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Manteia Predictive Medicine
Which company has led the way in sequencing of individual genetic makeup?
James D. Watson
Whose complete genetic information was recorded in 2007?
the structure of DNA
What is Watson famous for helping discover?
genome map
What is the term for something that lists the important and notable parts of a genome?
The Human Genome Project
Which group was created to generate a genome map of human genetic material?
Jean Weissenbach
Whose genome map greatly aided the Human Genome Project?
Genoscope
Where did Weissenbach and his colleagues work?
Genome composition
What is the term that accounts for the constituents of the haploid genome?
evolutionary history
What aspect of a genome can genome compositions help researchers in learning about?
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
What two types of organisms have remarkable differences in their genomic composition?
exon-intron
What type of organizing can be observed in eukaryote genomes?
mammals and plants
In what types of eukaryotes is there a large amount of non-coding DNA?
pathogenic microbe
What is an example of an organism that has a portion of its genetic material outside of its chromosomes?
virus
What is an example of an organism whose full complement of genetic material resides in its chromosomes?
plasmids
Where is additional genetic material found in pathogenic microbes?
plants, protozoa and animals
What are examples of classes of eukaryotes where genome only refers to the information found in chromosomes?
plastome
What is a name for the genetic material found within chloroplasts?
mitochondrial genome
What is a name for the genetic makeup of mitochondria?
Genome size
What is the name for the count of all DNA base pairs in a single haploid genome?
morphological complexity
What does genome size have a direct relationship with in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes?
repetitive DNA
What accounts for the breakdown of the relation between genome size and morphological complexity in higher eukaryotes?
minimal genomes
What is a name for the reduced complement of genetic material necessary for an organism to live?
in vivo and in silico
In what experimental contexts are experiments being carried out on minimal genomes?
Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes
What are two types of non-repetitive DNA?
proportion of non-repetitive DNA
In higher eukaryotes, what has an inverse relationship with genome size?
genome size
What is the size of non-repetitive DNA divided by to get the proportion of non-repetitive DNA?
E. coli
What is an example of an organism which does not contain any repetitive DNA?
C. elegans and fruit fly
What are two organisms that have more non-repetitive than repetitive DNA?
20%
What is the percentage of non-repetitive DNA in some plant and amphibian genomes?
tandem repeats and interspersed repeats
What are two types of repetitive DNA found in genomes?
proportion of repetitive DNA
What is found by dividing size of repetitive DNA by length of total genome?
Tandem repeats
Unequal crossing over can create what type of repetitive DNA?
satellite DNA and microsatellites
What are two examples of tandem repeats in DNA?
interspersed repeats.
What is the most common type of repetitive DNA in mammals?
Transposable elements
What is the main source of interspersed repeats?
genome evolution
What do researchers think transposable elements are key factors in when considering higher eukaryotes?
retrotransposons
What are the constituents of Class 1 transposable elements?
DNA transposons
What are the constituents of Class 2 transposable elements?
RNA
What kind of genetic material can be produced from retrotransposons?
cut and paste
What is a term that can describe how DNA transposons move?
RNA
DNA transposons do not use which genetic material used by Class 1 TEs?
karyotype
What is another word for the total count of chromosomes?
genome size, gene order, codon usage bias, and GC-content
Aside from karyotype, what are other genomic traits studied by scientists?
Duplications
What type of generation of genetic material has a big part in making the genome what it is?
genetic novelty
What is a possible product of duplications?
Horizontal gene transfer
What is an explanation for the resemblance between disparate parts of the genome?
microbes
In which organisms does horizontal gene transfer appear to occur commonly?
chloroplast and mitochondrial genomes
Parts of which organelle genomes are thought to have ended up in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells via transfer?
comprehensive school
What kind of school does not base its admissions on academic merit?
selective school system
What kind of school system uses academic success to judge admissions?
England and Wales
What countries used comprehensive schools extensively?
90%
How many secondary school students attend comprehensive schools in England?
Gesamtschule
What is the German analogue of the comprehensive school?
design and technology and vocational learning
What are some areas of learning in comprehensive schools that were not found often in grammar schools?
Sixth Form colleges and Further Education Colleges
What two kinds of schools were developed in response to the costs of post-16 comprehensive school education?
City Technology Colleges and Specialist schools programmes
Which types of school projects have called the model of comprehensive schools into question?
164
How many selective grammar schools are still currently functioning in England and Wales?
1965
In what year were comprehensive schools first created?
neighbourhood
What is a word that can be used to describe the scope of a comprehensive school's intake?
Academies Programme, Free Schools and University Technical Colleges
What are some new initiatives that may impact the concept of comprehensive schools?
1970s
In what decade did Finland begin employing comprehensive schools?
7 to 16
What age ranges does Finnish comprehensive school cover?
comprehensive
What type of school is the Gesamtschule?
remedial
What kinds of courses are offered to students who are not experiencing academic success?
the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur
What are the different kinds of certificates that Gesamtschule students can earn?
50%
What percentage of Brandenburg students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?
less than 1%
What percentage of Bavarian students went to a Gesamtschule in 2007?
Stadtteilschule
What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Hamburg?
Sekundarschule
What was the combination of Hauptschulen with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen called in Berlin?
2010/2011
In what school year were Hauptschulen first combined with Realschulen and Gesamtschulen?
college preparatory classes
What kind of classes are not offered in Mittelschule?
Abitur
What certificate is not available to Mittelschule students?
Hauptschule
What kind of school is not available in some parts of Germany?
grade inflation
What type of misconduct have comprehensive schools been alleged of engaging in?
Barbara Sommer
Which German minister criticized comprehensive schools' ability to help students succeed?
Sigrid Beer
Which German politician defended comprehensive schools?
Christian Democratic Union
Which party does Barbara Sommer belong to?
Alliance '90/The Greens
Which party does Sigrid Beer belong to?
bright working class students
Who could be made vulnerable by the Gasemtschulen?
middle class peers
From what group does an achievement gap separate working class students at comprehensive schools?
Hauptschule
At which school do students achieve the least success?
Helmut Fend
Who conducted a study on comprehensive schools?
tripartite system
To which system did Fend compare comprehensive school alumni?
1972
When was the first comprehensive school opened in Gibraltar?
sixth form
Where can students go after finishing comprehensive school in Gibraltar?
A-levels
What examinations do students prepare for in the sixth form?
1966
When did Ireland first open comprehensive schools?
Patrick Hillery
Who was responsible for creating comprehensive schools in Ireland?
vocational school system
What was the only state-run educational system in Ireland prior to comprehensive schools?
community school
What type of school has surpassed comprehensive schools in Ireland?
1970s
In what decade were community schools conceived?
The state
Who owns the land on which Irish comprehensive schools are found?
the denominational basis of the schools
What did the community school system remove from the comprehensive school model?
Community colleges
What is a term for a grouping of local schools that cannot exist independently?
1946
In what year was the Walworth School established?
London County Council
Who established the Walworth School?
Holyhead County School
What comprehensive school was established in Anglesey?
1949
When was Holyhead County School established?
Woodlands Boys School
Which comprehensive school openend in coventry?
Anthony Crosland
Who was responsible for the proliferation of comprehensive schools in 1965?