answer stringlengths 1 239 ⌀ | question stringlengths 1 25.7k |
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natural causes | In addition to finding already dead animals, what other cause of death were their animal finds? |
sparsely wooded areas | Where did hunter-gatherer peoples live? |
dense forest | What type of area did early humans avoid? |
persistence hunting | What is long-distance running as a food hunting-gathering technique? |
endurance running hypothesis | What theory says that long-distance running drove the evolution of some human traits? |
some hunter-gatherer groups | Who still practices persistence hunting? |
scavenging hypothesis | Besides the endurance running hypothesis, what other theory of food collection is there? |
both subsistence strategies | What food gathering techniques could have been used by early man at the same time? |
1.8 million years ago | When did human populations begin using hunting-gathering? |
Homo erectus | What phase of human used subsistence strategies to find food? |
0.2 million years ago | When did Homo sapiens begin using subsistence gathering? |
10,000 years ago | When did hunting-gathering begin to fade from use? |
Neolithic Revolution | What began replacing hunting-gathering at the end of the Mesolithic period? |
Middle to Upper Paleolithic | During what period did hunter-gatherers begin to focus food collection on a more limited range? |
80,000 to 70,000 years ago | How many years ago did hunting-gatherers start specializing in their collection practices? |
a smaller selection | What was the change in gathering? |
12,000 years ago | When did the use of agriculture begin it's spread? |
jungle-clad river banks | In what kind of area did forest gardening start? |
foothills of monsoon regions | In what other types of areas did forest gardening show up? |
tree and vine species | What kind of plant did these early gardeners seek out? |
identified, protected and improved | What use did forest gardeners put to tree and vines to? |
eliminated | What did these gardeners do about unwanted species? |
in the developing world | Where do many modern day hunter-gatherers live? |
arid regions or tropical forests | In what type of climate do hunter-gatherers live? |
settlements of agriculturalists | What kind of human life-style is pushing hunter-gatherers out of their environment? |
availability of wild foods | What has Jared Diamond blamed the decline of gatherers on? |
large mammal species | What type of food animal went extict by the end of the Pleistocene era? |
agricultural societies | Who expanded into the territory of hunter-gathers? |
first forms of government | What did the increase in agricultural areas produce? |
agricultural centers | What were the Fertile Crescent and Ancient India ? |
agriculture-driven | What type of expansion was it in places like the Fertile Crescent? |
agricultural societies increased | Why did agricultural societies push into hunter-gatherer areas? |
unsuitable for agricultural use | What type of areas do modern hunter-gathers live in? |
few | How many modern hunter-gatherer cultures are there? |
agriculture | What do people basically rely on now? |
hunter-gatherer cultures | Who lives in areas not usable for agriculture? |
reliance upon agriculture | What kind of food production is worldwide now? |
nomadic or semi-nomadic | What is the lifestyle of hunter-gatherers? |
temporary | What is the permanence of hunter-gatherer settlements? |
impermanent | What kind of building materials do they use? |
rock shelters | What kind of natural structure do hunter-gatherers use? |
Mobile communities | What is the movement ability of hunter-gathers? |
rich environments | What kind of area allowed a more permanent settlement? |
hunter-gatherer | What is the life style of the indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest? |
sedentary or semi-sedentary | What does a lush environment allow hunter-gatherers to be? |
rich environments | What kind of environment is the Pacific Northwest? |
hunter-gatherer cultures | What are the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest? |
egalitarian | What is the social style of hunter-gather societies? |
Northwest Coast of North America | Where do people who are an exception to egalitarianism live? |
African | what group of hunter-gatherers are nearly all egalitarian? |
in an evolutionary context | How is it interesting to view hunter-gatherers' egalitarianism? |
anything but egalitarian | What do chimpanzees act like as pertains to being egalitarianism? |
into hierarchies | How do chimpanzees arrange themselves in a group setting? |
alpha male | What is the dominate one in a chimpanzee group? |
permanent leaders | What permanent group representative do hunter-gatherers not have? |
task being performed | Initiative within the group depends upon what factor? |
matrilocal | What group arrangement is usual in family authority? |
matrilineal | What is the kinship and decent system among hunter-gatherers? |
Western values | What value system do Western scholars tend to use in analyzing societies? |
women | Who does most of the gathering in a hunter-gatherer society? |
men | What group members are the big game hunters? |
arrangement oppresses women | What does the argument over women as gathers said to produce ? |
childcare is collective | How is childcare viewed in a hunter-gatherer society? |
sexual division | How is labor often divided in these groups? |
85% | What percentage of Aeta women hunt? |
31% | What is the success rate of Aeta female hunters? |
17% | What is the success rate for male Aeta hunters? |
Man the Hunter | At what conference did Richard Borshay speak? |
1966 | When was the Man the Hunter conference? |
mobility | Why is there a lessening of material possessions in hunting and gathering groups? |
egalitarianism | What can decreased material possessions produce in a hunter-gatherer society? |
territorial boundaries | What other characteristic is variable for these groups? |
Marshall Sahlins | Who called hunter-gathers the original affluent society? |
1996 | When did Ross Sackett study time and energy for hunter-gartherer groups? |
8.8 hours a day | How long a day do people in other societies work? |
sharing | What other characteristic of group behavior is needed in a hunter-gatherer society? |
gift economy | What is the basis of a hunting an gathering economy? |
temperature | What is the only important factor in hunter-gatherer tool choices? |
variability | What does climate produce in hunter-gatherer societies? |
significant | What is the threat that extreme temperature causes in environment? |
increased variability of tools | What does temperature impact on tool kits? |
risk of failure | What is Torrence's 1989 theory about that ties into tool kit variability ? |
egalitarian | What does the immediate return system mean? |
nonegalitarian | To what kind of group does the delayed return system belong? |
immediate return | Which group eats their acquired food in a day or two? |
contact with modern civilization | How do modern hunters and gathers differ from early ones? |
pristine | What type of conditions are not present in modern societies? |
in uncontacted peoples | Where do you find groups that represent pristine conditions? |
Paleolithic societies | What do modern hunter-gatherers not reflect? |
adaptive strategy | What is hunting and gathering argued to be? |
environmental change | What situation can cause food stresses that make hunting-gathering necessary? |
transition | What change from hunting and gathering to agriculture is not easy to mark? |
cultural diffusion | Besides the use of agriculture, what other factor clouds the issue of the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture? |
last 10,000 years | How long has this cultural diffusion been happening? |
agriculturalists | If they're not purely hunter-gatherers, then what do they have a history of being? |
pushed into marginal areas | What caused these one-time agriculturalists to become foragers?? |
migrations | What kind of upset could force agriculturalists into being foragers? |
violent conflict | Besides economic troubles, what else could push a people into foraging? |
nothing meaningful | What can be learned from the study of modern hunter-gatherers? |
theorists | Who thinks that it is useless to study modern foragers since the real ones are gone? |
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