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1414
When was Chosrje Shākya Yeshes sent to Nanjing?
Dawa Norbu
Who believed the Ming reappointed old Yuan dynasty officials in Tibet?
eastern Tibetan princes
Who did the Ming appoint titles to?
an army
What didn't the Ming send to replace the Mongols when they left Tibet?
Tibet
What does Yiu Yung-chin claim the Ming did not possess?
Yang Sanbao
What was the name of the eunuch?
Tibet
Where did the Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao?
1413
When did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?
the allegiance of various Tibetan princes
Why did Yongle Emperor send Yang Sanbao into Tibet?
to maintain the loyalty of neighboring vassal states
Why did the emperor pay a small fortune in gifts?
the Ming court
Who did the Gelug exchange gifts with?
1430s
Until what year frame did the Gelug exchange gifts with the the Ming?
the Mingshi or the Mingshi Lu
What was the Gelug not mentioned in?
various lamas
Regardless of their sectarian affiliations, who did the Ming grant titles to?
the Phagmodru myriarchy
Who was the viceregal Sakya regime overthrown by?
Melvyn C. Goldstein
Who believed that the Ming had no real authority over Tibet?
1435–1565
What years did the Rinpungpa regime start and end?
Melvyn C. Goldstein
Who believed that the titles given to Tibetan leaders did not confer authority?
1565–1642
What years did the Tsangpa start and end?
1398–1402
What year did the Jianwen Emperor reign start and end?
the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao
Who aided the Yongle Emperor?
the Hongwu Emperor
Who was Yongle Emperor's father?
March 10, 1403
When did the Yongle Emperor invite Deshin Shekpa to his court?
Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang
Who did the Yongle Emperor send to Tibet?
to seek out the Karmapa
Why did the Yongle Emperor send Hou Xian and Zhi Guang to Tibet?
1407
When did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang return to Nanjing?
through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan
Where did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang travel through on their way to the Karmapa?
1403
When did Deshin Shekpa travels start?
Nanjing
Where did the Yongle Emperor greet the Karmapa?
the Karmapa
Who did the Emperor give the place of honor at his left to?
Kublai
Who sat on a lower platform than the Tibetan cleric?
the Yongle Emperor
Who showed a great amount of respect to Deshin Shekpa?
Linggu Temple
At what temple did the ceremonies for the Yongle Emperor's deceased parents take place?
Nanjing
Where was the Linggu Temple located?
Great Treasure Prince of Dharma
What title was Deshin Shekpa given at Nanjing?
religious leaders of other Tibetan Buddhist sects
Who did Deshin Shekpa persuade the Yongle Emperor to give the title to?
the Mongols
Who imposed on the military might on Tibet in the past?
religious purposes
Hok-Lam Chan states that Deshin Skekpa was only invited for what purpose?
to send a military force into Tibet
What was said to be the Yongle Emperor plans?
to forcibly give the Karmapa authority over all the Tibetan Buddhist schools
Why was the Yongle Emperor said to have been planning to send military forces into Tibet?
Deshin Shekpa
Who convinced the Yongle emperor not to send military forces into Tibet?
Jianwen Emperor
Who did the Yongle Emperor have a conflict with?
Deshin Shekpa
Who aided the legitimacy of the Yongle Emperor's rule?
Deshin Shekpa's miracles
What served as a legitimizing tool for the emperor's succession to the throne?
Chinese Communist historians
According to Norbu who failed to realize the significance of the religious aspect of the Ming-Tibetan relationship?
Buddhist artifacts
What were the items of tribute?
Josef Kolmaš
Who believe that the Ming dynasty did not exercise any direct political control over Tibet?
1435–1449
What years did the Zhengtong Emperor reign?
The Information Office of the State Council of the PRC
Who maintains an edict of the Zhengtong Emperor?
the Karmapa
Who was the edict addressed to?
Great Treasure Prince of Dharma
Who had a message delivered to them by Zhengtong?
after the latter's agent had brought holy relics to the Ming court
When was the edict written?
the Karmapa hierarchs
Who did the Ming cut off all relations with?
1446
What year did the Ming cut off the Karmapa hierarchs?
1415
When did Deshin Shekpa die?
the Karmapa
Who did the Ming court think the representatives were sent by?
to facilitate trade with Tibet
Why did Yongle order the construction?
tea, horses, and salt
What did Yongle want to trade with Tibet?
through Sichuan and crossed Shangri-La County in Yunnan
where did the trade route pass through?
to secure urgently needed horses
Why does Van Praag believe the Ming court set up a diplomatic delegation with Tibet?
Silk workshops
What shops were catered to the Tibetan market?
Tibetan Buddhist
What visual images and symbols were on furnishings from the silk workshops?
the Ming
who were the Tibetan areas were ruled by?
a mandatory "corvée" tax
Wang and Nyima believed horses were collected from Tibet as what kind of tax?
Tibet
Who did the Ming trade horses with?
Altan Khan
Who was the leader of the Tümed Mongols?
the Oirat Mongol confederation's hegemony
Who did Altan Khan overthrow?
the Ming dynasty
Who did Altan Khan make peace with?
Altan Khan
Who convinced the Ming to reopen their border markets in 1573?
the 14th century
When did the Hongwu Emperor use military force in Tibet?
November 1378
When was the Marquis Mu Ying commissioned to quell?
30,000
How many Tibetan prisoners did Mu Ying capture?
200,000
How many animals did Mu Ying capture?
Ming general Qu Neng
Who was ordered to force a Tibetan assault into Sichuan?
recovery of the Ordos region
What did the mid Ming dynasty discussion focus mainly on?
the Mongols
Who used the the Ordos region as a place to stage raids?
Ming China
Where were the Mongols trying to raise?
to help stabilize border regions and protect trade routes
Why did P. Christiaan Klieger believe that the Ming court supported high Tibetan lamas?
divide-and-rule
What policy does Luciano Petech and Sato Hisashi claim the Ming held towards the Tibet?
after the Sakya regime had fallen
When did the Ming hold the divide and rule policy?
fifth Karmapa
Who did Yongle Emperor fail to build a solid relationship with?
many different Tibetan lamas
Who did the Yongle Emperor give patronage to?
the Phagmodrupa
Who were the Rinpungpa leaders related to?
1498
When did the the prince of Rinbung occupy Lhasa?
New Years ceremonies and prayers
What was the most important event to the Gelug?
1518
When was Gelug was given the right to conduct the New Years prayer?
1505–1521
When did the Zhengde Emperor rule?
the company of lamas
Who's company did the Zhengde Emperor enjoy?
Mikyö Dorje
Who was the 8th Karmapa Lama?
Chinese writers of the early 20th century
Who said Tibet wasn't an integral part of of China?
China's intervening Ming dynasty
What does Sperling claim did not have any control over Tibet?
the 13th century
Since what century has Sperling described Ming and Tibet's relation being problematic for China?
the 18th century
When was the Manchu Qing dynasty invasion?
the Qing dynasty
During Which dynasty does Josef Kolmaš claim Tibet was considered an organic part of China?
the Chinese central government
Josef Kolmaš states that Tibet became subject to what government?
the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans
Who does P. Christiaan Klieger claim to have had a mutual role of religious prelate?
the Republic of China and its Communist successors
Who does P. Christiaan Klieger believe undertook the former imperial tributaries?
the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco
Where does P. Christiaan Klieger work?
the Mongols
Who was the vice royalty of the Sakya regime established by?
patron and priest relationship
The Sakya regime established what kind of relationship between the Tibetans and Mongol converts?