answer
stringlengths
1
239
question
stringlengths
1
25.7k
point particles
What kind of particles are quarks and leptons?
volume
Despite not having size or volume themselves, quarks and leptons contribute to what measure of composite particles in matter?
four
How many phases of matter are there?
quark–gluon plasma
What new phase of matter can be considered with a focus on elementary particles?
particulate theory of matter
What is the theory that matter is made up of discrete building blocks called?
Leucippus
What colleague of Democritus, also a Greek philosopher, helped him propose the particulate theory of matter?
natural sciences
People have been wondering about the nature of matter for the entire history of what branch of science?
mass
What similar term is often used interchangeably with matter, although the two differ slightly in modern physics?
closed
Being a conserved quantity means that the value of mass doesn't ever change as long as it's in what kind of system?
energy
Special relativity says matter can disappear by conversion into what state?
Earth
What planet isn't a closed system but sometimes appears to be because of the approximate conservation of matter?
matter
What term does science not have a universally-accepted scientific definition for?
mass
Sometimes scientific terms were historically considered in ways we know now aren't compatible because scientists didn't need to distinguish matter from what other term?
matter
What word do physicists sometimes consider to be defined as particles exhibiting rest mass?
wave–particle duality
What duality describes the conflicting properties of matter in the fields of chemistry and physics?
the speed of light
Quarks and leptons are sometimes considered matter because they can't travel at what speed?
Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster
What was Westminster Abbey's original name?
Gothic
What style architecture is the Westminster Abbey considered?
City of Westminster, London
In what city is Westminster Abbey located?
Between 1540 and 1556
In what years was the Abbey considered a cathedral?
Royal Peculiar
What type of building is the Abbey now considered?
the Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster
What is the formal name of Westminster Abbey?
City of Westminster, London
Where is Westminster Abbey located?
Between 1540 and 1556
When was Westminster Abbey a cathedral?
Church of England "Royal Peculiar"
What has been the status of Westminster Abbey since 1560?
1245
What year did the construction of the church begin?
King Henry III
Who commissioned the Abbey to be built?
Thorn Ey (Thorn Island)
What was the area previously named?
7th century
In what century was the church established at the location?
Mellitus, a Bishop of London
Who was the Bishop in this time frame?
Thorn Island
What is the meaning of Thorn Ey?
7th century
When was a church first founded at the site?
a Bishop of London
Who was Mellitus?
1245
When was construction of the present church started?
King Henry III
Who ordered the construction of the church?
Aldrich
What was the name of the fisherman in lore that saw a vision of Saint Peter near the Abbey?
salmon
What type of fish did the Abbey receive from Thames fisherman?
Benedictine
What kind of monks lived at the Abbey?
Fishmonger's Company
Who, till this day still gives the Abbey a fish?
Saint Dunstan
Who along with the King Edgar established the monks at the Abbey?
Aldrich
Who supposedly had a vison of Saint Peter on the River Thames?
Thames fishermen
Who first gifted salmon to the abbey?
Fishmonger's Company
Who still gives salmon to the abbey today?
960s or early 970s
When was the monk community installed?
Romanesque style
What architectural design was St Peter's abbey considered?
1090
What year was the building finished?
28 December 1065
What was the date of the Abbey's coronation?
William the Conqueror
Who was the first recorded coronation at the Abbey?
King Edward the Confessor
What King restored the Abbey in the years 1042 and 1052?
King Edward the Confessor
Who rebuilt the abbey for a burial church?
Romanesque
What style was the church rebuilt in?
28 December 1065
When was the building consecrated?
5 January 1066
When did King Edward the Confessor die?
William the Conqueror
Who was the first documented coronation?
Harold Godwinson and William the Conqueror
Who were the first monarchs crowned at Westminster Abbey?
1066
Since when have coronations been held at Westminster Abbey?
16
How many royal weddings have occurred at the abbey?
Henry I and Richard II
Which two reigning monarchs had weddings at the abbey?
1100
When did royal weddings begin at the church?
Bayeux Tapestry
Where is the only existant depiction of Edward's abbey?
a dozen
What was the original size of Dunstan's original monk community?
endowments
How was the community able to increase?
Palace of Westminster
What is adjacent the abbey?
The abbot and monks
Who became a powerful force after the Norman Conquest?
government
The Palace of Westminster was the seat of what from the later 12th century?
The abbot
Who was employed on royal service?
secular
With what kind of life were the Benedictines allowed to identify?
Cluniac
To what movement was the task of spiritual leadership passed?
Lord of the Manor of Westminster
What did the abbot remain as a town built around the abbey?
the town economy
What did the monastery help fuel?
shops and dwellings
What did the abbey build on the west side?
shops and dwellings
What encroached upon the sanctuary?
coronation site
What was the abbey to Norman kings?
Henry Yevele
What architect continued work on the abbey?
Richard II
Who was reigning when Henry Yevele finished his work on the abbey?
Cosmati
What kind of pavement was commissioned for in front of the High Altar?
The Confessor's shrine
What played a large role in King Edward the Confessor's canonisation?
Henry VII
Who added a Perpendicular style chapel?
Blessed Virgin Mary
Who was the Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to?
Caen
What part of France did the Caen stone come from?
Isle of Portland
Where did the Portland stone come from?
1503
When was the Lady Chapel added?
1535
When was the abbey's annual income £2400–2800?
£1,310,000 to £1,530,000
What was the abbey's annual income as of 2016?
Glastonbury Abbey
To which other abbey was Westminster Abbey second in wealth?
the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries
During what was the abbey made second in wealth?
1539
When did Henry VIII take direct royal control?
Henry VIII
Who gave the abbey status of a cathedral in 1540?
destruction
What did the cathedral status save the abbey from?
the Diocese of Westminster
What did changing the status of the abbey create?
1550
When was Westminster Diocese dissolved?
a second cathedral of the Diocese of London
The abbey was recognised as what until 1556?
Saint Peter
Who is the abbey dedicated to?
Mary I of England
The abbey was regiven to the Benedictines under whom?
Elizabeth I
Who ejected the Benedictines again in 1559?
Collegiate Church of St Peter
What was the new name of the abbey when Elizabeth I reestablished it?
The last of Mary's abbots
Who was made the first dean of the new church?
1640s
When did the abbey suffer damage?
Puritan iconoclasts
Who attacked the abbey?
ties to the state during the Commonwealth
What protected the abbey?