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change their clocks
What do people often have trouble remembering to do for DST?
multiple DST rules
What added complexity do people working across time zones have to keep track of?
1993
What year did an accident occur at a German facility with molten steel because of the change to DST?
one hour
For how much more time was the molten steel supposed to cool when the computer mix-up happened in the German steel facility?
software developers
Who is responsible for testing and even making changing to computer programs when daylight saving rules change?
Coordinated Universal Time
What time system do some computer systems use to avoid the issues of changes in local time?
Unix-based
What type of computer systems use an internal clock based on UTC time?
weekly
Willett's first suggestion was to change clocks by 20 minutes how often?
complexity
What drawback would changing clocks gradually add to the process?
Some clock-shift problems
What could be avoided by changing clocks more gradually more often?
disadvantages
What does DST inherit from standard time?
magnify
Does daylight savings sometimes minimize or magnify the drawbacks of standard time?
two
Usually, it's recommended that we avoid the sun for how many hours before and after noon?
sun-exposure guidelines
What kind of guidelines become less precise because of DST?
time zone
When using a sundial, we must adjust the reading to reflect natural discrepancies and the effect of what other influence?
Richard Meade
What author is credited with explaining the usage of daylight saving time and daylight savings time with an "s" in the English Journal of the (American) National Council of Teachers of English?
daylight savings time
In 1978, according to Meade, which form of the phrase was more commonly used: daylight saving time or daylight savings time?
daylight saving time
Which form of the phrase is more common in print publications?
American Heritage
Joining Merriam-Webster's and the Oxford dictionary, the older form of the phrase without the "s" is still listed first in what dictionary?
daylight time
Along with "daylight saving" and "daylight savings," what alternate form does Merriam-Webster's include?
daylight saving
Which term did Willett use in his 1907 proposal to refer to DST?
summer time
What phrase had replaced daylight saving time by 1911 as Willett's proposal evolved into draft legislation?
zomertijd
What word do speakers of Dutch use for DST?
ora legale
What term do Italians use for DST that literally translates as "legal time"?
solar time
What does the Italian term for their winter time, ora solare, translate to in English?
The name of local time
What usually changes when a place observes DST?
standard
What word does American English swap out for "daylight" when referring to time zones?
Pacific Daylight Time
In American English, what is the equivalent of Pacific Standard Time?
British Summer Time
When the UK changes their clocks forward in the spring, what do they call the time they're then observing?
summer
What word is often added to the names of time zones when used in British English?
spring forward, fall back
What phrase is often used in North America when speaking about DST?
mnemonic
What is a language like "spring forward, fall back" that acts as a trigger for memory called?
which direction to shift clocks
What does "spring forward, fall back" help people remember?
Changes to DST rules
What can cause issues with installed computer systems?
2007
What year did DST rules change in North America?
upgrades
What did many existing computer systems that relied on time zones need because of the DST rule changes?
email
In addition to calendaring programs, what kind of programs were most impacted by the changes?
corporate information technologists
Which professionals bore the brunt of the effort to upgrade systems affected by time changes?
UTC
What system of time do some applications use so they won't have problems with time changes?
time zone differences
By using UTC, applications get out of adjusting to changes around clock shifts and what other factor?
operating systems
In addition to individual applications, what modern systems that control the basic functions of a computer typically use UTC?
internally
Where do computers usually use UTC?
local time
What time would a computer probably use for the clock display?
the IANA time zone database
Where do most systems go to get the data they use to calculate local time?
date/time
What two specific points of data do systems need to figure out to get local time?
zoneinfo
What's another name for the IANA database?
historical and predicted clock shifts
The IANA database works by connecting names to what information about the location?
system maintenance
IANA, or zoneinfo, updates are installed as a part of what ordinary function when changes to DST policy are made?
TZ
What environment variable defines a location's name?
timezone-independent epoch time
What format is used to store internal time in systems that use zoneinfo?
tztab
What's the name of the HP database that's similar to IANA but not compatible with it?
one
Less sophisticated systems might just support a TZ value with one start rule and how many end rules?
whenever DST rules change
When must TZ values be changed on an older system?
time for the eastern United States starting in 2007
What does the TZ value EST5EDT,M3.2.0/02:00,M11.1.0/02:00 specify?
all years
What years will a new TZ value apply to?
older timestamps
What's might a new TZ value mishandle when it changes with new DST rules?
specifying the name of a location
Similar to systems using zoneinfo, Microsoft Windows calculates DST by doing what?
when DST rules change
When does the table of rule sets the Windows operating system uses have to be updated?
two
If your computer runs Vista, what's the maximum number of start and end rules you can have for each time zone setting?
1987
If located in Canada somewhere where DST is observed, a system running Vista might mishandle time stamps that are older than what year?
2006
On a system running Windows older than Vista, locations in Canada observing DST would only reliably support time stamps from after what year?
1995
What single year did Windows 95 use to apply rules to Israel's time changes?
marked Israel as not having DST
Because the schedule in Israel was always changing, what did Microsoft do with the release of Windows 98?
twice a year
How often would Israeli users running Windows 98 need to manually adjust the time on their machines to stay current?
The 2005 Israeli Daylight Saving Law
What law regulated the rules for time shifts in Israel according to the Jewish calendar?
the Gregorian calendar
Although the schedule in Israel became predictable after 2005, there were still problems in Windows until Israel adjusted DST to what calendar in 2013?
local time
What does Microsoft Windows use internally for its real-time clock?
a rescue boot disk
Not using UTC, Windows can't multi boot with different versions of itself like you'd need to do to use what kind of disk?
a single system-wide setting
As opposed to providing support for users to have unique time zone settings, Windows will only allow for what?
2008
In what year did Microsoft imply that they would be making changes to support RealTimeIsUniversal in a step towards compatibility with UTC?
two
Since 2008, at least how many times has Microsoft released fixes for the RealTimeIsUniversal feature?
NTFS
What file system do recent Windows versions use?
UTC
Under NTFS, what does Windows use for file time stamps in storage?
FAT
What file system do most removable devices use?
current local time
What time will a file be set to if it's copied from the hard disk onto other media?
permanent daylight saving time
What phrase describes keeping adjusted summer hours year-round?
time shifts
Proponents of permanent DST say it has all the advantages of regular DST without the issues some people have from what bi-annual occurrences?
late
In year-round DST, would sunrise happen early or late compared to most places?
2011 to 2014
During what time period did Russia use permanent DST?
winter
In what season in areas observing permanent daylight saving time will it stay dark the latest in the morning?
westward
In which direction do countries like Russia and Argentina shift their time zones that could be considered all-year DST?
67
About how many minutes does Saskatoon, Saskatchewan stay ahead of mean solar time?
Central Standard Time
What time does Saskatoon observe all year long?
negative DST
Places like northeast India that shift time zones to the east could be considered to be observing what kind of DST?
1971
What year did Ireland and the UK give up on their permanent DST experiment?
an extra hour
Places like Spain and parts of France effectively go by DST in the winter but add what in the summer?
three
During the summer in Nome, about how many hours ahead of the sun do they set their clocks?
Double Summer Time
What term was used in Britain for double daylight saving time?
Central European Midsummer Time
What's a third name for double daylight saving time or Double Summer Time used in Europe?
Royal Institute of British Architects
What does RIBA stand for?
the advancement of architecture
What is the goal of RIBA?
1837
When was RIBA founded?
1971
When was RIBA's founding document expanded?
United Kingdom
In what country does RIBA mainly operate?
Institute of British Architects in London
What was Riba's first name?
1834
In what year was the Institute of British Architects founded?
London
In what city was the Institute of British Architects located?
Architects
In terms of profession, what were people like Philip Hardwick, William Adams Nicholson and Thomas de Grey?
the grant of the royal charter
What caused the change of the Institute's name?
the reference to London
What was removed from the Royal Institute's name?