m_y^2 , \label{UA}\\
U_X & \simeq & d \int dV m_s^2(x) \nabla a \cdot \nabla a^* , \label{UX}
\\
U_D & = & -(1/8\pi M_0^2) \int dV \vec{H}_D(\vec{M}) \cdot \vec{M} , \label{UD}\\
U_{STT} & = & J \int dV m_s^2(x) aa^*.
\label{USTT}
\end{eqnarray}
In these expressions, $h_x(\tau)=[H_0-H_{Oe}^0-\sqrt{2}H_{Oe}^{\text{ac}}\cos(\Omega \tau)]/4\pi M_0$, $\Omega=\omega/4\pi M_0|\gamma|$, $k_s=K_s/(4\pi M_0^2 b)$, and $d=l_{ex}^2=D/4\pi M_0=A/2\pi M_0^2$, where the exchange length is $l_{ex}=4.6$\,nm. Expressions for the exchange and dipolar energies expressed via $a$ and $a^*$ are derived in the Appendix (section \ref{sec:appendix}).
We choose the following boundary conditions at the nanowire edges:
\begin{equation}
a|_{x=\pm c}=0 \; .
\label{aBC}
\end{equation}
Also, notice that in our dilution model the magnetization drops to zero at the edges. Then one can show that Eq.\,(\ref{aBC}) leads to:
\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial M_y}{\partial x}|_{x=\pm c}=\frac{\partial M_z}{\partial x}|_{x=\pm c}=0 \; ,
\label{FBC}
\end{equation}
with $M_{x,y}=M_s(x)m_{x,y}$.
A solution of the LLG equations for the complex spin wave amplitude $a(X,\tau)$ that satisfies these boundary conditions can be written as:
\begin{equation}
a(X,\tau) = \sum_{l=1}^N [ a_l (\tau) \cos (k_l X) +f_l(\tau) \sin (q_l X) ],
\label{af}
\end{equation}
where $X \equiv x/c$, $k_l=(2l-1)\pi/2$, and $q_l=l\pi$.
Linearizing the equations of motion Eqs.\,(\ref{EqM1},\ref{EqM2}) in the absence of ac currents and using the ansatz Eq.\,(\ref{af}), we derive the following equations for the time evolution of the coefficients $a_l(t)$:
\begin{equation}
i \left(
\begin{array}{c}
\dot{a} \\ \dot{a}^*
\end{array}
\right)
=
\tilde{M}
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
{a} \\ {a}^*
\end{array}
\right) , \label{Eqa}
\end{equation}
where the expression for the matrix $\tilde{M}$ is given by Eq.\,(\ref{Mt}) in the Appendix.
In Eq.\,(\ref{Eqa}), $a$ is a vector $(a_0,\ldots,a_N)^T$. The equations for $(f_0,\ldots,f_N)^T$ are similar. Notice that due to the symmetry of the system, in the linear approximation the equations of motion (\ref{EqM1},\ref{EqM2}) separate between even and odd modes, i.e. $\dot{a}_l$ depends only on $a_j$'s and $a_i^*$'s, and similarly for $\dot{f}_l$, i.e. it depends only on $f_j$'s and $f_i^*$'s.
We seek solutions of Eq.\,(\ref{Eqa}) in the following form:
\begin{equation}
a_l (\tau) = c_l \exp (-i \Omega \tau -\nu \tau)+d_l \exp (i \Omega \tau -\nu \tau) \; .
\label{alt1}
\end{equation}
Substitution of the ansatz Eq.\,(\ref{alt1}) into Eq.\,(\ref{Eqa}) leads to the following eigenvalue problem:
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde{M}\cdot v = \tilde{\delta} v \; ,
\label{MatEq}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\tilde{\delta} = \Omega -i \nu$ and $v^T=(c^T,(d^*)^T)$. The eigenmodes of this problem, including damping and spin transfer torque, are the right eigenvectors of $\tilde{M}$. A matrix $W$ is constructed with these eigenvectors as its columns, and defines a change of variables to the amplitudes $b_n, b_n^*$ of the eigenmodes as follows:
\begin{eqnarray}
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
a \\ a^*
\end{array}
\right)
= W \cdot \left(
\begin{array}{c}
b \\ b^*
\end{array}
\right) .
\end{eqnarray}
Thus, we obtain the following diagonal equations of motion for the amplitudes of each eigenmode:
\begin{equation}
i \left(
\begin{array}{c}
\dot{b} \\ \dot{b}^*
\end{array}
\right)
=
\tilde{D} \cdot
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
b \\ b^*
\end{array}
\right) ,
\label{emds}
\end{equation}
with $\tilde{D}=W^{-1} \tilde{M} W$ being a diagonal matrix, whose elements are the frequencies of the modes with associated imaginary parts as decay/growth rates, i.e. $\tilde{\delta_n}=\Omega_n-i\nu_n$. At a critical value of the direct current $I_\mathrm{c}$, the imaginary part of an eigenvalue may go to zero signaling transition of the mode into the regime of auto-oscillations.
For a non-zero ac current generating ac Oersted field and ac spin transfer torque, the equations of motion (\ref{emds}) are modified into:
\begin{equation}
i \left(
\begin{array}{c}
\dot{b} \\ \dot{b}^*
\end{array}
\right)
=
\tilde{D} \cdot
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
b \\ b^*
\end{array}
\right) + \tilde{N}_\mathrm{ac}(\tau) \cdot
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
b \\ b^*
\end{array}
\right) ,
\label{emgo}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde{N}_\mathrm{ac}(\tau) & = &
W^{-1} \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
(1-i \alpha)H_\mathrm{ac}(\tau) & 0 \\
0 & -(1+i \alpha)H_\mathrm{ac}^*(\tau)
\end{array}
\right)W , \nonumber \\ \label{Nac} \\
H_\mathrm{ac}(\tau) &= & -h_\mathrm{ac}(\tau)\mathbb{I}+iJ_\mathrm{ac}(\tau) \tilde{A} , \\
h_\mathrm{ac}(\tau) & = & h_\mathrm{ac} (e^{i 2\Omega_p \tau}+e^{-i 2\Omega_p \tau})/\sqrt{2} , \\
J_\mathrm{ac}(\tau) & = & J_\mathrm{ac} (e^{i 2\Omega_p \tau}+e^{-i 2\Omega_p \tau})/\sqrt{2} ,
\end{eqnarray}
where $h_\mathrm{ac}(\tau)$ is the ac Oersted field normalized by $4\pi M_s$, $J_\mathrm{ac}(\tau)$ the ac component of the spin transfer coefficient $J$, which is proportional to the current, $\mathbb{I}$ is a unitary matrix, $\tilde{A}$ a matrix given by Eq.\,(\ref{aln}) of the Appendix. The frequency of the ac current is written as $\Omega=2\Omega_p$ with application of these equations to the analysis of parametric spin wave excitation in mind.
\subsection{Eigenmodes}
The spin wave eigenmodes and corresponding eigenfrequencies of the Py nanowire are solutions of Eq.\,(\ref{MatEq}) with the dissipation and spin transfer torque terms set to zero. Lines in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:borde} show the lowest-energy edge and bulk mode frequencies given by Eq.\,(\ref{MatEq}) versus magnetic field applied in the sample plane perpendicular to the nanowire axis. Note that the edge dilution model is included in our theory. Solid symbols in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:borde} show the dependence of the lowest-energy bulk and edge modes measured by ST-FMR technique. Opens symbols in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:borde} show experimentally measured parametric resonance frequencies of the lowest-energy edge and bulk modes.
Figure~\ref{Fig:borde} reveals good agreement between the measured and calculated values of eigenfrequencies for the lowest-frequency bulk mode. The agreement for the edge mode is substantially worse, indicating that the edge dilution model does not fully capture magnetic properties of the nanowire at the edges. Indeed, since the amplitude of the edge mode is maximized near the wire edge, its frequency is much more sensitive to the magnetic edge properties than the bulk mode. Figure~\ref{Fig:borde} shows that improvements to the edge dilution model used are needed for quantitative description of spin wave eigenmodes in thin-film nanomagnetic elements. We also note that calculations without any edge dilution show much worse agreement with the experiment for the edge eigenmodes, and to a much lesser extent for the bulk eigenmodes.
Now we turn attention to the spatial profiles of the lowest-energy modes. In the linear approximation, the $M_y, M_z$ components of the modes are given by:
\begin{widetext}
\begin{eqnarray}
M_y(X,\tau)& = & M_s(X)\sqrt{2}Im(a)
= M_s(X)[
C_I(X)\cos (\Omega \tau)-S_R(X)\sin (\Omega \tau) ] ,
\label{My}
\\
M_z(X,\tau)& = & M_s(X)\sqrt{2}Re(a)
= M_s(X)[
C_R(X)\cos (\Omega \tau)+S_I(X)\sin (\Omega \tau) ] ,
\label{Mz}
\end{eqnarray}
\end{widetext}
where $C_{R,I}(X)$ and $S_{R,I}(X)$ represent the real (R) and imaginary (I) parts of:
\begin{eqnarray}
C(X) & = & \sqrt{2<|fim_middle|>034$. This value of $\alpha$ is very close to the value of $\alpha=0.031$ directly measured by ST-FMR using the data in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:FMR}. This validates our theoretical model of the bulk spin wave modes and their excitation by the parametric drive. The fitting procedure gives $|\nu_n|=0.012$ at $I_\mathrm{dc}=0$, $\beta=0.0047$\,mA$^{-1}$, and $|\hat{N}_{nn^*}|=0.0038$ at $I_\mathrm{dc}=0$ for the lowest energy bulk mode. Notice that this value of $\beta$ allows us to calculate the spin Hall angle as $\theta_H=0.042$, which is consistent with previously reported values in similar devices \cite{Sagasta2016} (see Appendix \ref{sha}).
Using the same value of the damping parameter as for the bulk mode, $\alpha = 0.034$, we calculate for the lowest energy edge mode: $\nu_n(\alpha)=0.010$, $\beta=0.0041$\,mA$^{-1}$ from imposing $\nu=0$ at $I_c=2.59$\,mA in Eq.\,(\ref{MatEq}), and $|\hat{N}_{nn^*}|=0.0035$ at $I_\mathrm{dc}=0$, which gives theoretical value of $I_\mathrm{th}^0=4.04$\,mA. Thus, the theoretically expected slope for the edge mode $I_\mathrm{th}^0/I_c=1.56$ is much lower than its experimentally measured value $2.29$ in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:FittedRFthreshold}(c). Since the slope is not sensitive to the damping constant, the discrepancy between theory and experiment demonstrates that ellipticity of the edge mode predicted by the theory is approximately 40\% higher than that inferred from the experimental data.
Our experimental observation of the lower than expected edge mode ellipticity points to deficiencies of the edge dilution model we use. While the model is a significant improvement over the spatially uniform magnetization model, it does not fully capture the edge magnetization dynamics. We thus conclude that further improvements of the edge dilution model are needed to adequately describe magnetization at the edges of thin-film nanomagnetic structures. We note that this problem is of significant technological relevance because spin transfer torque memory (STT-MRAM) cells are projected to scale down to lateral dimensions below 10\,nm in the near future \cite{Bhatti2017}, which implies that its switching properties will be dominated by the state and dynamics of magnetization at the element edges.
It is important to understand whether the discrepancy between theory and experiment is a result of mathematical approximations employed in the model or has its roots in the physical properties of the magnetic material at the magnetic film edge. For example, can the observed discrepancy be a result of the boundary conditions for dynamic magnetization chosen in the model? In the model, we use the boundary conditions given by Eq.\,(\ref{aBC}) so that the dynamic field $a(x,t)$ is zero at the edges, which leads to free boundary conditions for $M_y$ and $M_z$ [Eq.\,(\ref{FBC})]. To understand the impact of these boundary conditions, we repeated the calculations assuming that the dynamic field $a(x,t)$ has zero derivative at the edges. These calculations show negligible impact on $I_\mathrm{th}^0/I_c$ for the bulk mode, and the change in $I_\mathrm{th}^0/I_c$ for the edge mode is much too small to explain the discrepancy between theory and experiment. The smallness of the impact of the boundary conditions for $a(x,t)$ on the simulation results is reasonable because the edge dilution model used imposes the magnetization to be zero exactly at the edge, and thus boundary condition for the field $a(x,t)$ have little impact on the magnetization dynamics.
The unexpectedly low ellipticity of the edge mode seen in the experiment is likely to have a physical origin. For example, it can be explained by magnetic anisotropy at the wire edges. Two types of edge magnetic anisotropy can result in decreased ellipticity of the edge mode. First, the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy $K_\mathrm{s}$ at the edge can be enhanced due to Py and Pt intermixing induced by ion milling in the nanowire fabrication process or by partial Py oxidation at the edges \cite{McMichael2010}. This type of anisotropy would indeed decrease the edge mode ellipticity but it would also decrease the mode frequency, bringing it farther away from that seen in the experiment.
Alternatively, a surface magnetic anisotropy with an easy axis perpendicular to the nanowire edge (along the $x$-axis in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:Layout}(a)) \cite{Rantschler2005} can reduce the edge mode ellipticity. Such anisotropy can both reduce the mode ellipticity and increase the mode frequency in agreement with our experimental data. This type of anisotropy can only be non-zero in a modified edge dilution model where magnetization is not reduced to zero at the wire edge.
Another possible explanation of the observed reduced edge mode ellipticity is nanowire edge roughness. It has been previously shown \cite{Cowburn2000} that edge roughness significantly reduces the edge saturation field due to dipolar interactions via the so-called lateral magnetic anisotropy \cite{Cowburn2000}, and thus edge roughness is expected to increase the edge mode frequency. Dipolar interactions arising from edge roughness are also expected to decrease the edge mode ellipticity and thus the edge roughness model can potentially explain all our data. Therefore, development of a mathematical model of edge mode dynamics in the presence of edge roughness is a promising future direction of research.
We believe that definitive understanding of magnetic properties at the edge of magnetic thin-film elements requires direct imaging of structural and magnetic properties of the edge with atomic resolution, which presents a significant technical challenge. Until such full quantitative characterization is achieved, our results on ellipticity of the edge mode via studies of parametric resonance controlled by antidamping spin Hall torque can serve as a test for future improved models of magnetic edge modification \cite{Shinozaki2020, Herrera2020}. The novelty of our work compared to prior studies of parametric resonance in magnetic nanostructures \cite{Urazhdin2010,Ulrichs2011,Edwards2012,Akerman2014,Chen2017,Heinz2021,Cho2021} is (i) first measurement and quantitative theoretical understanding of parametric resonance of the edge mode and (ii) development of analytical theory of parametric resonance of spin waves in the nanowire geometry.
\section{\label{sec:conclusions}Conclusions}
In summary, we have demonstrated parametric excitation of bulk and edge spin wave modes in transversely magnetized Pt/Py bilayer nanowires by a microwave current. The threshold current for the parametric excitation is tunable by direct current bias via the antidamping spin Hall torque, and analysis of the threshold current dependence on spin Hall torque allows us to probe ellipticity of the spin wave modes.
We have developed an analytical theory of the spin wave mode spectrum in the nanowire geometry and parametric excitation of these spin waves by microwave current. Our theory takes into account a model describing dilution of magnetization of Py near the wide edges. Comparison between this theory and experiment shows that our theory provides accurate quantitative description of the bulk spin wave mode properties, including their frequency and ellipticity.
In contrast, the theory significantly underestimates the frequency of the edge spin wave modes and overestimates their ellipticity. This suggest that the edge dilution model used here does not completely capture the magnetic properties of the edge and further refinements of the model are needed to achieve a quantitative description of magnetization dynamics at edges of thin magnetic elements. We have identified inclusion of edge roughness effects as a promising direction for future improvements of the model describing magnetization dynamics at edges of thin magnetic elements. Indeed, edge roughness is expected to increase the edge mode frequency and decrease its ellipticity via the lateral magnetic anisotropy \cite{Cowburn2000}, bringing both of these quantities closer to the experimentally observed values. Further quantitative studies are needed to test if lateral magnetic anisotropy completely describes magnetization dynamics at the nanowire edges.
\section{\label{sec:conclusion}Acknowledgements}
This work was supported by the National Science Foundation through Awards No. EFMA-1641989 and No. ECCS-1708885. We also acknowledge support by the Army Research Office through Award No. W911NF-16-1-0472. R.E.A. acknowledges support by Fondecyt Project 1200829 (Chile), and Basal Program for Centers of Excellence, Grant AFB 180001 CEDENNA, ANID (Chile). A.A.J. acknowledges the financial support of ANID FONDECYT Postdoctorado 3190632 (Chile). The authors acknowledge the use of facilities and instrumentation at the UC Irvine Materials Research Institute (IMRI), which is supported in part by the National Science Foundation through the UC Irvine Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (DMR-2011967). The authors also acknowledge the use of facilities and instrumentation at the Integrated Nanosystems Research Facility (INRF) in the Samueli School of Engineering at the University of California Irvine.
\section{\label{sec:appendix}Appendix}
\subsection{ST-FMR signal: \label{STFMR}}
\begin{figure}[ht]
\includegraphics[width=0.99\columnwidth]{angles.png}
\caption{Elliptical magnetization precession cone around in-plane magnetic field $H$ applied at angle $\theta$ with respect to the wire axis ($z$-axis). The precession cone is characterized by the major and minor axis cone angles $\alpha_1$ and $\beta_1$.}
\label{Fig:angles}
\end{figure}
The direct voltage $V$ across the sample subjected to a microwave and a direct current consists of three terms:
\begin{eqnarray}
V = I_\mathrm{dc}\cdot R_\mathrm{dc}+I_\mathrm{dc}\Delta R_\mathrm{ac}+U_\mathrm{mix}.
\end{eqnarray}
The first term proportional to $I_\mathrm{dc}$ is independent of magnetization dynamics and is simply given by the equilibrium sample resistance $R_\mathrm{dc}$. The second term is the photo-resistance contribution \cite{Mecking2007}, which is proportional to $I_\mathrm{dc}$ and time-averaged change in sample resistance $\Delta R_\mathrm{ac}$ induced by magnetization precession. The third term called photo-voltage \cite{Mecking2007} is the rectified voltage arising from mixing of resistance oscillations and microwave current. The direct voltage $V$ can be calculated as the time-averaged $\langle...\rangle$ total voltage: $V = \langle U(t) \rangle=\langle R(t)\cdot I(t)\rangle$, where $U(t)$, $R(t)$, and $I(t)=I_\mathrm{dc}+\sqrt{2}I_\mathrm{ac}\,\cos(\omega t)$ are the time dependent voltage, resistance, and current.
Here we derive the direct voltage signal in the configuration of a Py nanowire for both direct excitation and parametric excitation following the approach outlined in Ref.~\cite{Mecking2007}. The time-dependent resistance is given by $R(t)=R_0+R_A\cos^2\phi(t)$, where $R_A$ is the magnitude of AMR, $\phi(t)$ is the instantaneous angle between $\vec{M}$ and the current direction $\hatb{z}$, as shown in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:angles}:
\begin{equation}
\cos\,\phi(t)=\cos\,\alpha(t)\,\cos\,\beta(t),
\label{cos_fi}
\end{equation}
where $\alpha(t)=\theta+\alpha_1\, \cos(\omega t-\psi)$, is the angle between the projection of magnetization onto the $xz$ plane and $z$ axis and $\beta(t)=-\beta_1\, \sin(\omega t-\psi)$ is the tilt angle of magnetization out of the $xz$ plane, as illustrated in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:angles}. In these expressions, $\psi$ is the phase shift between the microwave drive and magnetization oscillations, $\alpha_1$ is the in-plane magnetization oscillation amplitude while $\beta_1$ is the out-of-plane oscillation amplitude. Using these expressions in Eq.\,(\ref{cos_fi}), we expand $\cos^2\phi(t)$ to second order in $\alpha_1$ and $\beta_1$ \cite{Mecking2007}:
\begin{eqnarray}
\cos^2\,\phi(t) &=& \cos^2\,\theta - \alpha_1\, \sin\, 2\theta\, \cos(\omega t-\psi) \nonumber \\
&-&\alpha^2_1\, \cos\, 2\theta\, \cos^2(\omega t-\psi) \nonumber \\
&-& \beta^2_1\, \cos^2\theta\, \sin^2(\omega t - \psi).
\label{cos2fi}
\end{eqnarray}
For direct (linear) excitation of a spin wave eigenmode by a microwave current at the eigenmode frequency $\omega$, the time-dependent voltage across the sample $U_\mathrm{lin}(t)$ is:
\begin{eqnarray}
U_\mathrm{lin}(t) &=& [R_0+R_A\,\cos^2\phi(t)][I_\mathrm{dc}+\sqrt{2}I_\mathrm{ac}\,\cos(\omega t)]. \nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
Using Eq.\,(\ref{cos2fi}) in this latter expression and calculating the time average of $U_\mathrm{lin}(t)$, we obtain the direct voltage $V_\mathrm{lin}$ across the sample:
\begin{eqnarray}
V_\mathrm{lin} &=& I_\mathrm{dc}(R_0+R_A\,\cos^2\theta)\\ \nonumber
&& -\frac{1}{2}I_\mathrm{dc}R_A(\alpha^2_1\cos\,2\theta+\beta^2_1\cos^2\theta)\\ \nonumber
&& -\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}I_\mathrm{ac}R_A\alpha_1\,\sin\, 2\theta\,\cos(\psi),
\end{eqnarray}
where the first term $I_\mathrm{dc}(R_0+R_A\,\cos^2\theta)$ is the equilibrium direct voltage independent of spin wave excitation, the second term $-\frac{1}{2}I_\mathrm{dc}R_A(\alpha^2_1\cos\,2\theta+\beta^2_1\,\cos^2\theta)$ is the photo-resistance term proportional to $I_\mathrm{dc}$, and the last term $-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}I_\mathrm{ac}R_A\alpha_1\sin\,2\theta\cos(\psi)$ is the photo-voltage term proportional to $I_\mathrm{ac}$.
For parametric excitation of a spin wave eigenmode, we use a microwave current at twice the eigenmode frequency: $I(t)=I_\mathrm{dc}+\sqrt{2}I_\mathrm{ac}\,\cos(2\omega t)$. Therefore, the time-dependent voltage across the sample $U_\mathrm{par}(t)$ is
\begin{eqnarray}
U_\mathrm{par}(t) &=& [R_0+R_A\,\cos^2\phi(t)][I_\mathrm{dc}+\sqrt{2}I_\mathrm{ac}\,\cos(2\omega t)].\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
Using Eq.\,(\ref{cos2fi}) in this expression and calculating the time average of $U_\mathrm{par}(t)$, we obtain the direct voltage $V_\mathrm{par}$ across the sample:
\begin{eqnarray}
V_\mathrm{par}&=& I_\mathrm{dc}(R_0+R_A\,\cos^2\theta)\\ \nonumber
&& -\frac{1}{2}I_\mathrm{dc}R_A(\alpha^2_1\cos\,2\theta+\beta^2_1\cos^2\theta)\\ \nonumber
&& -\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}I_\mathrm{ac}R_A(\alpha^2_1\cos\,2\theta+\beta^2_1\cos^2\theta)\cos(2\psi).
\end{eqnarray}
In the experimental configuration used in this work $\theta = \pi/2$, and thus $V_\mathrm{lin}$ and $V_\mathrm{par}$ can be further simplified:
\begin{eqnarray}
V_\mathrm{lin} &=& I_\mathrm{dc}R_0 +\frac{1}{2}I_\mathrm{dc}R_A\alpha^2_1,
\label{eq:direct_90deg}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
V_\mathrm{par} &=& I_\mathrm{dc}R_0 +\frac{1}{2}I_\mathrm{dc}R_A\alpha^2_1 +\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}I_\mathrm{ac}R_A\alpha^2_1\cos(2\psi). \qquad
\label{eq:parametric_90deg}
\end{eqnarray}
For our device geometry, the phase shift $\psi \approx 0$. Therefore, we can simplify Eq.\,(\ref{eq:parametric_90deg}) by setting $\psi=0$.
We can further use results of Ref.~\cite{Chen2017}, where expressions for current-driven parametric resonance amplitude $\propto \alpha_1$ and power $\propto \alpha_1^2$ were derived in the limits of the microwave drive amplitude ($I_\mathrm{ac}$) well below and well above the threshold drive for parametric excitation ($I_\mathrm{th}$):
\begin{eqnarray}
\alpha_1^2 =
\begin{cases}
A/(I_\mathrm{ac}-I_\mathrm{th})^2 & \text{$I_\mathrm{ac}\ll I_\mathrm{th}$ }\\
B\sqrt{I_\mathrm{ac}^2-I_\mathrm{th}^2} & \text{$I_\mathrm{ac}\gg I_\mathrm{th}$, }
\end{cases}
\label{parpower}
\end{eqnarray}
where A and B are constants. In Eq.\,(\ref{parpower}), the amplitude of precession below $I_\mathrm{th}$ is not zero due to thermally assisted excitation of the spin wave eigenmode \cite{Chen2017}.
Using Eq.\,(\ref{parpower}) in Eq.\,(\ref{eq:parametric_90deg}), we calculate the expression for direct voltage arising form parametric excitation of a spin wave eigenmode:
\begin{eqnarray}
V_\mathrm{par} \sim
\begin{cases}
\left(2I_\mathrm{dc}+\sqrt{2}I_\mathrm{ac}\right)/(I_\mathrm{th}-I_\mathrm{ac})^2 & \text{$I_\mathrm{ac}\ll I_\mathrm{th}$ }\\
\left(2I_\mathrm{dc}+\sqrt{2}I_\mathrm{ac}\right)\sqrt{I_\mathrm{ac}^2-I_\mathrm{th}^2} & \text{$I_\mathrm{ac}\gg I_\mathrm{th}$. }
\end{cases}
\end{eqnarray}
\subsection{Longitudinal modes: \label{LM}}
Here we estimate the differences in frequencies, and associated differences in applied magnetic field for measurements at constant frequency, of edge modes which would have different longitudinal wavelengths, in reference to the experimental results of Figure~\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(a). These estimates are based on the differences in frequencies of magnetostatic Damon-Eshbach surface modes \cite{DamEsh1960} of ferromagnetic films of thickness $2b$, whose direction of propagation is perpendicular to the applied magnetic field (as is the case of our Py stripe). In our notation, the frequencies of the Damon-Eshbach surface modes in the limit of small longitudinal wavevector $k$ are given by ($\omega=2\pi f$):
\begin{equation}
f \simeq G[ \sqrt{h(h+1)}+kb/2\sqrt{h(h+1)} ] \; ,
\end{equation}
with $h=H_0/4\pi M_s$ representing the applied magnetic field (in our following estimates we take $H_0=500$\,Oe, corresponding to Figure~\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(a)), and $G=(|\gamma_{\text{Py}}|/2\pi) 4\pi M_s =21.7$\,GHz \cite{Duan2014b}. As discussed in the main text, due to pinning at the edges of the active region, the smallest wavevectors correspond to $k_j=2\pi/[3.6,1.8,1.2]\,\mu$m$^{-1}$, $j=1,2,3$. The corresponding frequencies are (except for the constant term $G\sqrt{h(h+1)}$) $f_1=0.18$\,GHz, $f_2=0.36$\,GHz and $f_3=0.54$\,GHz. Thus, the differences in frequencies of these longitudinal modes are $f_2-f_1=0.18$\,GHz\, $ =f_3-f_2$, at a fixed applied magnetic field. Approximating the slope of the experimental frequency vs. magnetic field of Fig. \ref{Fig:VoltageSpectra} as $\Delta f/\Delta H \simeq 3$\,GHz/500\,Oe, then the associated magnetic field differences between these modes (at fixed frequency as in Fig. \ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}) are $H_1-H_2 \simeq 30$\,Oe\,$\simeq H_2-H_3$.
\subsection{Oersted field calculation: \label{CO}}
If $I$ is the total current applied to the Py/Pt bilayer, then the current flowing in the Pt layer $I_\text{Pt}$ can be calculated using the parallel resistance model: $1/R=1/R_\text{Pt}+1/R_\text{Py}$, which gives:
\begin{equation}
I_\text{Pt} = I/(1+R_\text{Pt}/R_\text{Py}).
\end{equation}
Using the measured resistivity of Pt and Py films \cite{Duan2014}: $\rho_\text{Pt} = 21.9$\,$\mu\Omega\,$cm and $\rho_\text{Py} = 65.2$\,$\mu\Omega$\,cm, we estimate $R_\text{Pt} \simeq R_\text{Py}/3$, i.e. $I_\text{Pt} \simeq (3/4) I$. The Oersted field in Py is generated by the current in Pt (the current in Py produces magnetic fields in Py that have null average over the Py layer thickness). We approximate the Oersted field applied to Py as due to an infinite sheet of current corresponding to the net current flowing through the Pt layer thickness in our experiment. In this approximation, Ampere's law (MKS units) gives:
\begin{equation}
H_{Oe} = j_\text{Pt} \Delta/2 = I_\text{Pt}/(2 w)\,\,\text{A\,m$^{-1}$} ,
\end{equation}
with $\Delta$ the thickness of Pt and $w$ the width of the nanowire (in Gaussian units $H_{Oe}=2\pi I_\text{Pt}/(10^3\,w)$ Oe, with $w=2c$). Then, the Oersted field due to Pt in Py is given by $H_{Oe}=I_\text{Pt}/(2w) = I_\text{Pt}(\text{A})/(2\times190\,\text{nm})=2.63 \times 10^3 I_\text{Pt}(\text{mA})\,\,\text{A\,m$^{-1}$}
=2.63 \times 10^3 (4\pi/10^3) I_\text{Pt}(\text{mA})\,\,\text{Oe} = 33\,I_\text{Pt}(\text{mA})$\,\,Oe. This leads to $h_{Oe}=H_{Oe}/4\pi M_s=\tilde{k}I_\text{Pt}=k I$, thus $k=33 (3/4)/(4\pi M_s) =3.24 \times 10^{-3}\,$mA$^{-1}$.
\subsection{Magnetization dynamics:}
The following terms contribute to the linear magnetization dynamics of Eq.\,(\ref{EqM1}):
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{1}{m_s(x)} \frac{\delta U_Z}{\delta a^*} & = & h_x(\tau) a(x) , \label{duz} \\
\frac{1}{m_s(x)} \frac{\delta U_A}{\delta a^*} & = & -k_s m_s(x)(a(x)-a^*(x)) , \\
\frac{1}{m_s(x)} \frac{\delta U_X}{\delta a^*} & = & -\frac{d}{ m_s(x)} \nabla \cdot [ m_s^2(x) \nabla a(x) ] , \\
\frac{1}{m_s(x)}\frac{\delta U_D}{\delta a^*} & = &- \int_{-1}^{1} dX' m_s(X') (a(X')-a^*(X')) \nonumber \\
& & \times \ln \left(\frac{|X-X'|}{\sqrt{(X-X')^2+(2p)^2}}
\right)/4 \pi p \nonumber \\
& &-H_V(X) a(x) ,
\label{dud} \\
\frac{1}{m_s(x)} \frac{\delta U_{STT}}{\delta a^*} & = & J m_s(x) a(x) ,
\label{dustt}
\end{eqnarray}
with $p=b/c$, and $\langle\vec{H}_D(M_s(x)\hatb{x})\rangle=-4\pi M_0 H_V(x)\hatb{x}$ ($\langle...\rangle$ means average over the thickness).
Now, the coefficients of the expansion Eq.\,(\ref{af}) for the dynamic variable $a(X,\tau)$, that satisfy the boundary condition $ a(X,\tau) =0$, at the edges are given by:
\begin{eqnarray}
a_l(\tau) & = & \frac2V \int dV \cos ((2l-1) \pi X/2) a(X,\tau) , \nonumber \\
f_l(\tau) & = & \frac2V \int dV \sin (l\pi X) a(X,\tau) .
\label{abs}
\end{eqnarray}
According to Eqs.\,(\ref{EqM1}), (\ref{af}), (\ref{abs}), one has the following equations of motion for the time evolution of the coefficients $a_l(\tau), b_l(\tau)$:
\begin{eqnarray}
i \frac{d{a}_l }{d\tau} & = & \frac2V (1-i\alpha) \int dV \frac{\cos ((2l-1)\pi X/2) }{m_s(X)} \frac{\delta U}{\delta a^*} , \label{eqal} \\
i \frac{d{f}_l}{d\tau} & = & \frac2V (1-i\alpha) \int dV \frac{\sin (l\pi X)}{m_s(X)} \frac{\delta U}{\delta a^*} . \label{eqbl}
\end{eqnarray}
Due to symmetry considerations the previous equations separate, i.e. $\dot{a}_l$ depends only on $a_j$'s and $a_i^*$'s, and similarly for $\dot{f}_l$, i.e. it depends
only on $f_j$'s and $f_i^*$'s.
\subsubsection{Conservative equations of motion:}
In the conservative case Eq.\,(\ref{eqal}) for $\dot{a}_l$ becomes:
\begin{eqnarray}
i \dot{a}_l & = & h_x(\tau) a_l -k_s \sum_n \tilde{A}_{ln}(a_n-a_n^*) \nonumber \\
& & + \frac{d}{c^2} \sum_n B_{ln} a_n \nonumber \\
& & - \sum_n \frac{C_{ln}}{4\pi p} (a_n-a_n^*) -\sum_n D_{ln} a_n ,
\label{alnd}
\end{eqnarray}
with
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde{A}_{ln} & = & \int_{-1}^{1}dX m_s (X) \cos (k_l X) \cos (k_n X) , \label{aln} \\
B_{ln} & = & k_n \int_{-1}^{1}dX \frac{\cos (k_l X)}{m_s(X)} \frac{d}{dX} [m_s^2(X) \sin (k_n X) ] , \\
C_{ln} & = & \int_{-1}^1 dX \int_{-1}^{1}dX' m_s (X') \cos (k_l X) \cos (k_n X') \nonumber \\
& & \times \ln \left( \frac{|X-X'|}{\sqrt{(X-X')^2+(2p)^2}}
\right), \\
D_{ln} & = & \int_{-1}^{1}dX H_V(X) \cos (k_l X) \cos (k_n X) \label{dln} ,
\end{eqnarray}
with $k_l=(2l-1)\pi/2$, and similarly for $k_n$.
Expressions for these coefficients are given in the section \ref{coef} of this Appendix for the case in which dilution is assumed to occur linearly at a scale $L$ from each of the
edges of the sample.
If one looks for solutions of Eq.\,(\ref{alnd}) of the type:
\begin{equation}
a_l (\tau) = c_l \exp (-i \Omega \tau)+d_l \exp (i \Omega \tau)
\label{alti}
\end{equation}
i.e.
\begin{equation}
a_l^* (\tau) = d_l^* \exp (-i \Omega \tau) +c_l^* \exp (i \Omega \tau) ,
\label{atpi}
\end{equation}
then the equations of motion (\ref{alnd}) lead to the eigenvalue problem $Mv = \Omega v$ (assuming $h_x$ independent of time), with
the eigenvector $v^T=(c,d^*)=(c_n , d_n^*)$ (shorthand notation for an extended vector), and the matrix $M$ given as:
\begin{equation}
M = \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
R & S \\
-S^* & -R^*
\end{array}
\right)
=
\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
R & S \\
-S & -R
\end{array}
\right) ,
\end{equation}
with
\begin{eqnarray}
R_{ln} & = & h_x \delta_{ln} -k_s \tilde{A}_{ln} +\frac{d}{c^2} B_{ln} \nonumber \\
& & -D_{ln} - \frac{ C_{ln}}{4\pi p} , \label{rln} \\
S_{ln} & = & k_s \tilde{A}_{ln} +\frac{ C_{ln}}{4\pi p} . \label{sln}
\end{eqnarray}
\subsection{Linear dynamics including spin transfer torque and damping, dc current:}
In the presence of damping and spin transfer torque the equations of motion (\ref{eqal}) take the following form ($U=U_C+iU_{STT}$ is imaginary in this case):
\begin{equation}
i \dot{a}_l = (1-i \alpha) \sum_n [(R_{ln} +iJ \tilde{A}_{ln})a_n+S_{ln} a_n^*] \; ,
\label{emal}
\end{equation}
with $\tilde{A}_{ln},R_{ln}, S_{ln}$ the matrices given in Eqs.\,(\ref{aln},\ref{rln},\ref{sln}). Searching for solutions
of the type:
\begin{equation}
a_l (\tau) = c_l \exp (-i \Omega \tau -\nu \tau)+d_l \exp (i \Omega \tau -\nu \tau)
\label{alt}
\end{equation}
i.e.
\begin{equation}
a_l^* (\tau) = d_l^* \exp (-i \Omega \tau -\nu \tau) +c_l^* \exp (i \Omega \tau -\nu \tau) \; ,
\label{atn}
\end{equation}
the equations of motion (\ref{emal})
and their complex conjugates, become the eigenvalue problem $\tilde{M} v = \tilde{\delta} v$, with
\begin{equation}
\tilde{M} = \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
(1-i\alpha) \tilde{R} & (1-i\alpha) S \\
-(1+i \alpha) S^* & -(1+i \alpha) \tilde{R}^*
\end{array}
\right) \; , \label{Mt}
\end{equation}
with $\tilde{R}=R+iJ \tilde{A}$, $\tilde{\delta} = \Omega -i \nu$, and $v^T=(c^T,(d^*)^T)$.
The eigenmodes of this problem that includes damping and spin transfer torque, may be found by finding the right eigenvectors of $\tilde{M}$. These eigenvectors will be the columns of a matrix $W$ that defines a change of variables to the amplitudes of the eigenmodes $b_l, b_l^*$, as follows:
\begin{equation}
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
a \\ a^*
\end{array}
\right)
= W \left(
\begin{array}{c}
b \\ b^*
\end{array}
\right) .
\end{equation}
The equations of motion (\ref{emal}) (and their complex conjugates) may be written as:
\begin{equation}
i \left(
\begin{array}{c}
\dot{a} \\ \dot{a}^*
\end{array}
\right)
=
\tilde{M}
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
{a} \\ {a}^*
\end{array}
\right) .
\end{equation}
Multiplying this equation on the left by $W^{-1}$ (the left eigenvectors of $\tilde{M}$) one gets
the diagonal equation of motion for the amplitudes of the eigenmodes:
\begin{equation}
i \left(
\begin{array}{c}
\dot{b} \\ \dot{b}^*
\end{array}
\right)
=
\tilde{D}
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
{b} \\ {b}^*
\end{array}
\right) ,
\label{emdsn}
\end{equation}
with $\tilde{D}=W^{-1} \tilde{M} W$ a diagonal matrix, whose elements are the frequencies of the modes with associated imaginary parts as decay/growth rates.
\subsection{Dipolar energy of a transversely magnetized stripe:}
The scaled dipolar energy is given by:
\begin{eqnarray}
U_D & = & -\frac{1}{8\pi M_0^2} \int dV \vec{H}_D(\vec{M}) \cdot \vec{M} \nonumber \\
& = & -\frac{1}{8\pi M_0^2} \int dV \langle \vec{H}_D(\vec{M}) \rangle \cdot \vec{M} \; ,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\langle... \rangle$ is average over the thickness: the second equality follows since in our model the magnetization does not vary over the thickness. Now
$\vec{H}_D(M_z \hatb{z})=0$ since $M_z \hatb{z}$ does not have surface or volume charges associated. According to Ref.~\cite{Duan2015} ($p = b/c$):
\begin{eqnarray}
& & \langle\vec{H}_D(M_y \hatb{y})\rangle_y(X)= \nonumber \\ &&
-\frac{1}{p}
\int_{-1}^1 dX' M_y(X') \ln(1+(2p/(X-X'))^2) \: ,
\end{eqnarray}
with $X \equiv x/c$. Also,
\begin{eqnarray}
\langle\vec{H}_D(M_x \hatb{x})\rangle & =& \langle\vec{H}_D(M_s(X) \hatb{x})\rangle
\nonumber \\
- \langle\vec{H}_D(M_s(X) aa^* \hatb{x})\rangle \; ,
\end{eqnarray}
with $\langle\vec{H}_D(M_s(X) \hatb{x})\rangle(X) \equiv -4\pi M_0 H_V(X) \hatb{x}$, and only due to magnetic volume charges (it is assumed that at the edges of the stripe the magnetization goes to zero).
Using the reciprocity theorem ($\int_V \vec{m}_1 \cdot \vec{H}_D(\vec{m}_2) = \int_V \vec{m}_2 \cdot \vec{H}_D(\vec{m}_1)$ for any two magnetization configurations),
and using the nonzero components of the average demagnetizing field, one obtains the following expression for the demagnetizing energy:
\begin{eqnarray}
U_D & = & -\frac{V}{8\pi p} \int_{-1}^{1} dX \int_{-1}^{1} dX' m_s(X) m_s(X') \nonumber \\
& & \times\, m_y(X) m_y(X') \ln (\frac{|X-X'|}{\sqrt{(X-X')^2+(2p)^2}} ) \nonumber \\
& & -\frac{V}{2} \int_{-1}^{1} dX H_V (X) m_s(X) aa^* \nonumber \\
& & -\frac{1}{8\pi} \int dV m_s(X)\langle H_D^x(m_s(X)aa^* \hatb{x})\rangle aa^* \; . \nonumber \\
\label{UD}
\end{eqnarray}
Using that $m_y = -(i/2)(a-a^*)\sqrt{2-aa^*}$, to quadratic order in $a, a^*$ the previous expression for the demagnetizing energy is approximated as:
\begin{eqnarray}
U_D^{(2)} & = & \frac{ V}{16 \pi p} \int_{-1}^{1} dX \int_{-1}^{1} dX' m_s(X)m_s(X') \nonumber \\
& & \times\, (a(X)-a^*(X))(a(X')-a^*(X')) \nonumber \\
& & \times\, \ln \left(\frac{|X-X'|}{\sqrt{(X-X')^2+(2p)^2}} \right) \nonumber \\
& &-\frac{V}{2} \int_{-1}^{1} dX H_V (X) m_s(X) a(X)a^*(X) \; ,
\label{ud2}
\end{eqnarray}
meaning that
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\delta U_D^{(2)}}{\delta a^*} & = &- \frac{m_s(X)}{4 \pi p} \int_{-1}^{1} dX' m_s(X') \nonumber \\
& & \times \, (a(X')-a^*(X')) \ln \left(\frac{|X-X'|}{\sqrt{(X-X')^2+(2p)^2}} \right) \nonumber \\
& &- H_V (X) m_s(X) a(X) \; .
\label{delud}
\end{eqnarray}
Going back to $H_V(x)$, to simplify the analysis we take first only the right edge region, and its contribution to $H_V(x) \hatb{x}$ would be given by (origin taken at the right edge (r), and $L$ is taken as the length of dilution):
\begin{eqnarray}
H_V^r(x) & = & -\frac{1}{4\pi M_0 b} \int_{-L}^0 dx'
(-\frac{\partial M_s(x')}{\partial x'} ) \nonumber \\ & &
\times\, \int_{-b}^b dy \int_{-b}^b dy' \frac{(x-x')}{(y-y')^2+(x-x')^2}. \nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
The volume magnetic charge density at the right edge would be $(-M_s'(x))=\nu$, with $\nu=M_0/L$ a constant, then:
\begin{eqnarray}
H_V^r(X) & = & -\frac{c \nu}{4\pi M_0} \int_0^{L/c} dX' \nonumber \\ & &
\times\, \int_{-1}^{1}dY \int_{-1}^{1}dY'
\frac{(X+X')/p}{(Y-Y')^2+((X+X')/p)^2} \nonumber \\
& = & -\frac{b \nu}{8\pi M_0} \int_{-1}^{1}dY \int_{-1}^{1}dY' \nonumber \\ & &
\times\, \ln [(Y-Y')^2+((X+X')/p)^2]_{0}^{L/c}. \nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
Introducing $q=L/b$, and with the change of variables $V=Y-Y'$ and $U=Y+Y'$, one obtains:
\begin{eqnarray}
H_V^r(X) & = &-\frac{ 1}{4\pi q } \int_0^{2} dV (2-V) \nonumber \\
&\times&\, [ \ln (V^2+((L/c+X)/p)^2)- \ln (V^2+(X/p)^2) ]. \nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
& & \int_0^2 dV (2-V) \ln (V^2+w^2) \nonumber \\
& = & w^2 \ln |w| -6 +(4-w^2)\ln \sqrt{4+w^2} +4w \tan^{-1}(2/w). \nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
Putting all this together in the experimental geometry, with an origin at the center of the stripe:
\begin{align}
- 4\pi q & H_V(X) = (q+(X-1)/p)^2 \ln |q+(X-1)/p | \nonumber \\
& + (4-(q+\frac{(X-1)}{p})^2) \ln \sqrt{4+(q+\frac{(X-1)}{p})^2} \nonumber \\
& + 4 (q+(X-1)/p) \tan^{-1}(\frac{2}{q+(X-1)/p}) \nonumber \\
& - ((X-1)/p)^2 \ln |(X-1)/p| \nonumber \\
& - (4-((X-1)/p)^2) \ln \sqrt{4+((X-1)/p)^2} \nonumber \\
& - 4 ((X-1)/p) \tan^{-1}(\frac{2p}{(X-1)}) \nonumber \\
& + (q-(X+1)/p)^2 \ln |q-(X+1)/p | \nonumber \\
& + (4-(q-\frac{(X+1)}{p})^2) \ln \sqrt{4+(q-\frac{(X+1)}{p})^2} \nonumber \\
& + 4 (q-(X+1)/p) \tan^{-1}(\frac{2}{q-(X+1)/p}) \nonumber \\
& - ((X+1)/p)^2 \ln |(X+1)/p| \nonumber \\
& - (4-((X+1)/p)^2) \ln \sqrt{4+((X+1)/p)^2} \nonumber \\
& - 4 ((X+1)/p) \tan^{-1}(\frac{2p}{(X+1)}) .
\label{hvx}
\end{align}
\subsection{Coefficients of equations of motion: \label{coef}}
In this section we present in more detail the determination of the coefficients (\ref{aln}-\ref{dln}) appearing in the equations of motion (\ref{alnd}). Taking that the
region of dilution occurs within a distance $L$ from each edge, and that it corresponds to a linear growth of the material from the edge, we define $r=(c-L)/c$. Also $k_l=(2l-1)\pi/2$ and similarly for $k_n$. Then,
\begin{eqnarray}
\hspace*{-5cm} \tilde{A}_{ln} & = &\int_{-1}^{1}dX m_s (X) \cos (k_l X) \cos (k_n X) \nonumber \\
&= & \frac{1}{(1-r)} \{ \frac{\cos ((k_l+k_n) r)-\cos((k_l+k_n)}{(k_l+k_n)^2} \nonumber \\
&& + \frac{\cos ((k_l-k_n) r)-\cos(k_l-k_n)}{(k_l-k_n)^2}
\},
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde{A}_{nn} & = & \frac{1}{4} \{ 2(1+r) +\frac{1}{(1-r)k_n^2}[\cos (2 k_n r)-\cos(2k_n)] \}, \nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
B_{ln} & = & k_n \int_{-1}^{1}dX \frac{\cos (k_l X)}{m_s(X)} \frac{d}{dX} [m_s^2(X) \sin (k_n X) ] \nonumber \\
& = & k_n^2 A_{ln} \nonumber \\
& & - \frac{2k_n}{(1-r)} \{ \frac{\cos ((k_l+k_n) r)-\cos(k_l+k_n)}{(k_l+k_n)} \nonumber \\
& &- \frac{\cos ((k_l-k_n) r)-\cos(k_l-k_n)}{(k_l-k_n)} \} ,
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
B_{nn} & = & A_{nn} k_n^2+ \frac{\cos (2k_n)-\cos (2k_n r)}{(1-r)} ,
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
C_{ln} & = &
\int_{-1}^1 dX \int_{-1}^{1}dX' m_s (X') \cos (k_l X) \nonumber \\
& &\times\, \cos (k_n X')\ln ( \frac{|X-X'|}{\sqrt{(X-X')^2+(2p)^2}}) \nonumber \\
& = & 2 \int_{-1}^1 dX \int_{0}^{1}dX' m_s (X') \cos (k_l X) \nonumber \\
& &\times\, \cos (k_n X') \ln ( \frac{|X-X'|}{\sqrt{(X-X')^2+(2p)^2}}) \nonumber \\
& = & \int dV \int dU m_s((U-V)/2) \ln ( \frac{|V|}{\sqrt{V^2+(2p)^2}}) \nonumber \\
& & \times\, \{ \cos (k_l U/2) \cos (k_n U/2) \cos (k_l V/2)\cos (k_n V/2) \nonumber \\
& & +\cos (k_l U/2) \sin (k_n U/2) \cos (k_l V/2)\sin (k_n V/2) \nonumber \\
& & - \sin (k_l U/2) \cos (k_n U/2) \sin (k_l V/2)\cos (k_n V/2) \nonumber \\
& & - \sin (k_l U/2) \sin (k_n U/2) \sin (k_l V/2)\sin (k_n V/2) \},\nonumber \\
\label{cln}
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{ccc}
U = X+X' & , & V=X-X' , \\
X=(U+V)/2 & , & X' = (U-V)/2,
\end{array}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
m_s(X')=
\left\{
\begin{array}{ccc}
1 & : & 0 \leq X'=\frac{U-V}{2} \leq r \\
\frac{1-X'}{1-r}=\frac{2+V-U}{2(1-r)} & : & r \leq X' \leq 1 .
\end{array}
\right .
\end{equation}
Also,
\begin{align}
2 \int_{-1}^1 dX & \int_{0}^{1}dX' \nonumber \\
& = \int_{-2}^{-1-r} dV \int_{-V-2}^{V+2} dU+\int_{-1-r}^{0} dV \int_{V+2r}^{V+2} dU \nonumber \\
& + \int_{0}^{1-r} dV \int_{V+2r}^{-V+2} dU +\int_{-1-r}^{-1} dV \int_{-V-2}^{V+2r} dU \nonumber \\
& + \int_{-1}^{1-r} dV \int_{V}^{V+2r} dU +\int_{1-r}^{1} dV \int_{V}^{-V+2} dU \nonumber \\ ,
\end{align}
which has been separated according to the regions where $m_s(X')$ is not equal to one (first three), or equal to one (second one).
Also:
\begin{eqnarray}
& & \int dU \cos (l\pi U/2) \cos (n\pi U/2) = \nonumber \\
& & \frac{\sin ((k_l+k_n) U/2)}{(k_l+k_n)} +\frac{\sin ((k_l-k_n) U/2)}{(k_l-k_n)} , \nonumber \\
& & \int dU \sin (k_l U/2) \cos (k_n U/2) = \nonumber \\
& & -\frac{\cos ((k_l+k_n) U/2)}{(k_l+k_n)} -\frac{\cos ((k_l-k_n)U/2)}{(k_l-k_n)} , \nonumber \\
& & \int dU \sin (k_l U/2) \sin (k_n U/2) = \nonumber \\
& & -\frac{\sin ((k_l+k_n) U/2)}{(k_l+k_n)} +\frac{\sin ((k_l-k_n) U/2)}{(k_l-k_n)} , \nonumber \\
& & \int dU U \cos (k_l U/2) \cos (k_n U/2) = \nonumber \\
& & U\{ \frac{\sin ((k_l+k_n) U/2)}{(k_l+k_n)}
+\frac{\sin ((k_l-k_n) U/2)}{(k_l-k_n)} \} \nonumber \\
& & +2\frac{\cos ((k_l+k_n) U/2)}{(k_l+k_n)^2}
+2\frac{\cos ((k_l-k_n) U/2)}{(k_l-k_n)^2} , \nonumber \\
& & \int dU U \sin (k_l U/2) \cos (k_n U/2) = \nonumber \\
& & -U\{ \frac{\cos ((k_l+k_n) U/2)}{(k_l+k_n)}
+\frac{\cos ((k_l-k_n) U/2)}{(k_l-k_n)} \} \nonumber \\
& & +2\frac{\sin ((k_l+k_n) U/2)}{(k_l+k_n)^2}
+2\frac{\sin ((k_l-k_n) U/2)}{(k_l-k_n)^2} , \nonumber \\
& & \int dU U \sin (k_l U/2) \sin (k_n U/2) = \nonumber \\
& & U\{ -\frac{\sin ((k_l+k_n) U/2)}{(k_l+k_n)}
+\frac{\sin ((k_l-k_n) U/2)}{(k_l-k_n) } \} \nonumber \\
& & -2\frac{\cos ((k_l+k_n) U/2)}{(k_l+k_n)^2}
+2\frac{\cos ((k_l-k_n) U/2)}{(k_l-k_n)^2} . \nonumber \\
\label{inu}
\end{eqnarray}
From these equations (\ref{inu}) one deduces:
\begin{eqnarray}
& & \int dU \{ \nonumber \\
& & \cos (k_l U/2) \cos (k_n U/2) \cos (k_l V/2)\cos (k_n V/2) \nonumber \\
& & +\cos (k_l U/2) \sin (k_n U/2) \cos (k_l V/2)\sin (k_n V/2) \nonumber \\
& & - \sin (k_l U/2) \cos (k_n U/2) \sin (k_l V/2)\cos (k_n V/2) \nonumber \\
& & - \sin (k_l U/2) \sin (k_n U/2) \sin (k_l V/2)\sin (k_n V/2) \} \; ,\nonumber \\
& = & \sin ((k_l+k_n) U/2) \cos ((k_l-k_n) V/2)/(k_l+k_n) \nonumber \\
& & +\sin ((k_l-k_n) U/2) \cos ((k_l+k_n) V/2)/(k_l-k_n) \nonumber \\
& & + \cos ((k_l+k_n) U/2) \sin ((k_l-k_n) V/2)/(k_l+k_n) \nonumber \\
& & + \cos ((k_l-k_n) U/2) \sin ((k_l+k_n) V/2)/(k_l-k_n) \} \nonumber \\
& = & \sin [(k_l+k_n) U/2 +(k_l-k_n) V/2] /(k_l+k_n) \nonumber \\
& & + \sin [(k_l-k_n) U/2 +(k_l+k_n) V/2] /(k_l-k_n) \nonumber \\
& \equiv & au(U,V,kl,kn) \; .
\label{au}
\end{eqnarray}
Also, for $k_l=k_n=k$:
\begin{equation}
au(U,V,k,k) \equiv aue(U,V,k) = \frac{U}{2} \cos (kV) +\frac{\sin (kU)}{2k} \; .
\end{equation}
Similarly,
\begin{eqnarray}
& & \int dU U \{ \nonumber \\
& & \cos (k_l U/2) \cos (k_n U/2) \cos (k_l V/2)\cos (k_n V/2) \nonumber \\
& & +\cos (k_l U/2) \sin (k_n U/2) \cos (k_l V/2)\sin (k_n V/2) \nonumber \\
& & - \sin (k_l U/2) \cos (k_n U/2) \sin (k_l V/2)\cos (k_n V/2) \nonumber \\
& & - \sin (k_l U/2) \sin (k_n U/2) \sin (k_l V/2)\sin (k_n V/2) \} \nonumber \\
& = & U au(U,V,kl,kn) \nonumber \\
& & +2 \cos ((kl+kn)U/2) \cos ((kl-kn) V/2)/(kl+kn)^2 \nonumber \\
& & +2 \cos ((kl-kn)U/2) \cos ((kl+kn) V/2)/(kl-kn)^2 \nonumber \\
& & -2 \sin ((kl+kn)U/2) \sin ((kl-kn) V/2)/(kl+kn)^2 \nonumber \\
& & -2 \sin ((kl-kn)U/2) \sin ((kl+kn) V/2)/(kl-kn)^2 \nonumber \\
& = & U au(U,V,kl,kn) \nonumber \\
& & +2 \cos [(kl+kn)U/2 +(kl-kn) V/2]/(kl+kn)^2 \nonumber \\
& & +2 \cos [(kl-kn)U/2 +(kl+kn) V/2]/(kl-kn)^2 \nonumber \\
& \equiv & bu(U,V,kl,kn) \; ,
\label{bu}
\end{eqnarray}
and for $k_l=k_n=k$:
\begin{eqnarray}
bu(U,V,k,k) & \equiv & bue(U,V,k) = \frac{U^2}{4} \cos (kV) \nonumber \\
& & +\frac{\cos (kU)}{2k^2}+\frac{U}{2k}\sin (kU) \; .
\end{eqnarray}
Now, we define:
\begin{eqnarray}
cd(U,V,kl,kn) & \equiv & \ln ( \frac{|V|}{\sqrt{V^2+(2p)^2}})au(U,V,kl,kn) , \nonumber \\
\label{cd} \\
cn(U,V,kl,kn) & \equiv & \frac{1}{2(1-r)}\ln ( \frac{|V|}{\sqrt{V^2+(2p)^2}}) \nonumber \\
\times\, [(2&+&V)au(U,V,kl,kn)-bu(U,V,kl,kn)] .
\nonumber \\
\label{cn}
\end{eqnarray}
Then,
\begin{eqnarray}
C_{ln} & = & \frac{n_n n_l}{2} \{ \int_{-1-r}^{-1} dV cd(U,V,kl,kn)|_{-V-2}^{V+2r} \nonumber \\
& & + \int_{-1}^{1-r} dV cd(U,V,kl,kn)|_{V}^{V+2r} \nonumber \\
& & + \int_{1-r}^{1} dV cd(U,V,kl,kn)|_{V}^{-V+2} \nonumber \\
& & + \int_{-2}^{-1-r} dV cn(U,V,kl,kn)|_{-V-2}^{V+2} \nonumber \\
& & + \int_{-1-r}^{0} dV cn(U,V,kl,kn)|_{V+2r}^{V+2} \nonumber \\
& & + \int_{0}^{1-r} dV cn(U,V,kl,kn)|_{V+2r}^{-V+2} \}.
\end{eqnarray}
\subsection{Uniform mode, extended stripe or film limit: \label{tfl}}
In order to get analytic results in a simpler case, we develop the case of parametric resonance of a uniform
mode in an extended film (effects of the edges of the stripe neglected).
The matrix $\tilde{M}$ in this case is the following (no ac current, $J_0$ comes from the dc current spin transfer torque,
$h_x$ includes a dc Oersted field, no anisotropy):
\begin{align}
&\tilde{M} = \nonumber \\
&\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
(1-i\alpha) (h_x+\frac12+i J_0) & -(1-i\alpha)/2 \\
(1+i \alpha)/2 & -(1+i \alpha)(h_x +\frac12 -i J_0)
\end{array}
\right) .
\end{align}
The change of variables to the amplitudes $b_0, b_0^*$ of the uniform eigenmode is as follows:
\begin{equation}
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
a_0 \\ a_0^*
\end{array}
\right)
=
\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
\lambda & -\mu \\
-\mu^* & \lambda^*
\end{array}
\right)
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
b_0 \\ b_0^*
\end{array}
\right) = W \left(
\begin{array}{c}
b_0 \\ b_0^*
\end{array}
\right) .
\label{ab}
\end{equation}
The eigenvalues of $\tilde{M}$ are given by:
\begin{equation}
\gamma_{\pm} \simeq
i (J_0-\alpha (h_x+1/2)) \pm \sqrt{(h_x+1+\alpha J_0)(h_x+\alpha J_0) } \; ,
\end{equation}
i.e. one identifies the critical value of $J_0$ as $J_0^c=\alpha (h_x+1/2)$, since the equation
of motion for $b_0, b_0^*$ are:
\begin{equation}
i \left(
\begin{array}{c}
\dot{b}_0 \\ \dot{b}_0^*
\end{array}
\right) = \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
\gamma_+ & 0 \\
0 & \gamma_{-}
\end{array}
\right)
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
b_0 \\ b_0^*
\end{array}
\right) = D
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
b_0 \\ b_0^*
\end{array}
\right)
\; ,
\end{equation}
thus
$b_0=b_0^0 e^{-i \gamma_+ \tau}=b_0^0 e^{-i \Omega_0 \tau-\nu_0 \tau}$, with $\Omega_0 = \sqrt{(h_x+1+\alpha J_0)(h_x+\alpha J_0) }$,
$\nu_0 = J_0^c-J_0$, and $b_0^*=b_0^{0*}e^{-i \gamma_- \tau}$.
The eigenvectors of $\tilde{M}$ may be calculated (they are the columns of the matrix W in Eq.\,(\ref{ab})), and using the normalization
$|\lambda|^2-|\mu|^2=1$, they lead to:
\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{ccc}
\mu = \frac{1}{(1+i \alpha)}\sqrt{\frac{A-\Omega_0}{2\Omega_0}} & , & \lambda=
-\sqrt{\frac{A+\Omega_0}{2\Omega_0}} \; ,
\end{array}
\end{equation}
with $A= h_x+1/2$.
In this case $W^{-1}$ is given by:
\begin{equation}
W^{-1} =
\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
\lambda^* & \mu \\
\mu^* & \lambda
\end{array}
\right) .
\end{equation}
The equation of motion with an ac current takes the form:
\begin{equation}
i \left(
\begin{array}{c}
\dot{b}_0 \\ \dot{b}_0^*
\end{array}
\right) = D
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
b_0 \\ b_0^*
\end{array}
\right)
+W^{-1} \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
f(\tau) & 0 \\
0 & - f^*(\tau)
\end{array}
\right)
W
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
b_0 \\ b_0^*
\end{array}
\right)
\;
\end{equation}
with $f(\tau) = \cos (2 \Omega_p \tau) f_0$, and $f_0=(1-i \alpha)(-h_\mathrm{ac}+i J_\mathrm{ac})\sqrt{2}$. And
\begin{eqnarray}
& & W^{-1} \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
f_0 & 0 \\
0 & - f_0^*
\end{array}
\right)
W = \nonumber \\ & &
\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
(|\lambda|^2 f_0 +f_0^* |\mu|^2) & -\lambda^* \mu (f_0+f_0^*) \\
\lambda \mu^* (f_0+f_0^*) & - ( |\lambda|^2 f_0^* +f_0 |\mu|^2)
\end{array}
\right) .
\nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
Considering only the resonant terms of the previous first equation, this equation becomes:
\begin{equation}
i \dot{b}_0 =
(\Omega_0-i \nu_0) b_0 - \lambda^* \mu (f_0+f_0^*) e^{-i 2 \Omega_p \tau} b_0^*/2 \; ,
\end{equation}
with
$- \lambda^* \mu (f_0+f_0^*) \simeq -h_\mathrm{ac}/\sqrt{2}\Omega_0$. Thus, looking for solutions of the type
$b_0 = b_0^0 \exp (-i \Omega_p \tau-\nu \tau)$, $b_0^* = b_0^{0*} \exp (i \Omega_p \tau-\nu \tau)$, one obtains the condition:
\begin{widetext}
\begin{eqnarray}
\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
(\Omega_p-\Omega_0)-i(\nu-\nu_0) & h_\mathrm{ac}/2\sqrt{2}\Omega_0 \\
h_\mathrm{ac}/2\sqrt{2}\Omega_0 & (\Omega_p-\Omega_0)+i(\nu-\nu_0)
\end{array}
\right)
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
b_0^0 \\
b_0^{0*}
\end{array}
\right) = 0 .
\end{eqnarray}
\end{widetext}
Thus, $N_{00*}=h_\mathrm{ac}/2\Omega_0=I_\mathrm{ac}
\hat{N}_{00*}$, i.e. $\hat{N}_{00*}$ is proportional to the Oersted field in this model (proportional to the real part of $f_0$ that does not depend on $\beta$).
Imposing that the determinant of the previous equation to be zero leads to the condition:
\begin{equation}
(\nu-\nu_0)^2 = h_\mathrm{ac}^2/(2\sqrt{2}\Omega_0)^2 -(\Omega_p-\Omega_0)^2 .
\end{equation}
Thus, the lowest ac current for which a uniform auto-oscillation occurs at a given dc current, corresponds to $\nu=0$, $\Omega_p=\Omega_0$, and leads
to the threshold ac current condition:
\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{ccc}
|h_\mathrm{th}| = 2\sqrt{2} \Omega_0 \nu_0 &
\leftrightarrow & |I_\mathrm{th}|= \frac{\sqrt{2}\nu_0}{|\hat{N}_{00*}|}
= 2\sqrt{2} \Omega_0 \nu_0/k ,
\end{array}
\label{cc}
\end{equation}
which is the equivalent threshold condition as in Eq.\,(\ref{ccn}) for a general mode $(n)$.
\subsection{Spin Hall angle: \label{sha}}
In our notation the prefactor magnitude of the spin Hall torque is given by $|\gamma|4\pi J$ [see Eq.\,(\ref{LLG})]. We used $J=\beta I$, with $I$ the current through the bilayer. According to Ref.~\cite{Liu2011}, in our units:
\begin{equation}
J=\frac{\hbar}{2ed_{\text{Py}}4\pi M_s^2}\frac{I_{\text{Pt}}}{d_{\text{Pt}}w} \theta_H = \beta I \; ,
\end{equation}
with $e$ the charge of the electron, $d_{\text{Py,Pt}}$ the thicknesses of Py and Pt, $w$ the width of the wire, and $I_{\text{Pt}} \simeq (3/4)I$. The latter expression allows to derive the spin Hall angle $\theta_H$ from $\beta$.
\section{\label{sec:Introduction}Introduction}
Magnetization dynamics in thin-film nanoscale ferromagnets is of fundamental and practical importance in the field of spintronics \cite{Hoffmann2015,Demidov2017, Parkin2016,Back2015,Hellman2017, Sander017, Sluka2019}. The spectrum of spin wave excitations in such nanomagnets is quantized due to geometric confinement \cite{Demokritov2002,Kostylev2005}, which gives rise to a plethora of interesting nonlinear magneto-dynamic effects not found in bulk ferromagnets \cite{Slavin2012,Tiberkevich2009,Ivanov2001,Grollier2017,Grollier2014,Cottam2017,Mancilla2016}. However, calculations of the spin wave spectrum in such structures are challenging due to the importance of nonlocal dipolar interactions \cite{Guslienko2002,Mills2005} and poor understanding of boundary conditions for dynamic magnetization at the nanomagnet edges \cite{Cowburn2000,McMichael2006,Krawczyk2008,Hammel2015}. Despite these challenges, a quantitative description of magnetization dynamics in nanomagnets is critically needed for design and optimization of nanoscale spintronic devices \cite{Fang2019, Tsunegi2019, Dieny2020, Talmelli2020} such as spin torque memory (STT-MRAM) \cite{Dorrance2013,Bhatti2017, Gajek2012b}, spin torque nano-oscillators \cite{Kiselev2003, Rippard2004, Grollier2014b,Ebels2007, Hache2020, Tarequzzaman2019, Koo2020} and ultrasensitive spintronic sensors \cite{Fuji2019}. Operation of all these practical spintronic devices critically depends on details of linear and nonlinear \cite{Li2019} magnetization dynamics in nanomagnets \cite{Barman2021}.
A significant body of prior experimental \cite{Kostylev2007, Katine2013,Almulhem2018,Baberschke2008,Chumak2020,Lindner2011,Gubbiotti2003, Livesey2013, Yu2016, Zhang2019, Purser2020, Schultheiss2021, Zhou2015, Liu2018, Barsukov2019} and theoretical \cite{Schmidt2012,McMichael2005,Mancilla2017,Krawczyk2014} work has been dedicated to studies of spin waves in nanostructures and their interactions with spin currents \cite{Slonczewski1996,Berger1996,Hirsch1999,Zhang2000,Finocchio2007,Ando2008,Dumas2013,Fan2013,Hoffmann2013,Bai2013, Padron-hernandez2011, Ganzhorn2016, Iacocca2019, Wang2019b, guckelhorn2020, Montoya2019}. These studies typically focus on the frequencies and spatial profiles of the eigenmodes. At present, a good quantitative understanding of many types of spin waves in nanomagnets has been achieved with a notable exception of the eigenmodes localized near the nanomagnet edge, the so-called edge modes \cite{Silva2021,McMichael2013}. This is not surprising because magnetic properties of the edge of a thin magnetic film can differ from those of the rest of the film \cite{Silva2021,Silva2011,McMichael2007}, and also from sample to sample. Many magnetic properties such as magnetization, exchange interactions and magnetic anisotropy can become strongly spatially dependent near the magnetic film edge \cite{Belyaev2019,McMichael2012,McMichael2010}, and details of the magnetic edge profile are not well known \cite{McMichael2006b}. Measurements of the edge mode frequencies alone do not provide sufficient information to reconstruct the edge-induced modifications of the film magnetic properties. Therefore, characterization of the edge eigenmode properties going beyond the mode spectrum are needed. The relatively poor understanding of the edge eigenmodes is a challenging problem of significant practical importance because lateral dimensions of spintronic nanodevices such as STT-MRAM are projected to decrease down to a few nanometers \cite{Bhatti2017,Fullerton2008}, which implies that static and dynamic magnetic properties of such devices will be dominated by the magnetic film edge.
In this paper, we study spin wave eigenmodes in ferromagnetic thin-films nanowires \cite{Duan2014,Duan2014b,Duan2015, Yang2015, Smith2020} focusing on the edge eigenmodes \cite{Park2002}. The translational symmetry of the nanowire geometry significantly simplifies theoretical description of the spin wave spectrum and allows us to compare our measurements to an analytical theory of nanowire spin wave eigenmodes we develop here. In order to understand the eigenmode properties beyond the typically measured frequency and damping, we study parametric excitation of spin waves and its tuning by antidamping spin-orbit torque \cite{Miron2010,Ulrichs2011,Demidov2011,Rousseau2012,Wang2013,Hahn2013,Bracher2011,Guo2014,Urazhdin2010,Edwards2012,Epshtein2012, Garello2013, Geranton2016, Laczkowski2017, Ryu2019, Manchon2019, Wang2019, Belashchenko2020, Safranski2020, Shao2021, Kumar2021, Filianina2020, Bapna2018, Safranski2019}. To our knowledge, our experiment is the first measurement of parametric excitation of the edge spin wave eigenmodes. Measurements of the parametric resonance threshold and its tuning by antidamping spin Hall torque allows us to probe ellipticity of the edge modes. This new information on the properties of the edge modes allows us to test a popular model of the edge-induced modifications of thin film magnetic properties \cite{McMichael2006}. Our work places new constraints on the models of magnetic film edge and suggests a pathway for improving these models.
\section{\label{sec:setup}Samples and Measurements}
The nanowire devices studied in this work are patterned from GaAs(substrate)/AlO$_x$(4\,nm)/Py(5\,nm)/ Pt(5\,nm) multilayers deposited by magnetron sputtering, where Permalloy (Py) is a Ni$_{80}$Fe$_{20}$ alloy. Multilayer nanowires that are 6\,$\mu$m long and 190\,nm wide are defined via e-beam lithography and Ar plasma etching. Two Cr(7\,nm)/Au(35\,nm) leads are attached to each nanowire with a 1.8\,$\mu$m gap between the leads, which defines the active region of the device as shown in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:Layout}(a).
We employ an electrically detected ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) technique also known as spin-torque FMR (ST-FMR) \cite{Tulapurkar2005,Sankey2006, Duan2014, Biziere2009, Ganguly2014, Goncalves2013, Cheng2013} to characterize spin waves in the nanowire. Figure~\ref{Fig:Layout}(a) shows the schematics of the ST-FMR setup, which allows us to measure both direct (linear) and parametric (nonlinear) excitation of spin waves in the Py nanowire. In these measurements, we apply an amplitude-modulated microwave current $I_\mathrm{ac}$ to the nanowire through the RF port of a bias tee, where $I_\mathrm{ac}$ represents the root mean square (rms) amplitude of the microwave current. This current applies periodic spin Hall torque and Oersted field $H_\mathrm{ac}$, both arising from microwave current in the Pt layer, to drive forced oscillations of the Py magnetization and thereby excite spin wave modes in the Py nanowire.
We then measure voltage $V$ induced in the nanowire at the modulation frequency $f_\mathrm{mod}$ using a lock-in amplifier \cite{Sankey2006}. The measured voltage $V$ has two contributions \cite{Mecking2007}: (i) photovoltage signal arising from mixing of the microwave current $I_\mathrm{ac}$ and Py resistance oscillations $R_\mathrm{ac}$ at the microwave drive frequency $f$ and (ii) photoresistance signal arising from modulation of the time-averaged sample resistance at $f_\mathrm{mod}$ due to excitation of spin waves. Both the photovoltage and the photoresistance signals are due to anisotropic magneto-resistance (AMR) of the Py layer. As shown in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:Layout}(b), when $f$ coincides with the resonance frequency of a spin wave eigenmode, a peak is observed in the FMR spectrum $V(f)$ or $V(H)$. These measurements were made for magnetic field $H$ applied in the sample plane at the angle $\theta=85^{\circ}$ with respect to the electric current direction as illustrated in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:Layout}(a). Similar to the FMR spectra in our previous work \cite{Duan2014}, we observed two groups of modes: bulk and edge modes. These modes have different profiles along the wire width with reduced amplitude near the wire edges for the bulk modes, and enhanced amplitude for the edge modes. Several closely spaced bulk and edge modes are observed due to quantization induced by the geometric confinement of the modes along the wire length to the 1.8\,$\mu$m active region. Measurements in this work are performed at the bath temperature $T=4.2\,$K unless indicated otherwise.
In order to measure the Gilbert damping parameter of the nanowire, we apply an external magnetic field along the nanowire axis [$\theta=0^{\circ}$ in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:Layout}(a)] and measure resonance frequency and linewidth (half-width at half maximum) of the lowest-frequency (quasi-uniform) bulk mode, as shown in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:FMR}. The slope of the linewidth versus frequency in the inset of Fig.\,\ref{Fig:FMR} gives the effective damping of the quasi-uniform (bulk) mode: $\alpha = 0.031$, a value exceeding that of a thin Py film. This relatively high value of the damping parameter likely arises from two factors: (i) spin pumping into the proximate Pt layer and (ii) atomic inter-diffusion between Py and adjacent layers induced by heating in the device nanofabrication process. The measurements in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:FMR} were made at $I_{\mathrm{dc}}=0$ and $T=94$\,K -- the temperature the wire reaches due to ohmic heating at bath temperature $T=4$\,K and $I_{\mathrm{dc}}$ = 2.2\,mA in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:Layout}(a).
\begin{figure}[pt]
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{Layout.png}\\
\includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{FMR_trace.png}
\caption{\textbf{ST-FMR measurement schematic and an ST-FMR spectrum.} \textbf{(a)} ST-FMR measurement setup and the coordinate system used in this work. An amplitude-modulated microwave current $I_\mathrm{ac}$ from a microwave generator is applied to the Py/Pt nanowire device, and voltage $V$ induced at the modulation frequency is measured by a lock-in amplifier as a function of external field $H$ applied in the plane of the sample ($\it{xz}$-plane) at an angle $\theta$ with respect to the wire axis. A direct current $I_\mathrm{dc}$ can be applied to the nanowire to tune its effective magnetic damping by spin Hall torque. \textbf{(b)} ST-FMR spectrum of the nanowire device measured at the microwave drive frequency of 6\,GHz, $\theta=85^{\circ}$, $I_{\mathrm{ac}}$ = 0.3\,mA, and $I_{\mathrm{dc}}$ = 2.2\,mA.}
\label{Fig:Layout}
\end{figure}
To study parametric excitation of spin waves in the nanowire and tuning of this process by spin Hall current, we apply a magnetic field $H>$ 450\,Oe in the plane of the sample at the direction perpendicular to the nanowire axis ($\theta=90^{\circ}\pm 0.1^{\circ}$). This field saturates Py magnetization perpendicular to the wire axis everywhere except very near the wire edges where demagnetizing field is enhanced by the edge magnetic charges \cite{Duan2015}. In this configuration, polarization of spin Hall current from Pt is nearly parallel to magnetization of Py, and modification of the effective damping of Py by spin Hall current is maximized \cite{Duan2014}. We apply a direct current $I_\mathrm{dc}$ to the nanowire in order to tune the effective damping of spin wave modes in Py by spin Hall torque arising from current in the Pt layer. In this paper, we use $I_\mathrm{dc}$ smaller than the critical current $I_\mathrm{c}$ for excitation of magnetization auto-oscillations by antidamping spin Hall torque \cite{Duan2014b}.
For magnetization nearly saturated in the plane of the sample perpendicular to the nanowire axis, spin current polarization and the Oersted field are both parallel to magnetization and thus both spin torque and Oersted field torque are nearly zero. Therefore, direct excitation of spin waves by $I_\mathrm{ac}$ in this configuration is very inefficient. In addition, oscillations of magnetization at the ac current frequency $f$ give rise to resistance oscillations at $2f$ in this configuration due to the $R=R_0+R_A\cos^2\varphi$ angular dependence of AMR, with $\varphi$ the angle between magnetization and electric current. Therefore, mixing of resistance and current oscillation does not generate a rectified photovoltage (see Appendix \ref{STFMR} for details). Thus spin waves are both difficult to excite and detect electrically via application of $I_\mathrm{ac}$ at the spin wave resonance frequency for a magnetic field applied at $\theta=90^{\circ}$.
\begin{figure}[pt]
\includegraphics[width=0.99\columnwidth]{FMR.png}
\caption{\textbf{ST-FMR measurements at \boldmath{$\theta=0^\circ$, longitudinal magnetization}.} Resonance frequency of the quasi-uniform spin wave mode versus magnetic field applied parallel to the nanowire axis at the bath temperature $T=94\,$K. Inset shows linewidth of the mode versus frequency. Circles are experimental data while lines are fits described in the text.}
\label{Fig:FMR}
\end{figure}
In contrast, $\theta=90^{\circ}$ is the optimum field direction for parametric excitation of spin waves in the nanowire. For efficient parametric excitation, either the external magnetic field parallel to the equilibrium magnetization direction or the effective damping of a spin wave mode (or both) should be modulated at twice the mode resonance frequency \cite{Gurevich1996}. For $\theta=90^{\circ}$, both the component of the Oersted field parallel to magnetization and the modulation of the effective damping by spin Hall current from Pt are maximized. Therefore, application of $I_\mathrm{ac}$ at $2f$ can efficiently excite parametric resonance of spin waves in the Py nanowire for $\theta=90^{\circ}$. At the same time, spin wave excitations generate resistance oscillations at $2f$, which mix with $I_\mathrm{ac}$ at $2f$ to produce a non-zero rectified photovoltage. Therefore, the efficiency of parametric excitation and electrical detection of spin waves is maximized at $\theta=90^{\circ}$. Parametric excitation is a threshold effect and thus $I_\mathrm{ac}$ exceeding a threshold value $I_\mathrm{th}$ is required for excitation of spin waves at zero temperature. At a finite temperature, parametric drive amplifies the amplitude of thermal spin waves below the threshold current. Analytical expressions for the dependence of $V$ on the drive current $I_\mathrm{ac}$ are derived in Appendix \ref{STFMR} for the $I_\mathrm{ac}\gg I_\mathrm{th}$ and $I_\mathrm{ac}\ll I_\mathrm{th}$ limits:
\begin{figure}[pt]
\includegraphics[width=0.99\columnwidth]{VoltageSpectra.png}
\caption{\textbf{ST-FMR spectra at \boldmath{$\theta=90^\circ$}, transverse magnetization.} ST-FMR signal $V(f,H)$ measured as a function of ac frequency and magnetic field applied at $\theta=90^{\circ}$ for $I_{\mathrm{ac}}$ = 0.3\,mA and $I_{\mathrm{dc}}$ = 2.2\,mA. E, B, EP, and BP label directly excited edge mode, directly excited bulk mode, parametrically driven edge mode, and parametrically driven bulk mode, respectively. Dotted white lines highlight data at 6\,GHz and 10\,GHz employed for detailed analysis described in the text.}
\label{Fig:VoltageSpectra}
\end{figure}
\begin{eqnarray}
V \sim
\begin{cases}
\left(2I_\mathrm{dc}+\sqrt{2}I_\mathrm{ac}\right)/(I_\mathrm{th}-I_\mathrm{ac})^2 & \text{$I_\mathrm{ac}\ll I_\mathrm{th}$ }\\
\left(2I_\mathrm{dc}+\sqrt{2}I_\mathrm{ac}\right)\sqrt{I_\mathrm{ac}^2-I_\mathrm{th}^2} & \text{$I_\mathrm{ac}\gg I_\mathrm{th}$. }
\end{cases}
\label{eq:parametric}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{figure*}[pt]
\includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{ST-FMR_spectra_vs_current.png}
\includegraphics[width=0.6\columnwidth]{Direct_vs_current.png}
\includegraphics[width=0.6\columnwidth]{Parametric_vs_current.png}
\caption{\textbf{Dependence of ST-FMR spectra on ac current.} (a) ST-FMR spectra measured at five values of $I_\mathrm{ac}$, f\,=\,6\,GHz and $I_\mathrm{dc}$ = 1.8\,mA (vertically offset for clarity). (b) Directly excited edge mode amplitude as a function of $I_\mathrm{ac}$ and (c) parametrically excited edge mode amplitude as a function of $I_\mathrm{ac}$. Lines are fits to Eq.\,(\ref{eq:direct}) and Eq.\,(\ref{eq:parametric}), respectively.}
\label{Fig:VoltageSignals}
\end{figure*}
Spin pumping combined with inverse SHE in the Pt layer can also give rise to an additional dc voltage term \cite{Bai2013,Liu2011}. However, due to its second order in spin Hall angle $\theta_\mathrm{SH}$, as well as the strong ellipticity of the oscillation, this contribution is orders of magnitude smaller than the signal given by Eq.\,(\ref{eq:parametric}) and is negligible \cite{Liu2011}.
\section{\label{sec:Results}Experimental Results and Analysis}
Figure~\ref{Fig:VoltageSpectra} shows ST-FMR spectra measured as a function of frequency and magnetic field applied at $\theta=90^{\circ}$, with $I_\mathrm{ac}$ = 0.3\,mA and $I_\mathrm{dc}$ = 2.2\,mA. This $I_\mathrm{dc}$ value is just below the critical current for the excitation of auto-oscillations of magnetization $I_\mathrm{c}$, which means that the effective damping is positive but close to zero. Multiple peaks are observed in the spectra. A comparison to ST-FMR data from a similar sample \cite{Duan2014b} lets us identify the two lowest frequency peaks as directly excited edge and bulk spin wave modes (marked as E and B, respectively) \cite{McMichael2006}. The bulk mode amplitude rapidly decreases with increasing hard-axis magnetic field $H$, as expected for a direct mode excitation by an ac drive parallel to magnetization. In contrast, ST-FMR signal amplitude of the directly excited edge mode is not small even for the largest field of 1.5\,kOe used in the measurement. The direct drive can efficiently excite the edge mode because magnetization at the edge of the nanowire is not fully saturated along the applied field due to the high demagnetization field near the wire edges \cite{McMichael2006}.
Two additional ST-FMR peaks are observed in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:VoltageSpectra} at frequencies close to twice the edge and bulk mode frequencies. These peaks marked as EP and BP arise from parametric excitation of the edge and bulk modes, respectively.
Figure~\ref{Fig:VoltageSpectra} reveals that the parametrically excited bulk peak has a higher amplitude compared to the directly excited bulk peak due to the high efficiency of parametric excitation for magnetization parallel to the magnetic field. This trend is not observed for the edge mode because edge magnetization is not fully aligned with the applied field direction.
Figure~\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(a) illustrates the dependence of ST-FMR spectra on the amplitude of the drive $I_\mathrm{ac}$ at fixed dc current, $I_\mathrm{dc}$ = 1.8\,mA, and fixed frequency, 6\,GHz. Comparing to Fig.\,\ref{Fig:VoltageSpectra}, we identify the peak at 0.5\,kOe as the parametrically excited edge mode, and the peak at 1.1\,kOe as the directly excited edge mode. Figures~\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(b) and \ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(c) show the magnitude of the peaks in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(a) as a function of $I_\mathrm{ac}$. As expected \cite{Tiberkevich2009}, the magnitude of the ST-FMR peak for the directly excited edge mode increases quadratically with the amplitude of the eigenmode, which is proportional to $I_\mathrm{ac}$, as shown in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(b):
\begin{eqnarray}
V \propto I_\mathrm{ac}^{2}.
\label{eq:direct}
\end{eqnarray}
In contrast, the parametrically excited edge mode shows a threshold behavior in $I_\mathrm{ac}$ with rapid growth of the mode amplitude above a threshold drive value $I_\mathrm{th}$, as shown Fig.\,\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(c). We determine the value of $I_\mathrm{th}$ via fitting the data in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(c) to Eq.\,(\ref{eq:parametric}). The best fit in this figure is shown by lines in both the $I_\mathrm{ac}\gg I_\mathrm{th}$ and $I_\mathrm{th}\gg I_\mathrm{ac}$ regimes with the common $I_\mathrm{th}$ fitting parameter.
Figure~\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(a) also shows that the linewidth of the ST-FMR peak increases with increasing amplitude for the parametrically excited mode. This increase happens via peak broadening towards lower resonance field (higher resonance frequency), which indicates that spin waves with shorter wavelength along the wire are excited at higher drive power. Specifically, Fig.\,\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(a) reveals a series of peaks that appear at lower resonance fields (higher frequencies) with increasing drive power. These peaks result from confinement of the edge mode to the active region along the wire length by the Oersted field \cite{Duan2014b}. The threshold current for parametric excitation of these higher frequency edge modes is higher for higher mode frequency due to smaller ellipticity of modes with shorter wavelengths \cite{Gurevich1996}. Indeed, at the highest ac current of excitation in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(a) we observe two smaller side peaks at magnetic fields below the main peak at approximately at 500\,Oe. These side peaks arise from spin wave quantization along the wire length due to confinement to the $L_a=1.8\,\mu$m active region. We assume pinning of these modes at the ends of the active region due to the confining potential of the Oersted field from direct bias current in the Pt layer \cite{Duan2014, Duan2014b}. The pinning boundary conditions at the ends of the active region give longitudinal wavelengths of the three lowest frequency modes of 3.6\,$\mu$m, 1.8\,$\mu$m and 1.2\,$\mu$m respectively. The magnetostatic Damon-Eshbach character of these modes with wave vectors along the wire gives rise to a linear frequency-wavevector dispersion \cite{DamEsh1960}. Given this linear dispersion, we expect frequency-equidistant mode separation $\delta f$, which is broadly consistent with the data in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(a). Indeed, $\delta f$ in this case may be estimated from the low wavevector form of the magnetostatic Damon-Eshbach frequencies of a film, i.e. $f=G(\sqrt{h(h+1)} + (kb)/2\sqrt{h(h+1)})$, with $G=21.7$\,GHz and $h=H/4\pi M_s$, where $M_s$ is saturation magnetization of our Py film. This gives a frequency separation between the neighboring length modes of $\delta f \approx$ 0.18\,GHz, which corresponds to a magnetic field separation between the length modes of $\delta H \approx$ 30\,Oe: see Appendix \ref{LM} for details. The experimentally observed separation of these length modes is approximately $\delta H \approx$ 28 and 41\,Oe. Thus, given this quite close agreement, and the approximate nature of our theoretical explanation (the formula is valid for an infinite film, the effective magnetic field is lowered close to the edges of the stripe due to demagnetizing effects), we may say that the physical explanation of these different peaks is quantization of modes along the longitudinal direction.
Figure~\ref{Fig:VoltageSpectra_4Idc_10GHz} shows the dependence of ST-FMR signal on $I_\mathrm{ac}$ at 10\,GHz and $H$ applied at $\theta = 90^\circ$. Four panels of this figure show the data taken at four values of $I_\mathrm{dc}$. Parametrically excited bulk and edge mode signals are observed near 0.7\,kOe and 1\,kOe, respectively. This figure clearly illustrates the threshold character of the parametric spin wave excitation and shows the dependence of $I_\mathrm{th}$ on the magnetic field.
\begin{figure}[pt]
\includegraphics[width=0.99\columnwidth]{4ColorPlots.png}
\caption{\textbf{Effect of direct bias current on parametric excitation of bulk and edge modes.} ST-FMR signal measured at $f$\,=\,10\,GHz and four values of $I_{\mathrm{dc}}:$ \,1.3, 1.5, 1.7, and 2.2\,mA as a function of $I_\mathrm{ac}$ and $H$ applied at $\theta = 90^\circ$.}
\label{Fig:VoltageSpectra_4Idc_10GHz}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure*}
\includegraphics[width=0.65\columnwidth]{BulkParametric_vs_2current.png}
\includegraphics[width=0.65\columnwidth]{EdgeParametric_vs_2current.png}
\includegraphics[width=0.65\columnwidth]{RFthreshold_vs_Idc.png}
\caption{\textbf{Tuning of parametric excitation by direct current}.
Parametric resonance peak voltage as a function of $I_\mathrm{ac}$ measured at 10\,GHz for $I_\mathrm{dc}$ ranging from 1.3\,mA to 2.2\,mA: (a) bulk mode and (b) edge mode. Lines are guides to the eye. (c) $I_\mathrm{th}$ as a function of $I_\mathrm{dc}$ measured for the bulk mode (circles) and edge mode (triangles). Lines are linear fits to the data.}
\label{Fig:ParametricallyExcited_2}
\label{Fig:FittedRFthreshold}
\end{figure*}
Figure~\ref{Fig:VoltageSpectra_4Idc_10GHz} also reveals the effect of $I_\mathrm{dc}$ on $I_\mathrm{th}$. Antidamping spin Hall torque from $I_\mathrm{dc}$ decreases the effective damping of the modes with increasing $I_\mathrm{dc}$, which leads to a linear decrease of $I_\mathrm{th}$ with $I_\mathrm{dc}$. Figure~\ref{Fig:VoltageSpectra_4Idc_10GHz} also clearly shows that up to four bulk modes are excited parametrically. Similar to the case of the edge modes in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(a), multiple bulk modes arise from spin wave confinement along the wire length within the active region of the nanowire. The threshold current for parametric excitation increases with increasing wavelength of the bulk mode along the wire length primarily due to decrease of the mode ellipticity with increasing wavelength \cite{Gurevich1996}.
Figures \ref{Fig:ParametricallyExcited_2}(a), \ref{Fig:ParametricallyExcited_2}(b) and \ref{Fig:ParametricallyExcited_2}(c) reveal further details of the dependence of $I_\mathrm{th}$ of the edge and bulk modes on $I_\mathrm{dc}$. Figures \ref{Fig:ParametricallyExcited_2}(a) and \ref{Fig:ParametricallyExcited_2}(b) show the ST-FMR peak amplitude for parametrically excited bulk and edge modes as a function of $I_\mathrm{ac}$ for different values of $I_\mathrm{dc}$. We fit each trace to Eq.\,(\ref{eq:parametric}) in order to extract quantitative values of $I_\mathrm{th}$ as a function of $I_\mathrm{dc}$. Symbols in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:ParametricallyExcited_2}(c) show $I_\mathrm{th}$ versus $I_\mathrm{dc}$ for the lowest-frequency bulk and edge modes obtained via this fitting procedure. The data in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:ParametricallyExcited_2}(c) reveal that $I_\mathrm{th}(I_\mathrm{dc})$ is a linear function with a negative slope, as expected due to the linear dependence of the effective damping on antidamping spin Hall torque.
A linear fit to the data in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:ParametricallyExcited_2}(c) allows us to precisely determine the critical current $I_\mathrm{c}$ for excitation of auto-oscillations of magnetization of the bulk and edge modes. This critical current is obtained as an intercept of the linear fit with abscissa of the plot. We note that this method of evaluation of $I_\mathrm{c}$ is significantly more precise than methods based on fitting of the microwave power emitted by the mode versus $I_\mathrm{dc}$ to theoretical values \cite{Akerman2014}, as is usually done for spin torque oscillators. This conventional method lacks precision due to thermally-activated excitation of the mode that smears out the auto-oscillation threshold and typically leads to under-estimation of $I_\mathrm{c}$. Thus our measurements of parametric excitation of spin wave modes demonstrate a precise method for measuring the threshold current for auto-oscillatory dynamics driven by anti-damping spin torques.
Extrapolation of the data in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:ParametricallyExcited_2}(c) to $I_\mathrm{dc}=0$ yields the values of $I_\mathrm{th}$ for the bulk and edge modes in the absence of spin Hall torque. The measured values of $I_\mathrm{th}$ for the bulk and edge modes allow us to test models of spin wave eigenmodes in the nanowire geometry. Indeed, in the parallel pumping geometry studied here ($H_\mathrm{ac}$ is parallel to the nanowire magnetization) \cite{Gurevich1996}, $I_\mathrm{th}$ is directly proportional to the mode damping and inversely proportional to the mode ellipticity \cite{Chen2017}. Thus $I_\mathrm{th}$ diverges for vanishing mode ellipticity. In contrast, $I_\mathrm{c}$, which is also directly proportional to the mode damping, decreases with decreasing mode ellipticity and remains finite for vanishing ellipticity \cite{Grollier2003,Chen2011}. Therefore, measurements of $I_\mathrm{th}$ and $I_\mathrm{c}$ for a given mode allow one to simultaneously determine both the mode ellipticity and the mode damping. This information puts stringent constraints on spin wave eigenmode models, and thus our measurements serve as sensitive tests of spin wave dynamics in the ferromagnetic nanowire geometry. As we show in subsequent sections, our measurements of $I_\mathrm{th}$ and $I_\mathrm{c}$ prove that the currently used model of bulk spin wave modes provides adequate description of the experiment while the edge mode models must be improved to quantitatively describe the experimentally observed edge eigenmodes.
\section{\label{sec:TheoreticalMethods}Theoretical Methods}
In this section, we derive an approximate theory of spin wave eigenmodes in the nanowire geometry and calculate the threshold drive values for parametric excitation of these modes. We consider the nanowire geometry shown Fig.\,\ref{Fig:Layout}(a), i.e. vertically stacked Py and Pt wires of rectangular cross section, each 5\,nm $=2b$ thick and 190\,nm $=2c$ wide. A cartesian coordinate system used in our calculations is shown in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:Layout}(a). An in-plane magnetic field $H$ is applied along the $\hatb{x}$ direction perpendicular to the nanowire axis, and ac and dc electric currents are applied in the $\hatb{z}$ direction along the wire axis.
Our theory takes into account magnetic dilution at the nanowire edges. In this model first proposed in Ref.~\cite{McMichael2006}, the magnitude of the magnetization near the wire edge depends on the distance from the edge, $|\vec{M}(\vec{x})|=M_\mathrm{s}(x)$. Specifically, $M_\mathrm{s}(x)$ is assumed to grow linearly from zero at the edge to its maximum value $M_0$ (saturation magnetization) over the edge dilution length $L$ \cite{Duan2014b}. The model assumes that the exchange constant of the ferromagnet is proportional to $M_\mathrm{s}^2(x)$. Details of a theoretical treatment of the dilution region within a continuum model can be found in Ref.~\cite{Kruglyak2014}.
The dilution model was used in Ref.~\cite{Duan2014b} to fit experimentally measured in-plane and out-of-plane saturation fields as well as the bulk mode eigenfrequency for the Py/Pt nanowires studied here. This fitting procedure gave $M_0 = 608$\,emu/cm$^3$, $L=10$\,nm and $K_\mathrm{s} = 0.237$\, erg/cm$^2$, where $K_\mathrm{s}$ describes interfacial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in this system.
We determine the spin wave dynamics in our nanowire system via solving the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation:
\begin{widetext}
\begin{equation}
\frac{d\vec{M}}{dt} =-|\gamma| \vec{M} \times \vec{H}_\mathrm{eff}+|\gamma| 4 \pi J \vec{M} \times ( \vec{M} \times \hatb{x} ) +\alpha\frac{\vec{M}}{M_\mathrm{s}} \times \frac{d\vec{M}}{dt} \; .
\label{LLG}
\end{equation}
\end{widetext}
The first term in Eq.\,(\ref{LLG}) describes precession of the magnetization around an effective magnetic field $\vec{H}_\mathrm{eff}$, the second term describes spin Hall torque, and the third term describes magnetic damping parametrized by the Gilbert damping constant $\alpha$. We assume uniform magnetization over the 5\,nm thickness of Py because it is similar to the Py exchange length. The effective magnetic field is a sum of several terms: a dc applied magnetic field ($H_0 \hatb{x}$), the Oersted field produced by the electric current in the Pt layer, the demagnetizing field $\vec{H}_\mathrm{dem}(\vec{M})$, the perpendicular anisotropy field, and the exchange field:
\begin{widetext}
\begin{eqnarray}
\vec{H}_\mathrm{eff} & = & [H_0-H_\mathrm{Oe}^0-\sqrt{2} H_\mathrm{Oe}^\mathrm{ac} \cos (\omega t) ] \hatb{x}+\vec{H}_\mathrm{dem}(\vec{M})
+\frac{2K_\mathrm{s}}{M_0b} m_s(x) m_y \hatb{y} +\frac{D}{m_s(x)} \frac{\partial}{\partial x}
(m_s^2(x) \frac{\partial \vec{m}}{\partial x}) \; ,
\label{Heff}
\end{eqnarray}
\end{widetext}
where $\vec{m}=\vec{M}/M_s(x)$ is the magnetization normalized to its local magnitude $M_s(x)$, $m_s(x) \equiv M_s(x)/M_0$, i.e. with these definitions $\vec{M}=M_0m_s(x)\vec{m}$, $|\vec{m}|=1$. The Oersted field $[-H_{Oe}^0-\sqrt{2} H_{Oe}^{\mathrm{ac}} \cos (\omega t)] \hatb{x}$ is modeled as uniform over the Py wire volume and it is generated by an electric current in Pt: $I_{\text{Pt}}(t)=I_{\text{Pt}}^{\mathrm{dc}}+\sqrt{2} I_{\text{Pt}}^{\mathrm{ac}} \cos (\omega t)$, where $I_{\text{Pt}}^{\mathrm{dc}}$ is direct current in Pt and $I_{\text{Pt}}^{\mathrm{ac}}$ is rms ac current in Pt. Details of the Oersted field model are discussed in the Appendix (section \ref{CO}). The perpendicular anisotropy constant $K_s$ includes contributions from both the top and bottom interfaces of the Py film \cite{Rantschler2005}. $D=2A/M_0$ is the exchange stiffness constant, and $A=5 \times 10^{-7}$\, erg/cm is the exchange constant \cite{Duan2014b}.
The magnetization dynamics is described by $\vec{m}(x,t)$ through a complex field $a(x,t)$ and its complex conjugate $a(x,t)^*$ via:
\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{ccc}
m_x = 1-aa^* , \\
m_y = -(i/2)(a-a^*)\sqrt{2-aa^*} ,\\
m_z = (1/2)(a+a^*)\sqrt{2-aa^*} ,
\label{ma}
\end{array}
\end{equation}
a representation that guarantees $\vec{m}^2(x,t)=1$ everywhere. The Landau-Lifshitz equations of motion, including damping and spin transfer, take a nearly Hamiltonian form in these variables:
\begin{eqnarray}
i\frac{da}{d\tau} & = & (1-i \alpha) \frac{1}{m_s(x)} \frac{\delta U}{\delta a^*},
\label{EqM1}
\\
i\frac{da^*}{d\tau} & = & -(1+i \alpha) \frac{1}{m_s(x)} \frac{\delta U^*}{\delta a}
\; .
\label{EqM2}
\end{eqnarray}
These equations are written in scaled variables $U=E/4\pi M_0^2=U_C+iU_{STT}$ and $\tau = 4\pi M_0 |\gamma| t$, where $E=E_C+iE_{STT}$ is the free energy of the system that includes a conservative real part and an imaginary part that describes the action of spin transfer torque.
The conservative part of the free energy $E_C$ consists of a Zeeman term (including the Oersted field), the surface anisotropy term, the exchange term, and the demagnetizing energy terms. The scaled energy terms approximated to quadratic order in the amplitudes $a,a^*$ are given by the following expressions:
\begin{eqnarray}
U_Z & = & -h_x(\tau) \int dV m_s(x) (1-aa^*) , \label{UZ} \\
U_A & = & -k_s \int dV m_s^2(x) m_y^2 , \label{UA}\\
U_X & \simeq & d \int dV m_s^2(x) \nabla a \cdot \nabla a^* , \label{UX}
\\
U_D & = & -(1/8\pi M_0^2) \int dV \vec{H}_D(\vec{M}) \cdot \vec{M} , \label{UD}\\
U_{STT} & = & J \int dV m_s^2(x) aa^*.
\label{USTT}
\end{eqnarray}
In these expressions, $h_x(\tau)=[H_0-H_{Oe}^0-\sqrt{2}H_{Oe}^{\text{ac}}\cos(\Omega \tau)]/4\pi M_0$, $\Omega=\omega/4\pi M_0|\gamma|$, $k_s=K_s/(4\pi M_0^2 b)$, and $d=l_{ex}^2=D/4\pi M_0=A/2\pi M_0^2$, where the exchange length is $l_{ex}=4.6$\,nm. Expressions for the exchange and dipolar energies expressed via $a$ and $a^*$ are derived in the Appendix (section \ref{sec:appendix}).
We choose the following boundary conditions at the nanowire edges:
\begin{equation}
a|_{x=\pm c}=0 \; .
\label{aBC}
\end{equation}
Also, notice that in our dilution model the magnetization drops to zero at the edges. Then one can show that Eq.\,(\ref{aBC}) leads to:
\begin{equation}
\frac{\partial M_y}{\partial x}|_{x=\pm c}=\frac{\partial M_z}{\partial x}|_{x=\pm c}=0 \; ,
\label{FBC}
\end{equation}
with $M_{x,y}=M_s(x)m_{x,y}$.
A solution of the LLG equations for the complex spin wave amplitude $a(X,\tau)$ that satisfies these boundary conditions can be written as:
\begin{equation}
a(X,\tau) = \sum_{l=1}^N [ a_l (\tau) \cos (k_l X) +f_l(\tau) \sin (q_l X) ],
\label{af}
\end{equation}
where $X \equiv x/c$, $k_l=(2l-1)\pi/2$, and $q_l=l\pi$.
Linearizing the equations of motion Eqs.\,(\ref{EqM1},\ref{EqM2}) in the absence of ac currents and using the ansatz Eq.\,(\ref{af}), we derive the following equations for the time evolution of the coefficients $a_l(t)$:
\begin{equation}
i \left(
\begin{array}{c}
\dot{a} \\ \dot{a}^*
\end{array}
\right)
=
\tilde{M}
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
{a} \\ {a}^*
\end{array}
\right) , \label{Eqa}
\end{equation}
where the expression for the matrix $\tilde{M}$ is given by Eq.\,(\ref{Mt}) in the Appendix.
In Eq.\,(\ref{Eqa}), $a$ is a vector $(a_0,\ldots,a_N)^T$. The equations for $(f_0,\ldots,f_N)^T$ are similar. Notice that due to the symmetry of the system, in the linear approximation the equations of motion (\ref{EqM1},\ref{EqM2}) separate between even and odd modes, i.e. $\dot{a}_l$ depends only on $a_j$'s and $a_i^*$'s, and similarly for $\dot{f}_l$, i.e. it depends only on $f_j$'s and $f_i^*$'s.
We seek solutions of Eq.\,(\ref{Eqa}) in the following form:
\begin{equation}
a_l (\tau) = c_l \exp (-i \Omega \tau -\nu \tau)+d_l \exp (i \Omega \tau -\nu \tau) \; .
\label{alt1}
\end{equation}
Substitution of the ansatz Eq.\,(\ref{alt1}) into Eq.\,(\ref{Eqa}) leads to the following eigenvalue problem:
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde{M}\cdot v = \tilde{\delta} v \; ,
\label{MatEq}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\tilde{\delta} = \Omega -i \nu$ and $v^T=(c^T,(d^*)^T)$. The eigenmodes of this problem, including damping and spin transfer torque, are the right eigenvectors of $\tilde{M}$. A matrix $W$ is constructed with these eigenvectors as its columns, and defines a change of variables to the amplitudes $b_n, b_n^*$ of the eigenmodes as follows:
\begin{eqnarray}
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
a \\ a^*
\end{array}
\right)
= W \cdot \left(
\begin{array}{c}
b \\ b^*
\end{array}
\right) .
\end{eqnarray}
Thus, we obtain the following diagonal equations of motion for the amplitudes of each eigenmode:
\begin{equation}
i \left(
\begin{array}{c}
\dot{b} \\ \dot{b}^*
\end{array}
\right)
=
\tilde{D} \cdot
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
b \\ b^*
\end{array}
\right) ,
\label{emds}
\end{equation}
with $\tilde{D}=W^{-1} \tilde{M} W$ being a diagonal matrix, whose elements are the frequencies of the modes with associated imaginary parts as decay/growth rates, i.e. $\tilde{\delta_n}=\Omega_n-i\nu_n$. At a critical value of the direct current $I_\mathrm{c}$, the imaginary part of an eigenvalue may go to zero signaling transition of the mode into the regime of auto-oscillations.
For a non-zero ac current generating ac Oersted field and ac spin transfer torque, the equations of motion (\ref{emds}) are modified into:
\begin{equation}
i \left(
\begin{array}{c}
\dot{b} \\ \dot{b}^*
\end{array}
\right)
=
\tilde{D} \cdot
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
b \\ b^*
\end{array}
\right) + \tilde{N}_\mathrm{ac}(\tau) \cdot
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
b \\ b^*
\end{array}
\right) ,
\label{emgo}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde{N}_\mathrm{ac}(\tau) & = &
W^{-1} \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
(1-i \alpha)H_\mathrm{ac}(\tau) & 0 \\
0 & -(1+i \alpha)H_\mathrm{ac}^*(\tau)
\end{array}
\right)W , \nonumber \\ \label{Nac} \\
H_\mathrm{ac}(\tau) &= & -h_\mathrm{ac}(\tau)\mathbb{I}+iJ_\mathrm{ac}(\tau) \tilde{A} , \\
h_\mathrm{ac}(\tau) & = & h_\mathrm{ac} (e^{i 2\Omega_p \tau}+e^{-i 2\Omega_p \tau})/\sqrt{2} , \\
J_\mathrm{ac}(\tau) & = & J_\mathrm{ac} (e^{i 2\Omega_p \tau}+e^{-i 2\Omega_p \tau})/\sqrt{2} ,
\end{eqnarray}
where $h_\mathrm{ac}(\tau)$ is the ac Oersted field normalized by $4\pi M_s$, $J_\mathrm{ac}(\tau)$ the ac component of the spin transfer coefficient $J$, which is proportional to the current, $\mathbb{I}$ is a unitary matrix, $\tilde{A}$ a matrix given by Eq.\,(\ref{aln}) of the Appendix. The frequency of the ac current is written as $\Omega=2\Omega_p$ with application of these equations to the analysis of parametric spin wave excitation in mind.
\subsection{Eigenmodes}
The spin wave eigenmodes and corresponding eigenfrequencies of the Py nanowire are solutions of Eq.\,(\ref{MatEq}) with the dissipation and spin transfer torque terms set to zero. Lines in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:borde} show the lowest-energy edge and bulk mode frequencies given by Eq.\,(\ref{MatEq}) versus magnetic field applied in the sample plane perpendicular to the nanowire axis. Note that the edge dilution model is included in our theory. Solid symbols in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:borde} show the dependence of the lowest-energy bulk and edge modes measured by ST-FMR technique. Opens symbols in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:borde} show experimentally measured parametric resonance frequencies of the lowest-energy edge and bulk modes.
Figure~\ref{Fig:borde} reveals good agreement between the measured and calculated values of eigenfrequencies for the lowest-frequency bulk mode. The agreement for the edge mode is substantially worse, indicating that the edge dilution model does not fully capture magnetic properties of the nanowire at the edges. Indeed, since the amplitude of the edge mode is maximized near the wire edge, its frequency is much more sensitive to the magnetic edge properties than the bulk mode. Figure~\ref{Fig:borde} shows that improvements to the edge dilution model used are needed for quantitative description of spin wave eigenmodes in thin-film nanomagnetic elements. We also note that calculations without any edge dilution show much worse agreement with the experiment for the edge eigenmodes, and to a much lesser extent for the bulk eigenmodes.
Now we turn attention to the spatial profiles of the lowest-energy modes. In the linear approximation, the $M_y, M_z$ components of the modes are given by:
\begin{widetext}
\begin{eqnarray}
M_y(X,\tau)& = & M_s(X)\sqrt{2}Im(a)
= M_s(X)[
C_I(X)\cos (\Omega \tau)-S_R(X)\sin (\Omega \tau) ] ,
\label{My}
\\
M_z(X,\tau)& = & M_s(X)\sqrt{2}Re(a)
= M_s(X)[
C_R(X)\cos (\Omega \tau)+S_I(X)\sin (\Omega \tau) ] ,
\label{Mz}
\end{eqnarray}
\end{widetext}
where $C_{R,I}(X)$ and $S_{R,I}(X)$ represent the real (R) and imaginary (I) parts of:
\begin{eqnarray}
C(X) & = & \sqrt{2} \sum_{l=0}^N (c_l+d_l) \cos ((2l-1)\pi X/2) , \\
S(X) & = & \sqrt{2} \sum_{l=0}^N (c_l-d_l) \cos ((2l-1)\pi X/2) .
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{figure}[ht]
\includegraphics[width=0.99\columnwidth]{freq_vs_field.png}
\caption{Measured (solid symbols) and theoretically calculated (lines) frequencies of the lowest-energy edge (blue) and bulk (red) eigenmodes. Open symbols show measured drive frequencies for parametric excitation of the bulk and edge eigenmodes.}
\label{Fig:borde}
\end{figure}
Figure~\ref{Fig:shape} shows spatial profiles of the lowest-energy bulk and edge modes at an applied magnetic field $H_0=642.5$\,Oe. We find $C_I(X)=0=S_I(X)$ for both types of modes, which means that $M_y(X,\tau)=-M_s(X)S_R(X)\sin (\Omega \tau)$ and $M_z(X,\tau)=M_s(X)C_R(X)\cos (\Omega \tau)$, i.e. they represent counter-clockwise elliptic precession for both bulk and edge modes. Figures \ref{Fig:shape}(a) and \ref{Fig:shape}(b) show the spatial profiles of the $z$ component of the magnetization (i.e. $M_s(X)C_R(X)$) of the bulk and edge modes respectively. As expected, the bulk mode shows amplitude maximum in the center of the nanowire ($X=0$) while the edge mode has minimum amplitude at $X=0$. The peak amplitude of the edge mode is not located exactly at the wire edge due to the dilution. Furthermore, the ellipticity of these oscillations is defined as \cite{Gurevich1996} $\epsilon = 1-|m_{min}|^2/|m_{max}|^2$ ($|m_{min,max}|$ corresponding to minimum and maximum values at the elliptical axis), which in our case becomes $\epsilon = 1-|S_R(X)|^2/|C_R(X)|^2$. The ellipticity is approximately 0.75 close to the edges of the stripe and 0.84 in the central part for the bulk mode, while these values are approximately 0.88 and 0.98 respectively for the edge mode, thus the edge mode theoretically shows higher ellipticity than the bulk mode (these values correspond to the modes of Fig.\,\ref{Fig:shape}).
\begin{figure*} [ht]
\includegraphics[width=0.99\columnwidth]{Mag_Bulk.png}
\includegraphics[width=0.99\columnwidth]{Mag_Edge.png}
\caption{Spatial profiles of the dynamic magnetization component amplitude $M_z(X)$ for the lowest-energy bulk (a) and edge (b) modes calculated at $H_0=642.5$\,Oe.}
\label{Fig:shape}
\end{figure*}
\subsection{Parametric resonance}
Here we present a simple model describing parametric excitation of spin wave eigenmodes in our nanowire samples by a microwave current at approximately twice the mode frequency. In our model, the frequency of the microwave current is written as $\Omega = 2 \Omega_p$, where $\Omega_p$ is similar to the eigenmode frequency $\Omega_n$. In the equations of motion Eq.\,(\ref{emgo}), we focus on a single mode of index $n$ and neglect all non-resonant terms:
\begin{equation}
i \dot{b}_n = \tilde{\delta}_n b_n + N_{n n^*} b_n^* e^{-i 2 \Omega_p \tau}/\sqrt{2} \; ,
\label{eappo}
\end{equation}
where $\tilde{\delta_n}=\Omega_n-i\nu_n$. A similar equation is written for $b_n^*$.
We seek a solution of these equations in the following form:
\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{ccc}
b_n \simeq b_n^0 e^{-i \Omega_p \tau -\nu \tau} .
\end{array}
\label{blao}
\end{equation}
Inserting Eq.\,(\ref{blao}) and its complex conjugate into Eq.\,(\ref{eappo}) and a similar equation for for $b_n^*$ leads to the following set of homogeneous linear algebraic equations:
\begin{widetext}
\begin{eqnarray}
& & \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
(\Omega_p-\Omega_n)-i(\nu-\nu_n) &
-N_{n n^*}/\sqrt{2} \\
-(N_{n n^*})^*/\sqrt{2} & (\Omega_p-\Omega_n)+i(\nu-\nu_n)
\end{array}
\right)
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
b_n^0 \\
b_n^{0*}
\end{array}
\right) = 0 .
\label{detcon}
\end{eqnarray}
\end{widetext}
The non-trivial solution of Eq.\,(\ref{detcon}) is found from the zero determinant condition, i.e.:
\begin{equation}
|\nu-\nu_n |= \sqrt{|N_{n n^*}|^2/2-(\Omega_p-\Omega_n)^2}.
\end{equation}
A steady state oscillatory solution of Eq.\,(\ref{detcon}), i.e. $\nu=0$, is given by the following condition for $|N_{n n^*}|$:
\begin{equation}
|\nu_n| = \sqrt{|N_{n n^*}|^2/2-(\Omega_p-\Omega_n)^2} . \label{cond}
\end{equation}
Since $N_{n n^*}$ is proportional to the ac current $I_\mathrm{ac}$, we can write it as $ N_{n n^*} = I_\mathrm{ac} \hat{N}_{n n^*} $, where $\hat{N}_{n n^*}$ is a current-independent coefficient. It is clear that the minimum ac current that satisfies Eq.\,(\ref{cond}) is achieved for $\Omega_p=\Omega_n$, when $|\nu_n| = |N_{n n^*}|/\sqrt{2}$. This gives us an expression for the threshold ac current for excitation of parametric resonance for a given mode:
\begin{equation}
I_\mathrm{th} = \sqrt{2}|\nu_n|/|\hat{N}_{nn^*}| .
\label{ccn}
\end{equation}
The matrix element $\hat{N}_{nn^*}$ can be obtained from Eq.\,(\ref{Nac}). The ac current is given by $I_\mathrm{ac}(\tau) = I_\mathrm{ac} (e^{i 2\Omega_p \tau}+e^{-i 2\Omega_p \tau})/\sqrt{2}$, and Eq.\,(\ref{Nac}) can be rewritten to explicitly factor out $I_\mathrm{ac}(\tau)$:
\begin{widetext}
\begin{eqnarray}
& \tilde{N}_\mathrm{ac}(\tau) = I_\mathrm{ac} (\tau) \hat{N} = I_\mathrm{ac} (\tau)
\left[ W^{-1} Y W \right]
= I_\mathrm{ac} (\tau)
\left[ W^{-1} \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
(1-i \alpha)(-k \mathbb{I}+i \beta \tilde{A}) & 0 \\
0 & (1+i \alpha)(k\mathbb{I}+i\beta \tilde{A})
\end{array}
\right)W \right] ,
\nonumber \\ \label{Nh}
\end{eqnarray}
\end{widetext}
where we have used the fact that both the ac Oersted field $h_\mathrm{ac}$ and ac spin transfer torque described by $J_\mathrm{ac}$ are proportional to $I_\mathrm{ac}$, and have written them as $h_\mathrm{ac}=k I_\mathrm{ac}$ and $J_\mathrm{ac}=\beta I_\mathrm{ac}$ ($\mathbb{I}$ is the unit matrix). The coefficient $\hat{N}_{nn^*}$ determining the value of $I_\mathrm{th}$ is then the element $(nn^*)$ of the matrix $\hat{N}$ in Eq.\,(\ref{Nh}).
Thus, the expression of Eq.\,(\ref{ccn}) for the threshold rms ac current for parametric excitation $I_\mathrm{th}$ depends on two quantities, $|\nu_n|$ and $|\hat{N}_{nn^*}|$, that exhibit different dependence on $I_\mathrm{dc}$: $|\nu_n|$ dependence on $I_\mathrm{dc}$ is approximately linear, while $|\hat{N}_{nn^*}|$ dependence on $I_\mathrm{dc}$ is weak. This explains the linear dependence of $I_\mathrm{th}$ on $I_\mathrm{dc}$ observed experimentally in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:FittedRFthreshold}.
Indeed, using Eq.\,(\ref{Mt}) from the Appendix for $\tilde{M}$ of Eq.\,(\ref{Eqa}), we can write:
\begin{equation}
\tilde{M} = M +i J \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
\tilde{A} & 0 \\ 0 & \tilde{A}
\end{array}
\right)
\simeq M +i J 1 \; ,
\label{Mts}
\end{equation}
where $M$ does not depend on spin torque, and $1$ is a unit matrix (of a double size compared to $\mathbb{I}$). The last approximation in Eq.\,(\ref{Mts}), that assumes a diagonal form of $\tilde{A}$ and that is valid for zero edge dilution, is a better approximation for the bulk modes than for the edge modes. Within the latter approximation, an eigenvector of the matrix $M$ with eigenvalue $\delta_n=\Omega_n-i\nu_n^0$ is an eigenvector of the matrix $\tilde{M}$ with eigenvalue $\tilde{\delta}_n=\Omega_n-i(\nu_n^0-J)$. Here $\nu_n^0$ is the decay constant of mode $n$ at zero spin transfer torque; $\nu_n^0$ is approximately independent of current (it depends slightly on dc current through the effective applied magnetic field modified by the Oersted contribution). The approximate expression $\tilde{\delta}_n=\Omega_n-i(\nu_n^0-J)$ validates linear behavior of $\nu_n \simeq \nu_n^0-J$ on $I_\mathrm{dc} \sim J$. Furthermore, from Eq.\,(\ref{Nh}) we can show that $|\hat{N}_{nn^*}|$ is approximately independent of $I_\mathrm{dc}$: the matrix $Y$ depends on parameters independent of $I_\mathrm{dc}$ and the eigenvectors that form the matrix W only weakly depend on $I_\mathrm{dc}$.
We note that $Y$ in Eq.\,(\ref{Nh}) depends on a linear combination of the parameters defining the efficiencies of the Oersted field ($k$) and antidamping spin torque ($\beta$): $(\mp k\mathbb{I}+i\beta \tilde{A})$. This means that both the Oersted field and spin torque contribute to the excitation of parametric resonance on qualitatively equal footing. However, our theoretical analysis below reveals that for the materials and geometry considered in this paper, the contribution of the Oersted field to the excitation of parametric resonance is dominant over that of spin Hall torque. For example, if we artificially turn off the ac Oersted field ($k=0$) for the bulk mode at $I_\mathrm{dc}=0$, we calculate $|\hat{N}_{nn*}|=0.0002$, while if we artificially turn off the ac spin transfer term ($\beta=0$), $|\hat{N}_{nn*}|=0.0040$. This implies via Eq.\,(\ref{ccn}) that the ac Oersted field comprises approximately 95\% of the parametric resonance drive.
A qualitative explanation of the dominant role of the Oersted field is given in Appendix \ref{tfl} where we derive analytical expressions for a simple case of the uniform mode of precession in the limit of infinite Py/Pt bilayer. This example allows us to qualitatively understand why the ac Oersted field is the dominant parametric drive for the more general case of the Py/Pt bilayer nanowire. The matrix $Y$ in Eq.\,(\ref{Nh}) can be separated into a term proportional $k$ and a term proportional to $\beta$. In this case the dominant contribution to the term proportional to $\beta$ can be estimated by taking $\alpha=0$ (the low damping limit $\alpha\ll 1$) and $\tilde{A}= \mathbb{I}$ (zero edge dilution, as there are no edges for the infinite bilayer). Under these approximations, the term proportional to $\beta$ becomes $i\beta W^{-1}W=i\beta 1$. When this purely imaginary and uniform diagonal matrix is used in the equation of motion Eq.\,(\ref{emgo}), it does not generate any coupling between $b$ and $b^*$, which implies infinite threshold for parametric excitation under the purely spin torque drive in this approximation. Another consequence of the theoretical model that points in the direction of explaining the preponderance of the Oersted field in parametric resonance in this experiment is that without dilution the spin transfer torque term does not produce a coupling between $b_n$ and $b_n^*$ for all modes. The latter happens because the expression for the imaginary energy associated to spin transfer of Eq.\,(\ref{USTT}) is proportional to $\sum_l a_l a_l^*$, and this "diagonal" property persists in terms of the variables $b_n, b_n^*$, meaning that spin transfer does not couple $b_n$ with $b_n^*$, i.e. it does not contribute to parametric resonance excitation.
\section{\label{sec:discussion}Discussion}
In this section we compare experimental results to theoretical predictions, focusing on the dependence of $I_\mathrm{th}$ on $I_\mathrm{dc}$ in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:FittedRFthreshold}(c). In particular, we compare the experimental slopes of the $I_\mathrm{th}(I_\mathrm{dc})$ linear dependence in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:FittedRFthreshold}(c) for the lowest energy bulk and edge modes with the theoretical slopes for those modes. Since both $I_\mathrm{th}$ and $I_\mathrm{c}$ are linear in the mode damping constant, the slope of $I_\mathrm{th}(I_\mathrm{dc})$ is independent on the damping and primarily characterizes ellipticity of the mode. Indeed, at a fixed mode frequency, $I_\mathrm{th}$ decreases with increasing mode ellipticity \cite{Chen2017} while $I_\mathrm{c}$ increases with increasing mode ellipticity \cite{Grollier2003,Chen2011}, which makes the slope of $I_\mathrm{th}(I_\mathrm{dc})$ a very sensitive probe of the mode ellipticity. We use this probe to test the theoretical description of the bulk and edge spin wave eigenmodes.
The theoretical results of Eqs.\,(\ref{ccn}) and (\ref{Nh}) allow us to calculate $I_\mathrm{th}$ at a given $I_\mathrm{dc}$. The theoretical slopes are found by calculating the intercept points of the $I_\mathrm{th}(I_\mathrm{dc})$ dependence with the abscissa and ordinate: $I_\mathrm{th}(0)\equiv I_\mathrm{th}^0$ and $I_\mathrm{th}(I_\mathrm{c})=0$, where $I_\mathrm{c}$ is the critical current for the onset of auto-oscillations. The absolute value of the slope of $I_\mathrm{th}(I_\mathrm{dc})$ is then given by $I_\mathrm{th}^0/I_\mathrm{c}$.
In order to calculate $I_\mathrm{th}^0$ from Eq.\,(\ref{Nh}), we need first to determine the values of $k$ and $\beta$, which are proportional to the strengths of the Oersted field and spin transfer torque respectively. The constant $k=0.00324$\,mA$^{-1}$ is calculated in the Appendix \ref{CO}. The constant $\beta$ proportional to the spin Hall torque efficiency is determined from the experimentally measured value of the critical current $I_\mathrm{c}$ for the onset of the mode auto-oscillations driven by $I_\mathrm{dc}$ at $I_\mathrm{ac}=0$. This is done by solving Eq.\,(\ref{MatEq}) for $\beta$ with $\nu=0$ and values of the damping constant $\alpha$ and $I_\mathrm{c}$ appropriate for the given mode. In this solution, we use the applied magnetic field value $H_0$ appropriate for the mode frequency of 10\,GHz used in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:FittedRFthreshold}(c). The measured values of $H_0$ at 10\,GHz are given by Fig.\,\ref{Fig:VoltageSpectra}: $H_0=642.5$\,Oe for the bulk mode and $H_0=930$\,Oe for the edge mode.
We solve Eqs.\,(\ref{ccn}) and (\ref{Nh}) to fit the theoretical slope $I_\mathrm{th}^0/I_\mathrm{c}$ to its experimentally measured value $I_\mathrm{th}^0/I_\mathrm{c}=1.88$ in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:FittedRFthreshold}(c) with the damping $\alpha$ as the single fitting parameter. In this fitting procedure, $\nu_n(\alpha)$ in Eq.\,(\ref{ccn}) is found via diagonalization of the matrix $\tilde{M}$ given by Eq.\,(\ref{Mt}) in the Appendix, and $\beta(\alpha)$ is found by solving Eq.\,(\ref{MatEq}) with $\nu=0$ at $I_\mathrm{dc}=I_\mathrm{c}=2.41$\,mA and $I_\mathrm{ac}=0$. The best fit of the Eq.\,(\ref{ccn}) to the experimental value of $I_\mathrm{th}^0/I_\mathrm{c}=1.88$ for the lowest energy bulk mode in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:FittedRFthreshold}(c) gives $\alpha=0.034$. This value of $\alpha$ is very close to the value of $\alpha=0.031$ directly measured by ST-FMR using the data in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:FMR}. This validates our theoretical model of the bulk spin wave modes and their excitation by the parametric drive. The fitting procedure gives $|\nu_n|=0.012$ at $I_\mathrm{dc}=0$, $\beta=0.0047$\,mA$^{-1}$, and $|\hat{N}_{nn^*}|=0.0038$ at $I_\mathrm{dc}=0$ for the lowest energy bulk mode. Notice that this value of $\beta$ allows us to calculate the spin Hall angle as $\theta_H=0.042$, which is consistent with previously reported values in similar devices \cite{Sagasta2016} (see Appendix \ref{sha}).
Using the same value of the damping parameter as for the bulk mode, $\alpha = 0.034$, we calculate for the lowest energy edge mode: $\nu_n(\alpha)=0.010$, $\beta=0.0041$\,mA$^{-1}$ from imposing $\nu=0$ at $I_c=2.59$\,mA in Eq.\,(\ref{MatEq}), and $|\hat{N}_{nn^*}|=0.0035$ at $I_\mathrm{dc}=0$, which gives theoretical value of $I_\mathrm{th}^0=4.04$\,mA. Thus, the theoretically expected slope for the edge mode $I_\mathrm{th}^0/I_c=1.56$ is much lower than its experimentally measured value $2.29$ in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:FittedRFthreshold}(c). Since the slope is not sensitive to the damping constant, the discrepancy between theory and experiment demonstrates that ellipticity of the edge mode predicted by the theory is approximately 40\% higher than that inferred from the experimental data.
Our experimental observation of the lower than expected edge mode ellipticity points to deficiencies of the edge dilution model we use. While the model is a significant improvement over the spatially uniform magnetization model, it does not fully capture the edge magnetization dynamics. We thus conclude that further improvements of the edge dilution model are needed to adequately describe magnetization at the edges of thin-film nanomagnetic structures. We note that this problem is of significant technological relevance because spin transfer torque memory (STT-MRAM) cells are projected to scale down to lateral dimensions below 10\,nm in the near future \cite{Bhatti2017}, which implies that its switching properties will be dominated by the state and dynamics of magnetization at the element edges.
It is important to understand whether the discrepancy between theory and experiment is a result of mathematical approximations employed in the model or has its roots in the physical properties of the magnetic material at the magnetic film edge. For example, can the observed discrepancy be a result of the boundary conditions for dynamic magnetization chosen in the model? In the model, we use the boundary conditions given by Eq.\,(\ref{aBC}) so that the dynamic field $a(x,t)$ is zero at the edges, which leads to free boundary conditions for $M_y$ and $M_z$ [Eq.\,(\ref{FBC})]. To understand the impact of these boundary conditions, we repeated the calculations assuming that the dynamic field $a(x,t)$ has zero derivative at the edges. These calculations show negligible impact on $I_\mathrm{th}^0/I_c$ for the bulk mode, and the change in $I_\mathrm{th}^0/I_c$ for the edge mode is much too small to explain the discrepancy between theory and experiment. The smallness of the impact of the boundary conditions for $a(x,t)$ on the simulation results is reasonable because the edge dilution model used imposes the magnetization to be zero exactly at the edge, and thus boundary condition for the field $a(x,t)$ have little impact on the magnetization dynamics.
The unexpectedly low ellipticity of the edge mode seen in the experiment is likely to have a physical origin. For example, it can be explained by magnetic anisotropy at the wire edges. Two types of edge magnetic anisotropy can result in decreased ellipticity of the edge mode. First, the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy $K_\mathrm{s}$ at the edge can be enhanced due to Py and Pt intermixing induced by ion milling in the nanowire fabrication process or by partial Py oxidation at the edges \cite{McMichael2010}. This type of anisotropy would indeed decrease the edge mode ellipticity but it would also decrease the mode frequency, bringing it farther away from that seen in the experiment.
Alternatively, a surface magnetic anisotropy with an easy axis perpendicular to the nanowire edge (along the $x$-axis in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:Layout}(a)) \cite{Rantschler2005} can reduce the edge mode ellipticity. Such anisotropy can both reduce the mode ellipticity and increase the mode frequency in agreement with our experimental data. This type of anisotropy can only be non-zero in a modified edge dilution model where magnetization is not reduced to zero at the wire edge.
Another possible explanation of the observed reduced edge mode ellipticity is nanowire edge roughness. It has been previously shown \cite{Cowburn2000} that edge roughness significantly reduces the edge saturation field due to dipolar interactions via the so-called lateral magnetic anisotropy \cite{Cowburn2000}, and thus edge roughness is expected to increase the edge mode frequency. Dipolar interactions arising from edge roughness are also expected to decrease the edge mode ellipticity and thus the edge roughness model can potentially explain all our data. Therefore, development of a mathematical model of edge mode dynamics in the presence of edge roughness is a promising future direction of research.
We believe that definitive understanding of magnetic properties at the edge of magnetic thin-film elements requires direct imaging of structural and magnetic properties of the edge with atomic resolution, which presents a significant technical challenge. Until such full quantitative characterization is achieved, our results on ellipticity of the edge mode via studies of parametric resonance controlled by antidamping spin Hall torque can serve as a test for future improved models of magnetic edge modification \cite{Shinozaki2020, Herrera2020}. The novelty of our work compared to prior studies of parametric resonance in magnetic nanostructures \cite{Urazhdin2010,Ulrichs2011,Edwards2012,Akerman2014,Chen2017,Heinz2021,Cho2021} is (i) first measurement and quantitative theoretical understanding of parametric resonance of the edge mode and (ii) development of analytical theory of parametric resonance of spin waves in the nanowire geometry.
\section{\label{sec:conclusions}Conclusions}
In summary, we have demonstrated parametric excitation of bulk and edge spin wave modes in transversely magnetized Pt/Py bilayer nanowires by a microwave current. The threshold current for the parametric excitation is tunable by direct current bias via the antidamping spin Hall torque, and analysis of the threshold current dependence on spin Hall torque allows us to probe ellipticity of the spin wave modes.
We have developed an analytical theory of the spin wave mode spectrum in the nanowire geometry and parametric excitation of these spin waves by microwave current. Our theory takes into account a model describing dilution of magnetization of Py near the wide edges. Comparison between this theory and experiment shows that our theory provides accurate quantitative description of the bulk spin wave mode properties, including their frequency and ellipticity.
In contrast, the theory significantly underestimates the frequency of the edge spin wave modes and overestimates their ellipticity. This suggest that the edge dilution model used here does not completely capture the magnetic properties of the edge and further refinements of the model are needed to achieve a quantitative description of magnetization dynamics at edges of thin magnetic elements. We have identified inclusion of edge roughness effects as a promising direction for future improvements of the model describing magnetization dynamics at edges of thin magnetic elements. Indeed, edge roughness is expected to increase the edge mode frequency and decrease its ellipticity via the lateral magnetic anisotropy \cite{Cowburn2000}, bringing both of these quantities closer to the experimentally observed values. Further quantitative studies are needed to test if lateral magnetic anisotropy completely describes magnetization dynamics at the nanowire edges.
\section{\label{sec:conclusion}Acknowledgements}
This work was supported by the National Science Foundation through Awards No. EFMA-1641989 and No. ECCS-1708885. We also acknowledge support by the Army Research Office through Award No. W911NF-16-1-0472. R.E.A. acknowledges support by Fondecyt Project 1200829 (Chile), and Basal Program for Centers of Excellence, Grant AFB 180001 CEDENNA, ANID (Chile). A.A.J. acknowledges the financial support of ANID FONDECYT Postdoctorado 3190632 (Chile). The authors acknowledge the use of facilities and instrumentation at the UC Irvine Materials Research Institute (IMRI), which is supported in part by the National Science Foundation through the UC Irvine Materials Research Science and Engineering Center (DMR-2011967). The authors also acknowledge the use of facilities and instrumentation at the Integrated Nanosystems Research Facility (INRF) in the Samueli School of Engineering at the University of California Irvine.
\section{\label{sec:appendix}Appendix}
\subsection{ST-FMR signal: \label{STFMR}}
\begin{figure}[ht]
\includegraphics[width=0.99\columnwidth]{angles.png}
\caption{Elliptical magnetization precession cone around in-plane magnetic field $H$ applied at angle $\theta$ with respect to the wire axis ($z$-axis). The precession cone is characterized by the major and minor axis cone angles $\alpha_1$ and $\beta_1$.}
\label{Fig:angles}
\end{figure}
The direct voltage $V$ across the sample subjected to a microwave and a direct current consists of three terms:
\begin{eqnarray}
V = I_\mathrm{dc}\cdot R_\mathrm{dc}+I_\mathrm{dc}\Delta R_\mathrm{ac}+U_\mathrm{mix}.
\end{eqnarray}
The first term proportional to $I_\mathrm{dc}$ is independent of magnetization dynamics and is simply given by the equilibrium sample resistance $R_\mathrm{dc}$. The second term is the photo-resistance contribution \cite{Mecking2007}, which is proportional to $I_\mathrm{dc}$ and time-averaged change in sample resistance $\Delta R_\mathrm{ac}$ induced by magnetization precession. The third term called photo-voltage \cite{Mecking2007} is the rectified voltage arising from mixing of resistance oscillations and microwave current. The direct voltage $V$ can be calculated as the time-averaged $\langle...\rangle$ total voltage: $V = \langle U(t) \rangle=\langle R(t)\cdot I(t)\rangle$, where $U(t)$, $R(t)$, and $I(t)=I_\mathrm{dc}+\sqrt{2}I_\mathrm{ac}\,\cos(\omega t)$ are the time dependent voltage, resistance, and current.
Here we derive the direct voltage signal in the configuration of a Py nanowire for both direct excitation and parametric excitation following the approach outlined in Ref.~\cite{Mecking2007}. The time-dependent resistance is given by $R(t)=R_0+R_A\cos^2\phi(t)$, where $R_A$ is the magnitude of AMR, $\phi(t)$ is the instantaneous angle between $\vec{M}$ and the current direction $\hatb{z}$, as shown in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:angles}:
\begin{equation}
\cos\,\phi(t)=\cos\,\alpha(t)\,\cos\,\beta(t),
\label{cos_fi}
\end{equation}
where $\alpha(t)=\theta+\alpha_1\, \cos(\omega t-\psi)$, is the angle between the projection of magnetization onto the $xz$ plane and $z$ axis and $\beta(t)=-\beta_1\, \sin(\omega t-\psi)$ is the tilt angle of magnetization out of the $xz$ plane, as illustrated in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:angles}. In these expressions, $\psi$ is the phase shift between the microwave drive and magnetization oscillations, $\alpha_1$ is the in-plane magnetization oscillation amplitude while $\beta_1$ is the out-of-plane oscillation amplitude. Using these expressions in Eq.\,(\ref{cos_fi}), we expand $\cos^2\phi(t)$ to second order in $\alpha_1$ and $\beta_1$ \cite{Mecking2007}:
\begin{eqnarray}
\cos^2\,\phi(t) &=& \cos^2\,\theta - \alpha_1\, \sin\, 2\theta\, \cos(\omega t-\psi) \nonumber \\
&-&\alpha^2_1\, \cos\, 2\theta\, \cos^2(\omega t-\psi) \nonumber \\
&-& \beta^2_1\, \cos^2\theta\, \sin^2(\omega t - \psi).
\label{cos2fi}
\end{eqnarray}
For direct (linear) excitation of a spin wave eigenmode by a microwave current at the eigenmode frequency $\omega$, the time-dependent voltage across the sample $U_\mathrm{lin}(t)$ is:
\begin{eqnarray}
U_\mathrm{lin}(t) &=& [R_0+R_A\,\cos^2\phi(t)][I_\mathrm{dc}+\sqrt{2}I_\mathrm{ac}\,\cos(\omega t)]. \nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
Using Eq.\,(\ref{cos2fi}) in this latter expression and calculating the time average of $U_\mathrm{lin}(t)$, we obtain the direct voltage $V_\mathrm{lin}$ across the sample:
\begin{eqnarray}
V_\mathrm{lin} &=& I_\mathrm{dc}(R_0+R_A\,\cos^2\theta)\\ \nonumber
&& -\frac{1}{2}I_\mathrm{dc}R_A(\alpha^2_1\cos\,2\theta+\beta^2_1\cos^2\theta)\\ \nonumber
&& -\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}I_\mathrm{ac}R_A\alpha_1\,\sin\, 2\theta\,\cos(\psi),
\end{eqnarray}
where the first term $I_\mathrm{dc}(R_0+R_A\,\cos^2\theta)$ is the equilibrium direct voltage independent of spin wave excitation, the second term $-\frac{1}{2}I_\mathrm{dc}R_A(\alpha^2_1\cos\,2\theta+\beta^2_1\,\cos^2\theta)$ is the photo-resistance term proportional to $I_\mathrm{dc}$, and the last term $-\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}I_\mathrm{ac}R_A\alpha_1\sin\,2\theta\cos(\psi)$ is the photo-voltage term proportional to $I_\mathrm{ac}$.
For parametric excitation of a spin wave eigenmode, we use a microwave current at twice the eigenmode frequency: $I(t)=I_\mathrm{dc}+\sqrt{2}I_\mathrm{ac}\,\cos(2\omega t)$. Therefore, the time-dependent voltage across the sample $U_\mathrm{par}(t)$ is
\begin{eqnarray}
U_\mathrm{par}(t) &=& [R_0+R_A\,\cos^2\phi(t)][I_\mathrm{dc}+\sqrt{2}I_\mathrm{ac}\,\cos(2\omega t)].\nonumber
\end{eqnarray}
Using Eq.\,(\ref{cos2fi}) in this expression and calculating the time average of $U_\mathrm{par}(t)$, we obtain the direct voltage $V_\mathrm{par}$ across the sample:
\begin{eqnarray}
V_\mathrm{par}&=& I_\mathrm{dc}(R_0+R_A\,\cos^2\theta)\\ \nonumber
&& -\frac{1}{2}I_\mathrm{dc}R_A(\alpha^2_1\cos\,2\theta+\beta^2_1\cos^2\theta)\\ \nonumber
&& -\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}I_\mathrm{ac}R_A(\alpha^2_1\cos\,2\theta+\beta^2_1\cos^2\theta)\cos(2\psi).
\end{eqnarray}
In the experimental configuration used in this work $\theta = \pi/2$, and thus $V_\mathrm{lin}$ and $V_\mathrm{par}$ can be further simplified:
\begin{eqnarray}
V_\mathrm{lin} &=& I_\mathrm{dc}R_0 +\frac{1}{2}I_\mathrm{dc}R_A\alpha^2_1,
\label{eq:direct_90deg}
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
V_\mathrm{par} &=& I_\mathrm{dc}R_0 +\frac{1}{2}I_\mathrm{dc}R_A\alpha^2_1 +\frac{\sqrt{2}}{4}I_\mathrm{ac}R_A\alpha^2_1\cos(2\psi). \qquad
\label{eq:parametric_90deg}
\end{eqnarray}
For our device geometry, the phase shift $\psi \approx 0$. Therefore, we can simplify Eq.\,(\ref{eq:parametric_90deg}) by setting $\psi=0$.
We can further use results of Ref.~\cite{Chen2017}, where expressions for current-driven parametric resonance amplitude $\propto \alpha_1$ and power $\propto \alpha_1^2$ were derived in the limits of the microwave drive amplitude ($I_\mathrm{ac}$) well below and well above the threshold drive for parametric excitation ($I_\mathrm{th}$):
\begin{eqnarray}
\alpha_1^2 =
\begin{cases}
A/(I_\mathrm{ac}-I_\mathrm{th})^2 & \text{$I_\mathrm{ac}\ll I_\mathrm{th}$ }\\
B\sqrt{I_\mathrm{ac}^2-I_\mathrm{th}^2} & \text{$I_\mathrm{ac}\gg I_\mathrm{th}$, }
\end{cases}
\label{parpower}
\end{eqnarray}
where A and B are constants. In Eq.\,(\ref{parpower}), the amplitude of precession below $I_\mathrm{th}$ is not zero due to thermally assisted excitation of the spin wave eigenmode \cite{Chen2017}.
Using Eq.\,(\ref{parpower}) in Eq.\,(\ref{eq:parametric_90deg}), we calculate the expression for direct voltage arising form parametric excitation of a spin wave eigenmode:
\begin{eqnarray}
V_\mathrm{par} \sim
\begin{cases}
\left(2I_\mathrm{dc}+\sqrt{2}I_\mathrm{ac}\right)/(I_\mathrm{th}-I_\mathrm{ac})^2 & \text{$I_\mathrm{ac}\ll I_\mathrm{th}$ }\\
\left(2I_\mathrm{dc}+\sqrt{2}I_\mathrm{ac}\right)\sqrt{I_\mathrm{ac}^2-I_\mathrm{th}^2} & \text{$I_\mathrm{ac}\gg I_\mathrm{th}$. }
\end{cases}
\end{eqnarray}
\subsection{Longitudinal modes: \label{LM}}
Here we estimate the differences in frequencies, and associated differences in applied magnetic field for measurements at constant frequency, of edge modes which would have different longitudinal wavelengths, in reference to the experimental results of Figure~\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(a). These estimates are based on the differences in frequencies of magnetostatic Damon-Eshbach surface modes \cite{DamEsh1960} of ferromagnetic films of thickness $2b$, whose direction of propagation is perpendicular to the applied magnetic field (as is the case of our Py stripe). In our notation, the frequencies of the Damon-Eshbach surface modes in the limit of small longitudinal wavevector $k$ are given by ($\omega=2\pi f$):
\begin{equation}
f \simeq G[ \sqrt{h(h+1)}+kb/2\sqrt{h(h+1)} ] \; ,
\end{equation}
with $h=H_0/4\pi M_s$ representing the applied magnetic field (in our following estimates we take $H_0=500$\,Oe, corresponding to Figure~\ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}(a)), and $G=(|\gamma_{\text{Py}}|/2\pi) 4\pi M_s =21.7$\,GHz \cite{Duan2014b}. As discussed in the main text, due to pinning at the edges of the active region, the smallest wavevectors correspond to $k_j=2\pi/[3.6,1.8,1.2]\,\mu$m$^{-1}$, $j=1,2,3$. The corresponding frequencies are (except for the constant term $G\sqrt{h(h+1)}$) $f_1=0.18$\,GHz, $f_2=0.36$\,GHz and $f_3=0.54$\,GHz. Thus, the differences in frequencies of these longitudinal modes are $f_2-f_1=0.18$\,GHz\, $ =f_3-f_2$, at a fixed applied magnetic field. Approximating the slope of the experimental frequency vs. magnetic field of Fig. \ref{Fig:VoltageSpectra} as $\Delta f/\Delta H \simeq 3$\,GHz/500\,Oe, then the associated magnetic field differences between these modes (at fixed frequency as in Fig. \ref{Fig:VoltageSignals}) are $H_1-H_2 \simeq 30$\,Oe\,$\simeq H_2-H_3$.
\subsection{Oersted field calculation: \label{CO}}
If $I$ is the total current applied to the Py/Pt bilayer, then the current flowing in the Pt layer $I_\text{Pt}$ can be calculated using the parallel resistance model: $1/R=1/R_\text{Pt}+1/R_\text{Py}$, which gives:
\begin{equation}
I_\text{Pt} = I/(1+R_\text{Pt}/R_\text{Py}).
\end{equation}
Using the measured resistivity of Pt and Py films \cite{Duan2014}: $\rho_\text{Pt} = 21.9$\,$\mu\Omega\,$cm and $\rho_\text{Py} = 65.2$\,$\mu\Omega$\,cm, we estimate $R_\text{Pt} \simeq R_\text{Py}/3$, i.e. $I_\text{Pt} \simeq (3/4) I$. The Oersted field in Py is generated by the current in Pt (the current in Py produces magnetic fields in Py that have null average over the Py layer thickness). We approximate the Oersted field applied to Py as due to an infinite sheet of current corresponding to the net current flowing through the Pt layer thickness in our experiment. In this approximation, Ampere's law (MKS units) gives:
\begin{equation}
H_{Oe} = j_\text{Pt} \Delta/2 = I_\text{Pt}/(2 w)\,\,\text{A\,m$^{-1}$} ,
\end{equation}
with $\Delta$ the thickness of Pt and $w$ the width of the nanowire (in Gaussian units $H_{Oe}=2\pi I_\text{Pt}/(10^3\,w)$ Oe, with $w=2c$). Then, the Oersted field due to Pt in Py is given by $H_{Oe}=I_\text{Pt}/(2w) = I_\text{Pt}(\text{A})/(2\times190\,\text{nm})=2.63 \times 10^3 I_\text{Pt}(\text{mA})\,\,\text{A\,m$^{-1}$}
=2.63 \times 10^3 (4\pi/10^3) I_\text{Pt}(\text{mA})\,\,\text{Oe} = 33\,I_\text{Pt}(\text{mA})$\,\,Oe. This leads to $h_{Oe}=H_{Oe}/4\pi M_s=\tilde{k}I_\text{Pt}=k I$, thus $k=33 (3/4)/(4\pi M_s) =3.24 \times 10^{-3}\,$mA$^{-1}$.
\subsection{Magnetization dynamics:}
The following terms contribute to the linear magnetization dynamics of Eq.\,(\ref{EqM1}):
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{1}{m_s(x)} \frac{\delta U_Z}{\delta a^*} & = & h_x(\tau) a(x) , \label{duz} \\
\frac{1}{m_s(x)} \frac{\delta U_A}{\delta a^*} & = & -k_s m_s(x)(a(x)-a^*(x)) , \\
\frac{1}{m_s(x)} \frac{\delta U_X}{\delta a^*} & = & -\frac{d}{ m_s(x)} \nabla \cdot [ m_s^2(x) \nabla a(x) ] , \\
\frac{1}{m_s(x)}\frac{\delta U_D}{\delta a^*} & = &- \int_{-1}^{1} dX' m_s(X') (a(X')-a^*(X')) \nonumber \\
& & \times \ln \left(\frac{|X-X'|}{\sqrt{(X-X')^2+(2p)^2}}
\right)/4 \pi p \nonumber \\
& &-H_V(X) a(x) ,
\label{dud} \\
\frac{1}{m_s(x)} \frac{\delta U_{STT}}{\delta a^*} & = & J m_s(x) a(x) ,
\label{dustt}
\end{eqnarray}
with $p=b/c$, and $\langle\vec{H}_D(M_s(x)\hatb{x})\rangle=-4\pi M_0 H_V(x)\hatb{x}$ ($\langle...\rangle$ means average over the thickness).
Now, the coefficients of the expansion Eq.\,(\ref{af}) for the dynamic variable $a(X,\tau)$, that satisfy the boundary condition $ a(X,\tau) =0$, at the edges are given by:
\begin{eqnarray}
a_l(\tau) & = & \frac2V \int dV \cos ((2l-1) \pi X/2) a(X,\tau) , \nonumber \\
f_l(\tau) & = & \frac2V \int dV \sin (l\pi X) a(X,\tau) .
\label{abs}
\end{eqnarray}
According to Eqs.\,(\ref{EqM1}), (\ref{af}), (\ref{abs}), one has the following equations of motion for the time evolution of the coefficients $a_l(\tau), b_l(\tau)$:
\begin{eqnarray}
i \frac{d{a}_l }{d\tau} & = & \frac2V (1-i\alpha) \int dV \frac{\cos ((2l-1)\pi X/2) }{m_s(X)} \frac{\delta U}{\delta a^*} , \label{eqal} \\
i \frac{d{f}_l}{d\tau} & = & \frac2V (1-i\alpha) \int dV \frac{\sin (l\pi X)}{m_s(X)} \frac{\delta U}{\delta a^*} . \label{eqbl}
\end{eqnarray}
Due to symmetry considerations the previous equations separate, i.e. $\dot{a}_l$ depends only on $a_j$'s and $a_i^*$'s, and similarly for $\dot{f}_l$, i.e. it depends
only on $f_j$'s and $f_i^*$'s.
\subsubsection{Conservative equations of motion:}
In the conservative case Eq.\,(\ref{eqal}) for $\dot{a}_l$ becomes:
\begin{eqnarray}
i \dot{a}_l & = & h_x(\tau) a_l -k_s \sum_n \tilde{A}_{ln}(a_n-a_n^*) \nonumber \\
& & + \frac{d}{c^2} \sum_n B_{ln} a_n \nonumber \\
& & - \sum_n \frac{C_{ln}}{4\pi p} (a_n-a_n^*) -\sum_n D_{ln} a_n ,
\label{alnd}
\end{eqnarray}
with
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde{A}_{ln} & = & \int_{-1}^{1}dX m_s (X) \cos (k_l X) \cos (k_n X) , \label{aln} \\
B_{ln} & = & k_n \int_{-1}^{1}dX \frac{\cos (k_l X)}{m_s(X)} \frac{d}{dX} [m_s^2(X) \sin (k_n X) ] , \\
C_{ln} & = & \int_{-1}^1 dX \int_{-1}^{1}dX' m_s (X') \cos (k_l X) \cos (k_n X') \nonumber \\
& & \times \ln \left( \frac{|X-X'|}{\sqrt{(X-X')^2+(2p)^2}}
\right), \\
D_{ln} & = & \int_{-1}^{1}dX H_V(X) \cos (k_l X) \cos (k_n X) \label{dln} ,
\end{eqnarray}
with $k_l=(2l-1)\pi/2$, and similarly for $k_n$.
Expressions for these coefficients are given in the section \ref{coef} of this Appendix for the case in which dilution is assumed to occur linearly at a scale $L$ from each of the
edges of the sample.
If one looks for solutions of Eq.\,(\ref{alnd}) of the type:
\begin{equation}
a_l (\tau) = c_l \exp (-i \Omega \tau)+d_l \exp (i \Omega \tau)
\label{alti}
\end{equation}
i.e.
\begin{equation}
a_l^* (\tau) = d_l^* \exp (-i \Omega \tau) +c_l^* \exp (i \Omega \tau) ,
\label{atpi}
\end{equation}
then the equations of motion (\ref{alnd}) lead to the eigenvalue problem $Mv = \Omega v$ (assuming $h_x$ independent of time), with
the eigenvector $v^T=(c,d^*)=(c_n , d_n^*)$ (shorthand notation for an extended vector), and the matrix $M$ given as:
\begin{equation}
M = \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
R & S \\
-S^* & -R^*
\end{array}
\right)
=
\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
R & S \\
-S & -R
\end{array}
\right) ,
\end{equation}
with
\begin{eqnarray}
R_{ln} & = & h_x \delta_{ln} -k_s \tilde{A}_{ln} +\frac{d}{c^2} B_{ln} \nonumber \\
& & -D_{ln} - \frac{ C_{ln}}{4\pi p} , \label{rln} \\
S_{ln} & = & k_s \tilde{A}_{ln} +\frac{ C_{ln}}{4\pi p} . \label{sln}
\end{eqnarray}
\subsection{Linear dynamics including spin transfer torque and damping, dc current:}
In the presence of damping and spin transfer torque the equations of motion (\ref{eqal}) take the following form ($U=U_C+iU_{STT}$ is imaginary in this case):
\begin{equation}
i \dot{a}_l = (1-i \alpha) \sum_n [(R_{ln} +iJ \tilde{A}_{ln})a_n+S_{ln} a_n^*] \; ,
\label{emal}
\end{equation}
with $\tilde{A}_{ln},R_{ln}, S_{ln}$ the matrices given in Eqs.\,(\ref{aln},\ref{rln},\ref{sln}). Searching for solutions
of the type:
\begin{equation}
a_l (\tau) = c_l \exp (-i \Omega \tau -\nu \tau)+d_l \exp (i \Omega \tau -\nu \tau)
\label{alt}
\end{equation}
i.e.
\begin{equation}
a_l^* (\tau) = d_l^* \exp (-i \Omega \tau -\nu \tau) +c_l^* \exp (i \Omega \tau -\nu \tau) \; ,
\label{atn}
\end{equation}
the equations of motion (\ref{emal})
and their complex conjugates, become the eigenvalue problem $\tilde{M} v = \tilde{\delta} v$, with
\begin{equation}
\tilde{M} = \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
(1-i\alpha) \tilde{R} & (1-i\alpha) S \\
-(1+i \alpha) S^* & -(1+i \alpha) \tilde{R}^*
\end{array}
\right) \; , \label{Mt}
\end{equation}
with $\tilde{R}=R+iJ \tilde{A}$, $\tilde{\delta} = \Omega -i \nu$, and $v^T=(c^T,(d^*)^T)$.
The eigenmodes of this problem that includes damping and spin transfer torque, may be found by finding the right eigenvectors of $\tilde{M}$. These eigenvectors will be the columns of a matrix $W$ that defines a change of variables to the amplitudes of the eigenmodes $b_l, b_l^*$, as follows:
\begin{equation}
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
a \\ a^*
\end{array}
\right)
= W \left(
\begin{array}{c}
b \\ b^*
\end{array}
\right) .
\end{equation}
The equations of motion (\ref{emal}) (and their complex conjugates) may be written as:
\begin{equation}
i \left(
\begin{array}{c}
\dot{a} \\ \dot{a}^*
\end{array}
\right)
=
\tilde{M}
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
{a} \\ {a}^*
\end{array}
\right) .
\end{equation}
Multiplying this equation on the left by $W^{-1}$ (the left eigenvectors of $\tilde{M}$) one gets
the diagonal equation of motion for the amplitudes of the eigenmodes:
\begin{equation}
i \left(
\begin{array}{c}
\dot{b} \\ \dot{b}^*
\end{array}
\right)
=
\tilde{D}
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
{b} \\ {b}^*
\end{array}
\right) ,
\label{emdsn}
\end{equation}
with $\tilde{D}=W^{-1} \tilde{M} W$ a diagonal matrix, whose elements are the frequencies of the modes with associated imaginary parts as decay/growth rates.
\subsection{Dipolar energy of a transversely magnetized stripe:}
The scaled dipolar energy is given by:
\begin{eqnarray}
U_D & = & -\frac{1}{8\pi M_0^2} \int dV \vec{H}_D(\vec{M}) \cdot \vec{M} \nonumber \\
& = & -\frac{1}{8\pi M_0^2} \int dV \langle \vec{H}_D(\vec{M}) \rangle \cdot \vec{M} \; ,
\end{eqnarray}
where $\langle... \rangle$ is average over the thickness: the second equality follows since in our model the magnetization does not vary over the thickness. Now
$\vec{H}_D(M_z \hatb{z})=0$ since $M_z \hatb{z}$ does not have surface or volume charges associated. According to Ref.~\cite{Duan2015} ($p = b/c$):
\begin{eqnarray}
& & \langle\vec{H}_D(M_y \hatb{y})\rangle_y(X)= \nonumber \\ &&
-\frac{1}{p}
\int_{-1}^1 dX' M_y(X') \ln(1+(2p/(X-X'))^2) \: ,
\end{eqnarray}
with $X \equiv x/c$. Also,
\begin{eqnarray}
\langle\vec{H}_D(M_x \hatb{x})\rangle & =& \langle\vec{H}_D(M_s(X) \hatb{x})\rangle
\nonumber \\
- \langle\vec{H}_D(M_s(X) aa^* \hatb{x})\rangle \; ,
\end{eqnarray}
with $\langle\vec{H}_D(M_s(X) \hatb{x})\rangle(X) \equiv -4\pi M_0 H_V(X) \hatb{x}$, and only due to magnetic volume charges (it is assumed that at the edges of the stripe the magnetization goes to zero).
Using the reciprocity theorem ($\int_V \vec{m}_1 \cdot \vec{H}_D(\vec{m}_2) = \int_V \vec{m}_2 \cdot \vec{H}_D(\vec{m}_1)$ for any two magnetization configurations),
and using the nonzero components of the average demagnetizing field, one obtains the following expression for the demagnetizing energy:
\begin{eqnarray}
U_D & = & -\frac{V}{8\pi p} \int_{-1}^{1} dX \int_{-1}^{1} dX' m_s(X) m_s(X') \nonumber \\
& & \times\, m_y(X) m_y(X') \ln (\frac{|X-X'|}{\sqrt{(X-X')^2+(2p)^2}} ) \nonumber \\
& & -\frac{V}{2} \int_{-1}^{1} dX H_V (X) m_s(X) aa^* \nonumber \\
& & -\frac{1}{8\pi} \int dV m_s(X)\langle H_D^x(m_s(X)aa^* \hatb{x})\rangle aa^* \; . \nonumber \\
\label{UD}
\end{eqnarray}
Using that $m_y = -(i/2)(a-a^*)\sqrt{2-aa^*}$, to quadratic order in $a, a^*$ the previous expression for the demagnetizing energy is approximated as:
\begin{eqnarray}
U_D^{(2)} & = & \frac{ V}{16 \pi p} \int_{-1}^{1} dX \int_{-1}^{1} dX' m_s(X)m_s(X') \nonumber \\
& & \times\, (a(X)-a^*(X))(a(X')-a^*(X')) \nonumber \\
& & \times\, \ln \left(\frac{|X-X'|}{\sqrt{(X-X')^2+(2p)^2}} \right) \nonumber \\
& &-\frac{V}{2} \int_{-1}^{1} dX H_V (X) m_s(X) a(X)a^*(X) \; ,
\label{ud2}
\end{eqnarray}
meaning that
\begin{eqnarray}
\frac{\delta U_D^{(2)}}{\delta a^*} & = &- \frac{m_s(X)}{4 \pi p} \int_{-1}^{1} dX' m_s(X') \nonumber \\
& & \times \, (a(X')-a^*(X')) \ln \left(\frac{|X-X'|}{\sqrt{(X-X')^2+(2p)^2}} \right) \nonumber \\
& &- H_V (X) m_s(X) a(X) \; .
\label{delud}
\end{eqnarray}
Going back to $H_V(x)$, to simplify the analysis we take first only the right edge region, and its contribution to $H_V(x) \hatb{x}$ would be given by (origin taken at the right edge (r), and $L$ is taken as the length of dilution):
\begin{eqnarray}
H_V^r(x) & = & -\frac{1}{4\pi M_0 b} \int_{-L}^0 dx'
(-\frac{\partial M_s(x')}{\partial x'} ) \nonumber \\ & &
\times\, \int_{-b}^b dy \int_{-b}^b dy' \frac{(x-x')}{(y-y')^2+(x-x')^2}. \nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
The volume magnetic charge density at the right edge would be $(-M_s'(x))=\nu$, with $\nu=M_0/L$ a constant, then:
\begin{eqnarray}
H_V^r(X) & = & -\frac{c \nu}{4\pi M_0} \int_0^{L/c} dX' \nonumber \\ & &
\times\, \int_{-1}^{1}dY \int_{-1}^{1}dY'
\frac{(X+X')/p}{(Y-Y')^2+((X+X')/p)^2} \nonumber \\
& = & -\frac{b \nu}{8\pi M_0} \int_{-1}^{1}dY \int_{-1}^{1}dY' \nonumber \\ & &
\times\, \ln [(Y-Y')^2+((X+X')/p)^2]_{0}^{L/c}. \nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
Introducing $q=L/b$, and with the change of variables $V=Y-Y'$ and $U=Y+Y'$, one obtains:
\begin{eqnarray}
H_V^r(X) & = &-\frac{ 1}{4\pi q } \int_0^{2} dV (2-V) \nonumber \\
&\times&\, [ \ln (V^2+((L/c+X)/p)^2)- \ln (V^2+(X/p)^2) ]. \nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
and
\begin{eqnarray}
& & \int_0^2 dV (2-V) \ln (V^2+w^2) \nonumber \\
& = & w^2 \ln |w| -6 +(4-w^2)\ln \sqrt{4+w^2} +4w \tan^{-1}(2/w). \nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
Putting all this together in the experimental geometry, with an origin at the center of the stripe:
\begin{align}
- 4\pi q & H_V(X) = (q+(X-1)/p)^2 \ln |q+(X-1)/p | \nonumber \\
& + (4-(q+\frac{(X-1)}{p})^2) \ln \sqrt{4+(q+\frac{(X-1)}{p})^2} \nonumber \\
& + 4 (q+(X-1)/p) \tan^{-1}(\frac{2}{q+(X-1)/p}) \nonumber \\
& - ((X-1)/p)^2 \ln |(X-1)/p| \nonumber \\
& - (4-((X-1)/p)^2) \ln \sqrt{4+((X-1)/p)^2} \nonumber \\
& - 4 ((X-1)/p) \tan^{-1}(\frac{2p}{(X-1)}) \nonumber \\
& + (q-(X+1)/p)^2 \ln |q-(X+1)/p | \nonumber \\
& + (4-(q-\frac{(X+1)}{p})^2) \ln \sqrt{4+(q-\frac{(X+1)}{p})^2} \nonumber \\
& + 4 (q-(X+1)/p) \tan^{-1}(\frac{2}{q-(X+1)/p}) \nonumber \\
& - ((X+1)/p)^2 \ln |(X+1)/p| \nonumber \\
& - (4-((X+1)/p)^2) \ln \sqrt{4+((X+1)/p)^2} \nonumber \\
& - 4 ((X+1)/p) \tan^{-1}(\frac{2p}{(X+1)}) .
\label{hvx}
\end{align}
\subsection{Coefficients of equations of motion: \label{coef}}
In this section we present in more detail the determination of the coefficients (\ref{aln}-\ref{dln}) appearing in the equations of motion (\ref{alnd}). Taking that the
region of dilution occurs within a distance $L$ from each edge, and that it corresponds to a linear growth of the material from the edge, we define $r=(c-L)/c$. Also $k_l=(2l-1)\pi/2$ and similarly for $k_n$. Then,
\begin{eqnarray}
\hspace*{-5cm} \tilde{A}_{ln} & = &\int_{-1}^{1}dX m_s (X) \cos (k_l X) \cos (k_n X) \nonumber \\
&= & \frac{1}{(1-r)} \{ \frac{\cos ((k_l+k_n) r)-\cos((k_l+k_n)}{(k_l+k_n)^2} \nonumber \\
&& + \frac{\cos ((k_l-k_n) r)-\cos(k_l-k_n)}{(k_l-k_n)^2}
\},
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
\tilde{A}_{nn} & = & \frac{1}{4} \{ 2(1+r) +\frac{1}{(1-r)k_n^2}[\cos (2 k_n r)-\cos(2k_n)] \}, \nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
B_{ln} & = & k_n \int_{-1}^{1}dX \frac{\cos (k_l X)}{m_s(X)} \frac{d}{dX} [m_s^2(X) \sin (k_n X) ] \nonumber \\
& = & k_n^2 A_{ln} \nonumber \\
& & - \frac{2k_n}{(1-r)} \{ \frac{\cos ((k_l+k_n) r)-\cos(k_l+k_n)}{(k_l+k_n)} \nonumber \\
& &- \frac{\cos ((k_l-k_n) r)-\cos(k_l-k_n)}{(k_l-k_n)} \} ,
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
B_{nn} & = & A_{nn} k_n^2+ \frac{\cos (2k_n)-\cos (2k_n r)}{(1-r)} ,
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}
C_{ln} & = &
\int_{-1}^1 dX \int_{-1}^{1}dX' m_s (X') \cos (k_l X) \nonumber \\
& &\times\, \cos (k_n X')\ln ( \frac{|X-X'|}{\sqrt{(X-X')^2+(2p)^2}}) \nonumber \\
& = & 2 \int_{-1}^1 dX \int_{0}^{1}dX' m_s (X') \cos (k_l X) \nonumber \\
& &\times\, \cos (k_n X') \ln ( \frac{|X-X'|}{\sqrt{(X-X')^2+(2p)^2}}) \nonumber \\
& = & \int dV \int dU m_s((U-V)/2) \ln ( \frac{|V|}{\sqrt{V^2+(2p)^2}}) \nonumber \\
& & \times\, \{ \cos (k_l U/2) \cos (k_n U/2) \cos (k_l V/2)\cos (k_n V/2) \nonumber \\
& & +\cos (k_l U/2) \sin (k_n U/2) \cos (k_l V/2)\sin (k_n V/2) \nonumber \\
& & - \sin (k_l U/2) \cos (k_n U/2) \sin (k_l V/2)\cos (k_n V/2) \nonumber \\
& & - \sin (k_l U/2) \sin (k_n U/2) \sin (k_l V/2)\sin (k_n V/2) \},\nonumber \\
\label{cln}
\end{eqnarray}
where
\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{ccc}
U = X+X' & , & V=X-X' , \\
X=(U+V)/2 & , & X' = (U-V)/2,
\end{array}
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
m_s(X')=
\left\{
\begin{array}{ccc}
1 & : & 0 \leq X'=\frac{U-V}{2} \leq r \\
\frac{1-X'}{1-r}=\frac{2+V-U}{2(1-r)} & : & r \leq X' \leq 1 .
\end{array}
\right .
\end{equation}
Also,
\begin{align}
2 \int_{-1}^1 dX & \int_{0}^{1}dX' \nonumber \\
& = \int_{-2}^{-1-r} dV \int_{-V-2}^{V+2} dU+\int_{-1-r}^{0} dV \int_{V+2r}^{V+2} dU \nonumber \\
& + \int_{0}^{1-r} dV \int_{V+2r}^{-V+2} dU +\int_{-1-r}^{-1} dV \int_{-V-2}^{V+2r} dU \nonumber \\
& + \int_{-1}^{1-r} dV \int_{V}^{V+2r} dU +\int_{1-r}^{1} dV \int_{V}^{-V+2} dU \nonumber \\ ,
\end{align}
which has been separated according to the regions where $m_s(X')$ is not equal to one (first three), or equal to one (second one).
Also:
\begin{eqnarray}
& & \int dU \cos (l\pi U/2) \cos (n\pi U/2) = \nonumber \\
& & \frac{\sin ((k_l+k_n) U/2)}{(k_l+k_n)} +\frac{\sin ((k_l-k_n) U/2)}{(k_l-k_n)} , \nonumber \\
& & \int dU \sin (k_l U/2) \cos (k_n U/2) = \nonumber \\
& & -\frac{\cos ((k_l+k_n) U/2)}{(k_l+k_n)} -\frac{\cos ((k_l-k_n)U/2)}{(k_l-k_n)} , \nonumber \\
& & \int dU \sin (k_l U/2) \sin (k_n U/2) = \nonumber \\
& & -\frac{\sin ((k_l+k_n) U/2)}{(k_l+k_n)} +\frac{\sin ((k_l-k_n) U/2)}{(k_l-k_n)} , \nonumber \\
& & \int dU U \cos (k_l U/2) \cos (k_n U/2) = \nonumber \\
& & U\{ \frac{\sin ((k_l+k_n) U/2)}{(k_l+k_n)}
+\frac{\sin ((k_l-k_n) U/2)}{(k_l-k_n)} \} \nonumber \\
& & +2\frac{\cos ((k_l+k_n) U/2)}{(k_l+k_n)^2}
+2\frac{\cos ((k_l-k_n) U/2)}{(k_l-k_n)^2} , \nonumber \\
& & \int dU U \sin (k_l U/2) \cos (k_n U/2) = \nonumber \\
& & -U\{ \frac{\cos ((k_l+k_n) U/2)}{(k_l+k_n)}
+\frac{\cos ((k_l-k_n) U/2)}{(k_l-k_n)} \} \nonumber \\
& & +2\frac{\sin ((k_l+k_n) U/2)}{(k_l+k_n)^2}
+2\frac{\sin ((k_l-k_n) U/2)}{(k_l-k_n)^2} , \nonumber \\
& & \int dU U \sin (k_l U/2) \sin (k_n U/2) = \nonumber \\
& & U\{ -\frac{\sin ((k_l+k_n) U/2)}{(k_l+k_n)}
+\frac{\sin ((k_l-k_n) U/2)}{(k_l-k_n) } \} \nonumber \\
& & -2\frac{\cos ((k_l+k_n) U/2)}{(k_l+k_n)^2}
+2\frac{\cos ((k_l-k_n) U/2)}{(k_l-k_n)^2} . \nonumber \\
\label{inu}
\end{eqnarray}
From these equations (\ref{inu}) one deduces:
\begin{eqnarray}
& & \int dU \{ \nonumber \\
& & \cos (k_l U/2) \cos (k_n U/2) \cos (k_l V/2)\cos (k_n V/2) \nonumber \\
& & +\cos (k_l U/2) \sin (k_n U/2) \cos (k_l V/2)\sin (k_n V/2) \nonumber \\
& & - \sin (k_l U/2) \cos (k_n U/2) \sin (k_l V/2)\cos (k_n V/2) \nonumber \\
& & - \sin (k_l U/2) \sin (k_n U/2) \sin (k_l V/2)\sin (k_n V/2) \} \; ,\nonumber \\
& = & \sin ((k_l+k_n) U/2) \cos ((k_l-k_n) V/2)/(k_l+k_n) \nonumber \\
& & +\sin ((k_l-k_n) U/2) \cos ((k_l+k_n) V/2)/(k_l-k_n) \nonumber \\
& & + \cos ((k_l+k_n) U/2) \sin ((k_l-k_n) V/2)/(k_l+k_n) \nonumber \\
& & + \cos ((k_l-k_n) U/2) \sin ((k_l+k_n) V/2)/(k_l-k_n) \} \nonumber \\
& = & \sin [(k_l+k_n) U/2 +(k_l-k_n) V/2] /(k_l+k_n) \nonumber \\
& & + \sin [(k_l-k_n) U/2 +(k_l+k_n) V/2] /(k_l-k_n) \nonumber \\
& \equiv & au(U,V,kl,kn) \; .
\label{au}
\end{eqnarray}
Also, for $k_l=k_n=k$:
\begin{equation}
au(U,V,k,k) \equiv aue(U,V,k) = \frac{U}{2} \cos (kV) +\frac{\sin (kU)}{2k} \; .
\end{equation}
Similarly,
\begin{eqnarray}
& & \int dU U \{ \nonumber \\
& & \cos (k_l U/2) \cos (k_n U/2) \cos (k_l V/2)\cos (k_n V/2) \nonumber \\
& & +\cos (k_l U/2) \sin (k_n U/2) \cos (k_l V/2)\sin (k_n V/2) \nonumber \\
& & - \sin (k_l U/2) \cos (k_n U/2) \sin (k_l V/2)\cos (k_n V/2) \nonumber \\
& & - \sin (k_l U/2) \sin (k_n U/2) \sin (k_l V/2)\sin (k_n V/2) \} \nonumber \\
& = & U au(U,V,kl,kn) \nonumber \\
& & +2 \cos ((kl+kn)U/2) \cos ((kl-kn) V/2)/(kl+kn)^2 \nonumber \\
& & +2 \cos ((kl-kn)U/2) \cos ((kl+kn) V/2)/(kl-kn)^2 \nonumber \\
& & -2 \sin ((kl+kn)U/2) \sin ((kl-kn) V/2)/(kl+kn)^2 \nonumber \\
& & -2 \sin ((kl-kn)U/2) \sin ((kl+kn) V/2)/(kl-kn)^2 \nonumber \\
& = & U au(U,V,kl,kn) \nonumber \\
& & +2 \cos [(kl+kn)U/2 +(kl-kn) V/2]/(kl+kn)^2 \nonumber \\
& & +2 \cos [(kl-kn)U/2 +(kl+kn) V/2]/(kl-kn)^2 \nonumber \\
& \equiv & bu(U,V,kl,kn) \; ,
\label{bu}
\end{eqnarray}
and for $k_l=k_n=k$:
\begin{eqnarray}
bu(U,V,k,k) & \equiv & bue(U,V,k) = \frac{U^2}{4} \cos (kV) \nonumber \\
& & +\frac{\cos (kU)}{2k^2}+\frac{U}{2k}\sin (kU) \; .
\end{eqnarray}
Now, we define:
\begin{eqnarray}
cd(U,V,kl,kn) & \equiv & \ln ( \frac{|V|}{\sqrt{V^2+(2p)^2}})au(U,V,kl,kn) , \nonumber \\
\label{cd} \\
cn(U,V,kl,kn) & \equiv & \frac{1}{2(1-r)}\ln ( \frac{|V|}{\sqrt{V^2+(2p)^2}}) \nonumber \\
\times\, [(2&+&V)au(U,V,kl,kn)-bu(U,V,kl,kn)] .
\nonumber \\
\label{cn}
\end{eqnarray}
Then,
\begin{eqnarray}
C_{ln} & = & \frac{n_n n_l}{2} \{ \int_{-1-r}^{-1} dV cd(U,V,kl,kn)|_{-V-2}^{V+2r} \nonumber \\
& & + \int_{-1}^{1-r} dV cd(U,V,kl,kn)|_{V}^{V+2r} \nonumber \\
& & + \int_{1-r}^{1} dV cd(U,V,kl,kn)|_{V}^{-V+2} \nonumber \\
& & + \int_{-2}^{-1-r} dV cn(U,V,kl,kn)|_{-V-2}^{V+2} \nonumber \\
& & + \int_{-1-r}^{0} dV cn(U,V,kl,kn)|_{V+2r}^{V+2} \nonumber \\
& & + \int_{0}^{1-r} dV cn(U,V,kl,kn)|_{V+2r}^{-V+2} \}.
\end{eqnarray}
\subsection{Uniform mode, extended stripe or film limit: \label{tfl}}
In order to get analytic results in a simpler case, we develop the case of parametric resonance of a uniform
mode in an extended film (effects of the edges of the stripe neglected).
The matrix $\tilde{M}$ in this case is the following (no ac current, $J_0$ comes from the dc current spin transfer torque,
$h_x$ includes a dc Oersted field, no anisotropy):
\begin{align}
&\tilde{M} = \nonumber \\
&\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
(1-i\alpha) (h_x+\frac12+i J_0) & -(1-i\alpha)/2 \\
(1+i \alpha)/2 & -(1+i \alpha)(h_x +\frac12 -i J_0)
\end{array}
\right) .
\end{align}
The change of variables to the amplitudes $b_0, b_0^*$ of the uniform eigenmode is as follows:
\begin{equation}
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
a_0 \\ a_0^*
\end{array}
\right)
=
\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
\lambda & -\mu \\
-\mu^* & \lambda^*
\end{array}
\right)
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
b_0 \\ b_0^*
\end{array}
\right) = W \left(
\begin{array}{c}
b_0 \\ b_0^*
\end{array}
\right) .
\label{ab}
\end{equation}
The eigenvalues of $\tilde{M}$ are given by:
\begin{equation}
\gamma_{\pm} \simeq
i (J_0-\alpha (h_x+1/2)) \pm \sqrt{(h_x+1+\alpha J_0)(h_x+\alpha J_0) } \; ,
\end{equation}
i.e. one identifies the critical value of $J_0$ as $J_0^c=\alpha (h_x+1/2)$, since the equation
of motion for $b_0, b_0^*$ are:
\begin{equation}
i \left(
\begin{array}{c}
\dot{b}_0 \\ \dot{b}_0^*
\end{array}
\right) = \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
\gamma_+ & 0 \\
0 & \gamma_{-}
\end{array}
\right)
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
b_0 \\ b_0^*
\end{array}
\right) = D
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
b_0 \\ b_0^*
\end{array}
\right)
\; ,
\end{equation}
thus
$b_0=b_0^0 e^{-i \gamma_+ \tau}=b_0^0 e^{-i \Omega_0 \tau-\nu_0 \tau}$, with $\Omega_0 = \sqrt{(h_x+1+\alpha J_0)(h_x+\alpha J_0) }$,
$\nu_0 = J_0^c-J_0$, and $b_0^*=b_0^{0*}e^{-i \gamma_- \tau}$.
The eigenvectors of $\tilde{M}$ may be calculated (they are the columns of the matrix W in Eq.\,(\ref{ab})), and using the normalization
$|\lambda|^2-|\mu|^2=1$, they lead to:
\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{ccc}
\mu = \frac{1}{(1+i \alpha)}\sqrt{\frac{A-\Omega_0}{2\Omega_0}} & , & \lambda=
-\sqrt{\frac{A+\Omega_0}{2\Omega_0}} \; ,
\end{array}
\end{equation}
with $A= h_x+1/2$.
In this case $W^{-1}$ is given by:
\begin{equation}
W^{-1} =
\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
\lambda^* & \mu \\
\mu^* & \lambda
\end{array}
\right) .
\end{equation}
The equation of motion with an ac current takes the form:
\begin{equation}
i \left(
\begin{array}{c}
\dot{b}_0 \\ \dot{b}_0^*
\end{array}
\right) = D
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
b_0 \\ b_0^*
\end{array}
\right)
+W^{-1} \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
f(\tau) & 0 \\
0 & - f^*(\tau)
\end{array}
\right)
W
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
b_0 \\ b_0^*
\end{array}
\right)
\;
\end{equation}
with $f(\tau) = \cos (2 \Omega_p \tau) f_0$, and $f_0=(1-i \alpha)(-h_\mathrm{ac}+i J_\mathrm{ac})\sqrt{2}$. And
\begin{eqnarray}
& & W^{-1} \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
f_0 & 0 \\
0 & - f_0^*
\end{array}
\right)
W = \nonumber \\ & &
\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
(|\lambda|^2 f_0 +f_0^* |\mu|^2) & -\lambda^* \mu (f_0+f_0^*) \\
\lambda \mu^* (f_0+f_0^*) & - ( |\lambda|^2 f_0^* +f_0 |\mu|^2)
\end{array}
\right) .
\nonumber \\
\end{eqnarray}
Considering only the resonant terms of the previous first equation, this equation becomes:
\begin{equation}
i \dot{b}_0 =
(\Omega_0-i \nu_0) b_0 - \lambda^* \mu (f_0+f_0^*) e^{-i 2 \Omega_p \tau} b_0^*/2 \; ,
\end{equation}
with
$- \lambda^* \mu (f_0+f_0^*) \simeq -h_\mathrm{ac}/\sqrt{2}\Omega_0$. Thus, looking for solutions of the type
$b_0 = b_0^0 \exp (-i \Omega_p \tau-\nu \tau)$, $b_0^* = b_0^{0*} \exp (i \Omega_p \tau-\nu \tau)$, one obtains the condition:
\begin{widetext}
\begin{eqnarray}
\left(
\begin{array}{cc}
(\Omega_p-\Omega_0)-i(\nu-\nu_0) & h_\mathrm{ac}/2\sqrt{2}\Omega_0 \\
h_\mathrm{ac}/2\sqrt{2}\Omega_0 & (\Omega_p-\Omega_0)+i(\nu-\nu_0)
\end{array}
\right)
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
b_0^0 \\
b_0^{0*}
\end{array}
\right) = 0 .
\end{eqnarray}
\end{widetext}
Thus, $N_{00*}=h_\mathrm{ac}/2\Omega_0=I_\mathrm{ac}
\hat{N}_{00*}$, i.e. $\hat{N}_{00*}$ is proportional to the Oersted field in this model (proportional to the real part of $f_0$ that does not depend on $\beta$).
Imposing that the determinant of the previous equation to be zero leads to the condition:
\begin{equation}
(\nu-\nu_0)^2 = h_\mathrm{ac}^2/(2\sqrt{2}\Omega_0)^2 -(\Omega_p-\Omega_0)^2 .
\end{equation}
Thus, the lowest ac current for which a uniform auto-oscillation occurs at a given dc current, corresponds to $\nu=0$, $\Omega_p=\Omega_0$, and leads
to the threshold ac current condition:
\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{ccc}
|h_\mathrm{th}| = 2\sqrt{2} \Omega_0 \nu_0 &
\leftrightarrow & |I_\mathrm{th}|= \frac{\sqrt{2}\nu_0}{|\hat{N}_{00*}|}
= 2\sqrt{2} \Omega_0 \nu_0/k ,
\end{array}
\label{cc}
\end{equation}
which is the equivalent threshold condition as in Eq.\,(\ref{ccn}) for a general mode $(n)$.
\subsection{Spin Hall angle: \label{sha}}
In our notation the prefactor magnitude of the spin Hall torque is given by $|\gamma|4\pi J$ [see Eq.\,(\ref{LLG})]. We used $J=\beta I$, with $I$ the current through the bilayer. According to Ref.~\cite{Liu2011}, in our units:
\begin{equation}
J=\frac{\hbar}{2ed_{\text{Py}}4\pi M_s^2}\frac{I_{\text{Pt}}}{d_{\text{Pt}}w} \theta_H = \beta I \; ,
\end{equation}
with $e$ the charge of the electron, $d_{\text{Py,Pt}}$ the thicknesses of Py and Pt, $w$ the width of the wire, and $I_{\text{Pt}} \simeq (3/4)I$. The latter expression allows to derive the spin Hall angle $\theta_H$ from $\beta$.
| } \sum_{l=0}^N (c_l+d_l) \cos ((2l-1)\pi X/2) , \\
S(X) & = & \sqrt{2} \sum_{l=0}^N (c_l-d_l) \cos ((2l-1)\pi X/2) .
\end{eqnarray}
\begin{figure}[ht]
\includegraphics[width=0.99\columnwidth]{freq_vs_field.png}
\caption{Measured (solid symbols) and theoretically calculated (lines) frequencies of the lowest-energy edge (blue) and bulk (red) eigenmodes. Open symbols show measured drive frequencies for parametric excitation of the bulk and edge eigenmodes.}
\label{Fig:borde}
\end{figure}
Figure~\ref{Fig:shape} shows spatial profiles of the lowest-energy bulk and edge modes at an applied magnetic field $H_0=642.5$\,Oe. We find $C_I(X)=0=S_I(X)$ for both types of modes, which means that $M_y(X,\tau)=-M_s(X)S_R(X)\sin (\Omega \tau)$ and $M_z(X,\tau)=M_s(X)C_R(X)\cos (\Omega \tau)$, i.e. they represent counter-clockwise elliptic precession for both bulk and edge modes. Figures \ref{Fig:shape}(a) and \ref{Fig:shape}(b) show the spatial profiles of the $z$ component of the magnetization (i.e. $M_s(X)C_R(X)$) of the bulk and edge modes respectively. As expected, the bulk mode shows amplitude maximum in the center of the nanowire ($X=0$) while the edge mode has minimum amplitude at $X=0$. The peak amplitude of the edge mode is not located exactly at the wire edge due to the dilution. Furthermore, the ellipticity of these oscillations is defined as \cite{Gurevich1996} $\epsilon = 1-|m_{min}|^2/|m_{max}|^2$ ($|m_{min,max}|$ corresponding to minimum and maximum values at the elliptical axis), which in our case becomes $\epsilon = 1-|S_R(X)|^2/|C_R(X)|^2$. The ellipticity is approximately 0.75 close to the edges of the stripe and 0.84 in the central part for the bulk mode, while these values are approximately 0.88 and 0.98 respectively for the edge mode, thus the edge mode theoretically shows higher ellipticity than the bulk mode (these values correspond to the modes of Fig.\,\ref{Fig:shape}).
\begin{figure*} [ht]
\includegraphics[width=0.99\columnwidth]{Mag_Bulk.png}
\includegraphics[width=0.99\columnwidth]{Mag_Edge.png}
\caption{Spatial profiles of the dynamic magnetization component amplitude $M_z(X)$ for the lowest-energy bulk (a) and edge (b) modes calculated at $H_0=642.5$\,Oe.}
\label{Fig:shape}
\end{figure*}
\subsection{Parametric resonance}
Here we present a simple model describing parametric excitation of spin wave eigenmodes in our nanowire samples by a microwave current at approximately twice the mode frequency. In our model, the frequency of the microwave current is written as $\Omega = 2 \Omega_p$, where $\Omega_p$ is similar to the eigenmode frequency $\Omega_n$. In the equations of motion Eq.\,(\ref{emgo}), we focus on a single mode of index $n$ and neglect all non-resonant terms:
\begin{equation}
i \dot{b}_n = \tilde{\delta}_n b_n + N_{n n^*} b_n^* e^{-i 2 \Omega_p \tau}/\sqrt{2} \; ,
\label{eappo}
\end{equation}
where $\tilde{\delta_n}=\Omega_n-i\nu_n$. A similar equation is written for $b_n^*$.
We seek a solution of these equations in the following form:
\begin{equation}
\begin{array}{ccc}
b_n \simeq b_n^0 e^{-i \Omega_p \tau -\nu \tau} .
\end{array}
\label{blao}
\end{equation}
Inserting Eq.\,(\ref{blao}) and its complex conjugate into Eq.\,(\ref{eappo}) and a similar equation for for $b_n^*$ leads to the following set of homogeneous linear algebraic equations:
\begin{widetext}
\begin{eqnarray}
& & \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
(\Omega_p-\Omega_n)-i(\nu-\nu_n) &
-N_{n n^*}/\sqrt{2} \\
-(N_{n n^*})^*/\sqrt{2} & (\Omega_p-\Omega_n)+i(\nu-\nu_n)
\end{array}
\right)
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
b_n^0 \\
b_n^{0*}
\end{array}
\right) = 0 .
\label{detcon}
\end{eqnarray}
\end{widetext}
The non-trivial solution of Eq.\,(\ref{detcon}) is found from the zero determinant condition, i.e.:
\begin{equation}
|\nu-\nu_n |= \sqrt{|N_{n n^*}|^2/2-(\Omega_p-\Omega_n)^2}.
\end{equation}
A steady state oscillatory solution of Eq.\,(\ref{detcon}), i.e. $\nu=0$, is given by the following condition for $|N_{n n^*}|$:
\begin{equation}
|\nu_n| = \sqrt{|N_{n n^*}|^2/2-(\Omega_p-\Omega_n)^2} . \label{cond}
\end{equation}
Since $N_{n n^*}$ is proportional to the ac current $I_\mathrm{ac}$, we can write it as $ N_{n n^*} = I_\mathrm{ac} \hat{N}_{n n^*} $, where $\hat{N}_{n n^*}$ is a current-independent coefficient. It is clear that the minimum ac current that satisfies Eq.\,(\ref{cond}) is achieved for $\Omega_p=\Omega_n$, when $|\nu_n| = |N_{n n^*}|/\sqrt{2}$. This gives us an expression for the threshold ac current for excitation of parametric resonance for a given mode:
\begin{equation}
I_\mathrm{th} = \sqrt{2}|\nu_n|/|\hat{N}_{nn^*}| .
\label{ccn}
\end{equation}
The matrix element $\hat{N}_{nn^*}$ can be obtained from Eq.\,(\ref{Nac}). The ac current is given by $I_\mathrm{ac}(\tau) = I_\mathrm{ac} (e^{i 2\Omega_p \tau}+e^{-i 2\Omega_p \tau})/\sqrt{2}$, and Eq.\,(\ref{Nac}) can be rewritten to explicitly factor out $I_\mathrm{ac}(\tau)$:
\begin{widetext}
\begin{eqnarray}
& \tilde{N}_\mathrm{ac}(\tau) = I_\mathrm{ac} (\tau) \hat{N} = I_\mathrm{ac} (\tau)
\left[ W^{-1} Y W \right]
= I_\mathrm{ac} (\tau)
\left[ W^{-1} \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
(1-i \alpha)(-k \mathbb{I}+i \beta \tilde{A}) & 0 \\
0 & (1+i \alpha)(k\mathbb{I}+i\beta \tilde{A})
\end{array}
\right)W \right] ,
\nonumber \\ \label{Nh}
\end{eqnarray}
\end{widetext}
where we have used the fact that both the ac Oersted field $h_\mathrm{ac}$ and ac spin transfer torque described by $J_\mathrm{ac}$ are proportional to $I_\mathrm{ac}$, and have written them as $h_\mathrm{ac}=k I_\mathrm{ac}$ and $J_\mathrm{ac}=\beta I_\mathrm{ac}$ ($\mathbb{I}$ is the unit matrix). The coefficient $\hat{N}_{nn^*}$ determining the value of $I_\mathrm{th}$ is then the element $(nn^*)$ of the matrix $\hat{N}$ in Eq.\,(\ref{Nh}).
Thus, the expression of Eq.\,(\ref{ccn}) for the threshold rms ac current for parametric excitation $I_\mathrm{th}$ depends on two quantities, $|\nu_n|$ and $|\hat{N}_{nn^*}|$, that exhibit different dependence on $I_\mathrm{dc}$: $|\nu_n|$ dependence on $I_\mathrm{dc}$ is approximately linear, while $|\hat{N}_{nn^*}|$ dependence on $I_\mathrm{dc}$ is weak. This explains the linear dependence of $I_\mathrm{th}$ on $I_\mathrm{dc}$ observed experimentally in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:FittedRFthreshold}.
Indeed, using Eq.\,(\ref{Mt}) from the Appendix for $\tilde{M}$ of Eq.\,(\ref{Eqa}), we can write:
\begin{equation}
\tilde{M} = M +i J \left(
\begin{array}{cc}
\tilde{A} & 0 \\ 0 & \tilde{A}
\end{array}
\right)
\simeq M +i J 1 \; ,
\label{Mts}
\end{equation}
where $M$ does not depend on spin torque, and $1$ is a unit matrix (of a double size compared to $\mathbb{I}$). The last approximation in Eq.\,(\ref{Mts}), that assumes a diagonal form of $\tilde{A}$ and that is valid for zero edge dilution, is a better approximation for the bulk modes than for the edge modes. Within the latter approximation, an eigenvector of the matrix $M$ with eigenvalue $\delta_n=\Omega_n-i\nu_n^0$ is an eigenvector of the matrix $\tilde{M}$ with eigenvalue $\tilde{\delta}_n=\Omega_n-i(\nu_n^0-J)$. Here $\nu_n^0$ is the decay constant of mode $n$ at zero spin transfer torque; $\nu_n^0$ is approximately independent of current (it depends slightly on dc current through the effective applied magnetic field modified by the Oersted contribution). The approximate expression $\tilde{\delta}_n=\Omega_n-i(\nu_n^0-J)$ validates linear behavior of $\nu_n \simeq \nu_n^0-J$ on $I_\mathrm{dc} \sim J$. Furthermore, from Eq.\,(\ref{Nh}) we can show that $|\hat{N}_{nn^*}|$ is approximately independent of $I_\mathrm{dc}$: the matrix $Y$ depends on parameters independent of $I_\mathrm{dc}$ and the eigenvectors that form the matrix W only weakly depend on $I_\mathrm{dc}$.
We note that $Y$ in Eq.\,(\ref{Nh}) depends on a linear combination of the parameters defining the efficiencies of the Oersted field ($k$) and antidamping spin torque ($\beta$): $(\mp k\mathbb{I}+i\beta \tilde{A})$. This means that both the Oersted field and spin torque contribute to the excitation of parametric resonance on qualitatively equal footing. However, our theoretical analysis below reveals that for the materials and geometry considered in this paper, the contribution of the Oersted field to the excitation of parametric resonance is dominant over that of spin Hall torque. For example, if we artificially turn off the ac Oersted field ($k=0$) for the bulk mode at $I_\mathrm{dc}=0$, we calculate $|\hat{N}_{nn*}|=0.0002$, while if we artificially turn off the ac spin transfer term ($\beta=0$), $|\hat{N}_{nn*}|=0.0040$. This implies via Eq.\,(\ref{ccn}) that the ac Oersted field comprises approximately 95\% of the parametric resonance drive.
A qualitative explanation of the dominant role of the Oersted field is given in Appendix \ref{tfl} where we derive analytical expressions for a simple case of the uniform mode of precession in the limit of infinite Py/Pt bilayer. This example allows us to qualitatively understand why the ac Oersted field is the dominant parametric drive for the more general case of the Py/Pt bilayer nanowire. The matrix $Y$ in Eq.\,(\ref{Nh}) can be separated into a term proportional $k$ and a term proportional to $\beta$. In this case the dominant contribution to the term proportional to $\beta$ can be estimated by taking $\alpha=0$ (the low damping limit $\alpha\ll 1$) and $\tilde{A}= \mathbb{I}$ (zero edge dilution, as there are no edges for the infinite bilayer). Under these approximations, the term proportional to $\beta$ becomes $i\beta W^{-1}W=i\beta 1$. When this purely imaginary and uniform diagonal matrix is used in the equation of motion Eq.\,(\ref{emgo}), it does not generate any coupling between $b$ and $b^*$, which implies infinite threshold for parametric excitation under the purely spin torque drive in this approximation. Another consequence of the theoretical model that points in the direction of explaining the preponderance of the Oersted field in parametric resonance in this experiment is that without dilution the spin transfer torque term does not produce a coupling between $b_n$ and $b_n^*$ for all modes. The latter happens because the expression for the imaginary energy associated to spin transfer of Eq.\,(\ref{USTT}) is proportional to $\sum_l a_l a_l^*$, and this "diagonal" property persists in terms of the variables $b_n, b_n^*$, meaning that spin transfer does not couple $b_n$ with $b_n^*$, i.e. it does not contribute to parametric resonance excitation.
\section{\label{sec:discussion}Discussion}
In this section we compare experimental results to theoretical predictions, focusing on the dependence of $I_\mathrm{th}$ on $I_\mathrm{dc}$ in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:FittedRFthreshold}(c). In particular, we compare the experimental slopes of the $I_\mathrm{th}(I_\mathrm{dc})$ linear dependence in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:FittedRFthreshold}(c) for the lowest energy bulk and edge modes with the theoretical slopes for those modes. Since both $I_\mathrm{th}$ and $I_\mathrm{c}$ are linear in the mode damping constant, the slope of $I_\mathrm{th}(I_\mathrm{dc})$ is independent on the damping and primarily characterizes ellipticity of the mode. Indeed, at a fixed mode frequency, $I_\mathrm{th}$ decreases with increasing mode ellipticity \cite{Chen2017} while $I_\mathrm{c}$ increases with increasing mode ellipticity \cite{Grollier2003,Chen2011}, which makes the slope of $I_\mathrm{th}(I_\mathrm{dc})$ a very sensitive probe of the mode ellipticity. We use this probe to test the theoretical description of the bulk and edge spin wave eigenmodes.
The theoretical results of Eqs.\,(\ref{ccn}) and (\ref{Nh}) allow us to calculate $I_\mathrm{th}$ at a given $I_\mathrm{dc}$. The theoretical slopes are found by calculating the intercept points of the $I_\mathrm{th}(I_\mathrm{dc})$ dependence with the abscissa and ordinate: $I_\mathrm{th}(0)\equiv I_\mathrm{th}^0$ and $I_\mathrm{th}(I_\mathrm{c})=0$, where $I_\mathrm{c}$ is the critical current for the onset of auto-oscillations. The absolute value of the slope of $I_\mathrm{th}(I_\mathrm{dc})$ is then given by $I_\mathrm{th}^0/I_\mathrm{c}$.
In order to calculate $I_\mathrm{th}^0$ from Eq.\,(\ref{Nh}), we need first to determine the values of $k$ and $\beta$, which are proportional to the strengths of the Oersted field and spin transfer torque respectively. The constant $k=0.00324$\,mA$^{-1}$ is calculated in the Appendix \ref{CO}. The constant $\beta$ proportional to the spin Hall torque efficiency is determined from the experimentally measured value of the critical current $I_\mathrm{c}$ for the onset of the mode auto-oscillations driven by $I_\mathrm{dc}$ at $I_\mathrm{ac}=0$. This is done by solving Eq.\,(\ref{MatEq}) for $\beta$ with $\nu=0$ and values of the damping constant $\alpha$ and $I_\mathrm{c}$ appropriate for the given mode. In this solution, we use the applied magnetic field value $H_0$ appropriate for the mode frequency of 10\,GHz used in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:FittedRFthreshold}(c). The measured values of $H_0$ at 10\,GHz are given by Fig.\,\ref{Fig:VoltageSpectra}: $H_0=642.5$\,Oe for the bulk mode and $H_0=930$\,Oe for the edge mode.
We solve Eqs.\,(\ref{ccn}) and (\ref{Nh}) to fit the theoretical slope $I_\mathrm{th}^0/I_\mathrm{c}$ to its experimentally measured value $I_\mathrm{th}^0/I_\mathrm{c}=1.88$ in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:FittedRFthreshold}(c) with the damping $\alpha$ as the single fitting parameter. In this fitting procedure, $\nu_n(\alpha)$ in Eq.\,(\ref{ccn}) is found via diagonalization of the matrix $\tilde{M}$ given by Eq.\,(\ref{Mt}) in the Appendix, and $\beta(\alpha)$ is found by solving Eq.\,(\ref{MatEq}) with $\nu=0$ at $I_\mathrm{dc}=I_\mathrm{c}=2.41$\,mA and $I_\mathrm{ac}=0$. The best fit of the Eq.\,(\ref{ccn}) to the experimental value of $I_\mathrm{th}^0/I_\mathrm{c}=1.88$ for the lowest energy bulk mode in Fig.\,\ref{Fig:FittedRFthreshold}(c) gives $\alpha=0. | 4,255 |
AWFJ Women On Film – "Drag Me To Hell" – Susan Granger reviews
May 27, 2009 Susan Granger alliance of women film journalists, awfj women on film, drag me to hell, movie reviews, susan granger, women film critics
It's been 17 years since Sam Raimi hit the horror market. In the meantime, he's been swinging with the "Spider-Man" trilogy. But now the auteur of "The Evil Dead" returns to the occult genre with a simple morality tale about a good woman who makes a bad choice that's motivated by greed in the form of her desire for a promotion. She then hides behind 'rules and regulations' to avoid coming to terms with her sin.
Christine Brown (Alison Lohman) is an ambitious L.A. loan officer who refuses to grant a mortgage extension to an elderly woman, Mrs. Ganush (Lorna Raver), defaulting her out of her home. In retaliation for the humiliation, the creepy, phlegmy old crone places the gypsy curse of the Lamia (a half-man/half-goat) on Christine, muttering, "Soon it will be you who comes begging to me."
Sure enough, Christine's life becomes horrendous as she's stalked by shadowy demonic creatures. Since her puzzled but supportive college professor fiancé, Clay Dalton (Justin Long), cautions her against superstition, she turns to a Hindu psychic, Rham Jas (Dileep Tao), which leads to a surreal exorcism-séance led by Shaun San Dena (Adriana Barraza). But what price must the increasingly frantic Christine pay to break free of the curse?
Despite its prescient timeliness, Sam Raimi wrote the tongue-in-cheek screenplay with his brother Ivan more than a decade ago. So he insists it wasn't designed to reflect our society's current ills or condemn bankers as villains. Nor did Raimi eschew his trademark blood-and-guts just to garner a PG-13 rating, a designation which, apparently, condones other kinds of physical violence, not only with a stapler but also with bodily fluids, including being 'slimed' with saliva.
Youthful Alison Lohman brings just the right amount of desperation to the protagonist, while Lorna Raver's Ganush joins the ranks of classic horror characters. On the Granger Movie Gauge of 1 to 10, "Drag Me to Hell" is a schlocky, spooky 7. It's a disturbing terror thriller with an unusually loud soundtrack.
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Susan Granger is a product<|fim_middle|> adult life, Susan has been on radio and television as an anchorwoman and movie/drama critic. Her newspaper reviews have been syndicated around the world, and she has appeared on American Movie Classics cable television. In addition, her celebrity interviews and articles have been published in REDBOOK, PLAYBOY, FAMILY CIRCLE, COSMOPOLITAN, WORKING WOMAN and THE NEW YORK TIMES, as well as in PARIS MATCH, ELLE, HELLO, CARIBBEAN WORLD, ISLAND LIFE, MACO DESTINATIONS, NEWS LIMITED NEWSPAPERS (Australia), UK DAILY MAIL, UK SUNDAY MIRROR, DS (France), LA REPUBBLICA (Italy), BUNTE (Germany), VIP TRAVELLER (Krisworld) and many other international publications through SSG Syndicate. Susan also lectures on the "Magic and Mythology of Hollywood" and "Don't Take It Personally: Conquering Criticism and other Survival Skills," originally published on tape by Dove Audio. | of Hollywood. Her natural father, S. Sylvan Simon, was a director and producer at R.K.O., M.G.M. and Columbia Pictures; her adoptive father, Armand Deutsch, produced movies at M.G.M. As a child, Susan appeared in movies with Abbott & Costello, Red Skelton, Lucille Ball, Margaret O'Brien and Lassie. She attended Mills College in California, studying journalism with Pierre Salinger, and graduated from the University of Pennsylvania, Phi Beta Kappa, with highest honors in journalism. During her | 113 |
New York: Richard Marek Publishers, 1980.
First edition of the first novel in the Bourne Trilogy. Octavo, original cloth. Signed by the author on the front free endpaper, "Best wishes, Robert Ludlum." Near fine in a near fine price-clipped dust jacket. Jacket illustration by Rob Sauber. Jacket photograph by Michelle Ryder.
The first novel in the Bourne Trilogy, The Bourne Identity introduces Jason Bourne, a man who finds himself with both remarkable survival skills and retrograde amnesia. In the search<|fim_middle|>ne must also reason out why several shadowy groups, a professional assassin, and the CIA want him dead. Peter Cannon of Publishers Weekly named The Bourne Identity among the best spy novels of all time, after John le Carré's The Spy Who Came in from the Cold. The novel was adapted into a film of the same name starring Matt Damon, Franka Potente and Chris Cooper. | to rediscover his true identity, Bour | 8 |
Let's Keep Learning - Share This!!!
Why some Fitness social media strategies fail to deliver stronger ROIs.
At the start of 2016, I started to explore fitness in a serious way. Of course I started with typical directory search, asking friends, then transitioned to social search. I quickly realized that there were fundamental strategies that successful fitness experts executed on their platforms daily, that others ignored/overlooked.
@Sagicor #SigmaRun 2017 with @Seprod and @JamaicaMove Campaign.
After, two (2) years of examining, engaging and evaluating these fitness expert social media presence. I was able to identify three (3) 'ever-present' and recurring strategies. So, this blog post is an overview of the webinar presentation (DMF Case Study: Digital Media for Fitness Experts), that was conducted with my "FailingStrong" Tribe last month.
I am confident that these simple strategies are scalable and when implemented properly will enhance any fitness expert social media presence, towards better conversions rates, higher retention rates and increased life time value of their target audience.
Clear and consistent Content Creation Strategy.
Commitment to LSC Engagement Strategy.
Additionally, when these strategies are executed simultaneously with a multi-platform channel management program, fitness expert will experience improved engagement and robust ROI to their bottomline.
This is sometimes overlooked by many fitness social media teams. It is especially important for a product/services that depends heavily on repeat enrollments, scaling and strong ROIs per unit cost. In the DMF Case Study, we saw that 'Blog Style" engagement actually worked effectively to connect with and established an emotional relationship with the target audience and deepen the interaction with the brand.
This funnel approach is effective, because it's an 'Opt-In' digital media tactics, where the target customers and only consumers who really wants to digest or engage with your content will do so. However, I recommend that you integrate "Lead Magnets" and "Call to Action" to continue that conversation with the potential consumer towards conversion and facilitate 'Test and Learn' agile program.
TYPE : Generate content that is Relatable, Relevant and Actionable.
FORM: Determine the specific use of Static-Images vs Videos (Short and Long Form) content.
As a rule of thumb content was created with a specific channel in mind at all times. Content is generated and curated with a desired U/X in mind. Basically, they curated content that was relatable, relevant and actionable – then monitored the consumer's response, prior to engaging them towards conversion.
Specially, the fitness experts used Facebook and YouTube for their (long form) videos to build trust with that audience, and integrated ACTIONABLE element for the consumer. While, for Twitter and Instagram – most of the experts use these platforms for both static-images and videos (short forms) to counsel the consumer, provided restaurant hacks, BTS, result sharing and gamification…Additionally, I saw increased use of PINTEREST and Mobile-ready websites, displaying 'sharable' static exercise programs, proper movements, how-to exercise, meal plans, meal preparations and connection to discussion boards.
Make the live sessions fun, easy to follow, and lean-in on the Peer-to-Peer conversations. Remember this content is critical to reaching people who aren't in your Tribe, as yet. So, ensure you execute a robust recruitment strategy once you have their attention.
Make your content GOOD that they feel like they should be paying for it….
DON'T implement "Give Me, Buy Me, Sign Up Today" during your recruitment strategy, because if you are always asking for something, why will people follow you?
First, establish value in the potential consumer mind – Work on empowering your TRIBE/CREW – then go for it – SELL SELL SELL and remember to UPSELL also.
In digital media Peer-to-Peer reviews are 80% more trusted than paid influencers, advocates, partner branding or co-branding programs. So build your Tribe/Crew (I recommend you develop a signature/unique name for your followers), and have them provide feedback and user-generated content for social media Funnel Strategies. Example: Dedicate your Instagram stories for user-generated content ONLY.
Implement one post per platform per day.
Make sure one of those postings as a "Call to Action' or "Lead Magnet".
START WITH THE CUSTOMER FIRST…When in doubt about what you are doing, seek to appreciate the challenges your target customers are experiencing. Then outline how you will assist them in overcoming those monsters for the voyage to their goals, with your programs,products or services.
So setting up a LinkedIn account is one of the most important professional investment you will make for your digital footprint in this "Networked Intelligence" era. LinkedIn digital channel is the largest online professional network, and is an excellent resource for personal brand development, building connections and long life learning on a global scale.
Note, that this digital channel fosters professional engagement, and you should proceed with caution, when engaging new connections, sharing content and commenting on post. Initially, the recommendation is to focus engagement, on industry specific contributions.
Uber New CEO Letter on London's Issue.
Uber New CEO's Letter Dara Khosrowshahi….
Dear London: we r far from perfect but we have 40k licensed drivers and 3.5mm Londoners depending on us. Pls work w/us to make things right.
Thanks Pierre, and thanks to everyone working on this issue. Like all of you, I'm hugely disappointed in the decision by London's Mayor and Transport for London. It could have profound negative consequences for the 40,000 drivers who depend on Uber for work and the 3.5 million Londoners who rely on Uber to get around.
It's particularly discouraging that this is happening in the UK, where the team has led the way on partnerships with local groups to increase the number of wheelchair-accessible and electric vehicles on the road.
While the impulse may be to say that this is unfair, one of the lessons I've learned over time is that change comes from self-reflection. So it's worth examining how we got here. The truth is that there is a high cost to a bad reputation. Irrespective of whether we did everything that is being said about us in London today (and to be clear, I don't think we did), it really matters what people think of us, especially in a global business like ours, where actions in one part of the world can have serious consequences in another.
Going forward, it's critical that we act with integrity in everything we do, and learn how to be a better partner to every city we operate in.<|fim_middle|> by the product and its features (the Unique Selling Proposition – USP).
The price cover the actual amount the end user is expected to pay for a product. If there is a positive customer value, than a product may be successfully priced higher than its objective monetary value (value pricing). Conversely, if a product has little value in the eyes of the consumer (its a commodity), then it may need to be underpriced to sell. So, the marketing manager is critical to the cross function pricing team, by infusing intelligence on the distribution footprint (channel management), value chain analysis, markups and competitors pricing.
This is the communication (MarCom) aspect of marketing. This may include advertising, sales promotions, special offers and public relations. The marketing manager identifies the most effective communication channel, given the specific product, the price and the targeted end users.
Place or placement strategy has to do with how the product will 'reach' the end user. Distribution is a key element for the placement strategy – the focus is on RTM (Route To Market) – How a product is accessed by the end user also needs to complement the rest of the product strategy.
So, the main function of a marketing manager is to increase the efficiency of the RTM programme for the product. This is critical and supports the expansion of the product's distribution footprint, trade marketing programmes and financial sustainability of the product.
For brand managers, the strategic focus is to develop a 'Brand Purpose' – What The Brand Stands for?. It is essential that the purpose is simple and the marketing team is able to stick with it and communicate that effectively to the end users.
This is the 'Brand Promise', the brand manager will have to be able to understand the functionality or the solution the product provides to the end-user. Additionally, the manager should integrate those functionalities into a specific personality trait – that connects with the end users.
Another aspect of brand management is to develop credibility. Once you have committed to a 'Brand Promise' – If the product isn't able to deliver on that promise or EXPECTATION – then it has failed the consumer's 'Job-to-be-done (JTBD)' test. So brand managers will need to ensure the product will be able to 'Deliver on the Promise' – and establish the product's 'right to play' in the space.
This function is considered the most important for a brand manager. The main task is to solidify 'Brand Difference' in the marketplace and all channels to allow for value pricing. This typically goes beyond the functionality of the product, by establishing the brand as a lifestyle brand. This is achieved via experiential marketing programmes.
So, the fundamental difference between a marketing team and brand team is that the marketing team operationalizes the tactical plan, after the brand team has conceptualized, and designed the personality for the brand. This is all guided by the strategic outlook by the corporate and the leadership team (internal or external) to the organization. Additionally, the brand team is responsible for establishing, driving and solidifying the intrinsic 'Value Pricing' and "Generate Demand" for the product – to support the marketing operational and tactical programmes. While the marketing team focuses on 'Demand Fulfillment' and 'Go to Market Strategies' for the product.
For any brand to continue evolving and remain relevant to a consumer over their lifetime, it has to deliver a specific experience or solve a "Job To Be Done – JTBD" . This can be achieved by appealing to a variety of senses and tapping into that special place within the consumer's heart and mind that generate thoughts about comfort, pleasure, as well as inspiring a sense of practicality which entice individuals to act on that impulse at every purchase . This tactical approach is called – Experiential Marketing.
So, Experiential Marketing, is a tactical approach to marketing goods and services by establishing a specific experience you desire the consumer to have or to associate with your brand. The idea is to integrate elements of emotions, logic, and deep connectivity through your brand funnel process to the targeted consumer. So the goal of experiential marketing is to solidify the connection in such a way that the consumer responds to a product offering based on both deep emotions and rational over their lifetime, making this a "Liquid Idea" and "Viral Concept". | That doesn't mean abandoning our principles—we will vigorously appeal TfL's decision—but rather building trust through our actions and our behavior. In doing so, we will show that Uber is not just a really great product, but a really great company that is meaningfully contributing to society, beyond its business and its bottom line.
Thanks for everything you're doing to make Uber the best company it can be, and particularly to our teammates in London and across the UK.
I believe in storytelling for brands that are authentic, immersive and channel specific, which drives community growth, brand affinity and establish a lifestyle brand, with strong conversion rates.
1. Overcoming the Monster (Freedom).
3. The Quest – Adventure.
APPLICATION: If brand/marketing manager understands, which story they want to convey with the brand(s), they now have their #NorthStar.
IPhoneX – Your New Best Friend or Not?
1. Display: The First AMOLED display on a Iphone. The screen panel is called Super Retina Display and measures 5.8″ big with 458ppi pixel density. Both HDR10 and Dolby Vision are supported and the panel offers a whopping a million to one contrast ratio.
2. FaceID: They enable FaceID, the replacement of TouchID – the FaceID uses a flood illuminator (so it works in the dark) and a projector that paints 30,000 points on your face. This includes Apple Pay, naturally!
3. Control Center: Speaking of unlocking, you can also use tap to wake. Once the screen is on, you can swipe up to unlock. This swipe gesture is also used to enable multitasking (swipe up and hold) and to go back to the home screen (swipe up to "throw" the app). Where does that leave the Control center? It's still here, it has just moved on top.
4. Chip: The phone is powered by the Apple A11 chipset, which evolves the two-tier CPU design – it has two powerful cores and four energy-efficient ones.
5. Emoji: This extensive face scanning is used for the animojis too – the cute faces you use instead of punctuation now have a life of their own as they mimic your facial expressions.
What Do you think? Will You make #IPhoneX your new Best Friends? Send me your opinion….
Messaging is an essential channel management tactical tool, during the customer funnel engagement journey. Today, most agile business operations are embracing this new funnel to drive engagement, increase leads and stronger conversions rates.
According to research in 2017, over 3/4 of the worlds' smartphone users will use a mobile messaging app to communicate with family, friends and businesses. Over 1/2 of US digital media users will message a brand, instead of email or even call, and 53% of people globally will likely to shop (this holiday season), with brands they message directly.
The debate continues on the differences between a Marketing and a Brand Manager's roles and functions. Today, we will explore this debate, base on their respective core functionalities.
According to Dr. Kotler, marketing is the science and art of exploring, creating and delivering value to satisfy the needs of a target market at a profit. So marketing is basically the ongoing communication exchange with customers in a way that educates, informs and builds a relationship over time.
Cafe Blue Coffee – Iconic Coffee Brand.
This is a specific emotion or reference point that is linked to the product or service, which results in a customer journey, when interacting with the product/service.
The product is either a tangible good or an intangible service. In the case of the marketing manager – the key is to understand those problems that the product is attempting to solve then, showcase the benefits offered | 775 |
<|fim_middle|> hours drive time. | Daniel Martinez is an exceptional guitar stylist who teaches and performs from his home base in Lincoln, Nebraska. He plays all musical styles on acoustic guitar, but his specialties are Latin rhythms such as Flamenco and Rumba. Daniel teaches guitar students of all ages and abilities. Lecture/demos are designed to suit the time and the interest/age of the audience. Topics include South American music styles, Latin dance styles and The Real Jungle Book: Growing Up in the Peruvian Amazon. Daniel is available as a solo or with the four-piece band Jarana.
Technical Requirements: The sound system needed is dependent upon the size and type of venue, expected attendance, etc. Basic sound requirements for Daniel are one SM58 microphone, one boom mic stand, a stool and the availability of two lines into an amplified sound system. Daniel can provide a compact sound system for smaller venues and would only require a mic stand, stool and electrical outlet. Adequate lighting and an elevated platform allowing Daniel to be seen well are ideal. Specific details are confirmed on a case by case basis.
Availability: No performance scheduled on the same day if travel involves more than 350 miles or five | 234 |
DETROIT � The Detroit Red Wings got a great performance in net and plenty of offense at the other end of the rink � including a rare power-play goal � to earn a much-needed win.
Jimmy Howard made 33 saves for his first shutout of the season and Drew Miller scored an early goal as Detroit snapped a season-high, five-game losing streak with a 4-0 victory over the Nashville Predators on Saturday night.
�We put everything to rest,� Howard said.
The previously reeling Red Wings still have plenty of work to do to prove they are a playoff team, but holding onto a lead for a change is an improvement for them.
Detroit led 2-0 in three of the losses during its skid.
Tomas Tatar gave Detroit a two-goal lead early in the second, and Niklas Kronwall made it a three-goal cushion late in the period.
�The third goal was the back-breaker for our team,� Nashville coach Barry Trotz said.
Detroit didn�t waste its first 3-0 lead of the season, but instead added to it with Daniel Cleary�s goal on a power play midway through the third period.
Pekka Rinne gave up those three goals on just<|fim_middle|> up only goal on 20 power plays. � Detroit hopes two of its banged-up players � Todd Bertuzzi (back) and Brendan Smith (hip) � will return in about a week. | 17 shots and finished with 23 saves for the Predators.
The Red Wings didn�t need another goal to win, but they were desperate for some success on the power play. They got some when Cleary raised his stick to redirect Kronwall�s slap shot.
During its five-game losing streak, Detroit scored only one goal on 17 power plays.
Nashville, playing on consecutive nights, has lost two straight and four of five.
The Predators had won seven of eight against Detroit, including last year�s first-round playoff series, but lost this one despite outshooting the Red Wings.
Detroit made the most of its second chances to score against Rinne, who matched a season high by allowing four goals.
Miller scored off a rebound 5:11 into the game to perhaps relax the reeling Red Wings. Tatar lifted a loose puck high and into the net 2:58 into the second period.
Kronwall�s one-timer fluttered past Rinne, who had an obstructed view of the shot as Cleary was tangled up with teammate Scott Hannan in front. That gave the Red Wings a 3-0 lead at 15:33 of the second.
Howard made nine saves in the third period to seal his 12th career shutout.
NOTES: Nashville D Hal Gill left the game in the second period because of a lower-body injury, and Trotz said he didn�t have a timeframe for his possible return. � The Red Wings will host Northwest Division-leading Vancouver on Sunday and plan to play Jonas Gustavsson to give Howard a break. � In the Predators� previous seven games, they had given | 344 |
Let's be honest here, it's 2018. There's no use in developing a great software or application if people won't know how to use it.
Even if you had a fully-trained UX and UI team to help you build an intuitive design, every user is different and will have issues on their own. Believe me.
To deal with this, you will still need great user documentation that is useful and easy to read, if you want to retain users and provide a killer customer service.
It seems daunting at first right? How the hell am I going to ensure everyone can use my software effectively? But it doesn't have to be. Here are a few tips to help you improve your support documentation.
To understand your audience and what they are doing is not only useful for marketers, unlike many of you might think. If you want to provide useful support documentation, you need to know where users are struggling with your application, and why they need guidance for.
Use analytics tools to measure the journey of your product, and put yourself in your user's shoes. Is there a specific feature they are not using? Can they go through the payment process easily? This will allow you better insights about what you should include in your Knowledge Base.
Whether you're building team documentation or end<|fim_middle|> users to get the job done, without having to contact your team. Not pages of needless details about your software.
Statistics show that 4X as many consumers would prefer to watch a video about a product than to read about it. So, maybe you should replace tedious support articles with videos, online courses, infographics, or even in-product demos.
Visual Content is a lot easier to understand, quicker to read, and plays a major role in helping users understand how to perform certain tasks. Besides, it's definitely more fun to develop.
This is a very important step in building documentation. People need to know where the information is so that when they need help, they won't waste too much time looking for it. And the same goes for new team members.
Intercom, for example, will allow you to organize your articles in one place and even provide a powerful search for users to access information more effectively. Make sure you have your documentation organized, be it on a support page, an on-site application, or even an internal software.
It's true that online tools like Intercom, Zendesk, and Desk.com will help you build a great Knowledge Base. But it shouldn't stop there… Make sure to enable these articles on top of your web application, and not only on a support page.
This way, users won't have to look for documentation. But, instead, have all the information they need right there all the time. Softwares like Helppier, for example, allows to integrate desk.com articles into an on-page application, so users can read the information they need and follow steps simultaneously, without leaving the page they're in.
Step-by-step tutorials are a great way to demonstrate how to get things done. Since they allow a learn-by-doing experience that feels like a real-time lecture on top of your application. Tutorials are very powerful because they guide users to a specific flow. As they ensure users accomplish their task successfully by highlighting the right elements.
Create user guides that interact with all kinds of users and provide personalized help for different groups, to ensure users are familiar with specific features of your website or software and don't have to engage on research or contact your team for support.
Great user documentation will not only allow you to help lost clients and reduce upcoming support calls but also improve your brand's reputation, increase loyal customers and minimize workload since it's quick and effective.
Now, go ahead and improve it! | -user documentation, you are still speaking to human beings, so write like one. First, define a structure for your content that is easy to read right from the start, and keep it consistent through all files.
Try not to develop extensive articles, but instead replace words with visuals often (we will get there soon). Make sure your documentation includes only the information that will lead | 74 |
The E-3 is a visa category for Australians only who are going to the U.S. to work temporarily in a "specialty occupation". A key advantage is that it allows Austrialians to avoid the H-1<|fim_middle|> visas issued each year?
Is there a special fee for E-3 visas?
Is USCIS Premium Processing available for E3 (for Australians)?
May the spouses of E-3 visa holders work in the U.S.?
What is a specialty occupation for E-3 visa purposes?
I understand that a US employer must file a LCA with the Dept of Labor for a E3 visa, but do they also have to file a form I-129? I have been receiving mixed information about this. | B quota which often runs out quickly.
An E-3 is similar to the very popular H-1B, except that it has additional benefits, such as not being subject to the six year limit, and permitting the applicant's spouse to work. Another key advantage is that it has its own quota, which is important because the regular H-1B quota often runs out quickly.
What are the requirements for an E-3 visa?
Can an E-3 visa be renewed?
Can an E-3 visa holder's Spouse and Children accompany him or her to the U.S.?
Do E-3 visa applicants need to demonstrate a "residence abroad?"
Does an E-3 (for Australians) visa applicant need a license for the specialty occupation?
Does the 240 Day Automatic Extension rule apply to E3 (for Australians)?
Is there a QUOTA applicable to the number of E-3 | 184 |
This is the Specialized Crossroads Tyre upgraded with Specialized's most advanced Armadillo puncture protection.
With the Crossroads Armadillo tyre, Specialized redesigned their popular Cross<|fim_middle|>forced standard Specialized Crossroads).
730g (27.5x1.9) - checked at bike co-op HQ in January 2016. | roads tread, making it the best, most robust multi-terrain tyre out there. Whether on your mountain bike or town bike, this tyre is ready for the rigors of everyday street life. And with maximum flat protection from Armadillo technology, plus a rugged casing and smooth-rolling tread, you'll get around town easily without worrying about flats or traction on parkways and cobbles.
The tyre's smooth rolling centre tread and its knobbly tread shoulders make it the perfect urban all-rounder tyre whether the roads you ride are smooth, dirt or gravel.
The tyre's side knobs offer traction when you take a dirt road detour.
Armadillo 'bead to bead' protection - the tyre's entire casing is armoured against penetration (not just the sub tread as is the case with the Flak Jacket-rein | 170 |
Beatles Interviews Database: Lennon & McCartney Interview, The Tonight Show 5/14/1968
ABOUT THIS INTERVIEW: The first few seasons of Johnny Carson's Tonight Show no longer exist in the NBC vaults. Unfortunately, many videotapes were 'reused' by NBC in the fifties and sixties, including Carson's earliest seasons. Therefore this 1968 Lennon/McCartney appearance is truely a lost interview.
What does still exist is due only to TV-viewing Beatles fans trying to capture the moment, back before the days of home VCRs. A small portion of the interview was captured on silent home-movie film by a Beatles fan aiming an 8mm movie camera at their TV set. The 2 minute home movie of the TV screen, while producing a poor-quality picture and only a very small fraction of the full 22 minute appearance,<|fim_middle|>."
JOHN: "No, it's no sort of... it's just a common thing."
PAUL: "There's a little bit of that."
JG: "If you didn't feel it as a youngster, you wouldn't feel it now."
JOHN: "Yeah."
PAUL: "Yeah that's right, you know. It's just 'cuz, we know what we had to fight to, sort of..."
JG: "Was it tough for you to get started?"
JOHN: "Well, no tougher than anybody else, you see, but George said, 'I'm sick of being told to keep out of the park.' That's what it's about, you know. We're trying to make a park for people to come in and do what they want."
PAUL: (comical voice) "Symbolically speaking."
JG: "Is he the spokesman, would you say, John?"
JOHN: "Well, if his spokes are working, he is. And if mine are..."
JG: "Do you have the privacy that you're leading me to believe you have, or is it a tough job?"
JOHN: "We have enough to keep us sane, you know. If we are sane-- we have enough."
JOHN: "But it's not like touring. Our life isn't like a tour, or like 'A Hard Day's Night' or any of those things. That's only what we're doing now. We create that, or that is created. But when we're just living, it's calm."
JG: "Is it calm, Paul?"
PAUL: "Yeah. Not at the moment, you know. It's hectic-- New York. Very hectic place. 'Cuz we came over from England and it's a very sort of quiet place, you know."
JG: "What's so different about New York?"
JOHN: "Louder."
PAUL: "It's very... (imitates cars honking and police sirens) ...you know."
JG: (jokingly) "You've got a hit record on your hands already!"
PAUL: "You know, that happens alot here."
JG: "Don't you like that kind of life?"
JOHN: "It's alright. You get into it. I mean, three days isn't enough to get used to that."
JG: "Would you 'like' to get into it?"
JOHN: "Ahh, not today."
TB: (laughs) "Are you nervous on a show like this?"
PAUL: "Always nervous."
JOHN: "Yeah, sure. Sure."
JG: "Why would you be nervous?"
JOHN: "Because, uhh... It's not natural."
JG: "I don't know, I'm just kind of visiting with you... I would feel it's natural. I feel like I've read about you and I want to meet you."
JOHN: "I mean, this 'situation' isn't natural."
PAUL: "If we meet you and talk at your house, then that's alright you know, because we can actually talk naturally. It's a bit difficult when you know you're going out into a million homes."
JG: "So you're guarded, pretty well, in what you say then?"
JOHN: "No, not guarded."
PAUL: "No, but it's still difficult, you know. (gesturing to the camera crew) There it is!! Look!! It's going out!!!"
JOHN: "Well, aren't you nervous at all?"
JG: "I am nervous because of the... uhh..."
JOHN: (comically) "Well, because-- because-- because!!! But it's the same thing!"
JG: "Except that you are very successful in what you do."
JOHN: "It doesn't make any difference."
JG: "So what you're telling me is that you have fears and anxieties like everybody else?"
JOHN: "Sure! We're human, man!"
PAUL: "You know that old showbiz thing everybody says, 'Well, you know, you always get nervous before you go on the stage.' Uhh, I think we get 'em all the way. When you go on stage it's just one of those things."
JG: "But you get over that alright."
JOHN: "Oh sure. It's part of the game."
JG: "Listen now, I have something in common with both of you. I met the guru, the Maharishi. And I noticed that he went out with an act-- the Beach Boys. And it folded."
JOHN: "Yeah. Right."
JG: "What do you think of the Yogi as an act?"
JOHN: "Yeah. Well, we found out that we made a mistake there."
PAUL: "We tried to persuade him against that, you know. I thought it was a terrible idea."
JOHN: "We believe in meditation, but not the Maharishi and his scene. But that's a personal mistake we made in public."
JG: "When did you find out it was a mistake?"
JOHN: "Well, uhh, I can't remember the date, you know, but it was in India. And meditation is good, and it does what they say. It's like exercise or cleaning your teeth, you know. It works, but uhh, we've finished with that bit."
ED McMAHON: "Has he changed? Is that what..."
JOHN: "Well, no. I think it's just that we're seeing him a bit more in perspective, you know, 'cuz we're as naive as the next person about alot of things."
PAUL: "We get carried away with things like that, though. I mean, we thought he was... uhh... magic, you know-- just floating around and everything. Flying."
JG: "Do you think the kids in America have turned him off?"
JOHN: "Well, it could be something to do with it. But I wouldn't say, 'Don't meditate' to them, because alot of them would get a great deal from it."
PAUL: "You know, the system is more important than all those things."
JOHN: "He's surrounded with, it seems like, the old establishment that we know so well."
JG: "Are you saying, 'Meditate, but not with the Yogi'?"
PAUL: (long pause) "Yeah. I mean, he's good. There's nothing wrong with him. But we think the system is more important than all the two-bit personality bit. You know, he gets sort of treated like a big star. He's on the road with the Beach Boys, and it's all that scene. And also... It folds, you know. That's the silly thing."
TB: "Does he giggle as much as..."
JOHN: "Yes. It's his natural asset."
JOHN: "Well, you see, it depends on what way you're looking at it at the time. If it's not getting on your nerves, it's 'Oh, what a happy fellow.' It depends how you feel when you look at him."
JG: "I had him on the show, and he just giggled and giggled the whole time. I figured there was something, maybe my tie was loose. Who was the first one that met the Yogi?"
JOHN: "We all met him at the same time."
JG: "Can you tell us the circumstances?"
JOHN: "Well, he was just doing a lecture in London at the Hilton. So we all went and we thought, 'What a nice man.' And we were looking for that. You know, everybody's looking for it, but we were looking for it 'that day' as well. And then we met him and he was good, you know. He's got a good thing in him. And we went along with it."
JG: "But now, you just got off the train, huh?"
JOHN: "Right. Nice trip thank you very much."
JG: "Do you think that your own careers have kind of switched? Not that you lose a group, but you seem to be changing your audience."
JOHN: "See, everything changes. So we change as well. And our audience changes, too, all the time. We don't sort of put our finger on 'What age group or why.' But we know-- everything changes, and us too."
PAUL: "When we first started we had leather jackets on, you know. Little caps and big cowboy boots. But then we changed to suits, you know."
JOHN: "We thought, 'That'll get 'em.'"
PAUL: "And we lost a whole lot of fans. They all said, 'You've gone ponched.' They didn't like it, you know, because we were all clean."
PAUL: "So we lost that crowd, but we gained all the ones that liked suits. It happens like that. That's what keeps happening. And we lost alot of people with 'Sgt Pepper,' but I think we gained more."
(crowd applauds in agreement)
JG: "Do you think you're going to be able to top 'Sgt. Pepper'?"
JOHN: "Well, you know, it's the next move, and I can't say 'yes or no,' but I think so. Why not? 'Cuz it's only another LP really... it's not that important."
JG: "Well, you have to be the most imitated group."
JOHN: "Well maybe. Yeah."
JG: "When you talk about Lennon/McCartney songs, do you work together, or one writes one, or..."
JOHN: "It's all those combinations you can think of. Every combination of two people writing a song... inasmuch as we can both write them completely separately, and together, and not together. But we obviously influence each other, like groups and people do."
JG: "I can think of my favorite-- 'Yesterday.'"
(crowd applauds)
JG: "What are the circumstances behind that, Paul? How does that happen?"
PAUL: "I don't know. I woke up one morning..."
JOHN: (singing as blues) "'I Woke Up One Morning...'"
PAUL: (pauses, then continues, rhythmically) "'Piano By My Bed...'"
JOHN: (sings blues lick) "'duh-dut duh dut-a-la-dut!'"
PAUL: "'Went To The Piano...'"
JOHN: "Yeah?"
PAUL: (rhythmically) "And This- Is What- I Said!'"
PAUL: "You know, I just started playing it and this tune came. 'Cuz that's what happens. They just, sort of-- they COME, you know. It just came and I couldn't think of any words to it, so originally it was just, 'Scrambled Egg.' It was called 'Scrambled Egg' for a couple of months..."
PAUL: "...until I thought of 'Yesterday.' And that's it."
JG: (pause) "Are you putting me on?"
PAUL: "No, that's true."
JG: "'Scrambled Eggs'? You write a song about scrambled eggs?"
PAUL: "True story."
JOHN: "'Scrambled Egg' was over here as an instrumental first."
PAUL: "That's true, you know."
JOHN: "Didn't do so well with that title, you know."
JG: "How long are you gonna stay here?"
JOHN: "Uhh, It could be any minute now."
JG: "I know we've probably kept you out here longer than we should have, but I'm going to take a..."
(members of audience groan, realizing the interview is almost over)
JG: "I have a reverse question I'm going to ask you, and feel free not to answer it. What is the one question that bugs you the most. About your hair?"
JOHN: "No. We're past being bugged by questions, unless they're very personal. I mean, you just get normal human reactions to a question. You know, but there used to be one about, 'What are you going to do when the bubble bursts?' and we thought we'd have hysterics because somebody always asked it."
JG: "Let's go down the list of the questions. What are you going to do when the bubble bursts?"
JOHN: "I haven't a clue, you know. I'm still looking for the bubble."
JG: (to Paul) "I've heard you on interviews, you have fun with reporters! You stay right with him."
PAUL: "No, no. I'm serious. Serious."
JG: "You are? I think you're the kind of a guy that would say, 'Here's a match-- I wonder how much gas is in the tank.' Would you be that kind of a guy?"
PAUL: "Yeah, sure."
JG: "Paul, John, I know that you've got a busy, busy schedule."
(groans from the audience)
JOHN: (comically, to the crowd) "That's the way it goes, folks!"
JG: "We have to say goodbye. Does that make you sad to have to leave me, John?"
JOHN: "All goodbyes are sad aren't they, Joe."
JG: "Why don't you write a song. Call it, 'Say Goodbye To Joe.'"
JOHN: "'Goodbye Joe. See You In The Morning.' ...oh, that's some other line."
JG: "Paul, you got any ideas?"
PAUL: "Uhh... no... Joe..."
PAUL: "Ok, umm... No, I can't think of a song."
JG: "When you get home and you start to write 'Scrambled Eggs Number Two' will you think about me?"
PAUL: "OK."
JOHN: "And I'll join you somehow."
JG: "Thank you very much."
(applause and screams)
Source: Transcribed by www.beatlesinterviews.org from audio recording of the TV interview. Photos captured and enhanced by the Beatles Ultimate Experience website from video copy of 8mm film.
Return to Database Menu | unfortunately is the only known 'video' in existence of John and Paul's 1968 appearance on the Tonight Show.
Luckily, all of the audio was recorded by another Beatles fan who decided to capture the TV interview by placing their amatuer audio recorder next to their TV set.
There have been some fairly successful attempts to synchronize the surviving 2 minutes of silent, low-quality video with the segments of audio that correspond with it. The 9 photos presented below are enhanced still-frames from one such video which circulates among collectors.
It was an important time. The Beatles were currently announcing their new company Apple Corps, they had just returned from meditation in India, and they would soon begin the recording sessions for The White Album upon returning to England. Below is the transcribed text of this lost American network television appearance from May 14th 1968: John Lennon and Paul McCartney speaking with guest host Joe Garagiola (JG), and actress Tellulah Bankhead (TB), on NBC's Tonight Show.
- Jay Spangler, www.beatlesinterviews.org
JG: "Ladies and gentlemen, from the Beatles-- John Lennon and Paul McCartney!"
(excited screams and applause as they walk out)
JG: "Good evening, good evening. Can I ask you something? How did you get here? Not from England, but from the hotel with all the people out there?"
JOHN: "Uhh, car."
JG: "Car. Did you have any problems?"
JOHN: "No, no. All under control. (jokingly) Well how are you, Johnny?"
JG: "Well, I figure you've been interviewed all day-- if there's any questions you'd like to ask us..."
JOHN: "What are you doing?"
PAUL: "Mmm, where's Johnny?"
JG: "Where is he? Gaithersburg!"
ED McMAHON: "Gaithersburg!"
JG: "A wonderful town."
TB: "May I ask you, a big favorite all over the world, a question? Are the other two gentlemen... of the four of you... are they still in India?"
JOHN: "No, they're in England."
TB: "I want to ask you something, because I wish I'd learned to meditate, and I can't... I don't know how you do it. I would love to."
JOHN: "Well you gotta go and find out, haven't you."
TB: "Well I'm not going that far."
JOHN: "Oh well."
PAUL: "Forget it."
TB: "If it's taken me this long, and couldn't do it, I couldn't learn there."
JOHN: "Well, you can't learn to swim if you keep inland, can you? Unless you've got a pool around you."
TB: "Oh honey, I can float sitting up. Don't be silly."
JG: "I get the feeling there are two different conversations here!"
PAUL: "Yeah right, yeah. We had a bit of trouble today-- this fella-- We did an interview for the educational program. And he started asking us questions, and they were quite sort of serious questions, you know. So it was a choice between just laughing it up, or answering seriously."
JG: "So what did you do?"
PAUL: "We were a bit serious."
JG: (jokingly) "You? Serious?"
PAUL: "Yeah. We were just sort of-- (clears throat comically) --not too serious, you know, just sort of."
JG: "Listen, of all the..."
PAUL: "So tell us a joke!"
JG: "I don't really have that many jokes, you tell me a joke."
JOHN: "We don't know any."
TB: "I think they're very serious fellows."
PAUL: "That's it. We are, you know."
JOHN: "We can never remember 'em, you see."
JG: "Would you like to be a comedian?"
JOHN: "No."
JG: "In many ways you are."
JOHN: "Well..."
JG: "The four of you, socially, are you that close, or are you...?"
PAUL: "Yeah."
JOHN: "We're close friends, you know."
JG: "Sometimes when you work together-- I've been with groups that when the job's over, that's it. Do you have houses pretty much together?"
JOHN: "Within twenty miles all together."
JG: "If you couldn't have been in music-- if it hadn't happened for you-- what do you think you would like to do?"
JOHN: "Ahh, I don't know. Films for me."
(Paul relaxes back comfortably)
JG: (pause) "How about you, Paul... I'm not breaking your mood, am I?"
PAUL: "No. You're doing great, you know. But, umm..."
PAUL: "So, what would I like to have been?"
JOHN: "A policeman."
PAUL: (to John) "...no. Not a policeman."
PAUL: "Uhh, I don't know, you know. I was nearly gonna be a teacher but that fell through, luckily."
(music swells for a commercial break... Paul begins humming along... girls scream)
JG: (to John) "Why don't you read that (cue card) and see what the reaction is."
JOHN: "And now a word from your local stallion."
JG: "...a word from your local STATION!"
--(commercial break)--
JG: "Listen. Paul, you said something that's hard for me to believe. You were in Central Park, and no one recognized you, Sunday?"
PAUL: "Yes, that's true. Yes."
JOHN: "We were very pleased, you know."
JG: "You just kinda wandered around? You just walked around? The police weren't with you?"
JOHN: "No, we just walked out, you know. We often do it. If people don't know-- expect us, what are they gonna do but see a bit of long hair walking around like all the other long hair."
JG: "How long have you been in New York now? We just found out about it."
PAUL: "Three days."
JOHN: "Is it three, now?"
JOHN: "And we still haven't got a tan."
PAUL: "And it's been enough, you know, actually." (laughs)
JG: "When you get into a city-- You were on tour, and you got to alot of cities. How much of it do you really see? It's ballpark to a hotel, I think."
JOHN: "You just pick up the vibrations. We never saw it, you know."
PAUL: "The room."
JOHN: "A castle full of rooms all over the place."
JG: "How about this new organization, 'Apple'?"
JOHN: "Oh yeah. Well you see, our accountant came up and said, 'We got this amount of money. Do you want to give it to the government or do something with it?' So we thought..."
JG: "Which government?"
JOHN: "Oh... Any old government."
JOHN: "So we decided to play businessmen for a bit, because, uhh, we've got to run our own affairs now. So, we've got this thing called 'Apple' which is going to be records, films, and electronics-- which all tie-up. And to make a sort of an umbrella so people who want to make films about... grass... don't have to go on their knees in an office, you know, begging for a break. We'll try and do it like that. That's the idea. I mean, we'll find out what happens, but that's what we're trying to do."
PAUL: "If you want to do something, normally you've got to go to big business and you've gotta go to 'them,' the big people, you know."
JOHN: "You don't even get there. Because you can't get through the door 'cuz of the color of your shoes."
PAUL: (laughs) "But you know, people are normally... Big companies are so big that if you're little and good it takes you like 60 years to make it. And so people miss out on these little good people."
JOHN: "It just takes 'em longer."
PAUL: "So we're trying to find a few."
JG: "Paul, is that because of your background? You came from a poor background | 1,838 |
Before trying anything new, you always want to make sure that you have the key points down. Understanding the basic concepts and strategies behind videography will make your first forays into the world of film much smoother than if you were to go in blind. Videography, which is, in its own way, an art form, is not difficult to get into, but it is definitely a learning process. You become more adept at filming the longer that you work at it. But, if you're just getting started, here are some videography basics to take into account before your first shoot.
You've probably heard the terms "wide angle," "medium-angle," and "close-up" used before, but in case you weren't 100% sure what they meant, here is a brief recap, as you will need to know what they are when deciding how you're going to shoot the scene in front of you. Wide-angle shots are images with a bigger image circle than would be produced with medium-angle lenses (both large and medium, it follows, are bigger than small-angle lenses). A close-up shot is where just a few features of the subject of the photo are shown<|fim_middle|> Just make sure you remember to check it and observe its location before you film different people. Sound is a critical part of a video and you don't want to end up with a beautiful film of what happened, but no sound to match.
Videography is a work in progress. If you're seriously into it, you'll want to invest in quality cameras, however, as a beginner, you can record with your cellular device or a small handheld, action camera, like the Polaroid Cube. To get good at it, you have to practice and get used to the camera in your hands. Hopefully, the above list has helped you become a little more familiar with the videography practice before you get started. Good luck!
Lautrao Martinez, a freelance writer and photographer, is always capturing his favorite moments. If you would like to learn more about Lautaro, you can check out his google+ profile. | —so if a person is being photographed, his or her face might be shot close-up for a certain visual effect. Appropriate use of angles should also be paired with a steady hand; at first, you might have trouble holding the camera still (it's not as easy as it may seem), and that can take practice, but don't get discouraged.
The "rule of thirds" describes a videography technique that will maximize the way your videos look aesthetically. The "rule" states that an image is best-received when its subjects are composed along invisible lines that divide the picture into thirds vertically and horizontally. It's all about balance, basically.
Although under-lighting the image might be an obvious no-no, the reverse is also not a good idea. Overcompensating by placing someone in direct sunlight or in overly-bright lighting might cause the photo to become awkward or washed-out. You want to make sure that the lighting fits the person you're shooting, making sure that it is both not too light and not too dark.
Keep one eye on the background of the video at all times. If you're too focused on the subject and you don't notice that something has crept into the background that might negatively infringe upon the shot, you could end up with a dud for a video. Make sure that you teach yourself to habitually watch the background for any interference; once you've practiced that enough, your mind will immediately know to pay attention to the background without you having to consciously tell yourself to.
Don't forget chargers and batteries!
It would amaze you how many shoots get scrapped because a charger is forgotten or a battery dies and there is no way to rectify that because the video is gone. Amazing things don't happen every day, so make sure that your equipment is 100% ready-to-go at all times so that your videography isn't cut short by a (heartbreaking) power failure.
Another area that requires constant vigilance is the sound of your video. You might not have someone else manning the sound ("booming" the video) but you can attach the recording device to the top of your camera, where it will likely get the shot you need. | 450 |
Home > Military Records > World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing > New York
World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
State of New York
The Honor List of Dead and Missing for the State of New York is published by the War Department for the information of public officials, the press, the radio and interested organizations. It contains the latest and most complete data available on all military personnel who were killed or died, or became and remained missing, between the President's declaration of unlimited national emergency on May 27, 1941, and the cut-off data of this report, January 31, 1946, and includes both battle and non-battle dead or missing. The complete work, of which this volume is a part, contains about 300,000 names of men and women who gave their lives while serving in the Army of the United States.
World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing For New York, by County
Allegany County, New York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Cayuga County, New York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Chenango County, New York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Clinton County, New York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Columbia County, New York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Cortland County, New York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Delaware County, New York World War II Honor List of<|fim_middle|> York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Wayne County, New York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Wyoming County, New York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Yates County, New York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Tabulation By Counties
and Types of Casualties
[ Military Records ] | Dead and Missing
Dutchess County, New York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Fulton County, New York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Hamilton County, New York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Lewis County, New York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Livingston County, New York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Oneida County, New York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Orleans County, New York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Putnam County, New York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Schoharie County, New York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Schuyler County, New York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Seneca County, New York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Suffolk County, New York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Sullivan County, New York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Tioga County, New York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Tompkins County, New York World War II Honor List of Dead and Missing
Washington County, New | 252 |
Empowering women micro-entrepreneurs in Haiti
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Haiti faces huge challenges in tackling the poverty that affects the lives of millions of its people. There is a real need to improve health and hygiene across the country – especially in rural areas – and create sustainable livelihoods.
Unilever and Population Services International (PSI) – the global health organisation – are teaming up once again to improve health and wellness in the country. In a partnership with Haitian micro-financing organisation Fonkoze, the organisations are working to help Haitians build a better future.
Partnership for change
The new partnership combines the strengths of the three organisations: Unilever's health and hygiene portfolio, PSI's expertise in sustainable behaviour change and Fonkoze's network of women micro-entrepreneurs.
The programme is building on the existing network of women micro-entrepreneurs and training these women to sell health and hygiene products in their local communities. Forty 'health boutiques' – known as Boutik Santé – are being set up in rural areas and will sell health and hygiene products from Unilever and PSI, along with other products<|fim_middle|>-entrepreneurs who already have a Fonkoze micro-loan in hand will be offered training in business skills.
Vivi concludes: "It's been great to work closely with all three parties in the project to exchange knowledge and plan the next steps on how we can use social business models to make a tangible difference to so many communities." | . The programme will offer economic opportunities to women living in the impoverished north of the country, at the same time as improving health and hygiene.
Viviana Alvarez, Global Supply Chain Strategy Project Leader at Unilever Spain and Unilever Foundation Ambassador for PSI, visited Haiti to see how the partnership is changing lives.
As Vivi explains, "each micro-entrepreneur will receive health training, including the skills to diagnose common chronic diseases and deliver behaviour change health messaging. They will also be able to access quality, affordable health products.
"In this way, the women can increase their income while simultaneously improving the health and well-being of their communities."
Each of the micro-entrepreneurs will be asked to train a further 40 women, transferring the skills that they themselves have learnt. In total, 1,600 women will be trained to spread health and hygiene messages in their communities. "As each Haitian family has an average of five people, the programme aims to improve the quality of life for around 8,000 Haitians," Vivi adds.
Vivi's inspiration
The health and well-being of Haitians are close to Vivi's heart. Moved by the plight of the people after the 2010 earthquake, she set up an NGO called H2H – Help 2 Haiti – to improve the living conditions of the population. The contacts she made and the skills she learnt in working with Haitians paved the way for this new partnership.
"Around 60% of Haitians live in poverty, with little access even to basic healthcare and with no financial security," she says. "I'm proud to combine my two passions – for Haiti and for Unilever – to help create opportunities and make a big difference to many lives."
Building healthier lives
Since 2011, Unilever and PSI have worked in partnership on programmes to improve health in local communities in India, Kenya, Vietnam and Zimbabwe. The Haiti programme is a further example of how Unilever and PSI are collaborating to support the Millennium Development Goals and help build stronger, healthier societies.
Past collaborations between Unilever and PSI include the handwashing with soap campaigns. Better hygiene, through handwashing with soap, reduces the number of child deaths from preventable diseases like diarrhoea. This disease is also endemic in Haiti and is second-largest cause of death among under-fives.
PSI has been working in Haiti for 25 years, alongside local government and NGOs. With its wide experience of behaviour change, PSI will provide the sales and customer service training to the micro-entrepreneurs and help create market demand for products they will be selling.
Fonkoze is Haiti's largest micro-finance institution. As part of its Staircase Out of Poverty initiative, Fonkoze runs a comprehensive programme to empower women and help them build a sustainable livelihood. Micro | 587 |
Fortinet exhibited advanced cybersecurity capabilities for the connected car of the future at CES 2018 in the Renesas Advanced and Autonomous Test Track and Future Ready Solutions Showcase.
By 2025, it is projected that there will be 3<|fim_middle|>"Fortinet is extending its global leadership in network security to the automotive industry as manufacturers begin to develop vehicles that require automated security with real-time threat intelligence and strategic segmentation to protect the car's complex architecture," he adds.
"Automotive engineers from throughout the supply chain look to Renesas for comprehensive solutions that accelerate development cycles and shorten the road to market," says Amrit Vivekanand, vice-president: automotive systems business division at Renesas. "Renesas has partnered with Fortinet to help design cutting-edge cybersecurity solutions that aim to provide the level of integrated protection required of tomorrow's connected vehicle. | 00-million connected cars, up from 37-million in 2016, with annual revenues for connected car equipment and associated services to surpass $250-billion.
Key factors driving the global connected car market are increasing demand for self-driving features, implementation of data-driven decision-making, and connectivity solutions within the vehicle, such as access to smartphone features, music on-demand, Internet connectivity and infotainment in vehicles.
A connected car is equipped with Internet access and a wireless local area network (LAN), allowing drivers to share Internet connectivity with other devices both inside and outside the vehicle. To provide suitable cyber protection and ensure consumer confidence, automobile manufacturers need to design and deploy technology with a security-first mindset.
Security systems need to span across communications standards, devices, and networks. They also need to extend visibility, interaction and control beyond a single vehicle to include the larger transportation ecosystem, including road and traffic control systems.
Connected cars require several different security solutions working as a single system and therefore need to include strategic segmentation of key function domains, such as powertrain, telematics and infotainment to ensure that threats are automatically contained and mitigated.
Another key requirement is a real-time threat update system, like Fortinet's FortiGuard Labs, where the latest vulnerability and threat information can be fed to the vehicle to provide effective and automated protection. This also includes connecting back to a cloud network to share and correlate events to receive timely security patches and updates.
Fortinet and Renesas have collaborated on a prototype security solution that addresses the major cybersecurity risks in today's connected car network architecture.
Recent cyber breaches demonstrate the urgent need for integrated security for these increasingly sophisticated vehicle networks, including the 2015 Jeep Cherokee hack where a hacker group wirelessly broke into the vehicle and electronically controlled vital functions, as well as the more recent Tesla Model S hack of its CAN bus, interfering with the car's brakes, door locks, and dashboard computer from 12 miles away.
At CES, Fortinet and Renesas showed how the Fortinet Security Fabric technology running on the R-Car H3 SoC provides security policy management and automated protection of the powertrain and communication domains in the vehicle, including the LTE module, vehicle-to-vehicle communications module, the wireless access point, the engine control module and more.
Supported by the on-chip security functions of the Renesas R-Car H3, Fortinet secures the communications between the domains and sets policies to limit access between certain domains to mitigate and control potential cyber threats. Specific demonstrations of mock IPS and DDoS cyber attacks demonstrated how FortiOS automatically secures the data transmitted from a public cloud service to the in-car entertainment system.
Michael Xie, founder, president and chief technology officer at Fortinet, comments: "Connected vehicles are the next major technology innovation disrupting the automotive industry.
"With 3D mapping, sensor processing, smart device integration, cloud-based services, advanced LAN/CAN networks, and autonomous driving defining the connected car of the future, the cyber risks are enormous. And with IoT devices connecting to the car network to access content and applications, the attack surface is even larger. Integrated security is paramount for the safety and consumer confidence in the connected car.
| 655 |
National Starch and Chemical Company is, and will remain, a global specialty products company<|fim_middle|>arch And Chemical Company and has no official or unofficial affiliation with National Starch And Chemical Company. | with demonstrated expertise in its fundamental competencies of natural and synthetic Polymer chemistry.
A subsidiary of U.K. giant Imperial Chemical Industries PLC, National Starch and Chemical Company is a major manufacturer of adhesives; sealants; specialty synthetic polymers; electronic and engineering materials; and specialty food, healthcare, and industrial starches. Its products are used in a wide range of applications, including packaging, foods and beverages, paper, textiles, electronics, furniture, skin lotions, and hair care products. With its headquarters in Bridgewater, New Jersey, National Starch has a global reach, employing more than 10,000 people at 158 facilities located in 36 countries spread across six continents.
National Starch was established in 1895 by a 25-year-old New Yorker with the unusual name of Alexander Alexander. Responding to an advertisement in a local newspaper for a business for sale at 11th Avenue and 45th Street in Manhattan, he was able to purchase the National Gum and Mica Company for $1,200. The company used corn, potatoes, tapioca, and other vegetable starches to produce adhesives, used in preparing paper and textiles for printing. It also produced related products such as mica pulp and gold gums. By 1912 the business was successful enough to relocate to new facilities on 59th Street as well as purchase a small pigment company, Crescent Color Pigment, located south of New York City in Dunellen, New Jersey. This acquisition allowed National Gum to become involved in the manufacture of pigments for coated paper and wallpaper. It was a highly profitable sideline for decades, because only after World War II did wallpaper companies decide to mix their own colors.
Most of National Gum's business came from fast-drying adhesives, the need for which grew rapidly during the early decades of the 1900s, primarily because of the rising demand for packaged goods. In addition, the company supplied its adhesives to the paper and leather goods industries. When National Gum began to compound adhesives for the box industry in 1920, it ushered in a period of tremendous growth, as revenues tripled by 1926, reaching $1 million. At the same time, Alexander abandoned Manhattan, moving to Dunellen to be close to his production base. It was also in 1920 that Alexander's son-in-law, Frank K. Greenwall, joined the company. He would ultimately head the business and be involved with the company for more than 60 years, providing continuity in management that extended into the next century.
In 1928 National Gum changed its name to National Adhesives Corporation after merging with two smaller adhesives companies located in upstate New York and Ohio. To support its growing business the company constructed a dextrin refinery in Plainfield, New Jersey, which opened in 1934. Demand for starch-based adhesives continued to grow despite the Depression, necessitating the acquisition of a corn starch company to insure a steady supply of starch and consistent pricing. In 1939 National Adhesives became even more involved in the starch business when it acquired Piel Brothers Starch Co., located in Indianapolis, and as a result changed its name once more, this time to National Starch Products.
In 1940 Alexander died but the company he founded continue to prosper. Military needs during World War II open up new areas for National Starch. Its scientists found new uses for starches in such areas as textile and food products. The company developed synthetic adhesives suitable for any climate, which proved extremely useful in wartime applications. During the 1940s National Starch also created polyvinyl acetate for use in high-speed packaging. By the end of the decade, annual sales reached $16 million, as the company began to transform itself from a modest adhesives company into a large specialty company. Over the course of the 1950s, revenues rose significantly as National Starch made an even greater commitment to research and development. Greenwall was named chairman in 1958 and was instrumental in integrating marketing and research functions. He also was aggressive in merchandising new products and growing the business through acquisitions. To reflect the new breadth of its operations, in 1959 the company changed its name to National Starch and Chemical Company.
By 1961 annual revenues grew to $60 million, and the company continued to grow by both internal and external means, domestically and internationally. To improve distribution, National Starch began building regional manufacturing facilities in 1963. It also settled on a product mix that would remain consistent for many years to come: 40 percent adhesives, 40 percent starches, and 20 percent specialty chemicals. As a result, the company created new divisions in 1968: Adhesives, Resins and Specialty Chemicals, and Starch. National Starch took an important step in expanding beyond the United States in the late 1960s when it acquired Le Page's Ltd., Canada's largest maker of consumer glues, and Australia's Adhesives & Resins Pty Ltd. Over the ensuing years, National Starch also acquired major stakes, if not 100 percent, of adhesive, starch, and seasoning companies in Britain, France, Holland, Mexico, Japan, and South Africa.
Sound business practices were aided by good luck to some extent in the 1970s. The company's researchers developed a modified starch that had properties of gum arabic, resulting in a product called Capsul. When the largest supplier of natural gum arabic, the Sudan, cut its output, National Starch was ready to take advantage. In a similar way, when the Environmental Protection Agency banned solvent-based adhesives, the company was well positioned with its lines of hot-melt adhesives and water-based emulsions. Also during the 1970s National Starch used acquisitions to help gain market share in the automotive, machinery, and appliance industries. The 1974 purchase of California-based Ablestik Laboratories opened the door to selling high-performance epoxy-based adhesives to the microelectronics industry. The following year National Starch acquired Permabond International Corp., which produced cyanoacrylate and anaerobic instant adhesives used in the automotive, electronics, and consumer markets.
Despite having the ability to use its corn mills to produce high volume commodities like corn syrup, laundry starch, or ureaformaldehyde for plywood, the company remained committed to manufacturing and marketing specialty items that carried a much higher margin and avoided the volatile price swings suffered by so many companies that sold commodities. Management was conservative, as evidenced by its 1975 purchase of a used laboratory building to serve as the company's new headquarters, but there was no arguing that it was highly successful. National Starch reached a turning point in the late 1970s, however, when Greenwall reportedly feared a hostile takeover of the company. In 1978 he was approached by the AngloDutch food and detergent giant Unilever about a possible buyout. Unilever had been formed in 1930 when Brothers Lever of England merged with the Dutch Margarine Union. Because of tax implications, and a bit of corporate pride, the new entity became a two-headed multinational, with both a British and Dutch component that managed to function as a single company. Unilever was not averse to spending money on acquisitions, but it was reluctant to stray too far from the industries it knew well. National Starch, which sold raw materials used by many Unilever units, was a company that fit into that mold. Unilever offered more than double the book value to acquire the stock of National Starch, much of which was owned by insiders and officers, for a deal totaling $484 million. It was a generous offer that Greenwall, who owned a 15 percent stake in the company, maintained he had to accept for the sake of shareholders. Although he freely admitted that he personally profited from the transaction, his contention that he would have faced lawsuits from angry shareholders if he had not accepted the offer was probably more than just a jest.
In reality, life with Unilever as a corporate parent brought virtually no change to the day-to-day affairs of National Starch. Unilever did not even install one of its officers on the company's board. Moreover, National Starch continued to do business with Unilever's biggest competitors, Colgate-Palmolive and Procter & Gamble. For that matter, the company also did business with its own direct competitors, such as selling specialty starches to Heinz and Borden, which also had adhesives divisions. National Starch continued to operate with the same respect for customer confidentiality as it had before the Unilever purchase.
In 1980 National Starch ranked 449 on the Fortune 500 and a year later jumped to 405, with consolidated sales of $668 million and net income of $41.4 million. Following Greenwall's tenure, other longtime executives of the company stepped up to assume leadership positions. In fact, every president and CEO of National Starch throughout its history had risen through the ranks of the company. In 1986 National Starch topped $1 billion in annual sales. James A. Kennedy, who had joined the company in 1962, became president and CEO in 1990, and under his leadership National Starch continued to expand its global reach and breadth of products, which now totaled more than 2,000 in number. He was instrumental in an early entry into Asia, which proved to be a major source of growth. The company also produced record results each year, an unbroken string that stretched back to the early 1970s. In 1994 National Starch surpassed $2 billion in revenues.
Unilever continued to be a hands-off corporate parent, and because National Starch was very much a cash cow in Unilever's four-company specialty chemical unit, there was no reason to interfere. By 1997 Unilever decided, however, to concentrate on consumer products and put the four specialty chemical businesses on the block. In addition to National Starch they included the British firm of Crosfields and Dutch companies Quest International and Unichema International. A year earlier Imperial Chemical Industries (ICI) had attempted to buy the unit but had been rebuffed. ICI's new CEO, Charles Miller Smith, had previously worked for Unilever and was familiar with the specialty chemical companies. He inherited a business in ICI that was exposed to the price swings of the commodity chemical industry, with shares that lagged behind the London stock market by some 25 percent. As Smith searched for possible acquisitions that could help lift ICI out of the mire, he kept coming back to the four Unilever specialty businesses. When Unilever announced that it was ready to unload the unit, either piecemeal or whole, Smith was ready to make a preemptive offer to purchase the entire package. Major competitors of National Starch, including Henkel, H.B. Fuller, and Elf Atochem, also appeared ready to weigh in with bids. Although Unilever could have conceivably realized more money by selling the businesses separately, it proved to be a willing seller and quickly came to terms with ICI, which in the end agreed to a debt-free price of $8 billion for all four specialty businesses.
In conjunction with the sale to ICI, Kennedy was appointed chairman and CEO of the subsidiary, and elected an executive director of the parent company. As with Unilever, National Starch was allowed to operate with no interference and continued to produce record results. In May 1999 Kennedy announced that after 37 years with National Starch he was retiring. As was the tradition of the company that stretched back more than a century, senior posts were filled from within. William H. Powell, the executive vice-president of the Industrial Starch and Food Products Division, was named the new chairman and CEO. Walter F. Schlauch, the company's chief operating officer, also assumed the role of president. In the final year of the century, National Starch produced its 30th consecutive year of growth in operating profits. At the same time new management prepared for a new century, instituting a restructuring effort that closed eight older factories in favor of more modern plants. Likewise, two R&D centers in Europe were scheduled to be relocated to newer, state-of-the art facilities.
Although more stable than commodity chemical companies, National Starch was still dependent on the well-being of the global economy. In 2000 the company's three-decade stretch of record growth was interrupted, although it still remained a profitable business. Not only did National Starch face an unprecedented increase in the price of raw materials, as well as spikes in the cost of energy and freighting, it had to contend with a significant downturn in its North American sales. Attempts to increase prices in keeping with these conditions were too late to have significant impact for the year.
With the U.S. economy slipping, coupled with the lingering effects of the terrorists attacks of September 11th, National Starch faced even greater challenges in 2001. Demand for its products fell while the cost of energy and raw materials continued to rise. Management initiated cost reduction measures, which included a 9 percent reduction in headcount. Revenues fell by 7.1 percent over the previous year and operating income was off by 17.5 percent. Nevertheless, National Starch still generated revenues of $2.56 billion and posted operating income of $336 million, a performance in extremely adverse economic conditions that was a testament to the company's underlying strength.
Principal Operating Units: Specialty Polymers and Adhesives/Europes; Specialty Polymers and Adhesives/Americas; Natural Polymers; Advanced Ingredients; Electronic and Engineering Materials.
Principal Competitors: Akzo Nobel N.V.; BASF Aktiengesellschaft; Dow Chemical Co.; Henkel KGaA; H.B. Fuller Company; Elf Atochem.
1895: Alexander Alexander founds the business through the acquisition of National Gum and Mica Company.
1928: Company changes its name to National Adhesives Corporation.
1939: Following the acquisition of The Piel Brothers Starch Company, the company's name changes to National Starch Products, Inc.
1959: The company's name changes to National Starch and Chemical Company.
1978: Unilever acquires the company.
1997: Unilever sells National to Imperial Chemical Industries PLC.
This web site and associated pages are not associated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by National St | 3,119 |
Changing the terms of your loan can benefit you and maximize your monthly income. A lower monthly mortgage payment can help free-up money so you can save, invest or use for other expenses. When rates are favorable, refinancing to a lower rate or longer-term mortgage can keep more money in your pocket every month. Our refinance calculator will help you to decide whether you should refinance your current mortgage at a lower interest rate.
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"Premier Home Mortgage of California<|fim_middle|> refinance was a pleasurable experience. We would recommend Premier Home Mortgage of California. Their personal touch, attention to detail, guidance, leadership and knowledge far exceeded our expectations." | answered our prayers, and saved our home for us. They walked us through every step and kept in touch till they got it done."
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Pat G - as another satisfied customer!
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Swans like Mills and Heeney on the ball
By Adrian Warren
Isaac Heeney and Callum Mills. (AAP)
AFL young guns Isaac Heeney and Callum Mills are in line for midfield moves as Sydney ponder how to cover the departure of Tom Mitchell to Hawthorn.
Coach John Longmire admits Mitchell, who played every game last season, averaging almost 28 touches, was an important player for the Swans, but he is confident they can fill the vacancy well.
"We knew we've got Heeney coming through and Mills coming through and kids like Jordan Foote all pushing for midfield spots and playing through that area of the ground," Longmire said on Monday, the first day of pre-season for most of his senior players.
"We're really confident that we've got the players to be able to come in to that role and keep evolving our list like we did last year.
'We had seven debutants last year and I'm sure there will be a number of new players this year."
Heeney and 2016 Rising Star winner Mills both came to the club as midfielders and flourished in other<|fim_middle|> chance to break into Sydney's deep on-ball rotation.
Mills excelled in an unfamiliar role across half back while fellow Swans Academy product Heeney played primarily up forward for most of his first two seasons.
"Heeney in particular playing a bit more midfield, certainly in the back end of the year," Longmire said.
"Mills was part need, part teaching last year playing at half back and just took to it unbelievably well.
"We know with Isaac he can play midfield-forward and we certainly know with Millsy he can play midfield-back, so those roles and that flexibility in our team we think is going to be really important."
While all the Swans are running, midfielder Luke Parker (knee), star forward Lance Franklin and ruckman Toby Naismith (both shoulder) are yet to join the main training group, but are in no danger of missing round one.
Longmire lauded the efforts of midfield star Dan Hannebery who suffered a knee injury in the latter stages of the grand final, but won Monday's club 3km time trial.
"He would have not run for a month and obviously that affected his off season, but he knows how to prepare and you look at his performance today and he was fantastic," Longmire said.
The Swans coach, who has guided the club to three grand finals and the finals in each of his first six years.said the club had moved on after reviewing their recent grand final loss to the Western Bulldogs.
""In the end we probably needed to make sure we attacked it a little bit more with the ball," Longmire said.
callum mills
isaac heeney
tom mitchell
john longmire
Roughead back training with Hawks
Gunston up for Hawthorn AFL captaincy | roles whilst waiting for a | 5 |
OC and I went to Ma'ili (ma–E–lee) Beach again the other day. OC was looking for seaweed, as usual. I was looking for (well, I didn't really have to look, they're everywhere) shells.
My favorite shells are the ones worn smooth by the sea. In Friday Harbor and on Vancouver Island I had to hunt for them. At Ma'ili (the name<|fim_middle|>Polona — come here — they're everywhere!
What are you planning to do with them? I thought you were avoiding clutter, but if you've got a craft idea, then that's another story.
Mumma — I have them in a jar as a decoration. When I am tired of them, I will return them to Pele (take them back to the beach).
Isn't Pele the Goddess of the Volcano?
LOL! Pele is the creation goddess. I am not as versed in this as I should be and have recently decided some reading is in order. If I am going to teach here, I need to be more familiar with the culture.
I learnt what I know about Pele from Tori Amos' third album and a children's book I read once. I probably am not the most informed person about the culture there. But then again, I live on the other side of the planet.
I love the pieces the best too! | means abundant little pebbles) the beach is made of them.
I picked up all of these shells while seated in the same spot. No moving required. I kept stuffing the shells in my short's pocket. When we got back to the condo and I dug them out, OC laughed at me because, on Ma'ili at least, these shells are too common to be considered treasure.
Here is the pile of shells I brought home. If you look, you can see a bit of their former lives in each of them. The big snail shell is tinted by red clay. The Ma'ili Park grounds that aren't reef or shell or sand are red clay.
The big, white, porous rocks are coral. A reef hides beneath the shifting sands of Ma'ili Beach. Much of it is sand stone and it was exposed when OC and I visited. We found many fossils embedded in the rock. It was like walking on history.
For more information and photographs on this topic, visit Oahu Dreams.
Diane loves to go shelling.
I love finding shells on the beach — but you probably DO have a much better selection over there than we have. I'm with Brig – I like the spotted one! I'd name it SPOT!
i love collecting sea shells. always have. but it's become hard to find any around here.
Brian — when the two of you decide to visit Hawaii, Diane and I can comb the beach together.
Brig — I think it is treasure, too — and the spotted one is among my favorites.
Melli — I named the spotted one Leopold.
| 328 |
Analysts' View: Markets hold breath as final votes tallied in battleground states
Economy Nov 05, 2020 03:00
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(Reuters) - U.S. stock futures took a breather in after-hours trade on Wednesday, as ballots were tallied in several states that should decide whether Democratic challenger Joe Biden unseats President Donald Trump in an election that remains too close to call.
S&P emini futures were up 0.25% on the heels of a 2.3% rally in the S&P 500 (SPX) on Wednesday, catalyzed by the prospect of gridlock in Congress after Democrats appeared to have failed to take control of the U.S. Senate. That raised optimism that disruptive policy changes would be hard to implement regardless of the winner in the presidential contest.
By early Asian trade the dollar index (=USD) had ceded its gains and was up a tad at 93.53 after touching a one-month high of 94.308 during the U.S. day. U.S. 10-year Treasury note futures (TYc1) extended a huge gain after Treasury yields fell hard Wednesday.
JIM WILDING, WEALTH MANAGER, PARTNER, CONFLUENCE FINANCIAL PARTNERS IN PITTSBURGH, PA
"A Biden Presidency with divided government (REP Senate, DEM House) would very likely result in more gridlock, and a more neutral impact on markets. We could see increased spending for infrastructure and economic recovery, but limited legislation changes and limited support for tax increases.
"If Trump is reelected, and the Senate remains Republican<|fim_middle|> be counted in several key Midwestern states, it now appears clear that Vice President Biden will secure the required 270 electoral votes to become the 46th President of the United States. Nearly as important as the ultimate electoral outcome is the need for that result to be respected as legitimate across the county. The efforts by Mr. Trump and his lawyers to try to disrupt and discredit the vote count are disheartening and run counter the bedrock principle of our democracy that every legitimate vote be counted. Calls to disrupt the lawful counting of legitimate ballots, or, even worse, baseless rhetoric casting doubt on the results, should be shut down by Republican leaders. These cynical efforts both to ignore valid ballots and to undermine the results of a legitimate election have no place in our democracy."
Rheinmetall eyes boost in munitions output, HIMARS production in... By Reuters - Jan 29, 2023
Boeing's 747, the original jumbo jet, prepares for final send-off By Reuters - Jan 29, 2023
Lingering Inflationary Impulses May Call for More Fed Action By Michael Kramer - Jan 27, 2023 1
Coffee Steaming Again After 4 Months in the Cold By Barani Krishnan/Investing.com - Jan 27, 2023 1
S&P 500: Rally to 4400 Should Be Underway By Dr. Arnout ter Schure - Jan 26, 2023 9
Gold to Retreat, Oil Eyes OPEC Meet By Naeem Aslam - Jan 27, 2023 | , we are unlikely to see tax increase, which would be viewed as a positive by the market. Trade battles with China would likely intensify and regulatory changes may pick up even more. An infrastructure bill could also be possible.
"Hopefully, we have election results before Thanksgiving!"
BRAD KARP, CHAIRMAN AT LAW FIRM PAUL, WEISS, NEW YORK
"As the mail-in ballots continue to | 83 |
Care Coordinators put Patients, Surge<|fim_middle|>.
Beaker will be Epic Improvement to JPS Record Keeping
Earley Sings JPS Praises Far and Wide
Where is JPS Health Network President and CEO Robert Earley today?
By Land or By Sea: Former Navy Surgeon Plots New Career Course at JPS
There is a big difference between trying to save the lives of Navy sailors and Marines wounded in battle and trying to solve the health issues of patients at a civilian hospital in Texas.
JPS Trained Oral Surgeons to Care for American Military
When American service men and women need the help of an oral and maxillofacial surgeon in the coming years, there's a good chance JPS Health Network will play a role in helping to make them better.
OMFS Patient All Smiles after One-Day Jaw Replacement Procedure
A routine dental appointment led to a devastating discovery for Nick McMillon. | ons in Position to Succeed
Patients never see their faces. But they play a key role in helping people who need surgery get care at JPS Health Network.
Scholarship Program Helps JPS Team Members Reach for the Stars
A group of 10 aspiring JPS Health Network nurses will go to school for free thanks to Reach for the Stars scholarships.
Providers of the Year Honored for Service to Patients
Pulmonologist Sherif Al-Farra has been named the Physician of the Year at JPS Health Network for 2019.
Patel, Williams Named Healthcare Heroes for Work with JPS Patients
A pair of JPS Health Network physicians has been honored as Healthcare Heroes by the Fort Worth Business Press for their groundbreaking work to save lives and make them better.
Duo of Docs Combine for a Century of Service at JPS
A lot has changed in the world of medicine over the past 50 years | 189 |
Do You Want To Learn To Sing Better?
Singing is one of the most fun and enjoyable activities you can do. Whether you're singing for an audience or just serenading someone special, you want to impress them.
No one wants to hear a poor singer. So don't be one. Learn how to sing. You can improve your voice with these lessons and tips today.
You can quickly make improvements in your voice by following a just few simple steps. These steps will have an immediate effect on your voice that only improves with time. By making a few small changes you can start to sing with an ease and power that you may have thought you were incapable of.
You can learn how to sing the way professionals do. You can improve your range and the overall quality of your voice. Anyone can improve. Anyone can learn how to sing. And it takes as little as 15 minutes a day.
The key to singing better is having the proper technique. Learning how to sing with these techniques is the only way to safely improve your voice. Learning these techniques and being careful to apply them to your singing is the difference between a good singer and a great one.
As much as you may want to just start singing it's important to have at least a general understanding of how the voice works. When you speak or sing you are blowing air through your larynx. The larynx or voice box is a system of muscles, cartilage, and bones that work together to produce sound.
The pitch is determined by how large an opening there is between the vocal cords. The sound produced by the vocal cords is then amplified by the resonator. The resonator is a collective term for the mouth, lips, tongue, and teeth. The resonator in addition to making voice louder also can contribute too the pitch (in good and bad ways).
As you can see there is quite a lot going on when you sing. The muscles of the larynx need to be strong to produce the proper pitch, and the resonators need to be properly aligned to produce a good vocal sound. Your voice is the sum of its parts. Make sure all the parts are working correctly by learning the proper vocal techniques.
There are so many things you can do to improve your voice that I could never fit them all on this page. The opera singers spend their entire lives perfecting their craft. The odds are you don't want to sing opera. Which means you don't have nearly as much to learn. Don't think that means you'll be able to learn everything in an afternoon it will still take time.
On this page I want to go over the things that are most important to your success as a singer. If you learn to do these things well you will see rapid improvement in your voice.
Warming up your voice is an important part of learning how to sing. It helps you learn how to control you voice and helps builds the endurance necessary for performing. It also helps you develop your sense of pitch.
Your doing something wrong. If you feel pain its best to try singing in a more comfortable part of your voice and work in the direction of the pain. Never sing if you feel pain it is extremely unhealthy and can lead to vocal cord damage.
Breathing is vitally important to good singing. Without proper breathe support you will never be able to sing with ease. You will find yourself fighting to hit the high notes and you will never be able to sing long phrases. So it's worth working on.
Equally important is having good posture. Having good posture is fundamental to being able to sing well. If you are slumped over you will not be able to get a good breath. You will also make it much harder get your resonators into the optimal positions.
When you sing try to be aware of you posture. Make sure you are relaxed but not slumping, this is a key area to focus on if you wish to improve your singing. This is a vital step in learning how to sing. It is the foundation. Don't neglect it.
Lie flat on your back and put one hand on your chest and the other below your rib cage.
Breathe through your nose making sure your stomach rises as if fills with air (it doesn't really fill with air but it is a useful image). Make your chest remains still throughout the exercise.
Now tighten your stomach and pull it inward (with your abs) forcing the air out of your mouth. Again make sure your chest doesn't move.
To sing well you must learn how to blend your chest and head voices. If you've ever had your voice crack then you know where the voices meet. Your goal should be to try to bring your head voice lower so it blends with the chest voice. At the same time you should try to take your chest voice higher so it will blend with you head voice. The<|fim_middle|> the different parts of your voice is one of the most important techniques but it's not easy. Proper blending requires muscle strength and a level of coordination that most people do not naturally have. So patient and don't expect results overnight. If you stick with it you will see improvements.
Singing is a great benefit to your overall health.
Singing releases endorphins. This gives you more energy throughout your day.
Singing improves the immune system.
That list is reason enough to take the time to learn how to sing. Don't you think?
One of the best ways to improve your voice is to sing everyday this allows you to build muscle strength and coordination. However, if you don't use good techniques you may form bad habits. | key to all of this is to make sure that you do have any unnecessary tension.
Learning how to sing takes time. And learning to blend | 28 |
Home Manufacturers Embraer Embraer launches the new Phenom 300E business jet featuring revolutionary interior design
Embraer launches<|fim_middle|>2 aircraft
Embraer delivers the fourth C-390 Millennium airlifter to the Brazilian Air Force
Belavia takes delivery of its first of three Embraer E195-E2 aircraft | the new Phenom 300E business jet featuring revolutionary interior design
Embraer today unveiled the Phenom 300E light jet, its newest business aircraft, during a press conference at the 2017 National Business Aviation Association's Business Aviation Conference and Exhibition (NBAA-BACE), in Las Vegas, Nevada. The new aircraft is designated "E" for "Enhanced" in reference to its entirely redesigned cabin and the addition of nice® HD CMS/IFE (Cabin Management System/InFlight Entertainment) by Lufthansa Technik. The Phenom 300E is debuting at the NBAA-BACE static exhibit October 10 – 12.
Originally launched in 2005, the Phenom 300 first entered the market in 2009. Leading the light jet segment since 2012, the Phenom 300 has been the most delivered business jet since 2013 with over 400 aircraft in close to 40 countries. Deliveries of the Phenom 300E will commence in the first quarter of 2018.
"We are very excited to introduce the Phenom 300E which sets a new standard in value and customer experience. The Phenom 300E reflects our commitment to fascinate our customers," said Michael Amalfitano, President & CEO, Embraer Executive Jets. "With a passion for excellence, our team has been working closely with customers to bring to market yet another beautifully designed and brilliantly engineered marvel of aviation."
The Phenom 300E inherits the Embraer DNA Design, first introduced in its larger siblings, the Legacy 450 and Legacy 500 midsize jets. The application of this design in the Phenom 300E rendered a more spacious cabin with more customization options and ease of maintainability.
Starting with the new Embraer-designed and manufactured seats, the aircraft offers unmatched comfort and personalization in its class. The seat profile, with enhanced headrest, retractable armrest, along with the new table, side ledge, side wall, and valance designs, optimize passenger mobility in the cabin with expanded aisle clearance and increased cabin space.
The new seats in the Phenom 300E feature broader backs for greater support, extendable headrests with bolsters, and extendable leg rests for improved ergonomics. The aircraft's seats were designed and engineered by Embraer and will be manufactured at Embraer Aero Seating Technologies, in Titusville, Florida.
"The Embraer DNA Design prioritizes ergonomics, values craftsmanship and has a keen appreciation for design," said Jay Beever, Vice President, Interior Design, Embraer Executive Jets. "The Phenom 300E not only elevates the passenger experience with an intelligent design, it also improves our customer's ownership experience by driving aircraft value through simple cabin maintenance and redesign capabilities."
The Phenom 300E features an industry-exclusive upper technology panel (upper tech panel) along the centerline of the aircraft's ceiling, significantly improving passenger ergonomics. The innovative upper tech panel presents passengers with pertinent in-flight information while allowing for convenient interaction with cabin management controls, as well as the option of in-flight entertainment with audio and video on demand via two slender swing-down seven-inch displays. The unit also offers an enhanced cabin lighting scheme, with a broad range of ambient mood selections, as well as integrates sleek, silent gaspers enhancing acoustic comfort. Bluetooth connectivity also allows passengers to view in-flight information on their personal devices.
Las Vegas, Nevada, October 9, 201
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Congo Airways orders two more Embraer E195-E | 822 |
Paging Through Picture Books: Seed School (2018); Do Re Mi (2017); My Favorite Things (2017); Poetry for Kids: William Shakespeare (2018); Twinkle Twinkle Little Star (2017); Swim Bark Run (2018); How to Catch a Mermaid (2018)
Here are some reviews of some recently published and soon-to-be published picture books (and board books!),<|fim_middle|> my TBR for Summer 2018
Favorite Classic Children's Books for Summer
Reading Through History: By the Great Horn Spoon! ...
The RAHK Report for 6/1/18 (New Books Edition!) | review copies of which I downloaded from Edelweiss.
Seed School: Growing Up Amazing by Joan Holub, illustrated by Sakshi Mangal
This book follows a group of young seeds (including one acorn) as they prepare to bury themselves in soil and wait to grow. The illustrations are very charming, the scientific concepts are explained really well, and the jokes included in the text are mostly pretty funny. I read this aloud to my four-year-old and two-year-old and they were completely enamored of it, and asked a ton of questions. For the preschool and kindergarten audience, this is a great way to introduce concepts related to planting and growing seeds.
Do Re Mi illustrated by Miriam Bos
My Favorite Things illustrated by Daniel Roode
My middle daughter (the two-year-old) loves books that can be sung, so I knew she would enjoy these Broadway Baby board books. I was really impressed myself by how well the illustrations brought the songs to life even for kids who don't yet know The Sound of Music. Of the two, Do Re Mi is my favorite, but both have wonderfully bright illustrations in bold colors and remain true to the spirit of the original songs without spoiling the movie.
Poetry for Kids: William Shakespeare edited by Marguerite Tassi, illustrated by Merce Lopez
My four-year-old recently memorized just a snippet from The Tempest ("Where the bee sucks, there suck I..."), so I shared this book with her, just reading the poetry aloud as she played on the floor. The selected passages are a good mix of the ones everybody knows ("Romeo, Romeo;" "To be or not to be;" "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" etc.) and some that would not necessarily be readily recognizable to the average casual reader. Most of the content went over her head, but I think the rhythm and cadence of the language was pleasing for her to hear. The illustrations are also well-done, and they match the mood and time period of each play and sonnet mentioned. I think this would be a nice introduction to Shakespeare for most kids, and even for adults!
Twinkle, Twinkle Little Star by Joe Rhatigan, illustrated by Caroline Farias
This was a quirky take-off on the song in which some cats wish to visit a star they have nicknamed Twinkle., so they make plans to go to space. The concept felt a little too weird and silly for my taste, but my girls seemed to find it amusing, and they talked about it a bit at the dinner table the evening after we read it. For me, I think the story would have been more interesting had it not piggybacked on a favorite song, but instead just told the story without that gimmick. I probably wouldn't seek out others from this particular series.
Swim Bark Run by Brian & Pamela Boyle, illustrated by Beth Hughes
In this book, some dogs decide to participate in a triathlon similar to the one their owners are doing. That concept is already pretty thin, and this book doesn't do much with it. The illustrations are bright and cheerful, which did appeal to my girls initially, but the "everyone gets a trophy" message didn't get far with my four-year-old, who said, "Mommy, they can't all win. That's silly." I also wasn't fond of the writing, which felt mostly flat and generic.
How to Catch a Mermaid by Adam Wallace
I ordinarily avoid very commercial-looking picture books like this one, but my girls have been really interested in mermaids so I decided we'd give this book a try. Unfortunately, the rhyme scheme didn't quite work for me, and the focus was more on designing ways to capture the mermaid than on actually spending time with her. (I also thought it was weird for people to be trying to capture a creature that is at least half-human and looks like a person from the waist up. I feel weird thinking about the dignity of a mermaid, but it felt odd to me.) Good mermaid books are hard to find; alas, this book does not alleviate that difficulty.
Old School Kidlit Reading Challenge: June 2018 Lin...
Mid-Year Goals and Challenge Check-In
Paging Through Picture Books: Seed School (2018); ...
Cozy Mystery Series to Make Your Stomach Growl
Book Review: Save the Date by Morgan Matson (2018)
ARCs on | 911 |
What Is A Network Traffic Analysis?
Network traffic analysis is the process of<|fim_middle|> it is crucial to choose a network assessment solution that helps maximize your investment and achieve your business goals. Comodo ONE is one such network assessment and IT management solution that offers everything you would expect from an IT management suite. Try Comodo ONE today! | evaluating the network traffic in an organization. The ultimate aim of network traffic analysis is to analyze the network performance, network security and, network operations and management.
Network admins can also use network traffic analysis to identify malicious or suspicious data packets within the network. Similarly, they can also monitor download/upload speeds, throughput, content, etc.
Adopting a network assessment solution is a critical business decision which can have an impact on the company in the years to come. Thus, | 94 |
Music is fun. We all have a<|fim_middle|> channel to help guitarists and keyboard players practise their rhythm playing. The channel can be found here The Rhythm Section. PDFs for the tracks can be found on the Rhythm Section page. | need to express ourselves and music is a great medium through which to do this. There are several elements that students need to understand to advance and play to their full ability. Technique, theory, rhythm, improvisation, sight reading and how to practice effectively are just a few of the subjects that Simon covers. As a professional musician trained at Berklee College of Music he has a deep, working knowledge of these areas and can tailor the lesson subject matter for each student's musical interest. He teaches guitar, keyboards and electric bass at schools across Sussex and has a full current DBS certificate.
Simon teaches acoustic and electric guitar, electric bass, keyboards and blues harmonica for all ages and levels.
It is very important to have an experienced teacher in the early stages of learning to avoid ingraining bad habits that can hinder your growth as a player for many years. The first obstacle any beginner faces is the physical one: "How do I play ...?". "How do I play a G chord?", "How do I play a major scale?". As these are mastered the challenge becomes "What do I play?". With years of study, live and studio experience, Simon can help you develop right from the first note you ever play, through to advanced techniques and skills, whilst avoiding bad habits and time-wasting.
Simon runs The Rhythm Section Youtube | 270 |
Providing genuine stories helps menus resonate with diners.
It was the summer of 2015 in an up-and-coming<|fim_middle|> the power of your brand reflects how well your customers can tell their networks what you do, and how well THEIR networks can tell THEIR networks.
Good storytelling can stand up to this complex chain of communication. If you and your team are telling actual stories about your food, your concept, your founders, your mission in action… you are training your customers how to talk about you. For every story you tell and table you turn, you are actually creating a PR army.
Interested in affordable and easy to obtain working capital? Click here to receive a free, no-obligation quote. | foodie destination. Within weeks of each other, two restaurants were opening. Both were high-end seafood concepts separated by no more than a half mile. Both had excellent design and similar menus with innovative dishes that deftly walked the line of classic and eccentric. The concepts were well-planned. The food was either locally sourced or flown in daily. Both played to the desires of their well-heeled patrons, and there was enough business for both of them.
A year later, only one of the restaurants remained.
Where did the first eatery go wrong, and what did the survivor do right? The truth is, flawless design and worn-out phrases like "locally sourced" and "chef driven" are not enough anymore. They have become cliché. When anyone can call their pizza list "handcrafted," the marketplace becomes immune. To stand out and survive, you must go beyond the buzzwords, evoke emotion and build trust with consumers by leveraging your unique brand story.
The failed seafood restaurant went with the "locally owned" narrative: Two hometown boys founded a restaurant. Unfortunately, that wasn't a story the community cared about. The successful restaurant did some research. They knew people were complaining about too many pizzas, too many burgers, too much meat and not enough fish. So the owners went with that story, and the community responded.
Now, this doesn't mean lie; that's guaranteed to destroy your relationship with your customer. But if you can truthfully do so, focus on something your patrons are already talking about.
Servers at the first fish restaurant pointed out different items on the menu; what they were, what sauces they came with; all things that guests could read for themselves. Reciting descriptions, no matter how well written, does not engage customers with your brand. Instead, train your servers to tell the stories behind the dishes. Who created them? How did the dish come about? When was the first time the server tried the entrée, and how did it make him or her feel? This was perhaps the most important difference between the two seafood eateries.
At the second restaurant, the servers could tell a different, engaging story for each dish and drink. The problem for the customers? They could only choose one. What did this mean for business? People were returning as quickly as possible to try more dishes.
A marketing research expert recently stated that the strength of a brand is no longer how well you can tell your customers what you do. Rather, | 499 |
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In association with the Department of Justice Canada, uOttawa JD and LLM students are participating in the Georgetown National Security Crisis Law course and simulation, taught by Professors Laura K Donohue and Alan D Cohn of Georgetown law school, Washington DC.
Georgetown Law's National Security Crisis Law (NSCL) offers a capstone experience for students who plan to pursue careers in National Security Law.
NSCL focuses on the<|fim_middle|>, statutory, and administrative contours of the government's response.
Canadian legal dimensions will figure in this year's version of NSCL. Instructors on Canadian law and operations will include Professor Craig Forcese, uOttawa, and legal counsel from the Justice Canada's National Security Litigation and Advisory Group. | authorities and processes that shape decisionmakers' responses to crises. It takes into account conventional and non-conventional threats—such as cyber threats, biological weapons, narcotics trafficking, attacks on the energy infrastructure and the financial services industry, and the detonation of radiological devices—to examine the constitutional | 57 |
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As maritime archaeology becomes an increasingly mainstream part of the discipline of archaeology, public awareness of the importance of protecting, managing and disseminating maritime cultural heritage assumes a heightened importance. At the same time, climate change and the ever-increasing exploitation of the seas and oceans around our coasts dictate that maritime heritage, either in the terrestrial, coastal or marine zone, is facing more threats than ever before. This module explores the range of threats that currently face maritime cultural heritage assets and ways in which maritime heritage is, or could be, protected through statutory legislation and is managed on a day to day basis in a range of national contexts, both within the UK and abroad. Additionally, the module also addresses the way that maritime cultural heritage is presented to the public and the manner in which the public can be encouraged to engage with it. Museums, education, outreach and capacity building are highlighted as key ways in which maritime cultural heritage can be protected, managed and presented for the 21st century. You will be exposed to a number of experts in the field who currently work at the forefront of maritime heritage<|fim_middle|> is potentially publishable in a refereed journal. As such, it should be appropriately structured, referenced, draw upon suitable archaeological case studies to validate any theoretical claims and be illustrated as required. | management in the UK and abroad.
The aims of this module are to introduce several key aspects of maritime cultural heritage management.
The opportunities and approaches provided by education and outreach programmes for maritime heritage.
Assimilate and synthesise broad theories and models relating to the management and protection of terrestrial and underwater cultural heritage.
Discuss and propose the most appropriate methods for managing a specific heritage asset.
Think about the relevance of the sea and maritime cultures to the wider heritage sector within modern day context.
Undertake independent research into the above areas.
Demonstrate oral skills in the presentation of research, either individually or as part of a group.
Produce academic/commercial standard reports and presentation.
Evaluate and critique past and current theoretical and methodological approaches to maritime heritage management across the sector.
Display a depth of knowledge relating to the threats to maritime heritage management and its current context within the UK and other countries.
Assess the effectiveness of management regimes for specific case-studies/site types.
Design and produce material for education and outreach relating to maritime heritage.
Be aware of the different approaches to the communication of the maritime heritage through museum display.
Dean, D (2002). Museum Exhibition: Theory and Practice.
UNESCO 2001. Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage. Paris.
Spirek, J. D. and Scott-Ireton, D.A. (eds.) (2003). Submerged cultural resource management: preserving and interpreting our maritime heritage.
Ambrose T & Paine C. (2006). Museum Basics.
McManamon, F. P (2000). Archaeological messages and messengers. Public Archaeology. ,1 , pp. 5--20.
Carman, J (2002). Archaeology and Heritage: An Introduction.
Beavis, J & Hunt, A. (eds) (1999). Communicating Archaeology.
Merriman, N. (ed.) (2004). Public Archaeology.
Zimmerman, L. J. (2003). Presenting the Past: Archaeologist's Toolkit Volume 7.
Jameson, J.H (1997). Presenting Archaeology to the Public: Digging for Truths.
Swain, H (2007). An Introduction to Museum Archaeology.
Day, A. & Lunn, K (2003). British Maritime Heritage: carried along by the currents?. International Journal of Heritage Studies. ,9 , pp. 289-305.
Smith, H.D. & Couper, A.D (2003). The management of the underwater cultural heritage. Journal of Cultural Heritage. ,4 , pp. 25-33.
Informal feedback will provided throughout the module via lectures, practicals, clinics and supervisions. Detailed and constructive written feedback will be given for all assignments submitted. The module assessment revolves around practical field survey and subsequent reporting. Students will be formed into small groups of c. four or five. They will select a maritime archaeological site (usually located in the inter-tidal zone), from a given list and will be provided with a written brief, outlining the survey work required on the site. Following this they will plan and carry out their field survey as a group. The two elements of assessment that result from this are detailed below. Assignment One (30%): Individual / Pairs Class Presentation (10 minutes). You will be asked to present a short overview (max ten mins) of the current maritime cultural legislation and the history behind the formation of the legislation in a pre-selected country. Each presentation is designed to highlight the breadth of different approaches to and value that is placed on maritime heritage worldwide. It should also be noted whether or not the particular state or country has endorsed the UNESCO Convention. The assignment will also allow you to demonstrate your ability to conduct independent focused research. You will have the chance to assess the value of different approaches and present in the form of an oral presentation. You will be permitted only two slides maximum for your accompanying power point presentation Assignment Two (70%): Research Essay (3,000 words) You will be asked to submit an essay that addresses one of the themes discussed in the course to date. This could be concerning museums, engagement and communication, heritage management, legislation, capacity building, outreach and education or media. A number of sample essays will be presented that students are free to choice from or alternatively you can design your own essay title after agreement with the module convenor. Topics to be considered can include analyse and discussion of the effectiveness of for example, a museum gallery or display that they have visited that addresses maritime cultural heritage OR a particular media that attempts to communicate issues relating to maritime cultural heritage (TV, web, radio etc). Alternatively you can compare maritime heritage management strategies in different contexts, or develop a concept for an education and outreach resource, designed around a maritime archaeological theme. Your essays should offer constructive critique of the gallery or media or management approach and assess its design, content, application and where appropriate, accessibility to the general public. The subsequent essay should be thought of as a short paper that | 1,057 |
saw this on her blog and really liked it!! Great to keep in mind.
Thanks- It is so true, that we can find peace by developing an "attitude of gratitude."
Lovely. I needed that peaceful moment where I absorbed the message of<|fim_middle|> idea... my mind is whirling with button ideas now.
Such a great message packed in the loveliest button!
I will go and check it out!
I absorbed the message of the image. | the image.
Love the button you designed it's perfect. Deidra is a wonderful women and I gain a lot of strength from her. Hope you and your family have a wonderful Holiday!
How creative! I love it. I'm going to find the peace in my day today. Thanks for the inspiration.
Love the design work on the botton! What a fantastic message and little reminder during this often frantic season.
Beautiful Patricia!! We all need peace in our life during this time!
I am thrilled that you designed that button for me! Thanks so much for "passing the peace" today, my dear sweet friend. Know that you are truly an instrument of peace in this often crazy world!
What a beautiful design and idea!
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Things to do in Ireland this weekend | May 10 - 12
A selection of events, activities and things to do in Ireland this weekend. Add your event for FREE by selecting + Add Days Out above and then Promote Event.
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National Leprechaun Hunt
The Carlingford National Leprechaun Hunt will take place on Sunday 12th May with assembly and registration on the Village Green from 12 midday. One pot will include a real bar of gold valued at €1,200!
Baltimore Fiddle Fair
The Baltimore Fiddle Fair is a unique festival in that consistently features a world-class line-up of national and international artists presented in intimate settings in the beautiful seaside village of Baltimore, West Cork.
Read Next: Events on in Ireland
Bealtaine Festival
Join people all over Ireland, taking part in events involving music, art, dance, cinema, writing, theatre, heritage and more during May in the Bealtaine Festival that celebrates the arts and creativity as we age.
This weekend's events include 'The key was always in the door", a new film poem that has been commissioned for the Bealtaine festival in The Dock on Friday, a Memory Dress Workshop at Donabate Library on Friday, Recollection with the Collection on Saturday afternoon in the National Print Museum, Bealtaine Dawn Chorus in Dunmore East on Sunday morning and a fun grandkids and grand parents art session at IFHC in the CHQ Building on Sunday afternoon.
Leopardstown Family Day
Family Raceday featuring the Derrinstown Stud Derby Trial is the ideal opportunity to get the whole family out to enjoy the racing at Leopardstown.
Once inside the racecourse, a host of activities is available to keep all the family busy including magic and puppet shows, Star Wars characters, stilt walkers, inflatables, face painting and balloon making, all under cover in the Family Marquee!
The festival brings the best adventure films on tour around the world including eight shows in Ireland. They will be in Newtownabbey this weekend before heading to Galway, Dublin and Cork next week.
Kilmashogue Loop Family Friendly Walk
Dublin Mountain Partnership have organised moderate looped walk from Kilmashogue car-park via the Wicklow Way to Fairy Castle. The route will take about 3.5 hours and the meeting point is Kilmashogue car park at 10:45 sharp. Unfortunately, no dogs are allowed on this walk and booking must be made in advance before noon on Friday.
Euroshow Dundalk
Bird's EuroShow Funfair has a fantastic family atmosphere in Connolly's Field. There are lots of fun rides and attractions for all the family, for every age. They are open daily until this Sunday.
Read Next: School Tours in Ireland
Teddy Bear's Picnic | Wells House
Teddies at Wells always put on a great party but this year they want you to join them for Picnics on the Lawn too! Meet Goldilocks, dance your socks off at<|fim_middle|> East Pier.
Sustainable Living Fair | National Botanic Gardens
As part of a the Sustainable Living Festival, this two-day family-friendly event on Saturday and Sunday will showcase a fabulous range of demonstrations, market and food stalls, soapbox talks, kids' activities and exhibits from a wide variety of community groups and businesses.
Things to do in Sligo with kids
Things to do in Leitrim with kids
Things to do in Clare with kids
Things to do in Limerick with kids
Birthday Party Places Ideas in Ireland
Christmas Events in Ireland | 2020
Halloween Events in Ireland | 2020
Things to do during Covid-19 | the kid's disco with a BBQ & face painting too! Book your own picnic bag or bring your own.
Red Bull Cliff Diving
The world's elite male and female divers will go head to head at Carlisle Pier in front of thousands of spectators on the second-leg of their seven-stop world tour.
Hosted three times previously on Inis Mór, this is the first time the Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series will be held in Dún Laoghaire Harbour on Saturday and Sunday from 5pm to 8pm each day. Both days will be FREE but arrive early in order to secure a good viewing spot on the | 130 |
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Progressive Stories are as easy as 1,2,<|fim_middle|> I heard from the teachers how excited their students were about this story. They were able to modify the activity based on each grade's level and worked in what they were studying in language arts. From bold beginnings to adjectives to mighty middles and excellent endings, it is neat seeing the whole story put together.
What are learning engagements you do to get your students excited about writing? We would love to hear your ideas, and it just so happens that we have a comment section! | 3!
Last month I asked the lower elementary school if they would be interested in writing a story together in a way that is known to be called a "progressive" story.
Setting it up was simple. My first grade class started the story, we sent it to a second grade class, they sent it to our kindergarten, then it went to the other second grade class and finished with the other first grade classes. For those good with numbers, that is a story with five sections 🙂 Altogether it took us one week to finish with each teacher taking one 45 minute block to write the story, and the using center time, free time, or another language arts block to draw the illustrations.
As the classes work on their sections | 148 |
A attractive, clever, and witty moment novel from popular pattern journalist Alix Strauss, Based Upon Availability chisels away on the exteriors of 8 clever and interesting girls whereas delving deep inside of to work out what they're actually made up of. Following her Ingram Award-winning The pleasure of Funerals—named top Debut Novel by means of The long island Resident—Based Upon Availability is women's literary fiction at its<|fim_middle|> comment and she'd have come here, worked out at the gym after her desk job as a book editor, and I would have told her, "You're not fat," like I do now with Trish. "I feel fat," she says, sighing. I nod understandingly. We talk about the gallery, artists, her friend Olive, the party she's throwing for her. | finest.
The second one page-turning instalment within the acclaimed secret sequence that includes awesome, sarcastic old broker Molly Doyle, set in picturesque Carmel, California. Molly Doyle crossed a continent to flee hassle, yet it truly is changing into more and more risky to be within the vintage enterprise in her small followed nook of California.
"The team of the S. S. myth is right here on your excitement. we'll satisfy your each desire. " 3 reunited acquaintances, Celina, Elayne, and Jasmine are enticed by means of the daring invitation to a so much specific singles cruise, and tantalized by means of the promise of pleasures past their wildest fantasies. here's a likelihood to sail clear of the pressures of the company international for 3 wonderful days and nights—a golden chance to indulge themselves thoroughly.
From manhattan instances Bestseller Rosemary Rogers No guy can tame her, and just a renegade outlaw might dare to aim… No guy can tame her woman Rowena Dangerfield, wild, headstrong, and scandalously self reliant, travels from unique India to the elegance of London to the savage New Mexico frontier hoping to fulfill her long-lost father and begin a brand new lifestyles.
The tale of a girl who loves her condominium rather a lot that she'll do exactly approximately whatever to maintain it. Ellen Flanagan has important women to elevate, a comfortable local espresso store to run, marvelous buddies, and an attractive husband. She adores her residence, a yellow Cape Cod packed with quirky antiques, liked nooks and dents, and 1000000 stories.
I say, head tilted to one side, an innocent expression on my face. " I reach for a salmon tea sandwich and a raspberry scone. My mother turns to Cosmo and Martini. "Who would have thought," she beams. My mother extends her hand from across the table, rests it on mine. This time I stay still, remind myself not to pull away. "At thirty-two, she's the youngest divisions manager the hotel has ever had. " "Not too shabby," Martini adds. The women nod, their recently Botoxed eyebrows not arching, their collagen lips full and pressed into closed smiles.
Having late lunch? High noon tea? Spa treatment? I need to leave, now. I'm about to close the door when something shiny catches my eye. I bend down closer and uncover a weird-looking leather-and-metal contraption that rests on the floor. It looks like the kind of collapsible brace you'd give a person suffering from sclerosis. I pull it out, lift it up. It's solid and feels as though it weighs about a pound. There are two padded, long bars, each about an inch in width and a foot in length that are held together by three sets of black leather straps piped in white stitching.
I lift an eyebrow. " She rolls her eyes. I imagine Dale and I having a similar conversation. Maybe she'd be married by now. Her husband a TV director or a doctor, like my father, might have made a weight | 632 |
Works by Catharine Abell
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Catharine Abell
Fiction: A Philosophical Analysis.Catharine Abell - 2020 - Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.details
The aim of this book is to provide a unified solution to a wide range of philosophical problems raised by fiction. While some of these problems have been the focus of extensive philosophical debate, others have received insufficient attention. In particular, the epistemology of fiction has not yet attracted the philosophical scrutiny it warrants. There has been considerable discussion of what determines the contents of works of fiction, but there have been few attempts to explain how audiences identify their contents, (...) or to identify the norms governing the correct understanding and interpretation of works of fiction. -/- This book answers a wide range of both metaphysical and epistemological questions concerning fiction in a way that clarifies the relations between them. The metaphysical questions include: What distinguishes works of fiction from works of non-fiction?; What is the nature of fictive utterances?; What determines the contents of works of fiction?; What kinds of fictive content are there?; How broad in scope is fictive content?; and What kinds of things are fictional entities? The epistemological questions include: How do audiences identify the contents of authors' fictive utterances?; How does understanding a work of fiction differ from interpreting it?; and What role does thinking and talking about fiction from an external perspective play in enabling communication through fiction? It develops the first single theory that provides answers to all these questions. (shrink)
Canny resemblance.Catharine Abell - 2009 - Philosophical Review 118 (2):183-223.details
Depiction is the form of representation distinctive of figurative paintings, drawings, and photographs. Accounts of depiction attempt to specify the relation something must bear to an object in order to depict it. Resemblance accounts hold that the notion of resemblance is necessary to the specification of this relation. Several difficulties with such analyses have led many philosophers to reject the possibility of an adequate resemblance account of depiction. This essay outlines these difficulties and argues that current resemblance accounts succumb to (...) them. It then develops an alternative resemblance account, drawing on Grice's account of nonnatural meaning and its role in determining sentence meaning to argue that something depicts an object if it bears intention-based resemblances to the object that jointly capture its overall appearance. In addition to solving the metaphysical problem of what it is for something to depict an object, this account also sheds significant light on the epistemological issue of how we are able to work out that something depicts an object. This essay argues that our ability to work out that something depicts an object results from both our more general ability to identify intentions from the products of communicative behavior and our knowledge of stylistic conventions. This account avoids the difficulties that face rival attempts to analyze depiction in terms of resemblance. It also clarifies and explains the features that distinguish depictive from nondepictive representation. (shrink)
Depiction in Aesthetics
Art: What it Is and Why it Matters.Catharine Abell - 2012 - Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 85 (3):671-691.details
In this paper, I provide a descriptive definition of art that is able to accommodate the existence of bad art, while illuminating the value of good art. This, I argue, is something that existing definitions of art fail to do. I approach this task by providing an account according to which what makes something an artwork is the institutional process by which it is made. I argue that Searle's account of institutions and institutional facts shows that the existence of all (...) institutions is due to their being perceived by their participants to perform some humanly valuable function. I then identify the functions to which the existence of art institutions is due. I then use these functions to provide a reductive institutional definition of art. Finally, in section seven, I examine the account's consequences for the value of good art. (shrink)
Artworks in Aesthetics
The Artworld in Aesthetics
The Definition of Art in Aesthetics
The Value of Art in Aesthetics
The Epistemic Value of Photographs.Catharine Abell - 2010 - In Catharine Abell & Katerina Bantinaki (eds.), Philosophical Perspectives on Depiction. Oxford University Press.details
There is a variety of epistemic roles to which photographs are better suited than non-photographic pictures. Photographs provide more compelling evidence of the existence of the scenes they depict than non-photographic pictures. They are also better sources of information about features of those scenes that are easily overlooked. This chapter examines several different attempts to explain the distinctive epistemic value of photographs, and argues that none is adequate. It then proposes an alternative explanation of their epistemic value. The chapter argues (...) that photographs play the epistemic roles they do because they are typically rich sources of depictively encoded information about the scenes they depict, and reliable depictive representations of those scenes. It then explains why photographs differ from non-photographic pictures in both respects. (shrink)
Aesthetic Representation and Meaning, Misc in Aesthetics
Aesthetic Symbol Systems in Aesthetics
Photography in Aesthetics
The Interpretation of Art in Aesthetics
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II—Genre, Interpretation and Evaluation.Catharine Abell - 2015 - Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 115 (1pt1):25-40.details
The genre to which an artwork belongs affects how it is to be interpreted and evaluated. An account of genre and of the criteria for genre membership should explain these interpretative and evaluative effects. Contrary to conceptions of genres as categories distinguished by the features of the works that belong to them, I argue that these effects are to be explained by conceiving of genres as categories distinguished by certain of the purposes that the works belonging to them are intended (...) to serve. (shrink)
Aesthetic Cognition in Aesthetics
Narrative in Aesthetics
Truth in Fiction in Aesthetics
Pictorial implicature.Catharine Abell - 2005 - Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 63 (1):55–66.details
It is generally recognised that an adequate resemblance-based account of depiction must specify some standard of correctness which explains how a picture's content differs from the content we would attribute to it purely on the basis of resemblance. For example, an adequate standard should explain<|fim_middle|>4.details
Review of Gregory Currie , Narratives and Narrators: A Philosophy of Stories. [REVIEW]Catharine Abell - 2011 - Philosophy in Review 31 (5):324-326.details
Literary Interpretation in Aesthetics
Philosophy of Literature, Misc in Aesthetics
Review of Anthony Everett, The Nonexistent. [REVIEW]Catharine Abell - 2016 - British Journal of Aesthetics 56 (2):209-212.details
Fictional Characters in Aesthetics
Nonexistent Objects in Metaphysics
Review of Zenon Pylyshyn's Seeing and Visualizing: It's Not What You Think. [REVIEW]Catharine Abell - 2005 - PSYCHE: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Research On Consciousness 11.details
This book has three principle aims: to show that neither vision nor mental imagery involves the creation or inspection of picture-like mental representations; to defend the claim that our visual processes are, in significant part, cognitively impenetrable; and to develop a theory of "visual indexes". In what follows, I assess Pylyshyn's success in realising each of these aims in turn. I focus primarily on his arguments against "picture theories" of vision and mental imagery, to which approximately half the book is (...) devoted. I argue that Pylyshyn adopts an unnecessarily restricted interpretation of what it would be for mental representations to be picture-like, and that this leads him prematurely to reject the possibility of explaining the introspective evidence concerning the nature of mental imagery. (shrink)
Modularity and Cognitive Penetrability in Philosophy of Mind
Science of Perception, Misc in Philosophy of Mind
Visual Pathways in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
Expression in the Representational Arts.Catharine Abell - 2013 - American Philosophical Quarterly 50 (1):23-36.details
Understanding a work of representational art involves more than simply grasping what it represents. We can distinguish at least three types of content that representational works may possess. First, all representational works have explicit representational content. This includes the literal content of a linguistic work and the depictive content of a pictorial work. Second, they often have a conveyed content, which outstrips their explicit representational content, including much that is merely implicit in the work, and may exclude certain aspects of (...) explicit representational content, as when explicit representational content is used for nonliteral forms of representation such as irony, metaphor, symbolism, or allegory. It is part of the conveyed content of Bruegel's The Fall of Icarus (c. 1560) that Icarus has just fallen from the sky, although the landscape does not depict his fall. (shrink)
Go Social! Replies to Abell and Atencia-Linares.Catharine Abell, Paloma Atencia-Linares, Dominic McIver Lopes & Diarmuid Costello - 2018 - Aisthesis. Pratiche, Linguaggi E Saperi Dell'Estetico 11 (2):207-234.details
The Expression of Emotion: Philosophical, Psychological and Legal Perspectives.Catharine Abell & Joel Smith (eds.) - 2016 - New York: Cambridge University Press.details
The Expression of Emotion collects cutting-edge essays on emotional expression written by leading philosophers, psychologists, and legal theorists. It highlights areas of interdisciplinary research interest, including facial expression, expressive action, and the role of both normativity and context in emotion perception. Whilst philosophical discussion of emotional expression has addressed the nature of expression and its relation to action theory, psychological work on the topic has focused on the specific mechanisms underpinning different facial expressions and their recognition. Further, work in both (...) legal and political theory has had much to say about the normative role of emotional expressions, but would benefit from greater engagement with both psychological and philosophical research. In combining philosophical, psychological, and legal work on emotional expression, the present volume brings these distinct approaches into a productive conversation. (shrink)
Emotional Expression in Philosophy of Mind
The Public Cost of Private Ownership of Artworks.Catharine Abell - 2005 - Philosophy in the Contemporary World 12 (2):76-81.details
I argue that artworks are of public value because aesthetic experience of them contributes to the development of our aestheticjudgement. I use two accounts of aesthetic judgement to explore how it might do so and how the private ownership of artworks could affect the development of our aesthetic judgement.
Aesthetic Value in Aesthetics | why stick figure drawings do not depict emaciated beings with gargantuan heads. Most attempts to specify a standard of correctness appeal to the intentions of the picture's maker. However, I argue that the most detailed such (...) attempt to date is incomplete. I argue that an adequate standard can be given only if one construes a picture's content as being pictorially implicated, in a way analogous to that in which Grice explains an utterance's meaning as being conversationally implicated. I propose a theory of pictorial implicature and use it as the basis for an intention-based standard of correctness. I show how this standard is able to explain both the ways in which the content of pictures differs from the content we would attribute to them solely on the basis of resemblance, and how we are able to apply an intention-based standard of correctness even though we lack any independent knowledge of the intentions of pictures' makers. (shrink)
Implicature, Misc in Philosophy of Language
Painting and Drawing in Aesthetics
Cinema as a representational art.Catharine Abell - 2010 - British Journal of Aesthetics 50 (3):273-286.details
In this paper, I develop a unified account of cinematic representation as primary depiction. On this account, cinematic representation is a distinctive form of depiction, unique in its capacity to depict temporal properties. I then explore the consequences of this account for the much-contested question of whether cinema is an independent representational art form. I show that it is, and that Scruton's argument to the contrary relies on an erroneous conception of cinematic representation. CiteULike Connotea Del.icio.us What's this?
Cinema in Aesthetics
The Art of Film in Aesthetics
Comics and Genre.Catharine Abell - 2012 - In Aaron Meskin & Roy T. Cook (eds.), The Art of Comics: A Philosophical Approach. Blackwell. pp. 68--84.details
An adequate account of the nature of genre and of the criteria for genre membership is essential to understanding the nature of the various categories into which comics can be classified. Because they fail adequately to distinguish genre categories from other ways of categorizing works, including categorizations according to medium or according to style, previous accounts of genre fail to illuminate the nature of comics categories. I argue that genres are sets of conventions that have developed as means of addressing (...) particular interpretative and/or evaluative concerns, and have a history of co‐instantiation within a community, such that a work's belonging to some genre generates interpretative and evaluative expectations among the members of that community. Genres are distinct from styles in consisting of conventions, and are distinct from media both in consisting of conventions and in generating interpretative and evaluative expectations. (shrink)
Comics in Aesthetics
Philosophical Perspectives on Depiction.Catharine Abell & Katerina Bantinaki (eds.) - 2010 - Oxford University Press.details
This volume of specially written essays by leading philosophers offers to set the agenda for the philosophy of depiction.
Aesthetic Perception in Aesthetics
Philosophy of Perception, General in Philosophy of Mind
The Norms of Realism and the Case of Non-Traditional Casting.Catharine Abell - forthcoming - Ergo.details
This paper concerns the conditions under which realism is an artistic merit in perceptual narratives, and its consequences for the practice of non-traditional casting. Perceptual narratives are narrative representations that perceptually represent at least some of their contents, and include works of film, television, theatre and opera. On certain construals of the conditions under which realism is an artistic merit in such works, non-traditional casting, however morally merited, is often artistically flawed. I defend an alternative view of the conditions under (...) which realism is an artistic merit in perceptual narratives. I identify the two forms of realism at issue in debates about the artistic merits of non-traditional casting, and identify the artistic norms that determine the conditions under which each constitutes an artistic merit. I argue that, independently of the relation between moral merits and artistic merits, non-traditional casting violates these norms less often than is sometimes assumed. Moreover, in certain circumstances, non-traditional casting affects realism in artistically meritorious ways. I conclude by considering the implications of my view for the practice of whitewashing. (shrink)
Aesthetic Evaluation in Aesthetics
Aesthetic Normativity in Aesthetics
Aesthetics and Ethics in Aesthetics
Pictorial realism.Catharine Abell - 2007 - Australasian Journal of Philosophy 85 (1):1 – 17.details
I propose a number of criteria for the adequacy of an account of pictorial realism. Such an account must: explain the epistemic significance of realistic pictures; explain why accuracy and detail are salient to realism; be consistent with an accurate account of depiction; and explain the features of pictorial realism. I identify six features of pictorial realism. I then propose an account of realism as a measure of the information pictures provide about how their objects would look, were one to (...) see them. This account meets the criteria I have identified and is superior to alternative accounts of realism. (shrink)
Evolutionary Biology in Philosophy of Biology
Against Depictive Conventionalism.Catharine Abell - 2005 - American Philosophical Quarterly 42 (3):185 - 197.details
In this paper, I discuss the influential view that depiction, like language, depends on arbitrary conventions. I argue that this view, however it is elaborated, is false. Any adequate account of depiction must be consistent with the distinctive features of depiction. One such feature is depictive generativity. I argue that, to be consistent with depictive generativity, conventionalism must hold that depiction depends on conventions for the depiction of basic properties of a picture's object. I then argue that two considerations jointly (...) preclude depiction from being governed by such conventions. Firstly, conventions must be salient to those who employ them. Secondly, those parts of pictures that depict basic properties of objects are not salient to the makers and interpreters of pictures. (shrink)
Theories of Representation in Philosophy of Mind
Internal and external pictures.Catharine Abell & Gregory Currie - 1999 - Philosophical Psychology 12 (4):429-445.details
What do pictures and mental images have in common? The contemporary tendency to reject mental picture theories of imagery suggests that the answer is: not much. We show that pictures and visual imagery have something important in common. They both contribute to mental simulations: pictures as inputs and mental images as outputs. But we reject the idea that mental images involve mental pictures, and we use simulation theory to strengthen the anti-pictorialist's case. Along the way we try to account for (...) caricature and for some basic features of pictorial representations. (shrink)
Imagination and Imagery in Philosophy of Mind
Mental Imagery in Philosophy of Mind
Science of Visual Consciousness in Philosophy of Cognitive Science
On outlining the shape of depiction.Catharine Abell - 2005 - Ratio 18 (1):27–38.details
In this paper, I discuss the account of depiction proposed by Robert Hopkins in his book Picture, Image and Experience. I first briefly summarise Hopkins's account, according to which we experience depictions as resembling their objects in respect of outline shape. I then ask whether Hopkins's account can perform the explanatory tasks required of an adequate account of depiction. I argue that there are at least two reasons for which Hopkins's account of depiction is inadequate. Firstly, the notion of outline (...) shape, as Hopkins presents it, is inconsistent. Moreover, I argue that, while a consistent construal of outline shape is possible, Hopkins's account becomes indistinguishable from previous accounts of depiction under any such construal. Second, I argue that, however it is construed, the notion of outline shape is unable to explain one of the central features which Hopkins himself insists any successful account of depiction must explain. (shrink)
Printmaking as an Art.Catharine Abell - 2015 - Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism 73 (1):23-30.details
Many forms of printmaking involve drawing or painting onto a plate to produce a matrix and then producing prints from that matrix by mechanical processes. One might be skeptical about the artistic significance of such prints, on the basis that only the process of drawing or painting the matrix enables printmakers to exercise intentional control over the features of the resultant prints. This might lead one to think that such forms of printmaking lack artistic significance independent of drawing and painting. (...) I examine whether or not such skepticism is warranted and argue that it is not. Nevertheless, I identify limitations on the independent artistic significance of another form of printmaking, namely that which involves producing prints from multiple matrices. (shrink)
Philosophy of Visual Art, Misc in Aesthetics
The New Theory of Photography: Critical Examination and Responses.Catharine Abell, Paloma Atencia-Linares, Dominic McIver Lopes & Diarmuid Costello - 2018 - Aisthesis: Pratiche, Linguaggi E Saperi Dell'Estetico 11 (2):207-234.details
Dominic McIver Lopes' Four Arts of Photography and Diarmuid Costello's On Photography: A Philosophical Inquiry examine the state of the art in analytic philosophy of photography and present a new approach to the study of the medium. As opposed to the orthodox and prevalent view, which emphasizes its epistemic capacities, the new theory reconsiders the nature of photography, and redirects focus towards the aesthetic potential of the medium. This symposium comprises two papers that critically examine central questions addressed in the (...) two books, with responses by the two authors in defence of their respective positions. (shrink)
Realism and the Riddle of Style.Catharine Abell - 2006 - Contemporary Aesthetics 4.details
My concern in this paper is what, in Art and Illusion, Gombrich calls "the riddle of style". This is the problem of why people at different times and in different cultures have depicted objects in very different ways. An adequate solution to this problem will comprise an explanation of why depiction has a history. The problem seems intractable because of three common assumptions about the history of depiction that, while independently plausible, are inconsistent. First, we assume that this history is (...) a history of realism. Artists from a wide range of cultures and ages seem to have shared the common goal of capturing the visual appearances of the objects they depicted. Secondly, we assume that depictive styles differ from context to context in part because of features internal to the contexts in which they emerged. Finally, we are loathe to accept the claim that differences of style necessarily result from differences in technical capacity. However, these assumptions are in conflict. If artists throughout history sought to capture the appearances of the things they depicted and did not differ markedly in their technical capacities, then surely the pictures each produced should not depend on features internal to the contexts in which they emerged and should instead look more alike. -/- I argue that the history of style is not, in its entirety, a history of realism. Throughout history, pictures have been used to inform viewers about a wide variety of things other than their objects' appearances. Investigating the purposes for which pictures were used in particular historical and cultural contexts will help us to understand why certain styles were appropriate to those contexts. Nevertheless, it will not help us to understand why certain styles were appropriate to just one among a number of contexts in which pictures were used for a single purpose. To understand this, we need to know what cognitive environment was shared by the members of the relevant community. This will enable us to understand why, given the purpose for which pictures were used in that community, a certain style was more informative than another. In addition to cataloguing stylistic changes, therefore, the historian of art has two further tasks: to investigate both the various purposes for which pictures have been used and the cognitive environments of those who used them. (shrink)
of Photographs.Catharine Abell - 2010 - In Catharine Abell Katerina Bantinaki (ed.), Philosophical Perspectives on Depiction. pp. 81.details
Commentary on Apt Imaginings: Feelings for Fictions and Other Creatures of the Mind by Jonathan Gilmore; and Imagining and Knowing: the Shape of Fiction by Gregory Currie.Catharine Abell - 2022 - British Journal of Aesthetics 62 (2):163-172.details
Fiction in Aesthetics
Reply to Currie's and Gilmore's comments on Abell's Fiction: A Philosophical Analysis.Catharine Abell - 2022 - British Journal of Aesthetics 62 (2):195-20 | 2,733 |
Cascade Peak, October 1963
Wonderful Cascade Peak graced the banks of the Rivers of America from 1960 through 1998<|fim_middle|> to see.
It's strange to see the way the façade used to look, when guests just strolled up like they owned the place. I believe that the bridge/walkway was added around 1987 in conjunction with the opening of the upstairs Disney Gallery.
I hope you have enjoyed today's photos!
More From The Magic Kingdom, November 1971
We're getting down to the last 10 (or so) scans of photos taken by your pal and mine, Mr. X. What a treat they have been!
Can you say "postcard worthy"? Because this first one definitely qualifies. You've got the beautiful "Admiral Joe Fowler" steamboat next to that lovely 2-level load/unload building, the glassy river, a Canoe gliding past, and the stately Haunted Mansion in the background, all beneath a glorious blue sky.
Check out this unusual night shot of the motorized Fire Truck (did the Magic Kingdom ever have a version of the "Chemical Wagon"?). Considering how dark it was, I'm surprised it came out as well as it did. Notice the custodians, possibly cleaning up after a parade - or maybe just keeping the place spotless as usual. Twinkle light alert!
And this last one is kind of a cheat, because I have actually posted it before. Mr. X gave me a stack of photo prints that were mostly Disneyland, but this shot of WDW's "Main Street Confectionery" was included. See it here. This scan, from a negative, looks a lot better.
Many thanks to Mr. X
More Cool Frontierland Views! - 1977
Frontierland scans. Mysterious Benefactor. You know the deal! Here are five images from 1977 that I think you will enjoy.
This first one is a beauty, with one of Davy Crockett's Explorer Canoes (formerly the Indian War Canoes) preparing to get underway. I wonder how hard it was for the CMs to control one of those big canoes when they were being powered by 20 inexperienced guests? It seems like it would be a workout, for sure. The fellow to our right looks like he has gotten into the spirit of things with his cowboy hat and jaunty red feather.
Listen, there's been just a little too much running around on Tom Sawyer Island, and these three are ready for a break. I personally like to lay down under some bushes for a snooze, but that's not for everyone.
I love this photo of Tom's Treehouse. He and his pals took more time than most kids do when building a treehouse; there's an entrance and an exit, instead of just a rickety series of wood planks nailed to the side of the tree. Does anybody know if there was anything inside the treehouse (furniture, maps of caves, an X-Box 360, etc), or was it just an empty room?
This one was hella dark, but Photoshop helped to make it somewhat presentable. You can see that Tom, Huck Finn, Joe Harper, and the other boys used boards from old crates (plentiful along the wharves) as lumber for their treehouse. Too bad they didn't use aluminum siding, which is attractive and impervious to bugs and weather.
And finally, here's a nice view of the interior quad (or whatever you call it) of Fort Wilderness. Looking at plans for Fort Astoria (1811), the open middle area is referred to as the "Parade". So there. Like the rest of Tom Sawyer Island, Fort Wilderness offered simple pleasures, but that doesn't mean they weren't truly fun. It's all gone now, of course.
As always, many thanks to the Mysterious Benefactor for his generosity in sharing these great scans.
Disneyland Matchbooks, 1970's
I have a small collection of various matchbooks relating to Disneyland in one way or another, and decided to share five matchbooks that must date from at least the late 1970's (since one of them features Space Mountain, which opened in '77). They're not super rare, but eBay sellers sometimes ask nutty prices for them. Caveat emptor.
I'm certainly not the first person to share these... GDB pal TokyoMagic! had them on his blog nine years ago! But perhaps you've forgotten them, or you are ready for another look.
What could be more classic than the castle (in kooky kolors!), along with Tinker Bell? I've decided to take up smoking just to use these matches. Turkish cigarettes, or perhaps those clove dealies.
Frontierland, eh? I've heard of it. The Country Bears were still in "Critter Country", but I always thought of that land as an adjunct to Frontierland. The striker side of the matchbook shows a Davy Crockett type in front of a Lincoln Log Fort Wilderness.
I love the graphic style on this one - it is so evocative of the era. Sort of a post-psychedelic thing. If only these matchbooks could have resembled velvet blacklight paintings. Genius! On the flip side, New Orleans Square. Strange that of all the things that they could have featured for NOS, they chose a lantern, but oh well. There aren't any good attractions in that part of Disneyland, when you think about it.
There are so many iconic attractions at Disneyland, it's a bit of a surprise that the Blue Bayou got it's own matchbook. Again with the lantern? Some swamp people live in those boats, and believe me, it is like heaven.
And finally, my personal favorite, the Tomorrowland matchbook, with Space Mountain, and the Rocket Jets in fanciful hues. While I acquired the others over the years, I saved this one from a trip to the park when I was much younger.
I hope you have enjoyed today's matchbooks!
Disneyland In Black and White, 1962
I've got three more black and white snapshots for you, circa 1962! We'll start with this interesting photo of the ground-level area next to the Swiss Family Robinson's treehouse. This was their yard, I suppose, with a dining table, something that appears to be a food locker of some sort (resembling a fridge!), a table set with items salvaged from the shipwreck (as well as other items crafted from resources provided by the island), a washtub, and casks and barrels (any idea why that one cask is atop the food locker?). If you're going to be shipwrecked, this looks like the way to go.
Now we're on the Skyway above the old Astro Jets, with the Flight Circle (nothing to see there), and the Flying Saucers in the upper left. The Moonliner has the Douglas paint on it at this point.
I'm not sure if this third pic was taken atop some rocks on Tom Sawyer Island, or from the Mark Twain or Columbia - my vote would go for the rocks. We're looking across at the loading area for the Indian War Canoes; I initially thought that they were not in service, but we can see one canoe loaded up with passengers to the right. In the distance is the Indian Village.
Freakin' Swans!
Rescans, 1955
Mark Twain & Rainbow Ridge, May 1966
Frontierland, 1997/1998
Tour Guide, October 1963
Random Frontierland Views
Midwest Cities
Two Nice Ones From November, 1975
Dark Frontierland, 1950's
Instamatics
Main Street Cinema/Tobacco Shop - September 1966
Native Dancers & Fred Gurley, November 1958
Orphan Annie Decoder Badges
Red Wagon Restaurant & Main Street USA | (so it was pretty new in this pic). It was a splendid addition, especially when you paired it with such things as a little mine train, a row of pack mules, a passing steamboat, and so on. The yellow Mine Train is easy enough to spot, but you have to look closely to see the guests on Pack Mules.
You might think that I just zoomed in on a section of that first photo, but this is an entirely different image. It still seems unbelievable that this was torn down. Maybe I just had a nightmare?
I'm still away from home, but I'll be back very soon.
More MGM Backlot Photos, 1970
Some of you may recall that I have posted a number of historic photos of MGM's backlot over the years; they were taken in 1970 just before the famous auction in which so many incredible props and costumes were sold to the public. A friend of mine was the photographer, and he generously allowed me to scan his personal Viewmaster reels - now I can share them with you!
This first example shows up in the movie "Cheaper By the Dozen", among others. The weedy lawn makes this look a bit "Munstery", but it's still pretty. I recently learned that the street was known as "St. Louis Street", after the 1944 Judy Garland musical, "Meet Me in St. Louis".
This next house is where Judy's family (the Smiths) lived. If you put your ear right up to your screen, you might just be able to hear the movie's catchy theme song.
Here's a screen grab from the beginning of "Meet Me in St. Louis". It has that MGM sheen!
Various coaches, buggies, surreys, carriages, and wagons were parked on the street for potential buyers to inspect. It's so incredible to think of all of this amazing stuff being sold off like it was surplus junk.
Here's the Smith home again. I like the greenhouse conservatory on the side. These sets are so convincing, you'd swear that somebody will walk out the door at any moment.
Here's another lovely home, with more assorted horse-drawn vehicles. I wonder if those were genuine antiques, or if they were all built by the skilled studio craftsmen?
I wish my MGM book was handy, I'm sure I would be able to ID this structure. I'll bet it appeared in loads of movies.
And finally, here's one last shot of St. Louis Street, looking beautiful and melancholy at the same time.
There is one final reel of personal Viewmaster photos from MGM's backlot!
(I'm still out of town; I hope all of you are having an excellent weekend).
Mickey on Main Street, September 1966
I love this first photo - what could be more classic than a family having their photo taken with Mickey Mouse, right near the Main Street Cinema? Kids are squirmy, so Mickey has to hold them in place with his kung fu grip. Mickey's ears look a little worn and torn, he needs to go to the salon.
Zooming in we see another family patiently waiting for their turn to meet the mouse. The kid's hat, with the blue ostrich feather, insures that he will be treated like a king. The dad is holding an early INA guidebook in his left hand (with a ticket-info brochure tucked inside).
The lady in pink appears to be wearing a bonnet. She must be a cast member - she's also wearing an apron. Perhaps she is on break from the Candy Palace just behind her.
Wow, the Main Street Cinema was showing a movie starring President Edgar Kennedy! Who knew. Mickey is giving a photographer the business, much to the amusement of the lady in blue - we'll see more of her over the coming weeks.
I'll be out of town for a few days, and will be away from computers for the most part, but you'll get new posts each day, and I will look forward to reading your comments when I return!
Omnibus, September 1966
There's no bus like an Omnibus. It's totally omni! I like this photo of a laid-back Town Square (with the Audio-Animatronic flagpole to our left). Folks are taking a mid-afternoon break on shady benches while vehicles come and go; one couple has just refreshed themselves at the little water fountain (after moving the C&H Sugar bag out of the way) and everything feels very pleasant. I'd love to know if they played music on Main Street as far back as 1966, since the old melodies are so much a part of the experience in my mind.
That bus might be "omni", but it's better than being "on me". (Pauses for an explosion of laughter). In the background the Global Van Lines truck sits in front of one of my favorite buildings - the home of the storage lockers. Just above the Global van we can see three posters - Monorail, Tiki Room, and Subs. Guests are carrying striped pink bags, I wish I had the one on the bench.
It occurred to me that I could almost merge both of the photos into a panorama. So I gave it a go; I wasn't able to use Photoshop's "photo merge" function, which would have been ideal - there wasn't any overlap. So I just did a somewhat crude version, and I have to admit that it looks pretty good if you ignore the edges of the flagpole! It's sort of fun to see the same Omnibus twice. There's even a man and woman who appear in both halves.
Alice and Friends, July 1960
It's nice to see that big celebrities like Alice and the White Rabbit have managed to remain friends in spite of the intrusions of tabloids and paparazzi. From what I've heard, they still text each other regularly, and Alice thanked the WR in the liner notes of her trip-hop solo album, "Who In The World Am I?".
Back in July of 1960 (nine years after the release of the Disney movie) the two pals made an appearance at Disneyland, and even posed for photos with some of their fans. Fame hasn't gone to their heads!
I guess that everyone pretty much had to take a photo of the castle when they went to Disneyland. How else could they prove that they were really there?
Around Fantasyland, 1957
I have a couple of vivid 1957 photos of what I was initially going to call "peak vintage Fantasyland", until I thought about it a bit more; the Alice ride was added in '58, and Skull Rock arrived in 1960 - I loved both of those. But... '57 was still pretty awesome.
There's that crazy Pirate Ship. Whenever a merchant vessel spotted the tuna boat in its rear view mirror (ships have rear view mirrors, right?), the entire crew felt a chill in their hearts. "Sacre bleu!". The sails have been reefed, so we can rest easy... for now. Tomorrowland was a "land on the move", but this area had the spinning teacups, flying Dumbos, and the Skyway overhead for a general sense of activity and excitement.
Ach du lieber! Look at how busy it is - this must have been a summer Saturday. The lines for the dark rides are bonkers, but... everything is relative. As always, I love the use of stripes, polka dots, and other patterns.
Mama mia, I don't love crowds, but I would gladly be mixed among those lucky people.
Four More From 1997-ish.
What's sweeter than the harmonies from a barbershop quartet? The beauty of Frontierland, circa 1997 (give or take a year). Photos courtesy of Mr. X, who took them himself.
This first one is my favorite of the bunch, and I think you can see why. For one thing, it's just a lovely photo. But it also shows Cascade Peak, still looking wonderful, even though it appears that the upper falls are not working (a common circumstance in the last years of the peak's existence). X wishes that the trees near Cascade Peak had been trimmed or removed to maintain the illusion that it was larger, but it's hard to be too mad at big, beautiful trees.
Here's another pretty photo showing the entrance to Frontierland. I sure don't remember those little teepees ever being there; I believe that there were similar teepees in roughly the same locations in the earliest days of the entrance area.
Next is this shot looking back at the Friendly Indian Village, with the Storyteller shaman scene. I've been trying to determine when that scene was added, and so far all I can say for certain is that it shows up on souvenir maps from 1995. Does anybody know? Of course the entire area was changed in 2017, and now the shaman is atop a rocky promontory on Tom Sawyer Island.
And one final photo is nothing too exciting, though it's got Cascade Peak, so it gets extra points for that!
Along the River, September 1966
I've got Steamboat Fever! Symptoms include an insatiable desire to hear banjo music, the tendency to wear a white linen suit with a string tie, and vomiting. Thankfully there is a cure - 20 mint juleps. But back in 1966, people with Steamboat Fever (spread via mosquito bites) just had to ride it out. Get it? Ride it out? Because the Mark Twain is a ride! I will accept checks, PayPal, and crypto-currency.
Just when I think I've had enough photos of the Mark Twain to last me a lifetime, I find this pretty view looking westward - not the same old view. Those two gentlemen have noticed the potential for a memorable photo, in spite of the lack of a Kodak Picture Spot marker.
This view is a bit more standard, but I like how it is right between the still-unopened Haunted Mansion and the closed-at-the-moment Columbia sailing ship.
Liberatchy Home
Here's a weird one for you! Going through a pile of old slides, I found one hand-labeled "Liberatchy house, Sherman Oaks". First of all, I love that Liberace was spelled "Liberatchy". Second of all, I used to live near Sherman Oaks, and wondered if Liberace really had a house there once. So down the internet vortex I went. As it turns out, he did own a home, at 15405 Valley Vista Boulevard - I've driven right past it on my way to merge on to the 405 freeway.
Here's the 1958 photo - it's surprising how modest it looks compared to the the mega-mansions that we expect celebrities to own these days.
Here's a vintage postcard with a better view of the home, which was built just for Liberace (he moved in in 1953). At the time it was supposed to be very modern, with push-button conveniences. It was a house of the future, only not made of plastic.
One of the most famous features was the swimming pool, shaped like a piano!
Looking at a Google satellite view, the pool is still there.
Apparently Liberace's mother, who lived in the home, was attacked by two masked men in 1957. Realizing that the house was just a little too accessible to fans (and non-fans), Liberace sold the house in 1958. Fans still flocked to the Sherman Oaks house, and the subsequent owner had to resort to placing a sign in his front yard.
Liberace was one of those people I would see on TV when I was growing up... I always thought his schtick was odd, and yet the audiences loved his gaudy costumes and corny jokes. The guy could play the piano though. I'm reminded of a joke from "The Benny Hill Show". "I called one of my dogs Skinny, on account of he's the leanest; I called another dog Killer, on account of he's the meanest; and I called the third dog Liberace, on account of he's the pianist". It's one of those jokes that works better when heard, rather than read!
Teacups & Pirates, April 1969
Here are two fine photos from Fun Dad, my personal hero. There aren't too many left from him, and I am hoarding them like Scrooge McDuck hoards money. Still, the day will come when they've all been posted, and then what are we supposed to do with ourselves? It's back to motorcycle gangs, I guess.
I have plenty of photos of the Mad Tea Party attraction, but none that look quite like this. Fun Dad got right up to that beautiful chain link fence to capture the colors and patterns of Old Fantasyland. The teacups themselves are in tasteful pastels, while the turntable of the attraction is a swirly of red and yellow. Lanterns are overhead, with various familiar sights in the distance such as the Dumbo ride, "Fan 1" (seemingly shuttered), the Skyway chalet, and that mini-berm separating Fantasyland from Frontierland. The Fantasyland Theatre is showing "Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree", the first in a series of popular animated featurettes featuring the hunny-loving bear.
Next is this nice shot of the entrance to "Pirates of the Caribbean". As is so often the case in Fun Dad's photos, the people milling about are half the fun. Who is your favorite? The lady with the plaid skirt (to the left) is carrying a souvenir wall map, which is always cool | 2,899 |
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Topping the tables with its innovative remarketing system - Inspect Pro - is BCA. The company may be well versed in traditional approaches to remarketing, but Inspect Pro impressed us with its sensible use of technology, which adds value to both those selling cars on and those purchasing from BCA, without overcomplicating the whole process.
Fully field tested over the first half of the year, this system should be rolled out imminently with the aim of replacing antiquated paper-based systems with photo and video content as part of a fully digital end-of-lease inspection set-up. This should reduce the<|fim_middle|> received approval from a third judge, who also reiterated how established technology has been successfully implemented to improve both the efficiency and accuracy of the remarketing process. | number of disputes over damage claims while improving customer confidence thanks to the addition of images and videos.
Making use of iPad and cloud-based tech, Inspect Pro should also prove suitably easy to use and time-efficient, automatically creating 'splat' diagrams, which can then be annotated to highlight any damage on cars to be sold. Central to the Inspect Pro system, however, is the use of images and video, which lets leasing companies clearly show any damage on the car, limiting the likelihood of disputes with car users and offering greater levels of transparency.
Showing the scope for this, tests of the new system saw the number of disputes over damage fall by up to 70% along with a significant drop in the amount of management time taken up dealing with disgruntled drivers.
BCA's Inspect Pro set-up was deemed much more inventive than the other entrants in the remarketing category, with one judge commenting: "The other entries are nowhere near as innovative - the video, especially, will help the buyer know exactly what they are spending their money on, while it will help the seller dispute any false claims."
Meanwhile, another judge stated that BCA Inspect Pro "puts technology to very good use", smoothing out the defleet process for fleet managers. The new system's focus on customers | 262 |
Black hole event horizon image: The work of one MIT graduate student, Dr Katie Bouman played a crucial role in creating this image as she helped write the algorithm that decoded<|fim_middle|> work of one MIT ( Massachusetts Institute of Technology) graduate student, Dr Katie Bouman, which played a crucial role in creating this image.
Bouman helped develop an algorithm, which decoded the data to give us the first image of the Black hole. The supermassive black hole is at the heart of M87 or a galaxy within the Virgo Galaxy cluster and is nearly 55 million light years away from the Earth, with a mass 6.5 billion times that of the Sun.
According to this 2016 article from the MIT News, Bouman had explained how taking the picture of a black hole is like taking an image of a grapefruit on a moon but with a radio telescope. "To image something this small means that we would need a telescope with a 10,000-kilometer diameter, which is not practical, because the diameter of the Earth is not even 13,000 kilometers," she was quoted as saying.
Bouman's algorithm — which she had called CHIRP for Continuous High-resolution Image Reconstruction using Patch priors is what helped patch together the data that would eventually give this image of the black hole's event horizon.
In 2017 TED Talk, Bouman has also revealed that terrabytes of data was collected and processed in the lab at MIT. The official MIT CSAIL account has also tweeted out a picture of Bouman standing with stacks of hard drives of black hole image data.
What Bouman's algorithm did was to fill in the gaps in the data collected from these eight radio telescopes. Interestingly she is not an astronomer, but has a background in computer science and electrical engineering.
"It was amazing to see that first ring, but it was even more unbelievable that we all produced the ring," Bouman told the Boston Globe in an interview, after the discover was made public. She will be joining the faculty at the California Institute of Technology this year.
"Even though we had worked on this for years, I don't think any of us expected we would get a ring that easily…We just expected a blob," she told Time in an interview.
While there's a lot of interest on Bouman in light of the discovery being made public, it seems someone has also created a fake Twitter and Instagram profile for her. | the image.
The first direct images of a black hole's event horizon were shared by scientists part of the Event Horizon Telescope collaboration, where an international team of over 200 astronomers worked together. Eight radio observatories across four continents worked together as a giant Earth-sized telescope to help gather the data that eventually helped put together the first ever image of a black hole. However, it was the | 79 |
As you can see the NIV has translated the Hebrew word "shalom" as prosper. The misusers of this verse only saw this word "prosper", took it out of context and declared that God wants everyone to be rich. According to the Hebrew Analytical Lexicon of the Old Testament (HALOT), the word as used in this verse can mean either prosperity or success. As I said above, the NIV is not wrong to translate this word as prosper but, the context makes it very clear what the verse in totality means. Let us look at it.
Firstly, as a background, Jeremiah is writing to the Israelites that were already taken to Babylon. God wanted them not to believe the lies that the false prophets among them were telling them. Instead God wanted them to live as much a normal life as possible. They must build houses and marry and have children. They must pray for the welfare or peace of the Babylon nation as by their welfare or peace, they also will have peace. In verse 1<|fim_middle|>, the misuse of this verse is clearly very much intentional on the part of prosperity preachers, because they intentionally choose to read the first part of the verse and completely ignore the rest of the verse. With Phillipians 4:13, other verses are ignored but with this verse, the rest of the verse is ignored.
if you are one of those that misuse this verse, you need to repent right now!
Posted in Christian Attitude and Behaviour, False Christians, Jeremiah 29, The Word of God. | 0 God says that when 70 years has passed, He will visit them, fulfill His promise to them and bring them back to Jerusalem.
Can you see the last part I highlighted bold? Yes? Exactly why it is important to read verses in context. God was telling the Israelites that they should not loose hope because He is sending them to Babylon. It is not as if He as God, has forgotten His promises to them. He has not forgotten and He will give them success and prosperity but, only after the 70 years has passed. In the meantime, they should live as normal life as possible in Babylon. This is the prosperity that God is talking about, a future and a hope for the people of Israel after 70 years has passed.
This verse has therefore nothing to do with individual prosperity as claimed by the prosperity preachers. God is not promising anyone to be rich. Unlike Phillipians 4:13 | 190 |
This Peanut Butter & Jelly Torte features thick peanut butter blondies are layered with rich, fluffy peanut butter frosting and strawberry jam! This Peanut Butter & Jelly Torte is straight-up awesome.
Ever since making this Peanut Butter<|fim_middle|> food, so I always have lots of PB ideas! Thanks, Blair! | Cup Brownie Torte, I got a little obsessed with making blondie or brownie tortes. I've never actually made a cake torte, but if we're using the term 'torte' loosely, and you count tortes that are made from layers of blondies or brownies, then I've made many a torte.
I love that torte recipe – it's one of my favorite recipes on the whole blog. Layers of brownie with peanut butter frosting, chocolate ganache, and whole, full-size Reese's peanut butter cups. It is as decadent as it gets. It almost can't be outdone.
This Red Velvet Brownie Torte is also great. The thick slabs of fudgy red velvet brownies with layers of chocolate chip cream cheese frosting are incredible. It's such a decadent dessert too, but also so elegant with its vibrant red hue and unbeatable height! Recently, I also shared a nice blondie torte for fall: Maple Pecan Blondie Torte with cream cheese frosting.
It was a natural next step that I would make a Peanut Butter & Jelly Torte. A favorite childhood meal, made into this beautiful dessert.
This is your favorite childhood sandwich, dressed up into a beautiful, tall, and kinda fancy dessert. It's surprisingly easy to make, and comes with a surprisingly short ingredient list. Most of these ingredients are already in your pantry!
As much as it looks complicated to make with all the layers, it's really quite simple.
It starts with a pan of 3-ingredient Peanut Butter Blondies. These bars are based on my favorite recipe for easy 3-ingredient peanut butter cookies. Instead of making cookies though, we press the dough into a 9×13-inch pan, and bake it into 'blondies.' Cut into three large sections, and stack the peanut butter blondies with thick layers of peanut butter frosting.
Give a generous drizzle of strawberry jam or strawberry ice cream topping on every layer, and you're set. You can pipe the buttercream if you want a fancier look to this torte, but you can also just slather it onto each layer for ease.
Either way, your end result is an ultra-rich and decadent torte, inspired by your favorite childhood sandwich – PB&J!
Also check out these Peanut Butter & Jelly Cupcakes, these Peanut Butter Cup Brownie Cups, and this Ultimate Chocolate Peanut Butter Torte.
LOL. You came to the right place – it's my fave | 515 |
I'll just admit it: I'm not too crazy about this current triangle mini sunglasses trend that has been plagueing the fashion world this year. Personally, I prefer my sunglasses to be round and rather oversized. But I can see that this particular style has been slightly overused and overexposed during the last couple of years, so I get that the fashion folk finally craved something different and wanted a change. And while I may not be that into Céline's clothing collection, their bags, shoes and accessories are pretty much always on point. Like these Edge angular cat eye sunglasses below for example! I may not be a fan of the triangular mini sunglasses, but these I do like very much. The angular design is a great way to lend some<|fim_middle|> kind enough to inform us about the existence of these budget-friendly Céline inspired sunglasses by Wild Fable which you can get at Target. They are not a perfect dupe match as the arms on these are straight, but the overall look is still very close to the original. And they're so affordable, too!
Also spotted a very Céline-sque pair of angular sunnies at Forever 21 for a steal price of $7.90! They come in either black or olive transparent. Really like this inexpensive steal deal find!
If you need to switch up your sunglass game a little and want to try a rather unusual frame color, why not have a look at these squared sunglasses by ASOS? Same design as the Céline designer orignal, but for a fraction of the real deal's price ($19!). | sharp contour to one's face and give it an edgy masculine vibe. Unfortunately, Céline's Edge Sunglasses are pretty hard to come by these days and seem to be quite in demand at the moment as I couldn't find any online retailer that is currently carrying these.
Also available at Nordstrom, Neiman Marcus, Saks Fifth Avenue, Bergdorf Goodman, Farfetch, Matches Fashion, MyTheresa, Harvey Nichols, SmartBuyGlasses, Pret A Voir, eBay, David Jones, The Iconic, Vestiaire Collective, The RealReal & Fashionphile.
Models like Behati Prinsloo and Hailey Baldwin and various style bloggers and influencers have been spotted wearing Céline Edge Angular Cat Eye Sunglasses.
Update (04/02/2019): Found another spot-on Céline sunglass dupe at Nasty Gal today! It looks just like the designer version and is currently on sale for half off ($8)! Steal deal alert!
A similar version is also available at NA-KD.
Update (02/24/2019): Also spotted these Cèline inspired angular sunglasses at H&M which are only $10 and also come in clear orange.
Update (02/24/2019): Wanted to show you these awesome, spot-on Céline Edge dupe shades I discovered at Urban Outfitters today. Price: $16 and available in various colors. Love these!.
Update (02/24/2019): And how about these super cool BP. angular tortoise shades? They look so much like the real deal but are also super affordable at $14.
Update (02/24/2019): Also stumbled upon these angular cat eye sunnies by Privé Revaux and figured they'd double as a great Céline look for less alternative as well. Available in black, red and grey tortoise for $29.95.
Also available at Privé Revaux, Kohl's & Express.
Update (09/04/2018): Just found these Céline Edge dupes at SheIn and had to share them as they are only $3! Super steal deal alert here!
Also available at Romwe & Windsor Store.
If you can't be bothered to spend multiple hundreds of dollars on a pair of designer sunglasses or want to testdrive this trendy sunglass style frist before committing to the pricey real deal, check out this cute $10 Céline dupe by Mosanana. The design is almost identical; minus the Céline logo, of course. Plus, these here received a few raving customer reviews and they come nicely packaged in a box with a pouch and cleaning cloth. And have I already mentioned they're $10 only and also come in red, pink and tortoise? Love!
Another dupe fave of mine are these ALDO shades. There's no model picture, but I assume they're a pretty close match to the upscale designer sunglasses. Available in either black or natural, both styles are currently on sale for under $15! Another possible Céline alternative I found at ALDO are the geometric Alaenna sunnies which seem to be a little larger and more angular than the Gerralle.
One of our sweet Instagram followers (by the way, have you started following us on Insta (@intheircloset_com) yet?) was | 719 |
AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals Accelerates R&D with MongoDB
Meghan Gill
May 13, 2014 | Updated: May 22, 2015
Last year, pharmaceutical giant AstraZeneca embarked on an ambitious program to use next-generation genome sequencing to develop drugs to fight all kinds of disease, including cancer.
The technology creates a synthetic version of messenger RNA, which helps create protein in cells. If successful, the proteins could fight cancer, among other diseases.
Unfortunately, such genomic sequencing requires a great deal of computing power. As Jason Tetrault, architect of R&D information at AstraZenaca explained recently, analyzing 88 whole human genomes took 15,000 hours and 171 terabytes (TB) of data. Analyzing a single human genome can take four days.
Fortunately, breakthroughs in genetics are coinciding with quantum leaps in computing power. In particular, MongoDB's cross-platform, document-oriented database has arrived to crunch such numbers on a grand scale. "I would include MongoDB in the camp of very disruptive technology," Tetrault says. "Anything that helps us along the way to quicken our pace to help find things faster is great."
For Tetrault, genomic sequencing is a classic example of the challenge of unstructured data. AstraZeneca chose MongoDB for its document storage capability. Then, the company offered lunch and learns to educate staffers. "Of course lunch-and-learns," he says. "Everyone's going to show up for a free lunch."
Examples also helped bring employees on board. Tetrault pointed out that Craigslist and MTV, among others, use MongoDB to track and arrange their huge troves of data. Tetrault says dropping those names "really opens the discussion...it's an 'Oh wow' moment."
Perhaps the most persuasive tactic to getting everyone on board was to show how MongoDB could achieve a useful result relatively quickly. "Find something hard and make it easy," he says.
AstraZeneca's experiment involved taking 10% of all its compounds and pulling in information from its disparate database systems. Using MongoDB, the company was able to execute Tanimoto comparisons on about 500,000,000 compounds. "All of this, underneath my desk," Tetrault says.
Though early in the process, Tetrault says he's excited that AstraZeneca can use MongoDB to help fight cancer. "I'm enabling the cancer researchers. Our researchers are trying to figure out which drug can be most effective against specific tumor types." With a greater command of the data, Tetrault says AstraZeneca can pursue links and patterns that it never noticed before. "Maybe this worked for 10% in liver cancer but wow this lung cancer actually has the same biomarker. That's the kind of question that I would like to ask and that's why I'm interested in big data technology."
Interested in learning more? Watch the full presentation. Or come to MongoDB World where you can hear from dozens of MongoDB users about how they are building applications faster with MongoDB.
Beyond NoSQL: A Modern Database Manifesto
There is no such thing as NoSQL. Not as we tend to think of it, anyway. While NoSQL was born as a movement away from rigid relational data models so web giants could embrace Big Data with scale-out architectures, the term has come to categorize a set of databases that are more different than they are the same. This broad categorization doesn't work. It's not helpful. While we at MongoDB still sometimes refer to NoSQL, we try to do it sparingly, given its propensity to confuse rather than enlighten. Deconstructing NoSQL Today the NoSQL category includes a cacophony of over 100 document, key-value, wide-column and graph databases . Each of these database types comes with its own strengths and limits. Each differs markedly from the others, with disparate models and capabilities relative to data storage, querying, consistency, scalability and high availability. Comparing a document database to a key-value store, for example, is like comparing a smartphone to a beeper. A beeper is exceptionally useful for getting a simple message from Point A to Point B. It's fast. It's reliable. But it's nowhere near as functional as a smartphone, which can quickly and reliably transmit messages, but can also do so much more. Both are useful, but the smartphone fits a far broader range of applications than the more limited beeper. As such, organizations searching for a database to tackle Gartner's three V's of Big Data -- volume, velocity and variety -- won't find an immediate answer in "NoSQL." Instead, they need to probe deeper for a modern database that can handle all of their Big Data application requirements. Modern Databases For Modern Data One of these requirements is, of course, the ability to handle large volumes of data, the original<|fim_middle|> and data types without the database breaking a sweat (or you breaking your back or budget). Your schema must flow from your application requirements, rather than forcing your application to fit a predefined, rigid schema. The database MUST unleash your data . Just storing data isn't enough. You must be able to exploit the data, which particularly means you must be able to ask significant questions of your data. In part this means that the database must support rich queries, indexing, aggregation and search across multi-structured, rapidly changing data sets in real time. But it also means that it must support data for modern use cases including mobile, social, Internet of Things and other systems of engagement. Some relational databases can handle a few of these requirements, yet fail in the essential need to deliver scale and adaptability. Some newer databases, including so-called "NoSQL" key-value or wide column data stores, meet still other requirements, yet don't give organizations the latitude to unleash their data. In fact, they constrain you to look up data by the key with which it was written unless you integrate external search engines and analytics nodes, which can create other problems. MongoDB: A Modern Database For Today's Business Needs But only one database today can deliver on each of these critical components of a modern database. Only one database offers orders of magnitude more productivity for developers and operations teams alike, while still delivering petabyte scale and lightning-fast performance. Only MongoDB, the modern database that tens of thousands of organizations depend upon to build and run today's most demanding applications. To learn more about how MongoDB has enabled some of the world's largest and most innovative companies to deliver applications and outcomes that were previously impossible, download our new whitepaper .
MongoDB Hackathon Winners Announced
Last December, the MongoDB Atlas Hackhaton on DEV was launched. A month has already passed by, and we are very excited to announce this edition's winners. Once again, the MongoDB judging panel was highly impressed by the quality of submissions they received and would like to thank everyone who participated in the hackathon. Over 210 submissions were received, and the choice was not easy. The submissions were categorized into five categories, and each category winner will receive a grand prize worth $1500. In addition to the grand prize winners, ten runner-up projects were selected for prizes worth $250. Action Star In this category, the projects needed to create an event-driven application that used MongoDB Realm Functions and Triggers. Plant Monitor - Using IoT, MongoDB and Flutter Plant monitor is a complete plant health tracking device that uses MongoDB behind the scenes to store all the data from the IoT device. In addition to using the database to store the data, Souvik created a Realm function to have an HTTP endpoint for the device to send the data directly to MongoDB Atlas. He also went an extra step and used MongoDB Charts for excellent analytics of the plant health. Automation Innovation Here, the participants needed to automate a task performed every week using Atlas Serverless. New Year Resolution Tracker with Weekly Automated Reports New Year resolutions are hard to keep, but it will be easier this year, thanks to this application. New Year Resolution tracker is an application to log daily exercises and follow your progress with the established goal. A MongoDB Atlas Serverless instance was used to optimize the cluster usage. Alex decided to use the MongoDB JavaScript native driver to connect to the database, making the code easier to read. E-commerce Creation Searching through a catalog of products is now easier than ever with Atlas Search. In this category, the participants demonstrated the power of Atlas Search in an e-commerce demo application. Groovemade - E-commerce app using MongoDB atlas search Adding full-text search capabilities to an application can seem like a highly complex problem. However, Patrick proved this to be wrong in his project. Groovemade is an e-commerce website that uses MongoDB Atlas to store its catalog of products. The search bar uses Atlas search's auto-completion and fuzzy search features to deliver relevant results instantly to users. Prime Time This category was specifically for IoT and heavy analytics projects. Here, the participants used MongoDB Time Series collection to store large amounts of data. Temperature Sensing with Raspberry Pi into MongoDB IoT sensors produce a lot of data. This data needs to be stored efficiently to provide analytics to the end-users. With his fish tank temperature sensor, Kai demonstrated how to make the best use of MongoDB Time Series collection to handle the data coming from his sensor. With a new entry in the database every three seconds, Time Series is a great way to handle this type of data at scale. Choose Your Own Adventure For participants who got extra creative, this was the category for their projects. Anything that did not fit in the above categories was eligible here. Asteria: Asteroids approaching Earth today The MongoDB team received many creative and inventive submissions in this category. Still, this project stood out and was unanimously picked as the winner. In this project, Valeria uses many advanced MongoDB Atlas features such as Realm authentication, functions, and hosting, to warn us of possible asteroids colliding with our planet. Let's just hope we'll never have to actually use this website to track a potential collision! Runner-Ups In addition to those five grand prize winners, the jury also picked their ten favourite projects from all submissions. The 10 runner-ups, in no particular order, are: Title of the document table, th, td { padding: 10px; border: 1px solid black; border-collapse: collapse; } Lotir - Share link and images between your phone and your computer Julien RENT! e-commerce, submission for AtlasHackathon Matteo Bianchi Metrics Monitoring App with Anomaly Detection using MongoDB madalinfasie Explore Seattle City Bikes trips Benoît Durand Recipe Cards Collection - Powered by MongoDB, Responsively Designed Roxioxx Studios Watchkeeping: a timesheet compiling tool for Seafarers Chuong Tang Atlas hackathon submission (Refactored waffles) Pranjal Jain HeatSat yvesnrd vaccineAvailability Application Bikram Bhusan Sinha Manage webhooks with MongoDB Functions and Triggers Pubudu Jayawardana See you next time! That concludes our latest MongoDB Atlas and DEV hackathon. We would like to thank all the participants for their great ideas and unique submissions. This will most likely not be the last hackathon, so stay tuned to learn more about the future events coming up on Dev.to . | impetus behind the NoSQL movement. But the ability to handle volume, or scale, is something all databases categorized as "NoSQL" share. MongoDB, for example, counts among its users those who regularly store petabytes of data, perform over 1,000,000 operations per second and clusters that exceed 1,000 nodes. A modern database, however, must do more than scale. Scalability is table stakes. It also must enable agility to accelerate development and time to market. It must allow organizations to iterate as they embrace new business requirements. And a modern database must, above all, enable enterprises to take advantage of rapidly growing data variety. Indeed the "greatest challenge and opportunity" for enterprises, as Forrester notes, is managing a "variety of data sources," including data types and sources that may not even exist today. In general, all so-called NoSQL databases are much more helpful than relational databases at storing a wide variety of data types and sources, including mobile device, geospatial, social and sensor data. But the hallmark of a modern database its ability to allow organizations to do useful things with their data. Defining The Modern Database To count as a modern database, then, a database must meet three requirements. While relational databases are able to manage some of these requirements, and newer so-called "NoSQL" key-value or wide column data stores meet others, only MongoDB meets all three requirements. The database MUST scale . As data volume and velocity grows, so the database must grow too. It should scale horizontally and elegantly, without doing unnatural things to your application, in the cloud or on commodity hardware. Meeting the base requirements -- like having enough capacity to serve your customers -- should be a given. The database MUST adapt to change . The speed of business accelerates and your database must keep pace, enabling iteration. This means you must be able to process and mine new data sources | 395 |
Tucked away in the back streets of D<|fim_middle|> accommodation? | untroon is Father Ted's, between Orr and 17 Rees Street and only 50 metres from the A2O Cycleway.
The church and vicarage is surrounded by 120yr old heritage oak trees in the former grounds of St. Magnus Presbyterian Church.
The first thing to greet you is the secluded private courtyard between the church and vicarage, a perfect place to unwind, after a days biking, fishing, exploring or just taking in the sights of the Waitaki Valley.
We have accommodation for up to five people. The queen bedroom, and a 2 bed king single room shares the central bathroom, the other 2 bed king single rooms share an ensuite.
The extensive kitchen is complete with all the basics, and is a great place to share a meal or you can walk 200 metres down to the Duntroon Hotel, or have gumboots and pearls cater in house for you, or have us cook for you (please inquire).
We also offer an "honesty box" for beverages.
Accommodation for 5 people starts @ 89.00 p.p.
Father Ted's is a large four bedroom home with one queen room and three twin single rooms.
The large kitchen is fully equipped with all the basics.
Every booking is supplied with a continental breakfast for you to enjoy at your leisure.
Are you looking for more | 285 |
Get a close-up look at the<|fim_middle|>/support-maryland-nature/. | fastest animals on the planet! A pair of peregrine falcons has been nesting in the eaves of a historic water tower in downtown Baltimore, giving observers a close view of these iconic raptors. The pair fledged three young last year, and we're hoping for another successful breeding season in 2019. The falcons will probably be incubating during our visit and if we're lucky we'll get amazing views of behaviors like food and nest exchanges.
What to bring: Bring your binoculars, water, and sunscreen.
Location: Instructions on where to meet will be emailed to participants the Friday before the trip.
Register: Space is limited, register and pay on our website: https://marylandnature.org/events/, NHSM Member $10, NHSM Non-member $15.
About our leader: Matt Olear has spent hundreds of hours over the past decade monitoring several pairs of peregrine falcons as a volunteer with the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, and other agencies. He has written about the decline and recovery of peregrines and has participated with wildlife officials in efforts to band falcon chicks, study migrating peregrines, and survey for nesting pairs. Matt will share his knowledge and help participants get a bird's-eye view of these magnificent creatures.
Matt, like most of the other people who lead NHSM field trips, is a volunteer, so your money will go directly to support the programs, the nature collections, and the building that make this kind of nature education possible. Donate or become a member of the Natural History Society of Maryland by visiting https://marylandnature.org | 339 |
About HIV
The Unity Tool
HIV Testing Campaign
Picturing Stigma:<|fim_middle|> insights. Click here if you would like to go to the website for an online tour of the artworks
Positive Women Inc. NZ is currently in discussions with Dr Morgan about doing a similar project in Aotearoa New Zealand. Watch this space.
Hot off the press – Toitū te Ao
We are very excited to congratulate and welcome the creation of a new Māori people living with HIV network called Toitū te Ao.
Toitū te Ao will be offering support, by Māori for Māori, living with HIV as well as providing educational information and advocacy with an indigenous lens.
Board Update December 2021
Updates on recent Board activities and how they have adapted to the new online 'normal' that Covid has caused.
Sending Love to Jan
Jan has been a member of Positive Women Inc. for more than 15 years after contracting HIV through a work-related needle stick injury while caring for a patient who had AIDS. Over those 15 years Jan has been a Board member twice, she is a Positive Speaker and was instrumental for the shift towards the use of retractable needles by many DHB's in Aotearoa New Zealand.
Free HIV Rapid Test
© 2021 Positive Women Inc. Privacy Complaints Site by Kodaweb | Art and HIV Activism - The Positively Women Exhibition Online
On World AIDS Day 2021 Dr Elizabeth Kerekere, Greens List MP, held a very special Zoom, focusing on the topic of stigma experienced by people living with HIV. The evening was grounded in a research project undertaken by the Kirby Institute in collaboration with a number of Australian people living with HIV networks.
This was a community-based arts research study, using a new method of arts based research created by Dr. Patricia Morgan, called Meditative Process Art (MPA). The project explored what it means to be a woman living with HIV in Australia and examines how art can influence health and effect change, both for women and for those who view their artwork.
Those who attended the zoom session on World AIDS Day were shown some of the selected artworks from the project, presented by Dr Morgan who demonstrated the principles of MPA and then invited participants to engage in feedback.
It was a very interactive and engaging evening with some very profound | 201 |
Q: webservices healthcheck url and behaviour DISCLAIMER: At first, It seemed to me like this is too simple question to ask, however I couldn't find any definitive answer and there is a chance the answer is out there in a community but not documented because it's too simple :}
The questions are:
*
*is there a canonic URL for healthcheck of a web service. If yes what is it.
*is there a common way<|fim_middle|> 5xx, which means that server failed to fulfill the request.
Codes like 4xx cannot be considered for healthchecking hence they rather mean that problem was caused by the client.
Alongside with status code they often supply error details in response body. Like:
{status: "ERROR", description: "Here is error description"}
P.S. - Some implementations extend the code range and introduce their own which are to be treated in a special way that is implied by service developers.
| of encoding the health information whether in body or return code...
(canonical in a sense most tools and platforms recognize it and support it natively)
A: It is up to REST service developer how to implement health-check of their service. The main reason is that REST service is implementing certain business logic and different logic has different "attributes" of how healthy a service is.
Regarding encoding health information, the normal way is to provide response status code which is considered problematic if response is a kind of | 98 |
Verizon iPhone Coming This Year: Report
By Austin Carr 1 minute Read
Apple plans to start mass production for a new iPhone before the year's end that would be available on the Verizon network, according to sources who briefed the Wall Street Journal. Wednesday's news adds support to a recent report hinting at similar release dates for the Verizon iPhone. Is AT&T's exclusive rights to Apple's hot product finally over?
First, we shouldn't assume any truth toward rumors until Steve Jobs confirms them himself. With the exception of the iPhone 4, Apple has been notoriously successful about keeping its launch plans secret. We've also seen just as many hints of the Verizon release, with just as many denials. Last year, rumors began bubbling up about the partnership, with USA Today and the New York Times fanning the flames.
Verizon has kept equally vague about the announcement. At the CTIA conference in San Francisco today, Verizon president and COO Lowell McAdam said we would hear any news from about the latest iPhone from Apple first.
"This is one of<|fim_middle|> give you any insights. But I think Apple is the one that
has to make that announcement."
But the Verizon head did offer some optimism for a partnership, albeit without any concrete answers on when.
"What I've always said is I expect at some point in time our business
interests are going to align. I think things like LTE are another great
reason why they'd want a device or tablet on that network. But I don't
have anything to say today about timing," he explained.
According to WSJ's sources, the new Verizon iPhone would come to market in early 2011. | those things that rolls out every few weeks whether
there's a basis for it or not," McAdam said, PC World reports. "I can't | 31 |
As I write this, it's still<|fim_middle|> Neil Sedaka is…he recorded some of the best music in the late 50's and early 60's. I hope you'll google him.
What are your New Year's traditions? I would love hear about them.
I wish you a very Happy and Blessed New Year! | 2015 on the west coast. I image that the east coast is celebrating 2016 already. My New Year's traditions haven't had anything to do with celebrations during the night in a very long time.
Our tradition is to head off Diamond Springs for breakfast. This little town is from the California Gold Rush days. The old hotel has a restaurant down stairs, with the hotel upstairs. I'm not sure if the hotel is still operating or not. The food there is great and serving sizes are large. Hubby and I each have our favorites on the menu. We can only eat half the serving, so we bring the other half home for New Year's Day morning. We have our little breakfast while we watch the Rose Parade on TV.
We also visit the visit the Diamond Springs Hotel Restaurant 2 or 3 other times during the year. It's been a favorite of ours for quite a few years. This year I was doing research on the old towns from the Gold Rush days and learned this place is claimed to be haunted. Especially the men's restroom and the back corner booth – where we have sat a more that a few occasions. Thankfully there has never been anything eerie while we were there.
My highlight on New Year's Eve is to change the calendars over (new day, new month, new year). Most of my calendars (yes, there are many) are perpetual calendars. We have only one calendar that contains birthdays, anniversaries, appointment and reminders. We can update it on any computer or smart phone so hubby and I both have it all available to each of us – keeps life simple (and organized). Me and my calendars could (and should) be another post. Suffice it to say…I am a Calendar Girl. OH! I have Neil Sedaka singing in my head. Oh, Carol! There goes Neil again. It's a good thing I still love his music. If anyone reading this has no idea who | 398 |
My husband and I were fortunate and thankful to have a night in New Orleans, right after Thanksgiving and right before<|fim_middle|> were even awake, my husband and I started our journey toward Louisiana. Stopping in Mississippi for lunch, we made it to the Lower Garden District in New Orleans in time for dinner, and discovered many fabulous restaurants I hadn't realized were in this vibrant city, making for a sensationally delicious evening.
After this absolutely incredible experience, we walked down to The Tasting Room, an intimate and inviting wine lounge, where we enjoyed a glass of wine and a lovely cheese board.
A little further down the street we found Coquette, another astoundingly creative establishment. | his High School reunion. We diverged slightly from our yearly tradition at Fairfield Bay, leaving after our family Thanksgiving dinner and driving past the lines already in place for Black Friday sales, to spend the evening at home.
Early the next morning, our wonderful sitter arrived, and before our kids | 58 |
The Kidbrooke Village development, located in London's popular Royal borough of Greenwich, has become an award winning development for Berkeley Homes and Barretts of Aspley have enjoyed a long standing relationship with the regeneration project; which now spans over 10 years. The 28<|fim_middle|>2001 and is now home to a thriving regeneration with a bright future ahead.
Barretts of Aspley were once again selected to provide the architectural metalwork's package for Block B/Phase 2 of Kidbrooke Village, being able to deliver consistent quality to the first class development over such a large time frame was the catalyst providing the opportunity to renew the working relationship. A high production capacity and a proven installation capability was key to delivering the scope of works at Kidbrooke Block B, with over 130 new housing units being developed featuring prominent metalwork's throughout. On site co-ordination with a multitude of trades was required to guarantee precise manufacture timescales to meet the installation deadlines, and by working closely with the client using our experience of previous phases at the development, we were able to assist with installation methods and facilitate a smooth build process for all involved. | year development, which began in 2007, has created 8,000 jobs including 140 apprenticeships and has delivered over 1,000 homes. The former RAF base became the Ferrier Estate in 1968, it was then listed for development by Greenwich Council in | 67 |
Bible > WBT > 2 Kings 13
◄ 2 Kings 13 ►
Webster Bible Translation
Jehoahaz's Wicked Reign in Israel
1In the three and twentieth year of Joash the son of Ahaziah king of Judah, Jehoahaz the son of Jehu began to reign over Israel in Samaria, and reigned seventeen years. 2And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD, and followed the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who made Israel to sin; he departed not therefrom. 3And the anger of the LORD was kindled against Israel, and he delivered them into the hand of Hazael king of Syria, and into the hand of Ben-hadad the son of Hazael, all their days. 4And Jehoahaz besought the LORD, and the LORD hearkened to him: for he saw the oppression of Israel, because the king of Syria oppressed them. 5(And the LORD gave Israel a savior, so that they went out from under the hand of the Syrians: and the children of Israel dwelt in their tents, as formerly. 6Nevertheless they departed not from the sins of the house of Jeroboam, who made Israel sin, but walked in them: and there remained the grove also in Samaria.) 7Neither did he leave of the people to Jehoahaz but fifty horsemen, and ten chariots, and ten thousand footmen; for the king of Syria had destroyed them, and had made them like the dust by threshing. 8Now the rest of the acts of Jehoahaz, and all that he did, and his might, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel? 9And Jehoahaz slept with his fathers; and they buried him in Samaria: and Joash his son reigned in his stead.
Jehoash's Wicked Reign in Israel
10In the thirty and seventh year of Joash king of Judah began Jehoash the son of Jehoahaz to reign over Israel in Samaria, and he reigned sixteen years. 11And he did that which was evil in the sight of the LORD: he departed not from all the sins of Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who made Israel sin: but he walked in them. 12And the rest of the acts of Joash, and all that he did, and his might with which he fought against Amaziah king of Judah, are they not written in the book of the chronicles of the kings of Israel? 13And Joash slept with his fathers; and Jeroboam sat upon his throne: and Joash was buried in Samaria with the kings of Israel.
Elisha's Final Prophecy
14Now Elisha had fallen sick of his disease of which he died. And Joash the king of Israel came down to him, and wept over his face, and said, O my father, my father, the chariot of Israel, and the horsemen thereof. 15And Elisha said to him, Take bow and arrows. And he took to him bow and arrows. 16And he said to the king of Israel, Put thy hand upon the bow. And he put his hand upon<|fim_middle|> gracious to them, and had compassion on them, and had respect to them, because of his covenant with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and would not destroy them, neither did he as yet reject them from his presence.
24So Hazael king of Syria died; and Ben-hadad his son reigned in his stead. 25And Jehoash the son of Jehoahaz took again from the hand of Ben-hadad the son of Hazael the cities, which he had taken from the hand of Jehoahaz his father by war. Three times Joash defeated him, and recovered the cities of Israel. | it: and Elisha put his hands upon the king's hands. 17And he said, Open the window eastward. And he opened it. Then Elisha said, Shoot. And he shot. And he said, The arrow of the LORD'S deliverance, and the arrow of deliverance from Syria: for thou shalt smite the Syrians in Aphek, till thou hast consumed them. 18And he said, Take the arrows. And he took them. And he said to the king of Israel, Smite upon the ground. And he smote thrice, and ceased. 19And the man of God was wroth with him, and said, Thou shouldst have smitten five or six times; then hadst thou smitten Syria till thou hadst consumed it: whereas now thou shalt smite Syria but thrice.
20And Elisha died, and they buried him. And the bands of the Moabites invaded the land at the coming in of the year. 21And it came to pass, as they were burying a man, that behold, they spied a band of men; and they cast the man into the sepulcher of Elisha: and when the man was let down, and touched the bones of Elisha, he revived, and stood on his feet.
22But Hazael king of Syria oppressed Israel all the days of Jehoahaz. 23And the LORD was | 306 |
Red Bull's Horner satisfied despite Vettel mistake in Hungary
Adam Cooper
LAT PHOTOGRAPHIC
Red Bull Formula One team boss Christian Horner is happy with the outcome of the Hungarian Grand Prix.
Red Bull boss Christian Horner says his team is happy with the outcome of the Hungarian Grand Prix, despite Sebastian Vettel throwing away a win and dropping to third.
In the end an inspired strategy call, in which Horner played a part, gave Mark Webber the chance to pass Fernando Alonso and ultimately, thanks to the penalty Vettel suffered, his own teammate.
Horner said he had no complaints about the penalty after Vettel dropped around 22 car lengths, instead of the maximum 10 car lengths, behind his teammate in the safety car line.
"It was a fantastic race for Red Bull, to win our 100th Grand Prix with a one-three finish," said Horner after the race. "The start was where we were always going to be exposed and from the dirty side of the grid Seb made a great start. Mark from the dirty side dropped a place to Fernando, and then the pace car came out at one of those crucial and uncomfortable times where we elected to split the strategy.
"It was a bit of a risk with Mark. We got Seb in right at the last moment, we managed to get him into the pit lane, because if he had completed that lap as we saw with [Fernando] in Valencia it would have been a disaster. We managed to get Seb serviced and back out.
"For Mark it was always going to be about building 20 seconds to the Ferraris, to get him ahead. Which was always going to be a tall order. Unfortunately, at the restart Sebastian dropped too far behind the 10 car lengths he was supposed to be. I'm not quite sure why, we'll have to have a chat with him to fully understand that. And then he had a drive-through penalty which was fair because Seb was that far behind Mark.
"And then Mark had to get his head down and achieve that 20-second magic number, which was the number he was chasing, to be able to do a pit stop and get ahead of the Ferraris. He managed to achieve 23, a great pit stop from the boys and then it was a comfortable second half of the race for Mark. Sebastian put Fernando under a huge amount of pressure, but at a track like this overtaking was always going to be very, very difficult."
Horner said he didn't know why Vettel had dropped so far behind in the safety car line, although it seems pretty clear that the German just forgot the rule, assuming that he was fully aware of it in the first place.
"I think this kind of thing is obviously covered in the drivers' briefings and there was some discussion after China about this. We had a few radio issues with Seb, where it wasn't fully clear whether he could fully hear us or not, which is why I spoke to him a couple of times in the race.
"It was something we discussed on the pit wall and we obviously told him to push. I'm not sure how many of those messages he got because we didn't get a lot of response from the car and that's why I also delivered the message because again he didn't understand why he had the penalty<|fim_middle|>, and Jenson [Button] scored very few, it's still a great team finish to get a dominate victory and a third place. | , so I used the radio to try and explain to him.
"It was one of those things, which unfortunately for whatever reason, caught him out. What would have been a relative comfortable victory for him today turned into a third place, but a third place on a day when Lewis Hamilton didn't score any points | 62 |
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Instant expert: Lake District
Deal Expert
Lake District at a Glance
Official language: English
Currency: Great British pound
Tipping: Not expected
1. The Lake District is the largest National Park in England, covering 885 square miles.
2. It's home to England's highest mountain, Scafell Pike, which has a summit of 3,209 feet.
3. England's longest and deepest lakes - Windermere and Wastwater - are also found here. They measure 10.5 miles long and 260 feet deep, respectively.
4. An estimated 15.8 million tourists visit the region annually.
5. Noted walker Alfred Wainwright wrote about 214 fells in the area in his 7-volume Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells.
6. Only Bassenthwaite Lake (below) is actually referred to as a lake. All of the other bodies of water go by the names of "mere", "tarn" or "water".
A post shared by Jonny Winter (@haveplanneedvan) on Jun 17, 2017 at 11:23pm PDT
7. The region is renowned for its literary heritage. William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Beatrix Potter are just a few of the writers who once lived here.
8. The Lake District National Park has over 14,650 archaeological sites and monuments, and more than 1,760 listed buildings.
9. Graphite was discovered in Borrowdale in the 16th century, and in 1832 a factory in Keswick was the first place to manufacture the humble pencil.
10. St Olaf's Church in Wasdale is said to be the smallest church in England.
When to visit the Lake District
Whether you are planning on hiking, or learning to sail on Coniston or Windermere, it goes without saying that the summer months may prove more suitable for outdoor activities. There are organised wild swims on select dates in July and August, and boat trips and watersport facilities are available on select lakes. If you want to avoid the busy summer months, try September and October when you'll get to see the impressive autumnal glory of the Park. Heavy rain tends to fall at the beginning and end of winter, with mid-winter snow making some rural roads impassable. Click here for our season-by-season guide to the best time to visit the Lake District.
The Lake District is Best For…
Outdoors enthusiasts. From swimming and climbing, to sailing and cycling: there are endless ways to make the most of the dramatic terrain.
Literary buffs. Visit William Wordsworth's homes in Cockermouth and Grasmere, or Beatrix Potter's 17th-century farmhouse in Ambleside, and discover why so many writers were inspired by the scenery.
Hikers of all abilities. You can walk the gentle 1.5-mile Tarn Hows circuit, or embark on the challenging 9-mile ascent of England's highest mountain, Scafell Pike. There are trails suitable for all.
Families. With animal attractions, castles, museums and heritage steam trains, even rainy days won't stop you exploring.
Those with a sweet tooth. During colder or wetter months, sit by the fire and indulge in Grasmere's famous gingerbread or Cartmel's classic sticky toffee puddings.
A photo posted by Grasmere Gingerbread (@grasmeregingerbread) on Jun 9, 2016 at 7:30am PDT
5 Hotels We Love in the Lake District
Macdonald Old England Hotel & Spa
Where: Bowness-on-Windermere
Why: Prime location in Bowness, overlooking Windermere. Home to a 2-AA-Rosette restaurant with floor-to-ceiling windows, plus a 20-metre swimming pool and a spa. The hotel is close to many Lake District attractions - The World of Beatrix Potter Attraction is a 3-minute walk away.
Click here for rates and availability
Lodore Falls Hotel
Where: Keswick, Cumbria
Why: This family-owned hotel overlooking Derwentwater has an indoor pool and sauna, an AA-Rosette-awarded restaurant and (as the name suggests) a waterfall right in the grounds. There's also an outdoor hot tub and free bike hire for guests, both of which come into their own in the warmer weather.
Laura Ashley the Belsfield
Where: Bowness-on-Windermere, Cumbria
Why: This listed Victorian property reopened in July 2014 after a multimillion-pound refurbishment and collaboration with Laura Ashley. There's an indoor pool, a stylish cocktail bar, two restaurants and, as you can see, spectacular views over Windermere.
The Ryebeck
Why: A former Edwardian gentlemen's residence set in five acres of landscaped grounds with sweeping views of Windermere. There's also a 2-AA-Rosette restaurant on site, and Bowness and Ambleside are just up the road. Rooms have lake or garden views.
Wordsworth Hotel & Spa
Where: Grasmere, Cumbria
Why: The village of Grasmere is about as idyllic a spot as you'll find to usher in the spring months. This hotel is named after the poet William Wordsworth and sits next to another famous institution – the Grasmere Gingerbread Shop. The northern tip of Lake Windermere is a 15-minute drive from the hotel.
See our full list of deals on Lake District hotels - many of our listed properties offer exclusive extras for Travelzoo members.
To find the all the best ways to spend time in the area, check out our interactive guide, 101 Things to do in the Lake District.
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Here are the details | 1,700 |
The daily cabal, a blog of bite sized daily fiction which I contribute to, published its 500th story on Feb 13th.
every weekday without interruption since it launched on March 26th, 2007.
Elevator with Albert Einstein," and "Math for Witches."
www.dailycabal.com , and the group can also be found on Facebook.
The Daily Cabal was born almost two years ago and there have been changes to the lineup of writers since then. Some of us are on hiatus (or sort of) and there have been plenty of new additions, people bringing new ideas (and stamina) to a project that all of us believe in. We've gotten good reader response during this time and hope to keep on going until we run out of ink.
If you haven't stopped by before take the time to peek. There are 500 stories in the archives for you to browse through. That's a lot of microfiction.
The March issue of Asimov's is out and "Slow Stampede" has gotten mixed reviews.
Lois Tilton gives me her first RECOMMENDED for this story.
Raj is a bandit, young, ruthless and ambitious to be the next Chief. His village makes its living by raiding the caravans of Swamp Elephants that travel through the Swamp where they live.
From the distance, they looked like Jesus-bugs skimming<|fim_middle|> hand, if this is an excerpt from a novel, there is plenty to build on here.
That one goes to show how hard it is sometimes to make unlikable protags work.
Overall, I'm pretty happy with what people have been saying about the story. I've finished the copyedits of "Shoes-to-Run" so that one should appear in Asimov's in a few months.
Separating them is Sara Genge's 'Slow Stampede.' On an alien planet, Raj and his tribe eke out a marginal existence in a vast swamp also inhabited by cannibal merpeople, through which pass regular caravans of swamp-elephants ripe for the picking. Newcomer Genge skillfully depicts an exotic world peopled by ambitious youngsters, doddering elders and indulgent mothers. Recommended.
Benjamin Crowell's 'Whatness" also gets a recommended and Holly Phillip's 'The Long, Cold Goodbye' gets a highly recommended. Reading all these reviews of the other stories in this issue makes me look wistfully at the mail and wonder when I'll get my copies.
Overall, the issue seems to be sitting well with reviewers. | the mud, but Raj knew that they stood taller than the sequoias that anchored their roots hundreds of yards under the surface. The swampiphant's legs pierced the upper layers of silt, finding purchase further down as the mud served to stabilize their tremendous height.
But the hungry Merfolk also live in the Swamp, and must be reckoned with.
Colorful and imaginative worldbuilding makes this one entertaining.
"Slow Stampede", by Sara Genge, presents a finely-imagined world of bandits raiding caravans of immense "swamp elephants" on a low-gravity planet. The main character is well developed and very realistic, as a young bandit chafing at the authority of his tribe; but maybe he's too self-confident and amoral to win our sympathy. He is also the only character to really be developed (perhaps reflecting his own self-centered point of view). The story ends with his marrying a character who has not been developed beyond a brief sketch. This, and other loose ends, makes the story feel incomplete. On the other | 218 |
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They may not be local to you but they are always accessible through a phone | 79 |
December | 2013 | Sing. Dream. Hope. Pray.
In twelve years we, like all married couples, have endured joy, pain, hardship and trials. We've celebrated, mourned, laughed (more than most folks will laugh in a lifetime), danced (a lot) and fought like cats and dogs on more than one occasion.
Along the way, we founded and continue to run a successful business together, celebrated two college graduations (Way to go, Brittany!), moved twice (Bless us!), bought a house, nearly lost our house, muddled through the Great Recession, traveled to Africa, expanded our family by adopting one child and four dogs, grieved the passing of two dogs, nursed each other through health scares and crises and surgeries, acquired many tattoos (both of us), traveled, played a lot of golf at some really awesome courses and mourned the loss of loved ones. We've made friends, lost friends and left a church that was our home for eight years. Perhaps the greatest thing I've witnessed in twelve years of marriage to this awesome individual is the Holy Spirit-breathed evolution of a great businessman, loving, loyal, dedicated and hardworking husband, outstanding father and an all around really great guy. And all glory to God, we're still standing together.
This entry was posted in faith, Family, marriage and tagged anniversary, faith, life, marriage, relationship on December 19, 2013 by Bobbie DuBose.
Munchkin recently turned five. We celebrated his big day with a party at our local bowling alley. We invited a few of our friends and their children. We had a wonderful turnout of<|fim_middle|> is: inflicting pain or suffering without pity. That said, how far from the meaning of that word could a toy drive fall?
What have we come to as a society, when a fellow parent labels you as cruel for soliciting and giving gifts to another child? If that's your definition of cruel then I say bring it on. As a matter of fact, your definition of cruel is a label I'll happily accept on behalf of my family and one we'll proudly sport.
This entry was posted in Family, Parenthood and tagged Birthday, Charity, children, Generosity, Gifts, Giving, Toys for Tots on December 4, 2013 by Bobbie DuBose. | about twelve children and nearly 20 adults. Everyone had a fantastic time.
Note: According to Toys for Tots, hard to fill age groups are boys and girls ages 0-2 and 11 and up.
We are so excited to share Jackson's special day with some very special children. Thank you for being part of it.
With a late November birthday and Christmas one month later, it doesn't make sense to us, for folks to lavish gifts on Jackson simply for the sake of gift giving. [Please know, I'm not holding this out there for everyone to do. I'm simply telling you what worked for our family—thus far.] We had a fabulous response. It was far better than we could've ever hoped for or dreamed of. Everyone brought a toy. Heck, many people brought multiple toys. The bags I brought to collect them were overflowing. Immediately following the party we took the bags of toys to our town's community center and deposited them in the Toys for Tots bins. Munchkin was thrilled to do it, and led the charge. Through the generosity of our friends we were able to bless easily more than a dozen children on Jackson's special day.
Now here's the funny part of the story—the rub, if you will. A friend of our family who attended the party mentioned it to a friend of hers. Her friend is the parent of a six-year-old boy. Our friend's friend thought our toy drive was cruel to our son. That's the word she used. "Cruel." Now, last I looked, toy drives weren't listed under the definition of "cruel" in the dictionary. As a matter of fact, the definition | 345 |
Best Books on Game Theory
Recommendations from 4 articles, Chris Hayes, Naval Ravikant.
Theory of Games and Economic Behavior
60th Anniversary Commemorative Edition
John von Neumann - 2020-06-12 (first published in 1944)
This is the classic work upon which modern-day game theory is based. What began more than sixty years ago as a modest proposal that a mathematician and an economist write a short paper together blossomed, in 1944, when Princeton University Press published Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. In it, John von Neumann and Oskar Morgenstern conceived...
11 Best Books on Game Theory in 2022 (Explained!) – Knowledge Eager
knowledgeeager.com
Top 18 Best Game Theory Books of 2022 (Reviews) - FindThisBest
findthisbest.com
Game Theory 101
The Complete Textbook
William Spaniel - 2011-09-03
Game Theory 101: The Complete Textbook is a no-nonsense, games-centered introduction to strategic form (matrix) and extensive form (game tree) games. From the first lesson to the last, this textbook introduces games of increasing complexity and then teaches the game theoretical tools necessary to solve them. Quick, efficient, and to the point, Game...
The Evolution of Cooperation
Robert Axelrod - 2006-12-04 (first published in 1984)
NonfictionFinanceSciencePsychologySocial SciencesBiologySociology
The Evolution of Cooperation provides valuable insights into the age-old question of whether unforced cooperation is ever possible. Widely praised and much-discussed, this classic book explores how cooperation can emerge in a world of self-seeking egoists—whether superpowers, businesses, or individuals—when there is no central authority to police t...
Chris HayesNaval Ravikant
Steven Tadelis - 2013-01-06 (first published in 2012)
FinanceNonfictionScienceMath
The definitive introduction to game theoryThis comprehensive textbook introduces readers to the principal ideas and applications of game theory, in a style that combines rigor with accessibility. Steven Tadelis begins with a concise description of rational decision making, and goes on to discuss strategic and extensive form games with complete info...
The Joy of Game Theory
An Introduction to Strategic Thinking
Presh Talwalkar - 2014-08-08
This book is a selection of the best articles from Game Theory Tuesdays, a column from the blog Mind Your Decisions. Articles from Game Theory Tuesdays have been referenced in The Freakonomics Blog , Yahoo Finance , and CNN.com .Game theory is the study of interactive decision making--that is, in situations where each person's action affects the ou...
5 Best Game Theory Books - Value of Stocks
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The Art of Strategy
A Game Theorist's Guide to Success in Business and Life
Avinash K. Dixit - 2010-01-04
BusinessNonfictionFinance
"I am hard pressed to think of another book that can match the combination of practical insights and reading enjoyment."—Steven LevittGame theory means rigorous strategic thinking. It's the art of anticipating your opponent's next moves, knowing full well that your rival is trying to do the same thing to you. Though parts of game theory involve sim...
Introducing Game Theory
A Graphic Guide
Ivan Pastine - 2017-04-18
Nonfiction<|fim_middle|>7-07-01 (first published in 1970)
MathScienceFinanceNonfiction
"A lucid and penetrating development of game theory that will appeal to the intuition . . . a most valuable contribution." — Douglas R. Hofstadter, author of Gödel, Escher, BachThe foundations of game theory were laid by John von Neumann, who in 1928 proved the basic minimax theorem, and with the 1944 publication of the Theory of Games and Economic... | ScienceFinanceBusinessMathPsychologySocial Sciences
Why did countries engage in a nuclear arms race? How do we make decisions when we don't have all the information? What makes international environmental cooperation possible?Game theory is the study of how we make a decision when the outcome of our moves depends on the decisions of someone else. But it's not just about predicting your opponent's ne...
The Surprising Power of Game Theory to Explain Irrational Human Behavior
Erez Yoeli, Moshe Hoffman - 2022-04-05
Two MIT economists show how game theory—the ultimate theory of rationality—explains irrational behavior We like to think of ourselves as rational. This idea is the foundation for classical economic analysis of human behavior, including the awesome achievements of game theory. But as behavioral economics shows, most behavior doesn't seem rati...
≡ Top 5 books about Game theory -【Best reads 2022】
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A Nontechnical Introduction (Dover Books on Mathematics)
Morton D. Davis - 199 | 236 |
A spending bill signed into law in in September included $8.8 million to pay interns in the House. Each office was allocated $20,000 in a newly created account, separate from the Members' Representational Allowance funds.
The committee resolution does not need approval from the full House and the changes will be adopted to the handbook immediately.
Interns paid out of this fund must work in the Washington office, and interns in district offices are not eligible. They also do not count against the members' employee staff ceiling.
"One recommendation I<|fim_middle|> the total usage of the funding.
Pay Our Interns, a a group that advocates more paid internships, thinks there is room for improvement in the guidance approved Tuesday.
"The House Administration Committee took months to release guidelines that are sparse and do not provide adequate guidance to offices on how to make their offices more diverse and equitable," said Pay Our Interns co-founder Carlos Vera.
The group is urging congressional offices to push back deadlines for summer internships to April 1, giving applicants more time to apply with more certainty that they may be paid.
The same spending measure that funded House interns also included money for the Senate. In that chamber, funding is allocated so offices receive an average $50,000 for intern compensation, with exact amounts depending on the state. For instance, Florida senators are estimated to be allocated $66,200 while Rhode Island senators are estimated to be allocated $46,000. | hope this committee can revisit in the future, since these are interim regulations, is the requirement that the interns being paid out of these accounts must work in Washington D.C.," said ranking member Rodney Davis.
He was joined by California Democrat Susan Davis, who pointed out that cost of living in some members districts is also prohibitively expensive for district office interns. She would also like district interns to be eligible in the future.
Chairwoman Zoe Lofgren told the panel that she started her career on Capitol Hill as an intern with a stipend to help pay her way.
The resolution directs the Chief Administrative Officer to update offices monthly on the balance of their allotment of funds and submit a semiannual report to the House Administration panel on | 146 |
Tuesday October 22 2019
Week commencing Monday 28 October at Sage Gateshead
• OMD celebrate 40 years of making music in the Sage Gateshead date of their special world tour
• GRAMMY award winner and Hogan's Hero, Albert Lee
• One of Britain's best-known and celebrated comedians, Sir Lenny Henry
Newcastle Half Term Free Pop-Up Performances
Monday 28 October - Friday 1 November
Call into Sage Gateshead during Newcastle half term week and catch a free pop-up performance in the café area by members of Royal Northern Sinfonia, Sage Gateshead's resident professional orchestra.
Performances last approximately 20 minutes. All performances are free and do not require a ticket.
Mozart Monday
28 October, 12.30pm
Music includes Mozart's Oboe Quartet.
Tchaikovsky Tuesday
Music includes Tchaikovsky's Nutcracker Suite.
Windy Wednesday
Music includes Grieg's Peer Gynt Suite.
Spooky Special Thursday
Music includes Hermann's Psycho Suite.
It's Friday: May the Force be with You
1 November, 5.30pm
Music includes highlights from John Williams' Star Wars.
More Information: https://sagegateshead.com/whats-on/halftermpopup/
These performances are free and no booking is required.
Dave Alvin & Jimmie Dale Gilmore with The Guilty Ones Plus Roseanne Reid
Monday 28 October 2019 | 8:00pm
Dave Alvin from Downey and Jimmie Dale Gilmore from Lubbock have been filling canvasses with music of the American West for decades, coming from two very different directions.
Alvin has been part of the bands X, the Knitters, and the Flesh Eaters, tours relentlessly with his own band, The Guilty Ones, and continues apace on musical quests informed by his love of California and its history, and by Texas and the South, where most of the great music that was made in Los Angeles before and after the Second World War came from.
The folk-country trio The Flatlanders, formed in Lubbock 1972 with Jimmie Dale Gilmore, Joe Ely and Butch Hancock, who continue performing and recording today. In addition to The Flatlanders and an extended solo career, Gilmore has been part of several ensembles including the Hub City Movers and The Wronglers with Warren Hellman, who started the Hardly Strictly Bluegrass Festival in San Francisco.
Alvin is a rowdy baritone. Gilmore, the timekeeper of the high lonesome, warbles. Each is an avatar, an authentic and original creator with a strong sense of place and music.
Book Now: https://sagegateshead.com/whats-on/dave-alvin-jimmie-dale-gilmore-with-the-guilty-ones/
OMD 40 Years - Greatest Hits plus MiG15
Wednesday 30 October, 7.30pm
Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark (OMD) continue their 40th anniversary celebrations with the announcement of a special world tour, including a Sage Gateshead date. The band will be joined by Martin Cooper and Stuart Kershaw.
"Electronic music is our language" Andy McCluskey says. "It's how we talk."
"We<|fim_middle|>) songs with fixed drum machine-made motorik rhythms. The set also got the remix treatment later in the year with participation from Psychic Ills, Purling Hiss, and Sonic Boom, to name a few.
Book Now: https://sagegateshead.com/whats-on/moon-duo/
"If you think it sounds good in the cinema, wait until you hear it played live by the full Royal Northern Sinfonia and Chorus. Stephen Bell conducts The Force is strong with this one."
Sage Gateshead | 're at our best when we're in a room together, working," Paul Humphreys adds. "That's when the sparks and ideas happen. It's the same now as it ever was."
Book Now: https://sagegateshead.com/whats-on/omd-2019/ - SOLD OUT RETURNS ONLY
Brennen Leigh and Noel Mckay plus Shipcote & Friends
Texas-cultivated, Nashville-based song writing team Brennen Leigh and Noel McKay are set to embark on their fifth tour of the United Kingdom in October of 2019, following the release of their self-titled second duet album.
Noel McKay and Brennen Leigh met in 2002 through Austin's vibrant music scene. McKay was part of the regionally popular country and Tex-Mex band McKay Brothers, while the bluegrass and classic country educated Leigh had just arrived in Texas to pursue a solo career. Six years later, the two began writing and touring together, somehow fitting in writing trips to Nashville between tour dates. At first, they often wrote songs on long car trips, one of them behind the wheel of their then touring vehicle, a 1992 Honda Accord wagon. The result was a mix of story songs that continue to delight in a concert setting. The debut album Before the World Was Made is a cult classic; CMA Close Up called it "hilarious, sentimental and profound, usually all at the same time."
McKay and Leigh are becoming a must-know song writing team; Steve Earle, Guy Clark and Richard Dobson have all recorded songs written by McKay, while artists such as Lee Ann Womack, Rodney Crowell and Charley Crockett have released songs written by Leigh. Sarah Borges and Sunny Sweeney, among others, have recorded songs the duo composed. Together they're an international touring machine; The pair's dry humour coupled with their well-worn, Louvinesque harmonies, McKay's uniquely South Texas lead guitar style and Leigh's raw Delmore Brothers inspired flatpicking and mandolin make for an unforgettable combination.
Book Now: https://sagegateshead.com/whats-on/brennen-leigh-noel-mckay-19/
Wednesday 30 October, 8pm
Undoubtedly one of the finest guitarists the world has ever seen, Double GRAMMY Award Winner Albert Lee is also an accomplished piano player and has a fine singing voice. He has a soulful voice but can equally "tear it up" rock 'n' roll style.
Co-writer of Country Boy and writer of many other great songs, always in great demand, he has played on countless sessions worldwide. He has appeared and recorded with many of the finest artists in the music industry, including Glen Campbell, Dolly Parton, Joan Armatrading, Joe Cocker, Willie Nelson and more.
Albert was a member of The Everly Brothers Band, Emmylou Harris's Hotband and Bill Wymans' Rhythm Kings and toured extensively with them. He also toured with his own band, Hogan's Heroes, for many years.
In 2017 Albert was awarded a trailblazer award by the Americana Society of the UK and in late 2018, Albert joined Eric Clapton, Dave Peacock, Joe Brown and Gary Brooker in a memorial concert to celebrate the life of Chas Hodges.
Book Now: https://sagegateshead.com/whats-on/albert-lee-2019/
PM Live Ltd. Proudly Presents
An Evening with Lenny Henry: Who am I again?
Thursday 31 October, 7.30pm
Sir Lenny Henry is one of Britain's best-known and celebrated comedians, with a career which began with cult stardom on children's television to including writer, radio DJ, TV presenter, co-founder of Comic Relief and award-winning actor.
In the first half of the evening, Lenny will take the audience through a jam-packed session of funny and sad memories and stories – from growing up in the Black Country, puberty, school, friendship, family secrets and unashamed racism. With his mother's mantra of 'H'integration' echoing in his ears, Lenny will recount setting out on his rollercoaster ride of a career – but at every stage wondering: Am I good enough? Is this what they want?
In part two, Lenny will be interviewed by friend, broadcaster and author Jon Canter, for further insights into his life and career. Come and enjoy these honest and tender stories, told with a glorious sense of humour and help Lenny figure out 'Who Am I Again?'
Book Now: https://sagegateshead.com/whats-on/lenny-henry/
Classical Season 2019/20 | Piano Greats
Piano Greats: Anna Vinnitskaya
Friday 1 November 2019 | 7:30pm
· Anna Vinnitskaya piano
· Brahms Four Ballades Op.10
· Bartók Sonata Sz80
· Schumann Novelette in F sharp minor Op.21 No.8
· Schumann Arabesque in C major Op.18
· Chopin Sonata No.2 in B flat minor Op.35
"A lioness at the keyboard" is how one critic described Russian pianist Anna Vinnitskaya. And since she's concluding her Sage Gateshead recital with Chopin's darkest and most famous piano sonata, you'll be able to hear for yourself.
Everything about this concert could have been designed to demonstrate the full, remarkable range of a pianist whose artistry is as powerful as it is poetic: Bartók's peppery Piano Sonata, Schumann's deeply romantic solo miniatures, and of course, Brahms' Four Ballades – music as elusive as it is haunting.
Book Now: https://sagegateshead.com/whats-on/piano-greats-anna-vinnitskaya/
Friday 1 November, 8pm
The UK / Swedish Band are the world's most well-known hang and handpan players with more than 100 million music video views. Their latest offering, the 2018 album Luminous Emptiness, takes you on an amazing musical journey and will be performed alongside the tracks that are enjoyed by a global audience daily.
The band's new live show will include amazing sonic soundscapes and uplifting beats and bass, all which complement the rich sound of the handpan.
This is the first time that Hang Massive have toured in the UK and the band is excited to play in Gateshead for the first time.
Book Now: https://sagegateshead.com/whats-on/hang-massive/
Classical Season 2019/20 | RNS Nights Out
Star Wars Spectacular
Saturday 2 November - Sunday 3 November, 3pm, 7.30pm
Stephen Bell conductor
Royal Northern Sinfonia
Chorus of Royal Northern Sinfonia
John Williams The Music of Star Wars
A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away…
John Williams's scores for Star Wars are some of the most rousing pieces of music ever written for the cinema.
As Stormtroopers and Jedi Knights across the universe await the opening of Episode IX, Sage Gateshead celebrates the whole saga so far – from The Phantom Menace to The Last Jedi, from the sands of Tatooine to the cliffs of Ahch-To.
If you think it sounds good in the cinema, wait until you hear it played live by the full Royal Northern Sinfonia and Chorus. Stephen Bell conducts: The Force is strong with this one.
Book Now: https://sagegateshead.com/whats-on/rns-nigths-out-star-wars-spectacular/
Oysterband and June Tabor 'Fire and Fleet' Tour
Saturday 2 November, 8pm
One of the most exciting collaborations in folk music, June Tabor and Oysterband, resumes this autumn for a major tour. With separate distinguished careers to pursue, their appearances together are necessarily rare, so this is a must-see opportunity to catch them live.
The majesty and control of June's voice combine with the passion of John Jones' singing and the dynamic drive of Oysterband to illuminate dark traditional ballads and contemporary classics alike. Witness their moving duet version of Joy Division's Love Will Tear Us Apart, widely regarded as the best-ever reinterpretation of that much-covered track.
Songs from their seminal 1990 album, Freedom & Rain, and their multi-award-winning 2011 follow-up, Ragged Kingdom, will be featured, plus exciting new material.
Book Now: https://sagegateshead.com/whats-on/oysterband-2019/
The Great Geordie Songbook (Volume 1)
Sunday 3 November, 4pm & 8pm
Following the huge successes of Mr Corvan's Music Hall, The Great Joe Wilson, Hadaway Harry and Carrying David, Wisecrack Productions presents this brilliant new show featuring classic North East songs and comedy.
A tremendous celebration of brilliant local songwriters including Alan Hull, Joe Wilson, Ned Corvan, Geordie Ridley, Billy Mitchell, Judy Dinning, Tommy Armstrong, Alex Glasgow, Johnny Handle and Pete Scott.
Starring some of the region's biggest theatre stars: Micky Cochrane, Sarah Boulter and Jamie Brown with top musicians Rachael McShane and Jordan Miller. Featuring brilliant musical comedy from Gavin Webster and Josh Daniels.
Book Now: https://sagegateshead.com/whats-on/the-great-geordie-songbook-volume-1/
Moon Duo plus Carnival Moon DJs
Sunday 3 November, 7.45pm
San Francisco's Moon Duo are a psychedelic Krautrock band with chilly electronic underpinnings and drones inspired by Spacemen 3, Silver Apples, and Suicide.
The group formed in 2009 and began issuing releases in short order, including Love on the Sea, which they followed with the Killing Time EP. Moon Duo then made the jump to Woodsist for 2010's full-length Escape, which offered the most expansive and melodic take on their trippy sounds yet.
After touring nearly incessantly following that release, Moon Duo moved their operation to the Souterrain Transmissions imprint in Berlin for Mazes later in the year, recording the set at home in San Francisco and mixing it in Germany. The album, released in the spring of 2011, followed widely acclaimed performances at SXSW; the band's sound on that record focused more on tightly written (and brightly produced | 2,246 |
Agenda for Change programme threatened by pay row
By Michael Millar on 6 Jan 2005 in Economics, government & business, Latest News, Pay settlements
A key negotiator in NHS workforce pay has admitted that nurses could be paid varying rates for unsocial hours – a move which threatens to undermine the 'equal pay for work of equal value' concept in the Government's Agenda for Change (AfC) programme.
AfC, which came into<|fim_middle|> band different rates. | effect in December, is designed to create pay harmonisation and equal pay across the NHS.
But NHS Employers' Organisation deputy director Alastair Henderson, who has represented employers throughout the AfC pay negotiations, said trusts could be told to introduce different rates for different pay bands.
He believes this system may be the only way to give employees incentives to work unsocial shifts, according to Nursing Standard magazine.
Josie Irwin, head of employment relations at the Royal College of Nursing, told the magazine: "If we decided to pay different groups differently it would completely undermine the principle of harmonisation and equal pay."
Henderson countered: "We are clear we want a system that delivers equal pay for equal value. For example, you could pay different unsocial hours rates for different bands, but what you could not do would be to pay people on the same | 173 |
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How Smart Speakers Are Changing the Way<|fim_middle|> Spotify and Apple, and a source told Variety in March that those numbers are steadily climbing, and increasingly dependent on Echo integration. Page notes that it's too early to tell if this kind of placement can drive the same sort of visibility or engagement as, say, a spot near the top of a prestige Spotify playlist. But until Apple, Google, and others launch their own specific programming initiatives for voice, Amazon is, in Page's words, "another, for lack of a better term, box you can check for more visibility."
For Page, as with other digital strategists at record labels, the smart speaker world has been built independent of their wishes, and it's up to them to make it work for their roster. This strategy increasingly involves the incorporation of lyrics-as-metadata. During the digital era, song lyrics have re-emerged as a commodity in their own right. The crowdsourced platform Genius has integrated with Spotify and Google Home, while Toronto-based LyricFind, which dubs itself as "the world's leader in legal lyric solutions," operates on the backend, licensing lyrics from music publishers to work with Pandora, Deezer, and Microsoft platforms, among others. It seems that lots of smart speaker users are requesting songs via snatches of overheard lyrics, which requires a new level of metadata specificity. Lyric copyrights are typically owned by music publishers, and labels don't usually make any money from lyric licensing. But the promise of smart speaker integration, LyricFind founder Darryl Ballantyne says, has triggered a shift: Any metadata element that could help their music to rise above the digital din helps. "Even though the labels aren't getting paid by us, having the lyrics available gets them paid more from other people," Ballantyne says. Page agrees: "The ability to find lyrics and match them with a song will lead to more streams and more sales."
While labels are playing catch-up with lyrics-as-streaming-metadata, the technology companies are pitching their products toward the type of music fan who would ask for "the hipster song with the whistling." Amazon, Apple, and Google aren't going to sell millions of smart speakers by aiming their products toward music obsessives, especially when casual fans are much more amenable to algorithmic programming. This raises old issues for smaller players in the music industry, though. "For an indie label, the question always is: How are you going to convert listeners who are just going to say 'play some music' and get them to listen to music they haven't heard before?" says Ninja Tune's Slattery. The answer he ventures—even more algorithmic "discovery" engineered by the platforms themselves—isn't the most anxiety-soothing. "As a label, you're at the mercy of infrastructure created by tech companies," he confesses.
Indeed, many of the most pressing issues of the streaming music economy—artist compensation, statistical transparency, sexism—remain untouched, if not deepened, by the rise of the smart speaker. Moreover, as Amazon, Apple, and Google continue to carve out their spaces in the voice marketplace, music consumers and musicians alike will continue to fight against the companies' preferred walled-garden approach to exclusivity. And though there's no real reason to sympathize with Tidal or Spotify, the idea that the smart speaker industry might become the exclusive province of massive firms with enough capital to experiment (and huge captive audiences to use as guinea pigs) is significant reason for pause, no matter how little one is interested in owning the devices. A world in which three of tech's "frightful five" become the equivalent of the major labels, with exclusive holdings in hardware and software, and plenty of incentive to lock competitors' products and content out of their systems, is a chilling idea, and not as far-fetched as it might seem.
Most music fans don't automatically want to use a smart speaker to listen to music. They have to be trained to interact with virtual assistants, in the same way that they had to learn to swipe instead of type. The list of sample questions and commands that comes with every smart speaker does not simply tell you how to use the thing, but how to interact with it, employing something close to natural language. For years, speech recognition researchers have understood that talking to voice interface requires the same psychological and social resources as other forms of speech. They're also uniformly female voices, which activates the trope of subservient women that far predates recorded music.
Beyond the clunky voice interfaces that could only understand robotic utterances a few years ago, smart speakers facilitate a more informal, even humorous level of human-computer interaction. Like the "What's happening?" prompt on Twitter, or Facebook's "What's on your mind?", this kind of performed intimacy smooths over the bigger project of continuous, ambient data collection. Smart speakers may or may not revolutionize the recorded music industry, but these personable gadgets seems designed for a much bigger project, for which music might merely provide an enjoyable entry point: generating goodwill not toward faceless corporations, but to the dulcet voice in the living room promising a world of constant, friction-less, surveilled consumption.
Features & Tour
© 2019 StoryAmp, LLC. All rights reserved. | We Listen to Music
mart speakers are already making inroads into the most currently commonplace listening mode: broadcast radio. From Pandora to Beats 1, the short history of streaming platforms has been marked by mimicry of radio's free, passive mode of music circulation. Amazon's Luke started his career as a radio program director, for massive rock stations like Chicago's Q101 and Dallas' The Edge, and his early programming initiatives for the Echo were clearly drawn from this experience. Last November, Echo owners who said, "Alexa, play the U2 Experience," were dropped into a live broadcast that mixed tracks from 2017's Songs of Experience with band interviews. U2 described it on their website as a "new type of radio." Asking Alexa to "play The Soundboard" earlier this year cued up a live, career-spanning Elton John program. Daily programs like "Today in Music" and "Song of the Day," which launched complete with their own specific voice commands, also suggest the strong influence of broadcast radio programming's liveness.
All this makes the radio industry nervous, and with good reason. The NPR/Edison study backs up Jacobs' trepidation, reporting that 39 percent of smart speaker users are now spending time listening to these devices rather than broadcast radio. When Amazon isn't replicating radio programming and simulating its experience, the company is relying on its role in the promotional ecosystem to accommodate voice-specific requests. When Redington noticed that Echo users were asking for "the latest song" by an artist, he realized that simple release date metadata wasn't enough to serve up the proper result. "We actually had to understand which song is being played at radio, so radio impact date became really important to us."
When Australian indie rocker Courtney Barnett was featured on Amazon's "Today in Music" program, Jessica Page, the director of digital at Barnett's label Mom + Pop, says that Barnett's sales and streams increased immediately. Amazon's built-in listening audience is significant: One research firm put Amazon Music's subscription numbers at 16 million last October, good enough for third place behind | 433 |
Torrance Helps Pro-Am Raise More Than £140,000 For Charity At Stoke Park
Posted on August 8, 2016
Ryder Cup legend Sam Torrance OBE was the day's host as one of the UK's biggest pro-am golf tournaments raised a staggering £141,000 for charity at Stoke Park Country Club, Spa & Hotel.
Torrance, who was Europe's winning captain in 2002 and who played on four successful teams, headed the field of top professionals and enthusiastic amateurs who were looking to raise valuable funds for JDRF, the type 1 diabetes charity.
And the man who recorded 21 European Tour wins in his career – and secured the European Seniors Tour's Order of Merit title on three occasions – was effusive in his praise for the golf course.
After the event, Torrance said: "It's great that we have been able to raise so much money for JDRF. Praise should also go to the staff at Stoke Park who produced a fantastic course for the occasion. The greens, in particular, were superb – as good as any I've played on in England during my career."
It was the sixth outing for this annual event, promoted by the Professional Golfers Association and Stoke Park, and it utilised a unique scoring system in which professionals only win money when scoring birdies or eagles.
Ultimately, the event finished in a four-way tie for the pros, with last year's winner Andy Raitt, from St George's Hill, Matthew Dearden, from Cardiff, Rob Edwards, from Swanmore GC, in Hampshire, and Chris Gane, from Silvermere GC, sharing the £15,00<|fim_middle|> course – the first nine holes of the historic 27-hole layout designed by the eponymous Harry Colt – underwent major renovation to both shape and size, as part of a seven-figure investment in a facelift of the whole course.
www.stokepark.com | www.jdrf.org.uk
SkyCaddie SW2 Watch Review
Championship Golf Heads To Tandridge | 0 professional pot.
JDRF's director of fundraising, Dean Benton, said: "It was another terrific day and we are delighted to have raised £141,000, which will support the world's best research into the better treatment, prevention and cure of type 1 diabetes."
Stuart Collier, director of golf at Stoke Park, added: "This is one of our biggest – and proudest – days at Stoke Park. It's a fabulous, unique event in its own right, but to know that everybody is only too keen to help raise valuable funds for this very worthwhile cause makes it extra special. It's a pleasure simply to be able to take part in such a worthy event."
Sky Sports presenter James Haddock joined Torrance in the evening to perform the role of Master of Ceremonies, when a number of auction prizes help the total reach the impressive figure.
Stoke Park Country Club, Spa & Hotel is one of just two five-AA Red Star golf clubs in England and the historic land on which it stands is recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086. It was awarded the accolade of 'Ultimate Members Club' at the fifth annual 59Club Service Excellence Awards, held earlier this year.
The historic course played host to the PGA Matchplay in 1910 and, even more famously, the golf match between Sean Connery's James Bond and Auric Goldfinger, in the 1964 film, Goldfinger. It also has a thriving golf club with around 800 active members.
During the winter of 2015/16, every bunker on the Colt | 342 |
DukeNet Communications has finished expanding a big part of its<|fim_middle|> trading on Oct. 19, 2011, and the company expects to begin trading on the NYSE the next day.
CarrierSales, Electric Lightwave's largest master agent, told us the acquisition is a good one. | fiber network.
The company, which provides high-bandwidth connectivity for enterprises, data centers and carriers in the Southeast through channel partners, now reaches markets in Alabama, Georgia, Tennessee and Virginia. The specific cities include Birmingham and Huntsville, Ala.; Chattanooga, Knoxville and Nashville, Tenn.; Athens and Atlanta, Ga.; and Richmond, Va.
DukeNet soon will offer service in Ashburn, Va., as well. That capability will allow the company to interconnect from its regional markets into large Internet hubs, DukeNet said.
DukeNet said it built its own greenfield dense wavelength division multiplexing infrastructure while also connecting cell towers with long-haul and metro fiber.
Level 3 anticipates that a 1-for-15 reverse stock split will be effective after the close of | 159 |
Culturally responsible leadership, teaching, and pedagogy all rely on a common element--caring for our students. When instructors and professors in the academy care about their students, they demonstrate a willingness to groom their scholars-in-training for entrance into the professoriate. This is not the only way that professors show that they care. Caring can be demonstrated by taking time to praise a student for doing good work, expressing appreciation for their contributions to classroom discussions, as well as indicating when they have written a quality paper. When professors demonstrate caring for their students, they are also showing care for their profession. But caring is not limited to doling out compliments and praise. Caring can be shown by taking time to offer thoughtful criticism, offering directive feedback on written assignments, asking students to re-think their sentence structure or use of language, or telling them that more research is needed or<|fim_middle|> time when they really do not know how to read or offer a concise synthesis of the research, when they have had little to no experience in creating databases or analyzing datasets. In these instances, colleagues may take the time to teach, show, and demonstrate to students how they can develop these skills sets. | that a clearer description of their argument is warranted.
Many students enter the academy in the field of education with the goal to finish degree programs. Sometimes students have a desire to become researchers, university professors, policy advocates, school principals, college administrators, community college leaders, school district central office administrators, counselors, psychologists, or teachers. At times, students come to us with the notion that they want to be scholars. We may receive them in their academic infancy--at a | 94 |
The Basics of a Baked Goods Supply Chain
Keys to a Successful Distribution Business
Logistics Vs. Marketing
by Stan Mack
What Are the Differences Between a Merchandising Company & a Manufacturing Company?
The Major Functions of a Distribution Channel
4 Types of Marketing Intermediaries
What Are the Kinds of Marketing Channel Functions?
No matter how inexpensive or well designed your products are, if you can't get them to consumers in a timely fashion your business will never reach its potential. Consumers expect consistent service and reliable access to your products. If you can't offer that, they will turn to your competitors.
Marketing involves determining and meeting the needs of target markets. For example, a jewelry manufacturer might research a market and find that middle-income earners want affordable but durable accessories. The manufacturer designs suitable products, creates an advertising campaign to stimulate consumer demand for its new product line and distributes the products to retail stores or directly to consumers. The entire process of bringing a product to market, from its inception to final sale, is called the marketing process.
Logistics is the step in marketing that involves getting products to consumers. On a small scale, it is easy enough for a company to mail orders to customers or allow customers to pick them up. But as the size of an operation increases, more organized and efficient approaches become necessary to keep costs down. For example, if the jewelry manufacturer wants to sell its new product line<|fim_middle|> a business writer specializing in finance, business ethics and human resources. His work has appeared in the online editions of the "Houston Chronicle" and "USA Today," among other outlets. Mack studied philosophy and economics at the University of Memphis.
Ryan McVay/Photodisc/Getty Images
What Are the Characteristics of Marketing Channels?
Distribution and Placement: How Do You Get the Product to the Customer?
Differentiated Distribution Strategy
Example of a Company's Forward Integration | in retail stores dispersed across the country, it will need a comprehensive logistics plan to distribute and ship the products to where consumer demand is highest.
The chief goal of logistics is to cut distribution costs while speeding up delivery time. Lower costs mean the manufacturer can afford to lower its prices, increasing the attractiveness of its products to consumers. Prompt delivery, whether direct to consumers or to retail stores, also impresses consumers.
Wholesalers and Distributors
To achieve both these benefits, many manufacturers work with wholesalers and distributors that specialize in efficient and speedy product distribution. Some companies contract with a shipping company, while others sell their products to wholesalers, which then sell the products to retail stores. Working with specialists allows manufacturers to focus on what they're good at -- creating products that meet consumer needs -- rather than handle complicated shipping procedures.
From the creation of a product to the time it reaches a consumer, marketers and logisticians must work together to achieve the business' goals. For example, the jewelry manufacturer's logistics department might collaborate with the marketing department to ensure products will ship in appropriate quantities to markets that receive promotional advertising. Simultaneously, the logistics department might work with the telemarketing department to process and expedite direct orders from consumers.
Global Logistics Management; Craig Voortman
Stan Mack is | 261 |
Learn more about StudioLive Series III Fat Channel processing.
Learn more about StudioLive Series III scenes and presets.
Don't you hate it when you're setting up for a show and find you have an unused subgroup—but you're short one monitor mix? That's not a problem anymore, thanks to six FlexMixes that can be individually designated as aux, subgroup, or matrix mixes. These 6 FlexMixes are in addition to the 2 internal effects sends and the stereo main bus, giving you a total of 10 mix buses, not counting the solo buses. We also provided eight Filter DCAs so you can more easily and flexibly control groups of channels. These are only a few of the many ways you can customize your StudioLive Series III rack mixer exactly to your needs and workflow.
Networking isn't the future of professional audio systems; it's here now. StudioLive 16R Series III rack mixers come equipped with an AVB Ethernet connection that enables you to network multiple StudioLive Series III mixers and compatible computers and stream up to 32 channels of audio to and from a Mac or Windows PC. You also get 18x18 recording via USB 2.0, giving you a choice of computer recording methods. Each channel can independently access its analog input or its dedicated digital return from your computer. Alternatively, quickly and easily record the main mix—or any other stereo mix—to the built-in SD Card recorder. Upload a show for fans, give the band a reference recording, and more, no computer required. You can even simultaneously multitrack record to your laptop via USB or AVB and record in stereo to SD.
Learn more about the built-in stereo SD recorder.
We kept the StudioLive Series III rack mixers' front and rear panels clean and simple, yet they have all the connections you need. All 16 channel inputs on the StudioLive 16R use locking combo jacks to accept microphone- or line-level signals. You also get a pair of unbalanced RCA jacks as additional inputs for Channels 15 and 16 for easy connectivity to smartphones, media players, and other consumer audio sources<|fim_middle|>/R outputs and headphone jack, you get six FlexMix outputs that can each be independently configured as subgroups, monitor outputs, or matrix outputs. The result is a versatile set of connections that provide the access you need in a compact, 1U package. | . In addition to main L | 6 |
Conscious music singer/songwriter with a pure voice and clear, loving message. Songs range from gentle mantras to world rhythms to dance to.
I attended Frannie's healing concert this past weekend and her beautiful tunes are still swirling through my head. From her upbeat "Bring up the Vibration" to her melodic and hopeful "We'll Heal the World", her music goes straight from her heart to yours. I am so glad I got her CD<|fim_middle|> transports me to a tranquil place of solace and fills my soul with her light, her message of peace and her love. Her new album, Bring Up The Vibration, is a source of inspiration, in both my life and my art, my heart is uplifted. | . Use it for your Yoga practice or play in the car. Buy it! So worth it.
Music to ease the soul!
For the last three years my toddler son has listened to Artist of the Heart every night to go to sleep; always asking for "Frannie CD". We just found out we are having our second child and I can not wait to play this new cd for the baby and for my son. Thank you for the amazing music and the wonderful nights of sleep!
I am driving to an early morning meeting. It is the spring equinox and I want to remember a recent evening of music and dance I experienced. It was a celebration of the release of Frannie Faith's new CD, "Bring up the Vibration". I pop the disk in the player and the world seems a kinder, more gentle place.
> I always pay attention when a wise woman speaks. Frannie certainly makes me take notice. Her lyrics and vocals are vibrating with truth, joy and beauty. There is wisdom there. The musicianship of her band is broad and deep. Each member brings extraordinary craftsmanship in fulfilling Frannie's vision. The audio production is first class. I find myself during my day humming "My Guru" and "We'll heal the World". It makes me think I can soar.
Thank you Frannie and her band.
While creating in my design room or working on a portrait, I envelope myself in Frannie's music. Her angelic voice | 295 |
Writings Featured
Published: August 13, 20143:00 pm Updated: March 26, 20191:15 am
Author Genni Gunn
I used to stand at railway tracks, my toes against the ties, while trains approached. I held my breath as they lumbered past, tuned to the whine of metal on metal, their weight a tornado in my chest, their speed reverberating in my heart.
"You are crazy," my brother told me years later. "Don't you realize how lucky you are that you weren't decapitated?"
He should know, transportation safety being his line of work. He pointed out the obvious dangers: 1) the air turbulence around the train; 2) the stabilizing 6×6 stakes in the side pockets of the rail car that can fly out; and 3) the banding straps holding the loads in place that can come undone at one end and become gigantic moving razorblades, band-saws, guillotines.
I pondered the possibilities of these unpleasant dangers, recalling a railway track in White Rock, where I once saw a decapitated cat — head on the ties, body on the gravel, neatly severed, as if the cat had chosen that exact moment to cross.
"And not only that," my brother continued, "do you know the anxiety you're causing the conductors on board?" He paused. "When they see someone that close to the tracks, they assume it's a suicide waiting to happen. Can you imagine watching that and being able to do nothing about it?"
Late afternoon in Roma Termini, a torrent of travellers ripples to and fro — tourists, Italians commuting to jobs, families, business men/women. I move among them in trepidation of my return to Rutigliano, a place intrinsically tied to my childhood, with its joys and sorrows, a place I've returned to repeatedly in the past decade. I spent my early childhood here with my aunt Ida, who loved me so extravagantly, I sometimes worry she loves the little girl rather than the adult in front of her, her memory of me as intact as mine of her.
At Binario 19, I board my train for this journey between Rome and Rutigliano, this familiar buffer between my Canadian city life and my aunt's inner life.
We glide slowly out of the city, the train almost soundless on its high-speed rail. Graffiti brands every available visible surface: trains, fences, the sides of ties, posts, the walls of buildings bordering the railyard — an urban clamour for attention. Trains skirt the rear of cities, the buildings blackened with soot, images you won't find in guidebooks of monuments and sculptures, of obelisks and paintings and seaside festivals. Trains traverse the landscape, anonymous and familiar, their whistles time signals, their coaches magic carpets to a better life, their weight an awakening vibration over ballast and ties, over the gravel and broken stone of lives.
In the past year and a half since my last visit to Zia Ida, I've remained steadfast in my belief that she is immutable, though my uncle has warned me that she is changed.
The Eurostar slowly picks up speed. There is no lulling sound to this train, no rhythmic clack-clack clack-clack, no side-to-side motion. We shoot past Roman walls, archways, ruins, a pine forest, yellow and red buildings, terracotta roofs, open fields, farms, olive groves, vineyards. We enter tunnel after tunnel, wide valleys, the Apennines in the distance, and finally the Mediterranean. I have taken this journey so often, I can almost close my eyes and still see ruins, tilled fields, cows, buildings, herds of sheep, all mixed together, old and new.
She is changed, my cousins say, without explanation, their tones apologetic, tender. I hear changed for the better, though my Zia Ida is etched inside me as perfect: one of the people on earth who has always loved me completely and unconditionally.
In twilight, stones begin to appear in the fields, more and more of them, then stone fences, stone terraces holding back hills, stone walls encased in chicken wire. Then fields of wild cacti, laden with prickly-pears. This is an arid area of Italy, and water for agriculture is brought here by the Apuglian Aqueduct, which stretches for over two thousand kilometres, and passes through 99 tunnels and over 91 bridges — an unbelievable feat, like love.
Near Bari, nostalgia settles in my chest, not for myself, but for my mother, who lived here until she was thirty. I wish she was with me to recount her stories, her past elusive. Buildings assume the verdigris of clouds reflected in the dusk. I long, too, for the Zia Ida of memory, anxious about the changes. When I called her from Rome, her voice was languorous, detached. I think of all the times I didn't phone her, because she'd want to talk for hours and hours, lamenting, always lamenting. Zia Ida has always seen the glass half-empty, as if she is incapable of joy.
Swarms of birds fly low; tall tall pines sway like black umbrellas against the darkling sky. At the station in Bari, I change trains and when I arrive in Rutigliano, Elma, my aunt's housekeeper, is waiting at the open door. We hug happily. She is family now, has been with my aunt for ten years, since Zia Ida rescued her from an unscrupulous employer who — after bringing her on a government program from the Philippines — kept her in a tiny airless room, and forced her to clean his friends' houses on weekends. Zia Ida sponsored Elma's husband, Sammy, and their child Ian, who is now eleven. During the past decade, Elma has had two more children: Giulia, five, and about a year ago, Marco, who all consider Zia Ida their grandmother. They all live here with her, a three-generational family.
"You must not<|fim_middle|> and adventure, a cartoonish existence of surfaces.
Perhaps, I then thought, this is actually a reflection of our culture and society. Perhaps they really are mirroring their market-driven manufactured selves.
In contrast to this, here, in Italy, schoolchildren study Latin, Greek and philosophy in high school. What better way to understand the roots of words, the roots of logic and reason? Schoolchildren can name sculptors, poets, artists; they can recite classic poems, point to monuments and know who built them; recognize paintings and painters; they are proud of their heritage, and knowledgeable about history. I wonder why our education system has been dumbed down, as if we don't believe our children are capable of or interested in learning.
By the second line of Dante's Inferno, my aunt is reciting with him, eyes sparkling, as she intones the words.
After a few verses, Ian closes the book, and says he has homework to do.
"Do you want me to keep reading?" I ask her.
"Magari!" she says. I wish!
I open the book, and begin to read, my tongue tripping on the archaic Italian. I sit at her bedside all afternoon and read The Divine Comedy, while Zia Ida recites along with me, often correcting my pronunciation, or stopping me only to say, "You know what that means, don't you?" and to explain. Or she anticipates: "This is the part where they come to the burning lake."
I've stood at railway tracks, my toes against the ties, while trains approach. Now I sit at my aunt's bedside, my hand in hers, and hold my breath as years lumber past, tuned to the whine of flesh and bone. Today, we journey together through Dante's Inferno, through his Purgatory and Paradise, our eyes wet, our hearts open to each other, to the magic that is poetry — a language through which we can finally communicate.
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The Hog Slaughter: February 1862
Published: June 26, 201712:00 am Updated: April 20, 20199:46 pm
Author Rosanna Battigelli
Published: May 20, 20183:29 pm Updated: March 26, 20191:02 am
Author Caterina Edwards
The Invisible Italian-American Prize Fighters
Published: February 15, 201812:00 am Updated: July 13, 20196:11 pm
Author Rolando Vitale | expect your aunt to be the same," Elma says to me. "She is okay, but not the same."
I walk down the hall to Zia Ida's room, my heels clicking on the marble tile. Last door on the left, and there she is, as always, in bed, and I rush to embrace her.
She looks up, languid, her eyes indifferent.
I draw in my breath, and lean down to kiss her cheek. She smiles weakly, and I try to hide my disappointment, hold her hand and say her name. On other visits, my aunt's eyes would light up with utter joy on seeing me. Today, nothing. She lies there, passive, looking at me, but I could be anyone.
"Zia Ida is having a bad day today," Elma says, quietly, patting my back. "And it's late. Maybe tomorrow…"
A bad day, I repeat in my head, a bad day, as if the sun were responsible. Tomorrow she'll sit up, and we'll talk for hours. A bad day, a tape loop. The warnings return. She is changed, they all said. This is more than a change, this is a vacancy. I think of all the summers I've spent with her this past decade, grateful to have listened to her stories. Has she given up now that she's given me the saga of her life — the tracks she's followed and left behind? Isn't this what we all crave: to be remembered as we recall ourselves?
Zia Ida closes her eyes and falls asleep. Elma leads me out to the kitchen, where she makes me a cup of coffee. We speak easily, because Elma speaks perfect English as well as Italian and Tagalog.
"Probably a small stroke," Elma says. "Not enough to do too much damage, but some …"
"She is so passive," I say, a giant lump in my throat. "It doesn't seem like her at all."
"Today she is not having a good day," Elma repeats. "But you'll see, tomorrow or the next day, she'll be better."
How does one recuperate from a life gone wrong? All her friends are dead. She has few visitors, the family scattered around Italy, and us in Canada. My cousin thinks Zia Ida was in love with a married man, and when he died in 1998, she went to bed, relinquishing life. My mother thinks Zia Ida is lazy and instead of lying around, should have been doing something to make her life meaningful. I think there's truth to both. After all, being in love with a married man is a kind of laziness, and when Zia Ida took to her bed, I suspect she believed that like a tragic heroine of a nineteenth century novel, she would die of a broken heart. Instead, here she is, almost ninety, and as my uncle says, "with the inner organs of a 30-year-old. She'll outlive us all." For her, being alive is a suffering.
In the morning, my cousin drives me to the only hotel in town. I sit on the single bed, in the small spartan room, dismayed by how quickly my expectations have been undermined, like karst topography, the cave-in on the inside. I want to return to my aunt's room, to her apartment, to the same old house where I spent my early childhood. I want to return to the same place, to the same memory. I want to return.
We settle into a routine: mornings I spend with my aunt, though it's disconcerting to sit at her bedside, while she lies, silent, unless I speak to her. How often I have lain in the dark of her bedroom, listening to her urgent outpouring, as if there were not enough time in our lives to say everything. Perhaps she was anticipating this exact moment, this path from which we can never return.
In the afternoons, I walk around the countryside in the early afternoons, when she naps, and everyone is inside at pranzo. In less than a kilomtre, I cross a bridge over a Roman aqueduct and find myself in olive groves and vineyards. I circle the town several times, burning away the anxiety I feel over this new aunt. Instead of she being the storyteller, our roles have reversed. I am now the one who speaks of my mother, of us all in Canada, of all the years I've been away. She listens intently, nods in all the right places, but when I finish whatever story, she asks me questions that confirm that she has not grasped what I've said. At the end of each day, I return to the hotel downhearted.
Some afternoons, I board a train and ride to nearby towns, where I wander, aimless, across cobblestone streets, around Roman walls, inside churches and outdoor markets. At dusk, I wait for the next train, my toes against the ties, my brother's words in my ears: Can you imagine watching that and being able to do nothing about it?
Two days before I'm to leave, Ian comes in from school, excited. "Nonna, Nonna," he calls.
Zia Ida stirs. She loves Ian intensely; she loves all her adopted grandchildren. I know this from other visits.
"Today, we studied Dante!" he says, and from his school satchel takes out his scribbler.
"Bravo," she says.
"Dante was born in Florence in May or June 1265," Ian says, bouncing on the bed. "In 1285, he married Gemma Donati. That was your surname too, wasn't it, Zia Genni?"
I nod. "Before I got married," I say.
"Before you got married three times," Zia Ida says.
I'm amazed that she remembers this, and wonder what would have happened had she remarried when she was left a widow. In this small town, it would have been almost impossible for her to have a second romance at the age of thirty-three, a woman who was barren. We have all deserted her, I think, to make our own lives, to escape her expectations.
"This is what we learned," Ian says, opening an illustrated version of The Divine Comedy to the beginning of the Inferno:
Nel mezzo del cammin di nostra vita
mi ritrovai per una selva oscura,
ché la diritta via era smarrita.
Midway upon the journey of our life
I found myself within a shadowed forest,
for the path which led aright had disappeared.
I am enchanted by his intensity and delight. He's in grade five. I can't imagine Canadian grade-school children citing Dante. I can't imagine Canadian university-educated adults citing Dante, unless they're pursuing a degree in literature or classics. In fact, last term, in my first-year university Creative Writing class, my students proudly announced they didn't read literature. This omission was reflected in their stories, which began innocently enough, that is to say, they began as stories about people like themselves or their parents, or their imagined versions of people older than themselves —wizened old men of 30, 40-year-old grandmothers who thought only of knitting and baking, etc. However, once established — however thinly — these benign characters suddenly and inexplicably stabbed people on busses, shot everyone at work, quartered and ate children, dismembered friends over drug deals, and did so in agonizing detail, so that every single wound, every severed body part was lovingly described.
As I read from one story to the next, the pattern continued, and soon I felt as if I were watching TV, the channels switching so quickly it was impossible to catch the narratives or the motives — only a continual outpouring of blood — a violence as obscene as it was nonsensical and sensational.
These young people were not writing their own stories, but those reflected from television, their stories someone else's version of reality — a fictional world of crime | 1,695 |
"Striving to make this world a better place for all! Thank you Debbie"
"Dance their socks off, Debbie!"
"We are looking forward to seeing you dance!"
"Wonderful project and glad to see my friend participate. "
"What a wonderful cause- the children are our future. Thank you for what you always contribute to the community, Debbie!"
"Debbie Mangum is very passionate to each cause she supports. Therefore, Debbie (our hero) has our total support for this fundraiser. "
"Knock their socks off Debbie!"
"Debbie, you saying YES doesn't surprise me. You have a passion to create an inclusive, caring community. Have fun dancing!"
"The Logan's are excited to sponsor this great event and our Star - Debbie Mangum"
"Rock it out for a great cause Debbie!!!"
"Thanks Debbie for your support of this great cause. "
"I would support Debbie in anything she chooses to do."
As most of you know, I'm very passionate about the Exchange Club of Greater Durham and I enjoy having fun & an occasional challenge. As a group, with Exchange, we raise money and volunteer our time to make our communities a better place while enjoying each other's camaraderie. Supporting children is our main focus.
So, when Faye<|fim_middle|>.
If you are available, come cheer me & Johnathan on at the main event on April 13th @ 3pm at the Southern Women's Show.
Check out the short video below of us practicing and having fun! | Parker approached me about being part of this fundraiser to support children through the National Inclusion Project and learn & perform a dance routine, I naturally said yes! While it is not part of my association with Exchange, it is a challenge, I will have fun, and the money I raise will make a positive impact for children!
Here's what's happening: Over the next two months I will be learning a dance from Johnathan, a professional dancer at Fred Astaire Dance Studios, and on April 13th, we will perform it live at the Southern Women's Show. Between now and then, I am collecting donations to benefit National Inclusion Project. Each $1 donated = 1 vote. Whoever has the most "votes" by the end of the performance on April 13th, wins the competition!
Here's how you can help me win: Please consider making a donation to help me reach my goal of $4,000.. Just a small donation will go a long way in helping me meet my goal to win Dancing Like the Stars and ensure that no child sits on the sidelines | 223 |
Harden, Rockets ride defense to elimination win over Oklahoma City<|fim_middle|> by James Harden on Thunder guard Luguentz Dort that all but sealed the 104-102 win that allowed the them to advance out of the first round. The Rockets will take on No.1 seed the Los Angeles Lakers in the second round starting Friday.
"Right now, Game 7s especially, it's not about how good you play. It's how hard you play and how engaged you are," said Rockets coach Mike D'Antoni, who has advanced out of the first round in each of his four seasons with the Rockets. "It's more brains than heart, and not talent.
"I thought we fought. I thought everybody fought out there and came up with big plays. Just the will to win is what is important. It's never going to be pretty."
No one epitomized that more than Harden, who was not close to being himself on the offensive all night. The Rockets leading scorer was just 4 of 15 from the field and 1 of 9 from 3-point range and had four turnovers on the night.
But Harden found other ways to impact the game, dishing nine assists and coming up with three blocked shots on the defensive end. None was bigger than the block on Dort, whose attempted 3-pointer might have clinched the upset for the Thunder.
Dort, who led the Thunder with 30 points, had been a thorn in Harden's side on the defensive end all night. But Harden's blocked shot was biggest play of the night, easily.
Oklahoma City Thunder's Luguentz Dort (5) has his 3-point shot attempt blocked by Houston Rockets' James Harden (13) during the second half of an NBA first-round playoff basketball game in Lake Buena Vista, Fla., Wednesday, Sept. 2, 2020. (AP Photo/Mark J. Terrill)
"I've been locked in all year long, trying to be better on that side of the ball," Harden said. "Tonight was a huge emphasis on it and I came up with the big block to win the game.
"I've just tried to be engaged as much as possible. I had a rough shooting night and turned the ball over a little too much but I just tried to find other ways to impact the game."
This much tougher than expected series against the Thunder could work in the Rockets favor as they face LeBron James and the Lakers team that will be an even tougher matchup. They proved they could grind out close wins against the best closeout team in the NBA this season in the series against the Thunder.
The Rockets shot under 40 percent from the field and under 35 percent from 3-point range in Wednesday night's Game 7. Robert Covington and Eric Gordon both finished with team-highs of 21 points, while Westbrook added 20 points and nine rebounds and Harden finished with just 17 points in the elimination game.
"It's a boost of confidence," Harden said. "Everything is great when you are making shots and everything is rolling offensively. But I think we found some guts and grinded it out defensively these last few games. Even the last game we lost, we still played good defensively, we just couldn't make shots.
"Our shot making ability is going to come and when it comes it's going to be scary because our defense has been very very solid."
Follow Terrance Harris on Twitter @terranceharris.
Rockets ride role players to win over Oklahoma City in Game 2
In "Professional Sports"
Green, Gordon step up in Rockets Game 1 win over Thunder
Harden gives Rockets a glimpse of what's been lost |
by Terrance Harris September 3, 2020 September 3, 2020
The Rockets had break downs in all phases in Game 7 of their first-round playoff series against Oklahoma City on Wednesday night in the Orlando bubble.
But the Rockets came up with just enough defensive plays down the stretch, including a big-time block | 72 |
Chichester man meets Prince Charles
Chichester volunteer Mark Hillman introduces<|fim_middle|> receive our daily newsletter AND add your point of view to stories that you read here.
And do share with your family and friends – so they don't miss out!
The Chichester Observer – always the first with your local news. | the Prince of Wales to Milky Way, his life-size fibreglass Friesian
SEND a Cow ambassador Mark Hillman met the Prince of Wales on Monday, during an official charity visit.
Mr Hillman, 62, from Chichester, introduced the prince to Milky Way, his life-size cow which he takes across the country promoting the work of the charity. The fibreglass Friesian is a full-sized working model of a cow, which can be milked.
Mr Hillman, a volunteer for the international development charity, said: "I did offer him the chance to milk Milky May but he politely declined.''
The Duke of Cornwall, the charity's landlord and president, was visiting the head office in Newton St Loe, near Bath, to see an office extension being developed on the site and unveil a plaque, which will be installed on completion.
He met country directors from Africa and trustees from the UK, America and Germany.
Mr Hillman, a retired police officer, was also formally introduced. It was the second time the pair had met, as Prince Charles presented him with his Queen's Police Medal in 2006.
Mr Hillman said: "It was wonderful to meet His Royal Highness again, this time in my role as a Send a Cow ambassador. He was really interested in what I do as a volunteer and thought it all seemed like really good fun."
The charity was established almost 30 years ago by West Country dairy farmers. It now operates in seven countries in Africa, working closely with African smallholder farmers and communities to secure their future.
Send a Cow provides some of Africa's poorest people with training, tools, seeds and livestock to lift themselves out of poverty.
Prince Charles said: "I do congratulate you on all your work, it's very important to keep smallholders going. It's vital."
The prince also viewed plans for an African garden, designed by TV gardener and Send a Cow supporter Toby Buckland.
Chief executive Simon Barnes presented him with a previously unseen photograph of the Queen as a young princess, which he and his wife Lucy had received as a wedding present:
"I'll see if Mama remembers it and remembers what she was wearing when it was taken," said the Prince.
Woman, 23, banned from Chichester and Arun for five years
Don't miss out on all the latest breaking news where you live.
Here are four ways you can be sure you'll be amongst the first to know what's going on.
1 – Make our website your homepage at www.chichester.co.uk
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4 – Register with us by clicking on 'sign in' (top right corner). You can then | 568 |
Congratulations! You got the job as a social media community manager, and you're now in the world of professional social media people. There's a lot that can be done,<|fim_middle|>'t get you black-listed.
At the end of the day though our careers are online, who you know is still a big part of being successful. Networking, both through personal social media channels and at industry-related events will give you opportunities to exchange ideas and best practices with other people who also know the space. And, you never know when that social media community manager you met at another brand could be perfect for a co-promotion with you. | and it's a fun, challenging job that will grow your skills and prepare you for a solid career in advertising and marketing, among other areas. However, social media management is vastly different from personal social media usage, and as a first-timer, you may have a lot of questions about what you're in for.
Here are the five most important things that have helped me throughout my career & will make you successful, too!
Analytics is an integral part of the job and there are a thousand different metrics which may be important at any given time. In addition to any big listening/monitoring services (like Salesforce Marketing Cloud / Radian6) that you may have access to, it's a good idea to identify free tools that generate reports for each platform you're working on. You want things that track growth, engagement, keywords, and competitive analysis.
Being on top of the headlines is extremely important to the job. It's important to know when social platforms are updated, but it's also important to know what's going on in the world. For example, several of my clients have products in the Northeast, which was hit hard by Hurricane Sandy several years ago. It was crucial for me to understand the landscape of areas impacted, as well as general sentiment about the events, to advise my clients of how to proceed.
In the end, it's always a good idea to be transparent if any of your products or services have been impacted, but to avoid capitalizing on sensitive issues.
Being unaware of policies like these can put your clients' profiles at risk, facing suspension of accounts among other consequences. It's not a glamorous part of the job, but reading through each platforms Terms of Service documentation is essential for making sure your approach won | 349 |
<|fim_middle|>. | Former Sonoma Valley High School English teacher Linda Paieri Dillon passed away on Saturday, Feb. 9, after a long battle with cancer. She was 56.
Dillon worked for the Sonoma Valley Unified School District for more than 20 years and taught English at SVHS from 1991 until 2016.
She grew up in Petaluma and graduated from Petaluma High School and U.C. Davis. She began her teaching career in Long Beach before being hired in Sonoma by former SVHS principal Ralph Hahn.
Dillon is remembered by many students for her freshman year time capsule assignment, which seniors open and discuss immediately prior to graduation.
McLean said that Dillon's many friends came out in full force to support her when she learned she had cancer, some former students arranging and paying for travel costs.
Dillon is survived by her father and her two children, Christina and Mike, and two grandchildren.
Services for Linda Dillon are scheduled for Saturday, Feb. 16 at noon at St Vincent de Paul Church at 35 Liberty St. in Petaluma | 227 |
Perth & Kinross Countryside Trust
Visit the Countryside
Decide where to go
Local Paths
Perthshire Big Tree Country
Cateran Trail
<|fim_middle|> and views into a magical winter wonderland.
Visit the Birks of Aberfeldy, which inspired Scotland's national bard Robert Burns, or Cluny House Gardens – home to Britain's widest tree and a great place to spot red squirrels.
Top 10 Autumn Walks in Perthshire
There is nowhere better in Scotland to take in the glorious colours of autumn than Perthshire. Home of Big Tree Country, the whole area blazes with reds, oranges and golds as the leaves turn. Salmon leaping and dear rutting add to the seasonal sights and sounds waiting to be discovered.
Blairgowrie Walks
Nestled on the banks of the River Ericht in the heart of Scotland, the Perthshire town of Blairgowrie & Rattray is ideally located for a day trip and or use as a base to explore Central and Eastern Scotland.
Crieff Walks
Crieff is a bustling country town set amidst magnificent Perthshire scenery. It straddles the Highland Boundary Fault where the rolling Lowland landscape meets majestic Highland terrain.
The Cateran Trail - Mini Trail
For those walkers looking for a two-day adventure, the Cateran Mini Trail offers the ideal opportunity to sample some of the best bits of the Cateran Trail over a weekend or for a short break.
There are SO many fascinating and beautiful walks across Perthshire. Check out the leaflets available to download and plan your next adventure.
Top 10 spring walks in Perthshire
Springtime in Perthshire is a sight to behold as the frost and snowdrops give way to stunning flora and fauna, including carpets of bluebells and ospreys nesting.
Love the Cateran Trail
Help us give the Cateran Trail the love it needs so we can make sure it keeps on being one of Scotland's Great Trails and the kind of route walkers dream of. Read more
Help us secure the future of the famous Birnam Oak, the last fragment of Birnam Wood made famous by Shakespeare's Macbeth. Read more
Updated: 22nd January, 2020
Perth & Kinross Countryside Trust is a Scottish Charity, SC027481, regulated by the Scottish Charity Regulator (OSCR) and is a company, limited by guarantee.
Registered Office: Pullar House, 35 Kinnoull Street, Perth, PH1 5GD | Go Geocaching
Perthshire Conifer Conservation Programme
Tay Landscape Partnership
National Tree Collections of Scotland
Cateran Appeal
Save the Birnam Oak
Your Access Rights
Information for Dog Walkers
Maps & Leaflets
Download Leaflets
Buy Maps & Books
Founded in 1997, Perth and Kinross Countryside Trust is an independent charity that negotiates access to land, builds footpaths, helps care for Scotland's most spectacular woodlands and trees, and works on conservation projects all to improve and promote access to the countryside for walkers, cyclists and horse riders.
We work in partnership with other organisations and community groups to help make Perthshire one of the most accessible destinations in Scotland.
Our largest projects currently are....
Perthshire Big Tree Country (PBTC)
Scotland's most spectacular trees and woodlands, where there are lots of different experiences to discover and enjoy.
Perthshire Conifer Conservation Programme (PCCP)
Restoring Perthshire's Victorian designed landscapes and protecting some of the world's most threatened conifers from extinction by collecting seeds and creating safe-havens for young trees in the forests, gardens and estates of Perthshire.
The Cateran Trail
One of Scotland's Great Trails, the Cateran Trail is a fully waymarked, 64-mile / 103 km route through Perthshire and the Angus glens in the heart of Scotland approximately 1 ½ hours north of Edinburgh. As Trail Managers, we manage and maintain the path, work closely with the landowners whose land it crosses, and promote the Trail to users. All of this work is funded through donations and grants.
We host the NTCS Network, which brings together the best of Scotland's specimen tree collections to increase public awareness of and access to these collections and to help protect this aspect of our national heritage for future generations.
We work with communities across Perth & Kinross to help them build and improve the network of paths in and around their communities. Visit our Paths & Walks page to find out about the projects we've already completed. We have most recently worked with the following communities to create new and improved paths:
Auchterarder, including Johnny Mathew's, Common Loan and Provost Walk
Innerpeffray Library
Over 22 years, we've also achieved...
Scottish Snowdrop Fesitval 2020
Love snowdrops? The Scottish Snowdrop Festival 2020 marks the arrival of these well-loved flowers and celebrates them across Scotland, including five sites in Perthshire!
Richard Irvin donates £500 towards Perthshire's trees
Perthshire Big Tree Country has received a £500 donation from Richard Irvin FM Limited through Perth & Kinross Council's Procurement Department Community Benefits scheme.
Perth and Kinross Countryside Trust seeks new Trustees
Perth and Kinross Countryside Trust (PKCT) is looking to appoint four new Trustees to its Board of Trustees.
CLC Duchally Country Estate supports Big Tree Country
PKCT are so pleased to announce that CLC Duchally Country Estate has joined the Supporting Perthshire Big Tree Country scheme!
One of Scotland's Great Trails, the Cateran Trail is a fully waymarked, 64-mile (103 km) route through Perthshire and the Angus glens in the heart of Scotland.
Allean Forest, Faskally Woods, the Pass of Killiecrankie and Queen's View - the most popular tourist site in Perthshire - combine for an unforgettable day out in Perthshire Big Tree Country.
PERTHSHIRE IN WINTER – TOP 5 2016
Winter in Perthshire brings sparking white trees and soft blankets of snow to the hills, transforming favourite walks | 768 |
About Alban
Nest Seekers International
646.642.2800 email me
Nest Seekers International Realty
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Nest Seekers International is a game-changing firm in the rapidly expanding global real estate marketplace. The firm's hybrid tech-enabled service model has inspired a new way of thinking in the industry, and its approach to daring and unconventional marketing has elevated and revolutionized the way people think of real estate.
Nest Seekers International continues to expand with 20 offices and more than 800 team members around the globe. Based in in Manhattan, Brooklyn, Long Island City, The Hamptons, New Jersey, Miami, Beverly Hills, Seoul and London, Nest Seekers International has emerged as a leading international real estate firm. It has established itself as brilliant marketer of New Developments and it continues to represent some of the most spectacular properties and most sophisticated buyers and investors. Through 2018 the firm will continue to expand its footprint around the globe with new regions and offices in corresponding market places.
The firm was established by founder Eddie Shapiro in 2001. He continues to lead the firm and carry out its vision as President & CEO. Nest Seekers professionals are frequently featured as experts on highest rated media outlets such as CNBC, BBC, Bloomberg, Wall Street Journal, New York Times and on real estate reality shows. Aspirational and mid to high net worth consumers rely on familiar and trusted brands that share similar principals and identity. Nest Seekers'<|fim_middle|>. Creativity, ingenuity, quality and passion in service are the fundamentals to our success and growth.
Alban Mecaj | 646-642-2800 | Contact Me | 888 Biscayne Blvd #112 Miami, FL 33132 | mission is to take what it has established in New York, New Jersey, the Hamptons, Los Angeles, Miami, London and cross connect it with the rest of the key metro megacities of the world such as Paris, Monaco, Berlin, Hong Kong, Shanghai, Tokyo, Geneva, Paris, Dubai, Sydney, Cape Town, Rio, Tel Aviv, Moscow and more through a smart technology platform that will revolutionize efficiency, quality, conversions and solidify it as the primary solution for high quality real estate services | 105 |
Beyond was founded on the belief that business should be aided by technology, not hindered by it. Our use of smart solutions that allow real-time access to insights help to drive business growth, improve efficiency and reduce costs – whether<|fim_middle|> basis for several important charities in Dublin.
We organise bi-annual, themed seminars that will bring together business owners and top flight experts.
We offer access to important industry metrics so that businesses can carry out competitive benchmarking. | that's in the area of accounting, business development, investments or elsewhere.
An award-winning practice, Beyond brings a wealth of expertise to clients in a wide range of sectors. We pride ourselves on our leading consulting talent and best practice excellence. We are on hand to advise on all aspects of your finances, as well as to recommend systems and processes to support your business.
Rory's journey started over 20 years ago, working as a Chartered Accountant at KPMG. After four years helping clients in the media, banking, retail, manufacturing, and services, Rory took on a variety of leading roles in Irish and UK companies before founding his own accountancy practice in 2012. Rory's real-world managerial expertise, and his experience working for one of the Big Four, means that he is ideally placed to understand the needs of his clients. Whatever business you're in, Rory speaks your language!
One day a month, we support the Ignite Academy by training jobseekers who are starting their own business.
For the past three years, we have worked on a pro bono | 223 |
aro marketing
Chuck Robbins President
crobbins@consultaro.com
About aro
aro is a high end marketing team of 3 people. We provide fearless and actionable consulting to small businesses in Charlotte and around the US. We are extremely adept at PR, Web Dev, and Social Media.
Latest Recent News Releases
Recent News Releases Aug 18, 2016
ANM, Advanced Network Management, Named the 9TH Fastest-growing Tech Solution Provider in North America by CRN
ANM, Advanced Network Management, announced that it has been named to The Channel Company's 2016 CRN® Fast Growth 150 list. The list is CRN's annual ranking of North America-based technology integrators, solution providers and IT consultants with gross sales of at least $1 million who have experienced significant economic growth over the past two years.
Recent News Releases Aug 9, 2016
Magneceutical Health™ Launches into Spa Market Leading the Trend for Integrating Wellness and Technology
The Magnesphere™ to Premiere in September, 2016 at the International SPA Association Conference & Expo http://www.Magneceutical.com A one-of-a-kind platform that's part of the trend of integrating wellness and technology is set to become a valuable part of the spa industry.
Recent News Releases Dec 7, 2016
ANM Further Solidifies Partner Relationship with Cisco, Winning 2016 Commercial West Territory Partner of the Year at Cisco Partner Summit
This year, ANM, an Albuquerque-based IT service provider, was recognized at Cisco's National Partner Conference, Cisco Partner Summit. This year's summit was held in San Francisco, California and it was ANM of New Mexico that took the prestigious title of Partner of the Year for the Commercial West Territory.
SeedSpark Named One of Charlotte's 50 Fastest-Growing Companies
SeedSpark, a Charlotte-based provider of technology management services and digital platform development, has been named by the Charlotte Business Journal as one of the area's 50 fastest-growing companies.
Recent News Releases Oct 27, 2016
Advanced Network Management Sweeps New Mexico Cisco Partner Awards
For the second year in a row ANM has been named Cisco's Partner of the Year in New Mexico, ANM's headquarters state. This prestigious award, announced earlier this week at Cisco's Partner Breakfast in Albuquerque, on September 27, capped off ANM's success in all award categories
NexGen Hearing, Vancouver British Columbia, Releases Emotional New Video<|fim_middle|> today that her company has been designated as an "Apple Authorized Service Provider". A Charlotte business for over 23 years, Dat-A-Syst has been servicing printers and plotters, maintaining computers and networks, iPods and even Sony game consoles and Xbox. Their location at 4035 South Boulevard is convenient to most of Charlotte. Because of the easy access and parking, dropping off equipment is not the challenge that occurs with other Apple ser
Recent News Releases Jun 30, 2010
Tim Cool of Cool Solutions Group Announces FOREVER FREE Version of ministrEspace Software
ministrESpace Software is one of two software solutions from the Cool Solutions Group. Cool Solutions is a company providing niche business solutions for Church Facility Management in the United States and other English speaking countries. Tim Cool is the Chief Solutions Officer and well known for his service to churches as a consultant. ministrEspace provides a room scheduling software. Cool Solutions Group is based in Charlotte, North Carolina.
Recent News Releases May 7, 2009
North Carolina Public Radio Selects "The Food Fairy" To Cater For Prairie Home Companion Cast And Crew
Terri McClernon, The Food Fairy, announced today that her company has been selected by WUNC Public Radio to cater for the Prairie Home Companion cast and crew during their May 9, 2009 performance in Durham, North Carolina.
Noted Elder Law Attorneys Present Workshop to Address "The Changing Face of Elder Law"
Charlotte's aro Welcomes Nationally Recognized Elder Law Attorney Tim Takacs to Co-present with NC Elder Law Attorney Nicole Vandiver Bryan.
Sign up for email updates from aro . | Introducing the Life-Changing Oticon OPN Hearing Aid Technology
In five dramatic minutes, "The Sounds of Life" takes viewers through a real-life sequence of events demonstrating the frustration, anxiety and potential danger suffered by those with limited hearing. The video is available both on YouTube https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jazzjNkYf_M and on the NexGen website http://www.nexgenhearing.com/.
Recent News Releases Jun 9, 2016
Savvy Methodology Offered by McMillan Builders Resonates with Smart Buyers, Differentiates the Davidson Firm From Crowded "Custom" Builder Market
Houzz, Builder Trends, New client relationship tools, plus an engaged builder drives McMillan's Success.
Flow Reps Becomes the First Rep Agency in US to Use a 10-Digital Tool Marketing System called Power-of-1 Marketing
In 1956, Paul Stack Company was introduced to the marketplace as a Rep Agency for Pipe-Valve-Fitting and Plumbing Manufacturers, selling distributors in NC & SC, and calling on Consulting and Process Engineers for specification work. Sixty (60) years later, the same agency is re-introducing itself with a new name, Flow Reps, and a new strategy called Power-of-1 Marketing.
Advanced Network Management (ANM) Acquires Colorado's Digital Roads, Inc., Expanding ANM's Video Conferencing Capabilities Along With Safety & Security Portfolio
ANM, Advanced Network Management, headquartered in Albuquerque, and Denver's Digital Roads, Inc. share a commitment to bringing excellence in engineering and innovative solutions to the marketplace. http://anm.com/
Recent News Releases Mar 9, 2016
Jonathan Berent, L.C.S.W. Identifies "Toxic Perfectionism" as a Primary Cause of Social and Performance Anxiety in Thousands of Cases
Jonathan Berent, Psychotherapy expert Identifies "Toxic Perfectionism" as a Primary Cause of Social and Performance Anxiety in Thousands of Cases
Recent News Releases Jan 13, 2016
The Blu Phenomenon, New Young Adult Fiction Book Release, Highlights International Adoption in the U.S., Suggests its Potential to Carry Change to China
The Blu Phenomenon book launch at the nation's largest private Asian library on January 8, 2016. New book inspires discussion on how international adoption is changing our communities and a ready force for global political change.http://thebluphenomenon.com
Recent News Releases Jan 6, 2016
Carolinas Net Care and I.T. Innovations, Two Well Known Regional IT Firms Merge to Expand Carolinas Net Care, LLC.
Carolinas Net Care and I.T. Innovations, Inc., both headquartered in Charlotte, join forces in a merger of technology professionals with industry experience and a focus on Small and Midsize Businesses in the Carolinas .
Recent News Releases Nov 18, 2015
ANM, Advanced Network Management Picks Up Another IT Industry Win, Awarded Cisco's Partner of the Year for New Mexico
Cisco Names Advanced Network Management (ANM) as Top Technology Solutions Provider for Southwest Territory Commercial & Southwest SLED (State Local and Education) in New Mexico.
ANM, Advanced Network Management, South Western IT Firm, is Positioned for Growth in 2016 with Extensive Engineering Investments, New Website and Cisco Gold Certification
ANM, Advanced Network Management, headquartered in New Mexico, readies for 2016 with extensive engineering Investments, a new web site (http://anm.com/) and Cisco Gold Certification.
Sunbelt® Bakery Changes the Expectations of How Protein Bars Should Taste with the Introduction of Its New Protein Delights
Protein Delights make the perfect, on‐the‐go snack for consumers looking to satisfy food cravings between meals or needing a quick source of energy to get through the day.
Local Search Association (LSA) Digital Marketing Bootcamp for Small & Midsized Business Arrives in Atlanta August 30, 2015
LSA Bootcamp features Speakers from Google, Yelp, Yahoo, YP, Constant Contact and more to provide affordable digital marketing education and solutions during a one-day seminar at Embassy Suites in downtown Atlanta.
Recent News Releases May 19, 2015
Parkinson's Leaders Richard London, Patti Meese and Former Astronaut Rich Clifford Create New National Non-Profit: Parkinson Community Coalition
Survey reveals the need for a Parkinson's disease organization that focuses on a grassroots voice and the consolidation of resources. "Parkinsons People for Awareness & Unity" an Indiegogo campaign created to raise money for a new non-profit. https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/parkinson-community-coalition/x/9384178#/story
Recent News Releases Apr 22, 2015
Charlotte Chiropractor Simons Chiropractic Creates New Web Site, Installs Leading Edge Magnetic Resonance Therapy Device
Charlotte Chiropractor Dr. Dirk Simons Creates New Web Site, Installs Magneceutical Health's Magnetic Resonance Therapy Device. 1 of only 50 in North America
Decorated Veterans Endorse "Halos for Heroes" an Indiegogo campaign to Help Wounded Military Heal at Home
"Halos for Heroes", sponsored by The Patriot Project and Magneceutical Health have launched their first crowdsourcing campaign and reached nearly 70% of their goal with just three weeks remaining. Many decorated Veterans are endorsing the effort to bring Magnetic Resonance Therapy to Military (in their homes) at http://HalosForHeroes.info
Parsons Summa Adds New Intellectual Property Law Clerk Rebeca Echevarria Harasimowicz to Charlotte, North Carolina Practice
Rebeca Echevarria Harasimowicz joins Parsons Summa. She brings Law and Biology degrees to the firm, is fluent in Spanish and proficient in Korean.
Carolina's Author-Speaker Richard London Pledges to Reach Out to 100,000 Parkinson's Patients, Medical Staff and Caregivers
Richard London kicks off campaign with Internet Talk Show about "Living with Parkinson's" Monday Nights at 8:00PM Eastern, as well as speaking engagements, martial arts appearances, books, DVDs and CDs.
Recent News Releases Apr 3, 2014
Charlotte Law Firm Parsons Summa Expands Into New Space and Adds Intellectual Property Practice
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Naked Clean San Diego, California Based Cleaning Company Celebrates Seven Years of Non Toxic, Green Cleaning with Probiotic Solutions
All bacteria are not created equal. Toxic cleaning products kill bad germs, but also destroy good bacteria that can contribute to better overall health. For over 7 years Naked Clean, a San Diego-based company, has developed probiotic solutions for safe, organic - and truly green - cleaning. The first company to work with this science.
Pat Swisher and Enviro-Master Offer a Proven Franchise Opportunity with a Unique Business Model
CEO Pat Swisher's experience in the commercial hygiene industry assures big growth potential for entrepreneurs. Fifteen Franchises already purchased and operating.
Hank the Cowdog's Adventures Coming to the Big Screen Via John Erickson's Newly Formed HTC Entertainment
Author John Erickson Forms HTC Entertainment to Manage Films, Video Games and Other Brand Extensions Associated with the Beloved Hank the Cowdog's Children's Books and other select properties.
Recent News Releases Sep 17, 2013
Do Press Releases Work Anymore? Vanity Statistics or Real Leverage - You be the Judge.
Every time I turn around I hear someone else proclaiming the death of the press release. (We call it our Power NewsBlast). In spite of the recent Panda changes at Google, aro was still enjoying success with our system. I thought we should create our own test for demonstration purposes.
RG Recordings Releases Music Video of "Beast Within" by Rapper Jesse J, Today
Hot LA Independent Studio RG Recordings releases Music Video Premiere of "Beast Within" June 4, 2013. Rudy Gonzalez (from RG Recordings) and Marco De Molina (from Zynderia Studios) come together to co-produce smashing visual Greatness!
Industry Leading HVAC Firm, Morris-Jenkins, Implements ServMan Service Enterprise Software for All-In-One Business Management Solution
Cube Six, Inc. announced today that Morris-Jenkins Company, one of the largest residential heating and air conditioning service providers in the United States, has completed the initial implementation of Cube Six's ServMan ERP Software for an all-in-one business management solution.
Metropolitan Ballroom Dancers Team with the Charlotte Symphony in "Ballroom" on January 25, 2013 at Knight Theatre
Metropolitan Ballroom partners with the Charlotte Symphony in KnightSounds presentation "Ballroom"! Dancers from the studio will "front" the Symphony during the concert presenting many different Ballroom styles. Community involvement key to Metropolitan Ballroom's Dancing Success
Latin American Women's Association Announces 2013 Carnival Event in Charlotte
Latin American Women's Association announces 2013 Carnival Charlotte, the primary fundraiser for the year.
"Great American Things," a Website That Celebrates All That's Good About American Culture, Passes One Million Page Views
The website honors people and places in 18 categories, ranging from movies to music, travel, sports, food, Americana, and the arts.
Recent News Releases Jul 12, 2012
When Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band* go on tour, Columbus McKinnon's American Made, CM Lodestar goes with them!
Wrecking Ball Tour utilizes nine 2-ton and 25 1-ton Lodestar hoists, all manufactured in America by Columbus McKinnon
Viance Ecolife™ Stabilized Weather-Resistant Wood Brings Beauty and Strength to the New Boardwalk in Beautiful Destin, Florida
Local Destin leaders select natural wood because it furthers the community's focus on maintaining nature and protecting the environment.
Recent News Releases Mar 13, 2012
Sedgewick Homes, a Nationally Recognized, Award Winning North Carolina Custom Home Builder, Creates and Launches a New Web Site with Advanced Customer Features
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Sunbelt Forest Products Announces That Its Sunrise Decking Line, Pressure Treated with Ecolife™, Is Now Available at 84 Lumber Stores Across Florida
Builders and homeowners using Sunrise Decking can participate in the "Fish More Deck Challenge" with an opportunity to win a new boat or $500 in monthly cash prizes. Purchase Sunrise Decking at Florida's 84 Lumber Stores and enter to win.
FCC Attacks Jobs and Technology in Rural America, According to Concerned Citizens for Rural Broadband
The following statement is attributable to Concerned Citizens for Rural Broadband: The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has taken an unprecedented action to embrace a few giant telecommunication companies at the expense of many smaller regional companies. The FCC's misguided attempt at Universal Service Fund (USF) "reform," announced in Washington on October 28, will mean lost jobs and less access to quality wireless services for consumers in rural areas.
"Great American Things", A Robin Chalkley Blog, Achieves Record Web Traffic and Creates Partnership with Charlotte Digital Marketing Firm aro
"Great American Things" is a well loved blog about those things that make America Great. Tired of hearing about how bad our country is? This Blog focuses on the great things about America whether they are films, iconic brands, great places, great music or just something to celebrate. GAT is now looking at potential Partners and Sponsors as they begin to construct their new website. aro is the first of those Partners.
ministrEspace, a Service of Cool Solutions Group, Charlotte, North Carolina Announces the Development of COOL SPACE
Cool Solutions Group and Tim Cool, Chief Solutions Officer of Cool Solutions Group, announced the development of a new service, COOL SPACE for their popular ministrEspace room scheduling software. COOL SPACE coordinates HVAC activation to room schedules.
Dat-A-Syst, a Charlotte NC Computer Repair Company, Announces Apple Authorized Service Provider Designation
Jeri Chandler, President of Dat-A-Syst, announced | 2,632 |
El río Eurotas () es un corto río costero de la vertiente del mar Jónico
de Grecia, el más importante de Laconia, con 82 km de recorrido. Nace en el antiguo monte Boreo (actualmente Kravari) y desemboca en el golfo de Laconia. Atravesaba en la antigü<|fim_middle|>Laconia | edad la ciudad de Esparta, que lo utilizó como vía de comunicación fluvial y como alternativa a su puerto habitual, situado en la localidad de Gitión.
Según la mitología griega, el río recibe el nombre de su creador, Eurotas, hijo o nieto (según los diferentes autores) de Lélex, primer rey de Esparta, quien le dio origen drenando los pantanos de la llanura laconia.
Notas
Enlaces externos
PLUTARCO o el PSEUDO PLUTARCO: Sobre los ríos (De fluviis).
XVII: Eurotas.
Texto, en el sitio del Proyecto Perseus, de la traducción inglesa corregida y editada por William W. Goodwin, y publicada en 1874.
William W. Goodwin (William Watson Goodwin, 1831 - 1912): clasicista estadounidense, profesor de griego de la Universidad de Harvard.
Eurotas
Accidentes geográficos de la Antigua Grecia
Lugares de la mitología griega
Esparta
Geografía de la periferia de Peloponeso
| 272 |
One important position in the healthcare industry today that didn't commonly exist 20 years ago is that of the patient sitter. As the focus on care quality and patient safety grows — and as efforts to improve behavioral health develop — so too does the significance of this role.
The scope of a patient sitter's responsibilities vary, depending on the hospital, but can include sitting with patients who are suicidal, homicidal, combative, confused, distressed, dying, at risk of falling or in need of supervision in some other way. Some hospitals have patient sitters on staff to keep patients company to reduce the burden on families or loved ones who want to take a break to grab food or go home to take a shower.
According to Susan B. Frampton, PhD, president of nonprofit advocacy and membership organization Planetree, forces that have driven the use of patient sitters include reports published by the Institute of Medicine on quality and patient safety and the industry's general shift away from using<|fim_middle|> hospital or medical center, the more appropriate and important the position of the patient sitter, according to Dr. Frampton. Even smaller institutions could make a patient sitter position worthwhile by combining it with other duties, such as running messages and lab results throughout the facility.
For hospitals that opt out of hiring patient sitters, Dr. Frampton suggests training volunteers or patients' family members to help try to fill any gaps in care.
To access the full International Healthcare Security and Safety Foundation report on patient sitters, click here. | punitive measures like restraints and seclusion rooms to deal with difficult patients. Patient sitters provide a more humane alternative.
"As our nation tries to do a better job of supporting the needs of behavioral health patients, the role of patient sitters will become even more important than it is currently," says Dr. Frampton. "It will only become more so as the patient-centered movement, which demands hospitals to personalize care, progresses."
Although the significance of the patient sitter role is steadily being more accepted in healthcare, actual data surrounding this role is scarce. The International Healthcare Security and Safety Foundation published a report in December 2014 on how hospitals use patient sitters and found very little research has been done and very little data currently exists on these care providers.
Based on what is known, hospitals use patient sitters in both clinical and nonclinical capacities, but they typically are hired to help improve patient and worker safety within emergency departments and mental health wards or facilities.
"It's so important for people who engage in sitter activities to be viewed as important members of the healthcare team, and not as some quasi-technical staff that exist for hospital ambiance as opposed to safety," says Dr. Frampton.
The background experience and qualifications hospitals look for when hiring patient sitters also varies, according to Dr. Frampton, depending on their assigned role. Some institutions look to hire individuals with previous healthcare experience, while others are just looking for candidates who are competent and compassionate.
Once hired, many patient sitters are required to complete training of some kind, be it in handling combative patients, helping perform activities of daily living or assisting with basic nursing functions, like taking vitals. According to Dr. Frampton, one of the advantages of hiring patient sitters — besides improved patient safety and satisfaction — is helping out nurses and other clinicians.
"Patient sitters are a very important extra set of hands to have around the hospital," says Dr. Frampton. "By having these individuals sit with high-needs patients, hospitals can free up some of the time of the highly trained professional staff who are needed to perform other clinical tasks."
Planetree's general position is that any measure that enhances patient safety and improves care is a measure healthcare organizations must take seriously. The larger a | 456 |
Aruba Atmosphere Digital keynote: Co-founder challenges organizations to "Define your edge"
Aruba's president outlined the steps necessary to harness data in a way that generates actionable insights and introduced the Aruba Edge Services platform.
Image: Screenshot<|fim_middle|>AN, in a data center, branch, or remote work environments.
Protection is offered through ESP's Zero Trust Network Security, which combines dynamic segmentation and a unified threat management into one layer, Melkote said. The tool is able to identify every authentication, authorization, and user attempting to connect to the network, stopping attacks before they start.
The analyze and act layers of the framework are offered through AIOPs within ESP, according to Melkote.
"Fundamentally, this is about surfacing issues, problems, and challenges that are happening on your network in a proactive way, versus you having to react to a phone call that the user has a problem or a device is unable to connect properly in your environment," Melkote said.
"The goal of AIOps is to reduce the meantime to repair by surfacing the problems proactively, giving you the opportunity to look at the data, diagnose if it's right, and then apply the right fix," Melkote said.
AIOps uses AI and analytics to identify the root causes of issues, with more than 95% accuracy. It proactively monitors the user experiences, fine-tuning the network to prevent obstacles on the way.
This technology is meant to help organizations adapt to the new normal after the pandemic, as well as evolve with the changing technological landscape.
"There is a new normal that we are going to get into," Melkote said. "That normal is going to be even more exciting than the normal of the past, with all the experiences that we can build around the intelligent edge and also the amazing new business outcomes that we can create for our businesses while practicing social distancing."
For more, check out Aruba unveils cloud-native Edge Services Platform on TechRepublic.
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The Aruba Atmosphere 2020 Digital Event kicked off on Tuesday with an opening keynote from Keerti Melkote, co-founder and president of Aruba. His presentation, titled "Define your Edge," addressed more than 20,000 viewers, outlining the steps necessary to successfully utilize data at the edge introducing the new Aruba Edge Services Platform (ESP).
SEE: Special report: From cloud to edge: The next IT transformation (free PDF) (TechRepublic)
The Hewlett-Packard company Aruba was another organization forced to shift its annual conference online as a result of the coronavirus pandemic. The physical event typically meets three times—in America, Europe, and Asia—but was instead reconstituted in a digital webinar.
Melkote acknowledged the chaos happening around the world, emphasizing how the edge will be instrumental in work and life post-coronavirus.
"We are living now in the decade of mobile and cloud. Technology, it seems, has pervaded pretty much everybody," Melkote said. "It's no longer confined to the data rooms like it used to in the mainframe era or confined to our office computers like it used to be in the client server. It's now in the hands of every individual on the planet.
"The new normal, as we come out of it, is going to be even more pervasive than that, where technology is going to exceed not only the palms of our hands, but really get into all the places that we live in, and that we work in, and that we play in–we call this the edge," Melkote said.
We are now entering an era of data. As we enter this next decade, data will begin being generated, collected, and computed at the edge, opening up new experiences and operational efficiencies, Melkote noted.
How to harness the power of data at the edge
The new normal is going to focus on actualizing the potential of the edge, according to Melkote.
"The old saying that 'what got us here, won't get us there,' has never been truer because until now what we have built as technologists has been putting great amounts of computing power in the palm of our hands and connecting it over a network to applications that live deep inside the cloud," Melkote noted.
"We have automated the cloud to a great degree, but the clouds are big centralized data centers that bring together compute storage, networking, and create an infrastructure for applications to be built on top of," he continued.
"The edge is the exact opposite: It is highly distributed. And now the problem becomes, how do you take technology–the same infrastructure technologies, compute storage, networking–and bring it together to harness the power of data at the edge?" Melkote asked.
While the edge currently connects to the cloud, it is very expensive and difficult to push the amount of necessary data from that one space to the other.
"There is a need for processing the data, right there, at the edge itself in order to generate those business outcomes," Melkote said.
In response, Aruba developed a framework to internalize all of those components together and unlock the power of the edge. This framework consists of four steps: Connect, protect, analyze, and act.
With those steps in mind, Melkote said there isn't a lot of technology on the market that is built for the sole purpose of unlocking that power.
"We wanted to build a platform that allowed you to deploy these edges in a highly automated manner, just like you deploy data centers or how you use clouds," Melkote said. "And the only way to do that, frankly, is to leverage software and to leverage the power of the cloud itself. We set out to build a cloud native, software-defined architecture to power the intelligent edge."
Aruba Edge Service Platform
Aruba ESP is an artificial intelligence (AI)-powered, cloud-native platform that can predict and resolve issues at the network edge before they occur. The platform is an all-in-one, automated system that continuously analyzes data across sectors, ensures SLAs, identifies problems, and self-optimizes, while also recognizing and securing unknown devices on the network.
"It's about giving you that sixth sense about what is going on inside your intelligent edges," Melkote said.
Aruba ESP can either be used in the cloud or on-premises, accommodating any data storage situation a company might have, according to Melkote.
Melkote went on to address how Aruba ESP fits into the framework of "connect, protect, analyze, and act," ultimately unleashing the power of the edge.
Connectivity is accessed via Aruba ESP's unified infrastructure, which consolidates all network operations, whether it be on Wi-Fi and SD-W | 969 |
The MultiTech University IoT program provides students with the necessary tools and education to learn<|fim_middle|> an inexpensive LoRaWAN ready, low-power wide area network (LPWAN) RF module. | and apply new connectivity technologies.
I like the direction they are moving with their communication technology and we are using the Conduit in our LoRa technology development.
Multi-Tech Systems, Inc., a leading global manufacturer of M2M and IoT communication devices, today announced the MultiTech University IoT Program, launched by the company in the Spring of 2017, is gaining momentum at Universities nationwide. The program provides students with the necessary tools and education to learn and apply new connectivity technologies. The trailblazing program initially focused on Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWAN) using LoRaWAN™. LPWAN is a wireless network designed for long range communications using low power consumption and a low data rate to connect a wide variety of "things". However, the company is now expanding the program to include access to all of its award-winning cellular products.
Since its launch, the LPWAN market has grown from 1.01 billion in 2016 to a projected 24.46 billion by 2021, further reinforcing the opportunity for future technologists and educational institutions. MultiTech's program has evolved to include numerous new universities.
Members also receive access to MultiTech's relationships with a wide range of ecosystem partners.
Last year, MultiTech kicked off the program with a successful Hackathon at the University of New Hampshire, in Durham, New Hampshire. Since that time, students at the University are engaging in multiple projects both within and outside of the campus, involving LoRa and utilizing the MultiTech's MultiConnect® mDot™, | 323 |
Pasture restoration
Given that cattle pastures are likely to remain an important fixture of the agricultural economy of Amazonia, technologies and management practices are needed to improve their productivity. Improvement of existing pastures and livestock, rather than trying to "re-educate" people not to eat beef, is also likely to be more fruitful in Central America (Nations and Komer 1983). With proper management, artificial pastures in Amazonia can be reasonably productive and sustainable (Falesi 1976; Falesi, Baena, and Dutra 1980).
Periodic upgrading with a range of technologies, such as improved germ plasm, is a key part of pasture management in Amazonia. The trend towards improved management of pastures in the region strengthened considerably in the 1980s (Serr�o 1989), and remained strong in the early 1990s.
The move to restore pastures has been spurred by a number of factors. First, more technologies, particularly improved pasture grasses, are available than in the past. More productive, pest-resistant grasses have been developed through collaborative research between CIAT (Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical) in Cali, Colombia, and national agricultural research systems, such as Brazil's EMBRAPA (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecu�ria). Second, with a slow-down in road construction in the 1980s, less "virgin" land was available for opening new pastures. Third, land prices have been rising in many parts of Amazonia because of the slow-down in road construction and population increases (Serr�o 1989).
How quickly a pasture degrades depends mainly on its management history and to a lesser extent on inherent soil fertility. Some first-generation pastures of guinea grass on alfisols (terra roxa) derived from weathered basalt in the Altamira area of the Transamazon Highway are still reasonably productive after 20 years without fertilizer, provided that they are periodically weeded and fenced to allow rotation. Some guinea grass pastures on relatively infertile ultisols and inceptisols near Maraca, Roraima, were still in good shape after a decade of grazing; pastures tend to degrade when stocking rates exceed 1 head/ha (Eden, McGregor, and Vieira 1990). A guinea grass pasture at Fazenda Piquia, some 60 km south of Paragominas, has been kept in production for 20 years in spite of the acid, infertile sandy loam on which it has formed. Fazenda Piquia has kept its guinea grass pasture going with periodic weedings and fertilization with rock phosphate. Transported from central Brazil, rock phosphate is broadcast at the rate of 35-50 kg P2O5/ha.
On the other hand, a guinea grass pasture approximately two decades old at km 30 of the Marab�-Altamira stretch of the Transamazon Highway was in extremely poor shape during the 1992 dry season; overstocking and poor weed management had contributed to compaction and in some cases erosion of the relatively infertile oxisol. A regularly weeded and fenced P. maximum pasture on yellow oxisol near Paragominas was replaced with braquiarao after 12 years. Even with relatively careful management, the rancher considered the inputs required to keep the guinea grass pasture going would be better spent on "upgrading" to a newer grass, after mechanically loosening the soil and fertilizing with phosphorus.
At the S�o Judas Tadeu ranch 19 km from S�o Miguel do Guam� in the Bragantina zone, a 21-year-old pasture of Brachiaria decumbens is still grazed. This pasture was cleared in second growth and has never been fertilized, even though the soil is an oxisol. It is still productive because it is fenced, rainfall is plentiful in the 2,5003,000 mm range, and the land has been weeded periodically.
The cost of upgrading pastures varies according to the degree of treatment and the location (table 7.2). At the high end, pasture restoration involves bulldozing weeds and logs into windrows (fig. 7.5), discing the cleared soil, fertilizing with phosphorus, sowing improved pasture grasses, erecting fences so that pastures can be rotated, and, in some cases, intercropping with forage legumes. In the mid-1980s, an investment of approximately US$150-200/ha was necessary to rehabilitate degraded pastures in areas with good road connections to major markets, such as around Paragominas (Serr�o and Toledo 1988; Uhl and Vieira 1989). By the early 1990s, the cost of restoring pastures with the "full treatment" in eastern Par�, had climbed to the US$230350/ha range. In the vicinity of Manaus, increased costs for fertilizer, manual labour, and equipment rental drive up the price for upgrading pastures to the US$350-500/ha range. In Acre, restoration costs average some US$400/ha, but in one case reached as high as US$800/ha.
Table 7.2 Costs of restoring degraded pasture en upland areas of the Brazilian Amazon, 1991-1992
Location Cost (US$/ha) Year Observations
Nr. Manaus, Amazonas 460 1991 Mechanized, P fertilizer
and intercropping with
Desmodium ovalifoliuma
Fazenda Vitoria, 350 1992 Mechanized, P fertilizer
Paragominas, Par�, and fencing
Fazenda Boi Branco,
Paragominas, Par�,
300 1991 Mechanized, P fertilizer
(rock and super
phosphate) at 200 kg/ha
Fazenda Paraiso, Rio 234 1991 Mechanized, P fertilizer
Gurupi, Par�, and fencing.
Fazenda Modelo, km 12 PA 116 1992 Mechanized, fencing, but
150 Morada Nova, no fertilizer
Marab�, Par�,
a. This herbaceous legume was originally introduced to the Manaus area in 1978 by EMBRAPA as a ground cover for experimental jacarand� (Dalbergia sp.) plantations. b. For a breakdown of cost per item see table 7.3.
Larger ranches may employ aircraft to accelerate seeding of their pastures. One ranch near Rio Branco, Fazenda Cipoal, for example, has employed aircraft to seed pastures with B. brizantha, a practice that is economically feasible only with target areas in excess of 50 ha. Private companies are the main source of seed for ranchers and farmers in Amazonia. General farming supply stores, such as Agroboi in Altamira, stock seed of several pasture grasses.
The price differential between rehabilitating existing pastures and clearing forest is important when considering land-use changes in Amazonia. In the case of the Rio Branco area of Acre, the cost of felling forest was approximately US$120/ha in November 1991. The higher the cost of pasture restoration, the more likely it is that ranchers will open forest. Research on ways to reduce the cost of pasture improvement could thus help deflect the axe from forest stands.
In spite of the relatively high cost, some 700,000 ha of artificial pasture had been rehabilitated in the Brazilian Amazon by the late 1980s, reaching approximately 1.5 million ha by 1993 (Serr�o and Homma 1989, 1993). The income generated from selling timber in the Paragominas area has helped ranchers restore their pastures. Indeed, the financial incentives to clear forest for pasture have decreased in areas with sawmills and a relatively good road system; in such places, the wood is worth more than the ash fertilizer from forest burns (Buschbacher, Uhl, and Serr�o 1987).
Encouragingly, the trend to upgrading pastures is widespread in the Brazilian Amazon. Artificial pastures in Amazonia are being upgraded with a variety of techniques. Fertilizers, particularly phosphorus, are usually essential. More productive and pest-resistant grasses are usually deployed, and legumes, such as Calopogonium mucunoides, Pueraria phaseoloides, and species of Centrosema, are sometimes interplanted for improved ground cover and to fix nitrogen. If the pasture is not bulldozed, weeds are cut and burned, but in heavily compacted sites the soil must be mechanically disced or raked to restore productivity (Serr�o 1986a). As in Central America, fencing and rotation of pastures planted in former rain-forest areas can substantially increase the yield and sustainability of cattle operations (Parsons 1989).
The amount of money that ranchers and farmers invest in upgrading their pastures depends on the degree of degradation and available resources. At the lower end, small-scale farmers, such as colonists along the Transamazon Highway with 100 ha lots, simply cut and burn weeds in pasture and seed with braquiar�o. Larger operators often opt for hiring a bulldozer, and purchase fertilizer and barbed wire for fences.
Table 7.3 Breakdown of the costs of restoring pasture on two ranches in the Brazilian Amazon
Item Observations Ranch A
(US$/ha) Ranch B
(US$/ha)
Bulldozing debris into
windrows
Discing with tractor Ranch A bulldozed in rainy season when rental rates are lower
Two discings are typically needed
at 1 hater 45
Brwant�o seed Seed and sowing costs; ranch A
application rate was 16 kg/ha,
ranch B application rate was 12
kg/ha 45
Clean-up and burning
Fencing Moving large logs, firing windrows
Enclosing 50 ha plots at cost of
US$1,400 per km of fence 35
28 None
TOTALS 234 116
A: Fazenda Paraiso, Rio Gurupi, Par�, 1991
B: Fazenda Modelo, km 12, PA 150 Morada Nova-Bel�m, 1992
Phosphorus deficiency is common in Amazonian soils and managing P levels in soils is essential to maintaining the productivity of pastures. When available phosphorus declines in soils, weeds usually proliferate (Falesi 1992). Although Brazil is virtually self-sufficient in phosphate, costs of the mineral fertilizer remain high in the Brazilian Amazon. Phosphate fertilizer is one of the major items in the cost of upgrading pastures (table 7.3). In the vicinity of Bel�m which has among the cheapest prices for fertilizer in Amazonia, superphosphate fertilizer cost US$180/ton in May 1990. Simple superphosphate is usually applied to pastures at the rate of 1 ton per 5 ha. Large distances between factories in central and southern Brazil elevate the cost of fertilizers for ranchers and farmers in the North region. In spite of these high costs, however, ranchers increasingly employ fertilizers to upgrade the productivity of their pastures.
Earlier predictions that ranchers in the Brazilian Amazon would eschew phosphate fertilizers because of their high cost (Fearnside 1980b) have not come to pass. Between a fifth and a quarter of the firstcycle pastures in the Brazilian Amazon have been upgraded, many with phosphate fertilizer. To prolong the effect of phosphate fertilizer, some ranchers use a combination of superphosphate and rock phosphate. Substantial deposits of phosphate at Maicuru near Santar�m estimated at 100 million tons, may eventually reduce the cost of this important nutrient for ranchers and farmers. However, these phosphate deposits are deep and in a thin band, which will drive up extraction costs.
The restoration treadmill
Restored pastures provide an immediate productivity boost. How much time elapses between each major upgrading of a pasture depends on a host of factors, including the state of finances of the ranch and grazing pressure. Weeds are usually cut and burned every one to four years, but some five to ten years typically elapse before fertilizers need to be applied.
Upgraded pastures in the Paragominas area appear to be profitable, even though they often require fertilizer every five years (Mattos, Uhl, and Gon�alves in press; Nepstad, Uhl, and Serr�o 1991). On Fazenda Sinuelo at km 23 of the Rio Branco-Porto Velho Highway, a sevenyear-old B. brizantha pasture has been weeded only once, shortly after the grass seed germinated, and has not needed any fertilizer. On infertile oxisols in the Paragominas area, several ranches have not had to fertilize their brizant�o pastures after five years.
With adequate care, pastures of B. brizantha are reasonably productive. Well-managed brizant�o pastures on moderately fertile ultisols near Rio Branco, Acre, permit cattle to reach 500 kg within three years. At Fazenda Boi Branco near Paragominas, superior Nelore stock can attain 350 kg within 18 months when grazing on wellmanaged brizant�o pasture and supplemented by chopped elephant grass mixed with mineral nutrients (fig. 7.6). At Fazenda Paraiso on the Rio Gurupi, Par�, cattle typically gain 144 kg per year on brizant�o pastures without supplemental feed.
Restoration of pastures is not a one-shot affair. Inevitably, rehabilitated pastures require more fertilization as well as new forage species or varieties. For all its favourable attributes, for example, brizant�o is no panacea for improving pastures in Amazonia. When planted on poor soils, for example, productivity is likely to fall off without periodic fertilization with phosphorus. Furthermore, Brachiaria brizantha may be allelopathic, thus diminishing the chances of successful interplanting with forage legumes.
Another factor mitigating against a long tenure for Brachiaria brizantha var. Marandu in many areas of the Amazon basin is that pest populations are likely to change. For example, one small patch of Brachiaria brizantha pasture on Fazenda Rio Branco near Ariquemes, Rond�nia. appeared to be suffering from spittlebugs in February 19<|fim_middle|> and interfere with crops. Pueraria and mucuna preta (Mucuna aterrima) can spread quickly; Pueraria is known as the notorious kudzu vine in Florida and Georgia. Also, while legumes are becoming established, careful attention to grazing pressure is usually needed. Second, farmers may not have used the appropriate germ plasm for their soils and climate.
The push to experiment with leguminous ground cover in Amazonian pastures is nevertheless well under way. In addition to trials conducted by EMBRAPA in collaboration with CIAT, many ranchers are experimenting with legumes on their own. The manager of Sementes Garanh�o in Marab�, for example, reports an increasing demand for seeds of Pueraria, mucuna preta, and soja perene (Glycine wightii) from local ranchers (Borba, pers. comm.). Sementes Garanh�o has seed production facilities in Mato Grosso do Sul and also buys seed from other producers in the south-central state. The owner of Fazenda Nova Aurora on the outskirts of Quatro Bocas further north in Par�, has established experimental plots intercropping brachiar�o with soja perene and mucuna preta.
Research carried out by EMBRAPA's cerrado research centre (CPAC - Centro de Pesquisa Agropecuaria do Cerrado) in conjunction with CIAT scientists has identified a number of different strategies for improving pastures, some of which may soon pay off for ranchers in Amazonia. For drier areas of Amazonia, Stylosanthes guianensis holds promise because it withstands drought well and provides valuable forage when pasture grasses are suffering from moisture stress. This waxy-leafed legume is a native of the cerrado and parts of the Amazon; it is at home in areas with long dry seasons and is adapted to poor, acid soils. Poor seed production will need to be overcome and trials in various parts of Amazonia will have to be carried out before S. guianensis can be recommended for planting in the North region. Another promising candidate for Amazonian pastures is Arachis pinto). This relative of the groundnut quickly establishes a lush green carpet, and is thus particularly appropriate for bunch grasses, such as Panicum maximum. A further advantage of the legume is that it produces abundant seed, tolerates drought and shade, and is eaten eagerly by cattle (J. Spain, pers. comm.).
Savannas
In upland areas, extensive campos in Roraima and Amap� and smaller patches of native grassland in Rond�nia. Amazonas, Par�, and Amap� cover at least 20 million ha and have supported lowdensity cattle populations for centuries (Eden 1990: 3; Moura 1989: 92; Pires-O'Brien 1992; Serr�o 1986b). The impressive extent of savannas in some areas is due in part to human activities, both at present and in remote times. Edaphic factors, such as poor drainage caused by a clay hardpan near the surface, create a core of natural grassland much of which has expanded after burning.
In the distant past, hunters and gatherers ignited savannas to facilitate hunting, and some indigenous groups still follow this practice (Smith in press). Cattle were first introduced to the savannas of Roraima in 1787, and by 1930 some 300,000 head of cattle roamed the annually torched grassland (Rivi�re 1972). Ranchers ignite the campos in the dry season to promote more succulent and nutritious growth when the rains come. Only fire-hardy tree species, such as Curatella americana, survive in grasslands that are annually torched. The carrying capacity of such rangeland is low, but could be improved by new management techniques, such as interplanting with more nutritious forage species (Braun and Ramos 1959). Flood-plain pastures along the Amazon are much more productive, but they are only seasonally available. Some 50 million ha of savanna and floodplain meadows are currently underutilized by livestock (Serr�o 1989), an area two-and-a-half times greater than planted pastures in deforested areas of the uplands. Stocking rates on "natural" or non-planted grasslands could increase from the current 6 million head of cattle and water buffalo to at least 30 million without cutting down any trees (Serr�o 1990). The potential and pitfalls of ranching on the flood plain are explored in more detail in the following chapter. | 92. If such proves to be the case, then spittlebugs have evolved a new race, thus putting at risk the large areas planted to B. brizantha. As in the case of silviculture and field crops, pasture ecosystems in Amazonia are highly dynamic, thus requiring a continued research effort to maintain their long-term productivity.
Scale and pace of rehabilitation
Small- to medium-scale ranchers appear to be most actively upgrading artificial pastures throughout Amazonia. In 1991, ranches with restored pastures were observed along the Manaus-Itacoatiara road; the Transamazon Highway from the Altamira area to km 80 of the Altamira-Itaituba stretch; the highway linking Tom�-A�u and Paragominas (PA 256); the Bel�m-Bras�lia Highway from Paragominas to Bel�m the road from the Bel�m-Bras�lia Highway to Capit�o Po�o, Par�, and the Rio Branco-Porto Velho Highway in Acre. In 1993 and 1994, rehabilitated pastures were observed along BR 364 and associated side-roads in Rond�nia. and along the Obidos-Oriximina Highway. At least a quarter of the ranches observed along the above roads had all or some of their pastures under improved management. Ranchers in northern Mato Grosso are also actively upgrading their pastures.
How fast the restoration of pastures in Amazonia proceeds hinges largely on market signals and fiscal policies, since technologies for pasture improvement are no constraint. Relatively low market prices for beef in 1989 and 1990 discouraged investment in pasture improvement. In addition, hyperinflation in Brazil, which reached 60 per cent a month by February 1990, dampened the investment needed to improve the productive capacity of businesses and industry.
Prior to Collor de Melo's presidency in March 1990, the federal government was offering financial instruments (Letras Financeiras do Tesouro) that paid rates of return greatly in excess of inflation to help finance the burgeoning deficit. Working with commercial banks, investors with as little as US$100 were obtaining an unsecured rate of return of about 3 per cent every 24 hours in February 1990 through this financial instrument. Over US$50 billion was tied up in "overnight" deposits in early 1990, funds that could be used more productively to improve pastures and other enterprises. Fiscal measures were taken after March 1990 to dampen inflation and eliminate the "overnight" option, but investors switched to 30-day notes.
Inflation dropped dramatically with the introduction of a new currency, the real, in July 1994. The architect of the piano real, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, was elected President of Brazil in October 1994, and the investment climate will likely improve for upgrading pastures and other agricultural enterprises.
Modest fiscal incentives are available for pasture improvement from the Amazon Regional Development Bank (BASA - Banco da Amazonia, S.A.). BASA taps funds from the Fundo Constitucional de Financiamentos do Norte (FNO) for this purpose. To qualify, ranchers must intercrop pastures with nitrogen-fixing Pueraria in an effort to improve their sustainability. Few ranchers appear to have taken advantage of BASA loans for this purpose, partly because Pueraria does not withstand much trampling by cattle. Stocking rates have to be carefully controlled when Pueraria is intercropped, and not all ranches have established expensive fencing to rotate pastures carefully.
Further research, fresh germ plasm, and new management techniques will be required to keep pastures sustainable over the long term. As in the case of agro-forestry systems, a better inventory of existing practices by farmers and ranchers might uncover promising avenues for further development. The owner of Fazenda Baixa Verde, located at km 46 of the Rio Branco-Porto Velho stretch of BR 364, is restoring 2,500 ha of pasture in stages using maize as an intercrop to reduce costs. At Fazenda Rio Doce, 46 km east of Bel�m on the BR 316 highway, Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsa) shells from factories in Bel�m are recycled on to pastures after they have been mulched for several months with cattle manure (fig. 7.7). Other ranchers in eastern Amazonia are experimenting with grain crops as a phase in pasture rehabilitation (Veiga 1986).
Intercropping pasture with perennials
The notion of planting perennial trees in pastures, or along their margins, is attractive on many counts. First, it would diversify income for ranchers. Second, a more ecologically diverse landscape would ensue, with possible benefits for some wildlife. Third, nutrients and water would be sequestered from soil layers out of reach of grasses, thereby improving the productivity of the land and increasing evapotranspiration, particularly in the dry season. Fourth, depending on the species employed, soils could be replenished with nitrogen. Fifth, cattle would benefit from shade, and would concentrate dung around the trees, thereby fertilizing them.
Although the benefits of intercropping pastures with fruit, nut, or timber trees, and of encircling them with living fences, are well recognized, few ranches have implemented such practices. Annual crops are often planted before a pasture is established, or during the initial stages of restoration, but they are phased out as the grass becomes established. Jari discontinued its pasture/Caribbean pine operation to concentrate on pulp production.
Ranchers are reluctant to try intercropping pasture with perennials because of management concerns. Management intensity would necessarily increase as the operation diversifies. Most ranchers lack the knowledge base to work with an assemblage of perennials. The cost of fencing off tree seedlings so that they are not damaged by cattle is a concern. Fire, a common management tool to reduce weeds, would also damage tree seedlings.
Small farms are likely to be the first successful testing ground for intercropping pastures with trees and bushes. Small farmers often have experience with both livestock and a mixture of crops. Land tenure is an important dimension here: only if the farmers own the land are they likely to invest in perennials and other long-term conservation measures (Vosti 1991).
For the most part, ranchers in the Brazilian Amazon are not currently interested in agro-forestry systems that incorporate pasture grasses with perennial crops. A few medium-scale ranchers intercrop rubber with pasture, such as in the vicinity of Tom�-A�u but ranchers generally prefer to concentrate on pasture or pasture-legume intercrops. At Fazenda Aruan� near Itacoatiara an attempt was made to intercrop Brazil nut trees with pasture: Brazil nut trees were initially planted at 20 metre intervals, but the pasture was already degraded when the Brazil nut seedlings were planted and the effort to combine beef and Brazil nut production on the same land was discontinued because of weed problems. A decision was made to double the planting density of Brazil nut trees instead of trying to combine them with cattle grazing. The rancher is still in the business of producing beef and Brazil nuts, but on different parcels of his property. Approximately 4,000 ha of Brazil nut trees have been planted at Fazenda Aruan� at 10 metre intervals. Most of the Brazil nut trees have been grafted in an effort to ensure higher yields, but 12year-old trees are still not producing adequately, possibly because of pollination or soil fertility problems.
For larger ranches, the first "breakthrough" in diversifying the pasture landscape is likely to come with living fences. Fence posts have to be replaced every four to five years, mainly because of termite damage. If suitable species can be found that do not require expensive labour for pruning, ranchers are likely to adopt living fences, as in Costa Rica, where at least 57 plants are employed as living fences (Sauer 1979).
Most of the living fence species in Costa Rica are native to Central America and were already adapted to agricultural conditions since they are also volunteers in open sites. The practice of using living fences pre-dates the Spanish Conquest in Costa Rica. Suitable candidates for living fences in Amazonia might come from the native second-growth flora, from indigenous groups, or from other tropical regions.
On-farm and on-ranch experiments are ideal ways to introduce new technologies. In the vicinity of Paragominas, the Brazilian agricultural research service (EMBRAPA) and Woods Hole Research Center in Massachusetts are collaborating with a rancher to test the suitability of rehabilitating pastures with various intercropped fruit trees.
Pasture intercropping raises a host of research issues. Allelopathic interactions can thwart some intercrops. Perennials are long-term investments, but market conditions can shift unpredictably. For example, low latex prices have forced the owner of Fazenda Rio Branco near Ariquemes, Rond�nia. to cut down rubber intercropped on 750 ha of his 2,000 ha of pasture. The mix of perennials suitable for any given area will depend on soil conditions, allelopathic behaviour, rainfall patterns, and marketing infrastructure, among other factors.
Intercropping with leguminous ground cover
Although a number of ranchers introduce some herbaceous legumes to their pastures, particularly when they are being upgraded, this practice is not as well developed as it could be. The advantages of intercropping pasture with a leguminous ground cover are well known increasing soil nitrogen levels, provision of a nutritious forage, and, in areas with a pronounced dry season, increased food for cattle - but few artificial pastures in Amazonia are systematically planted with legumes. Less than 5 per cent of the sown pastures in Amazonia include planted herbaceous legumes (Serr�o 1986a).
Two main reasons appear to account for the slow adoption of intercropped legumes in pasture. First, the introduction of a leguminous ground cover implies new management practices. Weeds are frequently suppressed in pastures by fire, so legumes can be destroyed when pastures are "cleaned." Another management issue with forage legumes is that they can become weedy | 2,216 |
If you have any questions or want to enquire about dates, use our form to contact Andrew & Kit Hollings or see their website for more information.
Beneath watercolour-washed Cumrew Fell, in the quietest corner of Cumbria's Eden Valley, rests the Hayloft – simple on the outside, light-filled and cosy within (a wood-fired biomass boiler keeps you toasty). There's a skilful mix of space, comfort, originality and tradition here; pull off your walking boots and pad up wooden stairs to the lovely long-beamed living space. Sofas pull up to the wood-burner; a big dining table accompanies a brilliantly kitted kitchen. There's even a snug lined with books, with its own view. Down the beamed corridor are two en suite bedrooms: both super-kings with silky cushions, crisp ivory linen and shower rooms with chequerboard floors; a third en suite double room is across the courtyard – lovely and light. The Hayloft adjoins the Georgian house where the owners live but you're pretty private here, and may use the walled garden; fire up the barbecue on a summer's evening. Black grouse can be spotted on the local RSPB reserve; the Coast to Coast cycle route starts from the door; fell walks abound. Carlisle is ten miles, the Lakes and the Scottish Borders are not much further.
Minimum stay: 3 nights, 7 nights in high season. Pets by arrangement.
Short breaks available midweek, from £400.
If you relish peace, warmth and comfort at the end and beginning of your day then the Hayloft at Cumrew House is definitely for you! Toasty log burner, comfy furniture, and nothing to see through the windows except lawn and trees. Highly recommended - a lovely place to stay - and it's jolly clean too.
We have just returned from our third visit to The Hayloft within a year ! The Hayloft is a wonderful conversion,<|fim_middle|> ben spectacular! Thank you.
We enjoyed ourselves very much at the Hayloft, thank you. We shall certainly return to make it our base should we decide to revisit the Lake District. It's a very long drive, but worthwhile! We were blessed with some wonderful weather also.
A magical week spent with the family at the Hayloft, in stunning surroundings and superb accommodation. Perfect in every way, from fresh eggs in the morning, the most lovable cat Pele, tot he fun and laughter of playing tennis with the family. Fabulous and never to be forgotten.
Well equipped, immaculately clean and comfortable accommodation. Hosts very welcoming and full of detailed local information on the area. Lots of beautiful walks along riverside or fell top, plenty of history, excellent local pubs and wildlife. A truly special place to stay.
Walk from Howtown on Ullswater, round the lake to Glenridding and take the famous Ullswater steamer back. Stunning lakeside walk with cream teas available en route! Or, for those seeking action on the water, Eden Outdoor Adventures are the folk to help.
Hadrians Wall is only a short drive away. Relive history with your family at nearby Birdoswald fort - the kids will love the interactive museum. Alternatively, plan to walk the wall with friends using us as a base. Ask for suggested itinerary.
Fancy a tour around a working mill, a river walk with a mysterious cave and a prehistoric stone circle thrown in, Little Salkeld Watermill, 20 minutes away, is the place to go. Bread courses available. Their treacle flapjack is a triumph.
Take a drive, or a cycle (not for the faint-hearted!) up Hartside to Alston, the highest market town in Britain. Enjoy a feast of quirky shops, nearby Nenthead Mines for fascinating local industrial history, and a trip on a steam train.
Ever watched sheep race round a track, driven a mini Land Rover, dared to descend a 24 foot demon drop slide? Walby Farm Park provides bucket loads of outdoor fun ( and also boasts Cumbria's largest indoor play area). It's a mere 15 minutes drive from us.
Tennis courts fully refurbished in Winter 2016, for a match worthy of Wimbledon. Rackets and balls provided if required. Ball-hitting practise available with active, well-coached Hollings family members, if they're at home! | so well-appointed, spacious and cosy with the log burner. It is now our preferred Northern getaway - it used to be Perthshire, but we like the change, and the Cumbrian countryside. It is well worth the trip from Bath. We have made use of having Hadrian's Wall so close for us to explore and also Brampton Golf Course. Great all weather tennis court as well as a beautiful walled garden (with lots of veg !) looking up to the Fell. Kit and Andrew are the most wonderful hosts.
The Hayloft, Cumrew House has all the modern facilities you require, but retains a wonderful historical ambience, we loved it. It was clean and very comfortable, and wonderfully quiet at night. The owners made us very welcome and and it was for a week, a home from home. It a great base for a walking holiday, in easy reach of Hadrians Wall, with wonderful hostelries not far away.
We stayed at The Hayloft for seven days over the Christmas period with our son and daughter and their partners. We were warmly welcomed by the Hollings to the delightful Hayloft where every comfort had been catered for . In a magical part of Cumbria in the Eden Valley we enjoyed a number of walks in fine weather and even managed a few games of Tennis. We cannot recommend The Hayloft too highly.
If you are thinking of booking the Hayloft don't hesitate, it was fabulous. My husband and I stayed in the annex while my son and family stayed in the barn. Great hosts and lots of interesting places to visit. We'll be back.
Very enjoyable stay in family group to celebrate a family member's big birthday. Lovely, comfortable accommodation, good self-catering facilities and cosy log-burner for cooler evenings. The tennis court was a great addition to outdoor activities. Our hosts were very welcoming, friendly and helpful. We wished we had been able to stay longer than we did.
We have had a lovely relaxing week here! This was our first visit to the Eden Valley and i am sure will not be our last. The autumn colour has | 431 |
What's in<|fim_middle|>0s. | a name? Learn about the people whose names adorn Willow Park in Wodonga and how they contributed to the city.
It is known for the skate bowl, soccer ovals, playgrounds and of course the willow trees.
You might have jogged past House Creek in a school cross country, or taken the dog for a stroll on a pleasant afternoon.
You may have spent countless hours in Willow Park, but did you know it used to be dairy farm?
In 1855, the SS Steinwarder departed Hamburg and set sail for Australia with Frederick and Julianna Heckendorf and their children aboard.
In 1869, they moved to Wodonga and it wasn't long before they set up a dairy farm at Willow Park.
One hundred years later, the farm was in the hands of Fredrick's great grandson Les Boyes.
In the 1970s the land was acquired by the Albury-Wodonga Development Corporation, which had the goal of developing Albury-Wodonga into a major inland city.
Mr Boyes and his sister, Val Proctor, still live in Wodonga and have a sound knowledge of their family history, and fond memories in Willow Park.
Ms Proctor said her grandfather Harry planted many willow trees.
"Harry was a great one on planting his willow trees or poplar trees, and the willows were planted along the banks of the creek," she said.
"He was known to tell all his friends, 'If you plant a willow tree into the bank of the creek you'll never have erosion.'"
While Willow Park is renowned for being a sport complex today, it is also the place where a number of Wodonga's significant historical figures are recognised.
Pam and Les Stone are among those honoured.
Mr Stone was the first mayor of Wodonga from 1972-74 and was also a school teacher and principal of Wodonga West Primary School.
The Stones' son Shane has had much success in politics and is a former cabinet minister and chief minister of the Northern Territory.
He spoke of his father's contribution to the community.
"The mark of his service was the fact that when Dad died we didn't even own the house. He had devoted all of his attention and all of his resources to serving the community," he said.
Mrs Stone was also heavily involved in politics and was the first female councillor and first female mayor of the Wodonga council.
She remembers long nights at council meetings.
"They were great big agendas. We'd sit there til three o'clock in the morning some council meetings."
Further along House Creek, next to St Monica's School oval, Father Gerald Moylan's sign can be found.
He was the first parish priest of Sacred Heart parish in Wodonga.
He is credited with having great foresight in purchasing the land for St Monica's.
Current parish priest Father Dennis Crameri said Father Moylan was a good role model and an admired priest.
"Gerry laid great foundations, he gave great examples, and I remember as a younger priest, Gerry was much older; you'd look up to people like him," Father Crameri said.
As you stroll past the Wodonga football ground you'll also find a sign which recognises Jack Eames.
Mr Eames served in the Second World War with another Wodonga local, Bill Tindale.
He also had a glittering football career.
Mr Eames played for Richmond in the Victorian Football League and won the Morris Medal in 1949 at the Wodonga Bulldogs.
However, he said this was overshadowed by tragedy that struck the team that season.
There was a bus crash near Chiltern where a player and two committeemen died.
Mr Eames said seven other players didn't play football with the team again.
The brother and sister are descendants of the Heckendorf family that started a dairy farm in Wodonga's Willow Park in the 187 | 810 |
Cititrax release Cherskogo Drive, a full length LP of 6 tracks from one of Moscow's leading underground electronic artists, Pavel Milyakov aka Buttechno. He may not need any introduction to some but to those not in the know, he's a unique, relatively new yet prolific musical artist who uses a vast range of instrumentation to create his sound. His music captures the listener in the most thoughtful, precise way.
Milyakov makes spacious, dystopian, and wonky reflections on techno that mirror the expansive barrenness and desolation of his high rise-dominated environs. Despite keeping a relatively low profile, Buttechno still manages<|fim_middle|> with the first 200 copies presented on grey vinyl, all housed in a heavy printed high gloss sleeve, lined in black with black paper inner sleeves. | to attract significant positive attention, whether providing "spastic electronics and fireball ballistics" in one of the local Boiler Room event or creating soundtracks for European fashion shows. He has close ties to the area's design and fashion scenes, and his own artwork fleshes out a singular aesthetic.
The 6 tracks on this LP range from driving electro to 90s techno to slower paced, dirty, perfectly pitched 808 sounds. The LP is pressed on 160 gram black vinyl | 103 |
This particular jamon really is something truly special. It comes from the renowned Black Iberico Pigs of 'Green Spain' who are allowed to roam the countryside with complete freedom.
Their diet, which consists mostly of acorns ('bellota'), develops the most intensely sweet, floral and nutty<|fim_middle|> in the world! | flavour, with a stream of luxurious fat which simply melts in the mouth! Strict regulations mean that there can be a maximum of 2 pigs per hectare of land so that they can digest the proper amount of acorns each day. The acorns contain a chemical in them known as 'oleic acid' which can also be found in olives, making them full of flavour. This is why these pigs are also known as 'olives with legs'! Purely because their fat is as healthy as extra virgin olive oil.
The Jamon that we serve here at The Spanish Butcher is cured for 30 months, a process that magnifies those flavours to unsurpassable levels of awesome! The longer time this ham is spent curing, the more rich and intense the flavour.
This treat really is the perfect starter as well as a glorious nibble with a drink at the bar!
For many ham lovers, this stuff is as good as good gets.
Head along to 80 Miller Street and try it out yourself!
Did you know… Spain produces an astounding 40 million hams a year making it the biggest producer & consumer of ham | 233 |
E!'s Nina Parker shares challenges she's faced as a Black woman in media: 'I definitely lost out on some opportunities'
Gibson Johns
September 18, 2020, 12:15 PM
Nina Parker has solidified herself as one of the most fearless hosts in entertainment news, but the E! personality says that her "opinion in the entertainment space wasn't necessarily valued."
Parker, who has co-hosted "Nightly Pop" on E! alongside Morgan Stewart and Hunter March for over 200 episodes, told In The Know's Gibson Johns during a recent interview that being a Black woman in media has put her up against "an extreme amount of challenges" that her white counterparts haven't had to deal with, including being reduced to regressive stereotypes.
"When you're an opinionated Black woman, you feel an extreme amount of challenges, and there were times where I would be on a set debating an issue with a white counterpart and people would be like, 'Oh, my gosh, she's so aggressive,'" Parker recalled. "And it's like, 'We're debating, and they're saying the same thing!' And so there was a lot of projection, I feel like, onto me. I feel like a lot of women in general feel like, if they're opinionated, they are labeled something. But, you know, when you're also a Black woman, I feel like there is that double label onto you."
"Especially when entertainment news was more one thing — where it was just, you know, glitz and glamour and it was really just very monotone — it wasn't a lot of opinions and views, people really had a hard time accepting me being so opinionated, because it was just the way I am," she went on. "I would feel like I definitely lost out on some opportunities. But, ultimately, losing out on those opportunities led me where I'm at right now, and so I try not to look at those negatives as rejection. I looked at them as protection. It just wasn't the space I was meant to be in."
For Parker, who came up as producer before becoming an on-air host for various outlets, it wasn't worth the sacrifice to start presenting herself differently just to fit the mold that others wanted to impose on her. In realizing that about herself, she was also able to recognize that there was an audience out there that would appreciate her for who she really is.
"Instead of sinking into it and feeling like I have to be something else, I decided that I just wasn't going<|fim_middle|> all on sale
The post E!'s Nina Parker shares challenges she's faced as a Black woman in media appeared first on In The Know.
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Nina Parker
Nightly Pop
More From In The Know by Yahoo:
Old Navy shoppers say these fleece-lined leggings are 'warm and comfy' — and they're less than $8
Yes, you need to be cleaning your washing machine — and this is the easiest way to do it | to be for everybody and who I was going to be for would get the message. I wasn't going to try to change who I was to appeal to people who were committed to misunderstanding me," Parker explained. "For many, many years, I felt like my opinion in the entertainment space wasn't necessarily valued. And so, now, to feel like people are warming up to me or valuing my opinion is incredibly flattering. I feel like we've made so many strides, and so I really appreciate that."
You don't have to look far for evidence of that: In addition to her skyrocketing prevalence in a variety of E! programming in recent years, Parker was also one of the names heavily thrown around on social media when the #ReplaceEllen hashtag recently went viral as backlash mounted against Ellen DeGeneres.
While it was obvious that DeGeneres wasn't actually going to be replaced, being part of that conversation was certainly validating for Parker.
"I knew her show was not going to go anywhere. So, to me, it was all in good fun," she said of the moment, which involved so many social media notifications that her phone literally died. "But, you know, to have people who want to see me have my whole platform is extremely flattering."
One reason for the strong bond that Parker has cultivated with "Nightly Pop" viewers is her willingness to speak her mind on everything, including topics that go well beyond the scope of Hollywood and the world of celebrity. In June, when George Floyd's murder sparked protests and overdue conversations about race, Parker embraced the opportunity to use her platform to air out her thoughts.
Enough. #Blacklivesmatter
A post shared by Nina Parker (@mzgossipgirl) on Jun 1, 2020 at 8:21pm PDT
And, perhaps because of that, Parker was chosen to moderate a high-profile conversation about race for sister network, Bravo, called "Race in America: A Movement Not a Moment."
"I've done specials with major networks before. Obviously, this was really the first thing that I had done rooted around race relations, which before, most of it had been news or entertainment news, but nothing, you know, as just really intricate as how race is affecting Black people in America," she said of working on the special. "They saw a lot of my coverage that I had done with me expressing how I felt, and they felt like I would be the perfect person to navigate that conversation. I was familiar with a lot of the talent over at Bravo just over the years, and so I think it just kind of was a great fusion of everything at the same time."
Listen to our full interview with Nina Parker below, and tune into "Nightly Pop" on E!, weeknights at 11:30 Pm EST:
If you enjoyed this article, check out our recent interview with "Real Housewives of Potomac" star Monique Samuels here.
I was disinvited from a friend's wedding — do I have to send a gift?
Treat yourself to a luxurious at-home pedicure with this $13 deluxe kit
NikkieTutorials is finally dropping her long-awaited eyeshadow palette
5 high-quality kitchen tools home chefs will love — | 669 |
The château's origin could date back to Gallo-Roman occupation, located along a Roman road dating back to the end of the 1st century or the beginning of the 2nd century. This road linked the North of Chabris to the South of Argentomagus, a Gallic oppidum near Argenton sur Creuse.
In the 15th century, the domaine de Poulaines, formerly the fiefdom of the Valvassière, belonged to the barony of Graçay. Pierre the 4th de Graçay, Lord of Diors, Chabris and Poulaines.
Perenelle de Graçay married Antoine du Boys. Their daughter, Catherine du Boys, married François Herpin (son of Louis Herpin and Louise du Plessis Richelieu).
The Southern facade with its buttresses, one of the château's original parts, was deeply modified.
The apogee of the château de Poulaines goes back to the 16th century, and the works dating from that era are still visible on the Northern facade.
The latter, built in the Renaissance style, in the first years of the 16th century, is distinctive of its time with its mullioned windows and its dormer window with a shell-shaped pediment.
The chapel, which rose forming an angle at the entrance of the château, has disappeared.
It is difficult to determine how the hexagonal tower on the left of the manor was attached to the other buildings or to the chapel. Deep ditches surrounded the château.
The beautiful wrought iron gate comes from the former Feuillants Convent in Limoges.
It was installed by Victor de Brettes, who inherited it from his sister, a Canoness of Malta.
Though we do not know the names of any architects associated with the restorations of the manor of Poulaines in the past centuries, we do know that archives of the domain, including part of the deeds of ownership and the collection of books, were transferred in 1762 to Châteauvieux.
René Herpin, son of François, squire Sieur of la Sasnière and Poulaines, married Marie du Moustier.
A description of the layout at the time gives us a clearer idea of how the manor looked.
"The garden was divided into squares separated by stunning wide sand-covered paths; there was a flowerbed across from the front steps reserved for aromatic and medicinal plants…it was quite different from the other manors in the parish: the residence, known as the Valvassière, was the indisputable winner of the title 'Castel de Poulaines' (Poulaines Castle)" (source Claude Rioland: Poulaines, Un Village Témoin de l'Evolution de la Ruralité en Berry des Origines à 1815 (Poulaines, A Village that Witnessed Rural Development in Berry from its Origins to 181<|fim_middle|> a botanist (a herbarium with plants endemic to the Valençay Region is kept in Limoges), was a long-term mayor of Poulaines.
Under his service, the presbytery, the town hall and the boys' school were built.
His wife endowed the bell tower, after its reconstruction, with a new bell.
The Brettes family lived in the main part of the domain until the middle of the 20th century.
They are the ones who ordered from the village priest, Eugène Duroisel, at the end of the 19th century, the monograph "Poulaines, the seigneury and the surrounding fiefdoms".
Towards 1950, it became the property of M. Brillard, an architect.
The main part of the domain was purchased by the current owner in 1991 from the Brillard descendants.
Thanks to the support of councillors passionate about their local history, the monograph was made available to the current owner who undertook to reconstitute the domain in its entirety by acquiring plots.
Ten years were necessary to piece together the Metairie and it ended in spring 2014 with the purchase of the last building which, for a while, was used as the cinema of the village of Poulaines.
The domain currently includes its dwelling, its service quarters, its stable, its farm buildings and gardens. | 5), preface by Marc du Pouget).
Louis Herpin, son of René, became Lord of Poulaines and extended the domain thanks to several acquisitions, including the sharecropper's farm called the métairie de la Porte, in 1608.
This métairie drew its name from its location near the seigneurial habitation.
The same family inhabited Poulaines over several generations right up to the beginning of the 18th century.
Upon the death of Alexandre de Crespin, his pregnant widow left Poulaines which rapidly fell apart.
Alexandre's mother married her second husband, Jacques de Noblet, who undertook considerable works.
Upon his death in 1741, the domain was sold to Hyppolite de Coudreau.
Upon his death, his wife Jeanne de la Marche, moved back to the Château de Châteauvieux and took with her the numerous books from the library and all the archives.
These archives have not yet been studied.
Jean-Baptiste Hippolyte Godeau, a farmer-general, bought Poulaines (without the metairie de la Porte) and handed it down to his eldest daughter Marie-Joséphine who married Victor de Brettes in the middle of the 19th century.
The buildings which closed the manor's quadrilateral were destroyed by Victor de Brettes.
They were replaced by the sequoia that can currently be seen in the forecourt.
The outbuilding located to the North-East does not appear on the plans of the domain of the end of the 18th century.
It is composed of stables and service quarters built in the 19th century by the Brettes family.
Their son-in-law, Martial de Brettes, a member of the military and | 375 |
Foresight: will it make fairer EU policies?
Commenting on the European Commission's first Strategic Foresight Report, ETUC General Secretary Luca Visentini said
"ETUC supports any policy initiative that helps to manage change in a sustainable, fair and democratic way.
"A longer-term perspective is useful, especially if it leads to new policies consistently contributing to a fairer and more inclusive society.
"A shift from the current GDP-based narrative of measuring progress towards a<|fim_middle|>In Better regulation, Economic and Social Cohesion | more well-being centred one would be welcomed by the ETUC as this has been a long-standing demand.
"The Commission is right to point out that the current COVID crisis threatens to make inequalities even worse, and to emphasise the need to tackle low incomes and poverty as well as short-comings in health care, social protection and education and training.
"A massive effort is still needed to stop inequalities multiplying, despite the reasonably encouraging early steps with SURE and the Recovery Plan.
"The proposals of the Foresight Report must turn into fairer and more inclusive policies by the European Commission and member states."
"ETUC will seek to ensure the involvement of unions in the foresight process and to ensure that the well-being of workers and their families are always at the forefront of EU policy-making."
| 158 |
Stim<|fim_middle|> tours and taste a wide variety of local Italian wines.
We pride ourselves on superior customer service so we offer this tour both on foot and as part of our Rome by Night Golf Cart Tour. | ulate all five senses on this indulgent culinary odyssey. Explore the trendy neighborhood of Trastevere - home to some of Rome's finest food - to discover the delights you'd never find alone.
Tour Rome's most foodie-friendly neighborhood of Testaccio in a small, intimate group. and indulge in its delights in the company of our expert guide.
A tour designed to give you an authentic feel for Rome: the celebrated past and the irresistable La Dolce Vita of Rome today.
Join us on our moving feast as we roam the Eternal City in search of its most mouth-watering street food.
Lovely scenery, romantic lakes and good wines are the charms of the small towns and Lakes of the Colli Albani, generally known as the Castelli Romani.
It is no secret that Italy is home to the most delectable food and delicious wines on the planet and Walks Inside Rome proposes a Rome Food Tours wants you to enjoy the best of them! Join us on our food and wine inspired tours to treat your taste buds to authentic Roman dishes and local wines that real Romans enjoy every day!
Follow an expert guide on our small group culinary walking tours in which we pride ourselves on being the only tour provider in Rome that keeps groups no larger than 8 people because we believe that Italian food is best shared with friends and family.
Indulge in Italy's best culinary dishes, sip on authentic wines, and make new friends on our small group Rome food tours. Walk with one of our expert guides as you spoil yourself by strolling through open-air markets, stepping into one of Rome's most famous delicatessens open since 1870, and tasting wines and prosecco along with food samples that vary according to the time and season.
Like a more hands-on approach? Sign up for our pizza making and cooking classes in Rome to learn the Italian cooking secrets that allow you to come to Italy a tourist and leave a professional chef!
If you are a sommelier in the making, join Walks Inside Rome on our secret roman, Rome food | 419 |
Popular GAME GUIDES, WALKTHROUGHS, MAPS
These are the most Popular Game Guides and Walkthroughs on gamepressure.com. All the publications that you see here are the most popular among our readers, who visit our site to find the best ways to complete the game.
We focus on creating very detailed Game Solutions, clear and useful Game Maps and Atlases that will help you in finding all the Secrets and Collectibles that games have to offer. Moreover, you can find lists of Game Achievements, general advice, Tips and Tricks, answers to FAQ and System Requirements for PC games. Our Game Guides are complemented by high quality screenshots that will help you find your way around every game. The whole team behind our<|fim_middle|> of all available locations.
Doom Game Guide & Walkthrough
The game guide to Doom contains a detailed game walkthrough in which all mission objectives are described in detail. This guide also includes locations of important collectibles and advice related to in-game challenges.
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Guide to Vampyr contains everything you need to know in order to successively suck blood. Here you'll learn how to unlock all NPC's hints. You will also find the description of all missions and side-tasks, as well as collectibles, weapons, and skills.
Farming Simulator 19 Guide and Tips
In Farming Simulator 19 Guide you will find tips and tricks. You will learn about workers and the best machines, how to earn money, breed cows and how to become the best farmer in the world. Our guide is suitable for beginners and advanced farmers.
Metro Exodus Guide
The guide to Metro Exodus is a compendium of knowledge about this post-apocalyptic shooter game. Here you will find an exact walkthrough, a description of all available side quests and a full list of achievements.
Pillars Of Eternity 2 Deadfire Game Guide
Guide to Pillars Of Eternity 2 contains many tips and hints for character creation. We've described subclasses, best weapons and ship mechanics. Our walkthrough contains main and side quests as well as quest maps, secrets and loot.
Car Mechanic Simulator 2018 Game Guide
In this guide for Car Mechanic Simulator 2018 you can find descriptions of basic aspects of the game such as the interface, how to use devices and how to run a diagnosis. You will also learn about getting and completing orders as well as earning money.
Pillars of Eternity Game Guide & Walkthrough
In this guide to Pillars of Eternity, you can find all the information allowing you to complete all the missions – both main and side – without any problems.
Shadow of the Tomb Raider Game Guide
Shadow of the Tomb Raider Game Guide contains a set of useful and exhaustive tips for this third-person action game. In our guide, you will find a detailed campaign walkthrough, all puzzle solutions, details about mysterious monoliths, tombs and crypts. | guides consists of extremely experienced players and passionate gamers.
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Assassin's Creed Odyssey Guide will help you find all the secrets, tombs and collectibles. Complete walkthrough and maps contain tips to main and side quests, including Ainigmata Ostraka, tombs, documents and ancient tablets. Check also our trophy guide.
The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt Game Guide & Walkthrough
Guide to the Witcher 3: Wild Hunt is a comprehensive source of information required for playing the Polish blockbuster game and completing it in one hundred percent.
Red Dead Redemption 2 Guide
The Red Dead Redemption 2 Guide is an extensive walkthrough that will guide you through all the main and side quests. Our tips describe trophies and achievements, weapons and help you locate all secrets and collectibles. Check out our RDR2 maps.
Divinity: Original Sin II Game Guide
The Divinity: Original Sin II Game Guide contains description of all quests available in the game, from the ones connected to the main plotline, up to optional, side adventures. Aside from that, the dedicated chapters contain maps of all locations.
Grand Theft Auto V Game Guide
This unofficial guide to Grand Theft Auto V is a complete guide to Los Santos. It will help you experience all of the attractions that the game has to offer and to help you achieve 100% completion of the game.
The Sinking City Guide
The Sinking City Guide is a compendium of knowledge about this atmospheric adventure game. From our publication you will learn how to solve all main and side cases, where to find evidence and how to quickly travel around the city.
Kingdom Come Deliverance Game Guide
This comprehensive game guide to Kingdom Come Deliverance contains valuable tips, hints and a detailed walkthrough for the medieval RPG. It includes starting tips for beginners, combat guide, trophies and achievements, quest description, and maps. Check out how to survive in the Kingdom Come!
Detroit Become Human Guide
Detroit Become Human Guide contains complete story walkthrough with choices, consequences and alternative endings. We've described the Flowcharts of Connor, Marcus, and Kara. Also, check our tips about the game� mechanics.
Dragon Age: Inquisition Game Guide & Walkthrough
Our guide for Dragon Age: Inquisition is a sheer mine of knowledge for this RPG game developed by BioWare. This guide has been divided into three big parts: Strategy Guide, Game Walkthrough and World Atlas.
Batman: Arkham Knight Game Guide & Walkthrough
This unofficial game guide for Batman: Arkham Knight contains a detailed walkthrough for all the missions in the game (story missions and side quest, e.g. rescuing hostages or eliminating villains).
The Days Gone Guide will help you complete all the quests and defeat the most difficult hordes of zombies. The walkthrough contains valuable advice, as well as the location of all secrets. Also, check out the best weapons and skills for beginners section.
Judgment Guide
The Judgment Game Guide is a compendium of knowledge about this action game. From our publication you will learn how to make money, gain experience and which skills to develop. There was also a detailed walkthrough of the main and side missions.
Fallout 4 Game Guide & Walkthrough
This unofficial Fallout 4 game guide offers a complex description of all of the game's content and a very thorough explanation of its mechanics. The guide has been divided into three big parts.
The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim Game Guide
This guide contains a thorough walkthrough for all the main and side quests in The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim and detailed maps | 735 |
Home Going Out Luxury Autos A bit of a stretch: 2020 Lexus RX 350 L
A bit of a stretch: 2020 Lexus RX 350 L
Refined for 2020, Lexus' seven-seat RX SUV is big on space, less so on back-row seating
The Star Trekkies said it best: Space, the final frontier. I guess that was the mantra Lexus designers used when they came up with the spacey, seven-seater RX 350 L.
That's 'L' as in L-o-n-n-n-g.
Well not that long. Compared to the regular RX 350, the 'L'gets an extra 4.3 inches added to its bodywork. Enough – barely – to squeeze-in an extra row of seats.
Trouble is, the original RX was never designed to have three rows and seats for seven. But when RX owners started moaning about the lack of seven seats, Lexus had to act fast.
So, a couple of years ago, they took the RX, and like a big piece of Play-Doh, stretched it out. It worked – Lexus owners are happy-campers and the RX L is now Lexus' best-selling model.
After spending a week with the just-out 2020 version – a $63,330 all-bells-and-whistles Lux version with all-wheel-drive (L prices start at $47,300) – I have to say I was, at first, a little confused with the concept.
Trouble is, no limbed human over the age of say, six, is really capable of sitting back in that third row. Kneeroom is pretty much non-existent, and with the seats mounted flat to the floor, even six-year-olds would sit with their knees under their chin.
But you quickly come to the conclusion that this isn't really a seven-seater; it's just an RX with more load space. And that the third row provides perfect emergency accommodation for contortion-friendly young kids, or furry friends.
Now it starts to make sense. Keep the third row folded flat and you have 33.4 cubic feet of space to play with. Now drop the<|fim_middle|> screen on top of the dash which can be operated by touch. Which is a good thing seeing that Lexus has stuck with its nasty, over-sensitive, Remote Touch Control pad on the center console.
The big news for smart-phone addicts however, is the addition of Apple CarPlay and Android Auto integration.
As for power, while rivals are switching to smaller, turbocharged four-cylinder engines, the RX thankfully sticks with its Teflon-smooth V6.
As before, the whispering 3.5-liter motor cranks out a meaty 295 horseys, and coupled to smooth-shifting eight-speed automatic, delivers Usain Bolt-like performance with uncanny levels of refinement.
I'm not sure that all the chassis stiffening has made much of a difference to the RX's handling; the focus here is still on a cushy-smooth ride, undemanding steering, and civilized road manners. In other words, just what the target buyer wants.
And target buyers still love the impeccable cabin fit and finish with all its varnished woodwork, buttery leather and boatload of standard equipment.
That said, if you're looking for a mid-size luxury SUV with proper seating for seven, rivals like the Acura MDX, awesome new Lincoln Aviator, and even the new Hyundai Palisade may better fit the bill.
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Next article3 Things to Do This Week in Naples: January 22-29 | second row seats and the space balloons to a Home Depot-friendly 70.7 cubic feet.
As for the changes for 2020, think of them more as evolutionary rather than revolutionary.
Yes, that polarizing, love-it-or-loathe-it, spindle grille is still there in all it's eyebrow-raising glory. But some of the sharp edges have been softened, the grille insert switched from horizontal blades to a funky 3-D pattern, plus slimmer headlights with optional LEDs.
More significant is what's going on under that Jetson-like bodywork. The entire underbody is now much stiffer, thanks to a ten-fold increase in amount of structural adhesives used. There are also twice as many welds.
The result: a stronger platform which has allowed Lexus engineers to stiffen the shocks and roll bars for tighter handling.
For 2020, there's also the option of a 12.3-inch infotainment | 197 |
Monica Lua couldn't believe what she was seeing when the big moving truck pulled up to her two-bedroom apartment in San Jose. As movers from the Bay Area Furniture Bank began unloading, she saw a dining table set, a couch and end tables, dressers and bookshelves, a floor lamp and a table lamp go by.
"It was much more than I expected, which is really awesome," Lua said. The 32-year-old recently moved into the apartment with her family of four — including two kids — with the help of the Bill Wilson Center's Rapid Rehousing Program. Her caseworker connected her with Bay Area Furniture Bank and<|fim_middle|> and other items are being stored and prepped for delivery in a 40,000 square foot warehouse in Sunnyvale's Moffett Park that's owned by Google, which allows the Furniture Bank to use the property rent free.
But one place Piontek can't cut corners is bedding. He learned the hard way early on that accepting donated mattresses can be risky — one that had been stored improperly by the previous owner was infested with bedbugs — so he's turning to Wish Book readers to help purchase mattresses. He's optimistic the community will step up to help their neighbors. | is still working on finding a bed.
"I'm so appreciative of everything they brought because it'll make our home more comfortable," said Lua, who hopes to one day be in a position to pay it forward and support the Furniture Bank.
Bringing smiles to the faces of people he helps is what makes it all worthwhile for Ray Piontek, who started the Bay Area Furniture Bank in his Los Altos garage just over two years ago. Piontek was spurred to action after learning about the plight of veterans, kids who have aged out of the foster care system and the recently homeless. Once they get a place to live, they don't always have the means to furnish their new home.
The Furniture Bank has helped nearly 700 adults and more than 500 children so far, with most of them referred by governments, churches and social service agencies like Bill Wilson Center and Unity Care Group, which pick up the costs for delivery.
Piontek found that people were more than willing to donate — and soon he was bringing in furniture from bigger institutions that were doing large-scale remodels like Fairmont Hotel, Courtyard by Marriott, Extended Stay America and Stanford University.
The operation moved from Piontek's garage to a storage space and then to two mobile units at Foothill College. Now sofas, tables, chairs | 270 |
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