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to coordinate and organize their growth and development
Why do fungi communicate?
through biochemicals of biotic origin
How do fungi communicate with insects?
five
How many primary signalling molecules are known to organize different behavioral patterns?
interpretation processes
What enables an organism to differentiate between self and other?
similar molecules without biotic content
What is an example of "noise" that is filtered out through the interpretation processes?
confer knowledge and experiences, give advice and commands, and ask questions
What acts are included in communication between parties?
abilities of the group communicating
The forms of the acts included in communication depends on what?
channel (through which medium)
What is one dimension that communication is typically described along?
another person or being
What is one target of communication?
Wilbur Schram
Who said that we should examine the impact a message has on the recipient of the message?
a system of symbols
What is human communication defined as?
during human childhood
When does language learning primarily occur most intensively?
thousands
How many human languages are there?
patterns of sound or gesture for symbols
What do human languages use to communicate with others?
programming languages
What is an example of a language that is not restricted to properties of human language?
family rules, family roles or family dialectics
What is some factors in family communication that could affect communication between family members?
marriage, parenthood or divorce
What are some time periods that family communication study looks at?
a well constructed family
What does trusted communication in a family lead to?
any behavior of one animal that affects the current or future behavior of another animal
How is animal communication defined?
zoo semiotics
What is the study of animal communication called?
anthroposemiotics
What is the study of human communication called?
animal emotions, animal culture and learning
What are some fields of knowledge concerning the animal world that have been revolutionizes in the 21st century?
vibrational communication
What field of communication has been investigated more thoroughly?
Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
Who introduced the first major model for communication in 1949?
sender, channel, and receiver
What did the first model for communication consist of?
the part of a telephone a person spoke into
What was the sender in the initial model?
the telephone itself
What was the channel in the initial model?
the part of the phone where one could hear the other person
What was the receiver in the initial model?
transmission model
A simple model is also referred to as what?
a message in natural language
What kind of message is sent in a simple model?
spoken language
In what form is the information or content sent in a simple model?
from an emisor/ sender/ encoder
How is information sent through a simple model?
simplicity, generality, and quantifiability
What are the strengths of the simple model?
reciprocally
How are the sender and receiver connected in a slightly more complex form of communication model?
constitutive model or constructionist view
What is the model of communication in which the sender and receiver are connected reciprocally called?
a conduit
What is communication viewed as?
different regional traditions
What is something that may alter the intended meaning of a message?
communication noise
What is something that may cause the reception and decoding of the content of a message to be faulty?
between plant cells
What is a form of communication observed within plants?
roots
What part of a plant communicates with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil?
vegetable fiber
What is the meaning of the word neuron in Greek?
via volatiles
How do plants communicate to warn nearby plants of danger?
the decentralized "nervous system" of plants
How are the plant roots able to communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil?
Theories of coregulation
What describes communication as creative and dynamic rather than discrete?
Egypt
What ancient civilization did Harold Innis use as an example of his theory?
Harold Innis
Who theorized that the types of media people use to communicate will offer different possibilities for the shape of society?
Space Binding
What did Harold Innis call papyrus?
transmission of written orders across space, empires
What did Space Binding make possible for the ancient Egyptian civilizations?
it is difficult to develop such a broad range of skills
Why do communications professionals typically specialize in only one or two areas of communication?
communications
Good people skills is a qualification that is important to what profession?
Companies with limited resources
What kind of companies may engage in only a few types of communications?
excellent writing ability
What is one of the most important qualifications for a communications professional to have?
green
What color are white grapes?
anthocyanins
What gene makes grapes purple?
prolate spheroid
What shape do grapes usually resemble?
fruit
What type of food are grapes?
15 to 300
How many grapes are generally in a cluster?
6,000–8,000 years ago
How long ago were grapes first cultivated?
Yeast
What microorganisms are naturally found on a grapes skin?
Armenia
Where is the oldest know winery located?
Shiraz
What city is Syrah red wine believed to have been named after?
hieroglyphics
How do we know that wine was made in ancient Egypt?
animal fat
What do people in France eat more of that in most western countries?
red wine
What kind of the wine is regularly consumed by the French?
the French paradox
What is the phenomenon that shows that the French have less heart disease, even though they eat more animal fat?
vasodilation
What is a potential health benefit from drinking alcohol?
Grape juice
What juice is made when grapes are crushed and blended?
fermented
What kind of grapes are made into vinegar?
Concord grapes
What is the most common grape used to make juice in North America?
Thompson Seedless
What are Sultana grapes known as in California?
Niagara grapes
What types of grapes are commonly used to make white grape juice?
red wine
What type of wine is fermented with grape skin?
white wine
What type of wine is fermented after the grapes skin has been removed?
resveratrol
What substance is absorbed by wine when grapes are fermented with their skins?
Red wine
What type of wine is believed to have more health benefits?
table grapes
What are grapes that are eaten raw classified as?
wine grapes
What are grapes that are used to make wine classified as?
Vitis vinifera
What specie are table grapes and wine grapes?
Table grape
What Classification of grapes are typically large and seedless?
approximately 24%
What percentage of a wine grape is sugar when it is harvested?
Genesis 9:20–21
When are grapes first mentioned in the Bible?
Dionysus
Who was the Greek and Roman god of agriculture?
Christ
Whose blood do grapes usually represent in Christian art?
Deuteronomy
Which book of the Bible talks about the use of wine during Jewish feasts?
Noah
Who in the Bible first grew grapes on their farm?
three
How many seedless grape sources are there for commercial cultivators?
more than a dozen
How many varieties of seedless grapes are there?
Vitis vinifera
What species of grape are grown by Thompson Seedless?
cold
What type of climate are Benjamin Gunnels's Prime seedless grapes specifically cultivated for?
Vitis vinifera
What species of grape are grown by Black Monukka?
Anthocyanins
What are the most abundant polyphenolics in purple grapes?
Total phenolic content
What is the laboratory index of antioxidant strength in grapes known as?
Phenolic content
What content of a grapes skin can be affected by soil composition, climate, and cultivation practices?
anthocyanins
Why causes antioxidant strength to be higher in purple grapes?
flavan-3-ols
What is the main phenolic in white grapes?
The Catholic Church
What church uses wine to celebrate the Eucharist?
the Last Supper
When was Jesus Christ known to have used wine in celebration?
Canon 924
Where in the Code of Canon Law does it say that wine must be natural and not corrupt?
grape juice
What may a priest use in place of wine for consecration for health reasons?
transubstantiation
What is the Catholic dogma known as that believes that consecrated bread and wine from the Last Supper literally became the body and blood of Jesus Christ?