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▁of ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁shares ▁had ▁been ▁bought ▁by ▁ 7 4 7 , 0 0 0 ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁public , ▁mostly ▁in ▁exchange ▁for ▁v ouch ers . ▁Fif teen ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁stock ▁was ▁allocated ▁to ▁Gaz prom ▁employees . ▁The ▁state ▁retained ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁shares . ▁That ▁amount ▁was ▁gradually ▁lower ed ▁to ▁thirty - e ight ▁percent . ▁Tr ading ▁of ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁shares ▁was ▁heavily ▁reg ulated . ▁Foreign ers ▁were ▁prohib ited ▁from ▁ow ning ▁more ▁than ▁nine - percent ▁of ▁the ▁shares . ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁ 1 % ▁of ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁equ ity ▁was ▁offered ▁for ▁sale ▁to ▁foreign ers ▁as ▁Global ▁De pository ▁Rece i pts . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁Gaz prom ▁offered ▁a ▁bond ▁issue ▁of ▁US $ 2 . 5 b ill ion . ▁ ▁Ch ern om yr din , ▁as ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁Russia , ▁ens ured ▁Gaz prom ▁avoided ▁tight ▁state ▁reg ulation . ▁Gaz prom ▁ev aded ▁tax es , ▁and ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁Russia ▁received ▁little ▁in ▁divid ends . ▁Gaz prom ▁man agers ▁and ▁board ▁members , ▁such ▁as ▁Ch ern om yr din ▁and ▁the ▁Gaz prom ▁Chief ▁Executive ▁Officer , ▁Rem ▁Via k hire v , ▁engaged ▁in ▁asset - st ri pping . ▁Gaz prom ▁assets ▁were ▁shared ▁amongst ▁their ▁relatives . ▁I tera , ▁a ▁gas ▁trad ing ▁company ▁also ▁received ▁Gaz |
prom ▁assets . ▁In ▁March ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁for ▁reasons ▁un related ▁to ▁his ▁activities ▁at ▁Gaz prom , ▁Ch ern om yr din ▁was ▁fired ▁by ▁Y el ts in . ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁June ▁ 1 9 9 8 , ▁Ch ern om yr din ▁was ▁made ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁of ▁Gaz prom . ▁ ▁State ▁control ▁ ▁When , ▁in ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Vladimir ▁Put in ▁became ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁Russia , ▁he ▁acted ▁to ▁gain ▁control ▁over ▁Russia ' s ▁o lig arch s , ▁and ▁increase ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁Russia ' s ▁control ▁in ▁important ▁companies ▁through ▁a ▁program ▁of ▁national ▁champions . ▁Put in ▁fired ▁Ch ern om yr din ▁from ▁his ▁position ▁as ▁the ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Gaz prom ▁board . ▁The ▁Russian ▁Government ' s ▁stock ▁in ▁Gaz prom ▁gave ▁Put in ▁the ▁power ▁to ▁vote ▁out ▁V y ak hire v . ▁Ch ern om yr din ▁and ▁V y ak hire v ▁were ▁replaced ▁by ▁D mit ry ▁Med ved ev ▁and ▁Alex ei ▁Miller . ▁They ▁were ▁Put in ' s ▁prior ▁employees ▁in ▁Saint ▁Petersburg . ▁Put in ' s ▁actions ▁were ▁a ided ▁by ▁the ▁share holder ▁activ ism ▁of ▁Herm itage ▁Capital ▁Management ▁Chief ▁Executive ▁Officer ▁William ▁Brow der , ▁and ▁the ▁former ▁Russian ▁Fin ance ▁Minister ▁Bor is ▁F y odor ov . ▁Miller ▁and ▁Med ved ev ▁were ▁to ▁stop ▁asset ▁stri pping |
▁at ▁Gaz prom ▁and ▁to ▁recover ▁losses . ▁I tera ▁was ▁denied ▁access ▁to ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁pip elines ▁and ▁came ▁close ▁to ▁bank rupt cy . ▁I tera ▁agreed ▁to ▁return ▁st olen ▁assets ▁to ▁Gaz prom ▁for ▁a ▁fee . ▁ ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁Gaz prom ▁acquired ▁N TV , ▁Russia ' s ▁only ▁nation wide ▁state - in dependent ▁television ▁station ▁from ▁Vladimir ▁G us in sky ' s ▁company , ▁Media - M ost ▁hold ings . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁the ▁Gaz prom ▁subs idi ary ▁Gaz prom ▁Media ▁acquired ▁all ▁of ▁G us in sky ' s ▁shares ▁in ▁companies ▁held ▁by ▁Media - M ost . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Gaz prom bank , ▁Gaz prom iv est ▁Hold ing , ▁Gaz f ond ▁and ▁Gaz prom ▁Fin ance ▁B . ▁V ., ▁subs idi aries ▁of ▁Gaz prom , ▁sold ▁a ▁ 1 0 . 7 3 9 9 % ▁share ▁of ▁their ▁stock ▁for ▁$ 7 b ill ion ▁to ▁, ▁a ▁state ▁owned ▁company . ▁Some ▁anal yst s ▁said ▁the ▁amount ▁paid ▁by ▁Ros ne fte g az ▁for ▁the ▁stock ▁was ▁too ▁low . ▁The ▁sale ▁was ▁completed ▁by ▁ 2 5 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁With ▁the ▁purchased ▁stock ▁and ▁the ▁thirty - e ight ▁percent ▁share ▁held ▁by ▁the ▁State ▁Property ▁Committee , ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁Russia ▁gained ▁control ▁of |
▁Gaz prom . ▁The ▁Government ▁of ▁Russia ▁rev oked ▁the ▁Gaz prom ▁twenty ▁percent ▁foreign ▁ownership ▁rule ▁and ▁the ▁company ▁became ▁open ▁to ▁foreign ▁invest ment . ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Gaz prom ▁bought ▁ 7 2 . 6 3 3 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁oil ▁company ▁Sib ne ft ▁for ▁$ 1 3 . 0 1 b ill ion . ▁Sib ne ft ▁was ▁renamed ▁Gaz prom ▁Ne ft . ▁The ▁purchase ▁was ▁a ided ▁by ▁a ▁$ 1 2 b ill ion ▁loan . ▁Gaz prom ▁became ▁Russia ' s ▁largest ▁company . ▁On ▁the ▁day ▁of ▁the ▁deal ▁the ▁company ▁worth ▁was ▁val ued ▁at ▁£ 6 9 . 7 b ill ion ▁▁ ▁( US $ 1 2 3 . 2 b ill ion .) ▁ ▁On ▁ 5 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁Federal ▁Law , ▁On ▁Gas ▁Ex port , ▁was ▁passed , ▁nearly ▁un anim ously , ▁by ▁the ▁State ▁D uma ▁and ▁on ▁ 7 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁by ▁the ▁Federation ▁Council . ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁July ▁Put in ▁signed ▁the ▁new ▁legisl ation ▁and ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁July ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁the ▁law ▁was ▁published . ▁It ▁gave ▁Gaz prom ▁the ▁exclusive ▁right ▁to ▁export ▁natural ▁gas ▁from ▁Russia . ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Gaz prom ▁signed ▁an ▁agreement ▁with ▁Royal ▁Dutch ▁Sh ell , ▁M its ui ▁and ▁M its |
ub ishi , ▁to ▁take ▁over ▁fifty ▁percent ▁plus ▁one ▁share ▁of ▁Sak hal in ▁Energy . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁T N K - B P , ▁a ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁B P ▁pl c , ▁agreed ▁to ▁sell ▁its ▁st ake ▁in ▁K ov yk ta ▁field ▁in ▁Si ber ia ▁to ▁Gaz prom ▁after ▁the ▁Government ▁of ▁Russia ▁question ed ▁B P ' s ▁right ▁to ▁export ▁gas ▁from ▁Russia . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁govern ments ▁of ▁Russia ▁and ▁Italy ▁signed ▁a ▁memor and um ▁of ▁understanding ▁towards ▁a ▁joint ▁vent ure ▁between ▁Gaz prom ▁and ▁En i ▁Sp A ▁to ▁construct ▁a ▁ 5 5 8 - mile ▁( 9 0 0 km ) ▁gas ▁pipeline ▁to ▁carry ▁ ▁gas ▁per ▁year ▁from ▁Russia ▁to ▁Europe . ▁This ▁South ▁Stream ▁pipeline ▁would ▁extend ▁under ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea ▁to ▁Bulg aria ▁with ▁a ▁south ▁fork ▁to ▁Italy ▁and ▁a ▁north ▁fork ▁to ▁Hung ary . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁during ▁a ▁visit ▁to ▁Turkey , ▁Put in ▁said ▁the ▁project ▁would ▁not ▁proceed ▁and ▁ 6 3 ▁billion ▁cub ic ▁metres ▁per ▁year ▁( b cm / y ) ▁of ▁gas ▁would ▁be ▁sh ipped ▁to ▁Turkey ▁instead ▁of ▁Bulg aria . ▁Bulg aria ▁was ▁being ▁su ed ▁by ▁the ▁European ▁Union ▁for ▁signing ▁a ▁contract ▁with ▁Russia , ▁which ▁was ▁not ▁aligned ▁with ▁European ▁Union ▁reg |
ulations . The ▁president ▁of ▁Bulg aria , ▁Rosen ▁P lev nel iev , ▁press ured ▁the ▁European ▁Union ▁and ▁Russia ▁to ▁quickly ▁resolve ▁the ▁matter . ▁ ▁Cont in ual ▁rise ▁ ▁On ▁ 4 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁the ▁European ▁Commission ▁announced ▁an ▁anti - tr ust ▁investigation ▁into ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁activities . ▁This ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁" con c ern s ▁that ▁Gaz prom ▁may ▁be ▁ab using ▁its ▁dominant ▁market ▁position ▁in ▁up stream ▁gas ▁supply ▁mark ets ." ▁In ▁late ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Gaz prom ▁expanded ▁its ▁media ▁interests ▁by ▁acqu iring ▁Prof media ▁from ▁Vladimir ▁Pot an in . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁in ▁Shang hai , ▁Gaz prom ▁and ▁the ▁China ▁National ▁Pet role um ▁Corporation ▁made ▁a ▁contract ▁worth ▁$ 4 0 0 ▁billion ▁over ▁thirty ▁years . ▁The ▁contract ▁was ▁for ▁Gaz prom ▁to ▁deliver ▁ 3 8 ▁billion ▁cub ic ▁meters ▁of ▁natural ▁gas ▁per ▁year ▁to ▁China ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁construction ▁began ▁with ▁pip es ▁for ▁the ▁Power ▁of ▁Si ber ia ▁pipeline ▁delivered ▁to ▁L ensk , ▁Y ak ut ia . ▁Russia ▁will ▁start ▁supp lying ▁natural ▁gas ▁to ▁China ▁through ▁the ▁Power ▁of ▁Si ber ia ▁pipeline ▁on ▁ 2 0 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 9 ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁countries ' ▁$ 4 0 0 ▁billion |
▁energy ▁p act . ▁Be ij ing ▁and ▁Moscow ▁are ▁now ▁negoti ating ▁over ▁a ▁second ▁Far ▁Eastern ▁gas ▁pipeline . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Gaz prom ▁negoti ated ▁with ▁the ▁International ▁Pet role um ▁In vest ment ▁Company ▁( I PI C ▁of ▁Ab u ▁D hab i ) ▁over ▁a ▁ 2 4 . 9 ▁percent ▁st ake ▁in ▁the ▁Aust rian ▁oil ▁and ▁gas ▁firm ▁O M V . ▁In ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Gaz prom ▁acquired ▁Central ▁Part ners hip , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁film ▁distrib utors ▁in ▁Russia . ▁ ▁Supp ly ▁and ▁res erves ▁ ▁Production ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Gaz prom ▁produced ▁ ▁of ▁natural ▁gas , ▁which ▁was ▁ 1 7 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁world wide ▁production ▁and ▁ 8 3 ▁percent ▁of ▁Russian ▁production . ▁Of ▁this ▁amount , ▁the ▁Y amb urg ▁subs idi ary ▁produced ▁ 4 1 ▁percent , ▁Ur eng oy ▁ 2 3 . 6 ▁percent , ▁Nad ym ▁ 1 0 . 9 ▁percent , ▁No y ab r sk ▁ 9 . 3 ▁percent ▁and ▁others ▁ 1 5 . 2 ▁percent . ▁In ▁addition , ▁the ▁company ▁produced ▁ 3 2 . 2 8 mill ion ▁tons ▁of ▁oil ▁and ▁ 1 2 . 0 7 mill ion ▁tons ▁of ▁gas ▁cond ens ate . ▁ ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁main ▁fields ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Nad ym - P ur - |
T az ▁region ▁( near ▁the ▁G ulf ▁of ▁Ob ) ▁in ▁Yam alo - N en ets ▁Aut onom ous ▁Ok rug ▁in ▁Western ▁Si ber ia . ▁Histor ically , ▁the ▁three ▁largest ▁fields ▁are ▁Med vez he , ▁Ur eng oy ▁and ▁Y amb urg . ▁After ▁more ▁than ▁twenty ▁years ▁of ▁production , ▁the ▁fields ▁are ▁now ▁in ▁decl ine . ▁Production ▁from ▁the ▁fields ▁has ▁decre ased ▁by ▁twenty ▁to ▁twenty - five ▁b cm ▁per ▁year . ▁The ▁production ▁at ▁Z apor li ar no e , ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁fourth ▁largest ▁field , ▁increased ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁offset ting ▁the ▁decl ine ▁in ▁the ▁other ▁fields . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Gaz prom ▁has ▁maintained ▁production ▁by ▁activ ating ▁new ▁smaller ▁fields ▁and ▁by ▁purch asing ▁production ▁assets ▁from ▁other ▁companies . ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁Ne ft ▁produces ▁cru de ▁oil . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁Gaz prom ▁purchased ▁ 7 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁Gaz prom ▁Ne ft ▁shares ▁for ▁$ 1 3 . 1 b ill ion . ▁ ▁Im ports ▁from ▁Central ▁Asia ▁ ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁ability ▁to ▁supply ▁natural ▁gas ▁to ▁domestic ▁market ▁and ▁for ▁re export ▁has ▁re lied ▁to ▁a ▁large ▁extent ▁on ▁imports ▁from ▁Central ▁Asia . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Gaz prom ▁imported ▁a ▁total ▁of ▁ ▁from ▁Central ▁Asia : ▁ ▁from ▁Turk men istan , ▁ ▁from ▁Kaz |
akh stan , ▁and ▁ ▁from ▁U z bek istan . ▁In ▁particular , ▁Gaz prom ▁purchased ▁sevent y - five ▁percent ▁of ▁Turk men istan ▁gas ▁exports ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁supply ▁gas ▁to ▁Ukraine . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Gaz prom ▁paid ▁$ 1 3 0 / m cm ▁to ▁$ 1 8 0 / m cm ▁for ▁gas ▁from ▁Central ▁Asia . ▁ ▁Res erves ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁proved ▁and ▁probable ▁res erves ▁of ▁natural ▁gas ▁were ▁, ▁a ▁ 3 . 8 % ▁increase ▁from ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁figure ▁which ▁represented ▁ 1 8 . 4 % ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁res erves . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁res erves ▁of ▁cru de ▁oil ▁were ▁ 1 . 3 5 5 b ill ion ▁tons ▁and ▁the ▁res erves ▁of ▁gas ▁cond ens ate ▁were ▁ 9 3 3 . 3 b ill ion ▁tons . ▁ 5 9 . 8 ▁percent ▁of ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁natural ▁gas ▁res erves ▁( C ategories ▁A + B + C 1 ) ▁were ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Ur als ▁Federal ▁District ▁( de cre asing ), ▁ 2 0 . 5 ▁percent ▁in ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁sh elf ▁( in cre asing ), ▁and ▁ 8 . 3 ▁percent ▁in ▁the ▁Southern ▁Federal ▁District ▁and ▁North ▁C au cas us ▁Federal ▁District . ▁ ▁Development ▁and ▁expl oration ▁ ▁Gaz prom |
▁has ▁inv ested ▁about ▁ 4 8 0 b ill ion ▁rub les ▁($ 2 0 b ill ion ) ▁in ▁new ▁major ▁projects ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁maintain ▁supply . ▁Near ly ▁ 3 7 ▁percent ▁of ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁res erves ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Yam al ▁Pen ins ula ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Bar ents ▁Sea . ▁ ▁Blue ▁Stream ▁P ipeline ▁ ▁One ▁of ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁major ▁projects ▁is ▁the ▁Blue ▁Stream ▁P ipeline . ▁The ▁Blue ▁Stream ▁P ipeline ▁del ivers ▁natural ▁gas ▁to ▁Turkey ▁via ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea . ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁the ▁Blue ▁Stream ▁P ipeline ▁agreement ▁between ▁Turkey ▁and ▁Russia ▁was ▁signed . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁the ▁first ▁joint ▁was ▁w eld ed . ▁The ▁pipeline ▁has ▁transport ed ▁ 1 6 ▁billion ▁cub ic ▁meters ▁each ▁year . ▁ ▁Yam al ▁Pen ins ula ▁ ▁Ex pl oration ▁of ▁the ▁Yam al ▁pen ins ula ▁has ▁found ▁res erves ▁of ▁over ▁ 1 0 tr ill ion ▁cub ic ▁metres ▁of ▁natural ▁gas ▁and ▁over ▁ 5 0 0 mill ion ▁tons ▁of ▁oil ▁and ▁gas ▁cond ens ate . ▁About ▁ 6 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁these ▁res erves ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁B ovan enk ovo , ▁K har as ave y ▁and ▁Nov oport ovo . ▁The ▁natural ▁gas ▁production ▁capacity ▁of ▁the ▁B ovan enk ovo ▁field ▁was ▁estimated ▁to ▁be ▁, ▁with ▁potential ▁to ▁increase ▁to ▁. ▁ |
▁S ht ok man ▁field ▁ ▁The ▁S ht ok man ▁field ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁world ' s ▁largest ▁natural ▁gas ▁fields . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁central ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Bar ents ▁Sea , ▁ ▁n ortheast ▁of ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Mur m ansk ▁and ▁ ▁west ▁of ▁the ▁Yam al ▁Pen ins ula . ▁The ▁field ▁is ▁estimated ▁to ▁contain ▁up ▁to ▁ ▁of ▁gas . ▁Pot ential ▁production ▁is ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁initial ▁phases , ▁with ▁a ▁potential ▁increase ▁to ▁. ▁Gaz prom , ▁Total ▁( France ) ▁and ▁Stato il ▁( N or way ) ▁created ▁a ▁joint ▁company ▁S ht ok man ▁Development ▁AG ▁for ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁field . ▁ ▁Kh ant y - M ans iy sk ▁autonom ous ▁area ▁( Ar ctic ▁sh elf ) ▁On ▁ 8 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁in ▁Amsterdam , ▁Alex ey ▁Miller , ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Gaz prom ▁Management ▁Committee ▁and ▁J orm a ▁O ll ila , ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁of ▁Royal ▁Dutch ▁Sh ell ▁signed ▁in ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁Put in ▁and ▁Mark ▁R ut te ▁prime ▁minister ▁of ▁Netherlands ▁a ▁memor and um ▁out lin ing ▁the ▁principles ▁of ▁co operation ▁within ▁hydro car b ons ▁expl oration ▁and ▁development ▁in ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁sh elf ▁and ▁a ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁deep - water ▁sh elf . ▁ ▁Ex pl oration ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Gaz prom ▁carried ▁out ▁ ▁of ▁expl |
or ative ▁well ▁dr illing ; ▁ ▁of ▁ 2 D ▁se ism ic ▁and ▁ ▁of ▁ 3 D ▁se ism ic ▁survey . ▁As ▁a ▁result , ▁gas ▁res erves ▁grew ▁by ▁, ▁and ▁cru de ▁oil ▁and ▁gas ▁cond ens ate ▁res erves ▁grew ▁by ▁ 6 1 mill ion ▁tons . ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁car ries ▁out ▁prospect ing ▁and ▁expl oration ▁in ▁foreign ▁countries ▁such ▁as ▁India , ▁Pakistan , ▁Al ger ia , ▁Venezuela , ▁Vietnam , ▁Lib ya , ▁Kaz akh stan , ▁U z bek istan , ▁K yr gy z stan ▁and ▁T aj ik istan . ▁ ▁Transport ation ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁Un ified ▁Gas ▁Supp ly ▁System ▁( UG SS ) ▁includes ▁ ▁of ▁gas ▁tr unk lines ▁and ▁branches ▁and ▁ 2 1 8 com press or ▁stations ▁with ▁a ▁ 4 1 . 4 G W ▁capacity . ▁The ▁U G SS ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁gas ▁transmission ▁system ▁in ▁the ▁world . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁transport ation ▁system ▁carried ▁ ▁of ▁gas . ▁Gaz prom ▁has ▁claimed ▁the ▁U G SS ▁has ▁reached ▁its ▁capacity . ▁Major ▁transmission ▁projects ▁include ▁the ▁Nord ▁Stream ▁and ▁South ▁Stream ▁pip elines , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁pip elines ▁inside ▁Russia . ▁ ▁Sales ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Gaz prom ▁sold ▁ ▁of ▁gas ▁to ▁domestic ▁customers ; ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁Europe ; ▁and ▁ ▁to ▁C IS ▁countries ▁and ▁the |
▁Balt ic ▁states . ▁Gaz prom ▁receives ▁about ▁ 6 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁its ▁re venue ▁from ▁its ▁sales ▁to ▁European ▁customers . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁the ▁average ▁gas ▁price ▁paid ▁by ▁Russian ▁industrial ▁customers ▁was ▁$ 7 1 / m cm , ▁while ▁households ▁paid ▁$ 5 4 / m cm . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁Natural ▁gas ▁prices ▁have ▁fl uct u ated . ▁In ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁price ▁of ▁natural ▁gas ▁at ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁NY ME X ▁was ▁. ▁At ▁a ▁conversion ▁of ▁ 2 6 , 4 ▁m ³ ▁per ▁million ▁B tu ▁it ▁would ▁correspond ▁to ▁a ▁price ▁of ▁$ 2 8 5 ▁per ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁cub ic ▁metres . ▁At ▁the ▁same ▁time , ▁based ▁on ▁their ▁respective ▁contract s ▁with ▁Gaz prom , ▁German ▁customers ▁paid ▁$ 2 5 0 ▁per ▁cub ic ▁met re ▁( m 3 ), ▁Polish ▁customers ▁$ 2 9 0 ▁per ▁m 3 , ▁Ukraine ▁customers ▁$ 1 3 0 ▁per ▁m 3 ▁and ▁Russian ▁customers ▁$ 4 9 ▁per ▁m 3 . ▁ ▁Ex ports ▁▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁del ivers ▁gas ▁to ▁ 2 5 Europe an ▁countries . ▁Its ▁main ▁export ▁arm ▁is ▁Gaz prom ▁Ex port ▁L LC , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁and ▁before ▁ 1 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁known ▁as ▁Gaz export , ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁mon opol y ▁on ▁gas |
▁exports ▁to ▁countries ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁former ▁Soviet ▁Union . ▁The ▁majority ▁of ▁Russian ▁gas ▁in ▁Europe ▁is ▁sold ▁on ▁ 2 5 ▁year ▁contract s . ▁In ▁late ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Gaz prom ▁was ▁the ▁sole ▁gas ▁supp lier ▁to ▁Bos nia ▁and ▁Herz egov ina , ▁Est onia , ▁Finland , ▁Mac ed onia , ▁Lat via , ▁Lith u ania , ▁Mold ova , ▁Ser bia ▁and ▁Slov ak ia . ▁It ▁provided ▁ 9 7 ▁percent ▁of ▁Bulg aria ' s ▁gas , ▁ 8 9 ▁percent ▁of ▁Hung ary ' s ▁gas , ▁ 8 6 ▁percent ▁of ▁Poland ' s ▁gas , ▁nearly ▁ 7 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁Czech ▁Republic ' s , ▁ 6 7 ▁percent ▁of ▁Turkey ' s , ▁ 6 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁Austria ' s , ▁about ▁ 4 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁Roman ia ' s , ▁ 3 6 ▁percent ▁of ▁Germany ' s , ▁ 2 7 ▁percent ▁of ▁Italy ' s , ▁and ▁ 2 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁France ' s ▁gas . ▁The ▁European ▁Union ▁receives ▁about ▁ 2 5 ▁percent ▁of ▁its ▁gas ▁supply ▁from ▁Gaz prom . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Europe ▁was ▁the ▁source ▁of ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁re venue . ▁The ▁proportion ▁of ▁Europe ’ s ▁gas ▁bought ▁in ▁the ▁spot ▁market ▁rose ▁from ▁ 1 5 ▁percent ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁to ▁ 4 4 ▁percent ▁in |
▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁during ▁the ▁G 2 0 ▁sum mit , ▁Gaz prom ▁signed ▁an ▁agreement ▁with ▁C N PC ▁that ▁the ▁Henry ▁Hub ▁index ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁used ▁to ▁sett le ▁prices ▁for ▁their ▁tr ades . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 1 ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Put in ▁met ▁with ▁X i ▁Jin ping ▁and ▁negoti ated ▁a ▁ ▁$ 4 0 0 bn ▁deal ▁between ▁Gaz prom ▁and ▁C N PC . ▁Under ▁the ▁contract , ▁Russia ▁was ▁to ▁supply ▁ 3 8 ▁billion ▁cub ic ▁meters ▁of ▁gas ▁ann ually ▁over ▁ 3 0 ▁years ▁at ▁a ▁cost ▁of ▁$ 3 5 0 ▁per ▁thousand ▁cub ic ▁meters ▁beginning ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁During ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁Gaz prom ▁increased ▁its ▁export ▁about ▁ 8 . 7 %. ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁average ▁price ▁of ▁Gaz prom ’ s ▁gas ▁in ▁Europe ▁was ▁about ▁$ 3 8 0 ▁per ▁thousand ▁cub ic ▁meters . ▁ ▁China ▁offered ▁a ▁loan ▁of ▁about ▁$ 5 0 bn ▁to ▁fin ance ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁gas ▁fields ▁and ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁pipeline ▁by ▁Russia ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁Chinese ▁border , ▁with ▁the ▁Chinese ▁to ▁build ▁the ▁remaining ▁pipeline . ▁ ▁Price ▁disput es ▁On ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁at ▁ 1 0 : 0 0 ▁( M osc |
ow ▁time ), ▁during ▁the ▁Russia - U k raine ▁gas ▁dispute , ▁Gaz prom ▁ceased ▁the ▁supply ▁of ▁gas ▁to ▁the ▁Ukrain ian ▁market . ▁Gaz prom ▁called ▁on ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁Ukraine ▁to ▁increase ▁its ▁payment ▁for ▁natural ▁gas ▁in ▁line ▁with ▁increases ▁in ▁global ▁fuel ▁prices . ▁During ▁the ▁night ▁of ▁ 3 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁and ▁early ▁morning ▁of ▁ 4 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁N aft og as ▁of ▁Ukraine ▁and ▁Gaz prom ▁negoti ated ▁a ▁deal ▁that ▁tempor arily ▁resolved ▁the ▁long - standing ▁gas ▁price ▁conflict ▁between ▁Russia ▁and ▁Ukraine . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Gaz prom ▁announced ▁it ▁would ▁triple ▁the ▁price ▁of ▁natural ▁gas ▁to ▁Bel arus ▁after ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 6 . ▁In ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Gaz prom ▁threatened ▁to ▁ce ase ▁supply ▁of ▁gas ▁to ▁Bel arus ▁at ▁ 1 0 am ▁Moscow ▁time ▁on ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁unless ▁Bel arus ▁increased ▁pay ments ▁from ▁$ 4 7 ▁to ▁$ 2 0 0 ▁per ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 c ub ic ▁metres ▁or ▁to ▁c ede ▁control ▁over ▁its ▁distribution ▁network . ▁Some ▁anal yst s ▁suggested ▁Moscow ▁was ▁pen alis ing ▁Alexander ▁L uk ash en ko , ▁the ▁President ▁of ▁Bel arus , ▁for ▁not ▁deliver ing ▁on ▁p led ges ▁of ▁closer ▁integration ▁with ▁Russia , ▁while |
▁others ▁noted ▁that ▁other ▁countries ▁like ▁Armen ia ▁were ▁pay ing ▁as ▁much ▁for ▁their ▁gas ▁as ▁Bel arus ▁would ▁with ▁the ▁new ▁price ▁levels . ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁later ▁requested ▁a ▁price ▁of ▁$ 1 0 5 , ▁yet ▁Bel arus ▁still ▁refused ▁the ▁agreement . ▁Bel arus ▁respond ed ▁that ▁if ▁supplies ▁were ▁cut , ▁it ▁would ▁den y ▁Gaz prom ▁access ▁to ▁its ▁pip elines , ▁which ▁would ▁imp air ▁gas ▁transport ation ▁to ▁Europe . ▁However , ▁on ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁just ▁a ▁few ▁hours ▁before ▁the ▁dead line , ▁Bel arus ▁and ▁Gaz prom ▁signed ▁a ▁last - min ute ▁agreement . ▁Under ▁the ▁agreement , ▁Bel arus ▁under to ok ▁to ▁pay ▁$ 1 0 0 ▁per ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁cub ic ▁met re ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁The ▁agreement ▁also ▁allowed ▁Gaz prom ▁to ▁purchase ▁ 5 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁shares ▁in ▁Bel trans g az , ▁the ▁Bel arus ian ▁pipeline ▁network . ▁Im medi ately ▁following ▁the ▁signing ▁of ▁this ▁agreement , ▁Bel arus ▁declared ▁a ▁$ 4 2 / ton ▁transport ation ▁tax ▁on ▁Russian ▁oil ▁trav elling ▁through ▁the ▁Gaz prom ▁pip elines ▁crossing ▁its ▁territory . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 3 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁after ▁a ▁three - day ▁period ▁where ▁gas ▁supplies ▁to ▁Ukraine ▁were ▁hal ved , ▁Gaz prom ▁agreed ▁to ▁supply ▁ ▁Ukraine ▁with ▁gas ▁for ▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁year |
. ▁The ▁contract ▁removed ▁inter medi ary ▁companies . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Gaz prom ▁increased ▁the ▁gas ▁price ▁charged ▁to ▁Ukraine ▁from ▁$ 2 6 8 . 5 0 ▁to ▁$ 3 8 5 . 5 0 ▁( £ 2 3 1 . 0 0 ) ▁per ▁ 1 , 0 0 0 ▁cub ic ▁metres . ▁Ukraine ' s ▁un pa id ▁gas ▁b ills ▁to ▁Russia ▁stood ▁at ▁$ 1 . 7 bn ▁( £ 1 . 0 2 bn ). ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Russia ▁agreed ▁to ▁res ume ▁gas ▁supplies ▁to ▁Ukraine ▁over ▁the ▁winter ▁in ▁a ▁deal ▁bro ker ed ▁by ▁the ▁European ▁Union . ▁ ▁Corpor ate ▁affairs ▁Gaz prom ▁is ▁a ▁vert ically ▁integrated ▁company , ▁one ▁which ▁own s ▁its ▁supply ▁and ▁distribution ▁activities . ▁Gaz prom ▁own s ▁all ▁its ▁main ▁gas ▁processing ▁facilities ▁in ▁Russia . ▁It ▁oper ates ▁Russia ' s ▁high ▁pressure ▁gas ▁pip elines ▁and ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁it ▁has ▁held ▁a ▁legal ▁export ▁mon opol y . ▁ ▁Other ▁natural ▁gas ▁produ cers , ▁such ▁as ▁Nov ate k , ▁Russia ' s ▁second ▁largest ▁gas ▁company , ▁are ▁forced ▁to ▁use ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁facilities ▁for ▁processing ▁and ▁transport ▁of ▁natural ▁gas . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Gaz prom ▁had ▁ 2 2 1 , 3 0 0 ▁employees ▁in ▁its |
▁major ▁gas ▁production , ▁transport ation , ▁under ground ▁storage ▁and ▁processing ▁subs idi aries . ▁Of ▁these ▁employees , ▁ 9 . 5 ▁percent ▁were ▁in ▁management , ▁ 2 2 . 9 ▁percent ▁were ▁special ists , ▁ 6 3 . 4 ▁percent ▁were ▁workers ▁and ▁ 4 . 2 ▁percent ▁were ▁other ▁employees . ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁headquarters ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁Ch ery om ush ki ▁District , ▁South - West ern ▁Administr ative ▁Ok rug , ▁Moscow . ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁is ▁a ▁national ▁champion , ▁a ▁concept ▁advoc ated ▁by ▁Put in , ▁in ▁which ▁large ▁companies ▁in ▁strateg ic ▁se ctors ▁are ▁expected ▁not ▁only ▁to ▁seek ▁profit , ▁but ▁also ▁to ▁advance ▁Russia ' s ▁national ▁interests . ▁For ▁example , ▁Gaz prom ▁s ells ▁gas ▁to ▁its ▁domestic ▁market ▁at ▁a ▁price ▁less ▁than ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁global ▁market . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁activities ▁made ▁up ▁ 1 0 ▁percent ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁gross ▁domestic ▁product ▁ ▁Due ▁to ▁its ▁large ▁projects , ▁including ▁international ▁pip es ▁like ▁Nord ▁Stream ▁and ▁Turkish ▁Stream , ▁Gaz prom ▁is ▁a ▁substantial ▁source ▁of ▁re venue ▁for ▁several ▁domestic ▁supp liers ▁and ▁contract ors . ▁ ▁Share hold ers ▁ ▁, ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁main ▁share hold ers ▁were ▁the ▁Federal ▁Agency ▁for ▁State ▁Property ▁Management ▁with ▁ 3 8 . 3 7 % ▁and ▁Ros ne fte g az ▁with ▁ 1 0 . 9 7 %. |
▁T ogether ▁with ▁a ▁ 0 . 8 9 ▁share ▁of ▁Ros g az ifik at si ya , ▁they ▁guaranteed ▁a ▁majority ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁company ▁by ▁the ▁Russian ▁government . ▁The ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁shares ▁were ▁held ▁by ▁invest ors , ▁including ▁ 2 5 . 2 0 % ▁by ▁A DR ▁hold ers ▁on ▁foreign ▁stock ▁mark ets , ▁and ▁ 2 4 . 5 7 % ▁by ▁other ▁legal ▁entities ▁and ▁individuals . ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁is ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁stock ▁mark ets ▁of ▁Moscow , ▁London , ▁Kar achi , ▁Berlin , ▁Frankfurt ▁and ▁Singapore . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁top ▁component ▁of ▁the ▁M IC EX ▁and ▁R TS ▁indices . ▁ ▁Sub s idi aries ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁has ▁several ▁hundred ▁subs idi aries ▁in ▁Russia ▁and ▁abroad ▁which ▁are ▁owned ▁and ▁controlled ▁directly ▁or ▁indirect ly ▁by ▁the ▁company . ▁ ▁Management ▁ ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁Board ▁of ▁Direct ors ▁as ▁of ▁ 9 ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 5 : ▁ ▁Vik tor ▁Z ub kov ▁( Ch air man , ▁Russian ▁Special ▁President ial ▁Represent ative ▁for ▁Co operation ▁with ▁Gas ▁Ex port ing ▁Count ries ▁Forum , ▁First ▁Deput y ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁Russia , ▁former ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁Russia ) ▁ ▁Alex ey ▁Miller ▁( De put y ▁Chair man , ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Management ▁Committee , ▁CE O , ▁Chair man ▁of ▁Gaz prom bank , ▁former ▁Deput y ▁Minister ▁of ▁Energy ▁of ▁Russia ) ▁ ▁And rey ▁Ak |
im ov ▁( Ch air man ▁of ▁Gaz prom bank ) ▁ ▁Far it ▁Gaz iz ull in ▁( former ▁Minister ▁of ▁State ▁Property ▁of ▁Russia , ▁former ▁Minister ▁of ▁Property ▁Rel ations ▁of ▁Russia ) ▁ ▁Tim ur ▁K ul ib ae v ▁( Ch air man ▁of ▁Leg al ▁Ent ities ▁Department ) ▁ ▁V ital y ▁Mark el ov ▁( De put y ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Management ▁Committee ) ▁▁ ▁Vik tor ▁Mart yn ov ▁( R ector ▁of ▁G ub kin ▁Russian ▁State ▁University ▁of ▁O il ▁and ▁Gas , ▁Professor ) ▁ ▁Vladimir ▁Mau ▁( R ector ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁President ial ▁Academy ▁of ▁National ▁Econom y ▁and ▁Public ▁Administration ) ▁ ▁Val ery ▁Mus in ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁Pro cedure ▁Department , ▁Fac ulty ▁of ▁Law , ▁Saint ▁Petersburg ▁State ▁University ) ▁ ▁Alexander ▁Nov ak ▁( Min ister ▁of ▁Energy ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federation ) ▁ ▁Mik h ail ▁Ser eda ▁( De put y ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Management ▁Committee , ▁Head ▁of ▁the ▁Administration ▁of ▁the ▁Management ▁Committee ▁of ▁Gaz prom ) ▁ ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁management ▁committee ▁as ▁of ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 6 : ▁ ▁Alex ei ▁Miller ▁( Ch air man , ▁Deput y ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Board , ▁CE O , ▁Chair man ▁of ▁Gaz prom bank , ▁former ▁Deput y ▁Minister ▁of ▁Energy ▁of ▁Russia , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Alexander ▁An an enk ov ▁( De put |
y ▁Chair man , ▁Deput y ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Board , ▁Gaz prom ▁share holder , ▁member ▁since ▁ 1 7 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Val ery ▁Gol ube v ▁( De put y ▁Chair man , ▁Head ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁for ▁Const ruction ▁and ▁In vest ment , ▁former ▁Head ▁of ▁the ▁Vas ile ost rov sky ▁District , ▁former ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Federation ▁Council ▁of ▁Russia , ▁member ▁since ▁ 1 8 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Alexander ▁K oz lov ▁( De put y ▁Chair man , ▁member ▁since ▁ 1 8 ▁March ▁ 2 0 0 5 ) ▁ ▁And rey ▁K rug lov ▁( De put y ▁Chair man , ▁Head ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁for ▁Fin ance ▁and ▁Econom ics , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁Alexander ▁Med ved ev ▁( De put y ▁Chair man , ▁Deput y ▁Chair man ▁of ▁the ▁Board , ▁former ▁Director ▁General ▁of ▁Gaz prom ▁Ex port , ▁President ▁of ▁Kont inental ▁Hockey ▁League , ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Co ord ination ▁Committee ▁of ▁Ros U kr E ner go , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁Mik h ail ▁Ser eda ▁( De put y ▁Chair man , ▁Head ▁of ▁Administration , ▁Deput y ▁Chair man ▁of ▁Gaz prom bank , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 8 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Serge i ▁U sh akov ▁( De put y ▁Chair man , ▁member |
▁since ▁ 1 8 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁El ena ▁Vas ily e va ▁( De put y ▁Chair man , ▁Chief ▁Account ant , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 1 ) ▁ ▁Bog dan ▁Bud z uly ak ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Gas ▁Transport ation , ▁Under ground ▁Storage ▁and ▁Util ization , ▁member ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁ ▁Nikol ai ▁Dub ik ▁( Head ▁of ▁Leg al ▁Department , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ ▁Konst antin ▁Ch uy chen ko ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Control ▁Department ▁of ▁Russia , ▁president ial ▁a ide ▁to ▁D mit ry ▁Med ved ev , ▁former ▁chairman ▁of ▁Gaz prom ▁Media , ▁executive ▁director ▁of ▁Ros U kr E ner go , ▁former ▁K GB ▁officer , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 2 ) ▁ ▁Vik tor ▁I ly ush in ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Rel ations hips ▁with ▁Regional ▁Author ities ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federation , ▁member ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ ▁Ol ga ▁Pav lo va ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁As set ▁Management ▁and ▁Corpor ate ▁Rel ations , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Vas ili y ▁P ody uk ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Gas , ▁Gas ▁Cond ens ate ▁and ▁O il ▁Production , ▁member ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ ▁V l ada ▁Rus ak ova ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Department |
▁of ▁Str ateg ic ▁Development , ▁member ▁since ▁ 5 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ ▁Kir ill ▁Se lez ne v ▁( Head ▁of ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Mark eting ▁and ▁Process ing ▁of ▁Gas ▁and ▁Li qu id ▁H ydro car b ons , ▁member ▁since ▁ 2 7 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁Director - General ▁of ▁Me zh region g az ) ▁ ▁Sports ▁spons or ships ▁Gaz prom ▁is ▁the ▁owner ▁and ▁spons or ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Premier ▁League ▁football ▁club ▁FC ▁Z en it ▁Saint ▁Petersburg ▁and ▁vol ley ball ▁club ▁V C ▁Z en it - K az an ▁and ▁Gaz prom - U gra ▁S urg ut ▁at ▁Russian ▁Super ▁League . ▁On ▁ 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Gaz prom ▁also ▁became ▁the ▁spons or ▁of ▁the ▁German ▁Bundes liga ▁club ▁FC ▁Sch al ke ▁ 0 4 ▁at ▁a ▁cost ▁of ▁up ▁to ▁€ 2 5 mill ion ▁per ▁year . ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁partners hip ▁was ▁extended ▁for ▁a ▁further ▁ 5 ▁years . ▁The ▁spons or ship ▁was ▁worth ▁$ 1 5 0 m ▁( US D ) ▁over ▁ 5 ▁years . ▁On ▁ 9 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Gaz prom ▁became ▁a ▁spons or ▁of ▁the ▁Ser bian ▁Super L iga ▁football ▁club ▁Red ▁Star ▁Bel grade . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁Gaz prom ▁was ▁a ▁Gold |
▁Part ner ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁professional ▁cy cling ▁team , ▁Team ▁Kat ush a , ▁together ▁with ▁I tera , ▁and ▁Russian ▁Techn ologies ▁( R ost ek hn olog ii ). ▁On ▁ 9 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Gaz prom ▁became ▁a ▁spons or ▁of ▁the ▁UEFA ▁Champions ▁League ▁and ▁UEFA ▁Super ▁Cup . ▁The ▁spons or ship ▁continued ▁for ▁three ▁seasons ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁On ▁ 1 7 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Gaz prom ▁became ▁the ▁official ▁Global ▁Energy ▁partner ▁of ▁the ▁UEFA ▁Champions ▁League ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁w inners ▁Ch else a . ▁The ▁spons or ship ▁continued ▁for ▁three ▁years ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Gaz prom ▁became ▁an ▁official ▁partner ▁of ▁FIFA ▁tournament s ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁to ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁The ▁contract ▁includes ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁FIFA ▁World ▁Cup ▁in ▁Russia . ▁ ▁Gaz prom ▁also ▁was ▁a ▁spons or ▁for ▁the ▁def unct - Min ardi ▁F 1 ▁team ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 - 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁Environment al ▁record ▁According ▁to ▁ge ograph er ▁Richard ▁He ede , ▁Gaz prom ▁is ▁second ▁on ▁the ▁list ▁of ▁companies ▁with ▁the ▁highest ▁level ▁of ▁CO 2 ▁em issions ▁glob ally ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁with ▁ ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁amount ing ▁to ▁almost ▁ |
3 . 4 % ▁of ▁world wide ▁anth rop ogen ic ▁em issions . ▁Gaz prom ▁has ▁been ▁ranked ▁as ▁between ▁the ▁ 1 1 th ▁and ▁ 1 3 th ▁best ▁of ▁ 9 2 ▁oil , ▁gas , ▁and ▁min ing ▁companies ▁on ▁u ph old ing ▁ind igen ous ▁rights ▁in ▁the ▁Ar ctic . ▁ ▁Cont ro vers ies ▁ ▁Y uk os ▁O il ▁fra ud ▁Y ug ansk ne fte g az ▁was ▁the ▁core ▁production ▁subs idi ary ▁of ▁the ▁Y uk os ▁O il ▁Company , ▁which ▁was ▁previously ▁run ▁by ▁a ▁Russian ▁business man , ▁Mik h ail ▁Kh od ork ov sky . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁Russian ▁tax ▁authorities ▁charged ▁Y uk os ▁and ▁Kh od ork ov sky ▁with ▁tax ▁ev asion . ▁On ▁ 1 4 ▁April ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Y uk os ▁was ▁presented ▁with ▁a ▁bill ▁for ▁over ▁US ▁$ 3 5 ▁b n ▁in ▁back ▁tax es ▁and ▁a ▁demand ▁to ▁pay ▁the ▁entire ▁bill ▁the ▁same ▁day . ▁Request s ▁by ▁Y uk os ▁to ▁de fer ▁payment , ▁allow ▁payment ▁by ▁install ments ▁or ▁to ▁dis charge ▁the ▁deb t ▁by ▁sale ▁of ▁peri pher al ▁assets , ▁including ▁its ▁share hold ing ▁in ▁the ▁Sib ne ft ▁oil ▁company , ▁were ▁also ▁refused . ▁ ▁The ▁b ail iffs ▁fro ze ▁Y uk os ’ ▁shares ▁in ▁Y ug ansk ne fte g az ▁and ▁on ▁ |
1 9 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁they ▁placed ▁a ▁notice ▁in ▁the ▁Russian ▁government ▁newspaper ▁Ros si y sk aya ▁gaz eta . ▁Y ug ansk ne fte g az ▁would ▁be ▁sold ▁at ▁an ▁au ction ▁thirty ▁days ▁later ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁The ▁conditions ▁for ▁participation ▁in ▁the ▁au ction ▁included ▁an ▁advance ▁depos it ▁of ▁US ▁$ 1 . 7 ▁b n ▁and ▁prior ▁clear ance ▁by ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federal ▁Ant imon opol y ▁Service . ▁In ▁early ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Gaz prom ▁submitted ▁an ▁application ▁to ▁particip ate ▁in ▁the ▁au ction ▁via ▁its ▁wh olly ▁owned ▁subs idi ary , ▁Gaz prom ne ft . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 5 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Y uk os ▁file d ▁for ▁a ▁bank rupt cy ▁protection ▁in ▁a ▁Houston ▁court , ▁and ▁obtained ▁a ▁temporary ▁inj unction ▁prohib iting ▁Gaz prom ▁from ▁particip ating ▁in ▁the ▁au ction . ▁On ▁ 1 6 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁Western ▁banks ▁with d rew ▁their ▁financial ▁support ▁for ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁application . ▁On ▁the ▁same ▁day , ▁Ba ik alf in ans gru p , ▁a ▁previously ▁unknown ▁company , ▁applied ▁to ▁particip ate ▁in ▁the ▁au ction . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁only ▁two ▁companies ▁appeared ▁at ▁the ▁au ction , ▁Gaz prom ne ft ▁and ▁Ba |
ik alf in ans gru p . ▁Gaz prom ne ft ▁decl ined ▁to ▁place ▁any ▁offer . ▁Ba ik alf in ans gru p ▁acquired ▁Y ug ansk ne fte g az ▁on ▁its ▁first ▁bid . ▁On ▁ 2 3 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Ba ik alf in ans gru p ▁was ▁acquired ▁by ▁Ros ne ft . ▁Ros ne ft ▁later ▁dis closed ▁in ▁its ▁annual ▁financial ▁statement ▁that ▁it ▁had ▁fin anced ▁the ▁ac quisition ▁of ▁Y ug ansk ne fte g az . ▁At ▁the ▁time , ▁Serge y ▁Bog d anch ik ov ▁was ▁the ▁president ▁of ▁Ros ne ft ▁and ▁the ▁chief ▁executive ▁officer ▁of ▁Gaz prom ne ft . ▁ ▁Short ly ▁after ▁the ▁au ction , ▁the ▁planned ▁mer ger ▁between ▁Gaz prom ▁and ▁Ros ne ft ▁was ▁abandoned , ▁and ▁Bog d anch ik ov ▁res igned ▁his ▁post ▁as ▁chief ▁executive ▁officer ▁of ▁Gaz prom ne ft . ▁ ▁On ▁ 7 ▁February ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁in ▁response ▁to ▁a ▁question ▁by ▁a ▁Spanish ▁journalist , ▁Vladimir ▁Put in ▁dis closed ▁that ▁Ros ne ft ▁had ▁used ▁Ba ik alf in ans gru p ▁as ▁a ▁vehicle ▁to ▁ac quire ▁Y ug ansk ne fte g az ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁protect ▁itself ▁against ▁lit ig ation . ▁ ▁Green pe ace ▁protest ▁against ▁ar ctic ▁dr illing ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁oil ▁dr illing ▁in ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁has ▁drawn ▁protest s ▁from ▁environmental ▁groups , |
▁particularly ▁Green pe ace . ▁Green pe ace ▁has ▁opposed ▁oil ▁dr illing ▁in ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁on ▁the ▁grounds ▁that ▁oil ▁dr illing ▁would ▁cause ▁damage ▁to ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁e cos ystem ▁and ▁that ▁there ▁are ▁no ▁safety ▁plans ▁in ▁place ▁to ▁prevent ▁oil ▁sp ills . ▁ ▁In ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Green pe ace ▁had ▁st aged ▁protest s ▁against ▁the ▁Pri raz l om n aya ▁oil ▁platform , ▁the ▁world ' s ▁first ▁off - sh ore ▁Ar ctic ▁dr ill ▁site . ▁On ▁ 1 8 ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁the ▁Green pe ace ▁vessel ▁M V ▁Ar ctic ▁Sun r ise ▁st aged ▁a ▁protest ▁and ▁attempted ▁to ▁board ▁Gaz prom ' s ▁Pri raz l om n aya ▁oil ▁platform , ▁the ▁world ' s ▁first ▁off - sh ore ▁Ar ctic ▁dr ill ▁site . ▁Green pe ace ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁dr ill ▁site ▁could ▁cause ▁massive ▁dis ruption ▁to ▁the ▁Ar ctic ▁e cos ystem . ▁After ▁arrest ing ▁two ▁campaign ers ▁attempting ▁to ▁clim b ▁the ▁rig , ▁the ▁Russian ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁seized ▁control ▁of ▁the ▁Green pe ace ▁ship ▁by ▁making ▁a ▁hel ic opter ▁drop , ▁and ▁arrested ▁thirty ▁Green pe ace ▁activ ists ▁from ▁six teen ▁different ▁national ities . ▁The ▁Ar ctic ▁Sun r ise ▁was ▁to wed ▁by ▁the ▁Russian ▁Coast ▁Guard ▁to ▁Mur m ansk . ▁ ▁The ▁Russian ▁government ▁intended ▁to ▁charge ▁the ▁Green pe ace ▁campaign ers |
▁with ▁pi racy ▁and ▁h ool igan ism , ▁which ▁carried ▁a ▁maximum ▁penalty ▁of ▁fifteen ▁years ▁imprison ment . ▁Green pe ace ▁argued ▁their ▁oper atives ▁were ▁in ▁international ▁waters . ▁The ▁Russian ▁government ' s ▁actions ▁generated ▁protest s ▁from ▁govern ments ▁and ▁environmental ists ▁world wide . ▁According ▁to ▁Phil ▁Rad ford , ▁Executive ▁Director ▁of ▁Green pe ace ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁the ▁reaction ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁coast ▁guard ▁and ▁the ▁courts ▁were ▁the ▁" st iff est ▁response ▁that ▁Green pe ace ▁has ▁encountered ▁from ▁a ▁government ▁since ▁the ▁bomb ing ▁of ▁the ▁Rain bow ▁War rior ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 5 ." ▁The ▁charges ▁of ▁pi racy ▁were ▁dropped ▁in ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁twenty - se ven ▁of ▁the ▁campaign ers ▁were ▁released ▁on ▁b ail . ▁▁▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁first ▁ship ment ▁of ▁Ar ctic ▁oil ▁arrived ▁at ▁a ▁ref in ery ▁in ▁the ▁Netherlands ▁and ▁was ▁purchased ▁by ▁the ▁French ▁company , ▁Total . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁N aft og az ▁ ▁Cent G as ▁cons ort ium ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Russian ▁companies ▁ ▁Ener co ▁Energy ▁ ▁Lak ht a ▁Center ▁ ▁Ob sk aya – B ovan enk ovo ▁Line ▁ ▁Energy ▁Tri angle ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁countries ▁by ▁natural ▁gas ▁production ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁countries ▁by ▁natural ▁gas ▁exports ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁countries ▁by ▁natural ▁gas ▁proven ▁res |
erves ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Russia ▁Category : N atural ▁gas ▁companies ▁of ▁Russia ▁Category : O il ▁companies ▁of ▁Russia ▁Category : N atural ▁gas ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Category : O il ▁companies ▁of ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Category : N atural ▁gas ▁pipeline ▁companies ▁Category : C ong l omer ate ▁companies ▁of ▁Russia ▁Category : G overn ment - owned ▁companies ▁of ▁Russia ▁Category : Mult in ational ▁companies ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁Russia ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁Moscow ▁Category : C ong l omer ate ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Category : E ner gy ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Category : Non - ren ew able ▁resource ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Russia ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁the ▁Soviet ▁Union ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁Moscow ▁Exchange ▁Category : Russ ian ▁br ands <0x0A> </s> ▁National ▁Route ▁ 2 3 9 ▁is ▁a ▁national ▁highway ▁of ▁Japan ▁connecting ▁Ab ash iri , ▁H ok ka id ō ▁and ▁Rum oi , ▁H ok ka id ō ▁in ▁Japan , ▁with ▁a ▁total ▁length ▁of ▁ 3 4 6 . 6 km ▁( 2 1 5 . 3 7 mi ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : National ▁high ways ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : Ro ads ▁in ▁H ok ka ido <0x0A> |
</s> ▁The ▁Maj estic ▁Hotel ▁Group ▁is ▁a ▁Catal an ▁hotel ▁group , ▁with ▁ ▁head ▁office ▁in ▁Barcelona . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁pres ided ▁by ▁the ▁Sol dev ila - C as als ▁family ▁since ▁its ▁foundation , ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 . ▁Currently ▁the ▁group ▁consists ▁of ▁five ▁hot els ▁and ▁two ▁a partment ▁buildings : ▁four ▁of ▁the ▁hot els ▁and ▁the ▁apart ments ▁are ▁based ▁in ▁Barcelona ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁hotel ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Pal ma ▁of ▁Major ca . ▁ ▁Maj estic ▁Hotel ▁& ▁Sp a ▁Barcelona ▁The ▁principal ▁hotel ▁is ▁▁ ▁The ▁Maj estic ▁Hotel ▁& ▁Sp a ▁Barcelona , ▁in ▁Barcelona , ▁the ▁first ▁hotel ▁of ▁the ▁group . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁ 5 - star ▁and ▁Gran ▁Lu jo ▁hotel ▁in ▁P asse ig ▁de ▁G rac ia . ▁It ▁was ▁first ly ▁opened ▁under ▁the ▁name ▁Maj estic ▁Hotel ▁Ingl aterra , ▁but ▁during ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Civil ▁War ▁had ▁to ▁have ▁its ▁name ▁changed ... ▁ ▁The ▁Maj estic ▁Hotel ▁& ▁Sp a ▁Barcelona ▁was ▁present ▁at ▁an ▁important ▁event ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁Catal onia ▁and ▁Spain ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁“ M aj estic ▁P act ”. ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁political ▁p act ▁made ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 ▁that ▁represented ▁an ▁accept ance ▁of ▁Catal an ▁national ism ▁to ▁the ▁rotation ▁power ▁of ▁the ▁Spanish ▁government ▁and ▁the ▁hotel ▁was ▁the ▁place ▁where ▁this ▁happened . ▁The ▁Maj estic ▁Hotel ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁place ▁where ▁journal ists ▁used |
▁to ▁write ▁about ▁the ▁E bro ’ s ▁Battle , ▁the ▁longest ▁and ▁blo ody ▁battle ▁in ▁the ▁Spanish ▁Civil ▁War , ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 , ▁that ▁was ▁covered ▁from ▁distance ▁by ▁the ▁journal ists . ▁ ▁Through ▁the ▁years , ▁the ▁hotel ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁place ▁where ▁many ▁artists ▁and ▁public ▁figures ▁have ▁chosen ▁to ▁stay . ▁One ▁of ▁them ▁was ▁the ▁poet ▁Feder ico ▁García ▁Lor ca , ▁who ▁in ▁his ▁last ▁time ▁in ▁Barcelona , ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 , ▁stayed ▁at ▁the ▁Maj estic . ▁In ▁December ▁of ▁this ▁year , ▁intellect uals ▁and ▁Catal an ▁dedicated ▁to ▁him ▁a ▁dinner ▁because ▁of ▁ ▁his ▁prest ige . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁hotel , ▁the ▁writer ▁Antonio ▁Mach ado ▁and ▁León ▁Fil ipe ▁also ▁stayed ▁a ▁few ▁days ▁in ▁their ▁last ▁month ' s ▁alive . ▁They ▁were ▁both ▁sc aping ▁from ▁the ▁march ▁of ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . ▁ ▁The ▁Maj estic ▁Hotel ▁Group ▁was ▁class ified ▁in ▁the ▁Top ▁ 2 0 ▁by ▁Service ▁in ▁the ▁category ▁Small ▁Lux ury ▁Brand ▁on ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Top ▁Lux ury ▁Hotel ▁& ▁Brand ▁Report ▁by ▁Review Pro . ▁ ▁Other ▁properties ▁The ▁other ▁properties ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁in ▁Barcelona ▁are : ▁the ▁Hotel ▁Mur m uri , ▁a ▁ 4 - star ▁superior ▁hotel ▁ ▁on ▁R amb la ▁Catalunya ; ▁Hotel ▁Mid most , ▁a ▁ 4 - star ▁ ▁bout ique ▁hotel ▁recently ▁opened ▁and ▁Hotel ▁Den it , ▁a |
▁ 3 ▁star ▁located ▁nearby ▁Pla za ▁Catalunya . ▁The ▁two ▁apart ments ▁are : ▁the ▁Mur m uri ▁Res idence ▁and ▁the ▁Maj estic ▁Res idence , ▁ ▁located ▁next ▁to ▁Mur m uri ▁hotel ▁and ▁the ▁Maj estic ▁hotel ▁respectively . ▁In ▁Pal ma ▁of ▁Major ca , ▁the ▁group ▁has ▁the ▁hotel ▁Sant ▁Frances c , ▁a ▁ 5 - star ▁bout ique ▁hotel ▁located ▁on ▁ ▁Sant ▁Frances c ▁Square . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Review ▁at ▁Ye hot els ▁lux ury ▁hot els ▁guide ▁ ▁Category : Comp an ies ▁based ▁in ▁Barcelona ▁Category : Hot el ▁ch ains ▁in ▁Spain ▁Category : Span ish ▁br ands ▁Category : H ospital ity ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁Category : 1 9 1 8 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Spain <0x0A> </s> ▁Statistics ▁of ▁Lat v ian ▁High er ▁League ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁season . ▁ ▁Over view ▁It ▁was ▁cont ested ▁by ▁ 1 4 ▁teams , ▁and ▁Ele ktr ons ▁won ▁the ▁championship . ▁ ▁League ▁stand ings ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁R SS SF ▁ ▁Category : Lat v ian ▁SS R ▁High er ▁League ▁Football ▁ ▁Lat via <0x0A> </s> ▁Prince ▁M oul ay ▁Is mail ▁of ▁Mor oc co ▁() ▁( born ▁ 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 8 1 ) ▁is ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Prince ▁M oul ay ▁Ab dal lah ▁and ▁L alla ▁Lam ia ▁Sol h . ▁His ▁mother ▁is ▁daughter ▁of ▁Ri ad ▁Al |
▁Sol h , ▁the ▁first ▁Prime ▁minister ▁of ▁Leb anon . ▁The ▁Prince ▁has ▁one ▁older ▁brother , ▁Prince ▁M oul ay ▁H ich am . ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 5 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁he ▁married ▁An issa ▁Le hm ku hl , ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁Lieutenant - Col onel ▁O mar ▁Le hm ku hl ▁and ▁his ▁wife , ▁Am ina ▁( G erman ▁citizens ▁converted ▁to ▁Islam ic ▁faith ). ▁They ▁had ▁issue , ▁one ▁son ▁and ▁four ▁daughters : ▁▁ ▁Sh ar if ▁M oul ay ▁Ab dal lah , ▁( born ▁on ▁ ▁at ▁Rab at ), ▁ ▁Sh ar ifa ▁L alla ▁A ish a , ▁( born ▁on ▁▁ ▁at ▁Rab at ), ▁ ▁Sh ar ifa ▁L alla ▁H ala , ▁( born ▁on ▁ ▁at ▁Rab at ). ▁ ▁Sh ar ifa ▁L alla ▁Bah ia , ▁( born ▁on ▁ ▁at ▁Rab at ). ▁ ▁Business ▁Prince ▁Is mail ▁own s ▁The ora ▁holding , ▁which ▁has ▁a ▁ 3 5 % ▁st ake ▁in ▁the ▁now - def unct ▁K IA ▁Mar oc ▁( ex clus ive ▁deal er ▁of ▁K IA ▁cars ▁in ▁Mor oc co ) ▁and ▁also ▁co - own s ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁food ▁& ▁restaur ants ▁franch ises ▁such ▁as ▁P izza ▁Del ▁Arte ▁( sub s idi ary ▁of ▁Gr oupe ▁Le ▁D uff ). ▁ ▁Pat ron ages ▁▁ ▁Honor ary ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Hand ▁in ▁Hand ▁Association . ▁ ▁References ▁ |
▁Category : Mor oc can ▁royal ty ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Rab at ▁Category : 1 9 8 1 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Mor oc can ▁people ▁of ▁Leb an ese ▁descent ▁Category : Mor oc can ▁people ▁of ▁Arab ▁descent ▁Category : Mor oc can ▁princes ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Be ir ut ▁Category : Mor oc can ▁business people <0x0A> </s> ▁Z odia q ▁is ▁an ▁engine ered ▁stone ▁made ▁by ▁Du P ont ▁composed ▁of ▁ 9 3 % ▁quart z ▁cry stal ▁and ▁ 7 % ▁ac ry lic ▁res in , ▁colors ▁and ▁bind ers . ▁The ▁product ▁is ▁manufact ured ▁in ▁Du P ont ' s ▁Gran ire x ▁plant ▁in ▁Th et ford ▁M ines , ▁Canada . ▁It ▁is ▁used ▁most ▁often ▁as ▁kitchen ▁counter top s ▁but ▁also ▁as ▁walls . ▁Its ▁primary ▁advantage ▁is ▁that ▁unlike ▁natural ▁stone ▁products ▁( mar ble , ▁gran ite , ▁lim estone , ▁wood ), ▁Z odia q ▁is ▁non - por ous ▁and ▁does ▁not ▁require ▁a ▁se al ant ▁that ▁must ▁be ▁period ically ▁re app lied . ▁Por ous ▁products , ▁like ▁gran ite , ▁are ▁pr one ▁to ▁growing ▁m olds ▁and ▁st aining . ▁The ▁color ▁of ▁Z odia q ▁is ▁consistent ▁throughout . ▁Du P ont ▁offers ▁a ▁ 1 0 - year ▁war rant y ▁on ▁the ▁installation , ▁( as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁product ▁itself ) ▁if ▁the ▁job ▁is ▁done ▁by |
▁a ▁cert ified ▁fabric ator / install er . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Du P ont ' s ▁Z odia q ▁website ▁ ▁Z odia q ▁in ▁a ▁green ▁kitchen ▁rem odel ▁ ▁Category : B rand ▁name ▁materials ▁Category : D u P ont <0x0A> </s> ▁Ad rian ▁S util ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 1 1 ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 3 ) ▁is ▁a ▁German ▁racing ▁driver , ▁who ▁rac ed ▁in ▁Formula ▁One ▁for ▁seven ▁seasons : ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 7 - 2 0 1 1 , ▁then ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 - 2 0 1 4 . ▁He ▁drove ▁for ▁the ▁Sp y ker ▁F 1 ▁Team , ▁Force ▁India ▁F 1 ▁Team ▁and ▁the ▁Sa uber ▁F 1 ▁Team . ▁He ▁was ▁also ▁the ▁reserve ▁driver ▁for ▁the ▁Williams ▁F 1 ▁Team ▁in ▁. ▁ ▁S util ▁started ▁k art ing ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 1 4 ▁and ▁moved ▁into ▁single ▁se ater ▁racing ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁in ▁the ▁Swiss ▁Formula ▁Ford ▁series ▁where ▁he ▁won ▁the ▁title . ▁He ▁moved ▁up ▁into ▁Formula ▁Masters ▁Austria ▁and ▁started ▁ 1 ▁race ▁before ▁ste pping ▁into ▁Formula ▁B MW ▁AD AC ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁S util ▁then ▁rac ed ▁in ▁the ▁Formula ▁ 3 ▁Euro series ▁where ▁he ▁was ▁the ▁runner - up ▁to ▁Lewis ▁Hamilton ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁He ▁went ▁to ▁Japan ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁to ▁race ▁in ▁the ▁All |
- J apan ▁Formula ▁Three ▁Championship ▁and ▁also ▁finished ▁ 3 rd ▁in ▁the ▁Mac au ▁Grand ▁Prix . ▁ ▁Having ▁been ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁Mid land ▁F 1 ▁test ▁team , ▁S util ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁a ▁race ▁seat ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁Sp y ker ▁F 1 ▁team ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁S util ▁continued ▁to ▁race ▁with ▁the ▁team ▁under ▁their ▁new ▁gu ise ▁Force ▁India ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁where ▁he ▁remained ▁until ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁Having ▁made ▁his ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁sport ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁again ▁with ▁Force ▁India , ▁he ▁competed ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁season ▁with ▁the ▁Sa uber ▁team . ▁ ▁Biography ▁Born ▁in ▁St arn berg , ▁West ▁Germany , ▁S util ▁is ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁professional ▁mus icians ▁Mon ika , ▁a ▁German , ▁and ▁Jorge , ▁a ▁Uruguay an . ▁He ▁has ▁two ▁brothers , ▁named ▁Daniel ▁and ▁Rap ha el . ▁ ▁He ▁we igh s ▁ 7 5 ▁kil og rams ▁( 1 6 5 ▁pounds ) ▁and ▁is ▁ 1 8 3 ▁cent im eters ▁( 6 ▁feet ) ▁tall . ▁ ▁A ▁tal ented ▁pian ist , ▁S util ▁started ▁k art ing ▁at ▁ 1 4 ▁before ▁moving ▁up ▁to ▁Swiss ▁Formula ▁Ford ▁ 1 8 0 0 ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁He ▁won ▁all ▁ten ▁r ounds ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁from ▁pole ▁and ▁added ▁five ▁wins ▁in ▁the ▁Formula ▁Masters |
▁Austria ▁championship . ▁S util ▁speak s ▁fl uent ▁German , ▁English , ▁and ▁Spanish ▁and ▁a ▁little ▁Italian . ▁ ▁Formula ▁B MW ▁and ▁Formula ▁Three ▁When ▁S util ▁moved ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁Formula ▁B MW ▁AD AC ▁championship ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁he ▁finished ▁in ▁sixth ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁series , ▁but ▁with ▁no ▁wins . ▁The ▁following ▁season ▁he ▁stepped ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁Formula ▁ 3 ▁Euro series ▁with ▁Col in ▁Kol les ' ▁team . ▁Although ▁he ▁scored ▁only ▁twice , ▁the ▁connection ▁he ▁made ▁with ▁Kol les ▁would ▁prove ▁useful ▁in ▁the ▁future . ▁He ▁moved ▁to ▁the ▁AS M ▁team ▁at ▁the ▁final ▁round ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁ ▁S util ▁stayed ▁with ▁AS M ▁for ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁and ▁was ▁joined ▁by ▁British ▁driver ▁Lewis ▁Hamilton . ▁Hamilton ▁won ▁more ▁races ▁than ▁S util , ▁but ▁the ▁German ▁was ▁runner - up ▁to ▁Hamilton ▁and ▁the ▁Brit on ' s ▁only ▁serious ▁compet itor ▁in ▁the ▁championship ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁Mar l bor o ▁Masters ▁of ▁Formula ▁Three ▁at ▁Z and vo ort . ▁ ▁S util ▁missed ▁the ▁last ▁two ▁r ounds ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁Euro series ▁after ▁joining ▁A 1 ▁Team ▁Germany ▁for ▁the ▁inaug ural ▁A 1 ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁series . ▁He ▁rac ed ▁for ▁them ▁at ▁three ▁events ▁in ▁Portugal , ▁Australia ▁and ▁Dub ai , ▁his ▁best ▁result ▁being ▁two ▁tw elf th ▁places . ▁ ▁He ▁spent ▁ 2 0 0 6 |
▁racing ▁in ▁Japan ▁and ▁won ▁the ▁All - J apan ▁Formula ▁Three ▁Championship . ▁He ▁showed ▁a ▁very ▁strong ▁performance ▁all ▁season . ▁He ▁also ▁finished ▁third ▁in ▁the ▁Mac au ▁Formula ▁Three ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁and ▁made ▁a ▁one - off ▁appearance ▁in ▁Japanese ▁Super ▁GT . ▁ ▁Formula ▁One ▁ ▁Mid land ▁( 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ ▁That ▁year ▁also ▁saw ▁S util ▁enter ▁Formula ▁One . ▁In ▁January , ▁he ▁was ▁confirmed ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁three ▁test ▁drivers ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁Mid land ▁F 1 ▁Racing ▁team , ▁along ▁with ▁Mark us ▁W inkel ho ck ▁and ▁Giorg io ▁Mond ini . ▁This ▁came ▁thanks ▁to ▁his ▁connections ▁with ▁Col in ▁Kol les , ▁who ▁was ▁then ▁running ▁the ▁team . ▁ ▁S util ▁appeared ▁for ▁the ▁team ▁as ▁the ▁third ▁driver ▁at ▁the ▁European , ▁French ▁and ▁Japanese ▁Gr ands ▁Prix . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁of ▁his ▁third ▁appearance , ▁the ▁out fit ▁had ▁been ▁bought ▁by ▁Sp y ker ▁C ars . ▁At ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁he ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁second ▁driver ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁season , ▁having ▁been ▁signed ▁on ▁a ▁multi - year ▁contract ▁by ▁the ▁Sp y ker ▁M F 1 ▁Team . ▁In ▁an ▁interview ▁with ▁the ▁Official ▁Formula ▁One ▁website , ▁S util ' s ▁first ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁team mate , ▁Christ ij an ▁Al bers , ▁commented ▁that ▁" Ad rian ▁is ▁a ▁good ▁driver ▁and ▁he ▁will ▁be ▁quick |
▁this ▁year , ▁but ▁as ▁a ▁driver ▁you ▁should ▁always ▁be ▁pushing ▁to ▁the ▁limits ▁without ▁thinking ▁what ▁the ▁gu y ▁in ▁the ▁car ▁next ▁to ▁you ▁is ▁doing . ▁But ▁Ad rian ▁will ▁be ▁a ▁good ▁team - mate ▁and ▁it ▁looks ▁as ▁though ▁he ' s ▁going ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁big ▁talent ▁[ for ▁the ▁future ] ". ▁ ▁Sp y ker ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁ ▁During ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁S util ▁out - qual ified ▁and ▁out - rac ed ▁his ▁team - mate ▁Al bers ▁at ▁all ▁Gr ands ▁Prix ▁before ▁the ▁Dutch man ▁was ▁replaced ▁by ▁S util ' s ▁coun tr yman ▁Mark us ▁W inkel ho ck , ▁test ▁driver ▁for ▁the ▁team ▁up ▁until ▁that ▁time ▁at ▁the ▁European ▁Grand ▁Prix . ▁S util ▁out - qual ified ▁W inkel ho ck , ▁although ▁the ▁latter ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁lead ▁the ▁race ▁and ▁restart ▁after ▁a ▁sudden ▁down p our . ▁W inkel ho ck ▁res umed ▁his ▁third ▁driver ▁role ▁for ▁the ▁following ▁grand ▁prix ▁at ▁Hung ary ▁when ▁Japanese ▁driver ▁Sak on ▁Yam am oto ▁took ▁over ▁the ▁second ▁team ▁seat . ▁S util ▁out - per formed ▁Yam am oto ▁in ▁the ▁race , ▁passing ▁H onda ▁drivers ▁Rub ens ▁Bar rich ello ▁and ▁J enson ▁Button . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁Hung arian ▁Grand ▁Prix , ▁S util ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Sp y ker ▁driver ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁to ▁beat ▁another ▁running ▁class |
ified ▁finish er , ▁H onda ' s ▁Rub ens ▁Bar rich ello . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁Turkish ▁Grand ▁Prix , ▁a ▁B - spec ▁car ▁was ▁expected ▁for ▁the ▁Sp y ker ▁team ▁but ▁it ▁failed ▁a ▁rear ▁crash ▁test ▁and ▁S util ▁continued ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁older ▁spec ▁car . ▁After ▁fuel ▁pressure ▁problems , ▁he ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁start ▁the ▁race ▁from ▁the ▁p its ▁and ▁finished ▁five ▁la ps ▁behind . ▁At ▁Mon za , ▁despite ▁the ▁introduction ▁of ▁the ▁B - spec ▁Sp y ker ▁F 8 - V II ▁and ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁circuit , ▁the ▁Sp yk ers ▁were ▁largely ▁un comp et itive ▁once ▁again ▁and ▁S util ▁finished ▁ 1 9 th , ▁again ▁only ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁his ▁team - mate . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁Belg ian ▁Grand ▁Prix , ▁the ▁strength s ▁of ▁the ▁B - spec ▁car ▁were ▁fully ▁evident ▁with ▁both ▁S util ▁and ▁Yam am oto ▁setting ▁compet itive ▁times ▁through ▁the ▁three ▁practice ▁sessions ▁cul min ating ▁in ▁S util ▁qual ifying ▁only ▁half ▁a ▁second ▁behind ▁ 1 6 th ▁placed ▁man ▁Vit anton io ▁Li uz zi . ▁During ▁the ▁race , ▁S util ▁passed ▁the ▁Toy ota ▁of ▁Jar no ▁Tr ul li , ▁H ond as ▁of ▁Rub ens ▁Bar rich ello ▁and ▁J enson ▁Button ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Red ▁Bull ' s ▁David ▁C oul th ard , ▁Tor o ▁Ros so ' s ▁Vit anton io ▁Li uz |
zi ▁and ▁Williams ▁driver ▁Alexander ▁W urz . ▁He ▁ran ▁as ▁high ▁as ▁ 1 2 th ▁before ▁finishing ▁ 1 4 th . ▁He ▁was ▁highly ▁pra ised ▁for ▁his ▁efforts ▁by ▁both ▁team ▁and ▁media . ▁ ▁Two ▁weeks ▁later ▁in ▁the ▁rain ▁at ▁Fu ji ▁Speed way , ▁Japan , ▁it ▁seemed ▁S util ▁had ▁narrow ly ▁missed ▁an ▁opportunity ▁to ▁score ▁Sp y ker ' s ▁first ▁ever ▁point , ▁briefly ▁holding ▁ 8 th ▁position ▁on ▁the ▁pen ult imate ▁lap ▁of ▁the ▁high - attr ition ▁race ▁after ▁Nick ▁He id feld ▁retired ▁his ▁B MW , ▁but ▁was ▁almost ▁immediately ▁passed ▁by ▁fellow ▁back marker ▁Vit anton io ▁Li uz zi ▁in ▁the ▁Tor o ▁Ros so ▁and ▁finished ▁ 9 th . ▁After ▁the ▁race ▁it ▁was ▁found ▁that ▁Li uz zi ▁had ▁over t aken ▁S util ▁under ▁yellow ▁flags , ▁and ▁the ▁ 2 5 - second ▁penalty ▁for ▁the ▁Italian ▁promoted ▁S util ▁to ▁the ▁final ▁points ▁position . ▁Tor o ▁Ros so ▁appe aled ▁the ▁decision , ▁but ▁the ▁penalty ▁was ▁u ph eld . ▁ ▁Sp y ker ▁were ▁not ▁compet itive ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁two ▁races ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁neither ▁of ▁which ▁S util ▁finished . ▁He ▁has ▁been ▁pra ised ▁by ▁many ▁for ▁his ▁performances ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Formula ▁One ▁Championship . ▁Despite ▁driving ▁the ▁most ▁un comp et itive ▁car ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁the ▁German ▁ro ok ie ▁im pressed ▁by |
▁not ▁only ▁domin ating ▁all ▁of ▁his ▁team m ates ▁in ▁both ▁qual ifying ▁and ▁race ▁conditions , ▁but ▁also ▁by ▁challeng ing ▁other ▁drivers ▁with ▁superior ▁equipment . ▁ ▁Force ▁India ▁( 2 0 0 8 – 2 0 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁ ▁S util ▁continued ▁with ▁the ▁team ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁under ▁its ▁new ▁identity ▁as ▁Force ▁India , ▁after ▁briefly ▁entertain ing ▁the ▁possibility ▁of ▁a ▁drive ▁with ▁Mc L aren ▁or ▁Williams . ▁The ▁first ▁two ▁races ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁ended ▁with ▁mechanical ▁fail ures ▁ ▁While ▁running ▁in ▁a ▁very ▁strong ▁fourth ▁position ▁in ▁Mon aco ▁with ▁six ▁la ps ▁remaining , ▁he ▁was ▁hit ▁in ▁the ▁rear ▁by ▁fifth ▁placed ▁K imi ▁R ä ikk ön en ▁who ▁lost ▁control ▁of ▁his ▁car ▁while ▁bra king ▁for ▁the ▁har bour ▁ch icane . ▁A ▁crash ▁a ▁few ▁la ps ▁earlier ▁had ▁resulted ▁in ▁the ▁safety ▁car ▁being ▁deployed , ▁with ▁S util ▁losing ▁his ▁considerable ▁lead ▁over ▁the ▁Finn ish ▁driver . ▁S util ' s ▁car ▁suffered ▁damage ▁to ▁the ▁rear ▁diff user , ▁and ▁he ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁ret ire . ▁Mike ▁Gas co y ne ▁called ▁for ▁R ä ikk ön en ▁to ▁be ▁pun ished ▁over ▁the ▁incident . ▁No ▁pun ishment , ▁however , ▁was ▁given . ▁However , ▁S util ▁had ▁over t aken ▁three ▁cars ▁under ▁yellow ▁flags ▁and ▁according ▁to ▁ste ward ▁Paul ▁Gut jahr |
, ▁should ▁he ▁have ▁reached ▁the ▁che quer ed ▁flag , ▁he ▁would ▁have ▁been ▁given ▁a ▁ 2 5 - second ▁penalty ▁which ▁would ▁have ▁dropped ▁him ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁point - sc oring ▁positions . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 7 ▁October ▁Force ▁India ▁announced ▁they ▁would ▁keep ▁S util ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁season . ▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁S util ▁and ▁the ▁Force ▁India ▁team ▁started ▁the ▁year ▁with ▁a ▁real ▁optim ism ▁of ▁points ▁scoring ▁finish es ▁when ▁the ▁European ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁started ▁after ▁the ▁first ▁four ▁races . ▁BBC ▁comment ator ▁Martin ▁Bru nd le ▁expressed ▁his ▁personal ▁view ▁that : ▁ ▁In ▁Australia , ▁after ▁starting ▁from ▁ 1 6 th ▁on ▁the ▁grid , ▁S util ▁progress ed ▁stead ily ▁through ▁the ▁field ▁to ▁finish ▁just ▁outside ▁the ▁points ▁in ▁ 9 th ▁place . ▁In ▁Malays ia , ▁he ▁qualified ▁ 1 9 th ▁and ▁finished ▁ 1 5 th ▁when ▁the ▁race ▁was ▁stopped ▁on ▁lap ▁ 3 3 ▁due ▁to ▁tor r ential ▁rain . ▁ ▁In ▁China , ▁S util ▁was ▁running ▁in ▁ 6 th ▁place ▁with ▁ 6 ▁la ps ▁remaining ▁when ▁he ▁lost ▁control ▁of ▁his ▁Force ▁India – ▁due ▁to ▁aqu ap lan ing – ▁resulting ▁in ▁him ▁crash ing ▁and ▁forcing ▁him ▁to ▁ret ire . ▁ ▁In ▁Bah rain , ▁S util ▁was ▁pen al ised ▁for ▁blocking ▁Mark ▁Web ber ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁qual ifying ▁session . |
▁He ▁personally ▁walked ▁into ▁Mark ' s ▁room ▁to ▁apolog ise ▁for ▁the ▁incident . ▁ ▁In ▁Spain , ▁after ▁running ▁wide ▁at ▁the ▁first ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁lap ▁S util ▁rejo ined ▁the ▁track ▁only ▁to ▁hit ▁the ▁Toy ota ▁of ▁Jar no ▁Tr ul li . ▁The ▁Italian ▁had ▁also ▁run ▁wide ▁and ▁was ▁rejo ining ▁the ▁track . ▁ ▁This ▁forced ▁both ▁drivers ▁to ▁ret ire ▁and ▁caused ▁the ▁two ▁Tor o ▁Ross os ▁of ▁S éb ast ien ▁Bour da is ▁and ▁S éb ast ien ▁Bu emi ▁to ▁crash ▁into ▁each ▁other . ▁ ▁In ▁Mon aco , ▁S util ▁finished ▁ 1 4 th ▁and ▁finished ▁ 1 7 th ▁in ▁Turkey , ▁after ▁qual ifying ▁a ▁career - best ▁of ▁ 1 5 th . ▁ ▁In ▁qual ifying ▁in ▁Britain , ▁S util ▁went ▁off ▁at ▁Ab bey ▁corner ▁after ▁bra ke ▁failure ▁in ▁Q 1 . ▁Qual ifying ▁was ▁red ▁flag ged ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁result ▁no ▁one ▁else ▁could ▁post ▁a ▁lap ▁time . ▁This ▁meant ▁that ▁S util ▁was ▁to ▁start ▁from ▁ 1 8 th ▁on ▁the ▁grid , ▁although ▁the ▁team ▁had ▁hoped ▁that ▁both ▁S util ▁and ▁Gian car lo ▁F is ich ella ▁would ▁get ▁into ▁Q 2 . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁damage ▁caused ▁by ▁the ▁accident ▁he ▁had ▁to ▁start ▁from ▁the ▁pit ▁l ane ▁because ▁he ▁needed ▁to ▁use ▁a ▁new ▁car ▁and ▁a ▁new ▁engine , ▁and ▁went ▁on ▁to ▁finish ▁ 1 7 |
th ▁in ▁an ▁une vent ful ▁race . ▁ ▁In ▁Germany , ▁S util ▁took ▁advantage ▁of ▁the ▁un predict able ▁conditions ▁in ▁qual ifying , ▁and ▁secured ▁his ▁best - ever ▁qual ifying ▁position ▁of ▁sevent h . ▁In ▁the ▁race , ▁he ▁was ▁lying ▁in ▁second ▁place ▁for ▁a ▁while ▁before ▁his ▁first ▁pit ▁stop . ▁However , ▁a ▁collision ▁with ▁K imi ▁R ä ikk ön en ▁after ▁coming ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁pit ▁l ane ▁meant ▁he ▁had ▁to ▁pit ▁again ▁to ▁replace ▁his ▁front ▁wing . ▁He ▁finished ▁ 1 5 th . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁time ▁that ▁a ▁collision ▁with ▁R ä ikk ön en ▁cost ▁S util ▁the ▁chance ▁to ▁score ▁points , ▁after ▁the ▁previous ▁incident ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁Mon aco ▁Grand ▁Prix . ▁ ▁In ▁Hung ary , ▁he ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁ret ire ▁after ▁just ▁two ▁la ps ▁because ▁a ▁water ▁temperature ▁problem ▁caused ▁the ▁engine ▁to ▁over he at , ▁after ▁qual ifying ▁ 1 7 th . ▁ ▁In ▁Val encia , ▁new ▁aer od ynamic ▁up gr ades ▁for ▁the ▁V J M 0 2 ▁saw ▁him ▁qual ify ▁ 1 2 th , ▁and ▁he ▁then ▁rac ed ▁stead ily ▁to ▁finish ▁ 1 0 th , ▁demonstr ating ▁that ▁the ▁team ▁were ▁at ▁last ▁showing ▁signs ▁of ▁compet it iveness , ▁as ▁team mate ▁F is ich ella ▁finished ▁ 1 2 th ▁behind ▁He id feld ' s ▁B MW ▁Sa uber . |
▁ ▁In ▁Belg ium , ▁he ▁qualified ▁ 1 1 th , ▁although ▁the ▁main ▁celebr ations ▁in ▁the ▁Force ▁India ▁pit ▁were ▁for ▁team mate ▁Gian car lo ▁F is ich ella ' s ▁excellent ▁pole ▁position . ▁S util ▁finished ▁ 1 1 th , ▁while ▁F is ich ella ▁finished ▁less ▁than ▁a ▁second ▁behind ▁K imi ▁R ä ikk ön en ' s ▁race - win ning ▁Ferr ari . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁, ▁S util ▁took ▁his ▁career ▁best ▁qual ifying ▁result ▁of ▁second ▁place ▁and ▁finished ▁fourth ▁in ▁the ▁race ▁behind ▁R ä ikk ön en , ▁despite ▁accident ally ▁over sh oot ing ▁his ▁mechan ics ▁during ▁his ▁final ▁pit ▁stop , ▁but ▁they ▁suffered ▁only ▁minor ▁inj uries . ▁He ▁also ▁recorded ▁the ▁fast est ▁lap ▁of ▁the ▁race , ▁his ▁first ▁in ▁Formula ▁One ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁fast est ▁lap ▁recorded ▁for ▁Force ▁India . ▁This ▁finish ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁best ▁of ▁his ▁F 1 ▁career . ▁▁ ▁In ▁Singapore , ▁S util ▁was ▁forced ▁to ▁ret ire ▁after ▁he ▁coll ided ▁with ▁Nick ▁He id feld ▁of ▁B MW ▁Sa uber , ▁moving ▁into ▁his ▁path ▁as ▁he ▁recovered ▁from ▁a ▁spin . ▁After ▁the ▁race , ▁S util ▁was ▁repr im and ed ▁by ▁race ▁ste wards ▁and ▁f ined ▁$ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁for ▁causing ▁an ▁avoid able ▁accident . ▁ ▁In ▁Japan , ▁S util ▁took ▁his ▁second ▁best ▁career ▁qual ifying ▁result ▁of ▁fourth , ▁but |
▁was ▁given ▁a ▁ 5 ▁grid ▁place ▁penalty ▁along ▁with ▁J enson ▁Button , ▁Rub ens ▁Bar rich ello ▁and ▁Fernando ▁Al onso ▁for ▁not ▁slow ing ▁down ▁while ▁yellow ▁flags ▁were ▁w aved ▁( due ▁to ▁a ▁crash ▁by ▁Sebast ien ▁Bu emi , ▁who ▁was ▁also ▁dem oted ▁five ▁places ▁for ▁attempting ▁to ▁drive ▁his ▁badly ▁dam aged ▁Tor o ▁Ros so ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁p its ) ▁and ▁started ▁the ▁race ▁from ▁e ighth ▁on ▁the ▁grid . ▁S util ▁finished ▁ 1 3 th . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁wet ▁qual ifying ▁session ▁in ▁Brazil , ▁S util ▁qualified ▁third , ▁but ▁retired ▁on ▁lap ▁one ▁following ▁a ▁collision ▁with ▁the ▁Toy ota ▁of ▁Jar no ▁Tr ul li . ▁Out ▁of ▁control ▁on ▁the ▁wet ▁grass ▁outside ▁Turn ▁ 5 , ▁Tr ul li ▁hit ▁S util , ▁and ▁then ▁sl id ▁back ▁onto ▁the ▁track ▁and ▁struck ▁Al onso ' s ▁Ren ault , ▁resulting ▁in ▁all ▁three ▁being ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁race . ▁Tr ul li ▁bl amed ▁S util ▁for ▁pushing ▁him ▁outside ▁the ▁track ▁at ▁the ▁fifth ▁corner ▁and ▁thus ▁causing ▁the ▁accident , ▁and ▁fur iously ▁ber ated ▁the ▁German ▁at ▁the ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁track ▁in ▁full - view ▁of ▁world wide ▁TV ▁cam eras . ▁This ▁time ▁the ▁ste wards ▁took ▁no ▁action ▁against ▁S util ▁for ▁the ▁accident , ▁while ▁Tr ul li ▁was ▁f ined ▁$ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁for ▁his ▁un accept able ▁behaviour . ▁The |
▁matter ▁was ▁not ▁resolved ▁however , ▁as ▁S util ▁and ▁Tr ul li ▁still ▁argued ▁about ▁the ▁accident ▁two ▁weeks ▁later ▁at ▁the ▁driver ' s ▁press ▁conference ▁for ▁the ▁. ▁ ▁In ▁Ab u ▁D hab i , ▁S util ▁was ▁unus ually ▁off ▁the ▁pace , ▁qual ifying ▁only ▁ 1 8 th ▁on ▁the ▁grid . ▁Although ▁he ▁over to ok ▁several ▁cars ▁during ▁the ▁race , ▁a ▁poor ▁pit ▁strategy ▁resulted ▁in ▁S util ▁finishing ▁the ▁race ▁at ▁the ▁back ▁of ▁the ▁field , ▁scra pping ▁with ▁F is ich ella ▁( who ▁had ▁joined ▁Ferr ari ) ▁and ▁Ren ault ' s ▁Rom ain ▁Gros je an . ▁The ▁German ▁eventually ▁finished ▁ 1 7 th , ▁ 1 ▁lap ▁down ▁but ▁ahead ▁of ▁the ▁French man . ▁▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁ ▁S util ▁was ▁in ▁tal ks ▁with ▁Force ▁India ▁to ▁renew ▁his ▁contract , ▁and ▁on ▁ 2 7 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁team ▁announced ▁that ▁the ▁German ' s ▁contract ▁had ▁been ▁renew ed , ▁while ▁test - driver ▁Vit anton io ▁Li uz zi ▁was ▁given ▁a ▁full - time ▁race ▁seat . ▁S util ▁qualified ▁t enth ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁two ▁races ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁but ▁a ▁collision ▁with ▁Robert ▁Kub ica ▁in ▁Bah rain ▁and ▁a ▁mechanical ▁failure ▁in ▁Australia ▁meant ▁he ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁score ▁points ▁in ▁either ▁race . ▁However , ▁S util ▁commented ▁that ▁the ▁performances ▁proved ▁that ▁the ▁team ▁could ▁now |
▁score ▁points ▁in ▁dry ▁races . ▁This ▁comment ▁was ▁back ed ▁up ▁by ▁S util ' s ▁fifth - place ▁finish ▁in ▁the ▁following ▁race ▁in ▁Malays ia . ▁In ▁China ▁he ▁finished ▁ 1 1 th . ▁In ▁Spain ▁he ▁finished ▁ 7 th ▁and ▁in ▁Mon aco ▁he ▁finished ▁ 8 th . ▁S util ▁again ▁finished ▁in ▁the ▁points ▁in ▁Turkey ▁with ▁a ▁ 9 th ▁place . ▁He ▁followed ▁this ▁result ▁with ▁points ▁scoring ▁finish es ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁three ▁r ounds ▁in ▁Canada , ▁Europe ▁and ▁Britain . ▁▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁ ▁S util ▁remained ▁with ▁Force ▁India ▁for ▁, ▁and ▁was ▁joined ▁by ▁D TM ▁champion ▁Paul ▁di ▁R esta . ▁In ▁the ▁first ▁three ▁races ▁of ▁the ▁season , ▁S util ▁was ▁out - qual ified ▁by ▁di ▁R esta . ▁S util ▁finished ▁nin th ▁in ▁the ▁, ▁at ▁the ▁exp ense ▁of ▁the ▁Sa uber ▁cars ▁being ▁dis qual ified ▁from ▁the ▁race , ▁having ▁finished ▁ele vent h ▁on ▁the ▁road . ▁In ▁Malays ia , ▁S util ▁finished ▁ele vent h , ▁just ▁behind ▁di ▁R esta , ▁and ▁in ▁China , ▁he ▁qualified ▁ele vent h . ▁In ▁Mon aco , ▁he ▁had ▁his ▁best ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁season , ▁finishing ▁sevent h . ▁He ▁retired ▁in ▁Canada ▁after ▁hitting ▁a ▁wall , ▁which ▁resulted ▁in ▁damage ▁to ▁his ▁car ' s ▁susp ension . ▁A ▁nin th - place ▁finish ▁in ▁Val encia ▁was ▁followed ▁by ▁ele vent |
h ▁at ▁the ▁, ▁missing ▁out ▁on ▁the ▁final ▁points - sc oring ▁position , ▁held ▁by ▁Ja ime ▁Al gu ers u ari , ▁by ▁just ▁ 0 . 6 ▁seconds . ▁At ▁his ▁home ▁race , ▁S util ▁took ▁a ▁season ▁best ▁finish ▁of ▁sixth ▁place , ▁after ▁implementing ▁a ▁different ▁strategy ▁to ▁some ▁of ▁the ▁drivers ▁around ▁him ▁on ▁the ▁grid , ▁making ▁just ▁two ▁pit ▁stops ▁to ▁the ▁three ▁made ▁by ▁his ▁riv als . ▁ ▁Despite ▁qual ifying ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ten ▁in ▁Hung ary , ▁S util ▁could ▁only ▁finish ▁ 1 4 th , ▁before ▁another ▁points - sc oring ▁finish – ▁finishing ▁sevent h , ▁after ▁starting ▁ 1 5 th ▁on ▁the ▁grid ▁after ▁an ▁accident ▁in ▁qual ifying – ▁at ▁the ▁. ▁He ▁retired ▁at ▁Mon za ▁after ▁his ▁car ▁suffered ▁a ▁hyd ra ul ics ▁problem , ▁before ▁an ▁e ighth - place ▁finish ▁in ▁Singapore , ▁holding ▁off ▁a ▁late - race ▁challenge ▁from ▁F eli pe ▁Mass a . ▁In ▁Japan , ▁S util ▁ran ▁inside ▁the ▁top ▁ten ▁pla c ings ▁for ▁much ▁of ▁the ▁race , ▁but ▁finished ▁the ▁race ▁just ▁outside ▁the ▁points ▁in ▁ele vent h ▁place , ▁having ▁been ▁passed ▁by ▁V ital y ▁Pet rov ▁and ▁N ico ▁Ros berg ▁in ▁the ▁closing ▁stages ▁of ▁the ▁race . ▁Another ▁ele vent h ▁place ▁followed ▁in ▁Korea , ▁before ▁a ▁nin th - place ▁finish ▁in ▁the ▁inaug ural ▁race ▁in ▁India . |
▁At ▁the ▁final ▁race ▁in ▁Brazil , ▁S util ▁matched ▁his ▁best ▁finish ▁of ▁the ▁season ▁with ▁sixth ▁place , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁result , ▁moved ▁into ▁nin th ▁place ▁in ▁the ▁final ▁championship ▁stand ings . ▁ ▁Shang hai ▁night club ▁incident ▁and ▁assault ▁conv iction ▁On ▁the ▁evening ▁following ▁the ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁, ▁S util ▁was ▁involved ▁in ▁an ▁incident ▁with ▁Gen ii ▁Capital ▁CE O ▁and ▁owner ▁of ▁the ▁Lot us ▁F 1 ▁team ▁Eric ▁Lux ▁in ▁a ▁night club ▁in ▁Shang hai . ▁S util ▁struck ▁Lux ▁with ▁a ▁champ agne ▁glass , ▁causing ▁a ▁w ound ▁in ▁his ▁neck ▁which ▁required ▁ 2 4 ▁st itch es . ▁S util ▁apolog ised ▁for ▁the ▁incident , ▁which ▁he ▁described ▁as ▁un intent ional . ▁Lux ' s ▁law y ers ▁file d ▁a ▁criminal ▁compla int ▁for ▁physical ▁assault ▁and ▁gr iev ous ▁bod ily ▁harm ▁against ▁S util . ▁Force ▁India ▁owner ▁V ij ay ▁M ally a ▁refused ▁to ▁take ▁action ▁against ▁S util ▁until ▁the ▁case ▁proceeded ▁further , ▁but ▁on ▁ 1 6 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁Force ▁India ▁announced ▁they ▁had ▁opt ed ▁not ▁to ▁renew ▁S util ' s ▁contract ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁and ▁would ▁field ▁reserve ▁driver ▁N ico ▁H ül ken berg ▁alongside ▁di ▁R esta . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 3 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁German ▁pro sec utors ▁announced ▁that ▁S util ▁would ▁stand ▁trial |
▁over ▁the ▁incident , ▁charged ▁with ▁assault ▁occasion ing ▁gr iev ous ▁bod ily ▁harm . ▁S util ▁was ▁conv icted ▁of ▁the ▁charge ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁and ▁received ▁an ▁ 1 8 - month ▁susp ended ▁prison ▁sentence , ▁along ▁with ▁a ▁€ 2 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁fine ▁that ▁was ▁to ▁be ▁don ated ▁to ▁char ities ▁" of ▁the ▁court ' s ▁choosing ." ▁S util ▁initially ▁had ▁planned ▁on ▁appe aling ▁his ▁conv iction ▁but ▁eventually ▁decided ▁not ▁to . ▁ ▁Lewis ▁Hamilton , ▁among ▁S util ' s ▁friends ▁at ▁the ▁time , ▁was ▁also ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁night club ▁that ▁night . ▁He ▁was ▁named ▁as ▁a ▁defence ▁witness ▁by ▁S util ' s ▁side , ▁but ▁Hamilton ▁did ▁not ▁appear ▁in ▁court ▁because ▁the ▁trial ▁coinc ided ▁with ▁the ▁launch ▁of ▁his ▁team ' s ▁car . ▁He ▁stated ▁he ▁could ▁attend ▁a ▁ret rial , ▁should ▁one ▁take ▁place , ▁as ▁he ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁occupied ▁on ▁the ▁scheduled ▁day , ▁but ▁as ▁a ▁result , ▁the ▁friendship ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁drivers ▁ended , ▁with ▁S util ▁brand ing ▁Hamilton ▁a ▁" cow ard ." ▁ ▁S util ▁remained ▁without ▁a ▁seat ▁throughout ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁On ▁ 2 8 ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁Force ▁India ▁announced ▁that ▁S util ▁would ▁return ▁to ▁the ▁team ▁to ▁complete ▁their ▁driver ▁line up ▁alongside ▁Paul |
▁di ▁R esta . ▁He ▁finished ▁sevent h ▁at ▁the ▁season - open ing ▁, ▁impress ing ▁on ▁his ▁com eb ack ▁by ▁leading ▁for ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁la ps ▁throughout ▁the ▁race . ▁ ▁In ▁Malays ia , ▁he ▁retired ▁from ▁the ▁race ▁following ▁problems ▁with ▁a ▁new ▁capt ive ▁wheel ▁nut ▁system ▁that ▁the ▁team ▁had ▁introduced ▁at ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁season . ▁ ▁He ▁also ▁retired ▁from ▁the ▁, ▁after ▁being ▁hit ▁by ▁Est eb an ▁G uti ér rez . ▁After ▁two ▁non - points ▁finish es ▁he ▁showed ▁a ▁respect able ▁performance ▁at ▁the ▁Mon aco ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁by ▁over t aking ▁the ▁world ▁champions ▁Fernando ▁Al onso ▁and ▁J enson ▁Button ▁to ▁finally ▁end ▁up ▁in ▁ 5 th ▁position . ▁ ▁Sa uber ▁( 2 0 1 4 ) ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁announced ▁on ▁ 1 3 ▁December ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁that ▁S util ▁would ▁join ▁Sa uber ▁for ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁For ▁the ▁first ▁six ▁races ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁season ▁S util ▁strugg led ▁with ▁a ▁car ▁which ▁lack ed ▁pace ▁and ▁he ▁also ▁made ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁mistakes ▁which ▁lost ▁him ▁possible ▁points ▁finish es . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁he ▁would ▁be ▁dropped ▁and ▁replaced ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Formula ▁One ▁season . ▁ ▁Williams ▁( 2 0 1 5 ) ▁S util ▁joined ▁Williams ▁as ▁a ▁reserve ▁driver ▁prior ▁to ▁the |
▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Malays ian ▁Grand ▁Prix . ▁S util ▁was ▁appointed ▁after ▁Williams ▁driver ▁V alt ter i ▁B ott as ▁was ▁injured ▁during ▁the ▁, ▁with ▁the ▁team ▁wanting ▁an ▁experienced ▁race ▁driver ▁to ▁deput ise ▁for ▁either ▁B ott as ▁or ▁F eli pe ▁Mass a ▁to ▁maxim ise ▁their ▁construct ors ▁championship ▁points , ▁should ▁either ▁race ▁driver ▁be ▁unable ▁to ▁particip ate . ▁ ▁Racing ▁record ▁ ▁Career ▁summary ▁ ▁Complete ▁Formula ▁Three ▁Euro series ▁results ▁( key ) ▁( R aces ▁in ▁bold ▁indicate ▁pole ▁position ; ▁races ▁in ▁ital ics ▁indicate ▁fast est ▁lap ) ▁ ▁Complete ▁A 1 ▁Grand ▁Prix ▁results ▁( key ) ▁( R aces ▁in ▁bold ▁indicate ▁pole ▁position ; ▁races ▁in ▁ital ics ▁indicate ▁fast est ▁lap ) ▁ ▁Complete ▁All - J apan ▁Formula ▁Three ▁results ▁( key ) ▁ ▁Complete ▁Formula ▁One ▁results ▁( key ) ▁( R aces ▁in ▁bold ▁indicate ▁pole ▁position ; ▁races ▁in ▁ital ics ▁indicate ▁fast est ▁lap ) ▁▁ ▁Driver ▁failed ▁to ▁finish ▁the ▁race , ▁but ▁was ▁class ified ▁as ▁they ▁had ▁completed ▁> 9 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁race ▁distance . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁F 1 F an atic . co . uk – ▁Who ' s ▁Who : ▁Ad rian ▁S util ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁St arn berg ▁Category : G erman ▁people ▁of ▁Uruguay an ▁descent ▁Category |
: G erman ▁exp atri ate ▁sports people ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : G erman ▁exp atri ates ▁in ▁Switzerland ▁Category : R acing ▁drivers ▁from ▁Bav aria ▁Category : G erman ▁racing ▁drivers ▁Category : G erman ▁Formula ▁One ▁drivers ▁Category : S py ker ▁Formula ▁One ▁drivers ▁Category : For ce ▁India ▁Formula ▁One ▁drivers ▁Category : Sa uber ▁Formula ▁One ▁drivers ▁Category : Form ula ▁B MW ▁AD AC ▁drivers ▁Category : Form ula ▁ 3 ▁Euro ▁Series ▁drivers ▁Category : J apan ese ▁Formula ▁ 3 ▁Championship ▁drivers ▁Category : Super ▁GT ▁drivers ▁Category : A 1 ▁Team ▁Germany ▁drivers <0x0A> </s> ▁Greg ▁Mc L ay ▁( born ▁ 7 ▁May ▁ 1 9 6 9 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Australian ▁cr ick eter . ▁He ▁played ▁six ▁first - class ▁matches ▁for ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 / 9 1 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁representative ▁cr ick eters ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 6 9 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Austral ian ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : New ▁South ▁Wales ▁cr ick eters ▁Category : S ports people ▁from ▁W ag ga ▁W ag ga <0x0A> </s> ▁H up ▁Pa ▁Tat ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁valley ▁located ▁in ▁U th ai ▁Th ani ▁Province ▁in ▁Th ailand . ▁It ▁is ▁abund ant ▁with ▁lots ▁of ▁ex otic ▁plants ▁like ▁Ar eng a ▁P inn ata . ▁The ▁plants ▁expand ▁wild ly ▁in |
▁the ▁cord on ▁of ▁stal ag mit es ▁and ▁stal act ites . ▁During ▁the ▁vis its , ▁rare ▁animals ▁like ▁el ong ated ▁tort o ises ▁and ▁p ink ▁drag on ▁mill ip ede ▁might ▁be ▁found . ▁The ▁valley ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁K ao ▁Hu ai ▁S ok , ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁mountains ▁in ▁a ▁lim estone ▁mountain ▁range , ▁compr ising ▁an ▁area ▁of ▁about ▁ 4 8 , 0 0 0 ▁square ▁meters . ▁A ▁long ▁time ▁ago , ▁this ▁was ▁an ▁enorm ous ▁cave ▁until ▁the ▁ce iling ▁col lapsed . ▁Major ▁lim estone ▁blocks ▁scattered ▁on ▁the ▁floor ▁of ▁the ▁valley ▁confirm ▁this ▁theory . ▁S urr ounding ▁by ▁lim estone ▁mountains , ▁the ▁sun light ▁is ▁rest rained ▁from ▁reaching ▁the ▁ground ▁during ▁any ▁time ▁than ▁m idd ay . ▁ ▁The ▁place ▁was ▁discovered ▁by ▁a ▁local ▁mon k ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁Later ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 , ▁the ▁mountain ▁has ▁been ▁bl asted ▁to ▁make ▁convenient ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁valley . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁The ▁cave ▁was ▁discovered ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁by ▁S unt it um g os ol , ▁a ▁local ▁mon k ▁at ▁Th am ▁Th ong ▁Temple . ▁At ▁that ▁time , ▁he ▁clim bed ▁down ▁the ▁cl iff ▁and ▁found ▁that ▁there ▁are ▁many ▁Ar eng a ▁P inn ata ▁grow ▁in ▁that ▁area . ▁Which ▁the ▁Ar eng a ▁P inn ata ▁is ▁categor ized ▁as ▁an ▁ancient ▁tree ▁in |
▁the ▁same ▁family ▁as ▁pal m ▁trees . ▁He ▁has ▁d ug ▁off ▁and ▁bl asted ▁an ▁opening ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 4 . ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁year , ▁this ▁place ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁conservation ▁area ▁to ▁develop ▁it ▁in ▁the ▁future ▁as ▁an ▁ec ot our ism ▁place . ▁The ▁Department ▁of ▁National ▁Park s , ▁Wild life ▁and ▁Plant ▁Conserv ation ▁recognized ▁the ▁uniqu eness ▁and ▁importance ▁of ▁the ▁valley ▁and ▁took ▁place ▁under ▁its ▁cust ody ▁to ▁make ▁it ▁well ▁preserved . ▁ ▁Geography ▁and ▁climate ▁▁ ▁H up ▁Pa ▁Tat ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁of ▁Th am ▁Pr at un ▁Non - h un ting ▁area , ▁Lan ▁Sak ▁district , ▁U th ai ▁Th ani ▁city . ▁This ▁area ▁is ▁a ▁lim estone ▁mountain ▁range ▁that ▁exists ▁out standing ly ▁surrounded ▁by ▁flat ▁area ▁and ▁agricult ural ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁inhabitants . ▁This ▁lim estone ▁mountain ▁range ▁consists ▁of ▁ 5 ▁lim estone ▁mountains ▁which ▁are ▁K ao ▁Pla ▁Ra , ▁K ao ▁Ka ung ▁Ch ai , ▁K ao ▁No i , ▁K ao ▁Nam ▁Ch on , ▁and ▁K ao ▁Hu ai ▁S ok . ▁Part ▁of ▁the ▁lim estone ▁mountain ▁range ▁surrounding ▁the ▁valley ▁is ▁K ha o ▁Hu ai ▁S ok , ▁which ▁is ▁connected ▁to ▁K ha o ▁Pl ara ▁mountain , ▁ 1 ▁kilometer ▁away . ▁The ▁surrounding ▁lim estone ▁mountain ▁is ▁layer ed ▁with ▁high ▁cl iffs ▁that ▁restrict ▁sun light ▁from ▁reaching ▁the ▁ground ▁during ▁any ▁time ▁other |
▁than ▁m idd ay . ▁These ▁lim estone ▁mountains ▁in ▁this ▁area ▁are ▁lim estone ▁in ▁the ▁Perm ian ▁era , ▁which ▁is ▁ 2 4 5 - 2 8 6 ▁million ▁years . ▁This ▁lim estone ▁mountain ▁had ▁been ▁ra ined ▁on ▁for ▁years , ▁got ▁dissol ve ▁by ▁the ▁rain ▁that ▁has ▁a ▁m ild ▁acid . ▁The ▁m ild ▁acid ▁rain ▁flow ed ▁in ▁between ▁the ▁crack ▁inside ▁Hu ai ▁S ok ▁Mountain ▁until ▁it ▁became ▁a ▁vast ▁cave ▁hole ▁inside ▁the ▁mountain ; ▁the ▁process ▁takes ▁about ▁ten ▁to ▁a ▁hundred ▁thousand . ▁This ▁cave ▁is ▁a ▁closed ▁cave ▁inside ▁the ▁mountain ▁which ▁humans ▁cannot ▁enter . ▁While ▁on ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁mountain ▁range , ▁is ▁a ▁forest ▁ful led ▁of ▁plants ▁in ▁ancient ▁times . ▁Until ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁unexpected ▁ ▁change ▁in ▁the ▁earth ' s ▁cr ust ▁that ▁ ▁made ▁the ▁ce iling ▁of ▁the ▁cave ▁col lapsed . ▁It ▁became ▁a ▁large ▁pit ▁inside ▁the ▁Hu ai ▁S ok ▁Mountain ▁which ▁the ▁high ▁of ▁the ▁edge ▁is ▁approximately ▁ 1 5 0 ▁– ▁ 2 0 0 ▁meters . ▁ ▁E col ogy ▁▁ ▁The ▁resulting ▁hum id ity ▁has ▁contributed ▁to ▁a ▁wealth ▁of ▁fl ora , ▁featuring ▁large ▁shr ubs ▁of ▁the ▁genus ▁Ex co ec aria ▁that ▁are ▁similar ▁to ▁ancient ▁trees . ▁The ▁department ▁of ▁National ▁Park ▁stated ▁this ▁area ▁as ▁a ▁conservation ▁area ▁dual ▁to ▁its ▁ge ography ▁with ▁lots ▁of ▁ex otic ▁plants ▁such ▁as ▁C ary ota ▁ur |
ens , ▁ ▁Cro ton ▁ob long if ol ius ▁Ro x b ., ▁O xy cer os ▁hor rid us , ▁bal an op hor aceae . ▁Walk ing ▁along ▁the ▁ 7 0 0 ▁meters ▁path , ▁animal ▁foot print s ▁like ▁de er , ▁be ars , ▁bo ars , ▁or ▁t ig ers ▁cla w ▁marks ▁on ▁the ▁trees ▁can ▁be ▁seen . ▁El ong ated ▁tort o ises ▁and ▁p ink ▁drag on ▁mill ip ede ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁this ▁area . ▁The ▁P ink ▁drag on ▁mill ip edes ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁If ▁visited ▁during ▁the ▁ra iny ▁season , ▁around ▁August ▁- ▁November . ▁The ▁p ink ▁drag on ▁mill ip ede ▁has ▁a ▁bright ▁p ink ▁color , ▁looks ▁like ▁the ▁pol len ▁of ▁the ▁flower . ▁It ▁has ▁an ▁out standing ▁character ▁ ▁with ▁a ▁pattern ▁and ▁button ▁that ▁similar ▁to ▁a ▁drag on . ▁It ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁a ▁forest ▁with ▁high ▁hum id ity ▁and ▁abund ance . ▁ ▁Fac ilities ▁▁ ▁In ▁the ▁valley , ▁there ▁are ▁organized ▁walking ▁paths ▁along ▁the ▁way . ▁After ▁purch asing ▁the ▁ad mission ▁tick ets , ▁visitors ▁receive ▁flash light s . ▁The ▁area ▁is ▁clean ▁and ▁well ▁maintained , ▁including ▁a ▁par king ▁lot , ▁bath room , ▁a ▁k ios k ▁offering ▁coffee , ▁and ▁sh ops ▁for ▁sn acks ▁and ▁drink s . ▁During ▁week ends ▁at ▁the ▁entrance , ▁young ▁gu ides ▁from ▁a ▁local ▁school ▁are ▁available |
▁for ▁gu iding ▁and ▁tour ing ▁around ▁along ▁the ▁path . ▁ ▁Access ▁ ▁H up ▁Pa ▁Tat ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Th am ▁Pa ▁Th un ▁Non - H un ting ▁Area , ▁at ▁Mu ▁ 1 , ▁Th ung ▁Na ▁Ng am , ▁Lan ▁Sak ▁District , ▁U th ai ▁Th ani . ▁From ▁U th ai ▁Th ani , ▁take ▁Highway ▁ 3 3 3 , ▁U th ai ▁Th ani ▁– ▁N ong ▁Ch ang ▁route . ▁Then , ▁proceed ▁on ▁Highway ▁No . 3 4 3 8 , ▁N ong ▁Ch ang – L an ▁Sak ▁route . ▁It ▁is ▁ 5 0 . 6 ▁kilom eters ▁away ▁from ▁U th ai ▁Th ani ▁city . ▁A ▁ticket ▁for ▁Th ai ▁adult s ▁is ▁ 2 0 ▁ba ht , ▁while ▁for ▁children ▁it ▁is ▁ 1 0 ▁ba ht . ▁For ▁a ▁foreign er , ▁it ▁will ▁be ▁charg ing ▁at ▁ 2 0 0 ▁ba ht . ▁The ▁opening ▁hours ▁are ▁between ▁ 8 . 3 0 ▁a . m . ▁to ▁ 4 ▁p . m . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : T our ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁U th ai ▁Th ani ▁Province ▁Category : Ge ography ▁of ▁U th ai ▁Th ani ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁Tr ó nd ur ▁P atur sson ▁( born ▁ 1 ▁March ▁ 1 9 4 4 ▁in ▁Kirk jub ø ur ) ▁is ▁a ▁Far o ese ▁painter , ▁sculpt or , ▁glass ▁artist ▁and ▁advent urer . |
▁He ▁was ▁educated ▁in ▁Norway ▁and ▁was ▁initially ▁a ▁sculpt or . ▁He ▁has ▁since ▁become ▁better ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁painter ▁and ▁glass ▁artist . ▁ ▁In ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁P atur sson ▁had ▁an ▁art ▁exhibition ▁at ▁the ▁John ▁F . ▁Kennedy ▁Center ▁for ▁the ▁Perform ing ▁Arts ; ▁it ▁was ▁an ▁installation ▁called ▁" M igration ", ▁featuring ▁approximately ▁ 9 0 ▁of ▁his ▁tra dem ark ▁st ained ▁glass ▁birds ▁in ▁the ▁Grand ▁Fo yer ▁windows ▁throughout ▁Nord ic ▁C ool ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁The ▁exhibition ▁was ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Nord ic ▁C ool ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁he ▁joined ▁Tim ▁Sever in ▁in ▁a ▁trans at l antic ▁voyage ▁in ▁a ▁rep lica ▁ 6 th ▁century ▁le ather - h ul led ▁cur rag h ▁named ▁Br end an . ▁The ▁boat ▁was ▁named ▁for ▁the ▁Irish ▁mon k ▁Saint ▁Br end an ▁who ▁was ▁said ▁to ▁have ▁made ▁the ▁same ▁voyage ▁centuries ▁before ▁the ▁Vik ings ▁and ▁Christopher ▁Columb us . ▁ ▁P atur sson ▁joined ▁Br end on ▁when ▁it ▁arrived ▁in ▁the ▁Far oe ▁Islands ▁and ▁replaced ▁another ▁crew man . ▁P atur sson ' s ▁home ▁was ▁at ▁Br andon vik , ▁the ▁Vik ing ▁name ▁for ▁Br end an ' s ▁Creek . ▁ ▁Hon our ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁- ▁Far o ese ▁Cultural ▁Prize ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Tr ó nd ur |
▁P atur sson ' s ▁website ▁( English ▁version ) ▁ ▁Category : Dan ish ▁st ained ▁glass ▁artists ▁and ▁manufact ur ers ▁Category : 1 9 4 4 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : F aro ese ▁pain ters ▁Category : F aro ese ▁sculpt ors ▁Category : F aro ese ▁expl or ers ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁Kirk jub ø ur <0x0A> </s> ▁Pen ny well ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁UK ' s ▁largest ▁post - war ▁social ▁housing ▁schemes , ▁and ▁is ▁situated ▁in ▁the ▁central - west ▁area ▁of ▁S under land , ▁Ty ne ▁and ▁W ear , ▁North ▁East ▁England . ▁Pen ny well ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁local ▁authority ▁housing ▁estate ▁in ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁S under land . ▁The ▁estate ▁mostly ▁built ▁during ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 4 0 s ▁and ▁early ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁to ▁replace ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁sl ums ▁in ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁S under land . ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁Pen ny well ▁is ▁of ▁C elt ic ▁origin ▁and ▁is ▁thought ▁to ▁mean ▁" well spring ▁at ▁the ▁top ▁of ▁the ▁hill ". ▁ ▁The ▁Pen ny well ▁estate ▁consists ▁of ▁nearly ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 ▁homes , ▁around ▁ 1 1 % ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁priv ately ▁owned ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁total ▁population ▁of ▁ 1 0 , 7 0 9 ▁ ▁This ▁figure ▁is ▁consider ably ▁lower ▁than ▁in ▁previous ▁dec ades , ▁when ▁the ▁Pen ny well |
▁area ▁hous ed ▁over ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁people . ▁ ▁Pen ny well ▁has ▁tradition ally ▁been ▁associated ▁with ▁high ▁crime ▁rates ▁since ▁the ▁estate ▁was ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 3 . ▁Kn ife ▁crime ▁and ▁anti - social ▁behaviour ▁have ▁been ▁a ▁growing ▁problem ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s . ▁ ▁The ▁estate ▁was ▁the ▁scene ▁of ▁a ▁murder ▁when ▁ 2 2 - year - old ▁Kevin ▁Johnson ▁was ▁fat ally ▁st ab bed ▁outside ▁his ▁house ▁on ▁Patrick ▁Road ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁hours ▁of ▁ 1 9 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Three ▁te en agers ▁were ▁conv icted ▁of ▁the ▁murder ▁six ▁months ▁later ▁and ▁sent enced ▁to ▁life ▁imprison ment . ▁At ▁the ▁trial , ▁it ▁was ▁revealed ▁that ▁after ▁st abb ing ▁Kevin ▁Johnson , ▁the ▁three ▁defend ants ▁had ▁gone ▁on ▁to ▁attack ▁another ▁man ▁in ▁the ▁area ▁and ▁also ▁dam aged ▁two ▁cars . ▁Mr ▁Johnson ' s ▁family ▁later ▁had ▁two ▁applications ▁for ▁criminal ▁inj uries ▁compens ation ▁rejected ▁on ▁the ▁basis ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁contributed ▁to ▁his ▁own ▁death ▁by ▁leaving ▁the ▁safety ▁of ▁his ▁home ▁to ▁confront ▁the ▁te en agers ▁about ▁their ▁no isy ▁behaviour . ▁A ▁third ▁application ▁for ▁compens ation ▁was ▁successful ▁and ▁the ▁Johnson ▁family ▁received ▁£ 5 , 5 0 0 ▁from ▁a ▁scheme ▁which ▁could ▁already ▁pay ▁a ▁maximum ▁of ▁£ 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁to ▁claim ants . ▁ ▁In ▁April |
▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁The ▁Independent ▁newspaper ▁condem ned ▁Pen ny well ▁as ▁a ▁" no ▁go ▁area " ▁and ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁worst ▁places ▁in ▁Britain , ▁highlight ing ▁an ▁un emp loyment ▁rate ▁as ▁ 1 9 % ▁( around ▁twice ▁the ▁national ▁average ) ▁and ▁that ▁attacks ▁on ▁police ▁and ▁v andal ism ▁of ▁police ▁vehicles ▁were ▁a ▁frequent ▁occurrence ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁these ▁events , ▁the ▁Gent oo ▁Group ▁are ▁undert aking ▁a ▁massive ▁programme ▁of ▁renew al ▁and ▁reg ener ation ▁for ▁the ▁area ▁which ▁will ▁provide ▁a ▁high ▁standard ▁of ▁modern ▁housing ▁for ▁social ▁housing ▁ten ants ▁and ▁home own ers ▁al ike . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁phases ▁of ▁this ▁plan , ▁at ▁Water ford ▁Green , ▁are ▁near ing ▁completion . ▁ ▁An ▁industrial ▁area ▁on ▁the ▁western ▁edge ▁of ▁the ▁sub urb ▁has , ▁among ▁other ▁business es ▁Cal son ic ' s ▁injection ▁m ould ing ▁plant ▁and ▁the ▁S under land ▁E cho ▁building . ▁ ▁Pen ny well ▁Com pre h ensive ▁School ▁was ▁built ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁and ▁remained ▁open ▁until ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁It ▁was ▁finally ▁demol ished ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁and ▁replaced ▁with ▁a ▁new ▁facility ▁on ▁the ▁same ▁site ▁– ▁Academy ▁ 3 6 0 . ▁P up ils ▁att ending ▁the ▁compreh ensive ▁school ▁were ▁members ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁four ▁houses ▁- ▁Str at ford ▁( green ), ▁Har well |
▁( blue ), ▁Ever est ▁( yellow ) ▁and ▁R unn ym ede ▁( red ). ▁The ▁school ▁bo asted ▁excellent ▁sport ing ▁facilities ▁including ▁several ▁full ▁size ▁football / rug by ▁pitch es , ▁an ▁all - we ather ▁athlet ics ▁track , ▁a ▁fully ▁equ ipped ▁sports ▁hall ▁( in cor por ating ▁five - a - side ▁pitch es , ▁basketball / net ball ▁courts ▁& ▁cr icket ▁n ets ), ▁fully ▁equ ipped ▁ind oor ▁g ymnasium ▁with ▁balance ▁be ams / cl im bing ▁ro pes / tr amp oline ▁har ness es , ▁out door ▁cr icket ▁pitch es , ▁tennis ▁courts ▁and ▁several ▁t arm ac ▁yard ▁areas ▁with ▁basketball ▁courts . ▁Class rooms ▁were ▁pre domin antly ▁located ▁in ▁four ▁five - store y ▁tower ▁blocks ▁( B , ▁C , ▁D ▁& ▁E ▁blocks ) ▁and ▁included ▁science ▁labor ator ies , ▁art ▁stud ios , ▁home ▁econom ics ▁k itch ens ▁and ▁IT ▁su ites . ▁The ▁new ▁school ▁( A cademy ▁ 3 6 0 ) ▁has ▁three ▁houses , ▁Oxford ▁( blue ), ▁M ow b ray ▁( green ), ▁Do x ford ▁( red ). ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : City ▁of ▁S under land ▁sub ur bs ▁Category : S under land <0x0A> </s> ▁Fe ather ed ▁Din osa urs : ▁The ▁Origin ▁of ▁Bird s ▁is ▁a ▁book ▁by ▁Australian ▁p ala e ont ologist ▁John ▁A . ▁Long ▁and ▁Peter ▁Sch out en ▁connecting ▁fe ather ed |
▁din osa urs ▁with ▁the ▁origin ▁of ▁birds . ▁It ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁by ▁C SI RO ▁Press ▁( M el bourne ) ▁and ▁Oxford ▁University ▁Press . ▁From ▁the ▁ISBN ▁numbers , ▁they ▁appear ▁to ▁be ▁separate ▁print ings . ▁ ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁previous , ▁different , ▁book ▁with ▁the ▁same ▁title . ▁It ▁is ▁by ▁Thom ▁and ▁Laur ie ▁Hol mes , ▁and ▁published ▁by ▁Ens low ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁. ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 0 8 ▁non - f iction ▁books ▁Category : D in osa ur ▁books ▁Category : P ale ont ology ▁books <0x0A> </s> ▁Kal ata k ▁( , ▁also ▁Roman ized ▁as ▁Kal ā t ak ; ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁Kal ā t ak - e ▁K ū h - e ▁P ā ’ ī n ) ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁in ▁Si y ahu ▁R ural ▁District , ▁Fin ▁District , ▁Band ar ▁Abb as ▁County , ▁H orm oz gan ▁Province , ▁Iran . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁its ▁population ▁was ▁ 1 7 , ▁in ▁ 4 ▁families . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁Band ar ▁Abb as ▁County <0x0A> </s> ▁Pi otr ▁Pet rov ich ▁Bel ou so v ▁( ; ▁May ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁– ▁March ▁ 3 1 , ▁ 1 9 8 9 ) ▁was ▁a ▁Soviet , ▁Russian ▁painter , ▁graph ic ▁artist , |
▁art ▁teacher , ▁professor ▁of ▁the ▁L ening rad ▁Institute ▁of ▁P ain ting , ▁S cul pt ure ▁and ▁Architecture ▁named ▁after ▁I ly a ▁Rep in , ▁People ' s ▁Art ist ▁of ▁USS R , ▁Cor respond ing ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts ▁of ▁the ▁USS R , ▁who ▁lived ▁and ▁worked ▁in ▁L ening rad . ▁He ▁was ▁regarded ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁bright est ▁represent atives ▁of ▁the ▁L ening rad ▁school ▁of ▁painting , ▁being ▁most ▁famous ▁for ▁his ▁port ra its ▁and ▁historical ▁paint ings . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Pi otr ▁Pet rov ich ▁Bel ou so v ▁was ▁born ▁May ▁ 3 , ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁in ▁the ▁port ▁city ▁B erd y ansk , ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁northern ▁coast ▁of ▁the ▁Sea ▁of ▁Az ov , ▁of ▁south - east ▁Ukraine , ▁Russian ▁Empire . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 9 , ▁Pi otr ▁Bel ou so v ▁met ▁with ▁Bro d sky ▁and ▁by ▁his ▁inv itation ▁comes ▁to ▁L ening rad ▁to ▁continue ▁his ▁study . ▁He ▁engaged ▁in ▁drawing ▁and ▁painting ▁under ▁Bro d sky ▁leadership , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁the ▁studio ▁A K h R s ▁and ▁the ▁Community ▁of ▁Art ists . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁Pi otr ▁Bel ou so v ▁entered ▁the ▁first ▁course ▁of ▁the ▁painting ▁department ▁of ▁the ▁L ening rad ▁Institute ▁of ▁P ain ting , ▁S cul pt ure ▁and ▁Architecture . ▁He ▁studied |
▁under ▁Mik h ail ▁Bern sh te in , ▁P avel ▁Na um ov , ▁Alexander ▁Lub im ov , ▁and ▁Vladimir ▁Ser ov . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁Pi otr ▁Bel ou so v ▁graduated ▁from ▁the ▁Rep in ▁Institute ▁of ▁Arts ▁in ▁Isa ak ▁Bro d sky ▁work shop ▁together ▁with ▁Ale k se i ▁G rit s ai , ▁Lev ▁O re kh ov , ▁Mik h ail ▁K oz ell , ▁G leb ▁V erner , ▁El ena ▁S ku in , ▁Nikol ai ▁Tim kov , ▁Bor is ▁Sher b akov , ▁and ▁other ▁young ▁artists . ▁His ▁gradu ation ▁work ▁was ▁the ▁historical ▁painting ▁of ▁" On ▁the ▁e ve ▁of ▁[ the ] ▁October ▁Revolution ▁( Me eting ▁of ▁Len in ▁and ▁St alin ) ". ▁ ▁Since ▁ 1 9 3 0 , ▁Bel ou so v ▁had ▁participated ▁in ▁Art ▁Ex hib itions . ▁He ▁painted ▁genre ▁and ▁historical ▁paint ings , ▁port ra its , ▁land sc apes , ▁worked ▁in ▁eas el ▁painting ▁and ▁draw ings . ▁Most ▁famous ▁for ▁his ▁port ra its ▁and ▁historical ▁paint ings ▁devoted ▁to ▁the ▁image ▁of ▁Len in , ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁B ols he v ism ▁and ▁the ▁October ▁Revolution ▁in ▁Russia . ▁His ▁personal ▁exhib itions ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁V olog da ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁and ▁in ▁Moscow ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 1 9 4 0 , |
▁Pi otr ▁Bel ou so v ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁L ening rad ▁Union ▁of ▁Art ists . ▁In ▁ 1 9 3 9 – 1 9 8 9 , ▁Bel ou so v ▁taught ▁painting ▁and ▁drawing ▁in ▁the ▁Rep in ▁Institute ▁of ▁Arts . ▁He ▁was ▁Professor ▁and ▁Head ▁of ▁Department ▁of ▁Draw ing ▁since ▁ 1 9 5 6 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁honor ary ▁titles ▁of ▁the ▁Hon ored ▁Art ist ▁of ▁the ▁R S FS R , ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁- ▁the ▁Honor ary ▁titles ▁of ▁the ▁People ' s ▁Art ist ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federation ▁( 1 9 7 8 ). ▁Also , ▁Bel ou so v ▁was ▁elected ▁as ▁the ▁Cor respond ing ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁Academy ▁of ▁Arts ▁of ▁the ▁USS R ▁( 1 9 7 9 ). ▁ ▁Pi otr ▁Pet rov ich ▁Bel ou so v ▁died ▁in ▁L ening rad ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁P aint ings ▁by ▁Pi otr ▁Bel ou so v ▁res ide ▁in ▁State ▁Russian ▁Museum , ▁State ▁Tre ty akov ▁Gallery , ▁in ▁Art ▁Museum s ▁and ▁private ▁collections ▁in ▁Russia , ▁Ukraine , ▁England , ▁France , ▁the ▁U . S ., ▁and ▁throughout ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁L ening rad ▁School ▁of ▁P ain ting ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁Russian ▁artists ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁ 2 0 th - century ▁Russian ▁pain ters ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁pain |
ters ▁of ▁Saint ▁Petersburg ▁Union ▁of ▁Art ists ▁ ▁Saint ▁Petersburg ▁Union ▁of ▁Art ists ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁ ▁S . ▁I vens ky . ▁Pi otr ▁Pet rov ich ▁Bel ou so v . ▁– ▁L ening rad : ▁Kh ud oz hn ik ▁R S FS R , ▁ 1 9 5 9 . ▁– ▁ 4 0 ▁p . ▁ ▁Art ists ▁of ▁the ▁USS R . ▁Biography ▁Dictionary . ▁Volume ▁ 1 . ▁– ▁Moscow : ▁I sk us stvo ▁Edition , ▁ 1 9 7 0 . ▁– ▁p . 3 4 6 . ▁ ▁Russian ▁P aint ings . ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁Winter ▁Show . ▁– ▁London : ▁Roy ▁Mil es ▁Gallery , ▁ 1 9 8 9 . ▁– ▁p . 5 , 1 6 – 1 7 . ▁ ▁Ch arm es ▁Russ es . ▁Au ction ▁Catalogue . ▁– ▁Paris : ▁Dr ou ot ▁Rich el ieu , ▁ 1 5 ▁Mai ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁– ▁p . 3 8 . ▁ ▁L ' ▁E cole ▁de ▁Saint - P eters burg . ▁Catalogue . ▁– ▁Paris : ▁Dr ou ot ▁Rich el ieu , ▁ 2 5 ▁Jan vier ▁ 1 9 9 3 . ▁ ▁Matthew ▁C . ▁B own . ▁Dictionary ▁of ▁ 2 0 th ▁Century ▁Russian ▁and ▁Soviet ▁P ain ters ▁ 1 9 0 0 - 1 9 8 0 s . ▁– ▁London : ▁Iz om ar |
▁ 1 9 9 8 . ▁, ▁. ▁ ▁Vern ▁G . ▁Sw anson . ▁Soviet ▁Im pression ism . ▁– ▁Wood bridge , ▁England : ▁Ant ique ▁Collect ors ' ▁Club , ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁– ▁p . 8 7 , 2 1 6 , 2 7 4 . ▁, ▁. ▁ ▁Serge i ▁V . ▁Ivan ov . ▁Un known ▁Social ist ▁Real ism . ▁The ▁L ening rad ▁School . ▁– ▁Saint ▁Petersburg : ▁N P - Print ▁Edition , ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁– ▁p . 9 , ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 5 , ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 2 6 , ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 3 5 7 – 3 5 9 , ▁ 3 6 3 – 3 6 5 , ▁ 3 6 9 , ▁ 3 8 2 , ▁ 3 8 4 , ▁ 3 8 6 , ▁ 3 8 8 – 3 9 3 , ▁ 3 9 6 , ▁ 3 9 9 – 4 0 1 , ▁ 4 0 3 – 4 0 5 , ▁ 4 0 7 , ▁ 4 1 1 , ▁ 4 1 3 – 4 1 5 , ▁ 4 1 9 – 4 2 4 , ▁ 4 4 5 . ▁, ▁. ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 8 9 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁B erd y ansk ▁Category : Pe |
ople ▁from ▁T aur ida ▁Governor ate ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁Russian ▁pain ters ▁Category : Russ ian ▁male ▁pain ters ▁Category : S ov iet ▁pain ters ▁Category : So cial ist ▁real ism ▁Category : So cial ist ▁real ism ▁artists ▁Category : L ening rad ▁School ▁artists ▁Category : Rep in ▁Institute ▁of ▁Arts ▁al umn i ▁Category : Pe ople ' s ▁Art ists ▁of ▁Russia ▁( visual ▁arts ) ▁Category : M embers ▁of ▁the ▁L ening rad ▁Union ▁of ▁Art ists ▁Category : H on ored ▁Art ists ▁of ▁the ▁Russian ▁Federation <0x0A> </s> ▁Clay h id on ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁and ▁civil ▁parish ▁in ▁Mid ▁Dev on , ▁England . ▁The ▁parish ▁church ▁is ▁St . ▁Andrew s . ▁The ▁parish ▁is ▁in ▁the ▁Black down ▁Hills ▁and ▁its ▁northern ▁and ▁eastern ▁boundaries ▁form ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Dev on ▁– ▁Som erset ▁border . ▁From ▁the ▁south - east ▁it ▁has ▁boundaries ▁with ▁the ▁Dev on ▁par ishes ▁of ▁Up ot tery , ▁Lu pp itt ▁and ▁H emy ock . ▁ ▁Current ▁information ▁about ▁life ▁in ▁the ▁parish , ▁including ▁detailed ▁proceed ings ▁of ▁Clay h id on ▁Par ish ▁Council ▁since ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁on ▁a ▁community ▁website , ▁launched ▁in ▁March ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁A ▁parish ▁history ▁is ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁U ff cul me ▁library ▁and ▁an ▁old ▁map ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁on ▁the ▁Dev on ▁L ibr |
aries ▁Local ▁Studies ▁website . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Dev on <0x0A> </s> ▁Bern ardo ▁del ▁Car pio , ▁also ▁sp elled ▁Bern al do ▁del ▁Car pio , ▁is , ▁since ▁the ▁beg inn ings ▁of ▁modern ▁historical ▁scholar ship , ▁a ▁legend ary ▁hero ▁of ▁the ▁medieval ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁Ast ur ias . ▁In ▁contrast ▁with ▁El ▁C id , ▁he ▁was ▁not ▁based ▁on ▁a ▁real ▁person ▁( and ▁thus ▁could ▁be ▁whatever ▁the ▁cre ator ( s ) ▁wanted ▁him ▁to ▁be ). ▁Until ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁nin ete enth ▁century ▁and ▁the ▁lab ors ▁of ▁Ram ón ▁Men énd ez ▁P idal , ▁he , ▁not ▁El ▁C id , ▁was ▁the ▁chief ▁hero ▁of ▁medieval ▁Christian ▁Spain . ▁He ▁was ▁believed ▁to ▁be ▁historical . ▁ ▁The ▁story ▁Supp osed ly ▁the ▁nep hew ▁of ▁Alfonso ▁II ▁of ▁Ast ur ias , ▁stories ▁feature ▁him ▁st riv ing ▁against ▁Alfonso ▁to ▁release ▁his ▁father ▁from ▁prison . ▁ ▁Other ▁stories ▁have ▁him ▁as ▁the ▁rival ▁and ▁sl ayer ▁of ▁Roland ▁at ▁Ron ces v aux . ▁ ▁Bern ardo ▁was ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁San cho , ▁the ▁Count ▁of ▁Sal da ña ▁and ▁D ona ▁X im ena ▁( Al f onso ▁II ' s ▁sister , ▁therefore ▁grand son ▁of ▁King ▁F ru ela ▁I ▁of ▁Ast ur ias ). ▁Alfonso ▁was ▁not ▁happy ▁with ▁the ▁marriage , ▁so ▁he ▁had ▁San cho ▁blind |
ed ▁and ▁thrown ▁into ▁prison ▁and ▁took ▁Bern ardo . ▁He ▁was ▁raised ▁in ▁Alfonso ▁II ' s ▁court . ▁Every body ▁was ▁ordered ▁not ▁to ▁tell ▁the ▁young ▁Bern ardo ▁who ▁his ▁father ▁was . ▁ ▁Alfonso ▁invited ▁Char lemagne ▁into ▁I ber ia ▁to ▁defeat ▁the ▁Mo ors , ▁prom ising ▁to ▁name ▁him ▁as ▁he ir . ▁ ▁Bern ardo ' s ▁victory ▁at ▁Ron ces v aux ▁ended ▁that ▁plan . ▁ ▁But ▁Bern ardo ▁then ▁joined ▁up ▁with ▁the ▁Mo ors , ▁hoping ▁to ▁force ▁Alfonso ▁into ▁action ; ▁but ▁Alfonso ▁secret ly ▁had ▁San cho ▁killed ▁while ▁in ▁prison . ▁ ▁Orig ins ▁The ▁original ▁legend ▁of ▁Bern ardo ▁del ▁Car pio ▁was ▁s ung ▁by ▁the ▁j ong le urs ▁of ▁the ▁Kingdom ▁of ▁León . ▁Later , ▁the ▁Cast ilian ▁poet ▁Pero ▁Ferr ús ▁( fl . ▁ 1 3 8 0 ) ▁mentions ▁Bern ardo ▁del ▁Car pio ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁cant ig as , ▁which ▁comb ines ▁the ▁theme ▁of ▁the ▁good ▁life ▁in ▁Cast ile ▁with ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁lo ores , ▁or ▁ly ric ▁pa e ans , ▁to ▁a ▁series ▁of ▁Greek , ▁Roman , ▁Bib lic al , ▁ch ival ric , ▁and ▁Arab ▁hero es . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 6 2 4 ▁Bern ardo ▁de ▁Bal bu ena ▁published ▁El ▁Bern ardo , ▁an ▁account ▁of ▁Bern ardo ' s ▁explo its . ▁It ▁is ▁considered ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁master pie ces ▁of ▁Spanish ▁literature . |
▁ ▁In ▁the ▁opening ▁of ▁Don ▁Qu ix ote , ▁C erv antes ▁has ▁the ▁protagon ist ▁especially ▁adm iring ▁Bern ardo ▁because ▁he ▁cr ushed ▁Roland ▁with ▁his ▁arms ▁alone , ▁although ▁the ▁context ▁is ▁clear ▁that ▁Qu ix ote ▁is ▁placing ▁too ▁much ▁cred ence ▁in ▁the ▁fant astic ▁stories ▁of ▁rom ance . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bur ton , ▁David . ▁The ▁Leg end ▁of ▁Bern ardo ▁del ▁Car pio : ▁from ▁Chron icle ▁to ▁D rama . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁As ociación ▁cultural ▁Bern ardo ▁del ▁Car pio ▁ ▁Category : Span ish ▁literature ▁Category : Leg end ary ▁Spanish ▁people <0x0A> </s> ▁Moh amed ▁El - K aw is ah ▁( born ▁March ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Lib yan ▁jud oka . ▁He ▁competed ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics ▁in ▁the ▁men ' s ▁ 6 0 ▁kg ▁event , ▁in ▁which ▁he ▁was ▁elimin ated ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁round ▁by ▁Y eld os ▁S met ov . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 7 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Lib yan ▁male ▁jud oka ▁Category : O lymp ic ▁jud oka ▁of ▁Lib ya ▁Category : J ud oka ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁Summer ▁Olympics <0x0A> </s> ▁Hotel ▁Pod ▁Or ł em ▁( Under ▁The ▁E agle ) ▁is ▁a ▁historical ▁hotel ▁building ▁on ▁G da ńska ▁Street ▁N ° 1 4 , ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁of |
▁By dg osz cz . ▁ ▁Location ▁The ▁building ▁stands ▁on ▁the ▁eastern ▁side ▁of ▁G da ńska ▁Street ▁in ▁By dg osz cz , ▁near ▁D wor c owa ▁Street . ▁The ▁hotel ▁has ▁a ▁" U " ▁shape , ▁with ▁irregular ▁and ▁une ven ▁corners . ▁Its ▁foot print ▁is ▁del ine ated ▁by ▁ 2 ▁streets ▁( G d anska ▁and ▁Park owa ) ▁and ▁by ▁the ▁Park ▁Cas imir ▁the ▁Great ▁By dg osz cz ▁to ▁the ▁east . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Pr uss ian ▁period ▁Hot els ▁in ▁this ▁location ▁date ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁when ▁an ▁inn ▁was ▁built ▁by ▁the ▁Gl isz czy ński ▁family ▁en ▁route ▁to ▁G da ń sk . ▁In ▁ 1 8 2 2 , ▁a ▁car p enter ▁of ▁the ▁Gl isz czy ń sk is ' ▁built ▁a ▁new ▁building ▁called ▁the ▁Hotel ▁" The ▁E agle " ▁() ▁next ▁to ▁the ▁old ▁one . ▁Hotel ▁" The ▁E agle " ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁hot els ▁built ▁in ▁the ▁sub urb ▁of ▁By dg osz cz , ▁then ▁officially ▁called ▁B rom berg . ▁ ▁Ar ound ▁ 1 8 5 0 , ▁August ▁Friedrich ▁Bern hardt , ▁a ▁b aker , ▁bought ▁the ▁building ▁and ▁a ▁nearby ▁piece ▁of ▁land . ▁Between ▁ 1 8 7 5 ▁and ▁ 1 8 7 9 , ▁his ▁newly ▁created ▁company ▁was ▁taken ▁over ▁by ▁his ▁son ▁Emil ▁Bern hardt , |
▁who ▁had ▁returned ▁from ▁Switzerland ▁where ▁he ▁had ▁taken ▁hotel ▁and ▁c ater ing ▁courses . ▁In ▁ 1 8 8 0 ▁Emil ▁Bern hardt ▁married ▁Louise ▁Müller , ▁daughter ▁of ▁a ▁land l ord ▁in ▁the ▁vic inity ▁of ▁Schne ide m ühl , ▁who ▁had ▁a ▁very ▁substantial ▁dow ry . ▁A ▁part ▁of ▁this ▁dow ry ▁was ▁likely ▁inv ested ▁in ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁Emil ▁Bern hardt ' s ▁house , ▁located ▁at ▁G d ans ks ▁street ▁ 1 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁Emil ▁Bern hardt ▁commission ed ▁a ▁B rom berg - born ▁architect , ▁Jó zef ▁Ś wię c icki , ▁to ▁realize ▁his ▁new ▁hotel ▁project . ▁This ▁building ▁was ▁to ▁stretch ▁under ▁a ▁huge ▁sculpt ure ▁of ▁an ▁e agle ▁with ▁spread ▁wings . ▁Ś wię c icki ' s ▁design ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁similar ▁projects ▁from ▁Berlin ▁and ▁Mun ich . ▁As ▁a ▁signature , ▁Ś wię c icki ▁hid ▁his ▁self - port rait ▁among ▁the ▁row ▁of ▁alleg or ical ▁heads ▁ad or ning ▁the ▁fa ç ade . ▁The ▁property ▁was ▁built ▁between ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁and ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁When ▁completed , ▁the ▁building ▁became ▁the ▁largest ▁and ▁most ▁modern ▁hotel ▁in ▁B rom berg , ▁with ▁an ▁extens ively ▁detailed ▁fa ç ade ▁and ▁interior ▁decor ation . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁hotel ' s ▁bas ement , ▁the ▁restaurant ▁was ▁ad orn ed ▁with ▁v ault s ▁supported ▁by |
▁columns , ▁pan elling , ▁and ▁wall ▁paint ings ▁model led ▁after ▁the ▁latest ▁Mun ich ▁f ash ions , ▁with ▁nich es ▁for ▁se ating . ▁From ▁the ▁beginning , ▁the ▁building ▁has ▁been ▁equ ipped ▁with ▁electric ▁light ing , ▁steam ▁he ating , ▁and ▁a ▁hyd ra ul ic ▁lift . ▁The ▁facility ▁combined ▁the ▁functions ▁of ▁a ▁resident ial ▁area ▁( with ▁ 3 ▁six - rooms ▁a partment ▁of ▁a ▁high ▁standard ), ▁a ▁hotel , ▁and ▁a ▁commercial ▁space ▁( with ▁restaur ants ▁and ▁sh ops ). ▁Communic ation ▁between ▁the ▁different ▁areas ▁was ▁provided ▁by ▁ 4 ▁network ▁of ▁st air cases ▁and ▁cor rid ors . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁the ▁hotel ▁was ▁le ased ▁to ▁the ▁Berlin ▁business man ▁Rudolf ▁Tr ill h ose . ▁ ▁Inter war ▁period ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁B rom berg ▁rejo ined ▁the ▁territory ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁Polish ▁Republic ▁and ▁renamed ▁By dg osz cz , ▁and ▁the ▁building ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁Polish ▁land l ord ▁and ▁tr ades man ▁Stefan ▁Maj ew icz ▁for ▁the ▁then - astr onom ical ▁sum ▁of ▁ 1 . 2 5 ▁million De utsch e ▁Mark . ▁During ▁the ▁inter war ▁period , ▁a ▁modern ization ▁of ▁the ▁hotel ▁was ▁carried ▁out ; ▁it ▁compr ised ▁installing ▁new ▁elev ators , ▁changing ▁the ▁dé cor ▁in ▁the ▁guest ▁rooms , ▁and ▁re building ▁the ▁d ining ▁room ▁by ▁adding ▁a ▁me zz an ine , |
▁new ▁pan elling ▁and ▁changing ▁equip ments . ▁This ▁renov ation ▁work ▁was ▁achieved ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁By dg osz cz ▁architect ▁The oph ilus ▁B ier n ack i . ▁In ▁those ▁years , ▁balls , ▁reception s , ▁concert s , ▁chamber ▁music ▁and ▁other ▁entertain ment ▁were ▁performed ▁in ▁two ▁different ▁h alls ; ▁" Columns " ▁and ▁" R asp berry ." ▁" Column " ▁Hall ▁was ▁famous ▁for ▁its ▁daily ▁concert s ▁of ▁popular ▁music , ▁played ▁by ▁the ▁By dg osz cz ▁or chestra , ▁and ▁the ▁restaurant ▁" Pod ▁Or ł em " ▁() ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁design , ▁me als ▁and ▁drink s . ▁It ▁was ▁here ▁that ▁ban qu ets ▁in ▁honour ▁of ▁Marsh al ▁Pi ł s ud ski , ▁President ▁Woj cie ch owski ▁and ▁General ▁Hall er ▁were ▁given . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁social ▁el ite ▁met ▁at ▁its ▁" Cl ub ▁of ▁the ▁angular ▁Table " ▁( ), ▁among ▁them ▁Adam ▁Gr zyma ła - S ied le cki , ▁Kon rad ▁F ied ler , ▁Jan ▁P iech ock i , ▁Marian ▁Tur wid , ▁Henry ▁K um inek , ▁Stanisław ▁Le ś n iew ski . ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁During ▁the ▁Naz i ▁occupation , ▁the ▁hotel ▁was ▁taken ▁by ▁the ▁Naz is ▁and ▁renamed ▁" D anz inger ▁Hoff "; ▁Er ich ▁Bl umm ▁became ▁its ▁director . |
▁From ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁the ▁south - west ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁was ▁re built ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁w iden ▁the ▁G d anska ▁street . ▁ ▁Commun ist ▁Poland ' s ▁era ▁After ▁the ▁invasion ▁of ▁By dg osz cz ▁by ▁Soviet ▁troops , ▁the ▁building ▁was ▁returned ▁to ▁its ▁former ▁own ers , ▁who ▁res umed ▁the ▁hotel ▁business ▁as ▁a ▁partners hip ▁under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁Stanis law ▁Lip ow icz . ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁the ▁hotel ▁was ▁" n ational ized " ▁and ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁" So ci ety ▁of ▁Work ers ' ▁Univers ities ". ▁A ▁few ▁more ▁modifications ▁were ▁performed ▁to ▁the ▁ed ifice , ▁in ▁particular ▁to ▁the ▁att ics . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁the ▁Polish ▁state ▁travel ▁ag ency ▁" Or bis " ▁took ▁ownership ▁of ▁the ▁" Pod ▁Or ł em " ▁hotel . ▁The ▁times ▁when ▁Or bis ▁was ▁man aging ▁the ▁hotel ▁were ▁tre as ured ▁in ▁the ▁memory ▁of ▁the ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁By dg osz cz . ▁Ref ined ▁cu is ine ▁was ▁pra ised , ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁prominent ▁guests ▁visited ▁the ▁hotel , ▁such ▁as ▁Arthur ▁Rub in stein ▁and ▁Kr z ysz to f ▁P end ere cki ), ▁and ▁the ▁hotel ▁was ▁a ▁substitute ▁for ▁international ▁contacts ▁in ▁the ▁times ▁when ▁Poland ▁was ▁cut ▁off ▁from ▁the ▁western ▁world . ▁Since ▁ 1 9 7 4 , |
▁the ▁property ▁is ▁registered ▁on ▁the ▁list ▁of ▁Polish ▁her itage ▁monuments . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁a ▁major ▁over ha ul ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁was ▁carried ▁out , ▁awarded ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁by ▁the ▁Minister ▁of ▁Culture ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁restored ▁building . ▁ ▁Modern ▁period ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁he irs ▁from ▁the ▁Maj ew icz ▁and ▁Kos icki ▁families ▁claimed ▁ownership ▁of ▁the ▁hotel ; ▁as ▁a ▁comprom ise , ▁a ▁limited ▁li ability ▁company ▁(" M aj ew icz ▁Hotel ▁Enter prise ") ▁was ▁created ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁with ▁various ▁individuals ▁holding ▁ 5 1 % ▁share , ▁including ▁the ▁he irs ▁of ▁the ▁pre - war ▁own ers , ▁and ▁Or bis ▁holding ▁the ▁remaining ▁ 4 9 %. ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁hotel ▁ranked ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ 2 0 ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁business ▁friendly ▁hot els ▁in ▁Poland ▁( ran king ▁developed ▁by ▁the ▁Business ▁Magazine ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ; ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 5 0 0 ▁hot els ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁selected ▁ 2 0 ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁business - friend ly ). ▁ ▁Architecture ▁ ▁The ▁building ▁has ▁ 5 ▁stories ▁and ▁a ▁bas ement . ▁Its ▁overall ▁shape ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁main ▁body ▁and ▁two ▁wings ; ▁the ▁North ▁and ▁South . ▁The ▁ed ifice ▁has ▁been ▁ere cted ▁in ▁E c |
lect ism ▁style , ▁with ▁Ne ob aro que ▁references ▁to ▁Rome ' s ▁Bar o que ▁forms . ▁Among ▁the ▁numerous ▁elements ▁that ▁ad orn ▁the ▁front , ▁the ▁large - size ▁sculpt ure ▁of ▁the ▁e agle ▁with ▁out st retch ed ▁wings ▁which ▁to ps ▁the ▁fa ç ade ▁is ▁the ▁hotel ▁symbol . ▁The ▁" Pod ▁Or ł em " ' s ▁fa ç ade ▁has ▁ 1 4 ▁windows ▁on ▁each ▁floor . ▁The ▁main ▁architect ural ▁horizontal ▁elements ▁are ▁b oss ages , ▁fr ie zes , ▁corn ices ▁and ▁bal con ies . ▁These ▁elements ▁are ▁bal anced ▁vert ically ▁by ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁decor ative ▁sculpt ures ▁and ▁columns ▁that ▁run ▁through ▁the ▁entire ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁fa ç ade , ▁along ▁the ▁axis ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁entrance . ▁At ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁floor ▁is ▁a ▁log gia ▁with ▁at l antes ▁on ▁the ▁sides ▁to pped ▁on ▁the ▁second ▁floor ▁by ▁two ▁e agle ▁figures . ▁The ▁third ▁floor ▁windows ▁are ▁crown ed ▁with ▁l int els ▁ad orn ed ▁with ▁a ▁representation ▁of ▁a ▁woman ' s ▁head ▁on ▁a ▁solar ▁background . ▁On ▁the ▁south - western ▁corner , ▁large ▁at l antes ' ▁herm s ▁stand ▁at ▁ground ▁level . ▁ ▁The ▁hotel ▁inter iors ▁feature ▁many ▁Art ▁N ouve au ▁references ; ▁in ▁the ▁lo bb y , ▁the ▁st air case ▁with ▁gold - color ed ▁st ained ▁glass , ▁the ▁door ▁handles ▁and ▁the ▁for ged |
▁hand rails ▁have ▁an ▁inter war ▁appearance . ▁ ▁" Pod ▁Or ł em " ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁four - star ▁hotel ▁category . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁hotel ▁had ▁a ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 3 9 ▁single ▁rooms , ▁ 3 2 ▁double ▁rooms ▁and ▁ 4 ▁lux ury ▁apart ments . ▁It ▁compr ises ▁a ▁restaurant , ▁" Column ", ▁and ▁ 5 ▁mult if unction ▁rooms ▁where ▁can ▁be ▁organized ▁ban qu ets , ▁balls , ▁con ferences ▁and ▁business ▁meet ings . ▁The ▁largest ▁rooms ▁are ▁the ▁Mal in owa ▁(" R asp berry "), ▁Business ▁Center , ▁and ▁Rot aria ńska . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁area , ▁Jó zef ▁Ś wię c icki ▁also ▁created ▁many ▁other ▁buildings , ▁such ▁as : ▁ ▁O sk ar ▁E wald ▁Ten ement ▁at ▁G d anska ▁st . 3 0 ; ▁ ▁Jó zef ▁Ś wię c icki ▁ten ement ▁at ▁G d anska ▁st . 6 3 ; ▁ ▁Ten ement ▁at ▁G d anska ▁st . ▁ 8 6 ; ▁ ▁Ten ement ▁at ▁Fre edom ▁Square ▁ 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁building ▁has ▁been ▁registered ▁on ▁the ▁P omer an ian ▁Heritage ▁List ▁( N ° 6 0 1 2 9 5 - reg . 9 0 / A ) ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁ ▁Dist ingu ished ▁guests ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁By dg osz cz ▁ ▁G d anska ▁Street ▁in ▁By |
dg osz cz ▁ ▁D wor c owa ▁Street ▁in ▁By dg osz cz ▁ ▁Emil ▁Bern hardt ▁ten ement ▁in ▁By dg osz cz ▁▁ ▁Jó zef ▁Ś wię c icki ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁▁ ▁Br ę cz ew ska - K ules za ▁D aria , ▁Der kow ska - K ost kow ska ▁Bog na , ▁Wy sock a ▁A .: ▁U lica ▁G da ńska , ▁Prz ew od nik ▁history cz ny , ▁By dg osz cz ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁▁ ▁J astr z eb ska - P uz ow ska ▁I w ona : ▁Hotel ▁„ Pod ▁Or ł em ", ▁K ron ika ▁By dg os ka ▁XIV ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁By dg osz cz ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁▁ ▁Par uck a ▁K ry st yna : ▁Z ab yt ki ▁By dg osz czy ▁– ▁min ik atalog , ▁„ T ifen " ▁K ry st yna ▁Par uck a , ▁By dg osz cz ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Web ▁site ▁of ▁Hotel ▁Pod ▁Or ł em ▁▁ ▁By dg osz cz ▁newspaper ' s ▁article ▁about ▁Hotel ▁Pod ▁Or ł em ▁ ▁Category : C ult ural ▁her itage ▁monuments ▁in ▁By dg osz cz ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁on ▁G da ńska ▁Street , ▁By dg osz cz ▁Category : Build ings ▁by ▁Jó zef ▁Ś wię c icki ▁Category : Hot el ▁buildings ▁completed ▁in |
▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁Category : Hot els ▁in ▁By dg osz cz <0x0A> </s> ▁Events ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 8 4 6 ▁in ▁Norway . ▁ ▁Inc umb ents ▁Mon arch : ▁Oscar ▁I ▁ ▁Events ▁ ▁Arts ▁and ▁literature ▁ ▁B irth s ▁ 2 2 ▁February ▁– ▁P eder ▁N ils en , ▁politician ▁and ▁Minister ▁( d . 1 9 2 1 ) ▁ 4 ▁August ▁– ▁Ste phan ▁S inding , ▁sculpt or ▁( d . 1 9 2 2 ) ▁ 5 ▁August ▁– ▁Al v ilde ▁P ry dz , ▁Norwegian ▁novel ist ▁( d . 1 9 2 2 ▁in ▁Norway ) ▁ 2 2 ▁August ▁– ▁Am al ie ▁Sk ram , ▁author ▁and ▁femin ist ▁( d . 1 9 0 5 ) ▁ 3 0 ▁September ▁– ▁Oscar ▁Am bro si us ▁Cast berg , ▁painter ▁and ▁sculpt or ▁( d . 1 9 1 7 ) ▁ 2 2 ▁October ▁– ▁Anders ▁Anders en , ▁politician ▁( d . 1 9 3 1 ) ▁ 1 0 ▁December ▁– ▁Greg ers ▁Win ther ▁W ul fs berg ▁Gram , ▁jur ist ▁and ▁politician ▁( d . 1 9 2 9 ) ▁ 1 5 ▁December ▁– ▁K ittel ▁Hal v ors on , ▁a ▁U . S . ▁Represent ative ▁from ▁Minnesota ▁( d . 1 9 3 6 ) ▁ ▁Full ▁date ▁unknown ▁Hans ▁Kon rad ▁Fo os n æ s , ▁politician ▁and ▁Minister ▁( d . |
1 9 1 7 ) ▁Ax el ▁Otto ▁Krist ian ▁H agem ann , ▁politician ▁ ▁Death s ▁ 2 8 ▁April ▁– ▁Christ en ▁S med , ▁black sm ith ▁and ▁mount aine er ▁( b . 1 7 9 7 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also <0x0A> </s> ▁Fun eral ▁celebr ant ▁is ▁a ▁formal ▁term ▁den oting ▁members ▁of ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁non - cler gy ▁profession als ▁who ▁are ▁committed ▁to ▁prepar ing ▁and ▁deliver ing ▁high ▁quality ▁fun eral ▁cer emon ies , ▁which ▁are ▁not ▁closely ▁linked ▁to ▁any ▁religion ▁or ▁to ▁belief ▁in ▁an ▁after - life . ▁The ▁concept ▁of ▁fun eral ▁celebr ants ▁is ▁analog ous ▁in ▁Western ▁countries ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁civil ▁celebr ants ▁( for ▁mar ri ages ). ▁ ▁It ▁began ▁in ▁Australia ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁the ▁Australian ▁att orney - general ▁Lion el ▁Mur phy ▁had ▁appointed ▁civil ▁marriage ▁celebr ants ▁with ▁the ▁aim ▁of ▁creating ▁cer emon ies ▁of ▁subst ance ▁and ▁meaning ▁for ▁non - ch urch ▁people . ▁As ▁sec ular ▁( c ivil ) ▁marriage ▁cer emon ies ▁became ▁accepted , ▁first ▁in ▁Australia ▁and ▁then ▁in ▁other ▁Western ▁countries , ▁it ▁was ▁in ev itable ▁that ▁a ▁similar ▁philosoph ical ▁parad ig m ▁would ▁be ▁applied ▁to ▁sec ular ▁fun er als . ▁ ▁Though ▁initi ated ▁in ▁Australia ▁the ▁program ▁and ▁the ▁process ▁has ▁been ▁followed ▁and ▁is ▁now ▁established ▁in ▁New |
▁Zealand , ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁Canada ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁of ▁America . ▁ ▁Des cript ive ▁definition ▁A ▁civil ▁fun eral ▁celebr ant ▁is ▁an ▁individual ▁person , ▁quite ▁often , ▁but ▁not ▁necessarily , ▁an ▁author ised ▁civil ▁marriage ▁celebr ant , ▁who ▁offers ▁to ▁perform ▁civil ▁fun er als ▁in ▁a ▁dign ified ▁and ▁cult ur ally ▁acceptable ▁manner , ▁for ▁those ▁who , ▁for ▁whatever ▁reason , ▁do ▁not ▁choose ▁a ▁religious ▁ceremony . ▁Civil ▁fun eral ▁celebr ants ▁also ▁serve ▁people ▁who ▁have ▁religious ▁belief s ▁but ▁do ▁not ▁wish ▁to ▁be ▁buried ▁or ▁cre m ated ▁from ▁a ▁church , ▁temple ▁or ▁mos que . ▁More ▁frequently , ▁people ▁choose ▁civil ▁fun eral ▁celebr ants ▁because ▁they ▁wish ▁a ▁professional ▁person ▁to ▁co - create ▁a ▁service ▁cent red ▁on ▁the ▁person , ▁their ▁history ▁and ▁their ▁achiev ements . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁often ▁in ▁contrast ▁to ▁the ▁established ▁set - rit ual ▁cer emon ies ▁of ▁most ▁relig ions . ▁In ▁celebr ant ▁cer emon ies ▁dec isions ▁about ▁the ▁content ▁of ▁the ▁ceremony ▁are ▁made ▁by ▁the ▁family ▁of ▁the ▁dece ased ▁in ▁consult ation ▁with ▁the ▁celebr ant . ▁Therefore , ▁the ▁civil ▁celebr ant ▁can ▁be ▁defined ▁as ▁a ▁profession ally ▁trained ▁ceremony - provider ▁who ▁works ▁in ▁accord ance ▁with ▁the ▁wishes ▁of ▁the ▁client . ▁Depending ▁on ▁circumstances , ▁best ▁practice ▁is ▁usually ▁for ▁fun eral ▁celebr ants ▁to ▁interview ▁the ▁family , ▁carefully ▁prepare ▁and ▁check ▁the ▁e ul |
ogy , ▁brief ▁those ▁persons ▁chosen ▁to ▁give ▁rem in isc ences , ▁and ▁finally ▁to ▁provide ▁resources ▁and ▁suggestions ▁that ▁will ▁assist ▁the ▁client ▁family ▁to ▁choose ▁the ▁most ▁appropriate ▁music , ▁video / photo ▁present ations , ▁quot ations ▁( po etry ▁and ▁pro se ), ▁symbols ▁and ▁movement ▁or ▁ch ore ography . ▁Sometimes ▁a ▁re he ars al ▁is ▁indicated ▁for ▁a ▁fun eral . ▁More ▁often ▁a ▁planning ▁session ▁is ▁sufficient ▁to ▁ensure ▁that ▁the ▁ceremony ▁that ▁is ▁delivered ▁is ▁the ▁one ▁that ▁is ▁planned . ▁In ▁this ▁task ▁the ▁fun eral ▁celebr ant ▁works ▁in ▁co operation ▁with ▁a ▁fun eral ▁director . ▁ ▁Thus ▁the ▁celebr ant ▁is ▁usually ▁the ▁central ▁person ▁who ▁del ivers ▁the ▁ceremony . ▁He ▁or ▁she ▁is ▁the ▁facil it ator , ▁the ▁advis er , ▁the ▁resource ▁person , ▁the ▁co - cre ator ▁of ▁the ▁ceremony , ▁and ▁the ▁director . ▁ ▁A ▁celebr ant , ▁by ▁this ▁definition , ▁does ▁not ▁come ▁from ▁the ▁stand point ▁of ▁any ▁do ctr inal ▁belief ▁or ▁un bel ief . ▁A ▁trained ▁celebr ant ▁usually ▁oper ates ▁profession ally ▁on ▁the ▁principle ▁that ▁their ▁own ▁belief s ▁and ▁values ▁are ▁not ▁relevant . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁civil ▁celebr ant ▁fun eral ▁- ▁Helen ▁Francis ▁An ▁acknowled ged ▁pione er ▁of ▁civil ▁C ele b ran cy , ▁D ally ▁M essen ger ▁III ▁claims ▁to ▁have ▁offici ated ▁at ▁the ▁first ▁fun eral ▁celebr ant ▁ceremony . ▁This ▁was ▁in ▁the |
▁sense ▁that ▁the ▁client ▁sought ▁a ▁service ▁from ▁M essen ger , ▁as ▁a ▁government ▁appointed ▁civil ▁celebr ant , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁professional ▁ceremony ▁provider . ▁There ▁had ▁occasionally ▁been ▁sec ular ▁fun eral ▁cer emon ies ▁before ▁this ▁date , ▁but ▁they ▁were ▁extremely ▁rare ▁and ▁inform al , ▁e . g . ▁some ▁words ▁spoken ▁at ▁the ▁gra ves ide ▁by ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Commun ist ▁party . ▁In ▁general , ▁fun er als ▁were ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁the ▁cler gy ▁- ▁even ▁for ▁un bel ie vers . ▁For ▁example , ▁many ▁fun er als ▁for ▁non - bel ie vers ▁were ▁performed ▁by ▁the ▁Salv ation ▁army . ▁▁ ▁D ally ▁M essen ger ▁III ▁records ▁that ▁this ▁first ▁celebr ant ▁fun eral ▁was ▁for ▁Helen ▁Francis ▁( née ▁Gr ieves ) ▁on ▁ 2 ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁at ▁the ▁Le ▁P ine ▁Fun eral ▁Par l our ▁in ▁Fer nt ree ▁Gul ly , ▁a ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Melbourne ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Victoria . ▁Helen ▁Francis ▁was ▁a ▁young ▁woman ▁who ▁had ▁engaged ▁M essen ger ▁as ▁a ▁celebr ant ▁for ▁her ▁wed ding ▁to ▁Roy ▁Francis ▁some ▁four ▁weeks ▁previously . ▁Roy ▁Francis ▁convinced ▁M essen ger ▁that ▁just ▁as ▁his ▁wife ▁was ▁entitled ▁to ▁a ▁civil ▁celebr ant ▁marriage , ▁she ▁was ▁similarly ▁entitled ▁to ▁a ▁civil ▁celebr ant ▁fun eral . ▁Some ▁ 2 0 0 ▁people ▁attended ▁and ▁many ▁ur ged ▁M essen ger ▁to ▁continue |
▁the ▁work ▁as ▁" m uch ▁more ▁important ▁than ▁wed d ings ." ▁M essen ger ▁cred its ▁Dennis ▁Perry , ▁then ▁brother ▁in ▁law ▁of ▁Helen ▁Francis , ▁of ▁being ▁a ▁decis ive ▁influence . ▁ ▁The ▁inaug ural ▁association ▁of ▁fun eral ▁celebr ants ▁ ▁Support ▁of ▁the ▁fun eral ▁industry ▁and ▁the ▁cler gy ▁From ▁this ▁time ▁on ▁some ▁marriage ▁celebr ants ▁began ▁to ▁quietly ▁and ▁carefully ▁offici ate ▁at ▁fun er als ▁when ▁they ▁were ▁asked ▁to ▁do ▁so . ▁On ▁T ues day ▁ 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁a ▁group , ▁consisting ▁of ▁some ▁author ised ▁marriage ▁celebr ants ▁and ▁some ▁other ▁persons ▁formed ▁an ▁association ▁- ▁The ▁Fun eral ▁C ele br ants ▁Association ▁of ▁Australia . ▁D ally ▁M essen ger ▁III ▁was ▁elected ▁the ▁inaug ural ▁president . ▁Fun eral ▁Direct ors ▁and ▁cler gy ▁attended ▁as ▁support ive ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Association . ▁For ▁them ▁it ▁solved ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁appropriate ▁ceremony ▁prov iders ▁for ▁the ▁increasing ▁number ▁families ▁for ▁whom ▁a ▁religious ▁ceremony ▁was ▁no ▁longer ▁an ▁authentic ▁option . ▁For ▁many ▁years ▁this ▁had ▁been ▁an ▁un com fort able ▁problem ▁for ▁which ▁there ▁had ▁been ▁no ▁good ▁solution . ▁ ▁Cont ro vers y ▁among ▁celebr ants ▁These ▁innov ations ▁soon ▁produced ▁a ▁bitter ▁controvers y . ▁In ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁death ▁and ▁fun er als ▁were ▁almost ▁tab oo ▁subjects , ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁marriage ▁celebr ants ▁were ▁vis cer ally ▁opposed ▁to ▁being ▁associated ▁with ▁fun |
er als . ▁Most , ▁supported ▁by ▁the ▁public ▁servants ▁of ▁the ▁Commonwealth ’ s ▁Att orney - General ’ s ▁Department , ▁viewed ▁the ▁situation ▁of ▁ ▁civil ▁marriage ▁celebr ants ▁also ▁being ▁fun eral ▁celebr ants ▁as ▁" using ▁their ▁appointment ▁as ▁civil ▁marriage ▁celebr ants , ▁to ▁commer cially ▁explo it ▁vulner able ▁people ▁in ▁their ▁time ▁of ▁gr ief ". ▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁those ▁marriage ▁celebr ants ▁who ▁had ▁attended ▁the ▁inaug ural ▁meeting ▁then ▁with d rew ▁their ▁support . ▁The ▁few ▁" mar riage ▁celebr ant ▁associations " ▁declared ▁their ▁opposition ▁to ▁fun er als . ▁However , ▁Lion el ▁Mur phy , ▁then ▁a ▁judge ▁of ▁the ▁High ▁Court ▁of ▁Australia , ▁encourag ed ▁M essen ger ▁to ▁go ▁out ▁into ▁the ▁" high ways ▁and ▁by ways " ▁and ▁find ▁non - mar riage ▁celebr ants ▁to ▁ful fil ▁the ▁soci etal ▁need . ▁▁ ▁Mur phy ▁ur ged ▁M essen ger ▁and ▁his ▁colle agues ▁to ▁prepare ▁each ▁ceremony ▁well , ▁to ▁charge ▁a ▁reasonable ▁fee ▁to ▁ensure ▁long ▁term ▁sust ain ability , ▁and ▁to ▁see ▁the ▁civil ▁ceremony ▁as ▁a ▁cultural ▁bridge ▁between ▁ordinary ▁people ▁and ▁the ▁rich ▁world ▁of ▁the ▁visual ▁and ▁performing ▁arts ▁- ▁especially ▁music , ▁English ▁literature , ▁and ▁poetry . ▁ ▁The ▁pione er ▁civil ▁fun eral ▁celebr ants ▁The ▁few ▁marriage ▁celebr ants ▁of ▁that ▁time ▁( 1 9 7 5 - 1 9 7 6 ) ▁involved ▁- ▁not ably ▁D ally ▁M essen ger |
▁III ▁and ▁Mar jor ie ▁M essen ger ▁- ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁years ▁and ▁months ▁following ▁( to ▁ 1 9 8 0 ) ▁joined ▁by ▁non - mar riage ▁celebr ants , ▁Brian ▁Mc In er ney , ▁D iane ▁Store y , ▁Da wn ▁Dick son , ▁Jean ▁N ug ent , ▁Ken ▁Wood burn ▁and ▁Jan ▁Tul ly . ▁A ▁decis ive ▁influence ▁later ▁was ▁marriage ▁celebr ant , ▁mayor ▁of ▁Cro yd on , ▁and ▁public ▁advoc ate ▁Rick ▁Bar cl ay . ▁M essen ger ▁cred its ▁these ▁persons ▁with ▁establish ing ▁the ▁profession ▁in ▁Melbourne , ▁and ▁subsequently ▁throughout ▁the ▁western ▁world . ▁ ▁Setting ▁standards ▁and ▁prices ▁ ▁Stand ards ▁As ▁with ▁marriage ▁celebr ants , ▁public ▁accept ance ▁of ▁fun eral ▁celebr ants ▁was ▁enthus i astic ▁and ▁rapid . ▁The ▁early ▁celebr ants ▁reported ▁the ▁commonly ▁expressed ▁need ▁of ▁non - ch urch ▁people ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁fun eral ▁that ▁was ▁personal ▁in ▁nature , ▁with ▁a ▁minimum ▁of ▁plat itudes , ▁and ▁also ▁a ▁personal ▁e ul ogy ▁that ▁was ▁well ▁prepared , ▁and ▁substantial ▁in ▁its ▁coverage ▁of ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁the ▁person ▁who ▁had ▁died . ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁strong ▁ant ip ath y ▁to ▁mistakes ▁which ▁people ▁had ▁experienced ▁in ▁fun eral ▁services , ▁such ▁as ▁fact ual ▁errors : ▁the ▁dece ased ▁being ▁called ▁by ▁the ▁wrong ▁name , ▁or ▁a ▁mis pr on ounced ▁name , ▁as ▁was ▁characteristic ▁of ▁many ▁under - prep ared ▁and ▁rit ual |
istic ▁fun eral ▁cer emon ies ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁churches . ▁The ▁public ▁also ▁required ▁that ▁music , ▁quot ations ▁and ▁individual ▁t ributes ▁be ▁appropriate ▁to ▁the ▁dece ased ▁person . ▁( C ler gy ▁were ▁then ▁induced ▁to ▁comp ete ▁with ▁these ▁standards ▁and ▁were ▁thus ▁led ▁to ▁provide ▁more ▁personal ised ▁cer emon ies .) ▁ ▁The ▁problem ▁of ▁fe es ▁The ▁new ▁Fun eral ▁C ele br ants ▁needed ▁to ▁establish ▁working ▁relationships ▁with ▁the ▁Fun eral ▁Direct ors , ▁whose ▁role ▁was ▁to ▁collect , ▁prepare , ▁and ▁store ▁the ▁bodies ▁of ▁the ▁dece ased . ▁Fun eral ▁direct ors ▁were ▁then ▁( 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ) ▁mostly ▁smaller ▁ ▁family ▁owned ▁fir ms . ▁Fun eral ▁Direct ors ▁John ▁and ▁Rob ▁All ison ▁of ▁John ▁All ison ▁Mon k house ▁( M el bourne , ▁Victoria ) ▁were ▁particularly ▁support ive ▁of ▁Fun eral ▁C ele br ants . ▁So ▁was ▁the ▁active ▁ideal ist ▁Des ▁Tob in , ▁General ▁Manager ▁of ▁Tob in ▁Brothers ▁Fun eral ▁Par l ours ▁of ▁Melbourne . ▁The ▁fee ▁that ▁fun eral ▁direct ors ▁had ▁custom arily ▁paid ▁to ▁the ▁cler gy ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁fee ▁for ▁service ▁but ▁merely ▁an ▁" of fer ing ", ▁since ▁the ▁general ▁pres umption ▁was ▁that ▁the ▁client ▁was ▁a ▁church go er , ▁who ▁had ▁don ated ▁to ▁the ▁up keep ▁of ▁the ▁cler gy ▁all ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁life . ▁ ▁Fun eral |
▁C ele br ants ▁argued ▁that ▁those ▁who ▁required ▁a ▁personally ▁prepared ▁service , ▁which ▁required ▁many ▁extra ▁hours ▁of ▁prepar ation , ▁should ▁pay ▁more . ▁Rob ▁All ison ▁agreed , ▁and ▁a ▁two - t ier ed ▁structure ▁of ▁fe es ▁was ▁established . ▁The ▁Fun eral ▁Direct ors ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁fee ▁should ▁be ▁fixed ▁so ▁they ▁could ▁quote ▁costs ▁clearly ▁to ▁the ▁client . ▁The ▁resulting ▁two - t ier ed ▁fee ▁acknowled ged ▁that ▁civil ▁fun eral ▁celebr ants ▁had ▁no ▁other ▁sources ▁of ▁income ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁cler gy ▁had . ▁However , ▁this ▁happened ▁only ▁in ▁Victoria . ▁Fun eral ▁Direct ors ▁in ▁other ▁states ▁of ▁Australia ▁refused ▁to ▁pay ▁celebr ants ▁any ▁more ▁than ▁they ▁had ▁decided ▁to ▁pay ▁the ▁cler gy . ▁This ▁led ▁predict ably ▁to ▁uns atisf actory ▁standards ▁and ▁un in sp iring ▁fun eral ▁services . ▁See ▁below ▁under ▁" Austral ian ▁States ▁other ▁than ▁Victoria ". ▁ ▁Training ▁and ▁education ▁of ▁celebr ants ▁ ▁Training ▁It ▁also ▁became ▁clear , ▁as ▁fun eral ▁cele b ran cy ▁became ▁an ▁organ ised ▁profession , ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁appropriate ▁for ▁fun eral ▁celebr ants ▁to ▁learn ▁how ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁the ▁work ▁by ▁learning ▁from ▁one ’ s ▁mistakes ▁and ▁experience ▁while ▁‘ on ▁the ▁job ’ . ▁C ele br ants ▁observed ▁that ▁mistakes ▁made ▁in ▁fun eral ▁cer emon ies ▁could ▁leave ▁lif el ong ▁psych ological ▁sc ars . ▁It ▁was ▁clear ▁that ▁skills ▁such ▁as ▁cre |
ative ▁writing ▁and ▁public ▁speaking , ▁a ▁knowledge ▁of ▁suitable ▁po etic , ▁literary , ▁symbol ic ▁and ▁musical ▁resources , ▁an ▁aw aren ess ▁of ▁pun ct ual ity ▁and ▁time , ▁appropriate ▁dress ▁and ▁similar ▁were ▁essential . ▁It ▁was ▁clear ▁that ▁a ▁formal ▁educational ▁and ▁training ▁process ▁was ▁required . ▁ ▁Education ▁Exper ien ced ▁celebr ants ▁maintained ▁it ▁was ▁cru cial ▁for ▁tra ine e ▁celebr ants ▁to ▁achieve ▁an ▁understanding ▁of ▁the ▁" gr ief ▁process " ▁and ▁how ▁it ▁impact ed ▁on ▁their ▁work . ▁The ▁Australian ▁lecture ▁tour ▁of ▁a ▁ren owned ▁scholar ▁in ▁this ▁area , ▁Elisabeth ▁Kü b ler - R oss , ▁organ ised ▁by ▁fun eral ▁celebr ant ▁D iane ▁Store y , ▁received ▁wide ▁media ▁public ity ▁and ▁was ▁cred ited ▁with ▁changing ▁social ▁att itudes ▁to ▁death ▁and ▁dying . ▁Training , ▁in ▁the ▁inform al ▁sense , ▁began ▁by ▁constant ▁reflect ive ▁interaction ▁among ▁the ▁original ▁celebr ants ▁who ▁all ▁knew ▁each ▁other . ▁Later ▁on ▁when ▁more ▁fun eral ▁celebr ants ▁were ▁attract ed ▁to ▁the ▁voc ation , ▁programs ▁of ▁sem in ars ▁were ▁set ▁up ▁by ▁celebr ants ▁B ever ley ▁Sil vi us , ▁D iane ▁Store y ▁and ▁Brian ▁and ▁T ina ▁Mc In er ney . ▁This ▁body ▁of ▁learning ▁was ▁later ▁incorpor ated ▁into ▁the ▁courses ▁more ▁formally ▁prepared ▁by ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁C ele b ran cy ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁se cur ing ▁of ▁celebr |
ant ▁professional ism ▁It ▁was ▁agreed ▁that ▁ade qu ate ▁training ▁of ▁celebr ants ▁must ▁leave ▁them ▁capable ▁of ▁providing ▁the ▁standards ▁the ▁general ▁public ▁expected ▁such ▁as ▁full ▁personal ▁interaction ▁and ▁co operation ▁with ▁the ▁family , ▁careful ▁prepar ation ▁of ▁a ▁historical ▁and ▁personal ▁e ul ogy , ▁att ent ive ▁choosing ▁of ▁read ings ▁( po etry ▁and ▁pro se ), ▁music , ▁ch ore ography ▁( process ion als ▁and ▁re cess ion als ), ▁symbol ism , ▁and ▁an ▁appropriate ▁setting ▁and ▁place ▁for ▁the ▁ceremony . ▁Another ▁essential ▁was ▁that ▁C ele br ants ▁should ▁check ▁the ▁e ul ogy ▁and ▁the ▁ceremony ▁with ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁family , ▁so ▁that ▁harm ful ▁mistakes ▁were ▁avoided . ▁In ▁short , ▁fun eral ▁cer emon ies ▁were ▁viewed ▁as ▁a ▁serious ▁responsibility ▁which ▁should ▁be ▁prepared ▁with ▁efficiency ▁and ▁attention ▁to ▁detail , ▁requiring ▁an ▁attitude ▁of ▁genu inen ess , ▁em path y ▁and ▁comp ass ion . ▁The ▁high ▁ide als ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁celebr ants ▁and ▁the ▁ones ▁who ▁slowly ▁joined ▁their ▁ranks ▁changed ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁fun eral ▁ceremony ▁scene ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁and ▁Victoria . ▁They ▁prof essed ▁to ▁offer ▁the ▁best ▁and ▁most ▁personal ▁fun er als ▁which ▁existed ▁in ▁the ▁Western ▁world . ▁This ▁high ▁standard ▁is ▁well ▁acknowled ged ▁by ▁Professor ▁Tony ▁Walter , ▁lect urer ▁and ▁reader ▁in ▁Death ▁and ▁Society ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Reading ▁UK . ▁Professor ▁Walter ▁particularly ▁singles ▁out ▁for ▁comment ary ▁two ▁celebr |
ants ▁he ▁considered ▁out standing , ▁Brian ▁Mc In er ney ▁and ▁Rick ▁Bar cl ay . ▁ ▁T IME ▁Magazine ▁report ▁International ▁acknowled gment ▁was ▁provided ▁by ▁a ▁compreh ensive ▁article ▁in ▁Time ▁Magazine ▁( Se ptember ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁reporting ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁" li ber al " ▁cities ▁of ▁Melbourne ▁( Austral ia ) ▁and ▁A uck land ▁( New ▁Zealand ) ▁civil ▁celebr ants ▁" con duct ▁substantial ly ▁more ▁than ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁fun er als ." ▁It ▁reported ▁that ▁before ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁only ▁cler gy ▁fun er als ▁were ▁available ▁to ▁the ▁general ▁public ▁in ▁Australia ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁The ▁article ▁describes ▁celebr ant ▁fun er als ▁as ▁" int imate ▁and ▁personal ised ". ▁But ▁it ▁also ▁c ited ▁an ▁alternative ▁point ▁of ▁view ▁by ▁at he ist ▁soci ologist ▁Mira ▁Cr ouch ▁who ▁stated ▁that ▁celebr ant ▁fun er als ▁were ▁" ma w k ish ▁and ▁sentiment al ". ▁ ▁The ▁Australian ▁Institute ▁of ▁Civil ▁C ele br ants ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁the ▁‘ ’ Fun eral ▁C ele br ants ▁Association ▁of ▁Australia ’ ’ ▁had ▁become ▁the ▁‘ ’ Austral ian ▁Institute ▁of ▁Civil ▁C ele br ants ’ ’ . ▁This ▁new ▁body ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁welcome ▁marriage ▁celebr ants , ▁who ▁were ▁increasing ly ▁in ▁disag re ement ▁with ▁the ▁Mar riage ▁C ele br ants ▁Associ ations , ▁which ▁continued ▁to ▁opp ose ▁sec ular ▁fun eral ▁celebr |
ants . ▁An ▁active ▁marriage ▁celebr ant ▁with ▁a ▁public ▁profile , ▁Rick ▁Bar cl ay ▁was ▁voted ▁in ▁as ▁President , ▁D ally ▁M essen ger ▁III ▁as ▁Secretary , ▁and ▁Ken ▁Wood burn ▁as ▁Tre as urer . ▁These ▁three ▁admin ister ed ▁the ▁Institute ▁until ▁it ▁became ▁‘ ’ The ▁Australian ▁Federation ▁of ▁Civil ▁C ele br ants ▁Inc ’ ’ ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁Although ▁no ▁reliable ▁statistics ▁were ▁kept ▁In ▁Melbourne ▁or ▁Victoria ▁by ▁any ▁re put able ▁authority , ▁inform al ▁checks ▁of ▁the ▁fun er als ▁services ▁as ▁advert ised ▁in ▁the ▁Melbourne ▁newsp apers ▁by ▁celebr ant ▁John ▁Dean ▁concluded ▁that ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁about ▁ 8 2 % ▁of ▁all ▁advert ised ▁fun eral ▁services ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁were ▁performed ▁by ▁civil ▁fun eral ▁celebr ants . ▁ ▁Australian ▁States ▁other ▁than ▁Victoria ▁Fun eral ▁Direct ors ▁in ▁states ▁of ▁Australia ▁other ▁than ▁Victoria ▁still ▁refused ▁to ▁pay ▁celebr ants ▁any ▁more ▁than ▁they ▁paid ▁the ▁cler gy ▁i . e . ▁a ▁low ▁" st ip end " ▁or ▁" of fer ing ". ▁The ▁results ▁were ▁predict able . ▁With ▁ ▁some ▁notable ▁exceptions , ▁very ▁few ▁marriage ▁celebr ants ▁were ▁prepared ▁to ▁put ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁pain st aking ▁time ▁and ▁effort ▁into ▁the ▁prepar ation ▁and ▁checking ▁of ▁fun eral ▁cer emon ies ▁that ▁was ▁required ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁Victor ian ▁standard . ▁Many ▁Fun eral ▁Direct ors ▁in ▁these ▁states ▁saw ▁celebr ants |