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Queen Elizabeth
Along with the Queen Mary 2 and Queen Victoria, which third ship must be present for the 'Arrival of the Three Queens'?
P&O Cruises
What cruise line celebrated a landmark anniversary in Southampton in July of 2012?
175th
Which anniversary did P&O celebrate in Southampton?
seven
How many P&O liners visited Southampton on the day of the 175th anniversary celebrations?
Ventura
Which of the seven P&O cruise liners has a name that begins with "V"?
Oceana
Along with the Oriana, what's the other P&O liner with a name that starts with the same letter?
three
How many internal ferry services does Southampton serve?
Town Quay
What is the name of the quay where all three ferries have their terminals?
Two
How many of the ferries connect to the Isle of Wight?
Red Funnel
What company operates the ferries to East Cowes and Cowes?
Southampton Water
What body of water does the Hythe Ferry cross to reach Hythe from Southampton?
1960s
In what decade was the ferry port built in Southampton to carry people to exotic destinations on the continent?
1996
By what year did car ferries finish operating from Southampton, other than the one to the Isle of Wight?
a retail and housing development
What was built on the site where the Southampton Ferry Port used to be?
a marina
What has the Princess Alexandra Dock become?
Eastern Docks
What location that was once filled with passengers, dry docks, and trains is now a holding area for new cars?
Buses
What form of public transport do most people in Southampton use now?
Bluestar
Along with First Southampton, what is the other main bus operator in Southampton?
Uni-link
What bus service did the University of Southampton commission to carry people between the city and the university?
midnight
What time does Uni-link stop service to the university each night?
Enterprise
What operator ran Uni-link before Bluestar?
Pound Tree Road
What road does First use stops around to leave a terminal available for other buses?
Uni-link
Which bus service passes West Quay going in both directions?
Wilts & Dorset
What operator drops off and picks up passengers at West Quay?
1949
When did the tram system stop operating in Southampton?
Hanover Buildings
Where do buses that loop around West Quay stop?
sovereign states and international organizations
Who are the actors in international law?
A treaty
What is an agreement entered into by actors in international law?
equally
How are different forms of agreements treated under international law compared to treaties?
the rules are the same
How would you compare the rules of a treaty and a covenant under international law?
live up to their obligations
What must a party to a treaty do to prevent being held liable under international law?
contracts
What is comparable in domestic law to a treaty in international law?
international law
Under what will a party to a treaty be held liable for failing to uphold their obligations?
willing
What must be the attitude of a party towards assuming the legal obligations of the treaty?
obligations
What do we call the willingly-assumed burdens placed upon parties to both treaties and contracts?
in words
How are the agreements in a treaty expressed?
legally
How are states that enter into a treaty bound?
A treaty
What is an official document which expresses an agreement between two states?
A treaty
What is an objective outcome of a ceremonial occasion which acknowledges the defined relationships of its parties?
themselves
Who is responsible for the legally-bound obligations of the parties to a treaty?
a fairly consistent format
What is shared by most treaties since the late 19th century?
a preamble
What is the beginning of a typical treaty called?
readability
Why are long sentences in a modern preamble formatted into multiple paragraphs?
a verb
Each paragraph of a modern preamble typically begins with which part of speech?
any underlying events (such as a war)
In addition to describing the parties and their joint objectives, what else does a modern preamble typically summarize?
boilerplate
What term describes a common clause in a treaty stating that the representatives of the parties have communicated their full powers?
full powers
What are the official documents appointing a party's representative to act on their behalf?
sovereign titles
In addition to their full names, what else is included in the preamble that identifies the parties to a treaty?
in good or proper form.
How must the full powers of a parties' representatives be found in order to enter into a treaty?
their representatives
Who else besides the parties themselves is typically identified in the preamble to a treaty?
numbered articles
What follows the preamble in a treaty?
the substance of the parties' actual agreement
What is contained in the numbered articles of a treaty?
a paragraph
What does each article heading usually encompass?
under chapter headings
How might the articles in a long treaty be grouped?
A long treaty
The numbered articles of a treaty may be grouped by chapter heading in what kind of treaty?
peaceful
What type of resolution to disputes is typically outlined in a treaty?
articles
Which section of a treaty typically contains information about the whereabouts of the final authentic copies of a treaty?
their interpretation
Parties to a treaty might have disputes about what aspect of the articles of a treaty?
the final authentic copies
Which copies of a treaty have their locations outlined in most modern treaties?
disputes
Modern treaties typically outline the procedures for the peaceful resolution of what?
the eschatocol
What is the formal name for the closing protocol of a treaty?
the site(s) of the treaty's execution and the date(s)
What typically follows the signatures in a treaty?
its most formal, longest possible form
How is the date typically written in a treaty?
equally authentic
What is the nature of the different versions of a treaty executed in multiple languages?
The end
A clause like "in witness whereof" or "in faith whereof" typically signals what in a treaty?
the parties' representatives
Whose signatures appear at the very end of a treaty?
in a collection of treaties currently in effect
Where might the text of a treaty be reprinted?
an editor
Who, upon reprinting, will often append the dates on which the treaty was ratified and came into effect?
ratified the treaty
Each party must have done what in order for the treaty to come into effect?
came into effect
Even if signed and ratified on the same date, the treaty might have done what on different dates?
two
Bilateral treaties are concluded between how many states or entities?
It is possible
Is it possible for a bilateral treaty to have more than two parties?
the European Economic Area agreement
The bilateral treaties between Switzerland and the European Union followed the Swiss rejection of what?
it does not
Does the bilateral treaty between Switzerland and the European Union establish rights or obligations amongst the EU and its member states?
bilateral
The treaty between Switzerland and the European Union is an example of what kind of treaty?
A multilateral treaty
What is a treaty concluded among several countries?
each party and every other party
Between which parties does a multilateral treaty establish rights and obligations?
attack
The Treaty of Locarno guarantees each signatory against what from another signatory?
international compacts
What type of treaty is a mutual guarantee?
region
Multilateral treaties are often entered into by countries that share the same what?
Reservations
What are caveats to a state's acceptance of a treaty?
Reservations
What are unilateral statements purporting to exclude or to modify the legal obligation and its effects on a state?
at the time of signing or ratification
When must reservations be included in a treaty?
add a reservation
What are parties to a treaty forbidden to do after they have already joined a treaty?
exclude or to modify
A reserving party to a treaty may include a statement that attempts to do what to its legal obligations or their effects?
reservations
A more permissive rule regarding what emerged to encourage the largest number of states to join treaties?
inconsistent with the goals and purposes of the treaty
Reservations are generally permitted so long as they are not what?
rejecting them
How did international law originally respond to treaty reservations?
all parties
Originally reservations were rejected under international law unless which parties of the treaty accepted them?
expressly
Because they are generally accepted under international law, a treaty must forbid reservations in what manner to prevent their adoption?
accept those reservations, object to them, or object and oppose them
When a state adds reservations to a treaty, other parties to the treaty can respond to those reservations in what ways?
other parties to the treaty
Who remains unaffected when a party's reservation is accepted by a second party?
drop out completely
What happens to the parts of the treaty affected by a rejected reservation as they concern the reserving and rejecting parties?
no legal obligations
What legal obligations exist between two state parties if one objects and opposes the other's reservations?
the reserving state is a party to the treaty
If a state party objects and opposes another state's reservations it essentially refuses to acknowledge what?
three
How many ways are there to amend an existing treaty?
the ratification process
What must state parties to a treaty repeat to adopt a formal amendment to the treaty?
a procès-verbal
What amendment process is generally reserved for changes that rectify obvious errors in the text?
the terms they both agreed upon
Parties to an original treaty and an amended treaty are bound to what terms?
some parties to the original treaty will not become parties to the amended treaty
In addition to the often long and protracted nature of treaty renegotiation, what negative outcome might result from the process?