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C rac ov ia ) ▁Stanisław ▁C ik owski ▁- ▁mid f iel der ▁( C rac ov ia ) ▁T ade usz ▁Syn owie c ▁- ▁mid f iel der ▁( C rac ov ia ) ▁Stanisław ▁M iele ch ▁- ▁forward ▁( C rac ov ia ) ▁W ac ław ▁K uchar ▁- ▁forward ▁( P ogo ń ▁L w ów ) ▁Jó zef ▁K ał u ż a ▁- ▁forward ▁( C rac ov ia ) ▁Marian ▁Ein bach er ▁- ▁forward ▁( W arta ▁Poz na ń ) ▁Leon ▁S per ling ▁- ▁forward ▁( C rac ov ia ) ▁ ▁In ▁reserve ▁there ▁were ▁two ▁additional ▁football ers : ▁Stefan ▁L oth ▁- ▁( Pol onia ▁Warszawa ) ▁Mie cz ys ław ▁Bat sch ▁- ▁( P ogo ń ▁L w ów ) ▁ ▁A part ▁from ▁players ▁there ▁were ▁some ▁officials ▁in ▁the ▁party : ▁coach ▁Im re ▁Poz son yi , ▁president ▁of ▁P Z PN ▁dr . ▁Edward ▁Cet nar owski , ▁P Z PN ' s ▁prof . ▁Jan ▁W ey ss en hof ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁several ▁journal ists . ▁ ▁The ▁game ▁The ▁game ▁took ▁place ▁on ▁ 1 8 ▁December ▁ 1 9 2 1 , ▁at ▁the ▁Hung aria ▁Stadium ▁in ▁Budapest . ▁For ▁the ▁Hung ari ans , ▁this ▁was ▁just ▁another ▁friendly ▁game . ▁Since ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁their ▁national ▁team ▁had ▁already ▁played ▁about ▁ 8 0 ▁international ▁matches , ▁so ▁the ▁hosts ▁did |
▁not ▁treat ▁this ▁match ▁in ▁a ▁special ▁way . ▁For ▁the ▁Pol es ▁however , ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁historic ▁ 9 0 ▁minutes ; ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁time ▁ever , ▁ 1 1 ▁players ▁were ▁to ▁appear ▁on ▁the ▁field ▁dressed ▁in ▁j er se ys ▁emb la zon ed ▁with ▁the ▁white ▁e agle ▁of ▁Poland . ▁ ▁The ▁audience ▁turn out ▁was ▁not ▁impress ive . ▁Only ▁around ▁ 8 0 0 0 ▁spect ators ▁showed ▁up , ▁which ▁was ▁a ▁disappoint ment ; ▁at ▁previous ▁games ▁there ▁usually ▁were ▁up ▁to ▁ 3 0 , 0 0 0 ▁supp or ters . ▁This ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁weather , ▁as ▁the ▁ground ▁was ▁sl ush y . ▁As ▁a ▁result ▁of ▁the ▁weather , ▁the ▁tur f ▁was ▁wet ▁and ▁mud dy , ▁which ▁proved ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁advantage ▁for ▁the ▁Pol es . ▁The ▁Hung ari ans , ▁regarded ▁as ▁first - quality ▁d rib bl ers , ▁were ▁unable ▁to ▁play ▁their ▁fast , ▁ener get ic ▁style . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁minute , ▁Jen ő ▁Sz ab ó ▁of ▁Hung ary ▁scored ▁what ▁would ▁be ▁the ▁only ▁goal ▁of ▁the ▁game . ▁The ▁Hung ari ans ▁had ▁another ▁chance ▁to ▁score ▁in ▁the ▁ 4 1 st ▁minute , ▁but ▁Kar oly ▁F og l ’ s ▁penalty ▁kick ▁missed ▁the ▁goal . ▁From ▁what ▁can ▁be ▁gathered , ▁the ▁home ▁team ▁should ▁have ▁scored ▁more ▁goals ▁than ▁one , ▁but |
▁the ▁Poland ' s ▁goal ▁ke eper ▁played ▁an ▁extraordinary ▁game . ▁ ▁The ▁final ▁blow ▁of ▁the ▁ref eree , ▁the ▁Czech - G erman ▁Ernst ▁Gr atz , ▁was ▁wel com ed ▁with ▁relief ▁by ▁both ▁sides . ▁The ▁Hung ari ans ▁were ▁happy ▁because ▁they ▁had ▁won , ▁while ▁the ▁Pol es ▁were ▁pleased ▁because ▁the ▁defeat ▁to ▁a ▁ren owned ▁oppon ent ▁was ▁not ▁as ▁severe ▁as ▁some ▁had ▁predicted , ▁and ▁the ▁match ▁had ▁helped ▁to ▁establish ▁them ▁on ▁the ▁international ▁football ▁scene . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁History ▁of ▁football ▁in ▁Poland ▁▁ ▁Poland ▁national ▁football ▁team ▁▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁Poland ▁v ▁Hung ary ▁football ▁match ▁ ▁Polish ▁football ▁in ▁the ▁inter war ▁period ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁En cyk lopedia ▁Pil kar ska ▁F U J I . ▁B ial o - cz er w oni . ▁D zie je ▁reprezent acji ▁Polski ▁( 1 ) ▁( Pol ish ▁Football ▁Encyclopedia . ▁History ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁National ▁Team ▁( 1 )) ▁Kat ow ice ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Match ▁summary ▁ ▁Category : Intern ational ▁association ▁football ▁matches ▁Category : Intern ational ▁sports ▁compet itions ▁in ▁Budapest ▁Category : H ung ary ▁national ▁football ▁team ▁matches ▁Category : Pol and ▁national ▁football ▁team ▁matches ▁Hun ▁Pol ▁Category : Dec ember ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁sports ▁events ▁Category : 1 9 2 0 s ▁in ▁Budapest <0x0A> </s> ▁Werner ▁Fin ck ▁( 2 ▁May ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁– |
▁ 3 1 ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 8 ) ▁was ▁a ▁German ▁Kab are tt ▁com ed ian , ▁actor ▁and ▁author . ▁Not ▁polit ically ▁motiv ated ▁by ▁his ▁own ▁ad mission ▁but ▁just ▁a ▁" con vin ced ▁individual ist ", ▁he ▁became ▁one ▁of ▁Germany ' s ▁leading ▁cab aret ▁artists ▁under ▁the ▁conditions ▁of ▁the ▁Naz i ▁supp ression ▁after ▁ 1 9 3 3 . ▁ ▁Biography ▁ ▁Born ▁in ▁G ör l itz ▁in ▁Pr uss ian ▁S iles ia , ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁a ▁ph arm ac ist , ▁Fin ck ▁attended ▁an ▁art ▁school ▁in ▁Dresden ▁and ▁began ▁his ▁career ▁as ▁an ▁it iner ant ▁story t eller ▁of ▁fair y ▁tales ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s . ▁He ▁took ▁acting ▁less ons ▁and ▁began ▁a ▁medi oc re ▁ten ure ▁in ▁the ▁theatre , ▁making ▁his ▁debut ▁in ▁S iles ian ▁Bun z lau ▁( present - day ▁B oles ław iec , ▁Poland ). ▁However , ▁it ▁became ▁obvious ▁that ▁he ▁had ▁" com ic ▁b ones " ▁and ▁when ▁he ▁met ▁a ▁friend ▁who ▁had ▁contacts ▁in ▁the ▁Berlin ▁Kab are tt ▁scene , ▁he ▁found ▁his ▁true ▁calling . ▁ ▁T ogether ▁with ▁artists ▁like ▁Hans ▁De ppe , ▁Rudolf ▁Pl atte ▁and ▁Robert ▁A . ▁St em m le ▁he ▁founded ▁the ▁cab aret ▁Die ▁K ata kom be ▁with ▁some ▁friends ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 . ▁Fin ck ▁acted ▁as ▁confer en cier |
, ▁and ▁the ▁cab aret , ▁became ▁successful ▁because ▁of ▁his ▁critical ▁and ▁subt ly ▁imp udent ▁remarks ▁against ▁the ▁Naz is , ▁prov ing ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁early ▁th orn ▁in ▁their ▁side . ▁Fin ck ▁had ▁an ▁ability ▁to ▁be ▁seem ingly ▁lost ▁for ▁words ▁when ▁saying ▁something ▁and ▁the ▁audience , ▁playing ▁along , ▁finished ▁his ▁sentences . ▁He ▁often ▁def ied ▁authority ▁by ▁d aring ▁Gest ap o ▁inform ers ▁in ▁the ▁audience ▁to ▁write ▁down ▁every ▁word ▁he ▁said . ▁According ▁to ▁an ▁an ec d ote , ▁Fin ck ▁once ▁confront ed ▁an ▁officer ▁asking ▁with ▁seem ing ▁innoc ence , ▁" Am ▁I ▁talking ▁too ▁fast ? ▁Can ▁you ▁follow ▁me ▁or ▁shall ▁I ▁follow ▁you ?" ▁ ▁According ▁to ▁his ▁later ▁accounts , ▁Fin ck ▁was ▁confront ed ▁with ▁politics ▁for ▁the ▁very ▁first ▁time : ▁" If ▁only ▁I ▁had ▁known ▁that ▁all ▁these ▁people ▁were ▁just ▁Mit läu fer . ▁Some ▁even ▁cam ou fl aged ▁as ▁G au le iter . ▁( ...) ▁So ▁quite ▁a ▁few ▁people ▁claim ▁I ▁had ▁disapp ro ved ▁of ▁the ▁Naz is . ▁I ▁would ▁like ▁to ▁point ▁out ▁that ▁these ▁are ▁def am ations . ▁You ▁never ▁know . ▁( ...) ▁I ▁must ▁admit ▁though ▁that ▁the ▁Naz is ▁disapp ro ved ▁of ▁me ." ▁The ▁way ▁Fin ck ▁presented ▁his ▁j okes ▁made ▁it ▁very ▁difficult ▁for ▁authorities ▁to ▁n ail ▁him ▁down . ▁His ▁explo its ▁made ▁him ▁a ▁legend ▁in ▁his ▁lifetime |
, ▁to ▁such ▁an ▁extent ▁that ▁when ▁he ▁introduced ▁himself ▁to ▁British ▁and ▁American ▁journal ists ▁after ▁the ▁war , ▁he ▁was ▁met ▁with ▁dis bel ief ▁as ▁they ▁believed ▁that ▁the ▁" W erner ▁Fin ck " ▁who ▁j oked ▁against ▁the ▁Naz is ▁was ▁a ▁fair y - t ale ▁figure . ▁ ▁However , ▁the ▁K ata kom be ▁was ▁closed ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁May ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁on ▁the ▁orders ▁of ▁Minister ▁Joseph ▁Go ebb els . ▁Fin ck ▁and ▁his ▁colle agues ▁were ▁intern ed ▁for ▁six ▁weeks ▁in ▁E ster w egen ▁concentration ▁camp , ▁where ▁he ▁met ▁Carl ▁von ▁O ss iet z ky ▁and ▁Julius ▁Le ber . ▁The ▁K ata kom be ▁ensemble ▁took ▁their ▁arrest ▁in ▁good ▁st ride , ▁because ▁they ▁still ▁performed ▁despite ▁their ▁imprison ment . ▁They ▁reason ed ▁that ▁before ▁the ▁cab aret ▁closed ▁down ▁they ▁had ▁performed ▁with ▁anx iety ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁fear ▁of ▁in car cer ation ; ▁now ▁they ▁did ▁not ▁need ▁to ▁fear ▁because ▁they ▁were ▁already ▁in ▁prison ! ▁It ▁was ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁inter vention ▁of ▁his ▁friend , ▁actress ▁K ä the ▁Dor sch , ▁who ▁talked ▁to ▁Go ebb els ' ▁rival ▁Hermann ▁G ör ing , ▁that ▁Fin ck ▁was ▁released ▁on ▁ 1 ▁July ▁on ▁condition ▁that ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁work ▁in ▁public ▁for ▁a ▁year . ▁ ▁Despite ▁this ▁he ▁continued ▁performing ▁before ▁live ▁aud ien ces ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁on |
wards , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁film , ▁where ▁he ▁had ▁a ▁successful , ▁if ▁und ist ingu ished , ▁career ▁from ▁ 1 9 3 1 . ▁However , ▁he ▁was ▁b anned ▁from ▁the ▁Reich sk ultur k ammer ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁and , ▁threatened ▁with ▁arrest ▁again , ▁he ▁joined ▁the ▁We hr macht ▁armed ▁forces ▁in ▁the ▁rank ▁of ▁a ▁private ▁radi ote le phone ▁operator ▁to ▁avoid ▁imprison ment . ▁A ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 3 rd ▁Infantry ▁Division , ▁he ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Iron ▁Cross , ▁ 2 nd ▁class ▁and ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Front ▁Medal , ▁which ▁he ▁called ▁" F ro zen ▁Me at ▁Medal " ▁( G ef rier f le isch orden ). ▁ ▁He ▁tempor arily ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁tro op ▁ent ert ainer ▁and ▁later ▁used ▁his ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁explo its ▁in ▁a ▁cab aret ▁programme ▁entitled ▁Der ▁brave ▁Sold at ▁sch we igt ▁(" The ▁Good ▁Sold ier ▁Sh uts ▁Up " ▁– ▁a ▁pun ▁on ▁Jar oslav ▁Ha š ek ' s ▁The ▁Good ▁Sold ier ▁Š ve jk ). ▁He ▁witness ed ▁the ▁German ▁surrender ▁as ▁a ▁P OW ▁of ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Army ▁in ▁Bad ▁A ib ling , ▁Bav aria . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 4 5 - 4 9 , ▁Fin ck , ▁with ▁Hans ▁Bayer ▁(" Th add ä us ▁T roll "), ▁issued ▁the ▁journal ▁Das ▁W esp enn est ▁(" The ▁Hor net s ' |
▁N est "), ▁the ▁first ▁German ▁sat ir ical ▁magazine ▁after ▁the ▁war . ▁He ▁res umed ▁his ▁career ▁in ▁cab aret , ▁performing ▁at ▁the ▁Sch mun zel kol leg ▁(" Ch uck le ▁College ") ▁in ▁Mun ich ▁and ▁found ing ▁the ▁Neb el horn ▁(" F og horn ") ▁cab aret ▁in ▁Zur ich ▁( 1 9 4 7 ), ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁M ause f alle ▁(" M ous et rap ") ▁in ▁Stuttgart ▁( 1 9 4 8 ). ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁he ▁established ▁the ▁jo ke ▁political ▁party ▁of ▁the ▁" Rad ical ▁Centre " ▁in ▁West ▁Berlin . ▁Fin ck ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁continue ▁his ▁film ▁career , ▁including ▁an ▁appearance ▁in ▁F ass b inder ' s ▁TV ▁series ▁E ight ▁H ours ▁Don ' t ▁Make ▁a ▁Day ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 2 . ▁He ▁remained ▁active ▁in ▁live ▁performances , ▁not ably ▁making ▁a ▁tour ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁ ▁Death ▁Fin ck ▁died ▁in ▁Mun ich , ▁aged ▁ 7 6 , ▁where ▁he ▁is ▁buried ▁in ▁the ▁Wal df ried hof ▁c emetery . ▁The ▁ins cription ▁on ▁his ▁tomb stone ▁reads : ▁" You ▁are ▁still ▁here ▁and ▁I ▁passed ▁away , ▁soon ▁you ▁are ▁there ▁where ▁I ▁am ▁today ." ▁ ▁Hon ors ▁Order ▁of ▁Mer it ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Germany ▁( 1 9 7 3 ) ▁Walk ▁of ▁Fame ▁of ▁Cab aret , ▁Main |
z ▁( post hum ous , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁Selected ▁film ography ▁Werner ▁Fin ck ▁made ▁a ▁lot ▁of ▁film ▁and ▁TV ▁appearances ▁in ▁a ▁career ▁sp anning ▁about ▁forty ▁years , ▁many ▁of ▁which ▁are ▁but ▁brief ▁appearances ▁that ▁show c ased ▁his ▁talent : ▁The ▁Company ' s ▁in ▁Love ▁( 1 9 3 2 ) ▁The ▁H ymn ▁of ▁Le uth en ▁( 1 9 3 3 ) ▁Lie be lei ▁( 1 9 3 3 ) ▁A ▁Woman ▁Who ▁Kn ows ▁What ▁She ▁W ants ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁Hol iday ▁From ▁Mys elf ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁The ▁C ousin ▁from ▁Now here ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁ ▁What ▁Am ▁I ▁Without ▁You ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁Love ▁Con qu ers ▁All ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁Just ▁Once ▁a ▁Great ▁Lady ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁The ▁Girl friend ▁of ▁a ▁Big ▁Man ▁( 1 9 3 4 ) ▁F resh ▁Wind ▁from ▁Canada ▁( 1 9 3 5 ) ▁The ▁V ag ab onds ▁( 1 9 3 7 ) ▁La ▁H aban era ▁( 1 9 3 7 ) ▁Aut ob us ▁S ▁( 1 9 3 7 ) ▁The ▁Grey ▁Lady ▁( 1 9 3 7 ) ▁F aded ▁Mel ody ▁( 1 9 3 8 ) ▁ ▁The ▁Man ▁Who ▁Could n ' t ▁Say ▁No ▁( 1 9 3 8 ) ▁The ▁Girl ▁of ▁Last ▁Night ▁( 1 |
9 3 8 ) ▁The ▁Round about s ▁of ▁H ands ome ▁Karl ▁( 1 9 3 8 ) ▁Film ▁Without ▁a ▁Title ▁( 1 9 4 8 ), ▁as ▁Hub ert ▁My ▁Nie ce ▁Sus anne ▁( 1 9 5 0 ), ▁as ▁Dub out on ▁Not ▁Without ▁G is ela ▁( 1 9 5 1 ), ▁as ▁himself ▁St är ker ▁als ▁die ▁Nach t ▁( 1 9 5 4 ) ▁Han ussen ▁( 1 9 5 5 ), ▁as ▁Ex pert ▁witness ▁L ola ▁Mont ès ▁( 1 9 5 5 ), ▁as ▁Wis b ö ck ▁My ▁Hus band ' s ▁Getting ▁Mar ried ▁Today ▁( 1 9 5 6 ), ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Ag art z ▁The ▁Zur ich ▁Eng agement ▁( 1 9 5 7 ), ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Julius ▁W ayer ▁Victor ▁and ▁Victoria ▁( 1 9 5 7 ), ▁as ▁Hin z ▁T ired ▁The odore ▁( 1 9 5 7 ), ▁as ▁Dr . ▁Karl ▁Fin de isen ▁Mar ri ages ▁For b idden ▁( 1 9 5 7 ), ▁as ▁Judge ▁Dr . ▁K ern ▁ ▁Father , ▁Mother ▁and ▁N ine ▁Children ▁( 1 9 5 8 ) ▁And ▁That ▁on ▁Monday ▁Mor ning ▁( 1 9 5 9 ), ▁as ▁Professor ▁G ross ▁Lab yr inth ▁( 1 9 5 9 ), ▁as ▁President ▁Ros es ▁for ▁the ▁Pro sec utor ▁( 1 9 5 9 ), ▁as ▁Ha ase ▁The ▁Last ▁Ped est rian ▁( 1 9 6 0 ), |
▁as ▁Editor ▁H iss ▁ ▁Storm ▁in ▁a ▁Water ▁G lass ▁( 1 9 6 0 ) ▁The ▁White ▁Hor se ▁Inn ▁( 1 9 6 0 ), ▁as ▁Professor ▁Hin zel mann ▁What ▁Is ▁Father ▁Do ing ▁in ▁Italy ? ▁( 1 9 6 1 ), ▁as ▁Dire ktor ▁Sch los ser ▁Love ▁at ▁Tw enty ▁( 1 9 6 2 ), ▁as ▁Sur geon ▁Two ▁Bav ari ans ▁in ▁Bonn ▁( 1 9 6 2 ), ▁as ▁Minister ▁ ▁( 1 9 6 8 ), ▁as ▁Jacob y ▁ ▁( 1 9 6 8 ), ▁as ▁New sp aper ▁Publish er ▁Hur ra , ▁die ▁Schule ▁b ren nt ! ▁( 1 9 6 9 ), ▁as ▁Under ▁Secretary ▁von ▁Sch nor r ▁E ight ▁H ours ▁Don ' t ▁Make ▁a ▁Day ▁( 1 9 7 2 , ▁TV ▁series ), ▁as ▁Greg or ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁TV ▁movie ▁Inside ▁the ▁Third ▁Reich , ▁he ▁was ▁port rayed ▁by ▁American ▁com ed ian ▁Mort ▁S ahl . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Phot ograph s ▁and ▁literature ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 0 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 7 8 ▁death s ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁G ör l itz ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁S iles ia ▁Category : G erman ▁male ▁stage ▁actors ▁Category : G erman ▁male ▁com ed ians ▁Category : G erman ▁cab aret ▁perform ers ▁Category : We imar ▁cab aret ▁Category |
: G erman ▁male ▁film ▁actors ▁Category : G erman ▁male ▁television ▁actors ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁German ▁male ▁actors ▁Category : Command ers ▁Cross es ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Mer it ▁of ▁the ▁Federal ▁Republic ▁of ▁Germany ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁com ed ians <0x0A> </s> ▁Sever o iz to chen ▁Pl anning ▁Region ▁( N ortheast ▁Pl anning ▁Region ) ▁is ▁a ▁planning ▁region ▁in ▁Bulg aria . The ▁region ▁includes ▁four ▁provinces : ▁T arg ov ish te ▁Province , ▁V arna ▁Province , ▁Sh umen ▁Province ▁and ▁Dob rich ▁Province . ▁ ▁L arg est ▁cities ▁are ▁V arna ▁( 3 6 0 , 0 0 0 ▁- ▁city ▁proper ; ▁ 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁- ▁met ro ▁area ), ▁Dob rich ▁( 1 0 5 , 0 0 0 ▁- ▁city ; ▁ 1 1 5 , 0 0 0 ▁- ▁ag gl omer ation ), ▁Sh umen ▁( 9 5 , 0 0 0 ), ▁Sil istra ▁( 4 2 , 0 0 0 ▁- city ; ▁ 5 2 , 0 0 0 ▁- ▁ag gl omer ation ). ▁The ▁ag gl omer ation ▁of ▁V arna ▁includes ▁the ▁towns ▁of ▁Prov ady a ▁( 1 4 , 0 0 0 ), ▁Dev ny a ▁( 1 0 , 0 0 0 ), ▁A ks ak ovo ▁( 7 6 0 0 ▁- ▁fast est ▁growing ▁town ▁in ▁area ) ▁and ▁others . ▁The ▁ag gl |
omer ation ▁of ▁Sil istra ▁includes ▁the ▁largest ▁villages ▁in ▁Bulg aria ▁- ▁Ay dem ir ▁( 7 8 0 0 ) ▁and ▁Kal ip etro vo ▁( 4 7 0 0 ). ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁border ed ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁by ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea . ▁The ▁Kam chia ▁river ▁flows ▁through ▁the ▁region . ▁ ▁Econom y ▁One ▁of ▁rich est ▁regions ▁of ▁Bulg aria , ▁Sever o iz to chen ▁is ▁important ▁for ▁the ▁national ▁economy . ▁Its ▁economy ▁is ▁service - orient ed ▁and ▁includes ▁tour ism . ▁Sever o iz to chen ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁region ▁most - vis ited ▁region ▁by ▁foreign ▁tour ists ▁after ▁Y ugo iz to chen . ▁Notable ▁resort s ▁include ▁Golden ▁S ands , ▁Al ben a , ▁SS ▁Const antine ▁and ▁Hel ena . ▁Interest ing ▁places ▁are ▁the ▁towns ▁of ▁Bal ch ik , ▁K av arna , ▁Cape ▁Kal iak ra ▁- ▁on ▁the ▁sea , ▁Mad ara ▁- ▁nearby ▁Sh umen , ▁S re bar na ▁Nature ▁Reserve ▁- ▁nearby ▁Sil istra ; ▁Sh umen ▁bo asts ▁the ▁Monument ▁to ▁ 1 3 0 0 ▁Years ▁of ▁Bulg aria . ▁Sil istra ▁Province ▁and ▁Dob rich ▁Province ▁form ▁Southern ▁Dob ru ja ▁- ▁the ▁Bulgar ian ▁bread b asket . ▁The ▁port ▁of ▁V arna ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁port ▁in ▁Bulg aria ▁and ▁the ▁third ▁largest ▁on ▁the ▁Black ▁Sea . ▁The ▁port ▁of ▁Bal ch ik ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁fish ing ▁town . ▁On ▁the ▁Dan ube , |
▁important ▁ports ▁are ▁Sil istra ▁- ▁fourth ▁largest ▁on ▁the ▁river , ▁and ▁T ut rak an . ▁V arna ▁is ▁Bulg aria ' s ▁second ▁financial ▁capital ▁after ▁Sof ia ; ▁the ▁city ▁produces ▁electron ics , ▁ships , ▁food ▁and ▁other ▁goods . ▁Other ▁important ▁industrial ▁cent ers ▁in ▁the ▁region ▁are ▁Sh umen ▁- ▁production ▁and ▁repair ▁of ▁tr uck s ; ▁Dob rich ▁- ▁big ▁food - produ cing ▁city , ▁uno fficial ▁capital ▁of ▁Dob ru ja ; ▁Sil istra ▁- ▁electron ics , ▁food ; ▁Dev ny a ▁- ▁big ▁chemical ▁center ▁( cement ▁and ▁nit ric ▁fert il izer ); ▁T ut rak an ▁- ▁food ▁and ▁fish ing ▁boat . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁N UT S ▁of ▁Bulg aria ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Reg ions ▁of ▁Bulg aria <0x0A> </s> ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁musical ▁composition ▁by ▁the ▁American ▁composer ▁George ▁G ers h win ▁for ▁solo ▁piano ▁and ▁jazz ▁band , ▁which ▁comb ines ▁elements ▁of ▁classical ▁music ▁with ▁jazz - infl uen ced ▁effects . ▁ ▁The ▁composition ▁was ▁commission ed ▁by ▁the ▁band le ader ▁Paul ▁Wh item an . ▁It ▁was ▁orch estr ated ▁by ▁Fer de ▁Gro f é ▁several ▁times , ▁including ▁the ▁original ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁scoring , ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁" the ater ▁or chestra " ▁setting , ▁and ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁sym phony ▁or chestra ▁scoring , ▁though |
▁completed ▁earlier . ▁The ▁piece ▁received ▁its ▁premi ere ▁in ▁the ▁concert , ▁An ▁Ex periment ▁in ▁Modern ▁Music , ▁which ▁was ▁held ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁in ▁A e ol ian ▁Hall , ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁by ▁Wh item an ▁and ▁his ▁band ▁with ▁G ers h win ▁playing ▁the ▁piano . ▁ ▁The ▁edit ors ▁of ▁the ▁Cambridge ▁Music ▁Hand books ▁op ined ▁that ▁" The ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁( 1 9 2 4 ) ▁established ▁G ers h win ' s ▁reputation ▁as ▁a ▁serious ▁composer ▁and ▁has ▁since ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁popular ▁of ▁all ▁American ▁concert ▁works ." ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Commission ▁After ▁the ▁success ▁of ▁an ▁experimental ▁classical - j azz ▁concert ▁held ▁with ▁the ▁Canadian ▁singer ▁É va ▁G auth ier ▁at ▁A e ol ian ▁Hall ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁on ▁November ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 2 3 , ▁the ▁band le ader ▁Paul ▁Wh item an ▁decided ▁to ▁attempt ▁something ▁more ▁am bit ious . ▁He ▁asked ▁George ▁G ers h win ▁to ▁contribute ▁a ▁con cer to - like ▁piece ▁for ▁an ▁all - j azz ▁concert ▁he ▁would ▁give ▁in ▁A e ol ian ▁Hall ▁in ▁February ▁ 1 9 2 4 . ▁Wh item an ▁became ▁interested ▁in ▁featuring ▁such ▁an ▁extended ▁composition ▁by ▁G ers h win ▁in ▁the ▁concert ▁after ▁he ▁had ▁collabor ated ▁with ▁G ers h win ▁in ▁the ▁Sc and als ▁of |
▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁im pressed ▁by ▁the ▁original ▁performance ▁of ▁the ▁one - act ▁opera ▁Blue ▁Monday , ▁which ▁was ▁never theless ▁a ▁commercial ▁failure . ▁G ers h win ▁decl ined ▁on ▁the ▁grounds ▁that , ▁as ▁there ▁would ▁certainly ▁be ▁need ▁for ▁revis ions ▁to ▁the ▁score , ▁he ▁would ▁not ▁have ▁enough ▁time ▁to ▁compose ▁the ▁new ▁piece . ▁ ▁Late ▁on ▁the ▁evening ▁of ▁January ▁ 3 , ▁at ▁the ▁Amb assador ▁Bill i ard ▁Par lor ▁at ▁Broadway ▁and ▁ 5 2 nd ▁Street ▁in ▁Manh attan , ▁while ▁George ▁G ers h win ▁and ▁Bud dy ▁De ▁Syl va ▁were ▁playing ▁bill i ards , ▁his ▁brother ▁Ira ▁G ers h win ▁was ▁reading ▁the ▁January ▁ 4 ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Trib une . ▁An ▁article ▁entitled ▁" What ▁Is ▁American ▁Music ?" ▁about ▁the ▁Wh item an ▁concert ▁caught ▁his ▁attention , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁final ▁paragraph ▁claimed ▁that ▁" Ge orge ▁G ers h win ▁is ▁at ▁work ▁on ▁a ▁jazz ▁con cer to , ▁Ir ving ▁Berlin ▁is ▁writing ▁a ▁sync op ated ▁tone ▁poem , ▁and ▁Victor ▁Herbert ▁is ▁working ▁on ▁an ▁American ▁suite ." ▁ ▁In ▁a ▁phone ▁call ▁to ▁Wh item an ▁next ▁morning , ▁G ers h win ▁was ▁told ▁that ▁Wh item an ' s ▁rival ▁Vincent ▁L ope z ▁was ▁planning ▁to ▁ste al ▁the ▁idea ▁of ▁his ▁experimental ▁concert ▁and ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁time ▁to ▁lose . ▁G ers h win ▁was |
▁finally ▁persu aded ▁to ▁compose ▁the ▁piece . ▁ ▁Com position ▁Since ▁there ▁were ▁only ▁five ▁weeks ▁left , ▁G ers h win ▁hast ily ▁set ▁about ▁compos ing ▁a ▁piece , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁train ▁journey ▁to ▁Boston , ▁the ▁ideas ▁of ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁came ▁to ▁his ▁mind . ▁He ▁told ▁his ▁first ▁bi ograph er ▁Isaac ▁Gold berg ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 1 : ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁on ▁the ▁train , ▁with ▁its ▁ste ely ▁rh yth ms , ▁its ▁r attle - ty ▁b ang , ▁that ▁is ▁so ▁often ▁so ▁stim ulating ▁to ▁a ▁composer – ▁I ▁frequently ▁hear ▁music ▁in ▁the ▁very ▁heart ▁of ▁the ▁noise . ▁... ▁And ▁there ▁I ▁suddenly ▁heard , ▁and ▁even ▁saw ▁on ▁paper – ▁the ▁complete ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁r haps ody , ▁from ▁beginning ▁to ▁end . ▁No ▁new ▁them es ▁came ▁to ▁me , ▁but ▁I ▁worked ▁on ▁the ▁them atic ▁material ▁already ▁in ▁my ▁mind ▁and ▁tried ▁to ▁conce ive ▁the ▁composition ▁as ▁a ▁whole . ▁I ▁heard ▁it ▁as ▁a ▁sort ▁of ▁musical ▁k ale idos cope ▁of ▁America , ▁of ▁our ▁vast ▁mel ting ▁pot , ▁of ▁our ▁und up licated ▁national ▁p ep , ▁of ▁our ▁metropol itan ▁mad ness . ▁By ▁the ▁time ▁I ▁reached ▁Boston ▁I ▁had ▁a ▁definite ▁plot ▁of ▁the ▁piece , ▁as ▁distinguished ▁from ▁its ▁actual ▁subst ance . ▁ ▁G ers h win ▁began ▁his ▁work ▁on ▁January ▁ 7 ▁as ▁dated ▁on ▁the |
▁original ▁manuscript ▁for ▁two ▁pian os . ▁The ▁piece ▁was ▁titled ▁American ▁R haps ody ▁during ▁composition . ▁The ▁title ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁was ▁suggested ▁by ▁Ira ▁G ers h win ▁after ▁his ▁visit ▁to ▁a ▁gallery ▁exhibition ▁of ▁James ▁Mc Ne ill ▁Wh ist ler ▁paint ings , ▁which ▁bear ▁titles ▁such ▁as ▁No ct ur ne ▁in ▁Black ▁and ▁Gold : ▁The ▁Fall ing ▁Ro cket ▁and ▁Arr ang ement ▁in ▁Grey ▁and ▁Black ▁( bet ter ▁known ▁as ▁Wh ist ler ' s ▁Mother ). ▁After ▁a ▁few ▁weeks , ▁G ers h win ▁finished ▁his ▁composition ▁and ▁passed ▁the ▁score ▁to ▁Wh item an ' s ▁arr anger ▁Fer de ▁Gro f é , ▁who ▁orch estr ated ▁the ▁piece , ▁finishing ▁it ▁on ▁February ▁ 4 , ▁only ▁eight ▁days ▁before ▁the ▁premi ere . ▁ ▁Prem iere ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁premier ed ▁in ▁an ▁afternoon ▁concert ▁on ▁T ues day , ▁February ▁ 1 2 , ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁held ▁by ▁Paul ▁Wh item an ▁and ▁his ▁band , ▁the ▁Pal ais ▁Royal ▁Orchestra , ▁titled ▁An ▁Ex periment ▁in ▁Modern ▁Music , ▁which ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁A e ol ian ▁Hall ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁Many ▁important ▁and ▁influ ential ▁mus icians ▁of ▁the ▁time ▁were ▁present , ▁including ▁Serge i ▁Rach man ino ff , ▁Ig or ▁Stra vin sky , ▁Fritz ▁Kreis ler , ▁Leopold ▁Sto kow ski , ▁John ▁Philip ▁S ous a , ▁and |
▁Will ie ▁" the ▁Lion " ▁Smith . ▁The ▁event ▁has ▁since ▁become ▁historic ▁specifically ▁because ▁of ▁its ▁premi ere ▁of ▁the ▁r haps ody . ▁ ▁The ▁purpose ▁of ▁the ▁experiment , ▁as ▁told ▁by ▁Wh item an ▁in ▁a ▁pre - con cert ▁lecture ▁in ▁front ▁of ▁many ▁classical ▁music ▁critics ▁and ▁high b rows , ▁was ▁" to ▁be ▁purely ▁educational ". ▁It ▁would ▁" at ▁least ▁provide ▁a ▁ste pping ▁stone ▁which ▁will ▁make ▁it ▁very ▁simple ▁for ▁the ▁masses ▁to ▁understand , ▁and ▁therefore , ▁enjoy ▁sym phony ▁and ▁opera ". ▁The ▁program ▁was ▁long , ▁including ▁ 2 6 ▁separate ▁musical ▁movements , ▁divided ▁into ▁ 2 ▁parts ▁and ▁ 1 1 ▁sections , ▁bearing ▁titles ▁such ▁as ▁" True ▁form ▁of ▁jazz " ▁and ▁" Con tr ast : ▁legit imate ▁scoring ▁vs . ▁jazz ing ". ▁G ers h win ' s ▁latest ▁composition ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁to ▁last ▁piece ▁( before ▁El gar ' s ▁Pom p ▁and ▁Circ um st ance ▁March ▁No . ▁ 1 ). ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁numbers ▁sound ed ▁similar ▁and ▁the ▁vent ilation ▁system ▁in ▁the ▁concert ▁hall ▁was ▁broken . ▁People ▁in ▁the ▁audience ▁were ▁losing ▁their ▁p atience , ▁until ▁the ▁clar inet ▁gl iss ando ▁that ▁opened ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁was ▁heard . ▁ ▁The ▁r haps ody ▁was ▁performed ▁by ▁Wh item an ' s ▁band , ▁with ▁an ▁added ▁section ▁of ▁string ▁players , ▁and ▁George ▁G ers h win ▁on |
▁piano . ▁G ers h win ▁decided ▁to ▁keep ▁his ▁options ▁open ▁as ▁to ▁when ▁Wh item an ▁would ▁bring ▁in ▁the ▁or chestra ▁and ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁write ▁down ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁pages ▁for ▁solo ▁piano , ▁with ▁only ▁the ▁words ▁" Wait ▁for ▁nod " ▁sc raw led ▁by ▁Gro f é ▁on ▁the ▁band ▁score . ▁G ers h win ▁impro vised ▁some ▁of ▁what ▁he ▁was ▁playing , ▁and ▁he ▁did ▁not ▁write ▁out ▁the ▁piano ▁part ▁until ▁after ▁the ▁performance , ▁so ▁it ▁is ▁unknown ▁exactly ▁how ▁the ▁original ▁r haps ody ▁sound ed . ▁ ▁The ▁opening ▁clar inet ▁gl iss ando ▁came ▁into ▁being ▁during ▁re he ars al ▁when , ▁"... ▁as ▁a ▁jo ke ▁on ▁G ers h win , ▁[ R oss ] ▁G orm an ▁( Wh item an ' s ▁virt u oso ▁clar in ett ist ) ▁played ▁the ▁opening ▁measure ▁with ▁a ▁notice able ▁gl iss ando , ▁adding ▁what ▁he ▁considered ▁a ▁hum orous ▁touch ▁to ▁the ▁passage . ▁React ing ▁fav ou rab ly ▁to ▁G orm an ' s ▁wh ims y , ▁G ers h win ▁asked ▁him ▁to ▁perform ▁the ▁opening ▁measure ▁that ▁way ▁at ▁the ▁concert ▁and ▁to ▁add ▁as ▁much ▁of ▁a ▁' w ail ' ▁as ▁possible ." ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁British ▁performance ▁of ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁took ▁place ▁at ▁the ▁Sav oy ▁Hotel ▁in ▁London ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁June ▁ 1 9 2 5 . ▁It ▁was |
▁broadcast ▁in ▁a ▁live ▁relay ▁by ▁the ▁BBC . ▁Deb roy ▁Som ers ▁conducted ▁the ▁Sav oy ▁Or phe ans ▁with ▁G ers h win ▁himself ▁at ▁the ▁piano . ▁The ▁piece ▁was ▁heard ▁again ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁during ▁the ▁second ▁European ▁tour ▁of ▁the ▁Paul ▁Wh item an ▁Orchestra , ▁most ▁not ably ▁on ▁ 1 1 ▁April ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁at ▁the ▁Royal ▁Albert ▁Hall , ▁with ▁G ers h win ▁in ▁the ▁audience . ▁The ▁concert ▁was ▁recorded ▁( though ▁not ▁issued ) ▁by ▁H M V . ▁ ▁Res p ons es ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁ 1 9 2 7 , ▁Wh item an ' s ▁band ▁had ▁played ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁ 8 4 ▁times , ▁and ▁its ▁recording ▁sold ▁a ▁million ▁copies . ▁To ▁get ▁the ▁whole ▁piece ▁onto ▁two ▁sides ▁of ▁a ▁ 1 2 - inch ▁record ▁it ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁played ▁at ▁a ▁faster ▁speed ▁than ▁usual ▁in ▁a ▁concert , ▁which ▁gave ▁it ▁a ▁hurried ▁feel ▁and ▁some ▁rub ato ▁was ▁lost . ▁Wh item an ▁later ▁adopted ▁the ▁piece ▁as ▁his ▁band ' s ▁theme ▁song ▁and ▁opened ▁his ▁radio ▁programs ▁with ▁the ▁s log an ▁" Every thing ▁new ▁but ▁the ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ." ▁ ▁The ▁piece ▁received ▁mixed ▁reviews ▁from ▁main stream ▁critics . ▁O lin ▁Down es , ▁review ing ▁the ▁concert ▁in ▁The ▁New ▁York ▁Times : ▁ ▁Another ▁rev iewer , ▁Lawrence ▁Gil man , ▁a ▁Richard ▁Wagner ▁special |
ist ▁who ▁later ▁wrote ▁a ▁dev ast ating ▁review ▁of ▁G ers h win ' s ▁P org y ▁and ▁B ess , ▁comment ing ▁on ▁the ▁r haps ody ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Trib une ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁said : ▁ ▁Some ▁critics ▁described ▁the ▁piece ▁as ▁for ml ess , ▁and ▁claimed ▁that ▁G ers h win ▁only ▁gl ued ▁his ▁mel od ic ▁segments ▁together ▁into ▁one ▁piece . ▁Pitts ▁San born ▁wrote ▁that ▁the ▁music ▁" run s ▁off ▁into ▁empty ▁passage - work ▁and ▁meaning less ▁repet ition ". ▁In ▁an ▁article ▁in ▁Atlantic ▁Month ly ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁Leonard ▁Bern stein , ▁who ▁never theless ▁admitted ▁that ▁he ▁loved ▁the ▁piece , ▁wrote : ▁ ▁Or ch estr ation ▁G ers h win ▁had ▁agreed ▁that ▁Fer de ▁Gro f é , ▁Wh item an ' s ▁pian ist ▁and ▁chief ▁arr anger , ▁was ▁the ▁key ▁figure ▁in ▁en abling ▁the ▁piece ▁to ▁be ▁successful , ▁and ▁critics ▁have ▁pra ised ▁the ▁orch est ral ▁color . ▁Gro f é ▁confirmed ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁that ▁G ers h win ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁sufficient ▁knowledge ▁of ▁orch estr ation ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 . ▁After ▁the ▁premi ere , ▁Gro f é ▁re vised ▁the ▁score ▁and ▁made ▁new ▁orch estr ations ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁and ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁each ▁time ▁for ▁larger |
▁orch est ras . ▁ ▁Until ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁when ▁Michael ▁T il son ▁Thomas ▁recorded ▁the ▁original ▁jazz ▁band ▁version ▁for ▁the ▁very ▁first ▁time , ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁version ▁was ▁the ▁arrangement ▁usually ▁performed ▁and ▁recorded . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁orch estr ation ▁was ▁developed ▁for ▁solo ▁piano ▁and ▁Wh item an ' s ▁band , ▁which ▁consists ▁of ▁three ▁wood wind ▁players ▁dou bling ▁one ▁ob oe , ▁one ▁clar inet , ▁one ▁sop ran ino ▁sa x oph one ▁in ▁E , ▁two ▁sop rano ▁sa x oph ones ▁in ▁B , ▁two ▁alto ▁sa x oph ones ▁in ▁E , ▁one ▁ten or ▁sa x oph one ▁in ▁B , ▁one ▁bar it one ▁sa x oph one ▁in ▁E ; ▁two ▁tr ump ets ▁in ▁B , ▁two ▁French ▁horn s ▁in ▁F , ▁two ▁trom b ones , ▁and ▁one ▁t uba ▁( d ou bling ▁on ▁double ▁bass ); ▁a ▁per cussion ▁section ▁that ▁includes ▁a ▁drum ▁set , ▁timp ani , ▁and ▁a ▁g lock ens piel ; ▁one ▁piano ; ▁one ▁ten or ▁ban jo ; ▁and ▁viol ins . ▁ ▁Gro f é ' s ▁familiar ity ▁with ▁the ▁Wh item an ▁band ' s ▁strength s ▁is ▁a ▁key ▁factor ▁in ▁the ▁scoring . ▁This ▁original ▁version , ▁with ▁its ▁unique ▁instrument al ▁requirements , ▁had ▁la in ▁d orm ant ▁until ▁its ▁rev ival ▁in ▁reconst ru ctions ▁beginning ▁in |
▁the ▁mid - 1 9 8 0 s , ▁ow ing ▁to ▁the ▁popular ity ▁and ▁service ability ▁of ▁the ▁later ▁sc or ings , ▁described ▁below . ▁ ▁An ▁arrangement ▁for ▁theatre ▁or chestra , ▁also ▁prepared ▁by ▁Gro f é , ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 . ▁It ▁is ▁an ▁adaptation ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁for ▁a ▁more ▁standard ▁" pit " ▁or chestra , ▁which ▁includes ▁one ▁fl ute , ▁one ▁ob oe , ▁two ▁clar in ets , ▁one ▁bass oon , ▁three ▁sa x oph ones ; ▁two ▁French ▁horn s , ▁two ▁tr ump ets , ▁and ▁two ▁trom b ones ; ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁same ▁per cussion ▁and ▁strings ▁complement ▁as ▁the ▁later ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁version . ▁ ▁The ▁orch estr ation ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁for ▁full ▁sym phony ▁or chestra ▁is ▁scored ▁for ▁solo ▁piano ▁and ▁an ▁or chestra ▁consisting ▁of ▁two ▁fl utes , ▁two ▁ob o es , ▁two ▁clar in ets ▁in ▁B ▁and ▁A , ▁one ▁bass ▁clar inet , ▁two ▁b asso ons , ▁two ▁alto ▁sa x oph ones ▁in ▁E , ▁one ▁ten or ▁sa x oph one ▁in ▁B ; ▁three ▁French ▁horn s ▁in ▁F , ▁three ▁tr ump ets ▁in ▁B , ▁three ▁trom b ones , ▁one ▁t uba ; ▁a ▁per cussion ▁section ▁that ▁includes ▁timp ani , ▁one ▁susp ended ▁c ym bal , ▁one ▁sn are ▁drum , ▁one ▁bass ▁drum |
, ▁one ▁tam - t am , ▁one ▁triangle , ▁G lock ens piel , ▁and ▁c ym b als ; ▁one ▁ten or ▁ban jo ; ▁and ▁strings . ▁ ▁Gro fe ' s ▁other ▁settings ▁of ▁the ▁piece ▁include ▁those ▁done ▁for ▁Wh item an ' s ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁film , ▁King ▁of ▁Jazz , ▁and ▁the ▁concert ▁band ▁setting ▁( play able ▁without ▁piano ) ▁completed ▁by ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁( pub lished ▁ 1 9 4 2 ). ▁ ▁The ▁prom in ence ▁of ▁the ▁sa x oph ones ▁in ▁the ▁later ▁orch estr ations ▁is ▁somewhat ▁reduced , ▁and ▁the ▁ban jo ▁part ▁can ▁be ▁disp ensed ▁with , ▁as ▁its ▁mainly ▁rh yth mic ▁contribution ▁is ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁inner ▁strings . ▁ ▁G ers h win ▁also ▁made ▁versions ▁of ▁the ▁piece ▁for ▁solo ▁piano ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁two ▁pian os . ▁The ▁solo ▁version ▁is ▁notable ▁for ▁om itting ▁several ▁sections ▁of ▁the ▁piece . ▁ ▁G ers h win ' s ▁intent ▁to ▁eventually ▁do ▁an ▁orch estr ation ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁is ▁documented ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 6 – 3 7 ▁correspond ence ▁from ▁publish er ▁Har ms ▁(" re iss u ance ▁of ▁The ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁re - sc ored ▁by ▁yourself ▁for ▁large ▁sym phony ▁or chestra "). ▁ ▁Record ings ▁ ▁Two ▁record ings ▁exist ▁of ▁G ers h win ▁performing ▁an ▁ab rid ged ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁work ▁with ▁Wh |
item an ' s ▁or chestra : ▁an ▁ac oust ic ▁recording ▁made ▁for ▁the ▁Victor ▁T alk ing ▁Machine ▁Company ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 1 9 2 4 , ▁and ▁running ▁ 8 min utes ▁and ▁ 5 9 seconds ▁( this ▁recording ▁includes ▁the ▁original ▁clar inet ist , ▁Ross ▁G orm an , ▁playing ▁the ▁gl iss ando ) ▁and ▁a ▁Victor ▁elect rical ▁recording ▁made ▁April ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 2 7 , ▁running ▁ 9 min utes ▁and ▁ 1 second ▁( about ▁half ▁the ▁length ▁of ▁the ▁complete ▁work ). ▁ ▁This ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁version ▁was ▁also ▁dub bed ▁onto ▁an ▁R CA ▁Victor ▁ ▁- r pm ▁Program ▁Trans cription ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 2 . ▁The ▁latter ▁version ▁was ▁actually ▁conducted ▁by ▁Nathan iel ▁Sh il kret ▁after ▁an ▁argument ▁between ▁G ers h win ▁and ▁Wh item an . ▁A ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁piano ▁roll ▁captured ▁G ers h win ' s ▁performance ▁in ▁a ▁two - p iano ▁version . ▁Wh item an ' s ▁or chestra ▁also ▁performed ▁a ▁short ened ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁piece ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁film ▁The ▁King ▁of ▁Jazz ▁featuring ▁Roy ▁B arg y ▁on ▁piano . ▁ ▁Wh item an ▁re - record ed ▁the ▁piece ▁for ▁De cca ▁on ▁a ▁ 1 2 - inch ▁ 7 8 r pm ▁disc ▁( 2 9 0 |
5 1 ) ▁recorded ▁on ▁October ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁The ▁first ▁complete ▁recording , ▁with ▁pian ist ▁Jes ús ▁María ▁San rom á ▁and ▁Arthur ▁F ied ler ▁conduct ing ▁the ▁Boston ▁P ops ▁Orchestra , ▁was ▁issued ▁by ▁R CA ▁Victor ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 5 . ▁ ▁Since ▁the ▁mid - 2 0 th ▁century , ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁version ▁has ▁usually ▁been ▁performed ▁by ▁classical ▁orch est ras ▁playing ▁the ▁expanded ▁arrangement . ▁In ▁this ▁form , ▁it ▁has ▁become ▁a ▁st ap le ▁of ▁the ▁concert ▁re per toire . ▁It ▁has ▁direct ▁popular ▁appeal ▁while ▁also ▁being ▁regarded ▁respect fully ▁by ▁classical ▁mus icians . ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁a ▁recording ▁by ▁Oscar ▁Lev ant ▁with ▁the ▁Philadelphia ▁Orchestra ▁( con duct ed ▁by ▁Eug ene ▁Or m andy ) ▁entered ▁at ▁its ▁peak ▁position ▁of ▁number ▁ 2 3 ▁on ▁the ▁C ash ▁Box ▁survey ▁( Col umb ia ▁Master works ▁ 2 5 1 ). ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁the ▁piece ▁was ▁recorded ▁by ▁jazz - rock ▁artist ▁E um ir ▁De od ato ▁on ▁his ▁album ▁De od ato ▁ 2 . ▁The ▁single ▁reached ▁Billboard ▁peak ▁positions ▁number ▁ 4 1 ▁Pop , ▁number ▁ 1 0 ▁E asy ▁List ening . ▁ ▁A ▁disco ▁arrangement ▁was ▁recorded ▁by ▁French ▁pian ist ▁Richard ▁Clay der man ▁in ▁ 1 9 |
7 8 ▁and ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁signature ▁pieces . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁interest ▁in ▁the ▁original ▁arrangement ▁was ▁rev ived . ▁On ▁February ▁ 1 4 , ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁it ▁received ▁its ▁first ▁performance ▁since ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s : ▁Kenneth ▁K ies ler ▁secured ▁needed ▁permissions ▁and ▁led ▁with ▁work ▁with ▁pian ist ▁Paul ▁Ver ret te ▁on ▁his ▁University ▁of ▁New ▁Ham pshire ▁campus . ▁Re const ru ctions ▁of ▁it ▁have ▁been ▁recorded ▁by ▁Michael ▁T il son ▁Thomas ▁and ▁the ▁Columbia ▁Jazz ▁Band ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 , ▁and ▁by ▁Maurice ▁Per ess ▁with ▁Ivan ▁Davis ▁on ▁piano ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁a ▁ 6 0 th - ann ivers ary ▁reconst ruction ▁of ▁the ▁entire ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁concert . ▁André ▁W att s ▁( 1 9 7 6 ), ▁Marco ▁F um o ▁( 1 9 7 4 ), ▁and ▁S ara ▁Davis ▁B ue ch ner ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁released ▁record ings ▁of ▁the ▁work ▁for ▁solo ▁piano ▁as ▁did ▁Eric ▁Him y ▁( 2 0 0 4 ) ▁in ▁a ▁version ▁that ▁featured ▁the ▁un cut ▁original ▁short ▁score . ▁Meanwhile , ▁such ▁two - p iano ▁teams ▁as ▁José ▁It ur bi ▁and ▁Am par o ▁It ur bi , ▁France ▁Ver i ▁and ▁Michael ▁J aman is , ▁and ▁Kat ia ▁and ▁Mar ielle ▁Lab èque , ▁also ▁recorded ▁the ▁piece |
. ▁Michel ▁Camil o ▁recorded ▁the ▁piece ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁winning ▁a ▁Latin ▁Gram my ▁award . ▁ ▁Analysis ▁ ▁Paul ▁Wh item an ▁asked ▁G ers h win ▁to ▁write ▁a ▁" j azz ▁con cer to ", ▁which ▁became ▁the ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ; ▁like ▁a ▁con cer to , ▁the ▁piece ▁is ▁written ▁for ▁solo ▁piano ▁with ▁or chestra : ▁a ▁r haps ody ▁diff ers ▁from ▁a ▁con cer to ▁in ▁that ▁it ▁features ▁one ▁extended ▁movement ▁instead ▁of ▁separate ▁movements . ▁R haps od ies ▁often ▁incorpor ate ▁pass ages ▁of ▁an ▁impro vis atory ▁nature ▁( although ▁written ▁out ▁in ▁a ▁score ), ▁and ▁are ▁irregular ▁in ▁form , ▁with ▁height ened ▁contrast s ▁and ▁emot ional ▁ex uber ance ; ▁G ers h win ' s ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁is ▁typical ▁in ▁that ▁it ▁certainly ▁has ▁large ▁contrast s ▁in ▁musical ▁texture , ▁style , ▁and ▁color . ▁The ▁music ▁ranges ▁from ▁intens ely ▁rh yth mic ▁piano ▁sol os ▁to ▁slow , ▁broad , ▁and ▁rich ly ▁orch estr ated ▁sections . ▁ ▁The ▁opening ▁of ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁is ▁written ▁as ▁a ▁clar inet ▁tr ill ▁followed ▁by ▁a ▁leg ato , ▁ 1 7 ▁notes ▁in ▁a ▁di at onic ▁scale . ▁During ▁a ▁re he ars al , ▁Wh item an ' s ▁virt u oso ▁clar inet ist , ▁Ross ▁G orm an , ▁rendered ▁the ▁upper ▁portion ▁of ▁the ▁scale |
▁as ▁a ▁capt iv ating ▁( and ▁fully ▁trom bone - like ) ▁gl iss ando : ▁G ers h win ▁heard ▁it ▁and ▁ins isted ▁that ▁it ▁be ▁repeated ▁in ▁the ▁performance . ▁An ▁American ▁Heritage ▁column ist ▁called ▁it ▁the ▁" f am ous ▁opening ▁clar inet ▁gl iss ando ... ▁that ▁has ▁become ▁as ▁familiar ▁as ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁Be eth oven ' s ▁Fif th ". ▁The ▁effect ▁is ▁produced ▁primarily ▁using ▁the ▁tongue ▁and ▁thro at ▁mus cles ▁to ▁change ▁the ▁reson ance ▁of ▁the ▁or al ▁cav ity , ▁thus ▁cont rolling ▁the ▁continu ously ▁rising ▁pitch . ▁Many ▁players ▁also ▁gradually ▁open ▁the ▁left - hand ▁tone - hol es ▁on ▁the ▁clar inet ▁during ▁the ▁passage ▁from ▁the ▁last ▁concert ▁F ▁( or ▁earlier ▁if ▁possible , ▁thus ▁employ ing ▁the ▁right ▁hand ▁as ▁well ) ▁to ▁the ▁top ▁concert ▁B ▁as ▁well . ▁This ▁effect ▁has ▁now ▁become ▁standard ▁performance ▁practice ▁for ▁the ▁work . ▁ ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁displays ▁both ▁rh yth mic ▁in vention ▁and ▁mel od ic ▁insp iration , ▁and ▁demonstr ates ▁G ers h win ' s ▁ability ▁to ▁write ▁a ▁piece ▁with ▁large - scale ▁harm onic ▁and ▁mel od ic ▁structure . ▁The ▁piece ▁is ▁character ized ▁by ▁strong ▁motiv ic ▁inter related ness . ▁Much ▁of ▁the ▁motiv ic ▁material ▁is ▁introduced ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁ 1 4 ▁measures . ▁David ▁Schiff ▁ident ifies ▁five ▁major ▁them es ▁plus ▁a ▁sixth ▁" tag |
". ▁Of ▁these , ▁two ▁appear ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁ 1 4 ▁measures , ▁and ▁the ▁tag ▁shows ▁up ▁in ▁measure ▁ 1 9 . ▁Two ▁of ▁the ▁remaining ▁three ▁them es ▁are ▁rh ythm ically ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁very ▁first ▁theme ▁in ▁measure ▁ 2 , ▁which ▁is ▁sometimes ▁called ▁the ▁Gl iss ando ▁theme ▁( after ▁the ▁opening ▁gl iss ando ▁in ▁the ▁clar inet ▁solo ) ▁or ▁the ▁R it orn ello ▁theme . ▁The ▁remaining ▁theme ▁is ▁the ▁Train ▁theme , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁to ▁appear ▁( at ▁re he ars al ▁ 9 ) ▁after ▁the ▁opening ▁material . ▁All ▁of ▁the ▁them es ▁rely ▁on ▁the ▁bl ues ▁scale , ▁which ▁includes ▁lower ed ▁sevent hs ▁and ▁a ▁mixture ▁of ▁major ▁and ▁minor ▁third s . ▁Each ▁theme ▁appears ▁both ▁in ▁orch estr ated ▁form ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁piano ▁solo . ▁There ▁are ▁considerable ▁differences ▁in ▁the ▁style ▁of ▁presentation ▁of ▁each ▁theme . ▁ ▁The ▁harm onic ▁structure ▁of ▁the ▁r haps ody ▁is ▁more ▁difficult ▁to ▁analyze . ▁The ▁piece ▁begins ▁and ▁ends ▁in ▁B ▁major , ▁but ▁it ▁mod ul ates ▁towards ▁the ▁sub - domin ant ▁direction ▁very ▁early ▁on , ▁returning ▁to ▁B ▁major ▁at ▁the ▁end , ▁rather ▁ab rupt ly . ▁The ▁opening ▁mod ul ates ▁" down ward ", ▁as ▁it ▁were , ▁through ▁the ▁keys ▁B , ▁E , ▁A , ▁D , ▁G , ▁B , ▁E , ▁and ▁finally ▁to ▁A ▁major . ▁Mod ulation |
▁through ▁the ▁circle ▁of ▁fifth s ▁in ▁the ▁reverse ▁direction ▁in ver ts ▁classical ▁t onal ▁relationships , ▁but ▁does ▁not ▁abandon ▁them . ▁The ▁entire ▁middle ▁section ▁res ides ▁primarily ▁in ▁C ▁major , ▁with ▁for ays ▁into ▁G ▁major ▁( the ▁dominant ▁relation ). ▁Mod ulations ▁occur ▁freely ▁and ▁easily , ▁though ▁not ▁always ▁with ▁harm onic ▁direction . ▁G ers h win ▁frequently ▁uses ▁a ▁recursive ▁harm onic ▁pro gression ▁of ▁minor ▁third s ▁to ▁give ▁the ▁ill usion ▁of ▁motion ▁when ▁in ▁fact ▁a ▁passage ▁does ▁not ▁change ▁key ▁from ▁beginning ▁to ▁end . ▁Mod ulation ▁by ▁third s ▁was ▁a ▁common ▁element ▁of ▁T in ▁Pan ▁Al ley ▁music . ▁ ▁The ▁influ ences ▁of ▁jazz ▁and ▁other ▁contemporary ▁styles ▁are ▁certainly ▁present ▁in ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue . ▁R ag time ▁rh yth ms ▁are ▁abund ant , ▁as ▁is ▁the ▁Cub an ▁" cla ve " ▁rh ythm , ▁which ▁doubles ▁as ▁a ▁dance ▁rh ythm ▁in ▁the ▁Char l eston ▁jazz ▁dance . ▁ ▁G ers h win ' s ▁own ▁intent ions ▁were ▁to ▁correct ▁the ▁belief ▁that ▁jazz ▁had ▁to ▁be ▁played ▁strictly ▁in ▁time ▁so ▁that ▁one ▁could ▁dance ▁to ▁it . ▁The ▁r haps ody ' s ▁tem pos ▁vary ▁widely , ▁and ▁there ▁is ▁an ▁almost ▁extreme ▁use ▁of ▁rub ato ▁in ▁many ▁places ▁throughout . ▁The ▁clear est ▁influence ▁of ▁jazz ▁is ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁blue ▁notes , ▁and ▁the ▁expl oration ▁of ▁their ▁half - step ▁relationship |
▁plays ▁a ▁key ▁role ▁in ▁the ▁r haps ody . ▁The ▁use ▁of ▁so - called ▁" vern ac ular " ▁instruments , ▁such ▁as ▁accord ion , ▁ban jo , ▁and ▁sa x oph ones ▁in ▁the ▁or chestra , ▁contribute ▁to ▁its ▁jazz ▁or ▁popular ▁style , ▁and ▁the ▁latter ▁two ▁of ▁these ▁instruments ▁have ▁remained ▁part ▁of ▁Gro f é ' s ▁" standard " ▁or chestra ▁scoring . ▁G ers h win ▁incorpor ated ▁several ▁different ▁piano ▁styles ▁into ▁the ▁work . ▁He ▁util ized ▁the ▁techniques ▁of ▁st ride ▁piano , ▁novel ty ▁piano , ▁com ic ▁piano , ▁and ▁the ▁song - pl ug ger ▁piano ▁style . ▁St ride ▁piano ' s ▁rh yth mic ▁and ▁impro vis ational ▁style ▁is ▁evident ▁in ▁the ▁" agit ato ▁e ▁m ister ioso " ▁section , ▁which ▁begins ▁four ▁bars ▁after ▁re he ars al ▁ 3 3 , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁in ▁other ▁sections , ▁many ▁of ▁which ▁include ▁the ▁or chestra . ▁Nov el ty ▁piano ▁can ▁be ▁heard ▁at ▁re he ars al ▁ 9 ▁with ▁the ▁revel ation ▁of ▁the ▁Train ▁theme . ▁The ▁hes itations ▁and ▁light - heart ed ▁style ▁of ▁com ic ▁piano , ▁a ▁v au dev ille ▁approach ▁to ▁piano ▁made ▁well ▁known ▁by ▁Ch ico ▁Marx ▁and ▁Jimmy ▁Durante , ▁are ▁evident ▁at ▁re he ars al ▁ 2 2 . ▁ ▁In ▁popular ▁culture ▁As ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 9 5 5 , ▁R haps ody ▁in |
▁Blue ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁insp iration ▁for ▁a ▁composition ▁by ▁the ▁noted ▁accord ion ist / compos er ▁John ▁Ser ry ▁Sr . ▁which ▁was ▁subsequently ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁( see ▁American ▁R haps ody ). ▁ ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁has ▁been ▁interpreted ▁as ▁a ▁musical ▁portrait ▁of ▁New ▁York ▁City ; ▁it ▁is ▁used ▁in ▁this ▁context ▁in ▁a ▁segment ▁from ▁the ▁film ▁Fant asia ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁piece ▁is ▁used ▁as ▁the ▁lyr ical ▁fr aming ▁for ▁a ▁st yl ized ▁animation ▁set ▁drawn ▁in ▁the ▁style ▁of ▁f amed ▁illustr ator ▁Al ▁Hir sch feld . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁opening ▁sequence ▁of ▁Wo ody ▁Allen ' s ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁film ▁Manh attan . ▁ ▁Brian ▁Wilson , ▁leader ▁of ▁The ▁Beach ▁Boys , ▁has ▁said ▁on ▁several ▁occasions ▁that ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁his ▁favorite ▁pieces . ▁He ▁first ▁heard ▁it ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁two ▁years ▁old , ▁and ▁rec alls ▁that ▁he ▁" lo ved " ▁it . ▁It ▁was ▁also ▁a ▁heavy ▁influence ▁on ▁his ▁Sm ile ▁album . ▁He ▁also ▁came ▁to ▁think ▁of ▁" Good ▁V ibr ations " ▁as ▁" a ▁smaller , ▁psych ed el ic ▁version ▁of ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ". ▁ ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁was ▁played ▁simultaneously ▁by ▁ 8 4 ▁pian ists ▁at ▁the ▁opening ▁ceremony ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁Summer ▁Olympics |
▁in ▁Los ▁Angeles . ▁The ▁piece ▁appears ▁briefly ▁towards ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁Dan ish ▁film ▁F lick ering ▁L ights . ▁Her bie ▁Han cock ▁and ▁Lang ▁Lang ▁performed ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁at ▁the ▁ 5 0 th ▁Gram my ▁Awards ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 0 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 . ▁Since ▁ 1 9 8 0 , ▁the ▁piece ▁is ▁used ▁by ▁United ▁Airlines ▁in ▁their ▁advert is ements , ▁in ▁pre - fl ight ▁safety ▁videos , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁Terminal ▁ 1 ▁under ground ▁walk way ▁at ▁O ' H are ▁International ▁Airport . ▁ ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁inspired ▁a ▁collaboration ▁between ▁blind ▁sav ant ▁British ▁pian ist ▁D erek ▁Par av ic ini ▁and ▁composer ▁Matthew ▁King ▁on ▁a ▁new ▁con cer to , ▁called ▁Blue ▁premier ed ▁at ▁the ▁South ▁Bank ▁Centre ▁in ▁London ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁was ▁used ▁to ▁dram atically ▁introduce ▁the ▁first ▁appearance ▁of ▁Jay ▁G ats by ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁film ▁The ▁Great ▁G ats by . ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁was ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁theme ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁car ▁model ▁Lincoln ▁Cont inental . ▁ ▁Pres ervation ▁status ▁On ▁September ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁it ▁was ▁announced ▁that ▁a ▁music ological ▁critical ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁full ▁orch est ral ▁score ▁will ▁be ▁eventually ▁released . ▁The ▁G |
ers h win ▁family , ▁working ▁in ▁conj unction ▁with ▁the ▁Library ▁of ▁Congress ▁and ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Michigan , ▁are ▁working ▁to ▁make ▁these ▁scores ▁available ▁to ▁the ▁public . ▁Though ▁the ▁entire ▁G ers h win ▁project ▁may ▁take ▁ 3 0 ▁to ▁ 4 0 ▁years ▁to ▁complete , ▁the ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁edition ▁will ▁be ▁an ▁early ▁volume . ▁ ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁entered ▁the ▁public ▁domain ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 2 0 2 0 , ▁although ▁individual ▁record ings ▁of ▁it ▁may ▁remain ▁under ▁copy right . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁Foot notes ▁ ▁Bibli ography ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Part ▁ 1 ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁ac oust ic ▁recording ▁of ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁performed ▁by ▁George ▁G ers h win ▁and ▁Paul ▁Wh item an ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁on ▁Internet ▁Archive ▁Part ▁ 2 ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁ac oust ic ▁recording ▁of ▁R haps ody ▁in ▁Blue ▁performed ▁by ▁George ▁G ers h win ▁and ▁Paul ▁Wh item an ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁on ▁Internet ▁Archive ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 2 4 ▁compos itions ▁Category : Com pos itions ▁by ▁George ▁G ers h win ▁Category : Com pos itions ▁for ▁piano ▁and ▁or chestra ▁Category : G ram my ▁Hall ▁of ▁Fame ▁Award ▁recip ients ▁Category : J azz ▁compos itions ▁Category : R haps od ies ▁Category : Seg ments ▁from ▁Fant asia ▁ 2 0 0 0 |
▁Category : Un ited ▁Airlines ▁Category : Un ited ▁States ▁National ▁Rec ording ▁Reg istry ▁record ings <0x0A> </s> ▁A rak ▁County ▁() ▁is ▁a ▁county ▁in ▁Mark azi ▁Province ▁in ▁Iran . ▁The ▁capital ▁of ▁the ▁county ▁is ▁A rak . ▁Its ▁former ▁name ▁was ▁Sultan abad . ▁At ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁census , ▁the ▁county ' s ▁population ▁( including ▁those ▁port ions ▁later ▁split ▁off ▁to ▁form ▁Kh ond ab ▁County ▁and ▁Far ah an ▁County ) ▁was ▁ 6 0 2 , 9 7 1 , ▁in ▁ 1 6 5 , 9 5 5 ▁families ; ▁ex cluding ▁those ▁port ions , ▁the ▁population ▁was ▁ 5 3 5 , 4 4 9 , ▁in ▁ 1 4 8 , 6 4 6 ▁families . ▁ ▁The ▁county ▁has ▁one ▁district : ▁the ▁Central ▁District . ▁ ▁The ▁county ▁has ▁three ▁cities : ▁A rak , ▁K arch an ▁& ▁Dav ud abad . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : Count ies ▁of ▁Mark azi ▁Province <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Cad illa c ▁X TS ▁( X - Series ▁Tour ing ▁Sed an ) ▁is ▁a ▁full - size ▁lux ury ▁sedan ▁from ▁Cad illa c . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁based ▁on ▁an ▁en larg ed ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁E psilon ▁II ▁platform . ▁The ▁X TS ▁replaced ▁both ▁the ▁Cad illa c ▁ST S ▁and ▁D TS , ▁and ▁is ▁smaller ▁than ▁the ▁D TS ▁but ▁larger ▁than ▁the ▁ST S . ▁ |
▁It ▁began ▁production ▁in ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁at ▁the ▁O sh awa ▁Assembly ▁Plant ▁and ▁launched ▁in ▁June ▁as ▁a ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁model . ▁ ▁The ▁X TS ▁is ▁available ▁with ▁front - w heel ▁drive ▁and ▁all - w heel ▁drive . ▁ ▁For ▁the ▁Chinese ▁market , ▁the ▁Cad illa c ▁X TS ▁was ▁assemble d ▁by ▁Shang hai ▁G M . ▁Production ▁began ▁in ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁L FX ▁ 3 . 6 ▁V 6 , ▁the ▁Cad illa c ▁X TS ▁was ▁also ▁offered ▁with ▁an ▁L T G ▁ 2 . 0 ▁tur bo ▁engine ▁in ▁the ▁Chinese ▁market . ▁In ▁the ▁Chinese ▁market , ▁the ▁Cad illa c ▁X TS ▁with ▁an ▁L FX ▁ 3 . 6 ▁V 6 ▁engine ▁is ▁called ▁X TS ▁ 3 6 S , ▁and ▁the ▁version ▁with ▁the ▁L T G ▁ 2 . 0 ▁tur bo ▁engine ▁is ▁called ▁X TS ▁ 2 . 0 T . ▁ ▁The ▁Cad illa c ▁X TS ▁Sed an ▁was ▁available ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁Canada , ▁Mexico , ▁China , ▁and ▁the ▁Middle ▁East ▁( except ▁Israel ), ▁with ▁left - hand - drive ▁only . ▁ ▁Over view ▁ ▁The ▁E psilon ▁II - platform ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁the ▁X TS ▁and ▁is ▁shared ▁with ▁the ▁Che v ro let ▁Imp ala ▁and ▁Bu ick ▁La C ros se . ▁ ▁The ▁optional ▁tw in |
- t ur bo charg ed ▁engine , ▁available ▁only ▁in ▁the ▁V - S port , ▁has ▁an ▁estimated ▁ ▁time ▁of ▁ 6 . 7 ▁seconds . ▁ ▁The ▁X TS ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁two ▁large ▁sed ans ▁currently ▁offered ▁by ▁Cad illa c ▁( the ▁other ▁is ▁the ▁CT 6 ), ▁and ▁riv als ▁the ▁Lincoln ▁Cont inental ▁in ▁size ▁and ▁price . ▁ ▁The ▁X TS ▁is ▁manufact ured ▁in ▁O sh awa , ▁Ontario , ▁Canada ▁( O sh awa ▁Car ▁Assembly ) ▁and ▁in ▁Shang hai , ▁China ▁( Sh ang hai ▁G M ). ▁ ▁Inter ior ▁ ▁In ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁base ▁X TS , ▁there ▁are ▁five ▁trim ▁packages ▁l abeled ▁" L ux ury ", ▁" P rem ium ▁Lux ury ", ▁and ▁" Pl atin um ", ▁with ▁the ▁optional ▁X TS ▁V - S port ▁offered ▁in ▁both ▁" V - S port ▁Prem ium ▁Lux ury " ▁and ▁" V - S port ▁Pl atin um ". ▁ ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁standard ▁features ▁include ▁dual - zone ▁automatic ▁climate ▁control , ▁ 4 G ▁L TE ▁connect ivity , ▁adapt ive ▁cru ise ▁control , ▁key less ▁entry , ▁le ather ▁seat - u ph ol st ery , ▁ 8 - way ▁power ▁front ▁seats , ▁par king ▁assist ▁and ▁compreh ensive ▁safety ▁equipment ▁like ▁A BS , ▁stability ▁control , ▁dual - stage ▁front ▁air b ags , ▁front ▁side ▁air b ags , ▁side - cur tain |
▁air b ags ▁front ▁and ▁rear , ▁and ▁a ▁driver ▁side ▁kne e ▁air bag . ▁ ▁Optional ▁equipment ▁and ▁technology ▁is ▁extensive , ▁including ▁separate ▁climate ▁controls ▁for ▁rear ▁seat ▁passengers , ▁couple d ▁with ▁ 8 " ▁L CD ▁screens ▁that ▁f lip ▁up ▁from ▁the ▁front ▁passenger ▁seat - back s , ▁allowing ▁an ▁internal ▁DVD ▁player ▁to ▁display ▁content ▁with ▁wireless ▁head ph ones . ▁The ▁interior ▁can ▁be ▁out f itted ▁in ▁a ▁large ▁ass ort ment ▁of ▁color ▁combinations , ▁along ▁with ▁four ▁types ▁of ▁wood ▁se lections . ▁Cad illa c ' s ▁C UE ▁system ▁is ▁standard ▁with ▁an ▁ 8 - spe aker ▁B ose ▁sound ▁system , ▁including ▁HD ▁Radio ▁and ▁Si ri us X M . ▁An ▁optional ▁ 1 4 - spe aker ▁B ose ▁sound ▁package ▁includes ▁Audio P il ot ▁noise ▁compens ation ▁technology . ▁ ▁Pow ert rain ▁The ▁X TS ▁is ▁available ▁with ▁two ▁engines , ▁a ▁four - cy l inder ▁ 2 . 0 - liter ▁tur bo ▁for ▁China ▁only , ▁and ▁a ▁ 3 . 6 - liter ▁with ▁ ▁and ▁, ▁with ▁available ▁tw in - t ur bo charg ing ▁on ▁the ▁X TS ▁V - S port ▁providing ▁ ▁and ▁ ▁together ▁with ▁cyl inder ▁de activ ation . ▁The ▁X TS ▁is ▁available ▁in ▁both ▁front - w heel ▁drive ▁and ▁optional ▁all - w heel ▁drive ▁( standard ▁on ▁V - S port ▁vehicles ) ▁which ▁includes ▁a |
▁limited ▁s lip ▁differential ▁and ▁tor que ▁vector ing . ▁ ▁Fac el ift ▁For ▁ 2 0 1 8 , ▁the ▁X TS ▁received ▁a ▁mid cycle ▁refresh ▁including ▁new ▁front ▁and ▁rear ▁sty ling . ▁ ▁Other ▁versions ▁A ▁long - w heel base ▁version ▁X TS , ▁called ▁the ▁X TS - L , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁lim ous ine ▁and ▁he arse ▁versions ▁were ▁available ▁for ▁fleet ▁and ▁coach builder ▁mark ets , ▁however ▁they ▁are ▁no ▁longer ▁manufact ured ▁as ▁of ▁late ▁ 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁X TS ▁Pl atin um ▁concept ▁ ▁General ▁Mot ors ▁exhib ited ▁a ▁concept ▁sedan ▁called ▁the ▁X TS ▁Pl atin um ▁at ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁North ▁American ▁International ▁Auto ▁Show ▁after ▁priv ately ▁un ve iling ▁the ▁vehicle ▁to ▁autom ot ive ▁journal ists ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁The ▁concept ▁was ▁all - w heel ▁drive ▁and ▁was ▁power ed ▁by ▁a ▁ ▁V 6 ▁plug - in ▁hy brid ▁system ▁estimated ▁at ▁. ▁Its ▁interior ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁hand - cut - and - se wn ▁materials ▁and ▁uses ▁Organ ic ▁Light ▁Em itting ▁Di ode ▁( O LED ) ▁displays ▁in ▁place ▁of ▁traditional ▁gau ges ▁and ▁screens . ▁ ▁A ▁Pl atin um ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁production ▁X TS ▁went ▁on ▁sale ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Sales ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Cad illa c ▁CT 6 ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links |
▁▁ ▁Cad illa c ▁X TS ▁official ▁site ▁ ▁Official ▁press ▁page : ▁Cad illa c ▁Un ve ils ▁The ▁X TS ▁Pl atin um ▁Con cept ▁ ▁X TS ▁Category : C ars ▁introduced ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 s ▁cars ▁Category : S ed ans ▁Category : Full - size ▁vehicles ▁Category : L ux ury ▁vehicles ▁Category : Exec utive ▁cars ▁Category : Flags hip ▁vehicles ▁Category : Front - w heel - drive ▁vehicles ▁Category : All - w heel - drive ▁vehicles ▁Category : L im ous ines <0x0A> </s> ▁Schön bü el ▁is ▁a ▁prom in ence ▁east ▁of ▁the ▁Hö ch ▁G um me ▁in ▁the ▁Em ment al ▁Al ps . ▁It ▁can ▁be ▁accessed ▁by ▁cable ▁car ▁from ▁L ung ern . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁Schön bü el ▁on ▁H ik r ▁ ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁the ▁Al ps ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁Ob wal den ▁Category : C able ▁cars ▁in ▁Switzerland ▁Category : Em ment al ▁Al ps ▁Category : Mount ains ▁of ▁Switzerland <0x0A> </s> ▁Cru el ty - free ▁cos met ics ▁is ▁a ▁category ▁containing ▁all ▁cos met ics ▁that ▁have ▁not ▁been ▁tested ▁on ▁animals . ▁The ▁F DA ▁has ▁not ▁approved ▁a ▁legal ▁definition ▁that ▁bind s ▁this ▁term ▁to ▁a ▁certain ▁set ▁of ▁criteria . ▁However , ▁in ▁addition ▁to ▁the ▁final ▁product , ▁most ▁advoc ates ▁for ▁cruel ty - free ▁beauty |
▁agree ▁that ▁none ▁of ▁the ▁ing red ients ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁production ▁of ▁the ▁cos met ics ▁can ▁be ▁tested ▁on ▁animals ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁be ▁cruel ty - free . ▁Many ▁companies ▁brand ▁themselves ▁as ▁cruel ty - free ▁but ▁still ▁use ▁raw ▁materials ▁that ▁have ▁been ▁tested ▁on ▁animals . ▁▁ ▁The ▁types ▁of ▁tests ▁performed ▁on ▁animals ▁include ▁ac ute ▁to x icity ▁testing , ▁eye ▁and ▁skin ▁ir rit ation ▁testing , ▁skin ▁sens itivity ▁testing , ▁car cin ogen icity ▁testing ▁and ▁re - product ivity ▁and ▁development al ▁to x icity ▁testing . ▁N umer ous ▁studies ▁have ▁shown ▁that ▁the ▁effect iveness ▁of ▁these ▁tests ▁are ▁limited , ▁and ▁valid ▁alternatives ▁exist ▁for ▁many ▁of ▁these ▁tests . ▁ ▁Bu ying ▁only ▁from ▁cruel ty - free ▁companies ▁is ▁effective ▁because ▁it ▁boy cot ts ▁the ▁practice ▁of ▁testing ▁on ▁animals ▁and ▁proves ▁that ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁specific ▁market ▁for ▁cruel ty - free ▁consum ers , ▁in cent iv izing ▁br ands ▁to ▁" go " ▁cruel ty - free ▁and ▁follow ▁their ▁gu idel ines . ▁ ▁Label s ▁▁ ▁The ▁shock ing ▁conditions ▁of ▁animal ▁experiments ▁has ▁prompt ed ▁cos met ic ▁consum ers ▁and ▁beauty ▁industry ▁profession als ▁to ▁avoid ▁animal ▁testing ▁and ▁to ▁look ▁for ▁new ▁alternatives . ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁animal ▁testing ▁for ▁finished ▁products ▁has ▁been ▁b anned ▁in ▁the ▁European ▁Union . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁EU ▁out la wed |
▁the ▁use ▁of ▁animals ▁in ▁seven ▁to x icity ▁tests , ▁including ▁skin ▁ir rit ancy , ▁sens itivity ▁to ▁light ▁and ▁gen etic ▁to x icity . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁EU ▁b anned ▁the ▁import ▁of ▁cos met ic ▁products ▁tested ▁on ▁animals ▁in ▁its ▁territory . ▁In ▁a ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁study , ▁it ▁was ▁reported ▁that ▁over ▁one ▁third ▁of ▁consum ers ▁in ▁five ▁different ▁countries ▁would ▁pay ▁more ▁products ▁that ▁are ▁eth ically ▁produced . ▁ ▁Le aping ▁Bun ny ▁ ▁Cre ated ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁the ▁Le aping ▁Bun ny ▁label ▁or ▁Human ▁Cos met ic ▁Standard ▁( H CS ) ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁European ▁pione ers ▁in ▁cruel ty ▁free ▁cos met ics . ▁This ▁logo , ▁valid ▁in ▁Europe ▁and ▁North ▁America , ▁cert ifies : ▁▁ ▁the ▁brand ▁in ▁its ▁tot ality ▁is ▁cruel ty ▁free ▁ ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁animal ▁testing ▁of ▁the ▁ing red ients ▁ ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁animal ▁testing ▁of ▁finished ▁products ▁ ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁animal ▁testing ▁in ▁foreign ▁mark ets ▁ ▁The ▁label ▁does ▁not ▁cert ify ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁material ▁of ▁animal ▁origin ▁such ▁as ▁h oney . ▁ ▁Each ▁cos met ic ▁is ▁subject ▁to ▁strict ▁control ▁by ▁independent ▁ins pection ▁bodies ▁chosen ▁by ▁the ▁Co al ition ▁for ▁Cons umer ▁Information ▁in ▁Cos met ics ▁( CC IC ), ▁which ▁is ▁an ▁N GO ▁founded ▁by ▁ 8 |
▁international ▁animal ▁protection ▁groups ▁such ▁as : ▁American ▁Anti - V iv ise ction ▁Society , ▁Animal ▁Alliance ▁of ▁Canada , ▁Dor is ▁Day ▁Animal ▁League , ▁etc . ▁ ▁Cho ose ▁Cru el ty - Free ▁ ▁This ▁logo ▁applies ▁to ▁several ▁areas : ▁cos met ics , ▁medic ines ▁and ▁h yg iene ▁products ▁and ▁home . ▁It ▁cert ifies ▁that : ▁▁ ▁all ▁br ands ▁in ▁the ▁group ▁are ▁cruel ty ▁free ▁ ▁the ▁brand ▁in ▁its ▁entire ty ▁only ▁offers ▁cruel ty ▁free ▁products ▁ ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁animal ▁testing ▁of ▁finished ▁products ▁ ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁animal ▁testing ▁of ▁the ▁ing red ients ▁ ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁animal ▁testing ▁in ▁foreign ▁mark ets ▁ ▁The ▁label ▁does ▁not ▁cert ify ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁material ▁of ▁animal ▁origin ▁but ▁does ▁cert ify ▁that ▁the ▁mark ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁the ▁right ▁to ▁sell ▁its ▁cos met ics ▁in ▁countries ▁where ▁the ▁law ▁author izes ▁the ▁tests ▁on ▁the ▁animals . ▁ ▁People ▁for ▁the ▁Eth ical ▁Tre at ment ▁of ▁Anim als ▁ ▁A ▁non - pro fit ▁association ▁created ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁has ▁set ▁up ▁two ▁cruel ty ▁free ▁labels . ▁The ▁first ▁named ▁" c ru el ty ▁free " ▁and ▁the ▁second ▁called ▁" c ru el ty ▁free ▁and ▁veg an ". ▁A ▁single ▁criter ion ▁separ ates ▁these ▁two ▁labels : ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁presence ▁or ▁absence ▁of ▁matter ▁of ▁animal ▁origin ▁in ▁the ▁composition ▁of ▁cos met ics . ▁ ▁One ▁Vo ice |
▁ ▁French ▁non - pro fit ▁association , ▁the ▁association ▁One ▁Vo ice ▁is ▁a ▁law ▁association ▁of ▁ 1 9 0 8 ▁under ▁Al sa cian - M os ellan ▁law , ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁milit ant ▁for ▁the ▁" absolute ▁right ▁of ▁animals ▁to ▁respect ". ▁It ▁cert ifies : ▁▁ ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁animal ▁testing ▁of ▁finished ▁products ▁ ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁animal ▁testing ▁of ▁the ▁ing red ients ▁ ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁organ ic ▁natural ▁ing red ients ▁( or ange ▁logo ) ▁ ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁material ▁of ▁animal ▁origin ▁except ▁h oney , ▁pol len ▁and ▁be es w ax ▁ ▁I HT N ▁Rab bit ▁ ▁This ▁label ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁the ▁International ▁Association ▁of ▁Man ufact ur ers ▁against ▁animal ▁testing ▁in ▁cos met ics ▁( I HT N ). ▁It ▁cert ifies : ▁▁ ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁animal ▁testing ▁of ▁finished ▁products ▁ ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁animal ▁testing ▁of ▁the ▁ing red ients ▁ ▁the ▁raw ▁materials ▁of ▁animal ▁origin ▁( eg g , ▁milk , ▁h oney ) ▁come ▁from ▁organ ic ▁far ming . ▁This ▁label ▁prohib its ▁materials ▁of ▁dead ▁animal ▁origin ▁or ▁obtained ▁by ▁ill - tre at ment . ▁Finally , ▁it ▁also ▁cert ifies ▁the ▁mark ▁in ▁its ▁entire ty . ▁ ▁Legisl ation ▁against ▁testing ▁animals ▁ ▁Ad van cement ▁of ▁cos met ic ▁cruel ty ▁free ▁fight ▁around ▁the ▁world ▁ ▁Thanks ▁to ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁the ▁media , ▁information ▁and ▁images |
▁showing ▁the ▁treatment ▁of ▁animals ▁in ▁labor ator ies ▁have ▁been ▁dis closed ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁The ▁methods ▁used ▁to ▁perform ▁the ▁tests ▁have ▁shock ed ▁the ▁public ▁and ▁a ▁collect ive ▁desire ▁to ▁stop ▁the ▁treatment ▁of ▁animals , ▁for ▁the ▁benefit ▁of ▁alternative ▁experiments , ▁such ▁as ▁in ▁vit ro ▁tests , ▁in ▁sil icon ▁that ▁requires ▁no ▁animal ▁presence ▁are ▁now ▁relevant . ▁ ▁Fac ed ▁with ▁this ▁pl ague , ▁the ▁authorities ▁of ▁several ▁nations ▁have ▁review ed ▁their ▁legisl ation ▁to ▁limit ▁the ▁use ▁of ▁animal ▁testing ▁in ▁the ▁cos met ics ▁sector . ▁ ▁A ▁der og ation ▁whose ▁pass ▁over ▁the ▁European ▁legisl ation ▁ ▁RE AC H ▁is ▁a ▁reg ulation ▁from ▁European ▁Union ▁aim ing ▁to ▁better ▁protect ing ▁human ▁health ▁and ▁the ▁environment ▁from ▁the ▁ris ks ▁related ▁to ▁chemical s ▁subst ances , ▁while ▁prom oting ▁the ▁compet it iveness ▁of ▁the ▁EU ▁chemical ▁industry . ▁It ▁also ▁supports ▁alternative ▁methods ▁for ▁assess ing ▁the ▁ha z ards ▁of ▁subst ances ▁to ▁reduce ▁the ▁number ▁of ▁animal ▁tests . ▁ ▁The ▁RE AC H ▁reg ulation ▁applies ▁to ▁all ▁chemical ▁subst ances : ▁those ▁used ▁in ▁industrial ▁processes , ▁but ▁also ▁those ▁in ▁our ▁daily ▁life ▁such ▁as ▁clean ing ▁products , ▁pain ts , ▁elect rical ▁app li ances ▁and ▁cos met ics . ▁ ▁With ▁the ▁RE AC H ▁reg ulation , ▁companies ▁must ▁be ▁transparent ▁and ▁must ▁identify ▁and ▁manage ▁the ▁ris ks ▁related ▁to ▁the ▁subst ances |
▁they ▁manufact ure ▁and ▁market ▁in ▁the ▁EU . ▁They ▁should ▁also ▁show ▁E CH A ▁how ▁the ▁subst ance ▁can ▁be ▁safely ▁uses ▁and ▁communicate ▁risk ▁management ▁measures ▁to ▁users . ▁ ▁Comp an ies ▁must ▁register ▁their ▁subst ances , ▁so ▁E CH A ▁receives ▁the ▁registr ations ▁and ▁ass esses ▁their ▁comp liance , ▁and ▁then ▁EU ▁Member ▁States ▁evaluate ▁certain ▁subst ances ▁to ▁address ▁the ▁initial ▁concerns ▁about ▁human ▁health ▁or ▁the ▁environment . ▁Then ▁they ▁determine ▁whether ▁the ▁ris ks ▁of ▁the ▁subst ances ▁can ▁be ▁managed . ▁ ▁A ▁dangerous ▁subst ance ▁can ▁be ▁b anned ▁by ▁the ▁authorities ▁if ▁the ▁ris ks ▁it ▁presents ▁cannot ▁be ▁controlled . ▁Author ities ▁may ▁also ▁decide ▁to ▁restrict ▁use ▁or ▁subject ▁it ▁to ▁prior ▁authorization . ▁ ▁If ▁the ▁ris ks ▁cannot ▁be ▁managed , ▁the ▁authorities ▁can ▁limit ▁the ▁util ization ▁of ▁the ▁subst ances ▁in ▁several ▁man ners . ▁The ▁target ▁is ▁to ▁reduce ▁and s ▁replace ▁most ▁dangerous ▁subst ances . ▁ ▁Therefore , ▁RE AC H ▁lists ▁all ▁the ▁chemical ▁subst ances ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁indust ries ▁and ▁all ▁the ▁information ▁concerning ▁them . ▁When ▁a ▁company ▁dec ides ▁to ▁use ▁a ▁non - RE AC H ▁listed ▁subst ance ▁or ▁an ▁ing red ient ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁information ▁is ▁ins u fficient , ▁the ▁company ▁must ▁demonstrate ▁that ▁these ▁subst ances ▁are ▁safe . ▁Test s ▁must ▁then ▁be ▁performed ▁by ▁the ▁company ▁itself ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁ens uring ▁the ▁safety ▁of |
▁the ▁subst ances ▁they ▁use . ▁These ▁may ▁be ▁alternative ▁tests ▁for ▁animal ▁testing ▁or ▁animal ▁testing ▁where ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁alternative ▁under ▁the ▁law . ▁ ▁Chem ical ▁ing red ients ▁used ▁at ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁ton ▁per ▁year ▁in ▁Europe ▁are ▁comp uls or ily ▁tested . ▁Indeed , ▁the ▁European ▁Commission ▁can ▁estimate ▁that ▁it ▁is ▁necessary ▁to ▁evaluate ▁the ▁ris ks ▁for ▁certain ▁subst ances . ▁Thus , ▁even ▁for ▁purely ▁cos met ic ▁ing red ients , ▁animal ▁testing ▁can ▁always ▁be ▁done ▁to ▁ensure ▁the ▁safety ▁of ▁workers ▁exposed ▁to ▁it ▁in ▁the ▁manufact uring ▁process . ▁The ▁RE AC H ▁Reg ulation ▁thus ▁goes ▁beyond ▁the ▁Cos met ics ▁Reg ulation ▁because ▁the ▁European ▁Commission ▁cons iders ▁that ▁in - v it ro ▁( non - an imal ) ▁methods ▁are ▁not ▁sufficiently ▁reliable ▁and ▁under est imate ▁the ▁danger ▁of ▁certain ▁subst ances . ▁ ▁RE AC H ▁can ▁pass ▁over ▁the ▁law ▁that ▁prohib its ▁animal ▁testing ▁of ▁ing red ients ▁and ▁finished ▁cos met ic ▁products ▁from ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Ex port ▁to ▁China ▁ ▁Mand atory ▁to ▁testing ▁animals ▁before ▁enter ▁into ▁the ▁Chinese ▁market ▁ ▁China ▁has ▁become ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁largest ▁market ▁in ▁the ▁world , ▁so ▁it ▁represents ▁an ▁opportunity ▁for ▁companies ▁to ▁expand ▁their ▁market ▁and ▁sales . ▁ ▁Indeed , ▁we ▁can ▁see ▁a ▁pro gression ▁of ▁the ▁Chinese ▁legisl ation . Thanks ▁to ▁the ▁mobil ization ▁of ▁communities ▁and ▁consum ers ▁boy |
cot ting ▁br ands , ▁and ▁the ▁European ▁law ▁b anning ▁testing , ▁has ▁had ▁a ▁snow ball ▁effect , ▁especially ▁India , ▁which ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁Asian ▁country ▁to ▁ban ▁testing ▁on ▁animals ▁in ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Chinese ▁legisl ation ▁has ▁therefore ▁evol ved ▁by ▁allowing ▁certain ▁br ands ▁to ▁gain ▁access ▁to ▁the ▁Chinese ▁market . ▁ ▁Chinese ▁legisl ation ▁separate ▁cos met ics ▁into ▁two ▁categories ▁: ▁▁ ▁Non ▁special ▁use ▁cos met ics : ▁these ▁are ▁all ▁the ▁products ▁that ▁won ’ t ▁deeply ▁change ▁the ▁aspect ▁of ▁your ▁body ▁or ▁have ▁a ▁th era pe ut ic ▁aspect ▁such ▁as ▁make up , ▁body ▁and ▁face ▁sk inc are , ▁perf ume , ▁to oth paste , ▁n ail ▁care . ▁ ▁Special ▁use ▁cos met ics : ▁these ▁cos met ics ▁change ▁your ▁aspect ▁on ▁the ▁long ▁term , ▁we ▁can ▁find ▁sl imming ▁product , ▁re - sc ulpt ing ▁cre am ▁( bre ast , ▁body , ▁wr ink le … ), ▁dep il atory ▁products , ▁hair ▁products ▁( color ing ▁hair , ▁permanent ▁hair , ▁Brazil ian ▁smooth … ) ▁solar ▁protection ▁and ▁de odor ants . ▁ ▁Non ▁tested ▁products : ▁ ▁Non ▁special ▁use ▁products ▁manufact ured ▁and ▁sold ▁in ▁China ▁▁ ▁ Non ▁special ▁use ▁products ▁manufact ured ▁but ▁not ▁sold ▁in ▁China ▁ ▁All ▁products ▁sold ▁on ▁the ▁internet ▁on ▁Chinese ▁or ▁not ▁website ▁ ▁T ested ▁products ▁: ▁▁ ▁Special ▁use ▁products ▁manufact ured |
▁and ▁sold ▁in ▁China ▁ ▁All ▁products ▁imported ▁and ▁sold ▁in ▁stores ▁in ▁China ▁ ▁Animal ▁testing ▁is ▁therefore ▁mand atory ▁for ▁only ▁a ▁few ▁products , ▁but ▁this ▁change ▁only ▁affect s ▁companies ▁that ▁manufact ure ▁their ▁products ▁in ▁the ▁country . ▁Comp an ies ▁that ▁have ▁foreign ▁manufact ure ▁still ▁need ▁to ▁test ▁on ▁animals ▁but ▁no ▁requirement ▁is ▁im posed ▁on ▁cos met ics ▁purchased ▁on ▁foreign ▁e - commerce ▁sites ▁and ▁delivered ▁in ▁China . ▁ ▁Re quire ments ▁on ▁over - se as ▁mand atory ▁testing ▁ ▁Some ▁cruel ty ▁free ▁cos met ic ▁br ands ▁such ▁as ▁Urban ▁Dec ay , ▁H ourg lass ▁or ▁L ush ▁are ▁impl anted ▁in ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁which ▁has ▁led ▁to ▁confusion ▁because ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁is ▁often ▁associated ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁China . ▁However ▁China ▁which ▁requires ▁mand atory ▁animal ▁testing ▁on ▁all ▁cos met ic ▁products ▁that ▁are ▁manufact ured ▁outside ▁of ▁the ▁country . ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁does ▁not ▁have ▁the ▁same ▁testing ▁animal ▁laws ▁as ▁China , ▁and ▁br ands ▁can ▁pret end ▁to ▁be ▁“ c ru el ty ▁free ” ▁while ▁being ▁on ▁Hong ▁Kong ▁soil . ▁Although , ▁this ▁does ▁not ▁mean ▁that ▁testing ▁on ▁animals ▁is ▁totally ▁b anned ▁from ▁the ▁territory . ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁cruel ty ▁free ▁cos met ic ▁br ands ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : An imal ▁testing ▁Category : C os met ics <0x0A> </s> ▁Cur ley ▁is ▁a ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁film ▁produced ▁by ▁Hal ▁Ro ach |
▁and ▁Robert ▁F . ▁McG owan ▁as ▁a ▁re - im ag ining ▁of ▁their ▁Our ▁Gang ▁series . ▁The ▁film ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁Ro ach ' s ▁" stream lined " ▁features ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s , ▁running ▁ 5 3 ▁minutes ▁and ▁was ▁designed ▁as ▁a ▁b - movie . ▁Like ▁most ▁of ▁Ro ach ' s ▁latter - day ▁output , ▁Cur ley ▁was ▁shot ▁in ▁C ine color . ▁ ▁Bernard ▁Car r ▁was ▁the ▁film ' s ▁director , ▁and ▁the ▁film ▁released ▁to ▁the at res ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁by ▁United ▁Art ists . ▁It ▁stars ▁Larry ▁O ls en , ▁Frances ▁Raf fer ty , ▁Billy ▁Gray , ▁and ▁R ene e ▁Be ard , ▁younger ▁brother ▁of ▁original ▁Our ▁Gang ▁cast ▁member ▁Matthew ▁" St ym ie " ▁Be ard . ▁The ▁plot ▁of ▁the ▁film ▁cent ers ▁on ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁school children , ▁led ▁by ▁Cur ley ▁( O ls en ), ▁playing ▁pr anks ▁on ▁their ▁teacher , ▁M s . ▁Johnson ▁( R af fer ty ). ▁ ▁Our ▁Gang ▁was ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁integrated ▁cast ▁of ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁children , ▁and ▁Cur ley ▁followed ▁suit . ▁The ▁M emph is , ▁Tennessee ▁C ensor ▁Board ▁b anned ▁Cur ley ▁for ▁showing ▁black ▁and ▁white ▁children ▁in ▁school ▁together ▁and ▁playing ▁together . ▁Lloyd ▁Bin ford , ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁c ensor ▁board , ▁gave ▁this ▁r ationale |
▁to ▁Ro ach ' s ▁distrib utor , ▁United ▁Art ists : ▁"[ The ▁board ] ▁was ▁unable ▁to ▁appro ve ▁your ▁' Cur ley ' ▁picture ▁with ▁the ▁little ▁Neg ro es ▁as ▁the ▁south ▁does ▁not ▁permit ▁Neg ro es ▁in ▁white ▁schools ▁nor ▁recognize ▁social ▁equality ▁between ▁the ▁races , ▁even ▁in ▁children ." ▁ ▁When ▁Hal ▁Ro ach ▁sold ▁Our ▁Gang ▁to ▁Metro - G old w yn - M ayer ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 , ▁he ▁was ▁contract ually ▁bound ▁not ▁to ▁produce ▁any ▁more ▁children ' s ▁com ed ies . ▁When ▁Ro ach ▁decided ▁that ▁he ▁wanted ▁to ▁produce ▁Cur ley , ▁he ▁got ▁M GM ' s ▁permission ▁by ▁giving ▁up ▁his ▁right ▁to ▁buy ▁back ▁the ▁name ▁Our ▁Gang . ▁Cur ley ▁and ▁its ▁sequ el , ▁Who ▁Kil led ▁Doc ▁Rob bin , ▁performed ▁m ild ly ▁at ▁the ▁box ▁office . ▁ ▁Plot ▁summary ▁ ▁The ▁very ▁much ▁appreciated ▁young ▁woman ▁who ▁was ▁the ▁previous ▁teacher ▁in ▁Lake view ▁elementary ▁school ▁got ▁married , ▁and ▁a ▁substitute ▁is ▁appointed . ▁School ▁ras cal ▁William ▁" Cur ley " ▁B enson ▁gather ▁his ▁class m ates ▁to ▁make ▁plans ▁to ▁get ▁rid ▁of ▁their ▁new ▁teacher . ▁They ▁strongly ▁suspect ▁the ▁substitute ▁teacher ▁to ▁be ▁half - mad ▁ecc ent ric , ▁middle - aged ▁Miss ▁Johnson . ▁ ▁The ▁county ▁super visor , ▁Miss ▁Pay ne , ▁vis its ▁Miss ▁Johnson ▁and ▁finds ▁out ▁that ▁the ▁new ▁teacher ▁is ▁actually |
▁Miss ▁Johnson ' s ▁nie ce ▁M ild red , ▁a ▁pretty ▁young ▁woman ▁who ▁has ▁taught ▁athlet ics ▁to ▁priv ates ▁in ▁the ▁US ▁Navy . ▁Miss ▁Pay ne ▁has ▁her ▁doub ts ▁about ▁M ild red ’ s ▁cap ability ▁to ▁control ▁a ▁class ▁like ▁the ▁one ▁at ▁Lake view ▁and ▁war ns ▁M ild red . ▁Miss ▁Pay ne ▁bel ieves ▁that ▁M ild red ▁might ▁be ▁too ▁young ▁and ▁in ex per ien ced ▁to ▁handle ▁the ▁spir ited ▁children . ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁morning ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁day ▁of ▁school ▁M ild red ▁enc oun ters ▁the ▁uns us pect ing ▁Cur ley ▁on ▁the ▁way ▁to ▁school ▁and ▁offers ▁him ▁a ▁ride . ▁Not ▁knowing ▁that ▁he ▁is ▁talking ▁to ▁his ▁teacher , ▁he ▁tells ▁her ▁about ▁the ▁pr anks ▁that ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁friends ▁are ▁going ▁to ▁play ▁on ▁" P ig gle p uss ," ▁their ▁new ▁teacher . ▁Cur ley ▁even ▁tells ▁her ▁about ▁putting ▁his ▁pet ▁f rog , ▁Cro ake y , ▁on ▁the ▁teacher ’ s ▁chair . ▁ ▁Cur ley ▁also ▁man ages ▁to ▁disc lose ▁the ▁school ▁k ids ’ ▁hope ▁that ▁Miss ▁Johnson ▁will ▁quit ▁immediately , ▁so ▁that ▁they ▁can ▁spend ▁the ▁whole ▁day ▁fish ing . ▁At ▁school , ▁Cur ley ▁loads ▁his ▁" ro cket ship " ▁car ▁with ▁smoke ▁fl ares . ▁He ▁positions ▁the ▁car ▁so ▁as ▁to ▁aim ▁at ▁an ▁exhaust ▁t ube ▁through ▁a ▁class room ▁window . ▁When ▁Cur ley |
▁takes ▁his ▁seat ▁in ▁the ▁class room , ▁he ▁disco vers ▁that ▁his ▁new ▁teacher ▁is ▁the ▁wonderful ▁kind heart ed ▁M ild red . ▁During ▁that ▁first ▁day ▁she ▁teach es ▁the ▁children ▁a ▁less on ▁of ▁hum ility ▁by ▁making ▁each ▁one ▁a ▁victim ▁of ▁his ▁own ▁pr ank , ▁and ▁Cur ley , ▁who ▁is ▁also ▁hum ili ated , ▁fle es ▁the ▁scene ▁before ▁his ▁pr ank ▁is ▁about ▁to ▁happen . ▁ ▁The ▁school room ▁is ▁d uly ▁filled ▁with ▁exhaust , ▁Cur ley ▁is ▁bl amed , ▁but ▁it ▁turns ▁out ▁he ▁is ▁ch asing ▁the ▁ro cket ship ▁to y ▁car , ▁and ▁not ▁driving ▁it . ▁The ▁car ▁has ▁been ▁bij ack ed ▁by ▁" Dis " ▁and ▁" Dat ", ▁who ▁are ▁two ▁m isch iev ous ▁children . ▁ ▁They ▁drive ▁the ▁car ▁care lessly ▁and ▁wild ly ▁across ▁the ▁fields ▁and , ▁ultimately ▁into ▁a ▁hay stack , ▁taking ▁the ▁stack ▁with ▁them , ▁continu ing ▁the ▁fright ful ▁journey . ▁Miss ▁Pay ne ▁appears ▁on ▁the ▁scene , ▁and ▁fright ened ▁by ▁the ▁moving ▁hay stack , ▁she ▁crashes ▁her ▁car ▁while ▁trying ▁to ▁avoid ▁it . ▁Miss ▁Pay ne ▁an gr ily ▁c ries ▁out ▁her ▁disappoint ment ▁with ▁M ild red ▁for ▁her ▁in ability ▁to ▁discipline ▁the ▁children . ▁ ▁Meanwhile , ▁M ild red ▁has ▁brought ▁the ▁children ▁on ▁a ▁pic nic ▁with ▁her ▁a unt . ▁She ▁teach es ▁them ▁baseball , ▁football ▁and ▁box ing |
▁and ▁offers ▁the ▁children ▁good ▁gr ades ▁if ▁they ▁learn . ▁M ild red ▁is ▁engaged ▁in ▁a ▁box ing ▁fight ▁with ▁the ▁big ▁H ank , ▁a ▁t ough ▁student , ▁when ▁the ▁en rag ed ▁Miss ▁Pay ne ▁arriv es ▁in ▁order ▁scr ut in ize ▁her ▁performance . ▁ ▁Cur ley ▁comes ▁back ▁from ▁his ▁hiding ▁to ▁help , ▁but ▁by ▁accident ▁he ▁instead ▁man ages ▁to ▁send ▁H ank ▁flying ▁into ▁a ▁lake . ▁Cur ley ▁is ▁forced ▁to ▁leave ▁the ▁pic nic ▁in ▁shame . ▁The ▁other ▁are ▁grateful ▁for ▁their ▁substitute ▁teacher ▁and ▁thank ▁Miss ▁Pay ne ▁for ▁M ild red . ▁M ild red ▁gets ▁an ▁explanation ▁of ▁the ▁previous ▁events , ▁and ▁that ▁when ▁the ▁class room ▁filled ▁with ▁smoke , ▁Cur ley ▁was ▁ch asing ▁his ▁" ro cket ship ," ▁not ▁driving ▁it , ▁thus ▁not ▁responsible ▁for ▁the ▁pr ank . ▁M ild red ▁finally ▁finds ▁Cur ley ▁hiding ▁and ▁cry ing , ▁afraid ▁he ▁will ▁be ▁exp elled . ▁He ▁is ▁also ▁afraid ▁that ▁M ild red ▁will ▁be ▁fired . ▁M ild red ▁re ass ures ▁him ▁with ▁c ake ▁and ▁ice ▁cre am , ▁that ▁such ▁a ▁thing ▁won ’ t ▁happen , ▁and ▁to ps ▁off ▁with ▁pick ing ▁up ▁Cro ake y ▁the ▁f rog . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 7 ▁films ▁Category : American ▁films ▁Category : English - language ▁films ▁Category : 1 9 4 0 s ▁comedy |
▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁about ▁educ ators ▁Category : C ine color ▁films ▁Category : Fil ms ▁scored ▁by ▁Hein z ▁Ro em h eld ▁Category : American ▁comedy ▁films <0x0A> </s> ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁Portugal ▁is ▁the ▁Portuguese ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁international ▁reality ▁television ▁franch ise ▁Big ▁Bro ther , ▁produced ▁by ▁End em ol ▁for ▁Portuguese ▁channel ▁TV I , ▁after ▁S IC ▁dropped ▁the ▁program . ▁TV I ▁launched ▁the ▁show ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁Since ▁its ▁beginning , ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁great ▁success . ▁ ▁The ▁show ▁had ▁seven ▁ed itions ▁with ▁three ▁being ▁celebr ity ▁versions ▁( Big ▁Bro ther ▁F amos os ▁ 1 , ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁F amos os ▁ 2 ▁and ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁VI P ), ▁presented ▁by ▁Ter esa ▁Gu il h erme . ▁The ▁popular ity ▁of ▁this ▁show ▁stead ily ▁decl ined ▁until ▁TV I ▁cancel led ▁after ▁the ▁fourth ▁season ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁TV I ▁a ired ▁the ▁first ▁season ▁of ▁Secret ▁Story ▁- ▁Casa ▁dos ▁Seg red os ▁franch ise . ▁The ▁show ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁original ▁French ▁version ▁of ▁Secret ▁Story . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁after ▁ 1 1 ▁years , ▁TV I ▁a ired ▁the ▁third ▁celebr ity ▁version ▁of ▁Big ▁Bro ther , ▁titled ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁VI P . ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁TV I |
▁announced ▁the ▁return ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁format ▁of ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁in ▁ 2 0 2 0 . ▁ ▁Series ▁over w iew ▁ ▁Reg ular ▁version ▁ ▁C ele br ity ▁version ▁ ▁Pres ent ers ▁and ▁program mes ▁ ▁Rat ings ▁ ▁The ▁House ▁The ▁House ▁was ▁Loc ated ▁in ▁a ▁Studio ▁Complex ▁in ▁V enda ▁do ▁Pin he iro ▁ ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁ 1 ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁season ▁of ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁began ▁on ▁ 3 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁and ▁finished ▁ 1 2 0 ▁days ▁later ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁The ▁winner ▁of ▁reality ▁show ▁was ▁Z é ▁Maria . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁the ▁season ▁was ▁re - a ired ▁in ▁+ TV I , ▁a ▁cable ▁channel ▁from ▁TV I . ▁ ▁H ous em ates ▁ ▁N omin ations ▁ ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁ 2 ▁ ▁The ▁second ▁season ▁of ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁began ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁January ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁finished ▁ 1 2 0 ▁days ▁later , ▁ 2 0 ▁May ▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁The ▁winner ▁of ▁reality ▁show ▁was ▁Henri que ▁( I cas ). ▁ ▁H ous em ates ▁ ▁N omin ations ▁ ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁ 3 ▁ ▁The ▁third ▁season ▁of ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁started ▁on ▁ 2 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁and ▁finished ▁ 1 2 1 ▁days ▁later , ▁ 3 1 ▁December |
▁ 2 0 0 1 . ▁The ▁winner ▁of ▁reality ▁show ▁was ▁Cat arina . ▁The ▁first ▁woman ▁to ▁win ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁Portugal . ▁ ▁H ous em ates ▁ ▁N omin ations ▁ ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁F amos os ▁ 1 ▁ ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁F amos os ▁ 1 ▁is ▁the ▁first ▁celebr ity ▁version ▁of ▁Big ▁Bro ther . ▁The ▁show ▁started ▁on ▁ 8 ▁September ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁and ▁finished ▁on ▁ 4 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁it ▁last ed ▁ 5 8 ▁days ▁with ▁the ▁hous em ate ▁R icky ▁emer ging ▁the ▁winner . ▁ ▁H ous em ates ▁ ▁N omin ations ▁ ▁Notes : ▁ ▁In ▁round ▁one ▁of ▁nomin ations ▁each ▁hous em ate ▁had ▁to ▁vote ▁to ▁ev ict ▁another ▁hous em ate . ▁ ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁F amos os ▁ 2 ▁ ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁F amos os ▁ 2 ▁is ▁the ▁second ▁celebr ity ▁version ▁of ▁Big ▁Bro ther . ▁The ▁show ▁started ▁on ▁ 4 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁and ▁finished ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁it ▁last ed ▁ 5 8 ▁days ▁with ▁the ▁hous em ate ▁V ít or ▁emer ging ▁the ▁winner . ▁ ▁H ous em ates ▁ ▁N omin ations ▁ ▁Notes : ▁ ▁In ▁round ▁four ▁of ▁nomin ations ▁all ▁female ▁hous em ates ▁were ▁imm une ▁from ▁ev iction . ▁ ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁ 4 ▁ ▁The |
▁fourth ▁season ▁of ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁began ▁on ▁ 3 1 ▁August ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁and ▁finished ▁ 1 2 0 ▁days ▁later , ▁ 3 1 ▁December ▁ 2 0 0 3 . ▁The ▁winner ▁of ▁reality ▁show ▁was ▁Fernando ▁( N ando ). ▁The ▁grand ▁c ash ▁prize ▁was ▁ 1 0 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Euro . ▁ ▁H ous em ates ▁ ▁N omin ations ▁▁▁ ▁H ous em ate ▁was ▁Head ▁of ▁House ▁▁ ▁H ous em ate ▁was ▁automatically ▁nominated ▁by ▁the ▁Head ▁of ▁House ▁ ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁VI P ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁VI P ▁was ▁the ▁third ▁celebr ity ▁version ▁of ▁Big ▁Bro ther , ▁and ▁the ▁first ▁in ▁Portugal ▁to ▁use ▁the ▁name ▁Big ▁Bro ther ▁VI P . ▁The ▁show ▁started ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁and ▁finished ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁July ▁ 2 0 1 3 , ▁last ed ▁ 9 2 ▁days . ▁Pedro ▁Gu edes ▁emer ging ▁the ▁winner . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁website ▁on ▁TV I ▁ ▁Category : Big ▁Bro ther ▁( Port ug uese ▁TV ▁series ) ▁Category : Port ug uese - language ▁television ▁programs ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 ▁Portuguese ▁television ▁series ▁deb uts ▁Category : 2 0 0 3 ▁Portuguese ▁television ▁series ▁end ings ▁Category : 2 0 0 0 s ▁Portuguese ▁television ▁series <0x0A> </s> ▁South ▁Gar land ▁High ▁School ▁( SG HS ) ▁is ▁a ▁secondary ▁school ▁located ▁in ▁Gar land |
, ▁Texas . ▁The ▁school ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Gar land ▁Independent ▁School ▁District . ▁The ▁mas cot ▁for ▁S G HS ▁is ▁the ▁" S ou thern ▁Colonel ," ▁and ▁the ▁school ▁colors ▁are ▁red ▁and ▁Columbia ▁blue . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁school ▁was ▁r ated ▁" ac adem ically ▁acceptable " ▁by ▁the ▁Texas ▁Education ▁Agency . ▁ ▁History ▁South ▁Gar land ▁High ▁School ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁second ▁public ▁high ▁school ▁to ▁open ▁in ▁Gar land . ▁ ▁Academ ics ▁South ▁Gar land ▁High ▁School ▁offers ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁AP ( Ad vanced ▁P lacement ) ▁and ▁D ual ▁Cred it ▁courses ▁that ▁allow ▁them ▁to ▁en roll ▁in ▁fresh men ▁courses ▁and ▁ear n ▁college ▁cred its ▁at ▁a ▁local ▁institution ▁of ▁higher ▁education . ▁These ▁classes ▁include : ▁Advanced ▁P lacement ( AP ) ▁ ▁Bi ology ▁ ▁Calcul us ▁AB ▁ ▁Chem istry ▁ ▁Computer ▁Science ▁A ▁ ▁Princi ples ▁of ▁Computer ▁Science ▁ ▁English ▁Language ▁and ▁Com position ▁ ▁English ▁Liter ature ▁and ▁Com position ▁ ▁Government ▁and ▁Polit ics : ▁United ▁States ▁ ▁Human ▁Geography ▁ ▁Mac roe conom ics ▁ ▁Physics ▁ 1 ▁ ▁Spanish ▁Language ▁and ▁Spanish ▁Liter ature ▁ ▁Psych ology ▁ ▁Statistics ▁ ▁United ▁States ▁History ▁ ▁World ▁History ▁ ▁Art ▁History ▁ ▁D ual ▁Cred it ▁English ▁Language , ▁English ▁Lit , ▁Pre - Calcul us ▁On ▁Ram ps , ▁Bi ology ▁AP , ▁Electron ics ▁I , |
▁Electron ics ▁II , ▁Auto ▁Te ch , ▁F ashion ▁Mark eting , ▁Ad vert ising , ▁BC IM , ▁Account ing , ▁F TI ▁I , ▁F TI ▁II ▁ ▁Starting ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 9 - 2 0 2 0 ▁school ▁year , ▁South ▁Gar land ▁will ▁be ▁partner ing ▁with ▁East field ▁College ▁to ▁offer ▁Early ▁College ▁High ▁School ▁to ▁approximately ▁ 1 5 0 ▁students ▁each ▁school ▁year , ▁allowing ▁them ▁to ▁gradu ate ▁with ▁an ▁associate ▁degree ▁and ▁up ▁to ▁ 6 0 ▁college ▁cred its ▁while ▁in ▁high ▁school ▁at ▁no ▁cost . ▁ ▁Cont ro vers y ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁a ▁black ▁activ ist ▁named ▁Mel vin ▁" A ' V ant " ▁Thomas ▁pick et ed ▁the ▁school ▁since ▁it ▁had ▁a ▁flag ▁res emb ling ▁the ▁battle ▁flag ▁of ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁States ▁of ▁America ; ▁for ▁a ▁period ▁of ▁almost ▁two ▁years ▁he ▁had ▁written ▁numerous ▁letters ▁to ▁the ▁G IS D ▁school ▁board ▁asking ▁them ▁to ▁remove ▁the ▁m ural . ▁ ▁Until ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁a ▁Confeder ate ▁flag ▁was ▁the ▁pre domin ant ▁image ▁in ▁the ▁school ▁shield . ▁ ▁A ▁group ▁of ▁students ▁voted ▁against ▁changing ▁the ▁school ▁flag ▁in ▁August ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁with ▁African ▁American ▁resident ▁M . T . ▁A ' V ant ▁( former ly ▁Mel vin ▁Thomas ), ▁protest ed . ▁▁ ▁A ' V ant ▁ended ▁his ▁protest s ▁in |
▁April ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁ ▁A ▁group ▁of ▁South ▁Gar land ▁High ▁School ▁parents ▁developed ▁a ▁multi ra cial ▁committee ▁that ▁same ▁year ▁to ▁discuss ▁the ▁symbols ▁and ▁trad itions ▁they ▁considered ▁off ensive ▁that ▁continued ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁school , ▁including ▁its ▁fight ▁song . ▁The ▁group ▁met ▁about ▁ 1 2 ▁times ▁before ▁making ▁a ▁proposal ▁to ▁the ▁school ▁board ▁in ▁the ▁summer ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 1 . ▁The ▁group ▁reached ▁a ▁comprom ise ▁with ▁the ▁board ▁members ▁on ▁only ▁two ▁items . ▁ ▁The ▁Gar land ▁independent ▁school ▁Board ▁voted ▁ 6 ▁to ▁ 1 ▁at ▁its ▁August ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁meeting , ▁to ▁dis continue ▁use ▁of ▁the ▁alter ed ▁Confeder ate ▁flag ▁as ▁the ▁school ▁flag ▁and ▁to ▁also ▁change ▁the ▁color ▁of ▁the ▁mas cot ' s ▁uniform ▁from ▁gray ▁to ▁blue ▁and ▁red . ▁The ▁sole ▁diss ent ing ▁vote ▁was ▁cast ▁by ▁R andy ▁Clark , ▁who ▁maintained ▁that ▁he ▁was ▁voting ▁as ▁his ▁constitu ents ▁had ▁ad vised ▁him . ▁The ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁chapter ▁of ▁the ▁NA AC P ▁said ▁the ▁issue ▁would ▁not ▁be ▁over ▁unless ▁all ▁symbol ism ▁referring ▁to ▁the ▁Confeder acy , ▁including ▁the ▁fight ▁song ▁and ▁a ▁plant ation ▁m ural , ▁were ▁removed . ▁ ▁At ▁the ▁start ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 1 – 9 2 ▁school ▁year , ▁a ▁contest ▁was ▁held ▁to ▁replace ▁the ▁flag . ▁The ▁crossed ▁sword |
▁design ▁was ▁chosen ▁by ▁the ▁student ▁body ▁to ▁replace ▁the ▁re bel ▁flag . ▁ ▁The ▁sign ▁outside ▁South ▁Gar land ▁High ▁School ▁was ▁later ▁changed ▁to ▁reflect ▁the ▁changes ▁in ▁the ▁school ▁flag ▁and ▁mas cot . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁the ▁G IS D ▁school ▁board ▁agreed ▁to ▁remove ▁symbol ism ▁rem in is cent ▁of ▁the ▁Confeder acy . ▁ ▁Sports ▁South ▁Gar land ▁High ▁School ▁has ▁had ▁a ▁strong ▁history ▁of ▁sports , ▁especially ▁in ▁its ▁football ▁team . ▁South ▁offers ▁the ▁following ▁sports ▁to ▁its ▁students : ▁Baseball , ▁Basketball , ▁Football , ▁G olf , ▁G ymn ast ics , ▁Power ▁L ifting , ▁Soccer , ▁So ft ball , ▁Tennis , ▁Track / C ross ▁Country , ▁and ▁Vol ley ball . ▁South ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁UI L ▁Class ▁ 5 A ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 2 0 1 4 ▁school ▁year , ▁and ▁will ▁be ▁put ▁into ▁UI L ▁Class ▁ 5 A ▁Region ▁ 2 ▁District ▁ 1 2 ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 2 0 1 5 ▁school ▁year , ▁the ▁only ▁school ▁in ▁the ▁Gar land ▁Independent ▁School ▁District ▁to ▁not ▁be ▁moved ▁into ▁UI L ▁Class ▁ 6 A ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 – 2 0 1 5 ▁school ▁year , ▁moving ▁back ▁up ▁to ▁UI L ▁Class ▁ 6 A ▁only ▁two ▁years ▁later . ▁South ▁currently ▁belongs ▁in ▁UI L ▁Class ▁ 6 A ▁for ▁the |
▁ 2 0 1 9 - 2 0 2 0 ▁school ▁year . ▁ ▁The ▁Col on els ▁have ▁been ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁football ▁play offs ▁ 1 6 ▁times , ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 0 , ▁ 1 9 7 3 , ▁ 1 9 9 0 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 6 , ▁ 1 9 9 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 2 . ▁The ▁team ▁made ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁play offs ▁for ▁an ▁e ighth ▁consecutive ▁year ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁▁ ▁Among ▁the ▁notable ▁athlet es ▁who ▁are ▁South ▁Gar land ▁al umn i ▁is ▁Jerry ▁Sand ers . ▁ ▁The ▁Lady ▁Col on els ▁V ars ity ▁Vol ley ball ▁team ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁Play offs ▁back ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 1 – 2 0 0 3 ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁ ▁The ▁Boys ▁V ars ity ▁Basketball ▁team ▁made ▁the ▁play offs ▁the ▁last ▁ 3 ▁years ▁( 2 0 1 7 - 2 0 1 9 ) ▁and ▁advanced ▁to ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁UI L ▁State ▁Sem i - Final s ▁under ▁Co ach ▁Parker . ▁ ▁The ▁Boys ▁Soccer |
▁Team ▁made ▁the ▁play offs ▁the ▁last ▁ 4 ▁years ▁( 2 0 1 1 – 2 0 1 2 ) ▁under ▁Co ach ▁Buen o ▁and ▁( 2 0 1 2 – 2 0 1 5 ) ▁under ▁Co ach ▁Fall oure . ▁ ▁Lisa ▁Mc Cor st in , ▁who ▁excel led ▁in ▁track ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁was ▁induct ed ▁into ▁the ▁district ' s ▁sports ▁hall ▁of ▁fame . ▁ ▁Ext rac urr icular ▁Activ ities ▁• B and ▁• Cho ir ▁• The atre ▁• Dr ill ▁Team ▁( V ars ity : ▁Southern ▁B elles , ▁Non - V ars ity : ▁D ix ie ▁Dar lings ) ▁• Art ▁• Che er leading ▁ ▁Sign ature ▁Program s ▁Cos met ology , ▁W eld ing , ▁Aut ob ody ▁Coll ision ▁Rep air , ▁and ▁Auto ▁Technology ▁ ▁Notable ▁al umn i ▁▁ ▁Mike ▁Hamb rick ▁( 1 9 6 7 ) ▁– ▁Television ▁and ▁radio ▁news ▁anchor , ▁rep orter ▁and ▁correspond ent ; ▁worked ▁on ▁network ▁television ▁stations ▁such ▁as ▁W J LA - TV ▁in ▁Washington , ▁DC , ▁W RC - TV ▁in ▁Washington , ▁DC , ▁K TV T - TV ▁in ▁Dallas , ▁K T AR - TV ▁( now ▁K PN X ) ▁in ▁Phoenix , ▁W P X I - TV ▁in ▁Pitts burgh , ▁Pennsylvania ▁and ▁W B AL - TV ▁in ▁Baltimore ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁Hamb rick |
▁was ▁also ▁a ▁news ▁anchor ▁for ▁W P X I - TV ▁in ▁Pitts burgh ▁where ▁he ▁also ▁served ▁as ▁man aging ▁editor . ▁ ▁Currently ▁a ▁new sc aster ▁for ▁The ▁Howard ▁Stern ▁Show ▁ ▁Gary ▁Nich ol son ▁( sing er ) ▁( 1 9 6 8 ) ▁– ▁Gram my - win ning ▁country ▁singer - song writer ▁and ▁record ▁producer ▁ ▁Ron ▁Wood ro of ▁( 1 9 6 8 ) ▁– ▁Form ed ▁under ground ▁Dallas ▁Bu y ers ▁Club ▁for ▁importing ▁des per ately ▁needed ▁A ID S ▁medic ations ; ▁a ▁motion ▁picture ▁dep ict ing ▁his ▁efforts ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ ▁John ▁Washington ▁( 1 9 7 1 ) ▁– ▁Def ensive ▁back ▁for ▁the ▁NFL ▁Los ▁Angeles ▁R ams ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 6 – 1 9 7 7 ▁for ▁the ▁Canadian ▁Football ▁League ' s ▁S ask atch ew an ▁R ough rid ers ▁and ▁the ▁Cal g ary ▁St amp ed ers ▁ ▁Alfred a ▁B ik ow sky ▁( 1 9 8 3 ) ▁– ▁Emb att led ▁Central ▁Int elligence ▁Agency ▁officer ▁who ▁head ed ▁the ▁Bin ▁L aden ▁Issue ▁Station ▁and ▁reported ly ▁tied ▁to ▁tort ure ▁activities ▁▁ ▁Den ard ▁Walker ▁( 1 9 9 1 ) ▁– ▁Cor ner back ▁for ▁Tennessee ▁Tit ans , ▁Den ver ▁Bron cos , ▁Minnesota ▁Vik ings ▁and ▁Oak land ▁Ra iders ▁ ▁Qu in cy ▁Morgan |
▁( 1 9 9 6 ) ▁– ▁W ide ▁receiver ▁for ▁the ▁B lin n ▁College , ▁Kansas ▁State ▁Wild c ats ▁football , ▁Den ver ▁Bron cos , ▁Dallas ▁Cow bo ys , ▁Cleveland ▁Brow ns ▁and ▁Pitts burgh ▁Ste el ers ▁ ▁Er in ▁Mc Car ley ▁( 1 9 9 7 ) ▁– ▁ ▁Pub lished ▁alternative ▁music ▁singer - song writer , ▁based ▁in ▁Nash ville , ▁Tennessee ▁▁ ▁Jason ▁Thompson ▁( 2 0 0 0 ) ▁– ▁College ▁and ▁professional ▁s occer ▁player ▁for ▁Eastern ▁Illinois ▁University , ▁D . C . ▁United ▁and ▁the ▁Dallas ▁Burn , ▁and ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁US ▁Men ' s ▁National ▁Soccer ▁Team ▁pool ▁ ▁N ate ▁Dra ugh on ▁( 2 0 0 2 ) ▁– ▁Cor ner back ▁for ▁U TE P , ▁Montreal ▁Al ou ettes , ▁Austin ▁W r ang lers , ▁New ▁Orleans ▁Sain ts , ▁Arizona ▁Card inals ▁ ▁Ter rel ▁Harris ▁( 2 0 0 5 ) ▁– ▁Sho oting ▁guard ▁for ▁the ▁Miami ▁He at ▁ ▁Nick ▁Florence ▁( 2 0 0 7 ) ▁- ▁Qu arter back ▁for ▁the ▁Bay lor ▁University ▁football ▁team , ▁ 2 0 0 9 - 2 0 1 2 ▁ ▁Nas er ▁Jason ▁Ab do ▁( 2 0 0 8 ) ▁– ▁Form er ▁United ▁States ▁Army ▁Private ▁First ▁Class , ▁went ▁A W OL ▁and ▁was ▁conv icted ▁of ▁attempted ▁use ▁of ▁a ▁weapon ▁of ▁mass ▁destruction , ▁currently ▁serving ▁a ▁life ▁sentence ▁at ▁super |
max ▁facility ▁AD X ▁Florence ▁ ▁Mac ▁Per c ival ▁( fac ulty ) ▁– ▁NFL ▁place k icker ▁for ▁the ▁Chicago ▁B ears ▁and ▁Dallas ▁Cow bo ys , ▁ 1 9 6 7 – 7 4 . ▁ ▁Fac ulty ▁member ▁ 1 9 6 5 – 6 7 ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁List ▁of ▁high ▁schools ▁in ▁Texas ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁South ▁Gar land ▁High ▁School ▁South ▁Gar land ▁High ▁School ▁( Arch ive ) ▁TE A ▁Account ability ▁Rat ings ▁South ▁Gar land ▁Col on els ▁High ▁School ▁Football ▁ ▁Category : High ▁schools ▁in ▁Gar land , ▁Texas ▁Category : G ar land ▁Independent ▁School ▁District ▁high ▁schools ▁Category : 1 9 6 4 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Texas ▁Category : E du c ational ▁institutions ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 4 <0x0A> </s> ▁Ka im ook ▁Ch uto ▁( A pril ▁ 1 8 , ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁– ▁ 1 9 9 5 ) ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁female ▁Th ai ▁sculpt or . ▁She ▁was ▁royal ▁sculpt or ▁for ▁Queen ▁Sir kit , ▁and ▁created ▁the ▁Three ▁Kings ▁Monument ▁in ▁Chi ang ▁Mai . ▁In ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁Google ▁displayed ▁a ▁Google ▁Do od le ▁in ▁her ▁honor . ▁ ▁References ▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 3 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 5 ▁death s ▁Ka im ook ▁Ch uto <0x0A> </s> ▁P aje ▁is ▁a ▁village ▁on ▁the ▁T anz an ian ▁island ▁of ▁Un gu |
ja , ▁part ▁of ▁Z anz ib ar . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁the ▁sout heast ▁coast ▁between ▁the ▁villages ▁of ▁B we ju u ▁and ▁J amb iani . ▁ ▁The ▁l ago on ▁is ▁used ▁to ▁learn ▁k ite board ing , ▁since ▁a ▁very ▁consistent ▁side - ons h ore ▁wind ▁is ▁blow ing ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁year , ▁the ▁l ago on ▁is ▁shall ow ▁during ▁low ▁t ide ▁and ▁has ▁a ▁sand y ▁bottom , ▁and ▁the ▁re ef ▁protect s ▁the ▁l ago on ▁from ▁waves . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Z anz ib ar <0x0A> </s> ▁S unn ys ide ▁is ▁a ▁closed ▁railway ▁station ▁on ▁the ▁Main ▁North ▁railway ▁line ▁in ▁the ▁New ▁England ▁region ▁of ▁New ▁South ▁Wales , ▁Australia . ▁The ▁station ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁and ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 . ▁Currently ▁only ▁the ▁platform ▁face ▁remains . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁S unn ys ide ▁rail ▁bridge ▁over ▁T enter field ▁Creek ▁List ▁of ▁railway ▁station ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : Dis used ▁regional ▁railway ▁stations ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁Category : 1 8 8 8 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Australia ▁Category : R ail way ▁stations ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁Category : Main ▁North ▁railway ▁line , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales <0x0A> </s> ▁This ▁is ▁an ▁incomplete ▁list ▁of ▁Filip ino |
▁full - length ▁films , ▁both ▁main stream ▁and ▁independently ▁produced , ▁released ▁in ▁the aters ▁and ▁cin emas ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Top ▁ten ▁gross ing ▁films ▁ ▁Note ▁▁▁ ▁Box ▁Office ▁Mo jo , ▁a ▁reliable ▁third ▁party ▁box ▁office ▁re venue ▁tra cker , ▁does ▁not ▁track ▁any ▁reven ues ▁earned ▁during ▁any ▁Metro ▁Man ila ▁Film ▁Festival ▁ed itions . ▁So ▁the ▁official ▁figures ▁by ▁film ▁entries ▁during ▁the ▁festival ▁are ▁only ▁estimates ▁taken ▁from ▁any ▁recent ▁updates ▁from ▁cred ible ▁and ▁reliable ▁sources ▁such ▁as ▁a ▁film ' s ▁production ▁out fit , ▁or ▁from ▁any ▁news ▁ag encies . ▁Also , ▁Metro ▁Man ila ▁Development ▁Author ity ▁( M MD A ) ▁did ▁not ▁release ▁the ▁official ▁gross ▁sales ▁of ▁each ▁of ▁the ▁films . ▁To ▁verify ▁the ▁figures , ▁see ▁individual ▁sources ▁for ▁the ▁references . ▁ ▁Color ▁key ▁ ▁Films ▁More ▁than ▁a ▁ 1 0 0 ▁full - length ▁films ▁were ▁released ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines , ▁most ▁of ▁them ▁were ▁independently ▁produced . ▁ ▁January – M arch ▁ ▁April – J une ▁ ▁July – Se ptember ▁Color ▁key ▁ ▁October – Dec ember ▁Color ▁key ▁ ▁Notes ▁▁ ▁^ ▁ ▁Film ▁is ▁an ▁independently - produ ced ▁film . ▁▁ ▁^ ▁ ▁July ▁ 2 6 ▁is ▁Ek stra : ▁The ▁Bit ▁Player ' s ▁festival ▁screen ing . ▁August ▁ 1 4 ▁is ▁the ▁film ' s ▁commercial ▁release ▁nation wide . ▁ ▁^ ▁ ▁All ▁ten |
▁Sin eng ▁P amb ans a ▁films ▁had ▁an ▁extended ▁run ▁from ▁October ▁ 1 1 ▁until ▁October ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁Pre viously , ▁the ▁ten ▁films ▁were ▁screen ed ▁from ▁September ▁ 1 1 ▁to ▁September ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Awards ▁ ▁Local ▁The ▁following ▁first ▁list ▁shows ▁the ▁Best ▁Picture ▁w inners ▁at ▁the ▁four ▁major ▁film ▁awards : ▁FA MA S ▁Awards , ▁G aw ad ▁U rian ▁Awards , ▁L una ▁Awards ▁and ▁Star ▁Awards ; ▁and ▁at ▁the ▁three ▁major ▁film ▁festiv als : ▁Metro ▁Man ila ▁Film ▁Festival , ▁Cin em al aya ▁and ▁Cinema ▁One ▁Originals . ▁The ▁second ▁list ▁shows ▁films ▁with ▁the ▁most ▁awards ▁won ▁from ▁the ▁three ▁major ▁film ▁awards ▁and ▁a ▁break down ▁of ▁their ▁total ▁number ▁of ▁awards ▁per ▁award ▁ceremony . ▁ ▁International ▁The ▁following ▁list ▁shows ▁Filip ino ▁films ▁( re leased ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁which ▁were ▁nominated ▁or ▁won ▁awards ▁at ▁international ▁industry - based ▁awards . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁box ▁office ▁number - one ▁films ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Philippines <0x0A> </s> ▁ 4 - H ydro xy - 2 - ox og l ut ar ate ▁al d ol ase , ▁mit och ond rial ▁( HO GA 1 ) ▁also ▁known ▁as ▁di h yd rod ip icol inate |
▁synth ase - like ▁( D HD PS L ) ▁is ▁an ▁en zym e ▁that ▁in ▁humans ▁is ▁encoded ▁by ▁the ▁HO GA 1 ▁gene . ▁The ▁protein ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁en zym es ▁( 4 - h ydro xy - 2 - ox og l ut ar ate ▁al d ol ase ) ▁involved ▁in ▁met abol ism ▁of ▁hydro xy pro line ▁to ▁g ly ox yl ate . ▁The ▁en zym e ▁ ▁over activity ▁can ▁form ▁excess ive ▁g ly ox yl ate ▁from ▁hydro xy pro line . ▁G ly ox yl ate ▁is ▁cat abol ised ▁to ▁ox al ate , ▁resulting ▁in ▁excess ▁ex cret ion ▁of ▁ox al ate ▁in ▁ur ine , ▁pre dis pos ing ▁to ▁ox al ate ▁stone ; ▁a ▁condition ▁known ▁as ▁primary ▁hyper ox al uria ▁type ▁III . ▁ ▁References <0x0A> </s> ▁Must ap ha ▁T ch aker ▁Stadium ▁is ▁a ▁multi - pur pose ▁stad ium ▁in ▁Bl ida , ▁Al ger ia . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁currently ▁used ▁mostly ▁for ▁football ▁matches . ▁ ▁The ▁stad ium ▁has ▁a ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 3 7 , 0 0 0 ▁people . ▁The ▁stad ium ▁is ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁the ▁Al ger ia ▁national ▁football ▁team . ▁ ▁International ▁matches ▁ ▁Al ger ia ▁statistics ▁at ▁Must ap ha ▁T ch aker ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁ ▁St ade ▁Must ap ha ▁T ch aker ▁profile ▁- ▁world stad iums . com ▁ ▁Category : |
Foot ball ▁ven ues ▁in ▁Al ger ia ▁Category : Multi - pur pose ▁stad iums ▁in ▁Al ger ia ▁Category : Bl ida ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁in ▁Bl ida ▁Province ▁Category : US M ▁Bl ida <0x0A> </s> ▁Cy po ides ▁par ach in ensis ▁is ▁a ▁species ▁of ▁moth ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁S ph ing idae ▁first ▁described ▁by ▁Ron ald ▁Bre ch lin ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁It ▁is ▁known ▁from ▁My an mar . ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : S mer inth ini <0x0A> </s> ▁S led m ere ▁House ▁is ▁a ▁Gra de ▁I ▁listed ▁Georg ian ▁country ▁house , ▁containing ▁Ch ipp end ale , ▁Sher aton ▁and ▁French ▁furn ish ings ▁and ▁many ▁fine ▁pictures , ▁set ▁within ▁a ▁park ▁designed ▁by ▁Cap ability ▁Brown . ▁It ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁S led m ere , ▁between ▁Dr iff ield ▁and ▁Mal ton , ▁in ▁the ▁East ▁R iding ▁of ▁York shire , ▁England . ▁The ▁present ▁house ▁was ▁begun ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 1 , ▁extended ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 7 9 0 s , ▁and ▁re built ▁after ▁a ▁fire ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 . ▁It ▁was ▁once ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁Colonel ▁Sir ▁Mark ▁Sy kes ▁ 6 th ▁Baron et , ▁noted ▁English ▁trav eller ▁and ▁diplom atic ▁ad visor , ▁and ▁is ▁now ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁Sir ▁Tat ton ▁Sy kes , ▁ 8 th ▁Baron et . ▁ ▁The ▁house |
▁is ▁built ▁in ▁Not ting ham shire ▁as hl ar ▁on ▁three ▁store ys ▁to ▁an ▁H - sh aped ▁plan . ▁ ▁History ▁William ▁Sy kes ▁( 1 5 0 0 – 1 5 7 7 ) ▁migr ated ▁from ▁C umber land ▁to ▁the ▁West ▁R iding ▁of ▁York shire , ▁where ▁he ▁and ▁his ▁son ▁became ▁wealth y ▁cloth ▁trad ers . ▁Daniel ▁Sy kes ▁( b . 1 6 3 2 ) ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁to ▁begin ▁trad ing ▁in ▁H ull ▁and ▁made ▁a ▁fortune ▁from ▁sh ipping ▁and ▁fin ance . ▁Richard ▁Sy kes ▁( 1 6 7 8 – 1 7 2 6 ) ▁concentr ated ▁on ▁the ▁fl our ishing ▁Balt ic ▁trade ▁in ▁p ig ▁iron ▁and ▁the ▁wealth ▁of ▁the ▁family ▁was ▁built ▁on ▁this ▁in ▁the ▁first ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁eigh teenth ▁century . ▁His ▁son ▁Sir ▁Richard ▁Sy kes ▁( 1 7 0 6 – 1 7 6 1 ) ▁married ▁Mary ▁Kirk by , ▁sister ▁of ▁Mark ▁Kir by , ▁and ▁he ir ess ▁to ▁the ▁S led m ere ▁estate . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 7 5 1 , ▁Sir ▁Richard ▁Sy kes ▁demol ished ▁the ▁previous ▁Man or ▁House ▁at ▁S led m ere , ▁which ▁had ▁existed ▁since ▁medieval ▁times , ▁and ▁built ▁a ▁new ▁m ansion . ▁He ▁also ▁plant ed ▁some ▁ 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁trees ▁on ▁the ▁W olds ▁about ▁his ▁new ▁home . ▁He ▁left ▁no |
▁male ▁he ir ▁however ▁and ▁on ▁his ▁death ▁the ▁estate ▁passed ▁to ▁his ▁brother ▁Mark ▁Sy kes ▁( 1 7 1 1 – 1 7 8 3 ). ▁Sir ▁Mark ' s ▁son , ▁Sir ▁Christopher ▁Sy kes , ▁ 2 nd ▁Baron et ▁( 1 7 4 9 – 1 8 0 1 ), ▁MP ▁for ▁B ever ley , ▁greatly ▁expanded ▁the ▁estate . ▁He ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁bought ▁and ▁en closed ▁huge ▁areas ▁of ▁land ▁for ▁cultiv ation , ▁built ▁two ▁new ▁wings ▁to ▁the ▁house , ▁and ▁land sc aped ▁the ▁grounds , ▁plant ing ▁ ▁of ▁trees . ▁The ▁entire ▁village ▁of ▁S led m ere ▁was ▁moved . ▁Sir ▁Christopher ▁left ▁a ▁vast ▁estate ▁of ▁nearly ▁ ▁and ▁a ▁large ▁m ansion ▁set ▁in ▁its ▁own ▁ ▁of ▁park land , ▁which ▁surv ives ▁in ▁the ▁family ▁to ▁the ▁present ▁day . ▁Sir ▁Christopher ▁also ▁employed ▁Joseph ▁Rose , ▁the ▁most ▁celebrated ▁pl aster er ▁of ▁his ▁day , ▁to ▁decor ate ▁S led m ere . ▁The ▁result ▁has ▁been ▁called ▁among ▁the ▁fin est ▁pl aster - work ▁in ▁England . ▁ ▁A ▁cat ast roph ic ▁fire ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁left ▁the ▁building ▁a ▁shell ▁and ▁destroyed ▁the ▁Adam - style ▁ 1 7 9 0 s ▁inter iors . ▁It ▁is ▁said ▁that ▁Sir ▁Tat ton ▁Sy kes , ▁ 5 th ▁Baron et ▁was ▁too ▁busy ▁e ating ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁milk ▁p ud d ings ▁to ▁which ▁he |
▁was ▁add icted ▁to ▁pay ▁much ▁attention , ▁but ▁vill agers ▁and ▁estate ▁workers ▁lo y ally ▁res cu ed ▁pictures , ▁stat ues ▁and ▁furn iture , ▁ch ina ▁and ▁car p ets , ▁and ▁even ▁doors ▁and ▁ban ister s , ▁including ▁the ▁house ' s ▁ 1 7 8 0 ▁copy ▁of ▁the ▁Apol lo ▁Bel ved ere . ▁The ▁roof ▁fell ▁in ▁a ▁few ▁moments ▁later . ▁The ▁original ▁designs ▁for ▁the ▁inter iors ▁had ▁surv ived ▁however , ▁and ▁the ▁house ▁was ▁then ▁restored . ▁Sir ▁Mark ▁Sy kes , ▁ 6 th ▁Baron et ▁inherited ▁the ▁estate ▁after ▁his ▁father . ▁ ▁Fe atures ▁ ▁The ▁Long ▁Library ▁at ▁S led m ere , ▁super b ly ▁restored , ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁beautiful ▁rooms ▁in ▁England . ▁The ▁Draw ing ▁Room ▁and ▁Music ▁Room ▁were ▁decor ated ▁by ▁Joseph ▁Rose . ▁The ▁Music ▁Room ▁contains ▁a ▁fine ▁organ ▁case ▁designed ▁by ▁Samuel ▁Green ▁for ▁the ▁original ▁house ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 1 . ▁ ▁However , ▁there ▁is ▁nothing ▁behind ▁the ▁fac ade ▁pip es ▁and ▁the ▁organ ▁is ▁un play able . ▁The ▁Turkish ▁Room ▁was ▁designed ▁for ▁Sir ▁Mark ▁Sy kes , ▁ 6 th ▁Baron et , ▁by ▁an ▁Armen ian ▁artist , ▁David ▁Oh ann ess ian , ▁inspired ▁by ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁s ultan ' s ▁apart ments ▁in ▁the ▁Y eni ▁Mos que ▁in ▁Ist an bul . ▁The ▁t iles ▁were ▁made ▁in ▁K ut ah ya |
, ▁An atol ia ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁in ▁Oh ann ess ian ' s ▁work shop , ▁the ▁Société ▁Ott om ane ▁de ▁Fa ï ence . ▁The ▁attached ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁chap el ▁has ▁a ▁fine ▁ce iling ▁painted ▁by ▁Thomas ▁Err ington . ▁It ▁dep ict s ▁the ▁four ▁wing ed ▁cre atures ▁of ▁the ▁Evangel ist ▁in ▁the ▁Chan cel ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁N ave , ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁birds ▁including ▁a ▁sw an , ▁her on , ▁sw allow ▁and ▁lap wing . ▁ ▁S led m ere ▁House ▁is ▁set ▁within ▁a ▁park ▁of ▁ ▁designed ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 7 ▁by ▁Cap ability ▁Brown ▁and ▁executed ▁by ▁Sir ▁Christopher ▁Sy kes , ▁ 2 nd ▁Baron et . ▁The ▁plan ▁still ▁surv ives ▁in ▁the ▁house . ▁Its ▁gard ens ▁include ▁a ▁p aved ▁sculpt ure ▁court ▁( 1 9 1 1 ), ▁an ▁ 1 8 th - century ▁w alled ▁rose ▁garden ▁and ▁a ▁recently ▁laid ▁out ▁kn ot ▁garden . ▁ ▁S led m ere ▁Monument ▁is ▁a ▁ ▁stone ▁monument ▁along ▁the ▁B 1 2 5 2 ▁road ▁on ▁G art on ▁Hill , ▁built ▁in ▁memory ▁of ▁Sir ▁Tat ton ▁Sy kes , ▁ 4 th ▁Baron et , ▁by ▁his ▁friends ▁and ▁neighb ours ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 5 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Sy kes ▁family ▁of ▁S led m ere ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁The ▁Big ▁House : ▁The ▁Story ▁of ▁a ▁Country ▁House |
▁and ▁its ▁Family , ▁Christopher ▁Simon ▁Sy kes , ▁Har per ▁Per enn ial , ▁London , ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Official ▁site . ▁Retrieved ▁ 2 7 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁Kar en ▁Thompson ▁( 2 0 0 5 ). ▁S led m ere ▁with ▁information ▁about ▁house ▁interior ▁and ▁current ▁resident ▁Sir ▁Tat ton ▁Sy kes , ▁ 8 th ▁B t . ▁Retrieved ▁ 2 7 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁S led m ere ▁village ▁and ▁house . ▁Retrieved ▁ 2 7 ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁Category : H ouses ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 1 ▁Category : Country ▁houses ▁in ▁the ▁East ▁R iding ▁of ▁York shire ▁Category : G rade ▁I ▁listed ▁buildings ▁in ▁the ▁East ▁R iding ▁of ▁York shire ▁Category : H istor ic ▁house ▁museum s ▁in ▁the ▁East ▁R iding ▁of ▁York shire ▁Category : G ard ens ▁in ▁the ▁East ▁R iding ▁of ▁York shire ▁Category : G ard ens ▁by ▁Cap ability ▁Brown ▁Category : G rade ▁I ▁listed ▁houses ▁Category : 1 7 5 1 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁England <0x0A> </s> ▁Farm ▁to ▁Market ▁Road ▁ 2 9 7 7 ▁( FM 2 9 7 7 ) ▁is ▁a ▁state ▁highway ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁state ▁of ▁Texas ▁that ▁stays ▁within ▁Fort ▁B end ▁County . ▁The ▁highway ▁begins ▁at ▁FM 3 6 1 ▁near ▁Fair child s , ▁goes ▁generally |
▁to ▁the ▁n ortheast ▁and ▁ends ▁at ▁FM 7 6 2 ▁a ▁short ▁distance ▁from ▁U . S . ▁Highway ▁ 5 9 ▁( US 5 9 ) ▁in ▁Ros enberg . ▁The ▁highway ▁is ▁also ▁named ▁Min on ite ▁Road . ▁ ▁Route ▁description ▁FM 2 9 7 7 ▁starts ▁as ▁a ▁two - lane ▁rural ▁road ▁at ▁a ▁stop ▁sign ▁on ▁FM 3 6 1 ▁north west ▁of ▁Fair child s ▁in ▁Fort ▁B end ▁County . ▁From ▁the ▁intersection , ▁the ▁highway ▁goes ▁n ortheast ▁ ▁to ▁Power line ▁Road ▁where ▁it ▁curves ▁more ▁toward ▁the ▁north . ▁In ▁this ▁stretch ▁the ▁highway ▁cross es ▁Big ▁Creek . ▁On ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁road ▁near ▁Power line ▁Road ▁is ▁the ▁Big ▁Creek ▁O il ▁Field . ▁FM 2 9 7 7 ▁continues ▁north - n ortheast ▁for ▁ ▁to ▁R ice field ▁Road ▁where ▁it ▁ve ers ▁to ▁the ▁n ortheast ▁again . ▁FM 2 9 7 7 ▁continues ▁straight ▁for ▁ ▁before ▁crossing ▁the ▁B NS F ▁Railway ▁tracks ▁and ▁termin ating ▁at ▁a ▁traffic ▁signal ▁at ▁FM 7 6 2 ▁in ▁Ros enberg . ▁After ▁R ice field ▁Road , ▁the ▁highway ▁passes ▁the ▁Wal nut ▁Creek ▁sub div ision ▁and ▁the ▁aspect ▁becomes ▁less ▁rural . ▁There ▁is ▁a ▁traffic ▁signal ▁at ▁Reading ▁Road , ▁ ▁south west ▁of ▁FM 7 6 2 . ▁Reading ▁Road ▁and ▁two ▁other ▁streets ▁connect ▁FM 2 9 7 7 ▁to |
▁a ▁large ▁sho pping ▁center ▁ ▁to ▁the ▁west ▁at ▁FM 7 6 2 ▁and ▁US 5 9 . ▁ ▁History ▁FM 2 9 7 7 ▁was ▁originally ▁designated ▁on ▁June ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 6 5 , ▁to ▁go ▁from ▁FM 3 6 1 ▁to ▁the ▁n ortheast ▁about ▁. ▁The ▁highway ▁was ▁extended ▁an ▁additional ▁ ▁to ▁FM 7 6 2 ▁on ▁July ▁ 1 1 , ▁ 1 9 6 8 . ▁ ▁Major ▁inter sections ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁References ▁▁ 2 9 7 7 ▁Category : Transport ation ▁in ▁Fort ▁B end ▁County , ▁Texas <0x0A> </s> ▁Stad io ▁Giuseppe ▁M occ ag atta ▁is ▁a ▁multi - use ▁stad ium ▁in ▁Aless and ria , ▁Italy . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁currently ▁used ▁mostly ▁for ▁football ▁matches ▁and ▁is ▁the ▁home ▁ground ▁of ▁U . S . ▁Aless and ria ▁Cal cio ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁of ▁Ju vent us ▁F . C . ▁Under - 2 3 . ▁The ▁stad ium ▁holds ▁ 5 , 9 2 6 ▁people . ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Ph otos ▁at ▁World stad iums . com ▁ ▁Giuseppe ▁M occ ag atta ▁Giuseppe ▁Category : U . S . ▁Aless and ria ▁Cal cio ▁ 1 9 1 2 ▁Category : J u vent us ▁F . C . ▁Under - 2 3 <0x0A> </s> ▁Marie ▁Joan ▁Ly ons ▁Kill ile a ▁ ▁( J une ▁ 2 8 |
, ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁– ▁October ▁ 2 3 , ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) ▁is ▁the ▁mother ▁of ▁Kar en ▁Kill ile a ▁and ▁an ▁American ▁author , ▁activ ist , ▁and ▁lo bb y ist ▁for ▁the ▁rights ▁of ▁people ▁with ▁c ere br al ▁p als y . ▁Her ▁work ▁cul min ated ▁in ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁the ▁C ere br al ▁P als y ▁Association ▁of ▁West chester ▁County . ▁Later , ▁she ▁was ▁a ▁co - found er ▁of ▁The ▁National ▁United ▁C ere br al ▁P als y ▁Foundation . ▁ ▁Par ents , ▁marriage ▁and ▁children ▁Marie ▁was ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁Thomas ▁P . ▁Ly ons , ▁a ▁native ▁of ▁Wales , ▁and ▁Marie ▁A . ▁Pow ers , ▁an ▁American ▁citiz en ▁born ▁in ▁Canada . ▁ ▁She ▁had ▁a ▁younger ▁sister , ▁Kath ry n ▁" K ay " ▁Marie ▁Pow ers . ▁ ▁Her ▁father , ▁a ▁sport sw riter ▁for ▁the ▁New ▁York ▁Sun ▁who ▁later ▁became ▁co - owner ▁of ▁a ▁Wall ▁Street ▁bro ker age ▁firm , ▁died ▁when ▁she ▁was ▁ten ▁years ▁old . ▁ ▁She ▁married ▁James ▁H ines ▁Kill ile a ▁on ▁July ▁ 2 5 , ▁ 1 9 3 3 . ▁They ▁had ▁five ▁children ▁( from ▁ 1 8 ▁pre gn an cies ): ▁Marie ▁Ly ons , ▁Kath ry n ▁Anne ▁( who ▁died ▁in ▁inf ancy ), ▁Kar en ▁Ann , ▁James ▁O ' R our ke ▁(" R |
ory "), ▁and ▁Krist in ▁Rose . ▁They ▁also ▁inform ally ▁adopted ▁Gl oria ▁K yle , ▁although ▁this ▁ad option ▁was ▁never ▁final ized ▁leg ally . ▁ ▁The ▁family ▁lived ▁first ▁in ▁R ye , ▁New ▁York ; ▁later ▁they ▁moved ▁to ▁L arch mont , ▁where ▁they ▁bought ▁a ▁house ▁they ▁christ ened ▁" S urs um ▁Cord a " ▁with ▁the ▁proceed s ▁from ▁Marie ' s ▁first ▁best - s elling ▁book . ▁In ▁the ▁books , ▁Kill ile a ▁notes ▁that ▁in ▁L arch mont , ▁their ▁next door ▁neighb ors ▁were ▁Jean ▁K err ▁and ▁Walter ▁K err . ▁ ▁Relig ious ▁faith ▁Marie ▁and ▁James ▁Kill ile a ▁were ▁dev out ▁Roman ▁C athol ics ▁and ▁raised ▁their ▁children ▁accordingly . ▁Kill ile a ▁expressed ▁her ▁religious ▁conv ict ions ▁in ▁her ▁writ ings . ▁ ▁Kar en ▁won ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁Christopher ▁Award . ▁ ▁These ▁awards ▁are ▁presented ▁ann ually ▁by ▁The ▁Christoph ers , ▁a ▁Christian ▁organization ▁founded ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁by ▁the ▁Mary kn oll ▁priest ▁James ▁K eller , ▁to ▁honor ▁" books , ▁mov ies ▁and ▁television ▁spe ci als ▁that ▁aff irm ▁the ▁highest ▁values ▁of ▁the ▁human ▁spirit ". ▁ ▁Education ▁She ▁attended ▁Mount ▁St . ▁Vincent ▁Academy ▁in ▁River dale , ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁the ▁Kath ar ine ▁Gib bs ▁Business ▁School . ▁ ▁Can cer ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 9 , ▁Marie ▁was ▁told ▁by ▁her ▁do ctors |
▁that ▁she ▁had ▁a ▁rec urrence ▁of ▁lung ▁cancer ▁and ▁had ▁only ▁three ▁months ▁to ▁live . ▁On ▁refer ral , ▁she ▁went ▁to ▁Mer cy ▁Catholic ▁Medical ▁Center ▁in ▁Philadelphia ▁for ▁treatment ▁by ▁Dr . ▁Isaac ▁D jer ass i . ▁He ▁pres cribed ▁huge ▁dos es ▁of ▁M eth ot re x ate , ▁a ▁powerful ▁drug , ▁and ▁in ▁eight ▁months , ▁every ▁trace ▁of ▁her ▁cancer ▁was ▁reported ly ▁er adic ated . ▁ ▁Death ▁Marie ▁Kill ile a ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 1 , ▁aged ▁ 7 8 . ▁ ▁Writ ings ▁Marie ▁Kill ile a ▁wrote ▁a ▁bi ography ▁of ▁her ▁daughter , ▁called ▁simply ▁Kar en , ▁which ▁became ▁a ▁best ▁s eller ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 2 . ▁It ▁detailed ▁Kar en ▁Kill ile a ' s ▁struggle ▁to ▁overcome ▁the ▁limitations ▁of ▁her ▁c ere br al ▁p als y ▁and ▁her ▁family ' s ▁fight ▁to ▁help ▁her ▁lead ▁a ▁satisfying ▁life . ▁A ▁sequ el , ▁With ▁Love ▁From ▁Kar en , ▁was ▁published ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁The ▁original ▁was ▁re - re leased ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁ ▁She ▁also ▁wrote ▁a ▁version ▁of ▁the ▁story ▁for ▁children ▁called ▁" W ren ". ▁ ▁Publications ▁by ▁Kill ile a ▁Kar en , ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁( re - re leased ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 9 ), ▁New ▁York : ▁Bu cc ane er ▁Books ▁() ▁ ▁With ▁Love |
▁From ▁Kar en , ▁( 1 9 6 3 ), ▁New ▁York : ▁Bu cc ane er ▁Books ▁() ▁W ren , ▁( 1 9 8 1 ), ▁New ▁York : ▁D ell ▁Publishing ▁Year ling ▁Book ▁() ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁▁ ▁Bio ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 1 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 9 1 ▁death s ▁Category : American ▁activ ists ▁Category : American ▁people ▁of ▁Wel sh ▁descent ▁Category : L ung ▁cancer ▁surv iv ors ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁R ye , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : W rit ers ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁City ▁Category : Pe ople ▁from ▁L arch mont , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁bi ograph ers ▁Category : H istor ians ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁( state ) <0x0A> </s> ▁Les ▁Sh elle ys ▁is ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁album ▁by ▁the ▁folk ▁du o ▁Les ▁Sh elle ys : ▁Tom ▁B ros seau ▁and ▁Ang ela ▁Cor rea . ▁It ' s ▁composed ▁of ▁se lections ▁from ▁the ▁Great ▁American ▁Song book ▁and ▁features ▁sparse , ▁ac oust ic ▁arrang ements , ▁many ▁of ▁which ▁du ets . ▁Album ▁design ▁was ▁created ▁by ▁D LT ▁and ▁dep ict s ▁the ▁actual ▁house ▁on ▁West ▁K ens ington ▁street ▁in ▁E cho ▁Park , ▁Los ▁Angeles , ▁California ▁where ▁Tom ▁and ▁Ang ela ▁recorded ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁on ▁a ▁port able ▁M ini Dis c |
▁player . ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁▁ ▁" The ▁World ▁Is ▁Wait ing ▁for ▁the ▁Sun r ise " ▁( ▁lyr ics ▁by ▁Gene ▁Lock hart , ▁music ▁by ▁Ernest ▁Se itz ) ▁ ▁" The ▁Late ▁John ▁Gar field ▁Blues " ▁( John ▁Pr ine ) ▁ ▁" Green ▁Do or " ▁( music ▁by ▁Bob ▁" H utch " ▁Dav ie , ▁lyr ics ▁by ▁Mar vin ▁Moore ) ▁ ▁" C ock t ails ▁for ▁Two " ▁( Ar thur ▁John ston ▁and ▁Sam ▁Cos low ) ▁ ▁" The ▁Band ▁Play ed ▁On " ▁( ly rics ▁by ▁John ▁F . ▁Pal mer , ▁music ▁by ▁Charles ▁B . ▁Ward ) ▁ ▁" R um ▁and ▁C oca - Col a " ▁( ▁Lord ▁Inv ader ▁and ▁Lion el ▁Bel as co ) ▁ ▁" B illy " ▁( Bob ▁D yl an ) ▁ ▁" The ▁L ones ome ▁Death ▁of ▁H att ie ▁Car roll " ▁( Bob ▁D yl an ) ▁ ▁" Oh ▁B abe , ▁It ▁A int ▁No ▁Lie " ▁( El iz abeth ▁Cot ten ) ▁ ▁" P ast ures ▁of ▁Pl enty " ▁( W o ody ▁Gut hr ie ) ▁ ▁" De ep ▁Pur ple " ▁( Peter ▁De R ose ) ▁ ▁" W heel ▁of ▁Fort une " ▁( B enn ie ▁Benjamin ▁and ▁George ▁David ▁We iss ) ▁ ▁Person nel ▁▁ ▁Tom ▁B ros seau : ▁Ac oust ic ▁guitar ▁and ▁vocals ▁ ▁Ang ela |
▁Cor rea : ▁V oc als ▁and ▁hand c laps ▁ ▁Category : 2 0 1 0 ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁Events ▁from ▁the ▁year ▁ 1 7 6 2 ▁in ▁France ▁ ▁Inc umb ents ▁ ▁Mon arch ▁– ▁Louis ▁XV ▁ ▁Events ▁Tre aty ▁of ▁Font aine ble au ▁In vas ion ▁of ▁Martin ique ▁ ▁B irth s ▁▁ 9 ▁October ▁– ▁Charles ▁de ▁Sure main , ▁French ▁military ▁and ▁diplom at ▁( d . ▁ 1 8 3 5 ) ▁ ▁Full ▁date ▁missing ▁Philippe ▁V ann ier , ▁naval ▁officer ▁( d ied ▁ 1 8 4 2 ) ▁ ▁Death s ▁ ▁Full ▁date ▁missing ▁Ed mé ▁B ouch ardon , ▁sculpt or ▁( born ▁ 1 6 4 8 ). ▁Pro s per ▁J oly ot ▁de ▁C ré b illon , ▁poet ▁and ▁tra ged ian ▁( born ▁ 1 6 7 4 ) ▁Louis - Fran çois ▁Rou b ilia c , ▁sculpt or ▁( born ▁ 1 7 0 2 / 1 7 0 5 ) ▁Hy ac int he ▁Ga ë tan ▁de ▁L ann ion , ▁politician ▁( born ▁ 1 7 1 9 ) ▁Jacques ▁Dav iel , ▁o ph th alm ologist ▁( born ▁ 1 6 9 6 ) ▁August in ▁de ▁Bos chen ry ▁de ▁Dru c our , ▁military ▁officer ▁( b apt ized ▁ 1 7 0 3 ) ▁Bernard ▁Baron , ▁eng ra ver ▁( born ▁ 1 6 9 6 ?) ▁Laurent ▁Bel issen |
, ▁composer ▁( born ▁ 1 6 9 3 ) ▁Nicolas ▁Louis ▁de ▁Lac aille , ▁astronom er ▁( born ▁ 1 7 1 3 ) ▁Jean ▁Barb ault , ▁painter ▁and ▁print maker ▁( born ▁ 1 7 1 8 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Category : 1 7 6 2 ▁in ▁France ▁Category : Year s ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁in ▁France ▁France <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁performing ▁arts ▁in ▁Detroit ▁include ▁or chestra , ▁live ▁music , ▁and ▁the ater , ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁dozen ▁performing ▁arts ▁ven ues . ▁The ▁stages ▁and ▁old ▁time ▁film ▁pal aces ▁are ▁generally ▁located ▁along ▁Wood ward ▁Avenue , ▁the ▁city ' s ▁central ▁thorough fare , ▁in ▁the ▁Dow nt own , ▁Mid town , ▁and ▁New ▁Center ▁areas . ▁Some ▁additional ▁ven ues ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁neighborhood ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁city . ▁Many ▁of ▁the ▁city ' s ▁significant ▁historic ▁the aters ▁have ▁been ▁rev ital ized . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Detroit ▁has ▁a ▁long ▁the atr ical ▁history , ▁with ▁many ▁ven ues ▁d ating ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 9 2 0 s . ▁The ▁ ▁Detroit ▁Fox ▁Theatre ▁( 1 9 2 8 ) ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁the ater ▁ever ▁constructed ▁with ▁built - in ▁film ▁sound ▁equipment . ▁Commission ed ▁by ▁William ▁Fox ▁and ▁built ▁by ▁architect ▁C . ▁Howard ▁C rane , ▁the ▁orn ate ▁Detroit ▁Fox ▁was ▁fully ▁restored ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 8 . ▁It ▁is ▁the ▁largest |
▁of ▁the ▁nation ' s ▁Fox ▁The at res ▁with ▁ 5 , 0 4 5 ▁seats . ▁The ▁city ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁place ▁for ▁oper atic , ▁sym ph onic , ▁musical ▁and ▁popular ▁acts ▁since ▁the ▁first ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁tw enti eth ▁century . ▁Port ions ▁of ▁Leonard ▁Bern stein ' s ▁music ▁for ▁West ▁Side ▁Story , ▁produced ▁by ▁Detroit ' s ▁Nederland er ▁Organ ization , ▁were ▁composed ▁on ▁the ▁piano ▁that ▁res ides ▁in ▁the ▁library ▁at ▁C ran bro ok ▁in ▁the ▁Detroit ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Blo om field ▁Hills . ▁David ▁T . ▁Nederland er ' s ▁career ▁began ▁after ▁purch asing ▁a ▁ 9 9 - year ▁le ase ▁on ▁the ▁Detroit ▁Opera ▁House . ▁His ▁son , ▁the ▁organization ' s ▁chairman , ▁James ▁M . ▁Nederland er , ▁also ▁a ▁Detroit ▁native , ▁cop rodu ced ▁over ▁one ▁hundred ▁famous ▁the atr ical ▁class ics , ▁including ▁West ▁Side ▁Story , ▁Hello , ▁Dol ly !, ▁The ▁King ▁and ▁I , ▁and ▁F idd ler ▁on ▁the ▁Ro of . ▁Today , ▁the ▁Nederland er ▁Organ ization ▁oper ates ▁Detroit ' s ▁Fish er ▁Theatre , ▁the ▁Detroit ▁Opera ▁House , ▁and ▁several ▁the aters ▁in ▁other ▁major ▁cities ▁on ▁the ▁Broadway ▁theatre ▁circuit . ▁Organ izations ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁M osa ic ▁Youth ▁Theatre ▁support ▁the ▁city ' s ▁the ater ▁community . ▁ ▁During ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁the ▁great ▁old ▁motion ▁picture ▁screens ▁and ▁live |
▁performance ▁stages ▁began ▁to ▁be ▁restored . ▁The ▁Fox ▁Theatre , ▁Detroit ▁Opera ▁House ▁( former ly ▁the ▁Grand ▁Circ us ▁Theatre ; ▁Broadway ▁Capit ol ▁Theatre ; ▁Param ount ▁Theatre ; ▁Capital ▁Theatre ), ▁and ▁The ▁F ill more ▁Detroit ▁( former ly ▁the ▁State ▁Theater ; ▁Pal ms ▁Theater ) ▁are ▁notable ▁rest or ations . ▁The ▁F ill more ▁Detroit ▁is ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁annual ▁Detroit ▁Music ▁Awards ▁held ▁in ▁April . ▁Other ▁ven ues ▁were ▁modern ized ▁and ▁expanded ▁such ▁as ▁Orchestra ▁Hall , ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁the ▁world - ren owned ▁Detroit ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra . ▁Next ▁to ▁the ▁Detroit ▁Opera ▁House ▁is ▁the ▁restored ▁ 1 , 7 0 0 - se at ▁Music ▁Hall ▁Center ▁for ▁the ▁Perform ing ▁Arts ▁( 1 9 2 8 ) ▁at ▁ 3 5 0 ▁Mad ison ▁Avenue , ▁designed ▁by ▁William ▁K app ▁and ▁developed ▁by ▁Mat ilda ▁D odge ▁Wilson . ▁The ▁Detroit ▁Institute ▁of ▁Arts ▁contains ▁the ▁renov ated ▁ 1 , 1 5 0 - se at ▁Detroit ▁Film ▁Theatre . ▁Sm aller ▁sites ▁with ▁long ▁histor ies ▁in ▁the ▁city ▁were ▁preserved ▁by ▁phys ically ▁moving ▁the ▁entire ▁structure . ▁In ▁a ▁notable ▁pres ervation , ▁the ▁Gem ▁Theatre ▁and ▁ ▁Century ▁Theatre ▁were ▁moved ▁( off ▁their ▁foundation ) ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁address ▁across ▁from ▁the ▁Music ▁Hall ▁Center ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁construct ▁Com er ica ▁Park . ▁Detroit ' s ▁ 1 , 5 7 1 - se at ▁Red ford ▁Theatre |
▁( 1 9 2 8 ), ▁with ▁its ▁Japanese ▁mot ifs , ▁is ▁home ▁to ▁the ▁Motor ▁City ▁Theatre ▁Organ ▁Society ▁( M CT OS ). ▁ ▁Al ong ▁with ▁Wayne ▁State ▁University ’ s ▁ ▁Hil berry ▁Theatre ▁( W ay ne ▁State ▁University ) ▁in ▁Mid town , ▁the ▁only ▁gradu ate ▁re pert ory ▁the ater ▁in ▁the ▁nation , ▁Detroit ▁has ▁enjoyed ▁a ▁res urg ence ▁in ▁the atr ical ▁produ ctions ▁and ▁attend ance . ▁In ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 s , ▁shows ▁r anging ▁from ▁tour ing ▁musical s ▁to ▁local ▁the ater ▁happen ▁night ly ▁and ▁the ▁the aters ▁have ▁spark ed ▁a ▁significant ▁increase ▁in ▁night life ; ▁hospital ity ▁vent ures ▁serving ▁the ▁area ▁have ▁increased ▁accordingly . ▁With ▁its ▁sports ▁ven ues ▁and ▁cas inos , ▁the ▁Detroit ▁Theater ▁District ▁has ▁helped ▁rev ital ized ▁high ▁rise ▁resident ial ▁areas ▁like ▁those ▁surrounding ▁Grand ▁Circ us ▁Park ▁and ▁its ▁nearby ▁Fo xt own , ▁Gree kt own , ▁the ▁Cultural ▁Center ▁and ▁New ▁Center ▁area ▁anch ored ▁by ▁the ▁ 2 , 0 8 9 - se at ▁Fish er ▁Theatre . ▁ ▁The ▁city ▁has ▁some ▁surv iving ▁historic ▁the aters ▁which ▁have ▁been ▁converted ▁to ▁other ▁uses ▁while ▁others ▁await ▁re development . ▁Albert ▁K ahn ▁and ▁Ernest ▁Wil by ▁designed ▁the ▁Be aux ▁Arts ▁sty led ▁National ▁Theatre ▁( 1 9 1 1 ) ▁with ▁its ▁Mo or ish ▁entry ▁at ▁ 1 1 8 ▁Mon roe ▁Street |
▁which ▁also ▁a wa its ▁re development . ▁The ▁ 2 , 2 0 0 ▁seat ▁National ▁Theatre ▁is ▁the ▁oldest ▁surv iving ▁the ater ▁from ▁the ▁city ' s ▁first ▁the ater ▁district . ▁The ▁fut ur istic ▁Cad illa c ▁Centre ▁begins ▁construction ▁on ▁Detroit ' s ▁historic ▁Mon roe ▁block , ▁once ▁a ▁collection ▁of ▁eight ▁ante bell um ▁commercial ▁buildings ▁demol ished ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁C . ▁Howard ▁C rane ▁designed ▁the ▁Ne o - R ena issance ▁sty led ▁United ▁Art ists ▁Theatre ▁Building ▁at ▁ 1 5 0 ▁Bag ley ▁Street ▁sl ated ▁to ▁become ▁a ▁resident ial ▁high ▁rise . ▁The ▁ 6 0 0 - se at ▁Str at ford ▁Theatre ▁at ▁ 4 7 5 1 ▁W . ▁Vern or ▁H wy ., ▁designed ▁by ▁Joseph ▁P . ▁J og erst , ▁se ated ▁ 1 , 1 3 7 ▁when ▁it ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 6 . ▁The ▁Art ▁Dec o ▁sty led ▁Str at ford ▁Theatre ▁in ▁the ▁West ▁Vern or - J unction ▁Historic ▁District ▁has ▁operated ▁as ▁a ▁ret ail ▁store ▁since ▁ 1 9 8 5 . ▁The ▁orn ate ▁Spanish ▁sty led ▁Hollywood ▁Theatre ▁( 1 9 2 7 ) ▁at ▁the ▁corner ▁of ▁Ferdinand ▁and ▁Fort ▁St . ▁was ▁demol ished ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 3 . ▁When ▁the ▁historic ▁Hollywood ▁opened , ▁it ▁was ▁the ▁city ' s ▁second ▁largest ▁with ▁ 3 , 4 0 0 ▁seats . |
▁The ▁Hollywood ▁Bart on ▁theatre ▁organ ▁was ▁saved ▁and ▁a wa its ▁rest oration . ▁There ▁were ▁over ▁ 7 , 0 0 0 ▁such ▁org ans ▁installed ▁in ▁American ▁the aters ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁to ▁ 1 9 3 3 , ▁but ▁fewer ▁than ▁forty ▁remain ▁in ▁their ▁original ▁location ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁Bart on ▁the ater ▁organ ▁in ▁Ann ▁Ar bor ' s ▁Michigan ▁Theatre . ▁ ▁Detroit ' s ▁performance ▁cent ers ▁and ▁the aters ▁em an ate ▁from ▁the ▁Grand ▁Circ us ▁Park ▁Historic ▁District ▁and ▁continue ▁along ▁Wood ward ▁Avenue ▁toward ▁the ▁Fish er ▁Theatre ▁in ▁the ▁city ' s ▁New ▁Center . ▁The ▁Detroit ▁Opera ▁House ▁is ▁located ▁at ▁Broadway ▁and ▁Grand ▁Circ us . ▁The ▁east ▁neck lace ▁of ▁dow nt own ▁links ▁Grand ▁Circ us ▁and ▁the ▁stad ium ▁area ▁to ▁Gree kt own ▁along ▁Broadway . ▁The ▁east ▁neck lace ▁contains ▁a ▁sub - d istrict ▁sometimes ▁called ▁the ▁Harm onie ▁Park ▁District ▁in ▁the ▁Broadway ▁Avenue ▁Historic ▁District ▁which ▁has ▁taken ▁on ▁the ▁ren owned ▁legacy ▁of ▁Detroit ' s ▁music ▁from ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s ▁through ▁the ▁ 1 9 5 0 s ▁and ▁into ▁the ▁present . ▁Near ▁the ▁Opera ▁House , ▁and ▁em an ating ▁from ▁Grand ▁Circ us ▁along ▁the ▁east ▁neck lace , ▁are ▁other ▁ven ues ▁including ▁the ▁Music ▁Hall ▁Center ▁for ▁the ▁Perform ing ▁Arts ▁and ▁the ▁Gem ▁Theatre ▁and ▁Century ▁Club . ▁The ▁historic ▁Harm onie ▁Club ▁and ▁Harm |
onie ▁Centre ▁are ▁located ▁along ▁Broadway . ▁The ▁Harm onie ▁Park ▁area ▁ends ▁near ▁Gr ati ot ▁and ▁Rand olph . ▁ ▁Perform ing ▁arts ▁ven ues ▁ ▁Historic ▁ven ues ▁await ing ▁rest oration ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Ca es ars ▁W inds or ▁Grand ▁Riv iera ▁Theater ▁List ▁of ▁concert ▁h alls ▁Music ▁of ▁Detroit ▁Michigan ▁Building ▁ ▁References ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁External ▁links ▁Detroit ▁Entertainment ▁District ▁Detroit ▁Sym phony ▁Orchestra : ▁Orchestra ▁Hall ▁Detroit ▁Opera ▁House : ▁Mot opera ▁Theatre ▁Hil berry ▁Theatre : ▁Wayne ▁State ▁University ▁Nederland er ▁Detroit : ▁Fish er ▁and ▁Mason ic ▁The at res ▁Olymp ia ▁Entertainment : ▁The ▁Fox ▁Theatre ▁and ▁the ▁City ▁Theatre ▁Studio ▁Theatre : ▁Wayne ▁State ▁University ▁ ▁Category : The atre ▁in ▁Detroit ▁Category : Per form ing ▁arts ▁cent ers ▁in ▁Michigan ▁Detroit ▁Category : T our ist ▁attra ctions ▁in ▁Detroit ▁Detroit ▁Category : Culture ▁of ▁Detroit ▁Category : Per form ing ▁arts ▁by ▁city <0x0A> </s> ▁In ▁tele communic ation , ▁tre ll is ▁mod ulation ▁( also ▁known ▁as ▁tre ll is ▁c oded ▁mod ulation , ▁or ▁simply ▁T CM ) ▁is ▁a ▁mod ulation ▁scheme ▁that ▁transm its ▁information ▁with ▁high ▁efficiency ▁over ▁band - limited ▁channels ▁such ▁as ▁tele phone ▁lines . ▁Gott fried ▁Un ger bo e ck ▁invent ed ▁tre ll is ▁mod ulation ▁while ▁working ▁for ▁IBM ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 7 0 s , ▁and ▁first ▁described ▁it ▁in ▁a ▁conference ▁paper ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 |
6 . ▁It ▁went ▁largely ▁un not iced , ▁however , ▁until ▁he ▁published ▁a ▁new , ▁detailed ▁ex position ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁that ▁achieved ▁sudden ▁and ▁w ides p read ▁recognition . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁mode ms ▁operating ▁over ▁plain ▁old ▁tele phone ▁service ▁( P OT S ) ▁typically ▁achieved ▁ 9 . 6 k bit / s ▁by ▁employ ing ▁four ▁bits ▁per ▁symbol ▁Q AM ▁mod ulation ▁at ▁ 2 , 4 0 0 ▁ba ud ▁( symbol s / second ). ▁ ▁This ▁bit ▁rate ▁ce iling ▁existed ▁despite ▁the ▁best ▁efforts ▁of ▁many ▁research ers , ▁and ▁some ▁engine ers ▁predicted ▁that ▁without ▁a ▁major ▁upgrade ▁of ▁the ▁public ▁phone ▁infrastr ucture , ▁the ▁maximum ▁achiev able ▁rate ▁for ▁a ▁P OT S ▁mode m ▁might ▁be ▁ 1 4 k bit / s ▁for ▁two - way ▁communication ▁( 3 , 4 2 9 ▁ba ud ▁× ▁ 4 ▁bits / symbol , ▁using ▁Q AM ). ▁▁ 1 4 k bit / s ▁is ▁only ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁theoretical ▁maximum ▁bit ▁rate ▁predicted ▁by ▁Sh annon ' s ▁theorem ▁for ▁P OT S ▁lines ▁( appro xim ately ▁ 3 5 ▁k bit / s ). ▁Un ger bo e ck ' s ▁theories ▁demonstrated ▁that ▁there ▁was ▁considerable ▁un t apped ▁potential ▁in ▁the ▁system , ▁and ▁by ▁applying ▁the ▁concept ▁to ▁new ▁mode m ▁standards , |
▁speed ▁rapidly ▁increased ▁to ▁ 1 4 . 4 , ▁ 2 8 . 8 ▁and ▁ultimately ▁ 3 3 . 6 k bit / s . ▁ ▁A ▁new ▁mod ulation ▁method ▁ ▁The ▁name ▁tre ll is ▁der ives ▁from ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁a ▁state ▁diagram ▁of ▁the ▁technique ▁closely ▁res emb les ▁a ▁tre ll is ▁lattice . ▁The ▁scheme ▁is ▁basically ▁a ▁convolution al ▁code ▁of ▁rates ▁( r , ▁r + 1 ). ▁Un ger bo e ck ' s ▁unique ▁contribution ▁is ▁to ▁apply ▁the ▁par ity ▁check ▁for ▁each ▁symbol , ▁instead ▁of ▁the ▁older ▁technique ▁of ▁applying ▁it ▁to ▁the ▁bit ▁stream ▁then ▁mod ulating ▁the ▁bits . ▁He ▁called ▁the ▁key ▁idea ▁mapping ▁by ▁set ▁partitions . ▁This ▁idea ▁groups ▁symbols ▁in ▁a ▁tree - like ▁structure , ▁then ▁separ ates ▁them ▁into ▁two ▁lim bs ▁of ▁equal ▁size . ▁At ▁each ▁" lim b " ▁of ▁the ▁tree , ▁the ▁symbols ▁are ▁further ▁apart . ▁ ▁Though ▁hard ▁to ▁visual ize ▁in ▁multiple ▁dimensions , ▁a ▁simple ▁one - dim ension ▁example ▁illustr ates ▁the ▁basic ▁procedure . ▁Suppose ▁the ▁symbols ▁are ▁located ▁at ▁[ 1 , ▁ 2 , ▁ 3 , ▁ 4 , ▁... ]. ▁Place ▁all ▁odd ▁symbols ▁in ▁one ▁group , ▁and ▁all ▁even ▁symbols ▁in ▁the ▁second ▁group . ▁( This ▁is ▁not ▁quite ▁accurate , ▁because ▁Un ger bo e ck ▁was ▁looking ▁at ▁the ▁two ▁dimensional ▁problem , ▁but ▁the ▁principle ▁is ▁the ▁same |
.) ▁Take ▁every ▁other ▁symbol ▁in ▁each ▁group ▁and ▁repeat ▁the ▁procedure ▁for ▁each ▁tree ▁lim b . ▁He ▁next ▁described ▁a ▁method ▁of ▁assigning ▁the ▁encoded ▁bit ▁stream ▁onto ▁the ▁symbols ▁in ▁a ▁very ▁system atic ▁procedure . ▁Once ▁this ▁procedure ▁was ▁fully ▁described , ▁his ▁next ▁step ▁was ▁to ▁program ▁the ▁algorithms ▁into ▁a ▁computer ▁and ▁let ▁the ▁computer ▁search ▁for ▁the ▁best ▁codes . ▁The ▁results ▁were ▁aston ishing . ▁Even ▁the ▁most ▁simple ▁code ▁( 4 ▁state ) ▁produced ▁error ▁rates ▁nearly ▁one ▁one - th ous and th ▁of ▁an ▁equivalent ▁un coded ▁system . ▁For ▁two ▁years ▁Un ger bo e ck ▁kept ▁these ▁results ▁private ▁and ▁only ▁convey ed ▁them ▁to ▁close ▁colle agues . ▁Finally , ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 2 , ▁Un ger bo e ck ▁published ▁a ▁paper ▁describing ▁the ▁principles ▁of ▁tre ll is ▁mod ulation . ▁ ▁A ▁fl ur ry ▁of ▁research ▁activity ▁en su ed , ▁and ▁by ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁the ▁International ▁Tele communic ation ▁Union ▁had ▁published ▁mode m ▁standards ▁for ▁the ▁first ▁tre ll is - mod ulated ▁mode m ▁at ▁ 1 4 . 4 kil ob its / s ▁( 2 , 4 0 0 ▁ba ud ▁and ▁ 6 ▁bits ▁per ▁symbol ). ▁Over ▁the ▁next ▁several ▁years ▁further ▁adv ances ▁in ▁encoding , ▁plus ▁a ▁corresponding ▁symbol ▁rate ▁increase ▁from ▁ 2 , 4 0 0 ▁to ▁ 3 , 4 2 9 ▁ba ud , ▁allowed ▁mode |
ms ▁to ▁achieve ▁rates ▁up ▁to ▁ 3 4 . 3 kil ob its / s ▁( limited ▁by ▁maximum ▁power ▁reg ulations ▁to ▁ 3 3 . 8 kil ob its / s ). ▁Today , ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁tre ll is - mod ulated ▁V . 3 4 ▁mode ms ▁use ▁a ▁ 4 - dimensional ▁set ▁partition — ach ieved ▁by ▁tre ating ▁two ▁two - dimensional ▁symbols ▁as ▁a ▁single ▁lattice . ▁This ▁set ▁uses ▁ 8 , ▁ 1 6 , ▁or ▁ 3 2 ▁state ▁convolution al ▁codes ▁to ▁s que e ze ▁the ▁equivalent ▁of ▁ 6 ▁to ▁ 1 0 ▁bits ▁into ▁each ▁symbol ▁the ▁mode m ▁sends ▁( for ▁example , ▁ 2 , 4 0 0 ▁ba ud ▁× ▁ 8 bits / symbol ▁= ▁ 1 9 , 2 0 0 bit / s ). ▁ ▁Imp act ▁ ▁Tre ll is ▁mod ulation ▁was ▁an ▁important ▁technology ▁in ▁the ▁early ▁years ▁of ▁the ▁global ▁Internet . ▁D ial - up ▁Internet ▁access ▁began ▁to ▁expl ode ▁in ▁early ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁and ▁the ▁last ▁restrictions ▁on ▁commercial ▁traffic ▁were ▁lifted ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁this ▁immediately ▁fuel ing ▁the ▁dot - com ▁b ubble ▁of ▁ 1 9 9 7 – 2 0 0 0 . ▁Mode m ▁access ▁domin ated ▁for ▁a ▁ten - year ▁period ▁from ▁roughly ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁including |
▁the ▁entire ty ▁of ▁the ▁dot - com ▁b ubble . ▁▁ ▁In ▁statistical ▁terms , ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁there ▁were ▁just ▁under ▁ 1 5 0 ▁million ▁d ial - up ▁subscri ptions ▁in ▁the ▁ 3 4 ▁O E CD ▁countries ▁and ▁fewer ▁than ▁ 2 0 ▁million ▁broad band ▁subscri ptions . ▁By ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁broad band ▁and ▁d ial - up ▁were ▁roughly ▁equal ▁at ▁ 1 3 0 ▁million ▁each . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 0 , ▁in ▁the ▁O E CD ▁countries , ▁over ▁ 9 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁Internet ▁access ▁subscri ptions ▁used ▁broad band ▁and ▁d ial - up ▁subscri ptions ▁had ▁decl ined ▁to ▁fewer ▁than ▁ 3 0 ▁million . ▁▁▁ ▁While ▁the ▁mode m ▁performance ▁boost ▁due ▁to ▁tre ll is ▁mod ulation ▁was ▁of ▁relatively ▁minor ▁significance ▁for ▁brow sing ▁simple ▁web ▁pages ▁composed ▁almost ▁entirely ▁of ▁static ▁text ▁( of ▁which ▁link ▁far ms ▁were ▁once ▁a ▁prominent ▁example ), ▁it ▁was ▁game - ch anger ▁for ▁everything ▁else , ▁in ▁particular , ▁the ▁online ▁distribution ▁of ▁bul ky ▁software ▁packages ▁and ▁patch es , ▁and ▁early ▁experiments ▁in ▁Internet ▁video ▁such ▁as ▁Real Player , ▁where ▁a ▁ 5 6 k - class ▁mode m ▁could ▁reason ably ▁deliver ▁an ▁almost - sm ooth ▁ 3 2 0 × 2 0 0 ▁video ▁under ▁optimal ▁conditions ▁( the ▁effective ▁video ▁compression ▁rate ▁being ▁also ▁limited ▁by ▁the ▁compute ▁power ▁of |
▁the ▁era ). ▁▁ ▁Advanced ▁mod ulation ▁also ▁initi ated ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁a ▁rural / urban ▁Internet ▁class ▁divide : ▁cities ▁tend ▁to ▁have ▁shorter ▁P OT S ▁loops , ▁which ▁better ▁support ▁higher ▁operating ▁rates . ▁For ▁many ▁rural ▁customers , ▁a ▁put atively ▁high - speed ▁mode m ▁would ▁in ▁practice ▁deg rade ▁to ▁a ▁lower ▁operating ▁rate , ▁approxim ating ▁older ▁technology . ▁In ▁the ▁prev ail ing ▁gold - r ush ▁ment ality , ▁web ▁site ▁design ▁t ended ▁to ▁c ater ▁to ▁the ▁well - he e led ▁urban ▁base ▁by ▁l arding ▁in ▁ever ▁more ▁complex ▁page ▁design ▁( o ften ▁centered ▁around ▁online ▁ ▁advert ising ▁business ▁models ▁and ▁the ▁race ▁for ▁e y eb alls ), ▁until ▁popular ▁sites ▁with ▁even ▁the ▁most ▁basic ▁functionality — function ality ▁which ▁had ▁been ▁perfectly ▁well ▁served ▁by ▁basic ▁text — bec ame ▁band width ▁pro fl ig ate . ▁For ▁this ▁reason , ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁un common ▁following ▁the ▁advent ▁of ▁advanced ▁mod ulation ▁for ▁rural ▁users — users ▁whose ▁band width ▁was ▁effectively ▁c apped ▁by ▁their ▁physical ▁co pper ▁loop ▁rather ▁than ▁the ▁mod ulation ▁technology ▁employed — to ▁experience ▁an ▁actual ▁decl ine ▁in ▁Internet ▁us ability . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Mode ms , ▁for ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁various ▁encoding ▁mod ulations ▁from ▁ 0 . 3 ▁to ▁ 5 6 k bit / s ▁ ▁Tre ll is ▁diagram , ▁in ▁the ▁article ▁about ▁convolution al ▁codes ▁ ▁In |