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▁green - r ump ed ▁par rot let ▁parents . ▁It ▁was ▁shown ▁that ▁male ▁parents ▁tend ▁to ▁feed ▁larger ▁ch icks ▁more ▁often , ▁while ▁females ▁are ▁far ▁more ▁likely ▁to ▁feed ▁smaller ▁individuals ▁first ▁because ▁of ▁their ▁begg ing ▁hab its ▁- ▁smaller ▁ch icks ▁tend ▁to ▁beg ▁more , ▁while ▁larger ▁ch icks ▁are ▁more ▁sub miss ive . ▁This ▁effect ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁observed ▁in ▁other ▁par rot ▁species . ▁ ▁Research ▁has ▁shown ▁that ▁by ▁planning ▁asynchronous ▁h atch ing , ▁parent ▁par rot lets ▁don ' t ▁have ▁to ▁spend ▁as ▁much ▁time ▁exp ending ▁the ▁high ▁levels ▁of ▁energy ▁associated ▁with ▁bro oding , ▁but ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁energy ▁exp ended ▁does ▁not ▁change . ▁▁ ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁observed ▁that ▁over ▁the ▁course ▁of ▁m ating ▁and ▁raising ▁a ▁bro od ▁of ▁ch icks , ▁a ▁female ▁green - r ump ed ▁par rot let ' s ▁mass ▁var ies ▁greatly . ▁Fem ale ▁individuals ▁gained ▁up ▁to ▁ 2 5 % ▁more ▁mass ▁before ▁lay ing ▁and ▁maintained ▁this ▁mass ▁through ▁inc ub ation ▁until ▁h atch ing ▁began . ▁The ▁amount ▁of ▁mass ▁lost ▁over ▁the ▁bro oding ▁and ▁fled ging ▁periods ▁was ▁dependent ▁on ▁the ▁size ▁of ▁the ▁bro od . ▁It ▁is ▁believed ▁that ▁this ▁mass ▁change ▁is ▁caused ▁by ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁bro oding ▁star v ation , ▁adaptation ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁l ifest yle , ▁and ▁sexual ▁activity . ▁ ▁Diet ▁Green - r ump ed ▁par rot lets |
▁primarily ▁eat ▁se eds ▁from ▁grass es ▁and ▁for bs , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁flowers , ▁bud s , ▁ber ries , ▁and ▁f ruits . ▁They ▁have ▁also ▁been ▁observed ▁to ▁eat ▁the ▁se eds ▁from ▁fruit ▁trees ▁including ▁Ann ona ▁sp . ▁and ▁gu ava . ▁ ▁Av icult ure ▁Green - r ump ed ▁par rot lets ▁are ▁b red ▁in ▁capt ivity ▁and ▁kept ▁as ▁p ets , ▁though ▁they ▁are ▁less ▁common ▁than ▁some ▁other ▁For pus ▁species . ▁Im ports ▁of ▁wild ▁green - r ump ed ▁par rot lets ▁into ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁are ▁prohib ited ▁under ▁the ▁Wild ▁Bird ▁Conserv ation ▁Act ▁and ▁international ▁trade ▁is ▁limited ▁by ▁other ▁laws , ▁so ▁av icult ure ▁is ▁dependent ▁on ▁existing ▁capt ive ▁populations . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Rel ated ▁books ▁and ▁articles ▁ ▁Bird s ▁of ▁Venezuela '' ▁by ▁Hil ty , ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁World ▁Par rot ▁Trust ▁Par rot ▁Encyclopedia : ▁species ▁profile ▁ ▁Green - r ump ed ▁par rot let ▁photo ▁gallery ▁on ▁VI RE O ▁Ne otrop ical ▁Bird s ▁by ▁Corn ell ▁Lab ▁of ▁Or n ith ology : ▁species ▁profile ▁e B ird ▁by ▁Corn ell ▁Lab ▁of ▁Or n ith ology : ▁species ▁profile ▁ ▁green - r ump ed ▁par rot let ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁J ama ica ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁Barb ados ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁Colombia ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁Venezuela ▁Category : B |
ird s ▁of ▁C ura ça o ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁the ▁Gu ian as ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁Tr in idad ▁and ▁Tob ago ▁Category : B ird s ▁of ▁the ▁Amazon ▁Bas in ▁green - r ump ed ▁par rot let <0x0A> </s> ▁Sab am ▁P and ap ot an ▁Si ag ian ▁( 4 ▁May ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁ – ▁ 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 6 ) ▁was ▁an ▁Indones ian ▁journalist . ▁He ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁editor ▁in ▁chief ▁of ▁The ▁Jak arta ▁Post . ▁Si ag ian ▁depart ed ▁the ▁Jak arta ▁Post ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁upon ▁his ▁appointment ▁as ▁Amb assador ▁of ▁Indones ia ▁to ▁Australia . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁to ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁while ▁amb assador , ▁Sab am ▁lived ▁in ▁Can ber ra . ▁He ▁critic ised ▁the ▁Australian ▁media ▁for ▁lag ging ▁behind ▁other ▁se ctors ▁in ▁Australia ▁when ▁it ▁came ▁to ▁eng aging ▁with ▁Indones ia . ▁ ▁After ▁leaving ▁Can ber ra ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁Sab am ▁joined ▁the ▁board ▁of ▁Jak arta ▁Post . ▁ ▁Sab am ▁died ▁in ▁Jak arta ▁on ▁ 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁after ▁extended ▁health ▁comp lications . ▁ ▁N umer ous ▁colle agues , ▁including ▁former ▁Indones ian ▁foreign ▁minister ▁Hass an ▁W ira j uda , ▁paid ▁t ribute ▁to ▁his ▁contributions ▁during ▁a ▁long ▁career ▁as ▁a |
▁journalist ▁in ▁Indones ia . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 2 0 1 6 ▁death s ▁Category : The ▁Jak arta ▁Post ▁people ▁Category : Ind ones ian ▁newspaper ▁edit ors ▁Category : Ind ones ian ▁journal ists ▁Category : Ind ones ian ▁diplom ats ▁Category : Am b ass adors ▁of ▁Indones ia ▁to ▁Australia ▁Category : Pe ople ▁of ▁B ata k ▁descent <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁Young ▁Film ore ▁Bla ke ▁or ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁John ▁Y . F . ▁Bla ke ▁and ▁J . Y . F . ▁Bla ke ▁was ▁an ▁Irish - American ▁soldier ▁and ▁military ▁writer . ▁He ▁was ▁born ▁October ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 8 5 6 , ▁in ▁Boliv ar , ▁Missouri , ▁United ▁States , ▁and ▁died ▁January ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 0 7 , ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁He ▁was ▁an ▁av owed ▁advoc ate ▁of ▁resistance ▁to ▁British ▁imperial ism ▁world wide ▁and ▁fought ▁as ▁a ▁foreign ▁volunte er ▁for ▁the ▁Bo er ▁republic s ▁during ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁After ▁his ▁birth , ▁Bla ke ' s ▁family ▁soon ▁moved ▁to ▁D ent on ▁County , ▁Texas . ▁There ▁he ▁grew ▁up ▁cattle ▁ran ch ing ▁and ▁learned ▁to ▁ride ▁horses . ▁His ▁father ▁sent ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Ark ansas ▁at ▁F ay ette ville ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 1 . ▁So on ▁after ▁gradu ating , ▁he ▁received ▁an |
▁appointment ▁to ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Military ▁Academy ▁at ▁West ▁Point ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 6 . ▁Upon ▁gradu ating ▁from ▁West ▁Point ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 8 8 0 , ▁Bla ke ▁began ▁his ▁military ▁career , ▁assigned ▁as ▁a ▁ 2 nd ▁Lieutenant ▁to ▁the ▁ 6 th ▁U . S . ▁Caval ry ▁station ed ▁in ▁Arizona . ▁He ▁served ▁under ▁General ▁Will co x , ▁General ▁Cro ok , ▁and ▁General ▁Mil es ▁during ▁the ▁Apache ▁wars . ▁He ▁was ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁fear less ▁and ▁magnetic ▁leader , ▁at ▁one ▁point ▁rust ling ▁an ▁Apache ▁p ony ▁her d . ▁Res ign ing ▁from ▁the ▁military ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 , ▁Bla ke ▁moved ▁to ▁Grand ▁Rap ids , ▁Michigan ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁business man , ▁as ▁his ▁wife ▁and ▁family ▁wanted ▁him ▁to ▁sett le ▁down . ▁After ▁about ▁ 5 ▁years ▁he ▁soon ▁found ▁out ▁that ▁"' the ▁tr icks ▁of ▁the ▁trade ', ▁were ▁too ▁deep ▁for ▁me " ▁and ▁giving ▁into ▁his ▁desire ▁for ▁advent ure , ▁head ed ▁to ▁South ▁Africa ▁as ▁a ▁gold ▁prospect or . ▁ ▁Bo er ▁War ▁While ▁in ▁South ▁Africa ▁he ▁became ▁deeply ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War , ▁leading ▁the ▁Chicago ▁Irish - American ▁Corps , ▁known ▁as ▁Bla ke ' s ▁Irish ▁Brigade ▁against ▁the ▁British . ▁. ▁He ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁after ▁the ▁war ▁to ▁a ▁hero ' s ▁welcome ▁and ▁the ▁lecture ▁circuit . ▁He ▁subsequently |
▁published ▁a ▁mem oir ▁of ▁his ▁African ▁experience , ▁A ▁West ▁Po inter ▁With ▁The ▁Bo ers . ▁Bla ke ' s ▁mem oir ▁is ▁conce ived ▁as ▁a ▁highly ▁critical ▁expose ▁of ▁the ▁mot ives ▁and ▁actions ▁of ▁Great ▁Britain , ▁particularly ▁in ▁its ▁support ▁of ▁Cec il ▁Rh odes . ▁He ▁also ▁ling ers ▁on ▁the ▁British ▁m alt re at ment ▁of ▁black ▁Afr icans ▁and ▁Af rik an ers ▁al ike , ▁and ▁the ▁honor ▁and ▁dec ency ▁of ▁Bo er ▁part is ans ▁in ▁def ending ▁their ▁liberty ▁and ▁families . ▁ ▁Family ▁John ' s ▁mother ▁S inc la ir ▁T . ▁Ch itt y ▁married ▁his ▁father ▁Thomas ▁Kin ca id ▁Bla ke ▁Jr . ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 5 ▁John ▁married ▁K atherine ▁Eu ph ras ia ▁Ald rich ▁in ▁Grand ▁Rap ids ▁while ▁still ▁in ▁the ▁service . ▁T ogether ▁they ▁lived ▁in ▁the ▁officers ' ▁qu arters ▁at ▁Fort ▁Le aven worth , ▁where ▁John ' s ▁first ▁son ▁Ald rich ▁Bla ke ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁November ▁ 6 , ▁ 1 8 8 5 . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁K atherine , ▁being ▁pre gn ant ▁with ▁John ' s ▁second ▁son , ▁persu aded ▁him ▁to ▁res ign ▁from ▁the ▁military ▁and ▁return ▁to ▁Grand ▁Rap ids . ▁He ▁agreed , ▁and ▁on ▁September ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 8 8 9 ▁L edy ard ▁Bla ke ▁was |
▁born . ▁ ▁Death ▁Bla ke ▁was ▁found ▁dead ▁in ▁his ▁home ▁in ▁Har lem , ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁of ▁gas ▁as phy xi ation ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 4 , ▁ 1 9 0 7 . ▁He ▁had ▁previously ▁been ▁t ending ▁a ▁sick ▁friend ▁for ▁ 3 ▁days . ▁Some ▁sources ▁said ▁the ▁death ▁was ▁accident al , ▁while ▁others ▁called ▁it ▁suic ide . ▁He ▁is ▁buried ▁at ▁West ▁Point , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Bo er ▁Foreign ▁Vol unte ers ▁Irish ▁command os ▁ ▁References ▁Bla ke , ▁John ▁Y . ▁F . ▁" A ▁West ▁Po inter ▁with ▁the ▁Bo ers " ▁http :// pen and sp ind le . blog spot . com / search / label / bla ke % 2 0 j ohn % 2 0 you ng % 2 0 fil more ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁https :// web . archive . org / web / 2 0 1 2 1 1 0 8 1 7 1 2 3 7 / http :// www . ro gu ery . com / sa frica / gior no 5 . htm ▁https :// times machine . ny times . com / times machine / 1 9 0 7 / 0 1 / 2 5 / 1 0 6 1 0 9 8 9 7 . pdf ▁https :// times machine . ny times . com / times machine / 1 9 0 7 / 0 1 / 2 8 / 1 0 1 7 2 |
3 5 2 2 . pdf ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 5 6 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 0 7 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Boliv ar , ▁Missouri ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Military ▁Academy ▁al umn i ▁Category : S outh ▁African ▁military ▁personnel ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Ark ansas ▁al umn i ▁Category : Bo er ▁military ▁personnel ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁D ent on , ▁Texas <0x0A> </s> ▁Hub ert ▁Mil ton ▁J . ▁Nelson ▁( August ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁– ▁May ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 8 1 ) ▁was ▁a ▁professional ▁ice ▁hockey ▁player . ▁Born ▁in ▁Min ne apolis , ▁Minnesota , ▁Nelson ▁played ▁profession ally ▁in ▁United ▁States ▁Hockey ▁League ▁for ▁the ▁Min ne apolis ▁Mill ers ▁( A HA ) ▁and ▁St . ▁Louis ▁Fly ers . ▁He ▁was ▁induct ed ▁into ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Hockey ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁Hockey ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁bi ography ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁men ' s ▁ice ▁hockey ▁go alt enders ▁Category : I ce ▁hockey ▁people ▁from ▁Minnesota ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁Min ne apolis ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁C ut ters ▁players ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁Hockey ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁induct ees |
<0x0A> </s> ▁ 1 8 th ▁Avenue ▁is ▁an ▁a venue ▁in ▁Brook lyn . ▁It ▁may ▁refer ▁to ▁the ▁following ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Sub way ▁stations ▁that ▁serve ▁the ▁a venue : ▁▁ 1 8 th ▁Avenue ▁( IND ▁C ul ver ▁Line ); ▁serving ▁the ▁F ▁train ▁ 1 8 th ▁Avenue ▁( B MT ▁Sea ▁Beach ▁Line ); ▁serving ▁the ▁N ▁train ▁( W ▁train ▁part - time ) ▁ 1 8 th ▁Avenue ▁( B MT ▁West ▁End ▁Line ); ▁serving ▁the ▁D ▁train <0x0A> </s> ▁T inct ure ▁is ▁the ▁limited ▁p alette ▁of ▁colours ▁and ▁patterns ▁used ▁in ▁her ald ry . ▁The ▁need ▁to ▁define , ▁dep ict , ▁and ▁correctly ▁bla zon ▁the ▁various ▁t inct ures ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁important ▁aspects ▁of ▁her ald ic ▁art ▁and ▁design . ▁ ▁Development ▁and ▁history ▁ ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁t inct ures ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁form ative ▁period ▁of ▁European ▁her ald ry ▁in ▁the ▁tw elf th ▁and ▁th ir teenth ▁centuries . ▁The ▁range ▁of ▁t inct ures ▁and ▁the ▁manner ▁of ▁dep ict ing ▁and ▁describing ▁them ▁has ▁evol ved ▁over ▁time , ▁as ▁new ▁variations ▁and ▁practices ▁have ▁developed . ▁ ▁The ▁basic ▁scheme ▁and ▁rules ▁of ▁applying ▁the ▁her ald ic ▁t inct ures ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 2 th ▁century . ▁The ▁earliest ▁surv iving ▁col oured ▁her ald ic ▁illustr ations , ▁from ▁the ▁mid - th ir teenth ▁century , ▁show ▁the ▁standard |
ized ▁usage ▁of ▁two ▁met als , ▁five ▁colours , ▁and ▁two ▁f urs . ▁Since ▁that ▁time , ▁the ▁great ▁majority ▁of ▁her ald ic ▁art ▁has ▁employed ▁these ▁nine ▁t inct ures . ▁ ▁Over ▁time , ▁variations ▁on ▁these ▁basic ▁t inct ures ▁were ▁developed , ▁particularly ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁f urs . ▁Author ities ▁differ ▁as ▁to ▁whether ▁these ▁variations ▁should ▁be ▁considered ▁separate ▁t inct ures , ▁or ▁merely ▁vari eties ▁of ▁existing ▁ones . ▁Two ▁additional ▁colours ▁appeared , ▁and ▁were ▁generally ▁accepted ▁by ▁her ald ic ▁writers , ▁although ▁they ▁remained ▁scar ce , ▁and ▁were ▁eventually ▁term ed ▁st ains , ▁from ▁the ▁belief ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁used ▁to ▁sign ify ▁some ▁d ish on our ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁bear er . ▁The ▁practice ▁of ▁dep ict ing ▁certain ▁charges ▁as ▁they ▁appear ▁in ▁nature , ▁term ed ▁proper , ▁was ▁established ▁in ▁the ▁sevent e enth ▁century . ▁ ▁Other ▁colours ▁have ▁appeared ▁occasionally ▁since ▁the ▁eigh teenth ▁century , ▁especially ▁in ▁contin ental ▁her ald ry , ▁but ▁their ▁use ▁is ▁inf re quent , ▁and ▁they ▁have ▁never ▁been ▁regarded ▁as ▁particularly ▁her ald ic , ▁or ▁number ed ▁among ▁the ▁t inct ures ▁that ▁form ▁the ▁basis ▁of ▁her ald ic ▁design . ▁ ▁Fre quency ▁and ▁national ▁variants ▁ ▁The ▁frequency ▁with ▁which ▁different ▁t inct ures ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁over ▁time ▁has ▁been ▁much ▁observed , ▁but ▁little ▁studied . ▁There ▁are ▁some ▁general ▁tr ends |
▁of ▁note , ▁both ▁with ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁passage ▁of ▁time , ▁and ▁noted ▁prefer ences ▁from ▁one ▁region ▁to ▁another . ▁ ▁In ▁medieval ▁her ald ry , ▁g ules ▁was ▁by ▁far ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁t inct ure , ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁met als ▁argent ▁and ▁or , ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁of ▁which ▁necessarily ▁appeared ▁on ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁arms ▁( see ▁below ). ▁ ▁Among ▁the ▁colours , ▁s able ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁most ▁common , ▁followed ▁by ▁azure . ▁Vert , ▁although ▁present ▁from ▁the ▁form ative ▁period ▁of ▁her ald ic ▁design , ▁was ▁relatively ▁scar ce . ▁ ▁Over ▁time , ▁the ▁popular ity ▁of ▁azure ▁increased ▁above ▁that ▁of ▁s able , ▁while ▁g ules , ▁still ▁the ▁most ▁common , ▁became ▁less ▁dominant . ▁ ▁A ▁survey ▁of ▁French ▁arms ▁granted ▁during ▁the ▁sevent e enth ▁century ▁reve als ▁a ▁distinct ▁split ▁between ▁the ▁tr ends ▁for ▁the ▁arms ▁granted ▁to ▁nobles ▁and ▁common ers . ▁Among ▁nobles , ▁g ules ▁remained ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁t inct ure , ▁closely ▁followed ▁by ▁or , ▁then ▁by ▁argent ▁and ▁azure ▁at ▁nearly ▁equal ▁levels ; ▁s able ▁was ▁a ▁very ▁distant ▁fifth ▁choice , ▁while ▁vert ▁remained ▁scar ce . ▁Among ▁common ers , ▁azure ▁was ▁easily ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁t inct ure , ▁followed ▁by ▁or , ▁and ▁only ▁then ▁by ▁g ules , ▁argent , ▁and ▁s able , ▁which ▁was ▁used ▁more ▁by ▁common ers ▁than ▁among ▁the ▁nob ility ; ▁vert , |
▁however , ▁was ▁even ▁scar cer ▁in ▁common ▁arms . ▁Pur p ure ▁is ▁so ▁scar ce ▁in ▁French ▁her ald ry ▁that ▁some ▁authorities ▁do ▁not ▁regard ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁" real ▁her ald ic ▁t inct ure ". ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁whole , ▁French ▁her ald ry ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁use ▁of ▁azure ▁and ▁or , ▁while ▁English ▁her ald ry ▁is ▁character ized ▁by ▁heavy ▁use ▁of ▁g ules ▁and ▁argent , ▁and ▁unlike ▁French ▁her ald ry , ▁it ▁has ▁always ▁made ▁regular ▁use ▁of ▁vert , ▁and ▁occas ional , ▁if ▁not ▁extensive , ▁use ▁of ▁pur p ure . ▁German ▁her ald ry ▁is ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁extensive ▁use ▁of ▁or ▁and ▁s able . ▁German ▁and ▁Nord ic ▁her ald ry ▁rarely ▁make ▁use ▁of ▁pur p ure ▁or ▁er mine , ▁except ▁in ▁mant ling , ▁pav il ions , ▁and ▁the ▁l ining ▁of ▁crow ns ▁and ▁caps . ▁In ▁fact , ▁f urs ▁occur ▁inf re qu ently ▁in ▁German ▁and ▁Nord ic ▁her ald ry . ▁ ▁List ▁ ▁The ▁colours ▁and ▁patterns ▁of ▁the ▁her ald ic ▁p alette ▁are ▁divided ▁into ▁three ▁groups , ▁usually ▁known ▁as ▁met als , ▁colours , ▁and ▁f urs . ▁ ▁Met als ▁ ▁The ▁met als ▁are ▁or ▁and ▁argent , ▁representing ▁gold ▁and ▁silver ▁respectively , ▁although ▁in ▁practice ▁they ▁are ▁often ▁dep icted ▁as ▁yellow ▁and ▁white . ▁ ▁Or ▁( G er . ▁, ▁, ▁or ▁) ▁der ives |
▁its ▁name ▁from ▁the ▁Latin ▁aur um , ▁" g old ". ▁ ▁It ▁may ▁be ▁dep icted ▁using ▁either ▁yellow ▁or ▁met all ic ▁gold , ▁at ▁the ▁artist ' s ▁dis cret ion ; ▁" yellow " ▁has ▁no ▁separate ▁existence ▁in ▁her ald ry , ▁and ▁is ▁never ▁used ▁to ▁represent ▁any ▁t inct ure ▁other ▁than ▁or . ▁ ▁Argent ▁( G er . ▁, ▁, ▁, ▁or ▁) ▁is ▁similarly ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁Latin ▁argent um , ▁" sil ver ". ▁ ▁Although ▁sometimes ▁dep icted ▁as ▁met all ic ▁silver ▁or ▁faint ▁grey , ▁it ▁is ▁more ▁often ▁represented ▁by ▁white , ▁in ▁part ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁t endency ▁for ▁silver ▁paint ▁to ▁ox id ize ▁and ▁dark en ▁over ▁time , ▁and ▁in ▁part ▁because ▁of ▁the ▁ple asing ▁effect ▁of ▁white ▁against ▁a ▁contrast ing ▁colour . ▁ ▁Not with standing ▁the ▁w ides p read ▁use ▁of ▁white ▁for ▁argent , ▁some ▁her ald ic ▁authorities ▁have ▁suggested ▁the ▁existence ▁of ▁white ▁as ▁a ▁distinct ▁her ald ic ▁colour . ▁ ▁Col ours ▁ ▁Five ▁colours ▁have ▁been ▁recognized ▁since ▁the ▁earliest ▁days ▁of ▁her ald ry . ▁ ▁These ▁are : ▁g ules , ▁or ▁red ; ▁s able , ▁or ▁black ; ▁azure , ▁or ▁blue ; ▁vert , ▁or ▁green ; ▁and ▁pur p ure , ▁or ▁pur ple . ▁ ▁G ules ▁( Fr . ▁, ▁Ger . ▁) ▁is ▁of ▁uncertain ▁deriv ation ; ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁her ald |
ic ▁context , ▁the ▁modern ▁French ▁word ▁refers ▁to ▁the ▁mouth ▁of ▁an ▁animal . ▁ ▁S able ▁( G er . ▁) ▁is ▁named ▁for ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁m arten , ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁dark , ▁lux uri ant ▁fur . ▁ ▁Azure ▁( Fr . ▁ ▁or ▁, ▁Ger . ▁) ▁comes ▁through ▁the ▁Arab ic ▁l ā za ward , ▁ ▁from ▁the ▁Pers ian ▁l ā ž av ard ▁both ▁referring ▁to ▁the ▁blue ▁min eral ▁la pis ▁la z uli , ▁used ▁to ▁produce ▁blue ▁p ig ments . ▁ ▁Vert ▁( Fr . ▁ ▁or ▁, ▁Ger . ▁) ▁is ▁from ▁Latin ▁vir id is , ▁" green ". ▁ ▁The ▁alternative ▁name ▁in ▁French , ▁sin ople , ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁ancient ▁city ▁of ▁S ino pe ▁in ▁Asia ▁Minor , ▁which ▁was ▁famous ▁for ▁its ▁p ig ments . ▁ ▁Pur p ure ▁( Fr . ▁ ▁or ▁, ▁Ger . ▁) ▁is ▁from ▁Latin ▁pur p ura , ▁in ▁turn ▁from ▁Greek ▁por phy ra , ▁the ▁d ye ▁known ▁as ▁Ty rian ▁pur ple . ▁ ▁This ▁expensive ▁d ye , ▁known ▁from ▁anti qu ity , ▁produced ▁a ▁much ▁red der ▁pur ple ▁than ▁the ▁modern ▁her ald ic ▁colour ; ▁and ▁in ▁fact ▁earlier ▁dep ict ions ▁of ▁pur p ure ▁are ▁far ▁red der ▁than ▁recent ▁ones . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁her ald ic ▁colour , ▁pur p ure ▁may ▁have ▁origin ated ▁as ▁a ▁variation ▁of ▁g ules |
. ▁ ▁St ains ▁Two ▁more ▁t inct ures ▁were ▁eventually ▁acknowled ged ▁by ▁most ▁her ald ic ▁authorities : ▁s angu ine ▁or ▁mur rey , ▁a ▁dark ▁red ▁or ▁mul berry ▁colour ; ▁and ▁t enn é , ▁an ▁orange ▁or ▁dark ▁yellow ▁to ▁brown ish ▁colour . ▁ ▁These ▁were ▁term ed ▁" st ains " ▁by ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁more ▁influ ential ▁her ald ic ▁writers , ▁and ▁supposed ▁to ▁represent ▁some ▁sort ▁of ▁d ish on our ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁bear er ; ▁but ▁in ▁fact ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁evidence ▁that ▁they ▁were ▁ever ▁so ▁employed , ▁and ▁they ▁probably ▁origin ated ▁as ▁mere ▁variations ▁of ▁existing ▁colours . ▁ ▁Nevertheless , ▁the ▁belief ▁that ▁they ▁represented ▁st ains ▁upon ▁the ▁honour ▁of ▁an ▁arm iger ▁served ▁to ▁prevent ▁them ▁receiving ▁w ides p read ▁use , ▁and ▁it ▁is ▁only ▁in ▁recent ▁times ▁that ▁they ▁have ▁begun ▁to ▁appear ▁on ▁a ▁regular ▁basis . ▁ ▁S angu ine ▁or ▁Mur rey , ▁from ▁Latin ▁, ▁" blo od ▁red ", ▁and ▁Greek ▁, ▁" mul berry ", ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁so - called ▁" st ains " ▁in ▁British ▁arm ory , ▁is ▁a ▁dark ▁red ▁or ▁mul berry ▁colour , ▁between ▁g ules ▁and ▁pur p ure ▁in ▁h ue . ▁ ▁It ▁probably ▁origin ated ▁as ▁a ▁mere ▁variation ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁those ▁two ▁colours , ▁and ▁may ▁in ▁fact ▁represent ▁the ▁original ▁h ue ▁of ▁pur p ure , ▁which ▁is |
▁now ▁treated ▁as ▁a ▁much ▁bl uer ▁colour ▁than ▁when ▁it ▁first ▁appeared ▁in ▁her ald ry . ▁ ▁Although ▁long ▁sh unn ed ▁in ▁the ▁belief ▁that ▁it ▁represented ▁some ▁d ish on our ▁on ▁the ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁bear er , ▁it ▁has ▁found ▁some ▁use ▁in ▁the ▁tw enti eth ▁and ▁twenty - first ▁centuries . ▁ ▁T enn é ▁or ▁ten ny , ▁from ▁Latin ▁, ▁" to ▁tan ", ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁of ▁the ▁so - called ▁" st ains ". ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁most ▁often ▁dep icted ▁as ▁orange , ▁but ▁sometimes ▁as ▁ta wn y ▁yellow ▁or ▁brown . ▁ ▁In ▁earlier ▁times ▁it ▁was ▁occasionally ▁used ▁in ▁contin ental ▁her ald ry , ▁but ▁in ▁England ▁largely ▁conf ined ▁to ▁li very . ▁ ▁F urs ▁ ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁her ald ic ▁f urs ▁alongside ▁the ▁met als ▁and ▁colours ▁dates ▁to ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁art . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁earliest ▁period , ▁there ▁were ▁only ▁two ▁f urs , ▁er mine ▁and ▁v air . ▁ ▁Er mine ▁represents ▁the ▁fur ▁of ▁the ▁sto at , ▁a ▁type ▁of ▁we as el , ▁in ▁its ▁white ▁winter ▁coat , ▁when ▁it ▁is ▁called ▁an ▁er mine . ▁V air ▁represents ▁the ▁winter ▁coat ▁of ▁the ▁red ▁squ ir rel , ▁which ▁is ▁blue - gre y ▁above ▁and ▁white ▁below . ▁ ▁These ▁f urs ▁were ▁commonly ▁used ▁to ▁line ▁the ▁clo aks ▁and ▁ro bes ▁of ▁the ▁nob ility . ▁ |
▁Both ▁er mine ▁and ▁v air ▁give ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁being ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁metal ▁and ▁colour , ▁but ▁in ▁her ald ic ▁convention ▁they ▁are ▁considered ▁a ▁separate ▁class ▁of ▁t inct ure ▁that ▁is ▁neither ▁metal ▁nor ▁colour . ▁ ▁Over ▁time , ▁several ▁variations ▁of ▁er mine ▁and ▁v air ▁have ▁appeared , ▁together ▁with ▁three ▁additional ▁f urs ▁typically ▁encountered ▁in ▁contin ental ▁her ald ry , ▁known ▁as ▁pl um et é , ▁papel onn é , ▁and ▁k ür sch , ▁the ▁orig ins ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁more ▁myster ious , ▁but ▁which ▁probably ▁began ▁as ▁variations ▁of ▁v air . ▁ ▁Er mine ▁ ▁Er mine ▁( Fr . ▁, ▁Ger . ▁) ▁is ▁normally ▁dep icted ▁as ▁a ▁white ▁field ▁pow der ed ▁with ▁black ▁sp ots , ▁known ▁as ▁" erm ine ▁sp ots ", ▁representing ▁the ▁er mine ' s ▁black ▁tail . ▁ ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁white ▁instead ▁of ▁silver ▁is ▁normal , ▁even ▁when ▁silver ▁is ▁available , ▁since ▁this ▁is ▁how ▁the ▁fur ▁naturally ▁appears ; ▁but ▁occasionally ▁silver ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁dep ict ▁er mine . ▁There ▁is ▁considerable ▁variation ▁in ▁the ▁shape ▁of ▁er mine ▁sp ots ; ▁in ▁the ▁oldest ▁dep ict ions , ▁they ▁were ▁drawn ▁real ist ically , ▁as ▁long , ▁tap ering ▁points ; ▁in ▁modern ▁times ▁they ▁are ▁typically ▁drawn ▁as ▁arrow head s , ▁usually ▁to pped ▁by ▁three ▁small ▁d ots . ▁ ▁V air ▁ ▁V air ▁( G |
er . ▁) ▁der ives ▁its ▁name ▁from ▁Latin ▁, ▁" var ieg ated ". ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁usually ▁dep icted ▁as ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁altern ating ▁shapes , ▁convention ally ▁known ▁as ▁pan es ▁or ▁" v air ▁b ells ", ▁of ▁argent ▁and ▁azure , ▁arranged ▁in ▁horizontal ▁rows , ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁pan es ▁of ▁one ▁t inct ure ▁form ▁the ▁upper ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁row , ▁while ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁opposite ▁t inct ure ▁are ▁on ▁the ▁bottom . ▁S uc ceed ing ▁rows ▁are ▁st agger ed , ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁bases ▁of ▁the ▁pan es ▁making ▁up ▁each ▁row ▁are ▁opposite ▁those ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁t inct ure ▁in ▁the ▁rows ▁above ▁and ▁below . ▁ ▁As ▁with ▁er mine , ▁the ▁argent ▁pan es ▁may ▁be ▁dep icted ▁as ▁either ▁white ▁or ▁silver ; ▁silver ▁is ▁used ▁more ▁often ▁with ▁v air ▁than ▁with ▁er mine , ▁but ▁the ▁natural ▁fur ▁is ▁white . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁pattern ▁of ▁v air ▁is ▁used ▁with ▁other ▁colours , ▁the ▁field ▁is ▁term ed ▁v air é ▁or ▁v air y ▁of ▁the ▁t inct ures ▁used . ▁ ▁Norm ally ▁v air é ▁consists ▁of ▁one ▁metal ▁and ▁one ▁colour , ▁although ▁er mine ▁or ▁one ▁of ▁its ▁variants ▁is ▁sometimes ▁used , ▁with ▁an ▁er mine ▁spot ▁appearing ▁in ▁each ▁p ane ▁of ▁that ▁t inct ure . ▁ ▁V air é ▁of ▁four ▁colours ▁( G er . ▁, ▁" g ay - col oured |
" ▁or ▁" checked ▁v air ") ▁is ▁also ▁known , ▁usually ▁consisting ▁of ▁two ▁met als ▁and ▁two ▁colours . ▁ ▁Several ▁variant ▁shapes ▁exist , ▁of ▁which ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁pot ent ▁( G er . ▁, ▁" ups ide - down ▁cr utch ▁v air "). ▁In ▁this ▁form , ▁the ▁familiar ▁" v air ▁bell " ▁is ▁replaced ▁by ▁a ▁T - sh aped ▁figure , ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁" pot ent " ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁res embl ance ▁to ▁a ▁cr utch . ▁Other ▁f urs ▁sometimes ▁encountered ▁in ▁contin ental ▁her ald ry , ▁which ▁are ▁thought ▁to ▁be ▁derived ▁from ▁v air , ▁include ▁pl um et é ▁or ▁pl um et ty ▁and ▁ ▁papel onn é ▁or ▁pap ell ony . ▁In ▁pl um et é , ▁the ▁pan es ▁are ▁dep icted ▁as ▁fe athers ; ▁in ▁papel onn é ▁they ▁are ▁dep icted ▁as ▁scales , ▁res emb ling ▁those ▁of ▁a ▁but ter fly ' s ▁wings ▁( wh ence ▁the ▁name ▁is ▁derived ). ▁These ▁can ▁be ▁modified ▁with ▁the ▁color , ▁arrangement , ▁and ▁size ▁variants ▁of ▁v air , ▁though ▁those ▁variants ▁are ▁much ▁less ▁common . ▁In ▁German ▁her ald ry ▁there ▁is ▁also ▁a ▁fur ▁known ▁as ▁K ür sch , ▁or ▁" v air ▁bel lies ", ▁consisting ▁of ▁pan es ▁dep icted ▁hair y ▁and ▁brown . ▁ ▁Here ▁the ▁phrase ▁" v air ▁bel lies " ▁may ▁be ▁a ▁mis |
nom er , ▁as ▁the ▁bel ly ▁of ▁the ▁red ▁squ ir rel ▁is ▁always ▁white , ▁although ▁its ▁summer ▁coat ▁is ▁indeed ▁re dd ish ▁brown . ▁ ▁Other ▁t inct ures ▁ ▁Several ▁other ▁t inct ures ▁are ▁occasionally ▁encountered , ▁usually ▁in ▁contin ental ▁her ald ry : ▁ ▁C end r ée , ▁or ▁" ash - col our "; ▁Brun âtre ▁( G er . ▁), ▁or ▁brown , ▁occasionally ▁used ▁in ▁German ▁her ald ry , ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁pur p ure ; ▁Ble u - c él este ▁or ▁ble u ▁de ▁ciel , ▁a ▁sky ▁blue ▁colour ▁intended ▁to ▁be ▁l ighter ▁than ▁azure ; ▁Am ar anth ▁or ▁col umb ine , ▁a ▁strong ▁vio let - red , ▁found ▁in ▁at ▁least ▁one ▁grant ▁of ▁arms ▁to ▁a ▁Boh em ian ▁kn ight ▁in ▁ 1 7 0 1 ; ▁Eisen - far be , ▁or ▁iron - col our , ▁found ▁in ▁German ▁her ald ry ; ▁and ▁Car n ation , ▁often ▁used ▁in ▁French ▁her ald ry ▁as ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁flesh . ▁ ▁The ▁her ald ic ▁scholar ▁A . ▁C . ▁Fox - D av ies ▁proposed ▁that , ▁in ▁some ▁circumstances , ▁white ▁should ▁be ▁considered ▁a ▁her ald ic ▁colour , ▁distinct ▁from ▁argent . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁instances , ▁a ▁label ▁or ▁col lar ▁bla zon ed ▁as ▁" white " ▁rather ▁than ▁" argent " ▁appears ▁on ▁a ▁supp orter ▁bla zon |
ed ▁argent ▁or ▁or . ▁ ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁" white " ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁" argent " ▁would ▁be ▁consistent ▁with ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁her ald ic ▁bla zon ▁that ▁disc ou rages ▁repeating ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁a ▁t inct ure ▁in ▁describing ▁a ▁coat ▁of ▁arms , ▁but ▁if ▁it ▁were ▁merely ▁intended ▁as ▁a ▁syn onym ▁of ▁" argent ", ▁this ▁pla cement ▁would ▁clearly ▁viol ate ▁the ▁rule ▁against ▁placing ▁metal ▁on ▁metal ▁or ▁colour ▁on ▁colour ▁( see ▁below ). ▁ ▁This ▁difficulty ▁is ▁avoided ▁if ▁" white " ▁is ▁considered ▁a ▁colour ▁in ▁this ▁particular ▁instance , ▁rather ▁than ▁a ▁syn onym ▁of ▁" argent ". ▁ ▁This ▁interpretation ▁has ▁neither ▁been ▁accepted ▁nor ▁ref uted ▁by ▁any ▁her ald ic ▁authority , ▁but ▁a ▁counter - argument ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁labels ▁are ▁not ▁intended ▁to ▁represent ▁a ▁her ald ic ▁t inct ure , ▁but ▁are ▁in ▁fact ▁white ▁labels ▁proper . ▁ ▁Other ▁exception al ▁colours ▁have ▁occasionally ▁appeared ▁during ▁the ▁tw enti eth ▁and ▁twenty - first ▁centuries : ▁ ▁The ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁Jewish ▁Aut onom ous ▁Region ▁in ▁Russia ▁have ▁a ▁field ▁of ▁aqu amar ine , ▁which ▁is ▁emb la zon ed ▁more ▁as ▁a ▁kind ▁of ▁dark ▁green ▁than ▁a ▁true ▁aqu amar ine ▁colour . ▁ ▁The ▁Canadian ▁Her ald ic ▁Author ity ▁granted ▁arms ▁containing ▁rose ▁as ▁a ▁colour ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁the ▁Author ity ▁granted |
▁arms ▁including ▁co pper , ▁treated ▁as ▁a ▁metal , ▁to ▁the ▁municipality ▁of ▁White hor se , ▁Y uk on . ▁ ▁O ch re , ▁both ▁red ▁and ▁yellow , ▁appears ▁in ▁South ▁African ▁her ald ry ; ▁the ▁national ▁coat ▁of ▁arms , ▁adopted ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁includes ▁red ▁och re , ▁while ▁( yellow ) ▁och re ▁appears ▁in ▁the ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Trans ke i . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁her ald ry ▁is ▁not ▁govern ed ▁by ▁any ▁official ▁authority ; ▁but ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army , ▁which ▁makes ▁extensive ▁use ▁of ▁her ald ry , ▁does ▁have ▁its ▁own ▁authority , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Institute ▁of ▁Her ald ry . ▁ ▁The ▁arm orial ▁designs ▁of ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁Her ald ry ▁include ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁novel ▁t inct ures , ▁including ▁buff ▁( emp loy ed ▁various ly ▁as ▁either ▁a ▁metal ▁or ▁a ▁colour ), ▁and ▁horizon ▁blue . ▁ ▁Silver ▁gray ▁has ▁appeared ▁in ▁the ▁her ald ry ▁of ▁both ▁the ▁Army ▁and ▁the ▁Air ▁Force . ▁ ▁Bron ze ▁appears ▁as ▁a ▁colour ▁in ▁the ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁Special ▁Tro ops ▁Battalion ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Brigade , ▁ 1 st ▁Caval ry ▁Division . ▁ ▁There ▁seems ▁to ▁be ▁some ▁confusion ▁about ▁the ▁colour ▁crim son , ▁as ▁in ▁some ▁cases ▁it ▁is ▁treated ▁as ▁a ▁separate ▁t inct ure , ▁while ▁in ▁others ▁it ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁specify ▁the ▁sh |
ade ▁of ▁g ules ▁to ▁be ▁employed ▁by ▁the ▁artist . ▁ ▁D iffer ing ▁from ▁most ▁her ald ic ▁practice , ▁the ▁Institute ▁of ▁Her ald ry ▁often ▁spec ifies ▁the ▁exact ▁sh ades ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁dep ict ing ▁various ▁arms . ▁ ▁Buff ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Her ald ic ▁Author ity , ▁who ▁treat ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁colour . ▁ ▁Pro per ▁ ▁A ▁charge ▁that ▁is ▁col oured ▁as ▁it ▁naturally ▁appears ▁is ▁bla zon ed ▁proper ▁( Fr . ▁), ▁or ▁" the ▁colour ▁of ▁nature ". ▁ ▁Str ict ly ▁speaking , ▁proper ▁is ▁not ▁a ▁t inct ure ▁in ▁itself , ▁and ▁if , ▁as ▁is ▁sometimes ▁the ▁case , ▁a ▁charge ▁is ▁meant ▁to ▁be ▁dep icted ▁in ▁particular ▁colours ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁apparent ▁from ▁the ▁word ▁" pro per " ▁alone , ▁they ▁may ▁be ▁specified ▁in ▁whatever ▁detail ▁is ▁necessary . ▁ ▁C ertain ▁charges ▁are ▁considered ▁" pro per " ▁when ▁port rayed ▁with ▁particular ▁colours , ▁even ▁though ▁a ▁range ▁of ▁different ▁colours ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁nature ; ▁for ▁instance , ▁a ▁pop in j ay ▁proper ▁is ▁green , ▁even ▁though ▁wild ▁par ro ts ▁occur ▁in ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁colours . ▁In ▁some ▁cases , ▁a ▁charge ▁dep icted ▁in ▁a ▁particular ▁set ▁of ▁colours ▁may ▁be ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" pro per ", ▁even ▁though ▁it ▁consists ▁entirely ▁of ▁her ald ic ▁t inct ures ; ▁a ▁rose ▁proper , ▁whether ▁red ▁or ▁white |
, ▁is ▁bar bed ▁vert ▁and ▁seed ed ▁or . ▁ ▁The ▁most ▁extensive ▁use ▁of ▁non - her ald ic ▁colours ▁is ▁probably ▁associated ▁with ▁" lands cape ▁her ald ry ", ▁a ▁common ▁feature ▁of ▁British ▁and ▁German ▁arm ory ▁during ▁the ▁latter ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁eigh teenth ▁century , ▁and ▁the ▁early ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁nin ete enth . ▁ ▁Although ▁rarely ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁field ▁itself , ▁land sc apes ▁were ▁often ▁granted ▁as ▁augment ations , ▁typically ▁dep ict ing ▁a ▁for tr ess ▁successfully ▁captured ▁or ▁def ended , ▁or ▁a ▁particular ▁ship , ▁or ▁a ▁battle ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁arm iger ▁to ▁whom ▁the ▁augment ation ▁was ▁granted ▁was ▁involved . ▁ ▁Such ▁land sc apes , ▁usually ▁appearing ▁on ▁a ▁chief , ▁might ▁be ▁bla zon ed ▁with ▁great ▁particular ity ▁as ▁to ▁the ▁things ▁port rayed ▁and ▁the ▁colours ▁used ▁to ▁port ray ▁them . ▁ ▁Official ly , ▁these ▁land sc apes ▁appeared ▁on ▁a ▁field ▁of ▁argent , ▁but ▁it ▁was ▁common , ▁and ▁perhaps ▁expected , ▁for ▁the ▁artist ▁to ▁add ▁further ▁details , ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁sky ▁and ▁clouds , ▁by ▁which ▁the ▁field ▁might ▁be ▁wh olly ▁obsc ured . ▁ ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁land sc apes ▁in ▁her ald ry ▁fell ▁out ▁of ▁fashion ▁during ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁era , ▁when ▁her ald ic ▁sch ol ars ▁and ▁artists ▁began ▁looking ▁to ▁earlier ▁and ▁simpler ▁periods ▁of ▁arm orial ▁design ▁for ▁insp iration . ▁ ▁Term in ology |
▁ ▁In ▁the ▁English - spe aking ▁world , ▁her ald ic ▁termin ology ▁is ▁based ▁largely ▁on ▁that ▁of ▁British ▁arm ory , ▁which ▁in ▁turn ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁Norman ▁French . ▁With ▁respect ▁to ▁the ▁her ald ic ▁t inct ures , ▁French ▁her ald ry , ▁which ▁is ▁often ▁c ited ▁by ▁her ald ic ▁authors , ▁uses ▁similar ▁termin ology . ▁However , ▁German ▁her ald ry , ▁also ▁highly ▁influ ential , ▁uses ▁a ▁different ▁voc ab ul ary ; ▁it ▁calls ▁the ▁colours ▁by ▁their ▁every day ▁names . ▁ ▁In ▁its ▁original ▁sense , ▁t inct ure ▁refers ▁only ▁to ▁the ▁group ▁convention ally ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁" col ours ". ▁But ▁as ▁the ▁word ▁" col our " ▁seems ▁in app lic able ▁to ▁the ▁her ald ic ▁f urs , ▁and ▁no ▁other ▁term ▁clearly ▁en comp ass es ▁all ▁three ▁classes , ▁the ▁word ▁" t inct ure " ▁has ▁come ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁this ▁bro ader ▁sense , ▁while ▁" col our " ▁has ▁acquired ▁the ▁more ▁restricted ▁sense ▁originally ▁given ▁to ▁" t inct ure ". ▁Thus , ▁when ▁consult ing ▁various ▁her ald ic ▁authorities , ▁care ▁must ▁be ▁taken ▁to ▁determine ▁which ▁meaning ▁each ▁term ▁is ▁given . ▁ ▁Design ations ▁ ▁Art istic ▁libert ies ▁In ▁most ▁her ald ic ▁tradition , ▁the ▁various ▁met als ▁and ▁colours ▁have ▁no ▁fixed ▁appearance , ▁h ue , ▁or ▁sh ade . ▁ ▁The ▁her ald ic ▁artist ▁is |
▁free ▁to ▁choose ▁a ▁l ighter ▁or ▁dark er ▁blue ▁or ▁green , ▁a ▁deeper ▁or ▁br ighter ▁red ; ▁to ▁choose ▁between ▁dep ict ing ▁or ▁with ▁yellow ▁or ▁any ▁of ▁various ▁gold ▁pain ts , ▁to ▁dep ict ▁argent ▁as ▁white ▁or ▁silver . ▁ ▁Rec ently ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Ar ms ▁explained , ▁" there ▁are ▁no ▁fixed ▁sh ades ▁for ▁her ald ic ▁colours . ▁If ▁the ▁official ▁description ▁of ▁a ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁gives ▁its ▁t inct ures ▁as ▁G ules ▁( red ), ▁Azure ▁( blue ) ▁and ▁Argent ▁( white ▁or ▁silver ) ▁then , ▁as ▁long ▁as ▁the ▁blue ▁is ▁not ▁too ▁light ▁and ▁the ▁red ▁not ▁too ▁orange , ▁pur ple ▁or ▁p ink , ▁it ▁is ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁artist ▁to ▁decide ▁which ▁particular ▁sh ades ▁they ▁think ▁are ▁appropriate ." ▁ ▁In ▁bla zon ing ▁▁ ▁Most ▁her ald ic ▁authors ▁do ▁not ▁capital ize ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁the ▁various ▁t inct ures , ▁although ▁a ▁few ▁do ▁( s ometimes ▁incons ist ently ), ▁and ▁some ▁who ▁do ▁not ▁capital ize ▁the ▁other ▁t inct ures ▁recommend ▁capital izing ▁" or " ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁avoid ▁confusion ▁with ▁the ▁conj unction . ▁ ▁However , ▁there ▁are ▁relatively ▁few ▁occasions ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁conj unction ▁" or " ▁would ▁appear ▁in ▁the ▁bla zon ▁of ▁a ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ; ▁and ▁if ▁properly ▁word ed , ▁which ▁meaning ▁is ▁intended ▁should ▁be ▁readily ▁apparent ▁from ▁the ▁context . ▁ ▁Another ▁convention |
▁has ▁been ▁to ▁capital ize ▁only ▁the ▁first ▁word ▁or ▁the ▁first ▁t inct ure ▁appearing ▁in ▁the ▁bla zon , ▁but ▁no ▁other ▁words . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁elaborate ▁call ig raph y ▁appearing ▁on ▁most ▁gr ants ▁of ▁arms , ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁t inct ures ▁are ▁capital ized , ▁as ▁indeed ▁are ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁the ▁charges ; ▁but ▁this ▁is ▁purely ▁a ▁matter ▁of ▁decor ative ▁style , ▁and ▁in ▁no ▁way ▁does ▁the ▁manner ▁of ▁capital ization ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁original ▁grant ▁affect ▁how ▁the ▁arms ▁may ▁be ▁described ▁on ▁other ▁occasions . ▁ ▁A ▁long - standing ▁her ald ic ▁tradition ▁has ▁been ▁to ▁avoid ▁repeating ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁t inct ures ▁multiple ▁times ▁in ▁any ▁given ▁bla zon . ▁ ▁If ▁it ▁is ▁possible ▁to ▁mention ▁multiple ▁charges ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁t inct ure ▁at ▁once , ▁followed ▁by ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁the ▁t inct ure , ▁then ▁this ▁problem ▁is ▁avoided ; ▁but ▁when ▁it ▁is ▁impossible ▁to ▁combine ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁same ▁t inct ure ▁in ▁this ▁manner , ▁more ▁cre ative ▁descri ptions ▁may ▁be ▁used . ▁ ▁For ▁example , ▁instead ▁of ▁" g ules , ▁on ▁a ▁f ess ▁or ▁between ▁three ▁ch ess - ro oks ▁argent , ▁a ▁l ion ▁pass ant ▁g ules , ▁armed ▁and ▁l angu ed ▁argent ", ▁one ▁might ▁say , ▁" g ules , ▁on ▁a ▁f ess ▁or ▁between ▁three ▁ch ess - ro oks ▁argent , ▁a ▁l ion ▁pass ant |
▁of ▁the ▁field , ▁armed ▁and ▁l angu ed ▁of ▁the ▁third ." ▁ ▁Similar ▁phr ases ▁include ▁" of ▁the ▁last " ▁and ▁" of ▁the ▁like ". ▁ ▁Altern ately , ▁descri ptions ▁such ▁as ▁" g old " ▁and ▁" sil ver " ▁might ▁be ▁subst it uted ▁for ▁" or " ▁and ▁" argent " ▁on ▁a ▁subsequent ▁occurrence . ▁ ▁Another ▁rule ▁of ▁bla zon ▁rel ating ▁to ▁t inct ures ▁suggests ▁the ▁placing ▁of ▁a ▁comma ▁after ▁each ▁occurrence ▁of ▁a ▁t inct ure . ▁ ▁In ▁recent ▁years , ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Ar ms ▁has ▁regularly ▁disp ensed ▁with ▁many ▁of ▁these ▁practices , ▁bel ieving ▁them ▁to ▁cause ▁confusion ; ▁and ▁in ▁new ▁gr ants ▁of ▁arms , ▁the ▁names ▁of ▁t inct ures ▁are ▁repeated ▁on ▁each ▁instance ▁that ▁they ▁occur . ▁ ▁The ▁names ▁of ▁all ▁t inct ures ▁and ▁charges ▁are ▁capital ized , ▁although ▁the ▁word ▁" pro per ", ▁indicating ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁nature , ▁is ▁not ; ▁and ▁internal ▁comm as ▁are ▁entirely ▁omitted . ▁ ▁Rule ▁of ▁t inct ure ▁▁ ▁The ▁first ▁so - called ▁" rule " ▁of ▁her ald ry ▁is ▁the ▁rule ▁of ▁t inct ure : ▁metal ▁should ▁not ▁be ▁placed ▁upon ▁metal , ▁nor ▁colour ▁upon ▁colour , ▁for ▁the ▁sake ▁of ▁contrast . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁duty ▁of ▁a ▁her ald ic ▁device ▁is ▁to ▁be ▁recognized , ▁and ▁the ▁dark ▁colours ▁or ▁light ▁met als ▁are ▁supposed ▁to ▁be ▁too |
▁difficult ▁to ▁distinguish ▁if ▁they ▁are ▁placed ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁other ▁dark ▁or ▁light ▁colours , ▁particularly ▁in ▁poor ▁light . ▁Though ▁this ▁is ▁the ▁practical ▁gen esis ▁of ▁the ▁rule , ▁the ▁rule ▁is ▁technical ▁and ▁appearance ▁is ▁not ▁used ▁in ▁determ ining ▁whether ▁arms ▁conform ▁to ▁the ▁rule . ▁Another ▁reason ▁sometimes ▁given ▁to ▁justify ▁this ▁rule ▁is ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁difficult ▁to ▁paint ▁with ▁en am el ▁( col our ) ▁over ▁en am el , ▁or ▁with ▁metal ▁over ▁metal . ▁ ▁This ▁" rule " ▁has ▁at ▁times ▁been ▁followed ▁so ▁ped ant ically ▁that ▁arms ▁that ▁viol ate ▁it ▁were ▁called ▁ar mes ▁f auss es ▁( false ▁arms ) ▁or ▁ar mes ▁à ▁enqu éri r ▁( ar ms ▁of ▁enqu iry ); ▁any ▁viol ation ▁was ▁pres umed ▁to ▁be ▁intent ional , ▁to ▁the ▁point ▁that ▁one ▁was ▁supposed ▁to ▁en quire ▁how ▁it ▁came ▁to ▁pass . ▁One ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁famous ▁ar mes ▁à ▁enqu éri r ▁( o ften ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁only ▁example ) ▁was ▁the ▁shield ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Jerusalem , ▁which ▁had ▁gold ▁cross es ▁on ▁silver . ▁This ▁use ▁of ▁metal ▁on ▁metal , ▁that ▁is ▁to ▁say ▁white ▁and ▁gold ▁together , ▁is ▁seen ▁on ▁the ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁King ▁of ▁Jerusalem , ▁the ▁flag ▁and ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁V at ican , ▁and ▁the ▁bishop ' s ▁mit re ▁in ▁the ▁arms ▁of ▁And or ra . ▁It ▁indicates ▁the ▁exception al ▁holy |
▁and ▁special ▁status ▁of ▁the ▁Co at ▁of ▁Ar ms . ▁An ▁example ▁of ▁" col our ▁on ▁colour " ▁is ▁the ▁arms ▁of ▁Alban ia , ▁with ▁its ▁s able ▁two - head ed ▁e agle ▁on ▁a ▁g ules ▁field . ▁ ▁The ▁" rule ▁of ▁t inct ure " ▁has ▁had ▁an ▁influence ▁reaching ▁far ▁beyond ▁her ald ry . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁applied ▁to ▁the ▁design ▁of ▁flags , ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁flag ▁of ▁Sax e - We imar - E isen ach ▁was ▁modified ▁to ▁conform ▁to ▁the ▁rule . ▁ ▁C ounter ch anging ▁ ▁When ▁a ▁charge ▁or ▁group ▁of ▁charges ▁is ▁placed ▁across ▁a ▁division ▁line , ▁variation , ▁or ▁ordinary , ▁it ▁may ▁be ▁counter changed ▁( Fr . ▁, ▁but ▁modern ▁, ▁Ger . ▁ ▁or ▁), ▁meaning ▁that ▁the ▁charges ▁are ▁divided ▁the ▁same ▁way ▁as ▁the ▁field ▁upon ▁which ▁they ▁rest , ▁with ▁the ▁colours ▁revers ed . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁municipal ▁arms ▁of ▁Be h ns dorf , ▁Sax ony - An halt , ▁seen ▁below , ▁the ▁field ▁is ▁divided ▁with ▁the ▁left ▁half ▁white ▁( argent ) ▁and ▁the ▁right ▁half ▁green ▁( vert ), ▁and ▁the ▁counter changed ▁tree ▁is ▁green ▁where ▁it ▁lies ▁on ▁the ▁white ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁field , ▁and ▁white ▁where ▁it ▁lies ▁on ▁the ▁green ▁part . ▁ ▁The ▁flag ▁of ▁Maryland ▁is ▁another ▁example ▁of ▁counter ch anging . ▁ ▁The ▁only ▁U . S . ▁state ▁flag ▁to ▁be ▁directly |
▁based ▁on ▁English ▁her ald ry , ▁it ▁is ▁the ▁arms ▁of ▁George ▁Cal vert , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron ▁Baltimore , ▁who ▁founded ▁the ▁col ony ▁of ▁Maryland ▁in ▁ 1 6 3 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁and ▁ 4 th ▁qu arters , ▁the ▁field ▁is ▁divided ▁into ▁six ▁vertical ▁bands ▁of ▁gold ▁( or ) ▁and ▁black ▁( s able ) ▁with ▁a ▁diagonal ▁band ▁( a ▁b end ) ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁colours ▁are ▁revers ed ▁( i . e ., ▁the ▁b end ▁is ▁counter changed ). ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 nd ▁and ▁ 3 rd ▁qu arters ▁are ▁themselves ▁quarter ed ▁between ▁white ▁( argent ) ▁and ▁red ▁( g ules ) ▁with ▁a ▁counter changed ▁cross ▁bot ton y ▁that ▁is ▁red ▁where ▁it ▁lies ▁on ▁the ▁white ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁field ▁and ▁white ▁where ▁it ▁lies ▁on ▁the ▁red ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁field . ▁ ▁C ounter ch anging ▁is ▁rare ▁in ▁early ▁her ald ry ; ▁early ▁examples ▁from ▁German ▁her ald ry ▁are ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁fif teenth - century ▁W ern iger ode ▁Arm orial ; ▁it ▁becomes ▁more ▁frequently ▁applied ▁from ▁the ▁sevent e enth ▁century ▁on ward , ▁especially ▁with ▁the ▁substantial ▁number ▁of ▁newly - created ▁co ats ▁of ▁arms , ▁of ▁which ▁some ▁notable ▁examples ▁include ▁Baron ▁Baltimore ▁( 1 6 2 4 ), ▁Night ing ale ▁baron ets ▁( 1 6 2 8 ), ▁Bar rett - L enn ard ▁baron ets |
▁( 1 8 0 1 ), ▁Ver ney ▁baron ets ▁( 1 8 1 8 ), ▁and ▁Baron ▁Al ving ham ▁( 1 9 2 9 ). ▁ ▁In ▁Scottish ▁her ald ry , ▁charges ▁are ▁sometimes ▁bla zon ed ▁as ▁counter changed ▁of ▁different ▁colours ▁from ▁the ▁field ; ▁for ▁instance , ▁per ▁f ess ▁g ules ▁and ▁azure , ▁a ▁sun ▁in ▁splend our ▁counter changed ▁or ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁first . ▁ ▁A ▁more ▁typical ▁bla zon ▁for ▁this ▁would ▁be ▁per ▁f ess ▁g ules ▁and ▁azure , ▁a ▁sun ▁in ▁splend our ▁per ▁f ess ▁or ▁and ▁of ▁the ▁first . ▁ ▁The ▁term ▁counter col oured ▁is ▁sometimes ▁used ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁counter changed . ▁ ▁The ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁Fen wick ▁baron ets ▁were ▁originally ▁bla zon ed ▁as ▁silver , ▁a ▁chief ▁g ules ▁with ▁six ▁mart lets ▁counter col oured . ▁ ▁In ▁this ▁case , ▁three ▁mart lets ▁argent ▁rest ▁on ▁a ▁chief ▁g ules , ▁while ▁three ▁mart lets ▁g ules ▁rest ▁on ▁the ▁argent ▁field . ▁ ▁Some ▁her ald ic ▁authorities ▁regard ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁this ▁term ▁as ▁err one ous . ▁ ▁Mon och rom atic ▁presentation ▁ ▁H atch ing ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁sevent e enth ▁century , ▁the ▁pro l ifer ation ▁of ▁the ▁printing ▁press ▁couple d ▁with ▁the ▁pers istence ▁of ▁difficulties ▁in ▁and ▁exp ense ▁of ▁colour ▁printing ▁prompt ed ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁systems ▁of ▁h atch |
ing ▁for ▁the ▁purpose ▁of ▁dep ict ing ▁her ald ic ▁designs ▁without ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁colour . ▁ ▁Int ended ▁chief ly ▁for ▁printing ▁and ▁eng ra ving , ▁the ▁system ▁which ▁eventually ▁gained ▁w ides p read ▁accept ance ▁was ▁that ▁of ▁Sil vest ro ▁de ▁Pet ra ▁San ct a , ▁a ▁Jes uit ▁priest ▁and ▁her ald ic ▁scholar , ▁originally ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 6 3 8 . ▁ ▁In ▁Pet ra ▁San ct a ' s ▁method , ▁illustrated ▁in ▁the ▁table ▁above , ▁a ▁separate ▁h atch ing ▁represents ▁each ▁metal ▁and ▁colour , ▁while ▁the ▁f urs ▁are ▁treated ▁as ▁combinations ▁of ▁metal ▁and ▁colour . ▁ ▁Argent ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁a ▁plain ▁field , ▁while ▁or ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁a ▁field ▁stre wn ▁with ▁d ots . ▁ ▁G ules ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁vertical ▁lines , ▁azure ▁by ▁horizontal ▁lines , ▁and ▁s able ▁by ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁horizontal ▁and ▁vertical ▁lines . ▁ ▁Di ag onal ▁lines ▁running ▁from ▁de xter ▁chief ▁to ▁sin ister ▁base ▁represent ▁vert , ▁while ▁pur p ure ▁is ▁the ▁reverse , ▁represented ▁by ▁diagonal ▁lines ▁running ▁from ▁sin ister ▁chief ▁to ▁de xter ▁base . ▁ ▁S angu ine ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁diagonal ▁lines ▁running ▁in ▁each ▁direction , ▁while ▁t enn é ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁horizontal ▁lines ▁and ▁diagonal ▁lines ▁running ▁from ▁sin ister ▁chief ▁to ▁de xter ▁base . ▁ ▁N ine ▁additional ▁h atch ings , ▁published ▁by ▁Marcus ▁V ul |
son ▁de ▁la ▁Colomb ière ▁in ▁ 1 6 3 9 , ▁were ▁intended ▁to ▁represent ▁other ▁colours , ▁although ▁none ▁of ▁them ▁correspond ▁with ▁regular ▁her ald ic ▁t inct ures , ▁and ▁they ▁have ▁never ▁been ▁used ▁in ▁British ▁arm ory . ▁ ▁A ▁combination ▁of ▁vertical ▁lines ▁with ▁diagonal ▁lines ▁running ▁from ▁de xter ▁chief ▁to ▁sin ister ▁base ▁represents ▁brown ; ▁blood ▁red ▁is ▁represented ▁by ▁vertical ▁lines ▁combined ▁with ▁diagonal ▁lines ▁running ▁from ▁sin ister ▁chief ▁to ▁de xter ▁base ; ▁earth - col our ▁by ▁horizontal ▁and ▁vertical ▁lines ▁combined ▁with ▁diagonal ▁lines ▁running ▁from ▁de xter ▁chief ▁to ▁sin ister ▁base ; ▁iron - gre y ▁by ▁diagonal ▁lines ▁running ▁in ▁each ▁direction ▁( the ▁same ▁as ▁s angu ine ▁in ▁Pet ra ▁San ct a ' s ▁system ); ▁water - col our ▁by ▁broken ▁horizontal ▁lines ; ▁flesh - col our ▁by ▁broken ▁vertical ▁lines ; ▁as hen - gre y ▁by ▁a ▁combination ▁of ▁broken ▁horizontal ▁and ▁broken ▁diagonal ▁lines ; ▁orange ▁by ▁broken ▁vertical ▁lines ▁inter sp ers ed ▁with ▁d ots ; ▁and ▁the ▁colour ▁of ▁nature ▁by ▁z ig - z ag ▁lines ▁running ▁from ▁de xter ▁chief ▁to ▁sin ister ▁base . ▁ ▁Tr ick ing ▁ ▁Before ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁h atch ing ▁to ▁dep ict ▁individual ▁her ald ic ▁t inct ures , ▁it ▁was ▁common ▁to ▁" tr ick " ▁her ald ic ▁designs ▁when ▁colours ▁were ▁un available . ▁ ▁The ▁arms ▁would ▁be ▁drawn |
▁in ▁outline , ▁and ▁the ▁t inct ures ▁written ▁in ▁abbre vi ated ▁form : ▁O ▁or ▁or ▁for ▁or ; ▁A , ▁ar , ▁or ▁arg ▁for ▁argent , ▁G ▁or ▁gu ▁for ▁g ules ; ▁S ▁or ▁sa ▁for ▁s able ; ▁Az ▁or ▁B ▁for ▁azure ▁( B ▁for ▁" blue " ▁being ▁used ▁in ▁older ▁trick ings ▁to ▁avoid ▁confusion ▁between ▁ar ▁and ▁az ); ▁V t ▁for ▁vert , ▁Pur p ▁for ▁pur p ure , ▁and ▁Pr ▁for ▁proper . ▁ ▁Although ▁most ▁records ▁of ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Ar ms ▁are ▁in ▁colour , ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁trick ing ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁all ▁other ▁cases , ▁even ▁after ▁the ▁w ides p read ▁ad option ▁of ▁h atch ing ▁for ▁printing ▁and ▁eng ra ving ▁arms . ▁ ▁French ▁her ald ry ▁also ▁uses ▁trick ing ▁to ▁dep ict ▁her ald ic ▁t inct ures , ▁using ▁O ▁for ▁; ▁A ▁for ▁; ▁G ▁for ▁; ▁S ▁for ▁; ▁B ▁for ▁ ▁( to ▁avoid ▁confusing ▁ ▁with ▁); ▁ ▁V ▁for ▁ ▁( to ▁avoid ▁confusing ▁ ▁with ▁); ▁P ▁for ▁ ▁or ▁; ▁and ▁Pr ▁for ▁. ▁ ▁In ▁German ▁her ald ry , ▁G ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁ ▁( g old ); ▁W ▁for ▁ ▁( white ); ▁R ▁for ▁ ▁( red ); ▁S ▁for ▁ ▁( black ); ▁B ▁for ▁ ▁( blue ); ▁and ▁Gr , ▁or ▁a ▁shape ▁like ▁an ▁u pr ight ▁leaf , ▁for ▁ ▁( green ); |
▁German ▁her ald ry ▁makes ▁little ▁use ▁of ▁pur p ure , ▁but ▁in ▁its ▁place ▁allows ▁Br ▁for ▁ ▁( b rown ). ▁ ▁These ▁abbre vi ations ▁may ▁be ▁either ▁capital ized ▁or ▁lower case . ▁ ▁Po etic ▁representation ▁ ▁Her ald ry ▁has ▁been ▁influenced ▁by ▁alleg or ical ▁and ▁ast ro log ical ▁views , ▁including ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁sympath ies ▁and ▁ant ip ath ies ▁among ▁stars , ▁min er als , ▁animals , ▁plants , ▁and ▁people . ▁Some ▁t inct ures ▁were ▁considered ▁to ▁represent ▁ast ro log ical ▁symbols . ▁ ▁The ▁l ore ▁of ▁sympath ies ▁origin ated ▁with ▁the ▁Bab yl oni ans , ▁who ▁saw ▁g ems ▁and ▁rare ▁min er als ▁as ▁the ▁concentr ates ▁of ▁cos mic ▁powers . ▁ ▁Later , ▁Pl iny ▁the ▁E lder ' s ▁Natural ▁History ▁organized ▁nature ▁according ▁to ▁a ▁system ▁of ▁sympath ies ▁and ▁ant ip ath ies ▁among ▁species ▁and ▁other ▁elements ▁of ▁the ▁natural ▁world . ▁This ▁doctrine ▁influenced ▁medieval ▁medicine , ▁ph arm acy , ▁al ch emy ▁and ▁also ▁her ald ry . ▁During ▁the ▁ 1 3 5 0 s , ▁the ▁work ▁of ▁Bart olo ▁de ▁S asso fer r ato ▁( 1 3 1 3 / 1 3 1 4 - 1 3 5 7 ) ▁linked ▁Or ▁to ▁the ▁sun , ▁Azure ▁to ▁the ▁element ▁air , ▁and ▁G ules ▁to ▁the ▁element ▁fire . ▁Honor é ▁Bon et , ▁a ▁her ald ist |
▁from ▁Prov ence , ▁declared ▁in ▁his ▁work ▁Ar bre ▁des ▁B ata illes ▁( 1 3 8 7 ) ▁that ▁the ▁metal ▁gold ▁( Or ) ▁is ▁the ▁no bl est ▁in ▁the ▁world ▁because , ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁very ▁nature , ▁it ▁is ▁bright ▁and ▁sh ining ▁and ▁full ▁of ▁virt ues . ▁During ▁the ▁late ▁medieval ▁period ▁and ▁Renaissance , ▁there ▁was ▁an ▁occas ional ▁practice ▁of ▁bla zon ing ▁t inct ures ▁by ▁gem st ones , ▁or ▁by ▁references ▁to ▁the ▁seven ▁classical ▁" plan ets " ▁( including ▁the ▁sun ▁and ▁the ▁moon ). ▁ ▁The ▁work ▁of ▁Bon et ▁influenced ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century ▁Burg und ian ▁her ald ist ▁Jean ▁Cour to is ▁( d . ▁ 1 4 3 6 ), ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁Sic ily ▁Her ald . ▁In ▁his ▁work ▁Le ▁Bl ason ▁des ▁Cou le urs ▁( 1 4 1 4 ), ▁Cour to is ▁developed ▁a ▁her ald ic ▁system ▁consisting ▁of ▁the ▁t inct ures , ▁plan ets ▁and ▁car b un cles , ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁virt ues , ▁met als , ▁months , ▁the ▁z od iac , ▁and ▁week days . ▁His ▁main ▁contribution ▁was ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁a ▁gem stone - plan et ary ▁bla zon ▁that ▁related ▁color ▁to ▁gem stone ▁to ▁planet : ▁or , ▁top az , ▁the ▁sun ; ▁argent , ▁p ear l , ▁the ▁moon ; ▁g ules , ▁ruby , ▁Mars ; ▁s able , |
▁diam ond , ▁Sat urn ; ▁azure , ▁sa pp hire , ▁Jup iter ; ▁vert , ▁emer ald , ▁Ven us ; ▁pur p ure , ▁am eth yst , ▁Mercur y ; ▁t enn é , ▁j ac inth , ▁drag on ' s ▁head ▁( asc ending ▁lun ar ▁node ); ▁s angu ine / m ur rey , ▁s ard ony x , ▁drag on ' s ▁tail ▁( desc ending ▁lun ar ▁node ). ▁ ▁The ▁drag on ' s ▁head ▁( also ▁called ▁An ab ib azon ▁in ▁astronom y ▁and ▁ast ro log y ) ▁and ▁drag on ' s ▁tail ▁( also ▁called ▁Cat ab ib azon ) ▁were ▁in ▁use ▁from ▁ancient ▁times . ▁In ▁her ald ry ▁the ▁drag on ' s ▁head ▁symbol izes ▁a ▁light ▁colour ▁( ten né ), ▁and ▁drag on ' s ▁tail ▁symbol izes ▁a ▁dark ▁colour ▁( s angu ine ). ▁In ▁al ch emy ▁the ▁drag on ' s ▁head ▁is ▁the ▁mater ia ▁prima ▁that ▁is ▁subject ed ▁to ▁trans mut ation ▁to ▁produce ▁the ▁phil os opher ' s ▁stone . ▁During ▁the ▁process ▁of ▁trans mut ation ▁the ▁light - color ed ▁starting ▁material ▁is ▁transformed ▁to ▁a ▁dark er ▁and ▁more ▁re dd ish ▁one . ▁In ▁ast ro log y ▁the ▁drag on ' s ▁head ▁is ▁connected ▁to ▁good ▁luck , ▁while ▁the ▁drag on ' s ▁tail ▁is ▁un l ucky . ▁These ▁links ▁indicate ▁that ▁her ald |
ry ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 5 th ▁century ▁was ▁strongly ▁under ▁the ▁influence ▁of ▁mag ical ▁views ▁and ▁al chem istic ▁ideas , ▁which ▁were ▁in ▁turn ▁connected ▁to ▁the ▁l ore ▁of ▁sympath ies ▁between ▁colors , ▁plan ets , ▁gem st ones , ▁met als , ▁virt ues ▁etc . ▁▁ ▁The ▁work ▁of ▁Jean ▁Cour to is ▁was ▁distributed ▁in ▁manuscript s ▁and ▁later ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁books ▁printed ▁in ▁French . ▁During ▁the ▁T ud or ▁and ▁Stuart ▁dynast ies ▁in ▁England ▁( 1 4 8 5 – 1 7 0 2 ), ▁it ▁appeared ▁in ▁her ald ry ▁manual s . ▁In ▁his ▁book ▁Tra ité ▁du ▁bl ason ▁( 1 4 6 5 ), ▁Cl ément ▁Pr ins ault ▁de als ▁with ▁the ▁relation ▁of ▁colors ▁to ▁the ▁virt ues , ▁the ▁seven ▁plan ets , ▁the ▁ 1 2 ▁cel est ial ▁signs , ▁gem st ones , ▁week days , ▁the ▁three ▁elements ▁etc . ▁This ▁book ▁is ▁among ▁the ▁earliest ▁writ ings ▁on ▁her ald ry ▁available ▁today . ▁ ▁The ▁English ▁historian ▁and ▁her ald ist ▁Sir ▁Henry ▁Sp el man ▁( 1 5 6 4 – 1 6 4 1 ) ▁used ▁the ▁symbols ▁of ▁the ▁plan ets ▁to ▁design ate ▁t inct ures ▁in ▁his ▁ 1 6 5 4 ▁book ▁Asp ilog ia . ▁Sir ▁John ▁Fer ne ▁( d . ▁ 1 6 0 9 ) ▁enumer ates ▁ 1 4 ▁different ▁methods ▁of ▁bla zon : |
▁ 1 . ▁by ▁colors ; ▁▁ 2 . ▁by ▁plan ets ; ▁▁ 3 . ▁by ▁pre cious ▁stones ; ▁▁ 4 . ▁by ▁virt ues ; ▁▁ 5 . ▁by ▁cel est ial ▁signs ; ▁▁ 6 . ▁by ▁the ▁months ▁of ▁the ▁ye a ; ▁▁ 7 . ▁by ▁the ▁days ▁of ▁the ▁week ; ▁ 8 . ▁by ▁the ▁ages ▁of ▁man ; ▁ 9 . ▁by ▁flowers ; ▁ 1 0 . ▁by ▁the ▁elements ; ▁ 1 1 . ▁by ▁the ▁seasons ▁of ▁the ▁year ; ▁ 1 2 . ▁by ▁the ▁complex ions ▁of ▁man ; ▁ 1 3 . ▁by ▁numbers ; ▁and ▁ 1 4 . ▁by ▁met als . ▁▁ ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁main ▁t inct ures , ▁trick ing ▁abbre vi ations ▁for ▁other ▁t inct ures ▁such ▁as ▁Pro per ▁– ▁p pr , ▁pp , ▁Er mine ▁– ▁er ▁etc . ▁existed ▁in ▁English ▁and ▁some ▁other ▁languages ▁during ▁the ▁Renaissance . ▁To ▁design ate ▁car n ation ▁( car nea ▁t inct ura ), ▁the ▁z od iac ▁sign ▁of ▁Leo ▁was ▁used ▁in ▁reverse ▁( ). ▁German ▁her ald ry ▁used ▁t ref o il ▁to ▁design ate ▁colors ▁other ▁than ▁the ▁seven ▁main ▁t inct ures ▁(" "). ▁Sp ener ▁( 1 7 1 7 . ▁p . 1 1 3 ) ▁also ▁linked ▁t enn é ▁and ▁s angu ine ▁to ▁the ▁z od iac ▁sign ▁of ▁Leo ▁() ▁. ▁Rud ol phi ▁also |
▁refers ▁to ▁t ref o il ▁( ♣ ) ▁as ▁a ▁design ation ▁of ▁colour ▁vert , ▁usually ▁connected ▁with ▁Ven us . ▁He ▁also ▁assigned ▁specific ▁variants ▁of ▁ast ro log ical ▁signs ▁for ▁drag on ' s ▁head ▁and ▁drag on ' s ▁tail ▁( <0xE2> <0x98> <0x8A> <0xE2> <0x98> <0x8B> ), ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁sign ▁for ▁Leo , ▁to ▁the ▁t inct ures ▁orange ▁and ▁car n ation , ▁respectively . ▁ ▁Ult imately , ▁a ▁system ▁of ▁nine ▁t inct ures ▁was ▁developed , ▁with ▁du kes , ▁ ▁ear ls , ▁and ▁bar ons ▁having ▁their ▁arms ▁bla zon ed ▁by ▁gem st ones , ▁and ▁princes , ▁k ings ▁and ▁em per ors ▁having ▁arms ▁bla zon ed ▁by ▁the ▁plan ets . ▁It ▁is ▁worth ▁not ing ▁that ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁trou bad our ▁and ▁her ald ▁Peter ▁Such en w irt ▁( c . ▁ 1 3 2 0 - 1 3 9 5 ) ▁used ▁gem st ones ▁to ▁design ate ▁the ▁t inct ures ▁even ▁earlier ▁( c . ▁ 1 3 5 5 ) ▁in ▁the ▁coat ▁of ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁king ▁Louis ▁the ▁Great ▁( 1 3 4 2 – 1 3 8 2 ). ▁ ▁Kon rad ▁von ▁Wür zburg ▁( c . ▁ 1 2 3 0 ▁- 1 2 8 7 ) ▁also ▁mentioned ▁co ats ▁of ▁arms ▁made ▁of ▁gem st ones ▁in ▁his ▁poem ▁Turn ier ▁von ▁N ant he iz ▁( c |
. ▁ 1 2 5 8 ), ▁for ▁example ▁describing ▁the ▁arms ▁of ▁the ▁king ▁of ▁England ▁as ▁an ▁esc ut che on ▁covered ▁with ▁Arab ian ▁gold ▁with ▁le op ards ▁made ▁of ▁rub ies ▁( lines ▁ 3 1 0 - 3 2 0 ). ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Color ▁in ▁culture ▁Category : Her ald ry <0x0A> </s> ▁Mach iner ies ▁of ▁Empire ▁is ▁a ▁tr il ogy ▁of ▁military ▁science ▁fiction / s cience ▁fant asy / space ▁opera ▁nov els ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁writer ▁Y oon ▁Ha ▁Lee ▁and ▁published ▁by ▁Sol aris ▁Books . ▁It ▁consists ▁of ▁N ine fox ▁G amb it ▁( 2 0 1 6 ), ▁R aven ▁Str at agem ▁( 2 0 1 7 ) ▁and ▁Re ven ant ▁Gun ▁( 2 0 1 8 ). ▁The ▁tr il ogy ▁follows ▁the ▁young ▁inf antry ▁captain ▁Kel ▁Cher is ▁and ▁the ▁tra itor ous ▁general ▁Sh u os ▁Jed ao ▁in ▁a ▁war ▁among ▁fa ctions ▁of ▁a ▁desp otic ▁inter stell ar ▁emp ire , ▁the ▁H ex arch ate , ▁whose ▁technology ▁and ▁power ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁population ' s ▁faith ▁in ▁the ▁imperial ▁calendar . ▁ ▁Several ▁of ▁Lee ' s ▁short ▁stories ▁are ▁pre qu els ▁to ▁the ▁tr il ogy . ▁ ▁N ine fox ▁G amb it ▁received ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 Loc us ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁First ▁Nov el , ▁and |
▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Neb ula ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Hugo ▁Awards ▁for ▁Best ▁Nov el , ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Clar ke ▁award . ▁R aven ▁Str at agem ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Hugo ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Nov el . ▁Re ven ant ▁Gun ▁was ▁nominated ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁Hugo ▁Award ▁for ▁Best ▁Nov el ▁ ▁Nov els ▁N ine fox ▁G amb it , ▁Sol aris , ▁ 1 4 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁ ▁R aven ▁Str at agem , ▁Sol aris , ▁ 1 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁ ▁Re ven ant ▁Gun , ▁Sol aris , ▁ 1 2 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Nov el ▁series ▁Category : 2 1 st - century ▁American ▁nov els ▁Category : Space ▁opera ▁nov els ▁Category : Mil it ary ▁science ▁fiction ▁nov els <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁list ▁of ▁Eastern ▁Catholic ▁sem in aries ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁They ▁prepare ▁candidates ▁for ▁the ▁priest hood . ▁ ▁Alexand rian ▁lit urg ical ▁tradition ▁ ▁( C opt ic ) ▁St . ▁Leo ’ s ▁Patri arch al ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁Ma adi ▁( 1 9 5 3 ), ▁a ▁sub urb ▁of ▁C airo ▁( E th iop ian ) ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁As m ara , ▁E rit rea ▁( E th iop ian ) |
▁Sem inary ▁in ▁K eren , ▁E rit rea ▁( E th iop ian ) ▁Cap uch in ▁Francis can ▁Institute ▁of ▁Philosoph y ▁and ▁The ology ▁in ▁Add is ▁Ab aba , ▁Eth iop ia ▁( E th iop ian ) ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁Ad ig rat , ▁Eth iop ia ▁( E th iop ian ) ▁Pont ific al ▁Eth iop ian ▁College ▁in ▁Rome ▁ ▁Ant io ch ian ▁( Ant io ch ene ▁or ▁West - S y ri ac ) ▁lit urg ical ▁tradition ▁▁ ▁( M aron ite ) ▁Sem inary ▁of ▁St . ▁Antoine ▁in ▁Leb anon ▁ ▁( M aron ite ) Col leg io ▁dei ▁Mar on iti ▁( 1 5 8 4 , ▁re open ed ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ) ▁in ▁Rome ▁ ▁( M aron ite ) ▁Mar on ite ▁Patri arch al ▁Sem inary ▁at ▁Gh az ir ▁ ▁( M aron ite ) ▁dioc es an ▁sem inary ▁at ▁K arm ▁Sad de , ▁near ▁Tri pol i ▁ ▁( M aron ite ) ▁Our ▁Lady ▁of ▁Leb anon ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁Washington , ▁D . C . ▁ ▁The ▁Holy ▁Spirit ▁University ▁of ▁Kas lik ▁, ▁Leb anon ▁provides ▁advanced ▁the ological ▁education ▁for ▁Mar on ite ▁ ▁( S y ri ac ) ▁Al - Char f et ▁Patri arch al ▁Sem inary ▁ ▁in ▁Leb anon ▁ ▁( S y ro - Mal ank ara ) ▁St . ▁Mary ’ s ▁Mal ank ara |
▁Major ▁Sem inary ▁( 1 9 8 3 ) ▁at ▁T riv and rum ▁ ▁Armen ian ▁lit urg ical ▁tradition ▁ ▁Italy ▁Colleg io ▁Armen o ▁in ▁Rome ▁ ▁Leb anon ▁ ▁B z ou m mar ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁B z ou m mar ▁ ▁Me ch itar ist ▁F athers ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁B ik f aya ▁ ▁Chal de an ▁or ▁East ▁Sy ri ac ▁lit urg ical ▁tradition ▁ ▁India ▁ ▁Mal pan ▁Sem inary ▁with ▁University ▁status ▁in ▁K ott ap ur am / ▁Pal lip ur am ▁Est ab lished ▁by ▁Patri arch ▁of ▁Church ▁of ▁The ▁East ▁in ▁AD ▁ 4 5 0 ▁for ▁Mal ab ar , ▁later ▁sem inary ▁was ▁shift ed ▁to ▁Man an am ▁and ▁dissol ved ▁in ▁St . Jose ph ' s ▁Sem inary ▁of ▁Sy ro ▁- ▁Mal ab ar ▁Church ▁C MI ▁f athers ▁ ▁Sy ro - Mal ab ar ▁St . ▁Joseph ' s ▁Pont ific al ▁Sem inary ▁( M ang al ap uz ha ▁Sem inary ) ▁in ▁Mang al ap uz ha , ▁Al u va ▁ ▁Sy ro - Mal ab ar ▁St . ▁Thomas ▁Apost ol ic ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁V ad av ath oor ▁ ▁Sy ro - Mal ab ar ▁Good ▁She ph erd ▁Major ▁Sem inary ▁ ▁in ▁K unn oth , ▁Tell icher ry ▁ ▁Sy ro - Mal ab ar ▁St . ▁E ph rem ▁Major ▁Sem inary ▁for ▁Miss ions , ▁Sat na ▁ |
▁Sy ro - Mal ab ar ▁Mary ▁Math a ▁Major ▁Sem inary , ▁Th r iss ur ▁ ▁Ira q ▁ ▁( Ch al de an ) ▁St . ▁Peter ▁Sem inary ▁for ▁Chal de an ▁Patri arch ate ▁in ▁Ira q . ▁http :// ch al de ans em inary . com / ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁( Ch al de an ) ▁The ▁Sem inary ▁of ▁Mar ▁Abb a ▁the ▁Great ▁in ▁San ▁Diego ▁ ▁By z antine ▁( Const antin opol itan ) ▁lit urg ical ▁tradition ▁▁ ▁Brazil ▁ ▁( U k rain ian ) ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁Cur it iba ▁ ▁Canada ▁ ▁( U k rain ian ) ▁Holy ▁Spirit ▁Sem inary ▁of ▁Ukrain ian ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁Church , ▁Ed mont on , ▁Al berta ▁ ▁Cro atia ▁ ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁Zag reb ▁ ▁Germany ▁ ▁Colleg ium ▁Orient ale ▁in ▁E ich st ätt ▁Hung ary ▁▁▁ ▁Saint ▁Ath anas ius ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁College ▁of ▁The ology ▁and ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁Ny í reg y há za ▁ ▁Israel ▁and ▁the ▁Palest in ian ▁Territ ories ▁▁ ▁( M el k ite ) ▁St . ▁Anne ’ s ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁Jerusalem , ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁the ▁White ▁F athers ▁( now ▁called ▁the ▁Mission aries ▁of ▁Africa ) ▁closed ▁ ▁( M el k ite ) ▁Holy ▁Sav ior ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁Beit ▁Sah our , ▁Holy ▁Land , ▁for ▁dioc eses ▁in ▁Israel , ▁Jordan , ▁the ▁West ▁Bank |
▁and ▁Gaz a ▁of ▁Mel k ite ▁ ▁Italy ▁ ▁Ukrain ian ▁Pont ific al ▁College ▁of ▁Saint ▁Jos ap hat ▁( 1 8 9 7 ) ▁ ▁Pont ific al ▁Ukrain ian ▁College ▁of ▁the ▁Prote ction ▁of ▁our ▁Lady ▁in ▁Rome ▁( closed ) ▁ ▁Pont ific al ▁Greek ▁College ▁of ▁Saint ▁Ath anas ius ▁( P ont ific io ▁Colleg io ▁Gre co ) ▁in ▁Rome ▁ ▁Colleg ium ▁Russ icum ▁ ▁( P ont ific io ▁Colleg io ▁Rus so ) ▁( 1 9 2 9 ) ▁in ▁Rome ▁ ▁Pont ific al ▁Roman ian ▁College ▁( “ P io ▁R omen o ” ) ▁in ▁Rome ▁ ▁Leb anon ▁ ▁( M el k ite ) ▁Patri arch al ▁Sem inary ▁of ▁St . ▁Anne ▁in ▁Rab ou eh , ▁Ant el ias , ▁Leb anon ▁ ▁Roman ia ▁ ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁The ological ▁Fac ulty ▁at ▁the ▁B abe ș - B oly ai ▁University ▁in ▁Cl uj - N ap oca ▁ ▁Slov ak ia ▁ ▁( S lov ak ) ▁By z antine ▁Catholic ▁Sem inary ▁of ▁Pav ol ▁Peter ▁Go j di č ▁in ▁Pre š ov ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁( R uth en ian ) ▁By z antine ▁Catholic ▁Sem inary ▁of ▁SS . ▁Cy ril ▁and ▁Method ius ▁of ▁( R uth en ian ) ▁By z antine ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁Pitts burgh , ▁PA ▁ ▁( U k rain ian ) ▁St . ▁Bas il ▁College ▁Sem inary , ▁of ▁Ukrain |
ian ▁Catholic ▁E par chy ▁of ▁St am ford ▁ ▁( U k rain ian ) ▁Saint ▁Jos ap hat ▁Sem inary , ▁Washington , ▁DC ▁ ▁St . ▁Bas il ' s ▁Greek ▁Mel k ite ▁Catholic ▁Sem inary ▁M eth uen , ▁Massachusetts ▁ ▁Ukraine ▁ ▁Ukrain ian ▁Catholic ▁University ▁in ▁L viv ▁ ▁Holy ▁Spirit ▁Sem inary ▁of ▁Ukrain ian ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁Church , ▁L viv ▁ ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁U zh hor od ▁( 1 9 9 5 ) ▁ ▁Sem inary ▁of ▁B less ed ▁Mart y rs ▁Sever yn , ▁Y ak ym ▁and ▁V ital ij ▁of ▁Ukrain ian ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁Church , ▁in ▁Dro h ob ych ▁ ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁I vano - Fran k iv sk ▁ ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁T ern op il ▁ ▁Greek ▁Catholic ▁Three ▁Sain ts ▁Inter ep ach ial ▁Sem inary ▁in ▁Ky iv ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁sem in aries ▁List ▁of ▁evangel ical ▁sem in aries ▁and ▁the ological ▁colleg es ▁Pont ific al ▁Oriental ▁Institute ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Sy ro - Mal ank ara ▁Sem in aries ▁and ▁Institution s ▁ ▁Sy ro - Mal ab ar ▁Sem in aries ▁ ▁* sem in aries ▁Category : List s ▁of ▁Catholic ▁univers ities ▁and ▁colleg es ▁* <0x0A> </s> ▁Mass imo ▁March ese ▁( born ▁ ▁in ▁Sav ona , ▁Italy ) ▁is ▁an ▁Italian ▁music ian , ▁l uten ist , ▁the |
orb ist ▁and ▁recording ▁artist . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Born ▁in ▁Sav ona ▁in ▁the ▁Italian ▁region ▁of ▁Lig uria , ▁March ese ▁was ▁a ▁student ▁of ▁Jakob ▁Lind berg ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁College ▁of ▁Music ▁in ▁London . ▁ ▁Coll abor ations ▁He ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁the ▁pip a ▁player ▁J iao ▁X i ang wen ▁and ▁the ▁poet ▁Sand ro ▁B oc card i ▁He ▁accompanied ▁N ig el ▁Rog ers , ▁Ott av io ▁D ant one , ▁F lav io ▁Col us so , ▁F lav io ▁Em ilio ▁Sc og na , ▁and ▁many ▁ensemble ▁as ▁a ▁B asso ▁continu o ▁music ian . ▁ ▁He ▁played ▁in ▁Europe , ▁Asia ▁and ▁South ▁America . ▁ ▁His ▁record ings ▁include ▁the ▁works ▁of ▁Francesco ▁Sp in ac ino ▁, ▁Francis cus ▁B oss in ensis , ▁Jo achim ▁van ▁den ▁H ove ▁, ▁Robert ▁de ▁Vis ée , ▁Gab rie le ▁Fall am ero , ▁and ▁Roman ▁T uro v sky - S av ch uk . ▁ ▁Part ial ▁disc ography ▁ ▁Roman ▁T uro v sky - S av ch uk ▁- ▁" Dialog ues ▁with ▁Time " ▁( da V inci ▁Edition ▁C 0 0 0 2 8 , ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ ▁Francesco ▁Sp in ac ino ▁- ▁Int av ol atura ▁di ▁Le uto , ▁Lib ri ▁I ▁e ▁II ▁( T act us , ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁Francis cus ▁B oss in ensis ▁- ▁Pet rar |
ca ▁ed ▁il ▁cant are ▁a ▁Le uro ▁( T act us , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁The ▁jour ne ys ▁of ▁Rub ens ▁- ▁Music ▁from ▁the ▁courts ▁of ▁Europe ▁ ▁( C enta ur ▁Records ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ ▁V irt u oso ▁V ih uela ▁music ▁from ▁Spain ▁and ▁Italy ▁ ▁( C enta ur ▁records , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Robert ▁de ▁V ise e ▁La ▁musique ▁de ▁la ▁cham bre ▁du ▁Ro i ▁voll ▁I , ▁II ▁and ▁III ▁( Br illiant ▁Class ics ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ ▁Jo achim ▁van ▁den ▁H ove ▁- ▁Florida ▁ ▁( Br illiant ▁Class ics ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁L ute ▁The or bo ▁V ih uela ▁B asso ▁continu o ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Ital ian ▁l uten ists ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Sav ona ▁Category : 1 9 6 5 ▁birth s <0x0A> </s> ▁Tr iss odor is ▁p ans ella ▁is ▁a ▁moth ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁Cos m opter ig idae . ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁on ▁R enn ell ▁Island . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Natural ▁History ▁Museum ▁Le pid optera ▁generic ▁names ▁catalog ▁ ▁Category : C os m opter ig inae <0x0A> </s> ▁F rog ▁Station ▁is ▁an ▁un in cor por ated ▁community ▁in ▁the ▁towns ▁of ▁Red ▁River ▁and ▁Luxemb urg , ▁in ▁K ew a une e |
▁County , ▁Wisconsin , ▁United ▁States . ▁It ▁s its ▁at ▁the ▁j unction ▁of ▁County ▁Tr unk ▁K ▁and ▁County ▁Tr unk ▁AB , ▁about ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Luxemb urg . ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁Wisconsin ▁Category : Un in cor por ated ▁communities ▁in ▁K ew a une e ▁County , ▁Wisconsin <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁swing ▁yard er ▁is ▁a ▁mobile ▁piece ▁of ▁heavy ▁duty ▁forest ry ▁equipment ▁used ▁for ▁pulling ▁logs ▁from ▁the ▁woods ▁to ▁a ▁logging ▁road ▁with ▁c ables . ▁ ▁The ▁swing ▁yard er ▁is ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁gra pp le ▁yard er . ▁ ▁In ▁any ▁logging ▁operation , ▁it ▁is ▁necessary ▁to ▁transport ▁the ▁har v ested ▁tree ▁from ▁the ▁st ump ▁to ▁a ▁landing ▁for ▁transport ▁to ▁market ▁( us ually ▁on ▁a ▁tr uck ). ▁If ▁the ▁ground ▁is ▁relatively ▁flat ▁it ▁may ▁be ▁possible ▁to ▁transport ▁the ▁tree ▁or ▁logs ▁cut ▁from ▁the ▁tree ▁on ▁a ▁whe e led ▁or ▁track ed ▁machine . ▁▁ ▁However ▁if ▁the ▁ground ▁is ▁too ▁ste ep ▁for ▁the ▁operation ▁of ▁such ▁mach in ery , ▁it ▁is ▁common ▁practice ▁to ▁rig ▁some ▁sort ▁of ▁a ▁cable ▁system ▁for ▁moving ▁the ▁wood . ▁ ▁The ▁swing ▁yard er ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁several ▁vari eties ▁of ▁machines ▁that ▁have ▁been ▁used ▁for ▁this ▁purpose . ▁▁ ▁The ▁swing ▁yard er ▁has ▁several ▁drums ▁to ▁pull ▁in ▁the ▁c ables . ▁The ▁c ables ▁run ▁up |
▁an ▁ang led ▁bo om ▁and ▁then ▁to ▁the ▁far ▁side ▁of ▁a ▁setting . ▁ ▁By ▁using ▁two ▁c ables ▁set ▁up ▁like ▁a ▁clothes ▁line , ▁the ▁rig ging ▁can ▁be ▁pulled ▁out ▁and ▁logs ▁can ▁be ▁pulled ▁across ▁a ▁logging ▁setting ▁where ▁the ▁trees ▁have ▁been ▁previously ▁fel led . ▁ ▁This ▁machine ▁is ▁most ▁suitable ▁for ▁ste ep ▁ground ▁where ▁it ▁is ▁difficult ▁to ▁access ▁the ▁logs ▁with ▁other ▁mach in ery . ▁ ▁Sw ing ▁yard ers ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁fl atter ▁areas ▁with ▁l ighter ▁loads . ▁ ▁While ▁there ▁are ▁various ▁rig ging ▁options , ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁one ▁uses ▁a ▁gra pp le ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁lower ed ▁onto ▁a ▁logs ▁and ▁closed ▁via ▁the ▁cable ▁system . ▁ ▁Using ▁a ▁gra pp le ▁avoid s ▁the ▁need ▁for ▁people ▁in ▁the ▁setting ▁to ▁attach ▁ch ok ers ▁to ▁the ▁log . ▁ ▁Ch oker ▁setting ▁as ▁a ▁profession ▁is ▁a ▁very ▁dangerous ▁occupation . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁difference ▁between ▁a ▁swing ▁yard er ▁and ▁a ▁tower ▁yard er ▁is ▁that ▁the ▁upper works ▁is ▁mounted ▁on ▁a ▁large ▁sle wing ▁bearing . ▁ ▁This ▁bearing ▁perm its ▁the ▁bo om ▁and ▁cable ▁system ▁to ▁be ▁' sw ung ' ▁across ▁a ▁setting ▁without ▁re loc ating ▁the ▁machine . ▁ ▁An ▁experienced ▁operator ▁uses ▁timing ▁and ▁cable ▁t ension ▁to ▁swing ▁the ▁gra pp le ▁to ▁the ▁desired ▁location . ▁▁ ▁In ▁practice , ▁however , ▁the ▁main ▁benefit ▁of ▁a ▁swing |
ing ▁machine ▁is ▁that ▁once ▁the ▁logs ▁are ▁y arded ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁machine , ▁they ▁can ▁be ▁sw ung ▁to ▁the ▁side ▁and ▁land ed . ▁▁ ▁This ▁allows ▁the ▁machine ▁to ▁be ▁position ed ▁in ▁a ▁small ▁area ▁such ▁as ▁on ▁a ▁road , ▁and ▁to ▁land ▁( set ▁down ) ▁the ▁logs ▁on ▁the ▁road ▁behind ▁( or ▁in ▁front ▁of ) ▁the ▁machine . ▁ ▁By ▁contrast ▁a ▁tower ▁has ▁no ▁options ▁on ▁where ▁to ▁set ▁the ▁logs --- so ▁the ▁tower ▁has ▁to ▁be ▁position ed ▁back ▁from ▁the ▁break ▁of ▁the ▁hill ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁leave ▁a ▁landing ▁area ▁on ▁the ▁down hill ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁machine , ▁the ▁logs ▁can ▁only ▁be ▁pulled ▁up ▁to ▁near ▁the ▁tower ▁and ▁then ▁lower ed ▁to ▁the ▁ground ▁making ▁it ▁necessary ▁for ▁a ▁sh ov el ▁( log ▁loader ) ▁to ▁also ▁be ▁present ▁to ▁remove ▁the ▁logs ▁once ▁land ed . ▁▁ ▁Imp licit ly ▁a ▁swing ▁machine ▁does ▁not ▁need ▁to ▁be ▁as ▁tall ▁as ▁a ▁tower ▁machine ▁particularly ▁in ▁ste ep ▁ground ▁because ▁the ▁swing ▁machine ▁can ▁be ▁set ▁right ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁' edge ' ▁of ▁the ▁ste ep ▁ground ▁while ▁the ▁tower ▁must ▁be ▁set ▁back ▁from ▁the ▁' edge ' ▁to ▁allow ▁landing ▁space . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Washington ▁T L - 6 ▁Sw ing ▁yard er ▁ ▁Category : Log ▁transport ▁Category : For est ry ▁equipment <0x0A> </s> ▁Ber cz ik ▁Á rp ád ▁ ▁( J uly ▁ 8 |
, ▁ 1 8 4 2 ▁in ▁Tem es v ár ▁– ▁July ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁in ▁Budapest ) ▁was ▁a ▁Hung arian ▁writer . ▁ ▁He ▁studied ▁laws ▁and ▁worked ▁for ▁the ▁administration , ▁K isf al ud y ▁T árs as ág ▁( 1 8 7 3 ) ▁and ▁ ▁Bor ss zem ▁J ank ó . ▁He ▁published ▁his ▁writ ings ▁in ▁publications ▁such ▁as ▁P esti ▁Nap ló ▁( 1 8 7 0 – 7 2 ), ▁but ▁he ▁is ▁mainly ▁known ▁for ▁his ▁the atr ical ▁plays . ▁ ▁Works ▁Az ▁ig m ánd i ▁k isp ap , ▁( 1 8 8 1 ); ▁Né zd ▁meg ▁az ▁any ját ▁( B p ., ▁ 1 8 8 3 ); ▁A ▁Pro tek ció ▁( B p ., ▁ 1 8 8 5 ); ▁Him f y ▁dal ai ▁( 1 8 9 8 ) ▁Sz ín m ű ve i ▁( I - V ., ▁ 1 9 1 2 ) ▁ ▁References ▁K oz ma ▁And or : ▁B . ▁Á . ▁e ml é ke z ete ▁( M TA ▁E ml ék bes z é dek , ▁B p ., ▁ 1 9 2 1 ); ▁Ber cz ik ▁Á rp ád : ▁B . ▁Á . ▁( B p ., ▁ 1 9 3 3 ); ▁Mol n ár ▁P ál : ▁B . ▁Á . ▁a ▁dr á ma í ró ▁( B p ., |
▁ 1 9 3 6 ). ▁Magyar ▁É let raj zi ▁Lexikon ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 8 4 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 1 9 ▁death s ▁Category : H ung arian ▁writers <0x0A> </s> ▁Bern ardo ▁V arg as ▁( born ▁March ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 3 9 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Argent ine ▁former ▁footballer . ▁ ▁Career ▁ ▁V arg as ▁played ▁with ▁T all eres ▁Cord oba ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 8 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 0 , ▁he ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁Argent ine ▁Primera ▁División ▁with ▁Racing , ▁and ▁later ▁with ▁Argent inos ▁Juni ors . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁he ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁Mexican ▁Primera ▁División ▁with ▁Club ▁América . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁he ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Canada ▁Professional ▁Soccer ▁League ▁with ▁Toronto ▁Italia , ▁where ▁he ▁secured ▁an ▁E CP SL ▁Championship ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 6 . ▁He ▁played ▁with ▁Toronto ▁Fal cons ▁originally ▁in ▁the ▁National ▁Professional ▁Soccer ▁League ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 , ▁and ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁North ▁American ▁Soccer ▁League . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁he ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁American ▁Soccer ▁League ▁with ▁Ro chester ▁Lanc ers . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : Ar gent ine ▁football ers ▁Category : T all eres ▁de ▁C ór dob a ▁football ers ▁Category : R acing ▁Club ▁de ▁Av ellan eda ▁football |
ers ▁Category : Ar gent inos ▁Juni ors ▁football ers ▁Category : Cl ub ▁América ▁football ers ▁Category : T or onto ▁Italia ▁players ▁Category : T or onto ▁Fal cons ▁( 1 9 6 7 - 6 8 ) ▁players ▁Category : R och ester ▁Lanc ers ▁( 1 9 6 7 – 1 9 8 0 ) ▁players ▁Category : Ar gent ine ▁Primera ▁División ▁players ▁Category : L iga ▁M X ▁players ▁Category : E astern ▁Canada ▁Professional ▁Soccer ▁League ▁players ▁Category : National ▁Professional ▁Soccer ▁League ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁players ▁Category : N orth ▁American ▁Soccer ▁League ▁( 1 9 6 8 – 1 9 8 4 ) ▁players ▁Category : American ▁Soccer ▁League ▁( 1 9 3 3 – 1 9 8 3 ) ▁players ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁M endo za , ▁Argentina ▁Category : L iving ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Py ram id ▁G 1 - d ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁' G ▁Id ', ▁' G 1 d ', ▁or ▁' G Id ') ▁is ▁a ▁satellite ▁py ram id ▁within ▁the ▁Kh uf u ▁Py ram id ▁complex . ▁It ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁during ▁work ▁to ▁remove ▁a ▁road ▁near ▁the ▁py ram id ▁G 1 ▁( the ▁Great ▁Py ram id ▁of ▁G iza ). ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁about ▁ 2 5 m ▁sout heast ▁of ▁the ▁sout heast ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Py ram id ▁of ▁G iza ▁and ▁about ▁ 7 ▁m ▁west |
▁of ▁the ▁subs idi ary ▁py ram ids ▁G 1 – b ▁and ▁G 1 – c . ▁▁ ▁All ▁the ▁stone work ▁of ▁the ▁py ram id ▁core ▁had ▁been ▁removed ▁in ▁ancient ▁times . ▁What ▁remains ▁of ▁the ▁super structure ▁core ▁is ▁two ▁courses ▁of ▁stone . ▁ ▁There ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁sub structure ▁which ▁was ▁U - sh aped ▁but ▁this ▁was ▁destroyed ▁in ▁anti qu ity . ▁During ▁the ▁exc av ation ▁the ▁actual ▁a pe x ▁stone ▁of ▁the ▁py ram id , ▁a ▁single ▁piece ▁of ▁fine ▁T ura - quality ▁lim estone , ▁was ▁found . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁oldest ▁py ram id ion ▁ever ▁found , ▁the ▁earliest ▁belonging ▁to ▁the ▁North ▁Py ram id ▁of ▁S ne fer u ▁discovered ▁by ▁R ainer ▁Stad el mann ▁at ▁D ah sh ur . ▁This ▁rare ▁find ▁has ▁been ▁left ▁in ▁place . ▁ ▁One ▁ins cription ▁was ▁found ▁written ▁in ▁red ▁paint ▁on ▁the ▁inside ▁surface ▁of ▁one ▁block ▁set ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁wall . ▁The ▁notation ▁says , ▁" im y ▁rs y ▁S 3 ." ▁This ▁gra ff iti , ▁meaning ▁" on ▁the ▁south ▁( back ) ▁side ," ▁probably ▁instruct ed ▁the ▁stone ▁mo vers ▁where ▁to ▁place ▁the ▁block . ▁ ▁The ▁purpose ▁of ▁the ▁py ram id ▁is ▁under ▁debate ▁by ▁sch ol ars . ▁Some ▁possible ▁explan ations ▁are ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁for ▁the ▁king ' s ▁Ka , ▁or ▁it ▁represents ▁the ▁king ▁as ▁the ▁r |
uler ▁of ▁Upper ▁Egypt , ▁or ▁it ▁is ▁for ▁the ▁vis cera ▁of ▁the ▁King , ▁or ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁dummy ▁room ▁for ▁the ▁Sed ▁festival , ▁or ▁it ▁has ▁a ▁solar ▁function . ▁Z ah i ▁Haw ass , ▁who ▁led ▁the ▁un cover ing ▁of ▁the ▁py ram id , ▁believed ▁that ▁the ▁satellite ▁py ram id ▁was ▁used ▁symbol ically ▁as ▁a ▁changing ▁room ▁for ▁the ▁Sed ▁festival . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Py ram id ▁G 1 - a ▁Py ram id ▁G 1 - b ▁Py ram id ▁G 1 - c ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Egypt ian ▁py ram ids ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁The ▁discovery ▁of ▁the ▁satellite ▁Py ram id ▁of ▁Kh uf u ▁▁ ▁The ▁discovery ▁of ▁the ▁satellite ▁Py ram id ▁of ▁Kh uf u ▁ ▁The ▁re vised ▁and ▁complete ▁article ▁on ▁the ▁py ram id ion ▁of ▁the ▁satellite ▁py ram id ▁of ▁Kh uf u , ▁g 1 d ▁ ▁Orig ins ▁of ▁Py ram id ▁G I - d , ▁S out heast ▁of ▁the ▁Great ▁Py ram id ▁ ▁Category : G iza ▁Pl ate au ▁Category : Py ram ids ▁of ▁the ▁Four th ▁D ynast y ▁of ▁Egypt <0x0A> </s> ▁Mike ▁Jim enez ▁( born ▁May ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁is ▁an ▁American ▁professional ▁box er ▁in ▁the ▁Super ▁Middle weight ▁division . ▁ ▁Jim enez ▁fought ▁J esse ▁Hart ▁for ▁the ▁USB A ▁Super ▁Middle weight ▁title ▁on ▁the |
▁under card ▁of ▁May we ather - P ac quia o . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : American ▁male ▁box ers ▁Category : Super - middle weight ▁box ers <0x0A> </s> ▁A ▁f ret less ▁guitar ▁is ▁a ▁guitar ▁with ▁a ▁finger board ▁without ▁fre ts , ▁typically ▁a ▁standard ▁instrument ▁that ▁has ▁had ▁the ▁fre ts ▁removed , ▁though ▁some ▁custom - built ▁and ▁commercial ▁f ret less ▁gu it ars ▁are ▁occasionally ▁made . ▁F ret less ▁bass ▁gu it ars ▁are ▁readily ▁available , ▁with ▁most ▁major ▁guitar ▁manufact ur ers ▁producing ▁f ret less ▁models . ▁The ▁for er un ner ▁to ▁f ret less ▁gu it ars ▁like ▁the ▁Hawai ian ▁Gu itar ▁is ▁the ▁traditional ▁ 3 0 0 0 ▁year ▁old ▁Indian ▁Ch it rav ina , ▁a ka ▁Got uv ady am , ▁popular ised ▁glob ally ▁by ▁Ch it rav ina ▁N ▁Rav ik ir an ▁▁ ▁On ▁the ▁f ret less ▁guitar , ▁the ▁perform er ' s ▁fingers ▁press ▁the ▁string ▁directly ▁against ▁the ▁finger board , ▁as ▁with ▁a ▁viol in , ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁v ibr ating ▁string ▁that ▁extends ▁from ▁the ▁bridge ▁( where ▁the ▁strings ▁are ▁attached ) ▁to ▁the ▁f ing ert ip ▁instead ▁of ▁to ▁a ▁f ret . ▁ ▁Te chni que ▁▁ ▁Mus icians ▁employ ▁a ▁standard ▁harm ony ▁and ▁the ▁twelve - t one ▁technique ▁as ▁a |
▁base ▁for ▁expl oring ▁t ones , ▁using ▁a ▁f ret less ▁guitar . ▁F ret less ▁gu it ars ▁offer ▁mus icians ▁an ▁ability ▁to ▁explore ▁new ▁sounds ▁through ▁using ▁micro ton al ▁harm on ies ▁and ▁folk ▁mel od ies ▁in ▁a ▁jazz - gro ove ▁context . ▁A ▁detailed ▁article ▁on ▁extended ▁techniques ▁for ▁f ret less ▁electric ▁guitar ▁- ▁written ▁by ▁British ▁guitar ist ▁Rich ▁Per ks ▁- ▁was ▁published ▁by ▁Music ▁and ▁Pract ice ▁journal ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁▁ ▁Mus icians hip ▁with ▁f ret less ▁gu it ars ▁differ ▁from ▁fre tt ed ▁gu it ars : ▁ ▁They ▁require ▁greater ▁finger ▁position ▁precision , ▁because ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁node ▁of ▁the ▁string ▁is ▁continu ously ▁variable ▁( be ing ▁established ▁by ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁the ▁finger ) ▁rather ▁than ▁fixed ▁( est ab lished ▁by ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁a ▁f ret ). ▁As ▁a ▁consequence ▁of ▁this , ▁ch ord al ▁playing ▁in ▁particular ▁is ▁more ▁difficult ▁to ▁achieve ▁accur ately . ▁ ▁The ▁string ▁reson ance ▁is ▁reduced , ▁requiring ▁more ▁force ful ▁pl uck ing ▁or ▁modified ▁ampl ification ▁( pick ups ) ▁to ▁achieve ▁desired ▁volume . ▁ ▁The ▁smooth ▁surface ▁of ▁the ▁finger board ▁allows ▁leg ato ▁playing , ▁with ▁smooth ▁trans itional ▁sl urs ▁between ▁notes ▁ ▁F ret less ▁gu it ars ▁are ▁un common ▁in ▁most ▁forms ▁of ▁western ▁music ▁and ▁generally ▁limited ▁to ▁the ▁elect r ified ▁instruments , ▁due ▁to ▁their ▁decre |
ased ▁ac oust ic ▁volume ▁and ▁sust ain . ▁The ▁f ret less ▁bass ▁guitar ▁has ▁found ▁popular ity ▁in ▁many ▁forms ▁of ▁western ▁music , ▁from ▁pop ▁to ▁jazz . ▁The ▁first ▁use ▁of ▁f ret less ▁bass ▁gu it ars ▁dates ▁back ▁to ▁Bill ▁W yman ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 6 0 s . ▁▁ ▁Fest iv als ▁featuring ▁live ▁f ret less ▁guitar ▁music ▁have ▁been ▁held ▁for ▁several ▁years ▁both ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁and ▁in ▁Europe . ▁In ▁New ▁York , ▁the ▁first ▁NY C ▁F ret less ▁Gu itar ▁Festival ▁was ▁held ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁In ▁the ▁Netherlands , ▁the ▁Dutch ▁F ret less ▁Gu itar ▁Festival ▁has ▁taken ▁place ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁Fre ts ▁on ▁bass ▁guitar ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁links ▁▁ ▁Un fre tt ed . com ▁- ▁f ret less ▁guitar ▁resource : ▁history , ▁news , ▁reviews , ▁tips , ▁FA Q s , ▁MP 3 s , ▁lists , ▁dictionary , ▁etc . ▁ ▁NY C ▁F ret less ▁Gu itar ▁Festival ▁- ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁F ret less ▁Gu itar ▁Festival ▁features ▁the ▁best ▁f ret less ▁players ▁from ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Ned ▁Ev ett ▁The ▁home ▁of ▁the ▁glass ▁guitar ist . ▁Rich ▁Per ks ▁Official ▁website ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁f ret less ▁guitar ist , ▁composer ▁and ▁academic . ▁" I ki ▁k ek lik " ▁by ▁Er kan ▁Og ur ▁A ▁beautiful ▁Er |
kan ▁Og ur ▁piece ▁Turkish ▁f ret less ▁guitar ▁virt u oso ▁Er kan ▁Og ur ▁in ▁concert ▁ ▁Category : G uit ars ▁Category : Cont inu ous ▁pitch ▁instruments <0x0A> </s> ▁King fish er ▁First ▁Nation ▁( O ji - C ree ▁language : ▁ <0xE1> <0x91> <0xAE> <0xE1> <0x90> <0xA1> <0xE1> <0x91> <0xAD> <0xE1> <0x92> <0xAA> <0xE1> <0x93> <0x82> <0xE1> <0x90> <0xA6> <0xE1> <0x93> <0xB0> <0xE1> <0x90> <0x8B> <0xE1> <0x90> <0xA7> <0xE1> <0x90> <0xB4> <0xE1> <0x95> <0xBD> ▁( Gi ish kim an is ii wa ab o ong , ▁" At ▁King fish er - w aters "); ▁un point ed : ▁ <0xE1> <0x91> <0xAD> <0xE1> <0x90> <0xA1> <0xE1> <0x91> <0xAD> <0xE1> <0x92> <0xAA> <0xE1> <0x93> <0x82> <0xE1> <0x93> <0xAF> <0xE1> <0x90> <0x8A> <0xE1> <0x90> <0xA7> <0xE1> <0x90> <0xB3> <0xE1> <0x90> <0xA0> ) ▁is ▁an ▁O ji - C ree ▁First ▁Nation ▁reserve ▁located ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁Si oux ▁Look out , ▁Ontario . ▁It ▁is ▁accessible ▁by ▁air ▁all ▁year ▁and ▁by ▁water way ▁in ▁summer ▁and ▁ice ▁roads ▁in ▁winter . ▁As ▁of ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁First ▁Nation ▁had ▁a ▁total ▁registered ▁population ▁of ▁ 5 0 0 ▁people , ▁the ▁on - res erve ▁population ▁being ▁ 4 6 2 . ▁The ▁community ▁speak s ▁the ▁O ji - C ree ▁language , ▁but ▁most ▁of ▁it ▁is ▁fl uent ▁in ▁English ▁as ▁well . ▁ ▁The ▁police ▁King fish er ▁Lake ▁is ▁the ▁N ish na w be - A |
ski ▁Police ▁Service , ▁an ▁Ab original - based ▁service . ▁ ▁History ▁In ▁ 1 8 0 8 ▁the ▁Hudson ' s ▁Bay ▁Company ▁established ▁an ▁out post ▁at ▁Big ▁Be aver ▁House , ▁located ▁approximately ▁ 1 2 ▁kilometres ▁south west ▁of ▁the ▁present ▁King fish er ▁Lake ▁reserve . ▁Big ▁Be aver ▁House ▁was ▁frequ ented ▁by ▁King fish er ▁Lake ▁people ▁for ▁trad ing ▁fur , ▁community ▁activity ▁and ▁fre ight ▁ha uling ▁employ ment . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁the ▁leaders ▁of ▁King fish er ▁Lake ▁First ▁Nation ▁were ▁required ▁to ▁gather ▁at ▁Big ▁Tr out ▁Lake ▁to ▁particip ate ▁in ▁the ▁signing ▁of ▁the ▁ad hes ion ▁to ▁Tre aty ▁ 9 . ▁As ▁the ▁result , ▁King fish er ▁Lake ▁was ▁considered ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁Big ▁Tr out ▁Lake ▁Band . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁Ontario ▁en act ed ▁the ▁Tra pl ine ▁Reg istration ▁and ▁F ee ▁Program , ▁which ▁eventually ▁forced ▁the ▁King fish er ▁Lake ▁people ▁to ▁outline ▁their ▁ancest ral ▁hunting ▁areas ▁into ▁tra pping ▁boundaries ▁and ▁also ▁to ▁pay ▁for ▁the ▁land ▁use ▁requirements . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 4 , ▁the ▁leaders ▁of ▁King fish er ▁Lake ▁decided ▁to ▁establish ▁permanent ▁community ▁and ▁to ▁move ▁to ▁the ▁current ▁location ▁of ▁the ▁reserve ▁lands . ▁As ▁King fish er ▁Lake ▁was ▁already ▁included ▁in ▁the ▁Big ▁Tr out ▁Lake ▁Band ▁and ▁so ▁had ▁reserve ▁status |
, ▁the ▁form ality ▁of ▁gain ing ▁band ▁status ▁was ▁achieved ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁residents ▁were ▁tempor arily ▁hous ed ▁in ▁Ott awa ▁because ▁of ▁forest ▁fires ▁in ▁the ▁surrounding ▁area . ▁ ▁Govern ance ▁▁ ▁The ▁officials ▁of ▁King fish er ▁First ▁Nation ▁are ▁elected ▁for ▁a ▁two - year ▁term ▁through ▁the ▁Custom ▁Elect oral ▁System . ▁Their ▁council ▁consists ▁of ▁Chief ▁Edd ie ▁Mam ak wa , ▁Deput y ▁Chief ▁V erna ▁Ag an ash ▁and ▁three ▁Coun c ill ors : ▁Am os ▁Mam ak wa , ▁Est her ▁Sak ake ep , ▁and ▁Samuel ▁St ur geon . ▁ ▁The ▁First ▁Nation ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Sh ib og ama ▁First ▁Nations ▁Council , ▁a ▁Regional ▁Chief s ▁Council , ▁and ▁the ▁N ish na w be ▁A ski ▁Nation , ▁a ▁Trib al ▁Political ▁Organ ization ▁representing ▁majority ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁Nations ▁in ▁northern ▁Ontario . ▁ ▁Reserve ▁ ▁The ▁First ▁Nation ▁have ▁reserved ▁three ▁tract s ▁for ▁their ▁Indian ▁Reserve : ▁▁ ▁King fish er ▁Lake ▁ 1 ▁Indian ▁Reserve , ▁which ▁serves ▁as ▁their ▁main ▁Reserve , ▁containing ▁the ▁community ▁of ▁King fish er ▁Lake , ▁Ontario . ▁▁ ▁King fish er ▁ 2 A ▁Indian ▁Reserve ▁▁ ▁King fish er ▁ 3 A ▁Indian ▁Reserve ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁A AND C ▁profile ▁Profile ▁from ▁Chief s ▁of ▁Ontario ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁Canadian ▁Census : ▁King fish |
er ▁Lake ▁Indian ▁Reserve ▁ 1 ▁ ▁Category : Comm un ities ▁in ▁Ken ora ▁District ▁Category : N ish na w be ▁A ski ▁Nation ▁Category : Ro ad - in access ible ▁communities ▁of ▁Ontario <0x0A> </s> ▁Ther esa ▁Bow yer ▁was ▁a ▁former ▁Women ' s ▁Editor ▁of ▁the ▁Daily ▁Times ▁of ▁Niger ia . ▁ ▁She ▁is ▁a ▁gradu ate ▁of ▁the ▁London ▁School ▁of ▁Journal ism . ▁Bow yer ▁started ▁work ▁with ▁Daily ▁Times ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁after ▁two ▁years ▁on ▁the ▁job , ▁she ▁became ▁the ▁first ▁Women ' s ▁Editor . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁she ▁attended ▁the ▁ 8 th ▁U . ▁S . ▁National ▁Commission ▁for ▁UN ES CO ▁Conference ▁in ▁Boston . ▁After ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁conference , ▁she ▁went ▁on ▁a ▁State ▁Department ▁spons ored ▁tour ▁of ▁select ▁American ▁cities . ▁ ▁Bow yer ▁left ▁the ▁Times ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁She ▁founded ▁a ▁school ▁in ▁Z aria ▁where ▁she ▁lived ▁with ▁her ▁husband . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Year ▁of ▁birth ▁missing ▁( l iving ▁people ) ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : N iger ian ▁women ▁journal ists ▁Category : Al umn i ▁of ▁the ▁London ▁School ▁of ▁Journal ism <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 1 2 ▁Tul sa ▁Golden ▁H urr icane ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁team ▁represented ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Tul sa ▁during ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 – 1 |
2 ▁NCAA ▁Division ▁I ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁season . ▁The ▁Golden ▁H urr icane , ▁led ▁by ▁sevent h ▁year ▁head ▁coach ▁Doug ▁Woj ci k , ▁played ▁their ▁home ▁games ▁at ▁the ▁Reyn olds ▁Center ▁and ▁are ▁members ▁of ▁Conference ▁USA . ▁They ▁finished ▁the ▁season ▁ 1 7 – 1 4 , ▁ 1 0 – 6 ▁in ▁C - USA ▁to ▁finish ▁in ▁a ▁tie ▁for ▁third ▁place . ▁They ▁lost ▁in ▁the ▁quarter final s ▁of ▁the ▁C - USA ▁Basketball ▁Tournament ▁to ▁Marshall . ▁They ▁did ▁not ▁accept ▁an ▁inv itation ▁to ▁a ▁post ▁season ▁tournament . ▁Head ▁coach ▁Doug ▁Woj ci k ▁was ▁fired ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁He ▁compiled ▁a ▁record ▁of ▁ 1 4 0 – 9 2 ▁in ▁seven ▁seasons ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁school ’ s ▁all - time ▁leader ▁in ▁co aching ▁vict ories . ▁He ▁will ▁be ▁replaced ▁by ▁D anny ▁Mann ing . ▁ ▁R oster ▁ ▁Sch edule ▁ ▁| - ▁! col span = 9 | ▁Ex hib ition ▁ ▁| - ▁! col span = 9 | ▁Reg ular ▁Season ▁ ▁| - ▁! col span = 9 | ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Conference ▁USA ▁Men ' s ▁Basketball ▁Tournament ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : T ul sa ▁Golden ▁H urr icane ▁men ' s ▁basketball ▁seasons ▁Tul sa ▁Category : 2 0 1 1 ▁in ▁sports ▁in ▁Oklahoma ▁Category : 2 0 1 2 ▁in ▁sports ▁in ▁Oklahoma <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁history |
▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁as ▁an ▁inf antry ▁regiment ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁dates ▁from ▁the ▁Regiment ' s ▁formation ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁have ▁an ▁over ▁one ▁hundred ▁year - long ▁history ▁during ▁which ▁the ▁regiment ▁have ▁served ▁with ▁distinction ▁in ▁almost ▁all ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ' s ▁ ▁conflicts ▁throughout ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁and ▁early ▁ 2 1 st ▁centuries ▁r anging ▁from ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁to ▁the ▁War ▁in ▁Afghan istan . ▁ ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁formed ▁by ▁Queen ▁Victoria ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁to ▁honour ▁the ▁Irish men ▁who ▁had ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁first ▁saw ▁combat ▁as ▁a ▁regiment ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁during ▁which ▁they ▁fought ▁on ▁the ▁Western ▁Front ▁from ▁the ▁beginning ▁to ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁war . ▁The ▁regiment ▁played ▁a ▁significant ▁role ▁in ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ' s ▁p iv otal ▁batt les ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁First ▁Battle ▁of ▁Y pres , ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Lo os ▁and ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁Som me . ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁war , ▁the ▁regiment ▁had ▁experienced ▁significant ▁losses ▁and ▁won ▁four ▁Victoria ▁Cross es , ▁two ▁of ▁them ▁post hum ous . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁to ▁experience ▁similar ▁fighting ▁just ▁twenty ▁one ▁years ▁later ▁with ▁the ▁comm enc ement ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War . ▁The ▁regiment ▁won ▁two ▁further ▁Victoria ▁Cross es |
▁and ▁saw ▁action ▁during ▁the ▁Norwegian ▁Camp aign , ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁France , ▁the ▁Tun is ian ▁Camp aign , ▁the ▁Italian ▁Camp aign , ▁Operation ▁Over l ord ▁and ▁Operation ▁Market ▁Garden . ▁Following ▁the ▁conclusion ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁involved ▁in ▁several ▁conflicts ▁ar ising ▁from ▁the ▁decl ine ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Empire , ▁including ▁the ▁Jewish ▁ins ur gency ▁in ▁Mand atory ▁Palest ine , ▁against ▁the ▁E OK A ▁group ▁in ▁Cy pr us ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁A den ▁Emer gency . ▁Mov ing ▁into ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁Century , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁B alk ans ▁Conf lic ts , ▁the ▁Ira q ▁War ▁and ▁the ▁War ▁in ▁Afghan istan . ▁ ▁Cre ation ▁ ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁was ▁formed ▁on ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁by ▁order ▁of ▁Queen ▁Victoria ▁to ▁comm emor ate ▁the ▁Irish ▁people ▁who ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁Empire . ▁This ▁followed ▁an ▁initial ▁suggestion ▁from ▁the ▁Irish - born ▁British ▁Army ▁officer ▁Field ▁Marsh al ▁Vis count ▁Wol se ley ▁to ▁allow ▁soldiers ▁in ▁Irish ▁Reg iments ▁to ▁wear ▁the ▁sh am rock ▁in ▁their ▁he address ▁on ▁St . ▁Patrick ' s ▁Day . ▁This ▁developed ▁into ▁a ▁suggestion ▁that ▁an ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁regiment ▁should ▁be ▁created . ▁ ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ' ▁first ▁honor ary ▁Colonel - of - the - Reg iment ▁was ▁Field |
▁Marsh al ▁Lord ▁Roberts , ▁known ▁to ▁many ▁troops ▁as ▁" B obs ". ▁Because ▁of ▁this , ▁the ▁regiment ▁gained ▁the ▁nick name ▁" Bob ' s ▁O wn " ▁but ▁are ▁now ▁known ▁affection ately ▁as ▁" The ▁M icks " ▁( although ▁a ▁generally ▁der og atory ▁term ▁if ▁used ▁in ▁society , ▁this ▁term ▁is ▁not ▁seen ▁as ▁off ensive ▁or ▁der og atory ▁by ▁the ▁regiment .) ▁ ▁Roberts , ▁as ▁the ▁new ▁Commander - in - Ch ief ▁in ▁the ▁Second ▁Bo er ▁War , ▁was ▁too ▁busy ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁to ▁take ▁over ▁a ▁new ▁regiment , ▁but ▁he ▁was ▁appointed ▁a ▁Colonel ▁of ▁the ▁regiment ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁October ▁ 1 9 0 0 . ▁Major ▁Richard ▁Josh ua ▁Cooper , ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Battalion , ▁Gren ad ier ▁Gu ards , ▁was ▁appointed ▁the ▁first ▁Command ing ▁Officer ▁on ▁ 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 ▁Irish men ▁from ▁the ▁same ▁regiment ▁were ▁transferred ▁as ▁the ▁nucle us ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁regiment . ▁Selected ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁line ▁inf antry ▁reg iments ▁were ▁chosen ▁to ▁fill ▁out ▁the ▁ranks ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁regiment . ▁ ▁The ▁regiment ' s ▁first ▁Col ours ▁were ▁presented ▁by ▁King ▁Edward ▁VII ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Battalion ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁May ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁at ▁Hor se ▁Gu ards ▁Par ade . ▁ ▁A ▁few ▁Irish ▁Gu ards men ▁saw ▁action ▁as ▁mounted ▁inf antry |
▁in ▁the ▁final ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁Bo er ▁War . ▁Otherwise , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁station ed ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁four teen ▁years ▁of ▁its ▁existence , ▁performing ▁cer emon ial ▁duties ▁in ▁London ▁during ▁that ▁time ▁until ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁ ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁▁ 1 9 1 4 - 1 9 1 5 : ▁Out break ▁of ▁War ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁batt les ▁on ▁the ▁Western ▁Front ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Battalion , ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁deployed ▁to ▁France , ▁eight ▁days ▁after ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁had ▁declared ▁war ▁upon ▁the ▁German ▁Empire , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁ 4 th ▁( Gu ards ) ▁Brigade ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Division , ▁and ▁would ▁remain ▁on ▁the ▁Western ▁Front ▁for ▁the ▁duration ▁of ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁The ▁batt alion ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁M ons ▁and ▁the ▁subsequent ▁ar du ous ▁and ▁blo ody ▁Great ▁Ret re at . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁re arg u ard ▁during ▁the ▁retre at ▁and ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁a ▁small - scale ▁action ▁at ▁Land re cies ▁against ▁the ▁adv ancing ▁Germ ans . ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁also ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁another ▁re arg u ard ▁action ▁at ▁the ▁woods ▁near ▁Vill ers - C ot ter ets , ▁on ▁ 1 ▁September , ▁during ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Le ▁C ate au ▁in ▁which ▁their ▁Command ing ▁Officer , ▁Lieutenant - Col |
onel ▁the ▁Hon . ▁George ▁Morris ▁and ▁the ▁Second - in - Command ▁Major ▁Hub ert ▁Cr icht on ▁were ▁killed . ▁Le ▁C ate au ▁was ▁a ▁successful ▁action ▁that ▁inf lic ted ▁very ▁heavy ▁losses ▁on ▁the ▁Germ ans ▁and ▁helped ▁delay ▁their ▁advance ▁towards ▁Paris . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁that ▁year , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁( Res erve ) ▁Battalion ▁was ▁raised ▁at ▁War ley ▁Bar ra cks ▁to ▁serve ▁as ▁a ▁training ▁batt alion ▁for ▁the ▁men ▁needed ▁to ▁replace ▁losses ▁sust ained ▁by ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Battalion ▁in ▁France . ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁later ▁in ▁September ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁Mar ne ▁and ▁the ▁advance ▁towards ▁the ▁A is ne . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards , ▁having ▁lost ▁their ▁Command ing ▁Officer ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁weeks ▁after ▁they ▁had ▁reached ▁France , ▁would ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁blood iest ▁batt les ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 4 , ▁the ▁First ▁Battle ▁of ▁Y pres , ▁which ▁began ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁October . ▁The ▁battle ▁caused ▁major ▁cas ual ties ▁among ▁the ▁old ▁Reg ular ▁Army . ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Battalion ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁fighting ▁for ▁the ▁duration ▁of ▁the ▁battle , ▁taking ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁major ▁actions , ▁at ▁Lang em ar ck , ▁G hel u vel t ▁and ▁N onne ▁Bos schen . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Battalion ▁suffered ▁huge ▁cas ual ties ▁between ▁November ▁ 1 – 8 ▁holding ▁the |
▁line ▁against ▁near ▁defeat ▁by ▁German ▁forces , ▁while ▁def ending ▁Klein ▁Z ille be ke , ▁with ▁No . ▁ 3 ▁Company ▁suffering ▁severe ▁cas ual ties ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 ▁and ▁No . ▁ 1 ▁Company ▁being ▁caught ▁in ▁the ▁open ▁after ▁a ▁French ▁retre at ▁on ▁November ▁ 6 ▁exposed ▁their ▁fl ank , ▁ens uring ▁that ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁day ▁" the ▁greater ▁part ▁of ▁them ▁were ▁missing ". ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁First ▁Battle ▁of ▁Y pres ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 2 ▁November , ▁the ▁batt alion ▁had ▁suffered ▁over ▁ 7 0 0 ▁cas ual ties ▁and ▁could ▁only ▁field ▁two ▁companies ▁from ▁the ▁surv iv ors . ▁The ▁ 2 nd ▁Division , ▁of ▁which ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁part ▁of , ▁suffered ▁ 5 , 7 6 9 ▁officers ▁and ▁men ▁killed , ▁wounded ▁or ▁missing ▁in ▁action . ▁The ▁original ▁batt alion ▁of ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁which ▁had ▁arrived ▁in ▁France ▁bare ly ▁two ▁months ▁before ▁had ▁been ▁pract ically ▁w ip ed ▁out ▁and ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁re construct ed ▁with ▁new ▁arrival s . ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁was ▁spent ▁in ▁the ▁tren ches ▁with ▁little ▁action , ▁although ▁the ▁soldiers ▁were ▁at ▁risk ▁from ▁sn ip ers ▁and ▁shell s . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁L ance - Cor por al ▁Michael ▁O ' Le ary |
▁performed ▁an ▁act ▁of ▁bra very ▁at ▁Cu inch y , ▁where ▁attack ▁and ▁counter - att ack ▁had ▁been ▁taking ▁place ▁between ▁the ▁British ▁and ▁Germ ans ▁since ▁ 2 9 ▁January ▁until ▁early ▁February . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁February , ▁O ' Le ary ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁storm ing ▁party ▁which ▁attacked ▁an ▁enemy ▁bar rica de , ▁during ▁the ▁attack ▁the ▁party ▁suffered ▁cas ual ties ▁and ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁the ▁storm ing ▁party ▁then ▁were ▁hit ▁by ▁their ▁own ▁art illery ▁bomb ard ment . ▁O ' Le ary ▁r ushed ▁forward , ▁shooting ▁five ▁Germ ans ▁before ▁attack ing ▁a ▁further ▁three ▁in ▁a ▁machine - gun ▁position ▁at ▁the ▁next ▁bar rica de , ▁capt uring ▁two ▁Germ ans ▁in ▁the ▁process . ▁The ▁tren ch ▁and ▁many ▁prisoners ▁were ▁taken ▁thanks ▁to ▁the ▁actions ▁of ▁O ' Le ary . ▁He ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Victoria ▁Cross , ▁the ▁first ▁V C ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁won ▁in ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Fest ub ert , ▁though ▁did ▁not ▁see ▁much ▁action . ▁In ▁July ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁( Res erve ) ▁Battalion ▁was ▁red es ign ated ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁( Res erve ) ▁Battalion , ▁and ▁another ▁batt alion , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Battalion ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁was ▁formed ▁at ▁War ley ▁Bar ra |
cks . ▁In ▁August ▁that ▁year ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 th ▁( Gu ards ) ▁Brigade , ▁was ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁Gu ards ▁Division . ▁The ▁brig ade ▁was ▁red es ign ated ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Gu ards ▁Brigade . ▁August ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁also ▁saw ▁the ▁arrival ▁to ▁France ▁of ▁ 2 nd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁who ▁were ▁subsequently ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Gu ards ▁Brigade . ▁In ▁September ▁that ▁year , ▁both ▁batt al ions ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁fought ▁together ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Lo os , ▁which ▁last ed ▁from ▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁until ▁early ▁October . ▁▁ 1 9 1 6 - 1 7 : ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁Som me ▁and ▁Pass ch end ae le ▁ ▁Both ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁and ▁ 2 nd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁spent ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁in ▁the ▁tren ches ▁until ▁ 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁when ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁Som me ▁began , ▁which ▁was , ▁and ▁still ▁is , ▁the ▁blood iest ▁day ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Army , ▁but ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁sp ared ▁the ▁day ' s ▁blood sh ed ▁as ▁they ▁were ▁held ▁in ▁reserve . ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁soon ▁called ▁into |
▁the ▁f ray ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Fl ers – C ource lette ▁where ▁they ▁suffered ▁severe ▁cas ual ties ▁in ▁the ▁attack ▁in ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁with ering ▁fire ▁from ▁the ▁German ▁machine - g uns . ▁The ▁batt alion ▁then ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Mor val . ▁They ▁were ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁capture ▁of ▁the ▁northern ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁and ▁were ▁rel ieved ▁the ▁following ▁day ▁by ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards . ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁suffered ▁quite ▁heavily ▁during ▁the ▁Mor val ▁eng agement ▁with ▁over ▁ 2 5 0 ▁cas ual ties . ▁The ▁ 2 nd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁fought ▁until ▁ 2 8 ▁September ▁when ▁they ▁too ▁were ▁rel ieved ▁and ▁entered ▁into ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁rest ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Guard ' s ▁Division . ▁ ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁had ▁been ▁brought ▁back ▁up ▁to ▁strength ▁sufficiently ▁during ▁their ▁rest ▁period ▁so ▁that ▁by ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁they ▁would ▁once ▁again ▁be ▁called ▁on ▁to ▁front ▁a ▁major ▁British ▁off ensive ▁with ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Pass ch end ae le . ▁The ▁ 2 nd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Pil ck em ▁which ▁began ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁July ▁and ▁despite ▁taking ▁heavy ▁cas ual ties , ▁including ▁their ▁Command ing ▁Officer , ▁achieved ▁their ▁object ives ▁in ▁the ▁face ▁of |
▁heavy ▁German ▁resistance . ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁spent ▁the ▁first ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁off ensive ▁in ▁reserve ▁before ▁joining ▁their ▁sister ▁batt alion ▁on ▁ 1 ▁September . ▁Further ▁actions ▁took ▁place ▁for ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁the ▁Men in ▁Road ▁R idge , ▁where ▁they ▁beat ▁off ▁several ▁German ▁counter att acks , ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Po el cap elle , ▁during ▁which ▁the ▁batt alion ▁lost ▁every ▁one ▁of ▁its ▁company ▁command ers ▁although ▁ 2 nd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁suffered ▁few ▁cas ual ties . ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁test ament ▁to ▁the ▁fer ocity ▁of ▁fighting ▁that ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁faced ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Pass ch end ae le , ▁an ▁action ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁September ▁that ▁would ▁see ▁two ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁regiment ▁win ▁the ▁Victoria ▁Cross . ▁L ance - Ser ge ant ▁John ▁Mo y ney ▁and ▁Private ▁Thomas ▁Wood cock ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Battalion , ▁Irish ▁Gu ards , ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁advance ▁post ▁that ▁became ▁surrounded ▁by ▁Germ ans . ▁During ▁the ▁defence , ▁the ▁L ance - Ser ge ant ▁attacked ▁the ▁adv ancing ▁Germ ans ▁with ▁gr en ades ▁and ▁with ▁his ▁le w is ▁gun . ▁He , ▁and ▁his ▁men , ▁then ▁charged ▁the ▁Germ ans , ▁breaking ▁through ▁them ▁and ▁reaching ▁a ▁stream ▁where ▁he ▁and ▁Private ▁Wood cock ▁formed ▁a ▁re arg u ard ▁while ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the |
▁party ▁with d rew . ▁They ▁subsequently ▁began ▁to ▁withdraw , ▁crossing ▁the ▁stream , ▁but ▁Private ▁Wood cock ▁heard ▁c ries ▁for ▁help ▁and ▁he ▁returned , ▁retr ieving ▁the ▁wounded ▁man ▁and ▁carrying ▁him ▁back ▁to ▁British ▁lines ▁under ▁machine - gun ▁fire . ▁They ▁had ▁held ▁out ▁for ▁nin ety - six ▁hours . ▁ ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Camb rai , ▁the ▁first ▁large ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁tank ▁in ▁battle ▁took ▁place ▁during ▁the ▁eng agement . ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁initially ▁enjoyed ▁a ▁quite ▁sector ▁for ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁the ▁battle ▁until ▁ 3 0 ▁November ▁when ▁they ▁suffered ▁heavy ▁cas ual ties ▁fighting ▁through ▁the ▁streets ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁G ou ze auc ourt . ▁The ▁Gu ards ▁Division , ▁and ▁with ▁it ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁and ▁ 2 nd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards , ▁were ▁pulled ▁off ▁the ▁line ▁on ▁ 6 ▁December ▁for ▁a ▁rest ▁period , ▁having ▁fought ▁almost ▁continu ously ▁since ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁August . ▁▁ 1 9 1 8 : ▁Final ▁victory ▁and ▁the ▁ending ▁of ▁the ▁War ▁ ▁The ▁regiment ▁enjoyed ▁the ▁relative ▁resp ite ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁st alem ate ▁that ▁the ▁Western ▁Front ▁experienced ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁This ▁resp ite , ▁however , ▁was ▁going ▁to ▁be ▁short ▁lived ▁with ▁a ▁major ▁German ▁off ensive ▁expected . ▁This ▁great ▁German ▁off ensive , ▁term ed ▁the ▁Spring ▁Off ensive , ▁began ▁on ▁ |
2 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁with ▁the ▁launch ing ▁of ▁Operation ▁Michael . ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁ordered ▁to ▁join ▁the ▁fight ▁on ▁the ▁night ▁of ▁ 2 1 ▁March ▁once ▁the ▁British ▁real ised ▁how ▁serious ▁the ▁situation ▁had ▁become ▁and ▁the ▁batt alion ▁found ▁themselves ▁forming ▁the ▁re arg u ard ▁for ▁a ▁retre ating ▁army ▁on ▁the ▁def ensive ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁since ▁the ▁opening ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁war ▁four ▁years ▁previously . ▁The ▁ 2 nd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁in ▁reserve ▁to ▁meet ▁the ▁expected ▁German ▁off ensive , ▁were ▁ordered ▁to ▁create ▁a ▁def ensive ▁line ▁east ▁of ▁Bo is le ux - Saint - M arc ▁in ▁an ▁attempt ▁to ▁stem ▁the ▁German ▁advance . ▁The ▁men ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁would ▁continue ▁a ▁fighting ▁withdraw al ▁for ▁ten ▁days ▁until , ▁finally , ▁the ▁German ▁off ensive ▁ran ▁out ▁of ▁momentum ▁and ▁the ▁batt alion ▁were ▁rel ieved ▁from ▁the ▁line ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁March . ▁The ▁failed ▁German ▁off ensive ▁marked ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁war ▁but ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁would ▁fight ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁engag ements ▁before ▁its ▁finish , ▁including ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ar ras ▁and ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Albert . ▁The ▁regiment ▁also ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁batt les ▁during ▁the ▁British ▁off ens ives ▁against ▁the ▁H inden burg ▁Line . ▁ ▁On ▁ 4 ▁November |
▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁at ▁the ▁Sam bre - O ise ▁Canal , ▁Act ing ▁Lieutenant ▁Colonel ▁James ▁Marshall ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁but ▁attached ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 6 th ▁( Service ) ▁Battalion , ▁Lanc ash ire ▁F us ili ers , ▁organ ised ▁repair ▁parties ▁who ▁were ▁trying ▁to ▁repair ▁a ▁dam aged ▁partly ▁finished ▁bridge . ▁The ▁first ▁party ▁soon ▁came ▁under ▁fire ▁and ▁all ▁were ▁killed ▁or ▁wounded . ▁Marshall , ▁dis reg arding ▁his ▁own ▁safety , ▁stood ▁on ▁the ▁bank , ▁encourag ing ▁and ▁helping ▁the ▁men ▁as ▁they ▁worked ▁on ▁the ▁bridge . ▁Once ▁it ▁was ▁rep a ired , ▁he ▁began ▁to ▁lead ▁his ▁men ▁across ▁the ▁bridge ▁but ▁was ▁shot ▁and ▁killed . ▁He ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁post hum ous ▁Victoria ▁Cross , ▁the ▁fourth ▁and ▁final ▁to ▁be ▁earned ▁by ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁during ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War . ▁ ▁Through out ▁October ▁and ▁early ▁November , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁last ▁adv ances ▁on ▁the ▁Western ▁Front ▁against ▁the ▁cr umb ling ▁German ▁Army . ▁On ▁ 1 1 ▁November ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁the ▁Arm ist ice ▁with ▁Germany ▁was ▁signed . ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Battalion , ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁at ▁Ma ube uge ▁when ▁the ▁Arm ist ice ▁was ▁signed , ▁which ▁was ▁near ▁to ▁where ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁began ▁their ▁war ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁at ▁M ons , ▁although ▁by ▁ 1 1 ▁November |
▁there ▁were ▁few ▁surv iving ▁Irish ▁Gu ards men ▁of ▁that ▁first ▁battle . ▁The ▁sacrifice ▁by ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁during ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁had ▁been ▁immense . ▁The ▁two ▁batt al ions ▁of ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁had ▁suffered ▁ 2 , 3 4 9 ▁officers ▁and ▁men ▁killed ▁and ▁well ▁over ▁ 5 , 0 0 0 ▁wounded . ▁The ▁regiment ▁was ▁awarded ▁ 4 0 6 ▁med als , ▁including ▁four ▁Victoria ▁Cross es , ▁during ▁the ▁Great ▁War . ▁ ▁Among ▁those ▁killed ▁serving ▁with ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁in ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁was ▁Second ▁Lieutenant ▁John ▁Ki pling , ▁the ▁ 1 8 - year - old ▁son ▁of ▁author ▁Rud yard ▁Ki pling , ▁who ▁was ▁listed ▁as ▁missing ▁during ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Lo os ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 1 5 . ▁In ▁t ribute ▁to ▁his ▁son ' s ▁regiment , ▁Ki pling ▁composed ▁the ▁poem ▁" The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards " ▁and ▁after ▁the ▁war ▁wrote ▁a ▁two - volume ▁history ▁of ▁the ▁regiment ' s ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁war . ▁ ▁Inter - W ar ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁at ▁an ▁end , ▁occupation ▁duties ▁await ed ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁and ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁the ▁regiment ▁march ed ▁into ▁Germany , ▁drums ▁be ating , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁of ▁the ▁Rh ine . ▁Both ▁batt al ions ▁returned ▁to ▁Britain ▁vict or iously ▁in ▁the ▁spring ▁of ▁ |
1 9 1 9 ▁and ▁after ▁a ▁final ▁para de ▁through ▁London , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁and ▁ 3 rd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁now ▁sur plus ▁to ▁requirements ▁and ▁dis band ed . ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁for ▁St ▁Patrick ' s ▁Day , ▁the ▁regiment ▁don ned ▁its ▁full - d ress ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁since ▁before ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁I . ▁The ▁regiment ▁was ▁also ▁comp elled ▁to ▁co pe ▁with ▁the ▁internal ▁t ensions ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁political ▁situation ▁back ▁home ▁in ▁Ireland ▁following ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁World ▁War ▁although ▁the ▁regiment ▁remained ▁largely ▁det ached ▁from ▁the ▁events ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁War ▁of ▁Independ ence , ▁with ▁only ▁one ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁being ▁charged ▁with ▁trying ▁to ▁sm ug gle ▁weapons ▁to ▁republic ans ▁and ▁even ▁this ▁act ▁was ▁motiv ated ▁by ▁a ▁desire ▁for ▁mon et ary ▁gain ▁rather ▁than ▁political ▁mot ives . ▁ ▁The ▁regiment ' s ▁continued ▁existence ▁was ▁threatened ▁briefly ▁when ▁W inst on ▁Church ill ▁( l ater ▁dest ined ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁Prime ▁Minister ), ▁who ▁served ▁as ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁for ▁War ▁between ▁ 1 9 1 9 ▁and ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁sought ▁the ▁elim ination ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁and ▁Wel sh ▁Gu ards ▁as ▁an ▁economy ▁measure . ▁This ▁proposal , ▁however , ▁did ▁not ▁find ▁favour ▁in ▁government ▁or ▁Army ▁circles ▁and ▁was ▁dropped . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 |
2 2 ▁the ▁regiment ▁deployed ▁to ▁Constantin ople ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁an ▁al lied ▁force ▁during ▁the ▁troubles ▁in ▁that ▁region . ▁In ▁late ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁the ▁regiment ▁deployed ▁to ▁the ▁g arrison ▁at ▁Gib ral tar . ▁They ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 . ▁They ▁were ▁then ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁south ▁of ▁England ▁until ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁when ▁they ▁deployed ▁to ▁Egypt . ▁While ▁station ed ▁there , ▁the ▁regiment ▁deployed ▁to ▁Palest ine ▁for ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁months ▁on ▁internal ▁security ▁duties ▁against ▁Arab ▁milit ants . ▁The ▁regiment ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁as ▁war ▁with ▁Germany ▁looked ▁increasing ly ▁likely . ▁The ▁following ▁year ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Battalion ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁was ▁re - formed ▁five ▁months ▁before ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁began . ▁ ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁ ▁Norwegian ▁Camp aign ▁and ▁retre at ▁from ▁North - West ▁Europe ▁ ▁Upon ▁the ▁out break ▁of ▁war ▁in ▁September ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁both ▁batt al ions ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom . ▁In ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Battalion ▁deployed ▁to ▁Norway ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 4 th ▁( Gu ards ) ▁Brigade . ▁In ▁May ▁the ▁brig ade ▁H Q ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁was ▁ab o ard ▁the ▁Polish ▁l iner / t ro op ship ▁Ch |
rob ry , ▁being ▁transport ed ▁to ▁the ▁northern ▁Norwegian ▁town ▁of ▁Bod ø ▁from ▁another ▁area ▁of ▁Norway . ▁Ch rob ry ▁was ▁attacked ▁by ▁German ▁He inkel ▁He ▁ 1 1 1 ▁bom bers ▁which ▁killed ▁many ▁men , ▁including ▁the ▁command ing ▁officer ▁( CO ), ▁the ▁second - in - command , ▁the ▁adj ut ant ▁and ▁three ▁of ▁the ▁five ▁company ▁command ers ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁all ▁their ▁heavy ▁equipment . ▁Fire ▁eng ulf ed ▁the ▁ship ▁and , ▁considering ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁am mun ition ▁on ▁board , ▁an ▁immense ▁explos ion ▁seemed ▁im min ent . ▁However , ▁the ▁surv iving ▁Gu ards men ▁were ▁res cu ed ▁by ▁esc ort ing ▁vessels . ▁ ▁Later ▁that ▁month ▁the ▁batt alion ▁fought ▁in ▁northern ▁Norway , ▁seeing ▁action ▁at ▁P oth us , ▁where ▁they ▁held ▁out ▁against ▁heavy ▁German ▁attacks ▁for ▁two ▁days ▁until ▁they ▁were ▁finally ▁forced ▁to ▁withdraw ▁as ▁their ▁positions ▁were ▁being ▁out fl ank ed . ▁The ▁brig ade ▁H Q ▁and ▁batt alion ▁were ▁with dra wn ▁by ▁boat , ▁though ▁they ▁left ▁many ▁men ▁behind , ▁who ▁managed ▁to ▁break ▁through ▁the ▁German ▁forces ▁and ▁reach ▁Al lied ▁lines ▁later ▁that ▁day . ▁With ▁the ▁situation ▁w ors ening ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁in ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁France , ▁it ▁was ▁decided ▁to ▁withdraw ▁all ▁British ▁forces ▁from ▁Norway ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁ev acu ated |
▁back ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁expedition ary ▁force ▁in ▁June . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Battalion , ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁deployed ▁to ▁the ▁Hook ▁of ▁Holland ▁to ▁cover ▁the ▁ev acu ation ▁of ▁the ▁Dutch ▁Royal ▁Family ▁and ▁Government . ▁The ▁batt alion ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁the ▁day ▁after ▁the ▁ev acu ation , ▁but ▁had ▁only ▁a ▁short ▁resp ite , ▁for ▁just ▁a ▁few ▁days ▁later ▁they , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁Wel sh ▁Gu ards , ▁crossed ▁over ▁to ▁the ▁northern ▁French ▁port ▁of ▁Bou log ne , ▁reaching ▁the ▁town ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁May . ▁Their ▁orders ▁were ▁to ▁defend ▁part ▁of ▁Bou log ne ▁during ▁the ▁ev acu ation ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Ex ped ition ary ▁Force ▁( BE F ) ▁from ▁the ▁over wh el ming ▁and ▁in ex or able ▁advance ▁of ▁the ▁Germ ans . ▁The ▁Gu ards ▁st out ly ▁def ended ▁their ▁area ▁of ▁responsibility ▁from ▁better - equ ipped ▁German ▁forces , ▁rep ul sing ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁German ▁attacks ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 2 nd , ▁but ▁on ▁the ▁morning ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 3 rd , ▁superior ▁German ▁forces ▁attacked ▁the ▁batt alion ▁and ▁the ▁Gu ards ▁suffered ▁very ▁heavily . ▁Later ▁that ▁day ▁the ▁batt alion ▁was ▁ev acu ated ▁from ▁Bou log ne , ▁being ▁the ▁last ▁to ▁leave ▁and ▁having ▁fought ▁val i antly ▁while ▁await ing ▁ev acu ation . |
▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁ 2 nd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁made ▁regiment al ▁history ▁when ▁they ▁were ▁re organ ised ▁as ▁an ▁arm oured ▁batt alion , ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁the ▁Irish ▁Guard ' s ▁history , ▁joining ▁the ▁newly ▁formed ▁Gu ards ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁ 5 th ▁Gu ards ▁Arm oured ▁Brigade . ▁The ▁Training ▁Battalion ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁was ▁raised ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁later ▁becoming ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁Battalion , ▁Irish ▁Gu ards . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 3 , ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁re organ ised ▁as ▁a ▁full ▁inf antry ▁batt alion ▁and ▁followed ▁their ▁sister ▁regiment ▁into ▁the ▁Gu ards ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 3 2 nd ▁Gu ards ▁Brigade . ▁ ▁North ▁Africa ▁and ▁Italy ▁In ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Battalion , ▁Irish ▁Gu ards , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁based ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁since ▁their ▁return ▁from ▁Norway ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁land ed , ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 4 th ▁Gu ards ▁Brigade , ▁in ▁Tun is ia , ▁to ▁fight ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁campaign ▁in ▁North ▁Africa . ▁The ▁batt alion ▁fought ▁in ▁the ▁Med je z ▁P lain ▁area , ▁seeing ▁heavy ▁action ▁at ▁Dj eb el ▁bou ▁A ou kaz , ▁or ▁' B ou '. ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁task |
ed ▁with ▁capt uring ▁a ▁vital ▁r idge ▁and ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁area ▁was ▁taken ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁April ▁but ▁further ▁fighting ▁continued ▁for ▁several ▁days ▁with ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁be ating ▁off ▁several ▁German ▁counter att acks ▁and ▁suffering ▁heavy ▁cas ual ties ▁before ▁they ▁were ▁rel ieved ▁on ▁ 1 ▁May . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁in ▁this ▁fier ce ▁fighting ▁which ▁marked ▁the ▁Irish ▁Guard ' s ▁Tun is ian ▁Camp aign ▁that ▁the ▁regiment ▁would ▁win ▁their ▁first ▁Victoria ▁Cross ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War . ▁During ▁an ▁action ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁April , ▁L ance - Cor por al ▁John ▁Patrick ▁K enne ally ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁charged ▁down ▁the ▁forward ▁slope ▁of ▁the ▁r idge ▁on ▁which ▁his ▁company ▁was ▁position ed , ▁attack ing ▁the ▁main ▁body ▁of ▁a ▁German ▁company ▁prepar ing ▁to ▁assault ▁the ▁r idge . ▁He ▁fired ▁his ▁B ren ▁L M G ▁as ▁he ▁advanced , ▁causing ▁so ▁much ▁surprise ▁and ▁confusion ▁that ▁the ▁Germ ans ▁broke ▁in ▁dis order ▁and ▁retre ated . ▁L ance - Cor por al ▁K enne ally ▁then ▁returned ▁to ▁his ▁position ▁un har med . ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁April ▁L ance - Cor por al ▁K enne ally ▁repeated ▁his ▁brave ▁actions ▁when , ▁accompanied ▁by ▁a ▁ser ge ant ▁of ▁the ▁Re con na issance ▁Corps , ▁he ▁charged ▁the ▁enemy ▁who ▁were ▁again ▁forming ▁up ▁to ▁assault ▁the ▁same ▁r idge . ▁ ▁Both |
▁men ▁charged ▁the ▁Germ ans , ▁inf lic ting ▁heavy ▁cas ual ties ▁on ▁the ▁Germ ans ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁rout ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁force . ▁The ▁two ▁men ▁began ▁to ▁return ▁to ▁their ▁position ▁but ▁as ▁they ▁did ▁so , ▁K enne ally ▁was ▁hit ▁in ▁the ▁th igh . ▁However , ▁he ▁continued ▁to ▁fight , ▁ref using ▁to ▁rel in qu ish ▁his ▁B ren ▁gun ▁or ▁leave ▁his ▁position . ▁Despite ▁his ▁w ound ▁he ▁fought ▁for ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁day ▁and ▁for ▁his ▁actions ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Victoria ▁Cross . ▁ ▁Si xty ▁hand - p icked ▁men ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 4 , 0 0 0 ▁strong ▁British ▁cont ing ent ▁that ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁victory ▁para de ▁in ▁the ▁capital ▁Tun is ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 3 . ▁The ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁much ▁time ▁to ▁b ask ▁on ▁their ▁vict ories ▁in ▁North ▁Africa ▁however ▁when ▁in ▁December ▁of ▁that ▁year ▁they ▁were , ▁together ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 4 th ▁Gu ards ▁Brigade , ▁deployed ▁to ▁the ▁Italian ▁Front . ▁ ▁The ▁batt alion ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁An z io ▁land ings ▁( c oden amed ▁Operation ▁Sh ing le ) ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁units ▁to ▁land ▁in ▁Italy ▁on ▁ 2 2 ▁January ▁ 1 9 4 4 . ▁The ▁land ings ▁were ▁met ▁by ▁stronger ▁than |
▁expected ▁resistance ▁as ▁the ▁Al lied ▁arm ies ▁moved ▁in land ▁and ▁a ▁German ▁counter att ack ▁was ▁launched ▁several ▁days ▁later . ▁The ▁Al lies ▁were ▁soon ▁driven ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁beach head ▁where ▁fier ce ▁fighting ▁ra ged ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁saw ▁action ▁at ▁Car roc eto ▁where ▁they ▁rep uls ed ▁several ▁German ▁attacks . ▁The ▁batt alion ▁also ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁attack ▁on ▁Cam pole one , ▁where ▁they ▁experienced ▁heavy ▁cas ual ties . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁inf lic ted ▁heavy ▁cas ual ties ▁on ▁the ▁Germ ans , ▁but ▁were ▁surrounded ▁the ▁following ▁day ▁with ▁little ▁support ▁against ▁German ▁arm our , ▁and ▁were ▁forced ▁to ▁fight ▁their ▁way ▁through ▁to ▁Al lied ▁lines , ▁suffering ▁many ▁cas ual ties ▁in ▁the ▁process . ▁A ▁few ▁further ▁actions ▁took ▁place ▁for ▁the ▁batt alion ' s ▁companies ▁but , ▁by ▁April , ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards , ▁having ▁suffered ▁dev ast ating ▁losses , ▁had ▁been ▁sever ely ▁de ple ted ▁in ▁man power ▁and ▁were ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁UK ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 4 th ▁Gu ards ▁Brigade . ▁Back ▁in ▁the ▁UK , ▁it ▁was ▁decided ▁that ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁would ▁become ▁the ▁regiment ' s ▁training ▁batt alion ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁provide ▁man power ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁and ▁ 3 rd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁who ▁would ▁soon ▁be ▁undert aking ▁the ▁invasion ▁of ▁Europe |
. ▁ ▁Land ing ▁in ▁Norm andy , ▁Market ▁Garden ▁and ▁the ▁advance ▁to ▁Germany ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁Norm andy ▁land ings ▁on ▁ 6 ▁June ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁and ▁ 3 rd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁land ed ▁in ▁France ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁June ▁to ▁take ▁part ▁in ▁the ▁Norm andy ▁Camp aign . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards , ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Gu ards ▁Arm oured ▁Division , ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁Operation ▁Good wood ▁( 1 8 – 2 0 ▁July ). ▁The ▁Division ' s ▁objective ▁was ▁C ag ny , ▁V im ont ▁and ▁the ▁surrounding ▁area . ▁During ▁ 1 8 ▁July ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁near ▁C ag ny , ▁Lieutenant ▁( l ater ▁Sir ) ▁John ▁G orm an ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Battalion , ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁was ▁in ▁his ▁Sh erman ▁tank ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁confront ed ▁by ▁a ▁far ▁superior ▁German ▁T iger ▁II ▁or ▁' K ing ▁T iger '. ▁G orm an ' s ▁tank ▁fired ▁one ▁shot ▁at ▁the ▁T iger ▁II , ▁but ▁the ▁shot ▁b ounced ▁off ▁its ▁thick ▁arm our . ▁The ▁Sh erman ' s ▁gun ▁jam med ▁before ▁a ▁second ▁shot ▁could ▁be ▁fired , ▁and ▁G orm an ▁then ▁gave ▁the ▁order ▁to ▁ram ▁the ▁T iger ▁II ▁just ▁as ▁it ▁was ▁beginning ▁to ▁turn ▁its ▁massive ▁ 8 8 mm ▁gun ▁on ▁his ▁tank . ▁The ▁Sh erman ▁sm ashed ▁into ▁the |
▁T iger ▁II , ▁the ▁collision ▁dis abling ▁both ▁t anks . ▁The ▁cre ws ▁of ▁both ▁t anks ▁then ▁ba iled ▁out . ▁Lieutenant ▁G orm an , ▁once ▁he ▁had ▁seen ▁his ▁crew ▁to ▁safety , ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁scene ▁in ▁a ▁comm ande ered ▁Sh erman ▁Fire fly ▁and ▁destroyed ▁the ▁King ▁T iger . ▁He ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Military ▁Cross ▁for ▁his ▁actions , ▁while ▁the ▁driver ▁from ▁his ▁own ▁crew , ▁L ance - Cor por al ▁James ▁Baron , ▁won ▁the ▁Military ▁Medal . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁further ▁fighting ▁that ▁ra ged ▁around ▁C ag ny ▁for ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁day . ▁C ag ny , ▁dev ast ated ▁by ▁heavy ▁bomb ing , ▁was ▁finally ▁liber ated ▁by ▁the ▁Gu ards ▁on ▁the ▁morning ▁of ▁ 1 9 ▁July . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁also ▁saw ▁action ▁in ▁Operation ▁Blue co at ▁launched ▁on ▁ 3 0 ▁July ▁which ▁saw ▁the ▁British ▁capture ▁the ▁strateg ically ▁important ▁high ▁ground ▁around ▁the ▁Mont ▁Pin con ▁area . ▁Following ▁the ▁break out ▁from ▁Norm andy ▁and ▁rapid ▁advance ▁through ▁the ▁more ▁open ▁French ▁terrain , ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁and ▁ 3 rd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁crossed ▁the ▁River ▁Seine ▁on ▁ 2 9 ▁August ▁and ▁began ▁the ▁advance ▁into ▁Belg ium ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Gu ards ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁towards ▁Br uss els ▁which ▁was ▁liber ated ▁on ▁ 3 ▁September . ▁ ▁Following ▁the ▁liber ation ▁of ▁Br |
uss els , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁pushed ▁into ▁north - east ▁Belg ium ▁in ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁st iff ening ▁resistance ▁and ▁reached ▁the ▁Dutch ▁border ▁on ▁the ▁evening ▁of ▁ 1 0 ▁September , ▁capt uring ▁the ▁strateg ically ▁vital ▁Joe ' s ▁Bridge ▁in ▁a ▁d aring ▁surprise ▁assault . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁then ▁chosen ▁to ▁be ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ground ▁force ▁of ▁Operation ▁Market ▁Garden , ▁' Mark et ' ▁being ▁the ▁air bor ne ▁assault ▁and ▁' G arden ' ▁the ▁ground ▁attack , ▁which ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁am bit ious ▁operations ▁of ▁the ▁entire ▁war ▁and ▁designed ▁to ▁enable ▁a ▁swift ▁advance ▁into ▁Germany ▁by ▁capt uring ▁vital ▁brid ges ▁over ▁the ▁River ▁Rh ine . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁Group ▁were ▁commanded ▁by ▁Lieutenant - Col onel ▁" J O E " ▁V ande leur . ▁The ▁ 2 nd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁led ▁XXX ▁Corps ▁in ▁their ▁advance ▁towards ▁Arn hem , ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁objective ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁ 1 st ▁Air bor ne ▁Division , ▁fur th est ▁from ▁XXX ▁Corps ' ▁start ▁line . ▁ ▁Operation ▁Market ▁Garden ▁opened ▁on ▁the ▁afternoon ▁of ▁ 1 7 ▁September ▁with ▁the ▁dro pping ▁of ▁three ▁Al lied ▁Air bor ne ▁divisions ▁behind ▁the ▁German ▁line . ▁XXX ▁Corps ▁crossed ▁the ▁Belg ian - D utch ▁border ▁ 1 5 : 0 0 ▁hours , ▁adv ancing ▁from ▁Ne er p elt , ▁but ▁met ▁very ▁heavy ▁resistance ▁from ▁German ▁forces ▁prepared |
▁with ▁anti - t ank ▁weapons ▁and ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁t anks ▁in ▁the ▁initial ▁troops ▁were ▁hit ▁and ▁destroyed . ▁After ▁Haw ker ▁Ty ph o ons ▁were ▁called ▁in ▁to ▁provide ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁aer ial ▁support , ▁the ▁Gu ards men ▁moved ▁forward ▁to ▁clear ▁the ▁German ▁positions , ▁man ned ▁by ▁elements ▁from ▁two ▁German ▁par ach ute ▁batt al ions ▁and ▁two ▁batt al ions ▁of ▁the ▁ 9 th ▁SS ▁Pan zer ▁Division ▁and ▁soon ▁rout ed ▁the ▁German ▁forces ▁fl ank ing ▁the ▁road . ▁The ▁fighting ▁soon ▁died ▁down ▁and ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁able ▁to ▁advance ▁and ▁occup y ▁V alk ens wa ard ▁Despite ▁the ▁progress ▁of ▁XXX ▁Corps , ▁the ▁unexpected ▁resistance ▁meant ▁that ▁the ▁advance ▁was ▁already ▁much ▁slower ▁than ▁planned . ▁Early ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁September , ▁reconna issance ▁units ▁of ▁the ▁Gu ards ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁made ▁contact ▁with ▁the ▁U . S . ▁ 1 0 1 st ▁Air bor ne ▁Division ▁who ▁had ▁liber ated ▁E ind h oven , ▁with ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁XXX ▁Corps ▁reaching ▁the ▁city ▁later ▁that ▁day . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁now ▁camp ed ▁outside ▁Son ▁while ▁the ▁Royal ▁Engine ers ▁built ▁a ▁Ba iley ▁bridge ▁over ▁the ▁Wilhelm ina ▁Canal ▁so ▁that ▁XXX ▁Corps ▁could ▁advance ▁to ▁N ij m egen . ▁The ▁bridge ▁was ▁completed ▁early ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁September ▁and ▁XXX ▁Corps ▁continued ▁their ▁advance . ▁Later ▁that ▁day ▁the ▁Gu ards ▁Division , |
▁still ▁led ▁by ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards , ▁reached ▁N ij m egen ▁where ▁the ▁U . S . ▁ 8 2 nd ▁Air bor ne ▁Division ▁was ▁located . ▁Their ▁advance ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁halt ed , ▁however , ▁for ▁the ▁ 8 2 nd ▁had ▁failed ▁to ▁take ▁the ▁bridge ▁due ▁to ▁heavy ▁German ▁resistance . ▁The ▁bridge ▁was ▁finally ▁captured ▁on ▁the ▁evening ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 th ▁but ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁and ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁Gu ards ▁Arm oured ▁Division ▁were ▁now ▁scattered ▁over ▁ 2 5 ▁square ▁miles ▁trying ▁to ▁secure ▁N ij m egen ▁itself ▁and ▁defend ▁their ▁rear ▁from ▁constant ▁German ▁attacks . ▁On ▁the ▁ 2 1 st , ▁the ▁British ▁ 1 st ▁Air bor ne ▁Division ▁at ▁Arn hem , ▁heavily ▁out number ed ▁and ▁out g unn ed , ▁had ▁to ▁surrender ▁after ▁many ▁days ▁fighting ▁that ▁saw ▁true ▁hero ism ▁and ▁courage . ▁XXX ▁Corps ▁had ▁been ▁just ▁an ▁hour ▁from ▁the ▁bridge ▁at ▁Arn hem ▁but ▁had ▁to ▁wait ▁for ▁the ▁arrival ▁of ▁the ▁ 4 3 rd ▁( W esse x ) ▁Infantry ▁Division ▁before ▁they ▁could ▁advance . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁took ▁part ▁in ▁further ▁fighting ▁until ▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁when ▁the ▁rem n ants ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Air bor ne ▁Division ▁were ▁ev acu ated ▁across ▁the ▁Rh ine . ▁ ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁remained ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁until ▁the ▁Al lied ▁advance ▁into ▁Germany ▁was |
▁launched , ▁seeing ▁heavy ▁action ▁during ▁the ▁Rh in eland ▁Camp aign . ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁at ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁W isted t ▁in ▁northern ▁Germany , ▁Gu ards man ▁Edward ▁Char l ton ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁Battalion , ▁Irish ▁Gu ards , ▁was ▁a ▁co - driver ▁of ▁a ▁tank ▁during ▁the ▁capture ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁by ▁a ▁small ▁force ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards . ▁The ▁Germ ans ▁soon ▁attempted ▁to ▁re take ▁the ▁village ▁with ▁numer ically ▁superior ▁forces , ▁consisting ▁mostly ▁of ▁officer ▁cad ets ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁very ▁experienced ▁instruct or ▁officers ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁two ▁or ▁three ▁self - prop elled ▁guns . ▁Three ▁of ▁the ▁four ▁t anks ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁force ▁were ▁knock ed ▁out , ▁while ▁the ▁fourth ▁( Char l ton ' s ) ▁was ▁disabled ▁by ▁a ▁complete ▁elect rical ▁failure ▁before ▁the ▁action ▁started . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁tank ▁was ▁disabled , ▁Gu ards man ▁Char l ton ▁was ▁ordered ▁to ▁dis mount ▁the ▁tur ret ▁ 0 . 5 0 ▁Brow ning ▁machine ▁gun ▁and ▁support ▁the ▁inf antry , ▁who ▁were ▁in ▁danger ▁of ▁being ▁over run ▁by ▁the ▁Germ ans . ▁Char l ton ▁took ▁the ▁machine ▁gun ▁from ▁his ▁disabled ▁tank ▁and ▁advanced ▁in ▁full ▁view ▁of ▁the ▁attack ing ▁Germ ans , ▁firing ▁and ▁inf lic ting ▁heavy ▁cas ual ties ▁on ▁them , ▁hal ting ▁their ▁lead ▁company ▁and ▁allowing ▁the ▁rest |
▁of ▁the ▁Gu ards ▁to ▁re organ ise ▁and ▁ret ire . ▁Char l ton , ▁despite ▁having ▁one ▁arm ▁sh atter ed , ▁continued ▁firing ▁until ▁he ▁col lapsed ▁from ▁a ▁further ▁w ound ▁and ▁loss ▁of ▁blood . ▁His ▁courage ous ▁and ▁self less ▁dis reg ard ▁for ▁his ▁own ▁safety ▁helped ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁to ▁escape ▁capture . ▁He ▁later ▁died ▁of ▁the ▁w ounds ▁he ▁had ▁received ▁and ▁was ▁awarded ▁a ▁post hum ous ▁Victoria ▁Cross , ▁the ▁last ▁V C ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁theatre , ▁and ▁the ▁last , ▁so ▁far , ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards . ▁Un us ually , ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁c itation ▁for ▁the ▁award ▁of ▁the ▁V C ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁German ▁accounts ▁of ▁the ▁fight ▁as ▁most ▁of ▁his ▁later ▁actions ▁were ▁not ▁witness ed ▁by ▁any ▁Gu ards ▁officers ▁or ▁surv iving ▁non - comm ission ed ▁officers . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁signing ▁of ▁the ▁final ▁German ▁surrender ▁on ▁ 9 ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Guard ' s ▁war ▁had ▁finally ▁come ▁to ▁an ▁end . ▁For ▁the ▁second ▁time ▁in ▁bare ly ▁a ▁generation , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁had ▁served ▁throughout ▁a ▁world ▁war ▁with ▁distinction ▁and ▁sacrifice ▁with ▁the ▁regiment ▁losing ▁over ▁ 7 0 0 ▁men ▁killed , ▁ 1 , 5 0 0 ▁wounded ▁and ▁being ▁awarded ▁ 2 5 2 ▁gall antry ▁med als , ▁including ▁two ▁Victoria ▁Cross es . ▁▁ 1 9 4 5 |
▁– ▁present ▁day ▁ ▁End ▁of ▁Empire ▁and ▁the ▁Cold ▁War ▁in ▁Europe ▁The ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁sign aled ▁the ▁in ev itable ▁down s izing ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁and ▁the ▁dem obil isation ▁of ▁its ▁w art ime ▁strength ▁which ▁led ▁to ▁the ▁ 3 rd ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁being ▁dis band ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 nd ▁doing ▁so ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁The ▁ending ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War ▁had ▁also ▁sign aled ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁end ▁for ▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁and ▁over ▁the ▁next ▁dec ades ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁would ▁find ▁themselves ▁serving ▁in ▁conflicts ▁throughout ▁Britain ' s ▁withdraw al ▁from ▁its ▁remaining ▁colon ies . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 7 , ▁the ▁ 1 st ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁deployed ▁abroad ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁since ▁ 1 9 4 4 , ▁heading ▁for ▁trouble d ▁Palest ine ▁to ▁perform ▁internal ▁security ▁duties ▁there ▁against ▁the ▁Jewish ▁ins ur gency ▁in ▁Mand atory ▁Palest ine . ▁Following ▁the ▁British ▁withdraw al ▁from ▁Palest ine ▁in ▁May ▁ 1 9 4 8 , ▁the ▁batt alion ▁moved ▁to ▁Tri pol i , ▁Lib ya ▁for ▁a ▁year ▁before ▁returning ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁UK ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 9 . ▁Fac ed ▁with ▁the ▁new ▁reality ▁of ▁the ▁Cold ▁War ▁t ensions ▁with ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁in ▁Europe , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁joined ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁of ▁the ▁Rh ine ▁( BA OR ) ▁in |
▁West ▁Germany ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 1 , ▁remaining ▁there ▁until ▁ 1 9 5 3 . ▁After ▁returning ▁to ▁the ▁UK , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁participated ▁in ▁cer emon ial ▁duty ▁for ▁the ▁Cor on ation ▁of ▁Elizabeth ▁II ▁before ▁it ▁was ▁posted ▁to ▁the ▁S uez ▁Canal ▁Zone ▁in ▁Egypt , ▁remaining ▁there ▁until ▁the ▁British ▁withdraw al ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁not ▁long ▁before ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁would ▁find ▁themselves ▁in ▁another ▁trouble ▁spot ▁of ▁Britain ' s ▁decl ining ▁Empire ▁when ▁they ▁were ▁deployed ▁to ▁Cy pr us ▁to ▁once ▁again ▁perform ▁vital ▁internal ▁security ▁duties ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁E OK A ▁campaign ▁against ▁the ▁British ▁forces ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁t ension , ▁indeed ▁violence , ▁that ▁was ▁occurr ing ▁between ▁Greek ▁and ▁Turkish ▁C yp ri ots . ▁They ▁returned ▁to ▁Britain ▁in ▁the ▁closing ▁months ▁of ▁that ▁year ▁before ▁once ▁again ▁joining ▁the ▁B A OR ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁when ▁they ▁were ▁moved ▁back ▁to ▁West ▁Germany . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 6 , ▁the ▁regiment ▁was ▁deployed ▁to ▁A den , ▁another ▁col ony ▁experien cing ▁violence ▁with ▁the ▁Rad fan ▁U pr ising ▁against ▁British ▁rule . ▁During ▁their ▁tour ▁of ▁A den , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁experienced ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁fier c est ▁fighting ▁they ▁had ▁seen ▁since ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁returned ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁UK ▁just ▁before ▁A den ▁gained ▁independence ▁from |
▁the ▁British ▁Empire ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁posted ▁to ▁the ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁g arrison , ▁remaining ▁there ▁for ▁two ▁years ▁until ▁its ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁UK . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁the ▁regiment ▁was ▁re - ro led ▁as ▁a ▁mechan ised ▁batt alion , ▁subsequently ▁being ▁posted ▁to ▁the ▁B A OR ▁for ▁the ▁third ▁time . ▁During ▁this ▁time ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁had ▁to ▁once ▁again ▁cont end ▁with ▁face ▁the ▁difficult ▁reality ▁of ▁trouble ▁on ▁their ▁home ▁island ▁of ▁Ireland ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁the ▁regiment ▁suffered ▁their ▁only ▁fatal ▁cas ual ty ▁of ▁The ▁Tr ou bles , ▁when ▁Gu ards man ▁Samuel ▁Mur phy ▁was ▁shot ▁by ▁the ▁Pro vis ional ▁I RA ▁while ▁walking ▁with ▁his ▁mother ▁near ▁his ▁parents ’ ▁home ▁in ▁Anderson st own ▁in ▁West ▁B elf ast ▁whilst ▁on ▁leave . ▁He ▁later ▁died ▁of ▁w ounds . ▁Upon ▁returning ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁from ▁Germany , ▁however , ▁" The ▁Tr ou bles " ▁reached ▁into ▁central ▁London ▁when ▁an ▁I RA ▁bomb ▁bl asted ▁a ▁bus ▁carrying ▁men ▁of ▁the ▁regiment ▁to ▁Ch else a ▁Bar ra cks ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁October ▁ 1 9 8 1 . ▁Tw enty - three ▁soldiers ▁and ▁ 1 6 ▁others ▁were ▁wounded ▁and ▁two ▁pass ers - by ▁killed . ▁ ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁returned ▁to ▁the ▁B A |
OR ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁just ▁missing ▁the ▁F alk lands ▁War ▁which ▁was ▁instead ▁participated ▁in ▁by ▁the ▁Sc ots ▁Gu ards ▁and ▁Wel sh ▁Gu ards . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 6 , ▁the ▁regiment ▁returned ▁home ▁from ▁Germany ▁and ▁received ▁new ▁colours ▁two ▁years ▁later ▁from ▁Queen ▁Elizabeth . ▁They ▁returned ▁to ▁Bel ize ▁later ▁that ▁year , ▁before ▁being ▁posted ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁sector ▁of ▁West ▁Berlin ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 , ▁which ▁was ▁their ▁first ▁and ▁only ▁deployment ▁to ▁the ▁city . ▁The ▁regiment ▁were ▁present ▁for ▁the ▁historic ▁moment ▁when ▁the ▁Berlin ▁Wall ▁fell ▁that ▁year , ▁sign ifying ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Cold ▁War ▁in ▁Europe . ▁They ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁left ▁the ▁newly ▁un ited ▁Berlin ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁and ▁returned ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁UK . ▁▁ 1 9 9 0 ' s : ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁and ▁the ▁B alk ans ▁Conf lict ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁and ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁other ▁British ▁Army ▁reg iments ▁including ▁the ▁G urk has ▁were ▁long ▁ex empt ed ▁from ▁service ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland . ▁( Sm all ▁numbers ▁of ▁Irish ▁Gu ards men , ▁however , ▁gained ▁experience ▁in ▁Ul ster ▁while ▁attached ▁to ▁other ▁Gu ards ▁reg iments ▁during ▁their ▁service ▁in ▁the ▁trouble d ▁province ). ▁The ▁draw down ▁in ▁the ▁overall ▁size ▁of ▁the ▁British ▁Army ▁following ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁Cold ▁War , ▁however , ▁meant ▁that ▁this ▁policy ▁was ▁no ▁longer ▁sust |
ain able ▁and ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁saw ▁the ▁regiment ▁finally ▁carry ▁out ▁its ▁first ▁tour - of - d ut y ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland , ▁being ▁based ▁in ▁County ▁F erman agh . ▁The ▁violence ▁in ▁Northern ▁Ireland ▁had ▁mostly ▁subs ided ▁by ▁this ▁time ▁and ▁their ▁first - ever ▁tour ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Sea ▁passed ▁quietly . ▁They ▁left ▁the ▁following ▁year . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁began ▁their ▁second ▁tour ▁of ▁Northern ▁Ireland , ▁being ▁based ▁in ▁County ▁T yr one . ▁The ▁regiment ▁head ed ▁for ▁Germany ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁British ▁Forces ▁Germany , ▁successor ▁to ▁B A OR . ▁ ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁not ▁in ▁Germany ▁long ▁before ▁the ▁Y ug oslav ▁Wars ▁meant ▁they ▁were ▁called ▁on ▁to ▁deal ▁with ▁the ▁troubles ▁in ▁the ▁B alk ans ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁The ▁regiment ▁formed ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁Battle ▁Group ▁which ▁was ▁split ▁with ▁a ▁company ▁of ▁the ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁deployed ▁to ▁Mac ed onia ▁while ▁the ▁rest ▁deployed ▁to ▁Kos ovo , ▁where ▁heavy ▁fighting ▁had ▁broken ▁out ▁between ▁Ser bian ▁forces ▁and ▁Kos ovo ▁Alban ian ▁re bel ▁groups . ▁The ▁Irish ▁Gu ards ▁were ▁the ▁first ▁British ▁unit ▁to ▁enter ▁the ▁Kos ovan ▁capital ▁city ▁of ▁Pr ist ina ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁June ▁and ▁were ▁gre et ed ▁by ▁the ▁local ▁population ▁who ▁treated ▁the ▁Gu ards ▁like ▁hero es |