answer stringlengths 1 239 ⌀ | question stringlengths 1 25.7k |
|---|---|
a protocol | What is a treaty that supplements a previous treaty in international law? |
add additional provisions | A protocol may either amend a previous treaty or do what? |
not required | Do parties to a treaty have an obligation to adopt a later protocol? |
an "optional protocol" | What do we sometimes call an agreement that supplements a treaty especially when few parties to the treaty support the protocol? |
amend the previous treaty | A protocol may add additional provisions to a treaty or else do what? |
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change | The Kyoto Protocol is associated with what treaty? |
the Kyoto Protocol | The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was supplemented by what protocol? |
binding greenhouse gas emission limits | The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established a framework for the development of what? |
the specific provisions and regulations later agreed upon | While the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change established a framework for developing greenhouse gas emission limits, the Kyoto Protocol contained what? |
Protocol | The agreement that contained specific provisions related to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is an example of what agreement that supplements a treaty? |
self-executing | A treaty that puts all of its obligations in action simply by becoming a party to it is known as what? |
implementing legislation | What do non-self-executing treaties typically require from a party to enable it to fulfill its obligations? |
a change in the domestic law of a state party | What is "implementing legislation" that is required by a party to a treaty to enable it to fulfill its obligations under the treaty? |
non-self-executing | A treaty requiring local prosecution by a party for particular crimes is an example of which type of treaty? |
puts the treaty and all of its obligations in action | Signing a self-executing treaty automatically does what for a party? |
a non-self-executing treaty | What type of treaty cannot be acted on without the proper change in domestic law? |
pass the necessary domestic laws | A state party may be in default of its obligations under a non-self-executing treaty if its legislature fails to do what? |
its legislature | What institution of a party to a treaty must act to fulfill the party's obligations under a non-self-executing treaty? |
politicized | The often unclear division between a self-executing treaty and a non-self-executing treaty can lead to a treaty being what if disagreements exist within a party? |
not clear | A treaty may be politicized due to disagreements within a party because the division between a self-executing treaty and a non-self-executing treaty can often be described as what? |
principle of maximum effectiveness | What principle is often invoked by legal experts when interpreting the language of treaties? |
the fullest force and effect | The principle of maximum effectiveness interprets the language of treaties as having what effect to establish obligations between parties? |
The Vienna Convention | What states that treaties are to be interpreted "in good faith" according to the "ordinary meaning given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in light of its object and purpose?" |
The language | What property of treaties must often be interpreted when it's not clear? |
a perhaps unforeseen circumstance | Besides unclear language what might also arise that necessitates the interpretation of the language of a treaty? |
impose its particular interpretation of the treaty | No one party to a treaty can do what to the other parties? |
Consent | What may be implied of other parties fail to explicitly disavow a party's initially unilateral interpretation of a treaty? |
complaint | Consent for a party's unilateral interpretation of a treaty may be implied if that state has acted upon its view of the treat without what from another party? |
adding another clause to the treaty | Consent by all parties to a treaty to a particular interpretation of the treaty has what legal effect? |
an 'authentic interpretation' | The legal effect of adding another clause to a treaty that occurs when all parties to a treaty consent to a particular interpretation of the treaty is commonly known as what? |
substantial disputes over treaty interpretations | What are international tribunals and arbiters often called upon to resolve in regards to treaties? |
International tribunals and arbiters | What judicial bodies might be called upon to resolve disputes pertaining to the interpretation of treaties? |
the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of the treaty | In addition to the final, signed treaty what else might arbiters review to establish the meaning of a treaty in context? |
To establish the meaning in context | For what purpose might an international tribunal review the preparatory work from the negotiation and drafting of a treaty? |
the final, signed treaty itself | In addition to the preparatory work from the drafting and negotiation of a treaty, what might arbiters review when resolving a dispute over the interpretation of a treaty? |
compacts | What are agreements between states within the United States called? |
memoranda of understanding | What are agreements between states and the federal government called within the United States? |
memoranda of understanding | In the United States, what are agreements between agencies of the federal government called? |
a sovereign state | Nations can be careful about terming an agreement a treaty because it has the effect of recognizing that the other side is a what? |
international law | Under what do all parties to a treaty recognize the provisions of the treaty are enforceable? |
international law | Parties to a treaty may disagree over a desire to create an obligation under what? |
North Korea and the United States | Discussions between what two countries have been influence by one party's desire to create an obligation under international law? |
security guarantees and nuclear proliferation | Discussion between North Korea and the United States have been influenced by one party's desire to create obligations under international law with respect to what two topics? |
to create an obligation under international law | North Korea and the United States have been characterized by a disagreement over one parties desire to create what with respect to security guarantees and nuclear proliferation? |
documents under domestic law | What is the Treaty of Waitangi internationally considered to be? |
convention, protocol, or simply agreement | What other terms might be used to refer to a treaty? |
named something other than a treaty, | What common terminological problem can sometimes lead to confusion surrounding a treaty? |
the Treaty of Waitangi | What's an example of a treaty that is considered internationally to be documents under domestic law? |
terminology | Convention, protocol, and agreement are examples of examples of different kinds of what that can create confusion about a treaty? |
consent | Traditionally, what must a state do in order for an obligation to arise in international law? |
procedures of notification | What is the only barrier to withdrawal contained in many treaties? |
not necessarily | Are treaties permanently binding upon the signatory parties? |
the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs | What treaty will terminate if the number of parties falls below 40 as a result of denunciations? |
Article 56 | Which article of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties provides that there is a presumption that treaties cannot be unilaterally denounced? |
the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights | What is an example of a treaty from which it is not possible to withdraw? |
North Korea | What state declared its intention to withdraw from the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights? |
the Secretary-General of the United Nations | Who, acting as registrar, informed North Korea that withdrawal was deliberately precluded by the original signatories of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights? |
the terms of the treaty and its travaux preparatoire | What two factors determine whether it is possible to withdraw from a treaty? |
The possibility of withdrawal | The terms and travaux preparatoire of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights were both factors in determining what aspect of the treaty as it relates to North Korea's stated intentions? |
sovereignty | What factor, in practice, allows a state to withdraw from any treaty at any time? |
how other states will react | What really determines whether withdrawal from a treaty is permitted? |
impose sanctions or go to war | What might a state do in response to another state's withdrawal from a treaty? |
In practice | Although withdrawal from a treaty may not be possible in theory, when might it be possible anyway? |
at any time | Because of sovereignty when may a state withdrawal from a treaty? |
terminated | What happens to a state's obligations under a treaty upon its withdrawal from the treaty? |
a bilateral treaty | What kind of treaty is terminated by the withdrawal of just one party? |
remain in force | What happens to a multilateral treaty's rights and obligations among the other parties when just one party withdraws? |
withdrawal | After what action by a state are its obligations under a treaty considered terminated? |
agreed upon between the remaining states parties | Under what conditions could a single state's withdrawal result in the termination of a multilateral treaty? |
A material breach | What may be invoked as grounds for permanently terminating a treaty? |
temporarily suspending their obligations to that party | In addition to terminating the treaty itself, what actions by the other parties might result from one party materially violating or beaching its obligations? |
terminating the treaty itself | In addition to suspending their obligations under a treaty to the violating party, what may result from a material breach of treaty obligations? |
the other parties | Who may invoke a material breach committed by a party to a treaty to suspend their obligations to that party? |
suspending their obligations to that party | What temporary actions can parties of a treaty take in response to a material violation of a party's obligations? |
the seriousness of a breach | What might a tribunal or an arbiter be asked to determine regarding a breach of a treaty? |
a tribunal or other independent arbiter | Using what to determine the seriousness of a breach can prevent a party from prematurely suspending its obligations due to another party's alleged material breach? |
does not | Does a material breach necessarily suspend or terminate treaty relations? |
how the other parties regard the breach and how they resolve to respond to it | What determines whether a breach automatically suspends or terminates treaty relations? |
how they resolve to respond to it | A treaty breach does not necessarily affect treaty relations depending on how serious the other parties view the breach and what other factor? |
self-termination | Some treaties contains provisions for what to happen if certain defined conditions are met? |
set to expire on a given date | What provision might a treaty include if it's meant to be only temporarily binding? |
certain defined conditions are met | In addition to passing an expiration date, what might cause a treaty to self-terminate? |
automatically terminated | What happens to a treaty that was designed to terminate under certain conditions when those conditions are actually met? |
temporarily binding | What may we assume the parties to a treaty intended the treaty's obligations to be if the treaty included an expiration date? |
a fundamental change in circumstances | What might result in a party to a treaty claiming a treaty should be terminated even absent an express provision for its termination? |
its own breach of the treaty | A party cannot base its claim of a fundamental change in circumstances if the change was brought about by what? |
political boundaries | The claim of a fundamental change in circumstances cannot be used to invalidate treaties that established or redrew what? |
the extent of obligations | The radical transformation of what aspect of the obligations between the parties is a necessary condition for a claim of a fundamental change in circumstances to terminate a treaty? |
unforeseen | In order to be considered a fundamental change, a change in circumstances must have been what at the time of the adoption of the treaty? |
the Banu Qaynuqa tribe | The Islamic Prophet Muhammad carried out a siege against what tribe in February 624? |
the Constitution of Medina | Muhammad ordered his followers to attack the Banu Qaynuqa Jews for allegedly breaking what treaty? |
Abdullah ibn Ubayy | Who's insistence led the Prophet Muhammad to expel the Banu Qaynuqa Jews instead of kill them? |
stripped naked | Pinning the clothes of a Muslim woman, which led to her being what, was the action that allegedly violated the Constitution of Medina? |
revenge killings | What chained actions resulted from the alleged violation of the Constitution of Medina by the Banu Qaynuqa Jews? |
Gabriel | What angel, according to Muslim tradition, ordered Muhammad to order a siege on the Banu Qurayza? |
Al-Waqidi | Who claims Muhammad had a treaty with the Banu Qurayza that was torn apart? |
600-900 | How many members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded after surrendering to Muhammad and his followers according to Tabari and Ibn Hisham? |
all Males and 1 woman | According to Sunni Hadith which members of the Banu Qurayza were beheaded after surrendering to Muhammad and his followers? |
Two | How many Muslims were killed during the invasion of Banu Qurayza? |
at the formation of the treaty | When are most of the problems created that might result in an otherwise valid treaty being rejected as a binding international agreement? |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.