text-classification bool 2 classes | text stringlengths 0 664k |
|---|---|
false |
# Dataset Card for "openwebtext"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://skylion007.github.io/OpenWebTextCorpus/](https://skylion007.github.io/OpenWebTextCorpus/)
- **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Paper:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 13.51 GB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 41.70 GB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 55.21 GB
### Dataset Summary
An open-source replication of the WebText dataset from OpenAI, that was used to train GPT-2.
This distribution was created by Aaron Gokaslan and Vanya Cohen of Brown University.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### plain_text
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 13.51 GB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 41.70 GB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 55.21 GB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{
"text": "\"A magazine supplement with an image of Adolf Hitler and the title 'The Unreadable Book' is pictured in Berlin. No law bans “Mei..."
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### plain_text
- `text`: a `string` feature.
### Data Splits
| name | train |
|------------|--------:|
| plain_text | 8013769 |
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
The authors started by extracting all Reddit post urls from the Reddit submissions dataset. These links were deduplicated, filtered to exclude non-html content, and then shuffled randomly. The links were then distributed to several machines in parallel for download, and all web pages were extracted using the newspaper python package. Using Facebook FastText, non-English web pages were filtered out.
Subsequently, near-duplicate documents were identified using local-sensitivity hashing (LSH). Documents were hashed into sets of 5-grams and all documents that had a similarity threshold of greater than 0.5 were removed. The the remaining documents were tokenized, and documents with fewer than 128 tokens were removed. This left 38GB of text data (40GB using SI units) from 8,013,769 documents.
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
The dataset doesn't contain annotations.
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
These data are released under this licensing scheme from the original authors ([source](https://skylion007.github.io/OpenWebTextCorpus/)):
```
We do not own any of the text from which these data has been extracted.
We license the actual packaging of these parallel data under the [Creative Commons CC0 license (“no rights reserved”)](https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/)
```
#### Notice policy
Should you consider that our data contains material that is owned by you and should therefore not be reproduced here, please:
Clearly identify yourself, with detailed contact data such as an address, telephone number or email address at which you can be contacted.
Clearly identify the copyrighted work claimed to be infringed.
Clearly identify the material that is claimed to be infringing and information reasonably sufficient to allow us to locate the material.
And contact us at the following email address: openwebtext at gmail.com and datasets at huggingface.co
#### Take down policy
The original authors will comply to legitimate requests by removing the affected sources from the next release of the corpus.
Hugging Face will also update this repository accordingly.
### Citation Information
```
@misc{Gokaslan2019OpenWeb,
title={OpenWebText Corpus},
author={Aaron Gokaslan*, Vanya Cohen*, Ellie Pavlick, Stefanie Tellex},
howpublished{\url{http://Skylion007.github.io/OpenWebTextCorpus}},
year={2019}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@richarddwang](https://github.com/richarddwang) for adding this dataset.
|
true |
# Dataset Card for GLUE
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Card for GLUE](#dataset-card-for-glue)
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [ax](#ax)
- [cola](#cola)
- [mnli](#mnli)
- [mnli_matched](#mnli_matched)
- [mnli_mismatched](#mnli_mismatched)
- [mrpc](#mrpc)
- [qnli](#qnli)
- [qqp](#qqp)
- [rte](#rte)
- [sst2](#sst2)
- [stsb](#stsb)
- [wnli](#wnli)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [ax](#ax-1)
- [cola](#cola-1)
- [mnli](#mnli-1)
- [mnli_matched](#mnli_matched-1)
- [mnli_mismatched](#mnli_mismatched-1)
- [mrpc](#mrpc-1)
- [qnli](#qnli-1)
- [qqp](#qqp-1)
- [rte](#rte-1)
- [sst2](#sst2-1)
- [stsb](#stsb-1)
- [wnli](#wnli-1)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [ax](#ax-2)
- [cola](#cola-2)
- [mnli](#mnli-2)
- [mnli_matched](#mnli_matched-2)
- [mnli_mismatched](#mnli_mismatched-2)
- [mrpc](#mrpc-2)
- [qnli](#qnli-2)
- [qqp](#qqp-2)
- [rte](#rte-2)
- [sst2](#sst2-2)
- [stsb](#stsb-2)
- [wnli](#wnli-2)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [ax](#ax-3)
- [cola](#cola-3)
- [mnli](#mnli-3)
- [mnli_matched](#mnli_matched-3)
- [mnli_mismatched](#mnli_mismatched-3)
- [mrpc](#mrpc-3)
- [qnli](#qnli-3)
- [qqp](#qqp-3)
- [rte](#rte-3)
- [sst2](#sst2-3)
- [stsb](#stsb-3)
- [wnli](#wnli-3)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Initial Data Collection and Normalization](#initial-data-collection-and-normalization)
- [Who are the source language producers?](#who-are-the-source-language-producers)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Annotation process](#annotation-process)
- [Who are the annotators?](#who-are-the-annotators)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://nyu-mll.github.io/CoLA/](https://nyu-mll.github.io/CoLA/)
- **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Paper:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 1.00 GB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 240.84 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 1.24 GB
### Dataset Summary
GLUE, the General Language Understanding Evaluation benchmark (https://gluebenchmark.com/) is a collection of resources for training, evaluating, and analyzing natural language understanding systems.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
The leaderboard for the GLUE benchmark can be found [at this address](https://gluebenchmark.com/). It comprises the following tasks:
#### ax
A manually-curated evaluation dataset for fine-grained analysis of system performance on a broad range of linguistic phenomena. This dataset evaluates sentence understanding through Natural Language Inference (NLI) problems. Use a model trained on MulitNLI to produce predictions for this dataset.
#### cola
The Corpus of Linguistic Acceptability consists of English acceptability judgments drawn from books and journal articles on linguistic theory. Each example is a sequence of words annotated with whether it is a grammatical English sentence.
#### mnli
The Multi-Genre Natural Language Inference Corpus is a crowdsourced collection of sentence pairs with textual entailment annotations. Given a premise sentence and a hypothesis sentence, the task is to predict whether the premise entails the hypothesis (entailment), contradicts the hypothesis (contradiction), or neither (neutral). The premise sentences are gathered from ten different sources, including transcribed speech, fiction, and government reports. The authors of the benchmark use the standard test set, for which they obtained private labels from the RTE authors, and evaluate on both the matched (in-domain) and mismatched (cross-domain) section. They also uses and recommend the SNLI corpus as 550k examples of auxiliary training data.
#### mnli_matched
The matched validation and test splits from MNLI. See the "mnli" BuilderConfig for additional information.
#### mnli_mismatched
The mismatched validation and test splits from MNLI. See the "mnli" BuilderConfig for additional information.
#### mrpc
The Microsoft Research Paraphrase Corpus (Dolan & Brockett, 2005) is a corpus of sentence pairs automatically extracted from online news sources, with human annotations for whether the sentences in the pair are semantically equivalent.
#### qnli
The Stanford Question Answering Dataset is a question-answering dataset consisting of question-paragraph pairs, where one of the sentences in the paragraph (drawn from Wikipedia) contains the answer to the corresponding question (written by an annotator). The authors of the benchmark convert the task into sentence pair classification by forming a pair between each question and each sentence in the corresponding context, and filtering out pairs with low lexical overlap between the question and the context sentence. The task is to determine whether the context sentence contains the answer to the question. This modified version of the original task removes the requirement that the model select the exact answer, but also removes the simplifying assumptions that the answer is always present in the input and that lexical overlap is a reliable cue.
#### qqp
The Quora Question Pairs2 dataset is a collection of question pairs from the community question-answering website Quora. The task is to determine whether a pair of questions are semantically equivalent.
#### rte
The Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE) datasets come from a series of annual textual entailment challenges. The authors of the benchmark combined the data from RTE1 (Dagan et al., 2006), RTE2 (Bar Haim et al., 2006), RTE3 (Giampiccolo et al., 2007), and RTE5 (Bentivogli et al., 2009). Examples are constructed based on news and Wikipedia text. The authors of the benchmark convert all datasets to a two-class split, where for three-class datasets they collapse neutral and contradiction into not entailment, for consistency.
#### sst2
The Stanford Sentiment Treebank consists of sentences from movie reviews and human annotations of their sentiment. The task is to predict the sentiment of a given sentence. It uses the two-way (positive/negative) class split, with only sentence-level labels.
#### stsb
The Semantic Textual Similarity Benchmark (Cer et al., 2017) is a collection of sentence pairs drawn from news headlines, video and image captions, and natural language inference data. Each pair is human-annotated with a similarity score from 1 to 5.
#### wnli
The Winograd Schema Challenge (Levesque et al., 2011) is a reading comprehension task in which a system must read a sentence with a pronoun and select the referent of that pronoun from a list of choices. The examples are manually constructed to foil simple statistical methods: Each one is contingent on contextual information provided by a single word or phrase in the sentence. To convert the problem into sentence pair classification, the authors of the benchmark construct sentence pairs by replacing the ambiguous pronoun with each possible referent. The task is to predict if the sentence with the pronoun substituted is entailed by the original sentence. They use a small evaluation set consisting of new examples derived from fiction books that was shared privately by the authors of the original corpus. While the included training set is balanced between two classes, the test set is imbalanced between them (65% not entailment). Also, due to a data quirk, the development set is adversarial: hypotheses are sometimes shared between training and development examples, so if a model memorizes the training examples, they will predict the wrong label on corresponding development set example. As with QNLI, each example is evaluated separately, so there is not a systematic correspondence between a model's score on this task and its score on the unconverted original task. The authors of the benchmark call converted dataset WNLI (Winograd NLI).
### Languages
The language data in GLUE is in English (BCP-47 `en`)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### ax
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 0.22 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 0.24 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 0.46 MB
An example of 'test' looks as follows.
```
{
"premise": "The cat sat on the mat.",
"hypothesis": "The cat did not sit on the mat.",
"label": -1,
"idx: 0
}
```
#### cola
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 0.38 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 0.61 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 0.99 MB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
{
"sentence": "Our friends won't buy this analysis, let alone the next one we propose.",
"label": 1,
"id": 0
}
```
#### mnli
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 312.78 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 82.47 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 395.26 MB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
{
"premise": "Conceptually cream skimming has two basic dimensions - product and geography.",
"hypothesis": "Product and geography are what make cream skimming work.",
"label": 1,
"idx": 0
}
```
#### mnli_matched
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 312.78 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 3.69 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 316.48 MB
An example of 'test' looks as follows.
```
{
"premise": "Hierbas, ans seco, ans dulce, and frigola are just a few names worth keeping a look-out for.",
"hypothesis": "Hierbas is a name worth looking out for.",
"label": -1,
"idx": 0
}
```
#### mnli_mismatched
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 312.78 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 3.91 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 316.69 MB
An example of 'test' looks as follows.
```
{
"premise": "What have you decided, what are you going to do?",
"hypothesis": "So what's your decision?,
"label": -1,
"idx": 0
}
```
#### mrpc
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### qnli
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### qqp
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### rte
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### sst2
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### stsb
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### wnli
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### ax
- `premise`: a `string` feature.
- `hypothesis`: a `string` feature.
- `label`: a classification label, with possible values including `entailment` (0), `neutral` (1), `contradiction` (2).
- `idx`: a `int32` feature.
#### cola
- `sentence`: a `string` feature.
- `label`: a classification label, with possible values including `unacceptable` (0), `acceptable` (1).
- `idx`: a `int32` feature.
#### mnli
- `premise`: a `string` feature.
- `hypothesis`: a `string` feature.
- `label`: a classification label, with possible values including `entailment` (0), `neutral` (1), `contradiction` (2).
- `idx`: a `int32` feature.
#### mnli_matched
- `premise`: a `string` feature.
- `hypothesis`: a `string` feature.
- `label`: a classification label, with possible values including `entailment` (0), `neutral` (1), `contradiction` (2).
- `idx`: a `int32` feature.
#### mnli_mismatched
- `premise`: a `string` feature.
- `hypothesis`: a `string` feature.
- `label`: a classification label, with possible values including `entailment` (0), `neutral` (1), `contradiction` (2).
- `idx`: a `int32` feature.
#### mrpc
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### qnli
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### qqp
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### rte
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### sst2
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### stsb
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### wnli
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Data Splits
#### ax
| |test|
|---|---:|
|ax |1104|
#### cola
| |train|validation|test|
|----|----:|---------:|---:|
|cola| 8551| 1043|1063|
#### mnli
| |train |validation_matched|validation_mismatched|test_matched|test_mismatched|
|----|-----:|-----------------:|--------------------:|-----------:|--------------:|
|mnli|392702| 9815| 9832| 9796| 9847|
#### mnli_matched
| |validation|test|
|------------|---------:|---:|
|mnli_matched| 9815|9796|
#### mnli_mismatched
| |validation|test|
|---------------|---------:|---:|
|mnli_mismatched| 9832|9847|
#### mrpc
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### qnli
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### qqp
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### rte
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### sst2
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### stsb
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### wnli
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Citation Information
```
@article{warstadt2018neural,
title={Neural Network Acceptability Judgments},
author={Warstadt, Alex and Singh, Amanpreet and Bowman, Samuel R},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1805.12471},
year={2018}
}
@inproceedings{wang2019glue,
title={{GLUE}: A Multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understanding},
author={Wang, Alex and Singh, Amanpreet and Michael, Julian and Hill, Felix and Levy, Omer and Bowman, Samuel R.},
note={In the Proceedings of ICLR.},
year={2019}
}
Note that each GLUE dataset has its own citation. Please see the source to see
the correct citation for each contained dataset.
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@patpizio](https://github.com/patpizio), [@jeswan](https://github.com/jeswan), [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf), [@patrickvonplaten](https://github.com/patrickvonplaten), [@mariamabarham](https://github.com/mariamabarham) for adding this dataset. |
true |
# Dataset Card for JGLUE
[](https://github.com/shunk031/huggingface-datasets_JGLUE/actions/workflows/ci.yaml)
[](https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.317)
## Table of Contents
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** https://github.com/yahoojapan/JGLUE
- **Repository:** https://github.com/shunk031/huggingface-datasets_JGLUE
### Dataset Summary
From [the official README.md](https://github.com/yahoojapan/JGLUE#jglue-japanese-general-language-understanding-evaluation):
> JGLUE, Japanese General Language Understanding Evaluation, is built to measure the general NLU ability in Japanese. JGLUE has been constructed from scratch without translation. We hope that JGLUE will facilitate NLU research in Japanese.
> JGLUE has been constructed by a joint research project of Yahoo Japan Corporation and Kawahara Lab at Waseda University.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
From [the official README.md](https://github.com/yahoojapan/JGLUE#tasksdatasets):
> JGLUE consists of the tasks of text classification, sentence pair classification, and QA. Each task consists of multiple datasets.
#### Supported Tasks
##### MARC-ja
From [the official README.md](https://github.com/yahoojapan/JGLUE#marc-ja):
> MARC-ja is a dataset of the text classification task. This dataset is based on the Japanese portion of [Multilingual Amazon Reviews Corpus (MARC)](https://docs.opendata.aws/amazon-reviews-ml/readme.html) ([Keung+, 2020](https://aclanthology.org/2020.emnlp-main.369/)).
##### JSTS
From [the official README.md](https://github.com/yahoojapan/JGLUE#jsts):
> JSTS is a Japanese version of the STS (Semantic Textual Similarity) dataset. STS is a task to estimate the semantic similarity of a sentence pair. The sentences in JSTS and JNLI (described below) are extracted from the Japanese version of the MS COCO Caption Dataset, [the YJ Captions Dataset](https://github.com/yahoojapan/YJCaptions) ([Miyazaki and Shimizu, 2016](https://aclanthology.org/P16-1168/)).
##### JNLI
From [the official README.md](https://github.com/yahoojapan/JGLUE#jnli):
> JNLI is a Japanese version of the NLI (Natural Language Inference) dataset. NLI is a task to recognize the inference relation that a premise sentence has to a hypothesis sentence. The inference relations are entailment, contradiction, and neutral.
##### JSQuAD
From [the official README.md](https://github.com/yahoojapan/JGLUE#jsquad):
> JSQuAD is a Japanese version of [SQuAD](https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/) ([Rajpurkar+, 2018](https://aclanthology.org/P18-2124/)), one of the datasets of reading comprehension. Each instance in the dataset consists of a question regarding a given context (Wikipedia article) and its answer. JSQuAD is based on SQuAD 1.1 (there are no unanswerable questions). We used [the Japanese Wikipedia dump](https://dumps.wikimedia.org/jawiki/) as of 20211101.
##### JCommonsenseQA
From [the official README.md](https://github.com/yahoojapan/JGLUE#jcommonsenseqa):
> JCommonsenseQA is a Japanese version of [CommonsenseQA](https://www.tau-nlp.org/commonsenseqa) ([Talmor+, 2019](https://aclanthology.org/N19-1421/)), which is a multiple-choice question answering dataset that requires commonsense reasoning ability. It is built using crowdsourcing with seeds extracted from the knowledge base [ConceptNet](https://conceptnet.io/).
#### Leaderboard
From [the official README.md](https://github.com/yahoojapan/JGLUE#leaderboard):
> A leaderboard will be made public soon. The test set will be released at that time.
### Languages
The language data in JGLUE is in Japanese ([BCP-47 ja-JP](https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/bcp47)).
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
When loading a specific configuration, users has to append a version dependent suffix:
#### MARC-ja
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("shunk031/JGLUE", name="MARC-ja")
print(dataset)
# DatasetDict({
# train: Dataset({
# features: ['sentence', 'label', 'review_id'],
# num_rows: 187528
# })
# validation: Dataset({
# features: ['sentence', 'label', 'review_id'],
# num_rows: 5654
# })
# })
```
#### JSTS
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("shunk031/JGLUE", name="JSTS")
print(dataset)
# DatasetDict({
# train: Dataset({
# features: ['sentence_pair_id', 'yjcaptions_id', 'sentence1', 'sentence2', 'label'],
# num_rows: 12451
# })
# validation: Dataset({
# features: ['sentence_pair_id', 'yjcaptions_id', 'sentence1', 'sentence2', 'label'],
# num_rows: 1457
# })
# })
```
An example of the JSTS dataset looks as follows:
```json
{
"sentence_pair_id": "691",
"yjcaptions_id": "127202-129817-129818",
"sentence1": "街中の道路を大きなバスが走っています。 (A big bus is running on the road in the city.)",
"sentence2": "道路を大きなバスが走っています。 (There is a big bus running on the road.)",
"label": 4.4
}
```
#### JNLI
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("shunk031/JGLUE", name="JNLI")
print(dataset)
# DatasetDict({
# train: Dataset({
# features: ['sentence_pair_id', 'yjcaptions_id', 'sentence1', 'sentence2', 'label'],
# num_rows: 20073
# })
# validation: Dataset({
# features: ['sentence_pair_id', 'yjcaptions_id', 'sentence1', 'sentence2', 'label'],
# num_rows: 2434
# })
# })
```
An example of the JNLI dataset looks as follows:
```json
{
"sentence_pair_id": "1157",
"yjcaptions_id": "127202-129817-129818",
"sentence1": "街中の道路を大きなバスが走っています。 (A big bus is running on the road in the city.)",
"sentence2": "道路を大きなバスが走っています。 (There is a big bus running on the road.)",
"label": "entailment"
}
```
#### JSQuAD
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("shunk031/JGLUE", name="JSQuAD")
print(dataset)
# DatasetDict({
# train: Dataset({
# features: ['id', 'title', 'context', 'question', 'answers', 'is_impossible'],
# num_rows: 62859
# })
# validation: Dataset({
# features: ['id', 'title', 'context', 'question', 'answers', 'is_impossible'],
# num_rows: 4442
# })
# })
```
An example of the JSQuAD looks as follows:
```json
{
"id": "a1531320p0q0",
"title": "東海道新幹線",
"context": "東海道新幹線 [SEP] 1987 年（昭和 62 年）4 月 1 日の国鉄分割民営化により、JR 東海が運営を継承した。西日本旅客鉄道（JR 西日本）が継承した山陽新幹線とは相互乗り入れが行われており、東海道新幹線区間のみで運転される列車にも JR 西日本所有の車両が使用されることがある。2020 年（令和 2 年）3 月現在、東京駅 - 新大阪駅間の所要時間は最速 2 時間 21 分、最高速度 285 km/h で運行されている。",
"question": "2020 年（令和 2 年）3 月現在、東京駅 - 新大阪駅間の最高速度はどのくらいか。",
"answers": {
"text": ["285 km/h"],
"answer_start": [182]
},
"is_impossible": false
}
```
#### JCommonsenseQA
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
dataset = load_dataset("shunk031/JGLUE", name="JCommonsenseQA")
print(dataset)
# DatasetDict({
# train: Dataset({
# features: ['q_id', 'question', 'choice0', 'choice1', 'choice2', 'choice3', 'choice4', 'label'],
# num_rows: 8939
# })
# validation: Dataset({
# features: ['q_id', 'question', 'choice0', 'choice1', 'choice2', 'choice3', 'choice4', 'label'],
# num_rows: 1119
# })
# })
```
An example of the JCommonsenseQA looks as follows:
```json
{
"q_id": 3016,
"question": "会社の最高責任者を何というか？ (What do you call the chief executive officer of a company?)",
"choice0": "社長 (president)",
"choice1": "教師 (teacher)",
"choice2": "部長 (manager)",
"choice3": "バイト (part-time worker)",
"choice4": "部下 (subordinate)",
"label": 0
}
```
### Data Fields
#### MARC-ja
- `sentence_pair_id`: ID of the sentence pair
- `yjcaptions_id`: sentence ids in yjcaptions (explained below)
- `sentence1`: first sentence
- `sentence2`: second sentence
- `label`: sentence similarity: 5 (equivalent meaning) - 0 (completely different meaning)
##### Explanation for `yjcaptions_id`
From [the official README.md](https://github.com/yahoojapan/JGLUE#explanation-for-yjcaptions_id), there are the following two cases:
1. sentence pairs in one image: `(image id)-(sentence1 id)-(sentence2 id)`
- e.g., 723-844-847
- a sentence id starting with "g" means a sentence generated by a crowdworker (e.g., 69501-75698-g103): only for JNLI
2. sentence pairs in two images: `(image id of sentence1)_(image id of sentence2)-(sentence1 id)-(sentence2 id)`
- e.g., 91337_217583-96105-91680
#### JNLI
- `sentence_pair_id`: ID of the sentence pair
- `yjcaptions_id`: sentence ids in the yjcaptions
- `sentence1`: premise sentence
- `sentence2`: hypothesis sentence
- `label`: inference relation
#### JSQuAD
- `title`: title of a Wikipedia article
- `paragraphs`: a set of paragraphs
- `qas`: a set of pairs of a question and its answer
- `question`: question
- `id`: id of a question
- `answers`: a set of answers
- `text`: answer text
- `answer_start`: start position (character index)
- `is_impossible`: all the values are false
- `context`: a concatenation of the title and paragraph
#### JCommonsenseQA
- `q_id`: ID of the question
- `question`: question
- `choice{0..4}`: choice
- `label`: correct choice id
### Data Splits
From [the official README.md](https://github.com/yahoojapan/JGLUE/blob/main/README.md#tasksdatasets):
> Only train/dev sets are available now, and the test set will be available after the leaderboard is made public.
| Task | Dataset | Train | Dev | Test |
|------------------------------|----------------|--------:|------:|------:|
| Text Classification | MARC-ja | 187,528 | 5,654 | 5,639 |
| | JCoLA† | - | - | - |
| Sentence Pair Classification | JSTS | 12,451 | 1,457 | 1,589 |
| | JNLI | 20,073 | 2,434 | 2,508 |
| Question Answering | JSQuAD | 62,859 | 4,442 | 4,420 |
| | JCommonsenseQA | 8,939 | 1,119 | 1,118 |
> †JCoLA will be added soon.
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
From [the original paper](https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.317/):
> JGLUE is designed to cover a wide range of GLUE and SuperGLUE tasks and consists of three kinds of tasks: text classification, sentence pair classification, and question answering.
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the source language producers?
- The source language producers are users of Amazon (MARC-ja), crowd-workers of Yahoo! Crowdsourcing (JSTS, JNLI and JCommonsenseQA), writers of the Japanese Wikipedia (JSQuAD).
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
##### MARC-ja
From [the original paper](https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.317/):
> As one of the text classification datasets, we build a dataset based on the Multilingual Amazon Reviews Corpus (MARC) (Keung et al., 2020). MARC is a multilingual corpus of product reviews with 5-level star ratings (1-5) on the Amazon shopping site. This corpus covers six languages, including English and Japanese. For JGLUE, we use the Japanese part of MARC and to make it easy for both humans and computers to judge a class label, we cast the text classification task as a binary classification task, where 1- and 2-star ratings are converted to “negative”, and 4 and 5 are converted to “positive”. We do not use reviews with a 3-star rating.
> One of the problems with MARC is that it sometimes contains data where the rating diverges from the review text. This happens, for example, when a review with positive content is given a rating of 1 or 2. These data degrade the quality of our dataset. To improve the quality of the dev/test instances used for evaluation, we crowdsource a positive/negative judgment task for approximately 12,000 reviews. We adopt only reviews with the same votes from 7 or more out of 10 workers and assign a label of the maximum votes to these reviews. We divide the resulting reviews into dev/test data.
> We obtained 5,654 and 5,639 instances for the dev and test data, respectively, through the above procedure. For the training data, we extracted 187,528 instances directly from MARC without performing the cleaning procedure because of the large number of training instances. The statistics of MARC-ja are listed in Table 2. For the evaluation metric for MARC-ja, we use accuracy because it is a binary classification task of texts.
##### JSTS and JNLI
From [the original paper](https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.317/):
> For the sentence pair classification datasets, we construct a semantic textual similarity (STS) dataset, JSTS, and a natural language inference (NLI) dataset, JNLI.
> ### Overview
> STS is a task of estimating the semantic similarity of a sentence pair. Gold similarity is usually assigned as an average of the integer values 0 (completely different meaning) to 5 (equivalent meaning) assigned by multiple workers through crowdsourcing.
> NLI is a task of recognizing the inference relation that a premise sentence has to a hypothesis sentence. Inference relations are generally defined by three labels: “entailment”, “contradiction”, and “neutral”. Gold inference relations are often assigned by majority voting after collecting answers from multiple workers through crowdsourcing.
> For the STS and NLI tasks, STS-B (Cer et al., 2017) and MultiNLI (Williams et al., 2018) are included in GLUE, respectively. As Japanese datasets, JSNLI (Yoshikoshi et al., 2020) is a machine translated dataset of the NLI dataset SNLI (Stanford NLI), and JSICK (Yanaka and Mineshima, 2021) is a human translated dataset of the STS/NLI dataset SICK (Marelli et al., 2014). As mentioned in Section 1, these have problems originating from automatic/manual translations. To solve this problem, we construct STS/NLI datasets in Japanese from scratch. We basically extract sentence pairs in JSTS and JNLI from the Japanese version of the MS COCO Caption Dataset (Chen et al., 2015), the YJ Captions Dataset (Miyazaki and Shimizu, 2016). Most of the sentence pairs in JSTS and JNLI overlap, allowing us to analyze the relationship between similarities and inference relations for the same sentence pairs like SICK and JSICK.
> The similarity value in JSTS is assigned a real number from 0 to 5 as in STS-B. The inference relation in JNLI is assigned from the above three labels as in SNLI and MultiNLI. The definitions of the inference relations are also based on SNLI.
> ### Method of Construction
> Our construction flow for JSTS and JNLI is shown in Figure 1. Basically, two captions for the same image of YJ Captions are used as sentence pairs. For these sentence pairs, similarities and NLI relations of entailment and neutral are obtained by crowdsourcing. However, it is difficult to collect sentence pairs with low similarity and contradiction relations from captions for the same image. To solve this problem, we collect sentence pairs with low similarity from captions for different images. We collect contradiction relations by asking workers to write contradictory sentences for a given caption.
> The detailed construction procedure for JSTS and JNLI is described below.
> 1. We crowdsource an STS task using two captions for the same image from YJ Captions. We ask five workers to answer the similarity between two captions and take the mean value as the gold similarity. We delete sentence pairs with a large variance in the answers because such pairs have poor answer quality. We performed this task on 16,000 sentence pairs and deleted sentence pairs with a similarity variance of 1.0 or higher, resulting in the collection of 10,236 sentence pairs with gold similarity. We refer to this collected data as JSTS-A.
> 2. To collect sentence pairs with low similarity, we crowdsource the same STS task as Step 1 using sentence pairs of captions for different images. We conducted this task on 4,000 sentence pairs and collected 2,970 sentence pairs with gold similarity. We refer to this collected data as JSTS-B.
> 3. For JSTS-A, we crowdsource an NLI task. Since inference relations are directional, we obtain inference relations in both directions for sentence pairs. As mentioned earlier,it is difficult to collect instances of contradiction from JSTS-A, which was collected from the captions of the same images,and thus we collect instances of entailment and neutral in this step. We collect inference relation answers from 10 workers. If six or more people give the same answer, we adopt it as the gold label if it is entailment or neutral. To obtain inference relations in both directions for JSTS-A, we performed this task on 20,472 sentence pairs, twice as many as JSTS-A. As a result, we collected inference relations for 17,501 sentence pairs. We refer to this collected data as JNLI-A. We do not use JSTS-B for the NLI task because it is difficult to define and determine the inference relations between captions of different images.
> 4. To collect NLI instances of contradiction, we crowdsource a task of writing four contradictory sentences for each caption in YJCaptions. From the written sentences, we remove sentence pairs with an edit distance of 0.75 or higher to remove low-quality sentences, such as short sentences and sentences with low relevance to the original sentence. Furthermore, we perform a one-way NLI task with 10 workers to verify whether the created sentence pairs are contradictory. Only the sentence pairs answered as contradiction by at least six workers are adopted. Finally,since the contradiction relation has no direction, we automatically assign contradiction in the opposite direction of the adopted sentence pairs. Using 1,800 captions, we acquired 7,200 sentence pairs, from which we collected 3,779 sentence pairs to which we assigned the one-way contradiction relation.By automatically assigning the contradiction relation in the opposite direction, we doubled the number of instances to 7,558. We refer to this collected data as JNLI-C.
> 5. For the 3,779 sentence pairs collected in Step 4, we crowdsource an STS task, assigning similarity and filtering in the same way as in Steps1 and 2. In this way, we collected 2,303 sentence pairs with gold similarity from 3,779 pairs. We refer to this collected data as JSTS-C.
##### JSQuAD
From [the original paper](https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.317/):
> As QA datasets, we build a Japanese version of SQuAD (Rajpurkar et al., 2016), one of the datasets of reading comprehension, and a Japanese version ofCommonsenseQA, which is explained in the next section.
> Reading comprehension is the task of reading a document and answering questions about it. Many reading comprehension evaluation sets have been built in English, followed by those in other languages or multilingual ones.
> In Japanese, reading comprehension datasets for quizzes (Suzukietal.,2018) and those in the drivingdomain (Takahashi et al., 2019) have been built, but none are in the general domain. We use Wikipedia to build a dataset for the general domain. The construction process is basically based on SQuAD 1.1 (Rajpurkar et al., 2016).
> First, to extract high-quality articles from Wikipedia, we use Nayuki, which estimates the quality of articles on the basis of hyperlinks in Wikipedia. We randomly chose 822 articles from the top-ranked 10,000 articles. For example, the articles include “熊本県 (Kumamoto Prefecture)” and “フランス料理 (French cuisine)”. Next, we divide an article into paragraphs, present each paragraph to crowdworkers, and ask them to write questions and answers that can be answered if one understands the paragraph. Figure 2 shows an example of JSQuAD. We ask workers to write two additional answers for the dev and test sets to make the system evaluation robust.
##### JCommonsenseQA
From [the original paper](https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.317/):
> ### Overview
> JCommonsenseQA is a Japanese version of CommonsenseQA (Talmor et al., 2019), which consists of five choice QA to evaluate commonsense reasoning ability. Figure 3 shows examples of JCommonsenseQA. In the same way as CommonsenseQA, JCommonsenseQA is built using crowdsourcing with seeds extracted from the knowledge base ConceptNet (Speer et al., 2017). ConceptNet is a multilingual knowledge base that consists of triplets of two concepts and their relation. The triplets are directional and represented as (source concept, relation, target concept), for example (bullet train, AtLocation, station).
> ### Method of Construction
> The construction flow for JCommonsenseQA is shown in Figure 4. First, we collect question sets (QSs) from ConceptNet, each of which consists of a source concept and three target concepts that have the same relation to the source concept. Next, for each QS, we crowdAtLocation 2961source a task of writing a question with only one target concept as the answer and a task of adding two distractors. We describe the detailed construction procedure for JCommonsenseQA below, showing how it differs from CommonsenseQA.
> 1. We collect Japanese QSs from ConceptNet. CommonsenseQA uses only forward relations (source concept, relation, target concept) excluding general ones such as “RelatedTo” and “IsA”. JCommonsenseQA similarly uses a set of 22 relations5, excluding general ones, but the direction of the relations is bidirectional to make the questions more diverse. In other words, we also use relations in the opposite direction (source concept, relation−1, target concept).6 With this setup, we extracted 43,566 QSs with Japanese source/target concepts and randomly selected 7,500 from them.
> 2. Some low-quality questions in CommonsenseQA contain distractors that can be considered to be an answer. To improve the quality of distractors, we add the following two processes that are not adopted in CommonsenseQA. First, if three target concepts of a QS include a spelling variation or a synonym of one another, this QS is removed. To identify spelling variations, we use the word ID of the morphological dictionary Juman Dic7. Second, we crowdsource a task of judging whether target concepts contain a synonym. As a result, we adopted 5,920 QSs from 7,500.
> 3. For each QS, we crowdsource a task of writing a question sentence in which only one from the three target concepts is an answer. In the example shown in Figure 4, “駅 (station)” is an answer, and the others are distractors. To remove low quality question sentences, we remove the following question sentences.
> - Question sentences that contain a choice word(this is because such a question is easily solved).
> - Question sentences that contain the expression “XX characters”.8 (XX is a number).
> - Improperly formatted question sentences that do not end with “?”.
> - As a result, 5,920 × 3 = 17,760question sentences were created, from which we adopted 15,310 by removing inappropriate question sentences.
> 4. In CommonsenseQA, when adding distractors, one is selected from ConceptNet, and the other is created by crowdsourcing. In JCommonsenseQA, to have a wider variety of distractors, two distractors are created by crowdsourcing instead of selecting from ConceptNet. To improve the quality of the questions9, we remove questions whose added distractors fall into one of the following categories:
> - Distractors are included in a question sentence.
> - Distractors overlap with one of existing choices.
> - As a result, distractors were added to the 15,310 questions, of which we adopted 13,906.
> 5. We asked three crowdworkers to answer each question and adopt only those answered correctly by at least two workers. As a result, we adopted 11,263 out of the 13,906 questions.
#### Who are the annotators?
From [the official README.md](https://github.com/yahoojapan/JGLUE/blob/main/README.md#tasksdatasets):
> We use Yahoo! Crowdsourcing for all crowdsourcing tasks in constructing the datasets.
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
From [the original paper](https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.317/):
> We build a Japanese NLU benchmark, JGLUE, from scratch without translation to measure the general NLU ability in Japanese. We hope that JGLUE will facilitate NLU research in Japanese.
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
- 日本語言語理解ベンチマーク JGLUE の構築 〜 自然言語処理モデルの評価用データセットを公開しました - Yahoo! JAPAN Tech Blog https://techblog.yahoo.co.jp/entry/2022122030379907/
### Dataset Curators
#### MARC-ja
- Keung, Phillip, et al. "The Multilingual Amazon Reviews Corpus." Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). 2020.
#### JSTS and JNLI
- Miyazaki, Takashi, and Nobuyuki Shimizu. "Cross-lingual image caption generation." Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). 2016.
#### JSQuAD
The authors curated the original data for JSQuAD from the Japanese wikipedia dump.
#### JCommonsenseQA
In the same way as CommonsenseQA, JCommonsenseQA is built using crowdsourcing with seeds extracted from the knowledge base ConceptNet
### Licensing Information
> This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
### Citation Information
```bibtex
@inproceedings{kurihara-etal-2022-jglue,
title = "{JGLUE}: {J}apanese General Language Understanding Evaluation",
author = "Kurihara, Kentaro and
Kawahara, Daisuke and
Shibata, Tomohide",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference",
month = jun,
year = "2022",
address = "Marseille, France",
publisher = "European Language Resources Association",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2022.lrec-1.317",
pages = "2957--2966",
abstract = "To develop high-performance natural language understanding (NLU) models, it is necessary to have a benchmark to evaluate and analyze NLU ability from various perspectives. While the English NLU benchmark, GLUE, has been the forerunner, benchmarks are now being released for languages other than English, such as CLUE for Chinese and FLUE for French; but there is no such benchmark for Japanese. We build a Japanese NLU benchmark, JGLUE, from scratch without translation to measure the general NLU ability in Japanese. We hope that JGLUE will facilitate NLU research in Japanese.",
}
```
```bibtex
@InProceedings{Kurihara_nlp2022,
author = "栗原健太郎 and 河原大輔 and 柴田知秀",
title = "JGLUE: 日本語言語理解ベンチマーク",
booktitle = "言語処理学会第 28 回年次大会",
year = "2022",
url = "https://www.anlp.jp/proceedings/annual_meeting/2022/pdf_dir/E8-4.pdf"
note= "in Japanese"
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [Kentaro Kurihara](https://twitter.com/kkurihara_cs), [Daisuke Kawahara](https://twitter.com/daisukekawahar1), and [Tomohide Shibata](https://twitter.com/stomohide) for creating this dataset.
|
false |
# Dataset Card for "wikitext"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://blog.einstein.ai/the-wikitext-long-term-dependency-language-modeling-dataset/](https://blog.einstein.ai/the-wikitext-long-term-dependency-language-modeling-dataset/)
- **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Paper:** [Pointer Sentinel Mixture Models](https://arxiv.org/abs/1609.07843)
- **Point of Contact:** [Stephen Merity](mailto:smerity@salesforce.com)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 391.41 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 1.12 GB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 1.52 GB
### Dataset Summary
The WikiText language modeling dataset is a collection of over 100 million tokens extracted from the set of verified
Good and Featured articles on Wikipedia. The dataset is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License.
Compared to the preprocessed version of Penn Treebank (PTB), WikiText-2 is over 2 times larger and WikiText-103 is over
110 times larger. The WikiText dataset also features a far larger vocabulary and retains the original case, punctuation
and numbers - all of which are removed in PTB. As it is composed of full articles, the dataset is well suited for models
that can take advantage of long term dependencies.
Each subset comes in two different variants:
- Raw (for character level work) contain the raw tokens, before the addition of the <unk> (unknown) tokens.
- Non-raw (for word level work) contain only the tokens in their vocabulary (wiki.train.tokens, wiki.valid.tokens, and wiki.test.tokens).
The out-of-vocabulary tokens have been replaced with the the <unk> token.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### wikitext-103-raw-v1
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 191.98 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 549.42 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 741.41 MB
An example of 'validation' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{
"text": "\" The gold dollar or gold one @-@ dollar piece was a coin struck as a regular issue by the United States Bureau of the Mint from..."
}
```
#### wikitext-103-v1
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 190.23 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 548.05 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 738.27 MB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{
"text": "\" Senjō no Valkyria 3 : <unk> Chronicles ( Japanese : 戦場のヴァルキュリア3 , lit . Valkyria of the Battlefield 3 ) , commonly referred to..."
}
```
#### wikitext-2-raw-v1
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 4.72 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 13.54 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 18.26 MB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{
"text": "\" The Sinclair Scientific Programmable was introduced in 1975 , with the same case as the Sinclair Oxford . It was larger than t..."
}
```
#### wikitext-2-v1
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 4.48 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 13.34 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 17.82 MB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{
"text": "\" Senjō no Valkyria 3 : <unk> Chronicles ( Japanese : 戦場のヴァルキュリア3 , lit . Valkyria of the Battlefield 3 ) , commonly referred to..."
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### wikitext-103-raw-v1
- `text`: a `string` feature.
#### wikitext-103-v1
- `text`: a `string` feature.
#### wikitext-2-raw-v1
- `text`: a `string` feature.
#### wikitext-2-v1
- `text`: a `string` feature.
### Data Splits
| name | train |validation|test|
|-------------------|------:|---------:|---:|
|wikitext-103-raw-v1|1801350| 3760|4358|
|wikitext-103-v1 |1801350| 3760|4358|
|wikitext-2-raw-v1 | 36718| 3760|4358|
|wikitext-2-v1 | 36718| 3760|4358|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
The dataset is available under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License (CC BY-SA 4.0)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).
### Citation Information
```
@misc{merity2016pointer,
title={Pointer Sentinel Mixture Models},
author={Stephen Merity and Caiming Xiong and James Bradbury and Richard Socher},
year={2016},
eprint={1609.07843},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf), [@lewtun](https://github.com/lewtun), [@patrickvonplaten](https://github.com/patrickvonplaten), [@mariamabarham](https://github.com/mariamabarham) for adding this dataset. |
false |
# Dataset Card for Flores 200
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Card for Flores 200](#dataset-card-for-flores-200)
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
## Dataset Description
- **Home:** [Flores](https://github.com/facebookresearch/flores)
- **Repository:** [Github](https://github.com/facebookresearch/flores)
### Dataset Summary
FLORES is a benchmark dataset for machine translation between English and low-resource languages.
>The creation of FLORES-200 doubles the existing language coverage of FLORES-101.
Given the nature of the new languages, which have less standardization and require
more specialized professional translations, the verification process became more complex.
This required modifications to the translation workflow. FLORES-200 has several languages
which were not translated from English. Specifically, several languages were translated
from Spanish, French, Russian and Modern Standard Arabic. Moreover, FLORES-200 also
includes two script alternatives for four languages. FLORES-200 consists of translations
from 842 distinct web articles, totaling 3001 sentences. These sentences are divided
into three splits: dev, devtest, and test (hidden). On average, sentences are approximately
21 words long.
**Disclaimer**: *The Flores-200 dataset is hosted by the Facebook and licensed under the [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
#### Multilingual Machine Translation
Refer to the [Dynabench leaderboard](https://dynabench.org/flores/Flores%20MT%20Evaluation%20(FULL)) for additional details on model evaluation on FLORES-101 in the context of the WMT2021 shared task on [Large-Scale Multilingual Machine Translation](http://www.statmt.org/wmt21/large-scale-multilingual-translation-task.html). Flores 200 is an extention of this.
### Languages
The dataset contains parallel sentences for 200 languages, as mentioned in the original [Github](https://github.com/facebookresearch/flores/blob/master/README.md) page for the project. Languages are identified with the ISO 639-3 code (e.g. `eng`, `fra`, `rus`) plus an additional code describing the script (e.g., "eng_Latn", "ukr_Cyrl"). See [the webpage for code descriptions](https://github.com/facebookresearch/flores/blob/main/flores200/README.md).
Use the configuration `all` to access the full set of parallel sentences for all the available languages in a single command.
Use a hyphenated pairing to get two langauges in one datapoint (e.g., "eng_Latn-ukr_Cyrl" will provide sentences in the format below).
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
A sample from the `dev` split for the Ukrainian language (`ukr_Cyrl` config) is provided below. All configurations have the same structure, and all sentences are aligned across configurations and splits.
```python
{
'id': 1,
'sentence': 'У понеділок, науковці зі Школи медицини Стенфордського університету оголосили про винайдення нового діагностичного інструменту, що може сортувати клітини за їх видами: це малесенький друкований чіп, який можна виготовити за допомогою стандартних променевих принтерів десь по одному центу США за штуку.',
'URL': 'https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Scientists_say_new_medical_diagnostic_chip_can_sort_cells_anywhere_with_an_inkjet',
'domain': 'wikinews',
'topic': 'health',
'has_image': 0,
'has_hyperlink': 0
}
```
When using a hyphenated pairing or using the `all` function, data will be presented as follows:
```python
{
'id': 1,
'URL': 'https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Scientists_say_new_medical_diagnostic_chip_can_sort_cells_anywhere_with_an_inkjet',
'domain': 'wikinews',
'topic': 'health',
'has_image': 0,
'has_hyperlink': 0,
'sentence_eng_Latn': 'On Monday, scientists from the Stanford University School of Medicine announced the invention of a new diagnostic tool that can sort cells by type: a tiny printable chip that can be manufactured using standard inkjet printers for possibly about one U.S. cent each.',
'sentence_ukr_Cyrl': 'У понеділок, науковці зі Школи медицини Стенфордського університету оголосили про винайдення нового діагностичного інструменту, що може сортувати клітини за їх видами: це малесенький друкований чіп, який можна виготовити за допомогою стандартних променевих принтерів десь по одному центу США за штуку.'
}
```
The text is provided as-in the original dataset, without further preprocessing or tokenization.
### Data Fields
- `id`: Row number for the data entry, starting at 1.
- `sentence`: The full sentence in the specific language (may have _lang for pairings)
- `URL`: The URL for the English article from which the sentence was extracted.
- `domain`: The domain of the sentence.
- `topic`: The topic of the sentence.
- `has_image`: Whether the original article contains an image.
- `has_hyperlink`: Whether the sentence contains a hyperlink.
### Data Splits
| config| `dev`| `devtest`|
|-----------------:|-----:|---------:|
|all configurations| 997| 1012:|
### Dataset Creation
Please refer to the original article [No Language Left Behind: Scaling Human-Centered Machine Translation](https://arxiv.org/abs/2207.04672) for additional information on dataset creation.
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
See paper for details.
### Licensing Information
Licensed with Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 4.0. License available [here](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/).
### Citation Information
Please cite the authors if you use these corpora in your work:
```bibtex
@article{nllb2022,
author = {NLLB Team, Marta R. Costa-jussà, James Cross, Onur Çelebi, Maha Elbayad, Kenneth Heafield, Kevin Heffernan, Elahe Kalbassi, Janice Lam, Daniel Licht, Jean Maillard, Anna Sun, Skyler Wang, Guillaume Wenzek, Al Youngblood, Bapi Akula, Loic Barrault, Gabriel Mejia Gonzalez, Prangthip Hansanti, John Hoffman, Semarley Jarrett, Kaushik Ram Sadagopan, Dirk Rowe, Shannon Spruit, Chau Tran, Pierre Andrews, Necip Fazil Ayan, Shruti Bhosale, Sergey Edunov, Angela Fan, Cynthia Gao, Vedanuj Goswami, Francisco Guzmán, Philipp Koehn, Alexandre Mourachko, Christophe Ropers, Safiyyah Saleem, Holger Schwenk, Jeff Wang},
title = {No Language Left Behind: Scaling Human-Centered Machine Translation},
year = {2022}
}
```
Please also cite prior work that this dataset builds on:
```bibtex
@inproceedings{,
title={The FLORES-101 Evaluation Benchmark for Low-Resource and Multilingual Machine Translation},
author={Goyal, Naman and Gao, Cynthia and Chaudhary, Vishrav and Chen, Peng-Jen and Wenzek, Guillaume and Ju, Da and Krishnan, Sanjana and Ranzato, Marc'Aurelio and Guzm\'{a}n, Francisco and Fan, Angela},
year={2021}
}
```
```bibtex
@inproceedings{,
title={Two New Evaluation Datasets for Low-Resource Machine Translation: Nepali-English and Sinhala-English},
author={Guzm\'{a}n, Francisco and Chen, Peng-Jen and Ott, Myle and Pino, Juan and Lample, Guillaume and Koehn, Philipp and Chaudhary, Vishrav and Ranzato, Marc'Aurelio},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1902.01382},
year={2019}
}
``` |
false |
# Dataset Card for "Physical Interaction: Question Answering"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [PIQA homepage](https://yonatanbisk.com/piqa/)
- **Paper:** [PIQA: Reasoning about Physical Commonsense in Natural Language](https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.11641)
- **Leaderboard:** [Official leaderboard](https://yonatanbisk.com/piqa/) *Note that there is a [2nd leaderboard](https://leaderboard.allenai.org/physicaliqa) featuring a different (blind) test set with 3,446 examples as part of the Machine Commonsense DARPA project.*
- **Point of Contact:** [Yonatan Bisk](https://yonatanbisk.com/piqa/)
### Dataset Summary
*To apply eyeshadow without a brush, should I use a cotton swab or a toothpick?*
Questions requiring this kind of physical commonsense pose a challenge to state-of-the-art
natural language understanding systems. The PIQA dataset introduces the task of physical commonsense reasoning
and a corresponding benchmark dataset Physical Interaction: Question Answering or PIQA.
Physical commonsense knowledge is a major challenge on the road to true AI-completeness,
including robots that interact with the world and understand natural language.
PIQA focuses on everyday situations with a preference for atypical solutions.
The dataset is inspired by instructables.com, which provides users with instructions on how to build, craft,
bake, or manipulate objects using everyday materials.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
The underlying task is formualted as multiple choice question answering: given a question `q` and two possible solutions `s1`, `s2`, a model or a human must choose the most appropriate solution, of which exactly one is correct.
### Languages
The text in the dataset is in English. The associated BCP-47 code is `en`.
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
An example looks like this:
```
{
"goal": "How do I ready a guinea pig cage for it's new occupants?",
"sol1": "Provide the guinea pig with a cage full of a few inches of bedding made of ripped paper strips, you will also need to supply it with a water bottle and a food dish.",
"sol2": "Provide the guinea pig with a cage full of a few inches of bedding made of ripped jeans material, you will also need to supply it with a water bottle and a food dish.",
"label": 0,
}
```
Note that the test set contains no labels. Predictions need to be submitted to the leaderboard.
### Data Fields
List and describe the fields present in the dataset. Mention their data type, and whether they are used as input or output in any of the tasks the dataset currently supports. If the data has span indices, describe their attributes, such as whether they are at the character level or word level, whether they are contiguous or not, etc. If the datasets contains example IDs, state whether they have an inherent meaning, such as a mapping to other datasets or pointing to relationships between data points.
- `goal`: the question which requires physical commonsense to be answered correctly
- `sol1`: the first solution
- `sol2`: the second solution
- `label`: the correct solution. `0` refers to `sol1` and `1` refers to `sol2`
### Data Splits
The dataset contains 16,000 examples for training, 2,000 for development and 3,000 for testing.
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
The goal of the dataset is to construct a resource that requires concrete physical reasoning.
### Source Data
The authors provide a prompt to the annotators derived from instructables.com. The instructables website is a crowdsourced collection of instruc- tions for doing everything from cooking to car repair. In most cases, users provide images or videos detailing each step and a list of tools that will be required. Most goals are simultaneously rare and unsurprising. While an annotator is unlikely to have built a UV-Flourescent steampunk lamp or made a backpack out of duct tape, it is not surprising that someone interested in home crafting would create these, nor will the tools and materials be unfamiliar to the average person. Using these examples as the seed for their annotation, helps remind annotators about the less prototypical uses of everyday objects. Second, and equally important, is that instructions build on one another. This means that any QA pair inspired by an instructable is more likely to explicitly state assumptions about what preconditions need to be met to start the task and what postconditions define success.
Annotators were asked to glance at the instructions of an instructable and pull out or have it inspire them to construct two component tasks. They would then articulate the goal (often centered on atypical materials) and how to achieve it. In addition, annotaters were asked to provide a permutation to their own solution which makes it invalid (the negative solution), often subtly.
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
During validation, examples with low agreement were removed from the data.
The dataset is further cleaned to remove stylistic artifacts and trivial examples from the data, which have been shown to artificially inflate model performance on previous NLI benchmarks.using the AFLite algorithm introduced in ([Sakaguchi et al. 2020](https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.10641); [Sap et al. 2019](https://arxiv.org/abs/1904.09728)) which is an improvement on adversarial filtering ([Zellers et al, 2018](https://arxiv.org/abs/1808.05326)).
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
Annotations are by construction obtained when crowdsourcers complete the prompt.
#### Who are the annotators?
Paid crowdsourcers
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed]
### Licensing Information
Unknown
### Citation Information
```
@inproceedings{Bisk2020,
author = {Yonatan Bisk and Rowan Zellers and
Ronan Le Bras and Jianfeng Gao
and Yejin Choi},
title = {PIQA: Reasoning about Physical Commonsense in
Natural Language},
booktitle = {Thirty-Fourth AAAI Conference on
Artificial Intelligence},
year = {2020},
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@VictorSanh](https://github.com/VictorSanh) for adding this dataset. |
false |
# Dataset Card for "sciq"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://allenai.org/data/sciq](https://allenai.org/data/sciq)
- **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Paper:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 2.82 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 7.68 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 10.50 MB
### Dataset Summary
The SciQ dataset contains 13,679 crowdsourced science exam questions about Physics, Chemistry and Biology, among others. The questions are in multiple-choice format with 4 answer options each. For the majority of the questions, an additional paragraph with supporting evidence for the correct answer is provided.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### default
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 2.82 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 7.68 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 10.50 MB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
This example was too long and was cropped:
{
"correct_answer": "coriolis effect",
"distractor1": "muon effect",
"distractor2": "centrifugal effect",
"distractor3": "tropical effect",
"question": "What phenomenon makes global winds blow northeast to southwest or the reverse in the northern hemisphere and northwest to southeast or the reverse in the southern hemisphere?",
"support": "\"Without Coriolis Effect the global winds would blow north to south or south to north. But Coriolis makes them blow northeast to..."
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### default
- `question`: a `string` feature.
- `distractor3`: a `string` feature.
- `distractor1`: a `string` feature.
- `distractor2`: a `string` feature.
- `correct_answer`: a `string` feature.
- `support`: a `string` feature.
### Data Splits
| name |train|validation|test|
|-------|----:|---------:|---:|
|default|11679| 1000|1000|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
The dataset is licensed under the [Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/).
### Citation Information
```
@inproceedings{SciQ,
title={Crowdsourcing Multiple Choice Science Questions},
author={Johannes Welbl, Nelson F. Liu, Matt Gardner},
year={2017},
journal={arXiv:1707.06209v1}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@patrickvonplaten](https://github.com/patrickvonplaten), [@lewtun](https://github.com/lewtun), [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf) for adding this dataset. |
true |
# Dataset Card for "super_glue"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://github.com/google-research-datasets/boolean-questions](https://github.com/google-research-datasets/boolean-questions)
- **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Paper:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 58.36 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 249.57 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 307.94 MB
### Dataset Summary
SuperGLUE (https://super.gluebenchmark.com/) is a new benchmark styled after
GLUE with a new set of more difficult language understanding tasks, improved
resources, and a new public leaderboard.
BoolQ (Boolean Questions, Clark et al., 2019a) is a QA task where each example consists of a short
passage and a yes/no question about the passage. The questions are provided anonymously and
unsolicited by users of the Google search engine, and afterwards paired with a paragraph from a
Wikipedia article containing the answer. Following the original work, we evaluate with accuracy.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### axb
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 0.03 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 0.24 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 0.27 MB
An example of 'test' looks as follows.
```
```
#### axg
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 0.01 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 0.05 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 0.06 MB
An example of 'test' looks as follows.
```
```
#### boolq
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 4.12 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 10.40 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 14.52 MB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
```
#### cb
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 0.07 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 0.20 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 0.28 MB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
```
#### copa
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 0.04 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 0.13 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 0.17 MB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### axb
- `sentence1`: a `string` feature.
- `sentence2`: a `string` feature.
- `idx`: a `int32` feature.
- `label`: a classification label, with possible values including `entailment` (0), `not_entailment` (1).
#### axg
- `premise`: a `string` feature.
- `hypothesis`: a `string` feature.
- `idx`: a `int32` feature.
- `label`: a classification label, with possible values including `entailment` (0), `not_entailment` (1).
#### boolq
- `question`: a `string` feature.
- `passage`: a `string` feature.
- `idx`: a `int32` feature.
- `label`: a classification label, with possible values including `False` (0), `True` (1).
#### cb
- `premise`: a `string` feature.
- `hypothesis`: a `string` feature.
- `idx`: a `int32` feature.
- `label`: a classification label, with possible values including `entailment` (0), `contradiction` (1), `neutral` (2).
#### copa
- `premise`: a `string` feature.
- `choice1`: a `string` feature.
- `choice2`: a `string` feature.
- `question`: a `string` feature.
- `idx`: a `int32` feature.
- `label`: a classification label, with possible values including `choice1` (0), `choice2` (1).
### Data Splits
#### axb
| |test|
|---|---:|
|axb|1104|
#### axg
| |test|
|---|---:|
|axg| 356|
#### boolq
| |train|validation|test|
|-----|----:|---------:|---:|
|boolq| 9427| 3270|3245|
#### cb
| |train|validation|test|
|---|----:|---------:|---:|
|cb | 250| 56| 250|
#### copa
| |train|validation|test|
|----|----:|---------:|---:|
|copa| 400| 100| 500|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Citation Information
```
@inproceedings{clark2019boolq,
title={BoolQ: Exploring the Surprising Difficulty of Natural Yes/No Questions},
author={Clark, Christopher and Lee, Kenton and Chang, Ming-Wei, and Kwiatkowski, Tom and Collins, Michael, and Toutanova, Kristina},
booktitle={NAACL},
year={2019}
}
@article{wang2019superglue,
title={SuperGLUE: A Stickier Benchmark for General-Purpose Language Understanding Systems},
author={Wang, Alex and Pruksachatkun, Yada and Nangia, Nikita and Singh, Amanpreet and Michael, Julian and Hill, Felix and Levy, Omer and Bowman, Samuel R},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.00537},
year={2019}
}
Note that each SuperGLUE dataset has its own citation. Please see the source to
get the correct citation for each contained dataset.
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf), [@lewtun](https://github.com/lewtun), [@patrickvonplaten](https://github.com/patrickvonplaten) for adding this dataset. |
false |
# Dataset Card for MMLU
## Table of Contents
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Repository**: https://github.com/hendrycks/test
- **Paper**: https://arxiv.org/abs/2009.03300
### Dataset Summary
[Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding](https://arxiv.org/pdf/2009.03300) by [Dan Hendrycks](https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~hendrycks/), [Collin Burns](http://collinpburns.com), [Steven Basart](https://stevenbas.art), Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, [Dawn Song](https://people.eecs.berkeley.edu/~dawnsong/), and [Jacob Steinhardt](https://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~jsteinhardt/) (ICLR 2021).
This is a massive multitask test consisting of multiple-choice questions from various branches of knowledge. The test spans subjects in the humanities, social sciences, hard sciences, and other areas that are important for some people to learn. This covers 57 tasks including elementary mathematics, US history, computer science, law, and more. To attain high accuracy on this test, models must possess extensive world knowledge and problem solving ability.
A complete list of tasks: ['abstract_algebra', 'anatomy', 'astronomy', 'business_ethics', 'clinical_knowledge', 'college_biology', 'college_chemistry', 'college_computer_science', 'college_mathematics', 'college_medicine', 'college_physics', 'computer_security', 'conceptual_physics', 'econometrics', 'electrical_engineering', 'elementary_mathematics', 'formal_logic', 'global_facts', 'high_school_biology', 'high_school_chemistry', 'high_school_computer_science', 'high_school_european_history', 'high_school_geography', 'high_school_government_and_politics', 'high_school_macroeconomics', 'high_school_mathematics', 'high_school_microeconomics', 'high_school_physics', 'high_school_psychology', 'high_school_statistics', 'high_school_us_history', 'high_school_world_history', 'human_aging', 'human_sexuality', 'international_law', 'jurisprudence', 'logical_fallacies', 'machine_learning', 'management', 'marketing', 'medical_genetics', 'miscellaneous', 'moral_disputes', 'moral_scenarios', 'nutrition', 'philosophy', 'prehistory', 'professional_accounting', 'professional_law', 'professional_medicine', 'professional_psychology', 'public_relations', 'security_studies', 'sociology', 'us_foreign_policy', 'virology', 'world_religions']
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
| Model | Authors | Humanities | Social Science | STEM | Other | Average |
|------------------------------------|----------|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|:-------:|
| [UnifiedQA](https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.00700) | Khashabi et al., 2020 | 45.6 | 56.6 | 40.2 | 54.6 | 48.9
| [GPT-3](https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.14165) (few-shot) | Brown et al., 2020 | 40.8 | 50.4 | 36.7 | 48.8 | 43.9
| [GPT-2](https://arxiv.org/abs/2005.14165) | Radford et al., 2019 | 32.8 | 33.3 | 30.2 | 33.1 | 32.4
| Random Baseline | N/A | 25.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 25.0 | 25.0
### Languages
English
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
An example from anatomy subtask looks as follows:
```
{
"question": "What is the embryological origin of the hyoid bone?",
"choices": ["The first pharyngeal arch", "The first and second pharyngeal arches", "The second pharyngeal arch", "The second and third pharyngeal arches"],
"answer": "D"
}
```
### Data Fields
- `question`: a string feature
- `choices`: a list of 4 string features
- `answer`: a ClassLabel feature
### Data Splits
- `auxiliary_train`: auxiliary multiple-choice training questions from ARC, MC_TEST, OBQA, RACE, etc.
- `dev`: 5 examples per subtask, meant for few-shot setting
- `test`: there are at least 100 examples per subtask
| | auxiliary_train | dev | val | test |
| ----- | :------: | :-----: | :-----: | :-----: |
| TOTAL | 99842 | 285 | 1531 | 14042
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
Transformer models have driven this recent progress by pretraining on massive text corpora, including all of Wikipedia, thousands of books, and numerous websites. These models consequently see extensive information about specialized topics, most of which is not assessed by existing NLP benchmarks. To bridge the gap between the wide-ranging knowledge that models see during pretraining and the existing measures of success, we introduce a new benchmark for assessing models across a diverse set of subjects that humans learn.
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed]
### Licensing Information
[MIT License](https://github.com/hendrycks/test/blob/master/LICENSE)
### Citation Information
If you find this useful in your research, please consider citing the test and also the [ETHICS](https://arxiv.org/abs/2008.02275) dataset it draws from:
```
@article{hendryckstest2021,
title={Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding},
author={Dan Hendrycks and Collin Burns and Steven Basart and Andy Zou and Mantas Mazeika and Dawn Song and Jacob Steinhardt},
journal={Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)},
year={2021}
}
@article{hendrycks2021ethics,
title={Aligning AI With Shared Human Values},
author={Dan Hendrycks and Collin Burns and Steven Basart and Andrew Critch and Jerry Li and Dawn Song and Jacob Steinhardt},
journal={Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)},
year={2021}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@andyzoujm](https://github.com/andyzoujm) for adding this dataset.
|
true |
# Dataset Card for "imdb"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [http://ai.stanford.edu/~amaas/data/sentiment/](http://ai.stanford.edu/~amaas/data/sentiment/)
- **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Paper:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 84.13 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 133.23 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 217.35 MB
### Dataset Summary
Large Movie Review Dataset.
This is a dataset for binary sentiment classification containing substantially more data than previous benchmark datasets. We provide a set of 25,000 highly polar movie reviews for training, and 25,000 for testing. There is additional unlabeled data for use as well.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### plain_text
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 84.13 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 133.23 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 217.35 MB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
{
"label": 0,
"text": "Goodbye world2\n"
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### plain_text
- `text`: a `string` feature.
- `label`: a classification label, with possible values including `neg` (0), `pos` (1).
### Data Splits
| name |train|unsupervised|test |
|----------|----:|-----------:|----:|
|plain_text|25000| 50000|25000|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Citation Information
```
@InProceedings{maas-EtAl:2011:ACL-HLT2011,
author = {Maas, Andrew L. and Daly, Raymond E. and Pham, Peter T. and Huang, Dan and Ng, Andrew Y. and Potts, Christopher},
title = {Learning Word Vectors for Sentiment Analysis},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies},
month = {June},
year = {2011},
address = {Portland, Oregon, USA},
publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
pages = {142--150},
url = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/P11-1015}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@ghazi-f](https://github.com/ghazi-f), [@patrickvonplaten](https://github.com/patrickvonplaten), [@lhoestq](https://github.com/lhoestq), [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf) for adding this dataset. |
false |
# Dataset Card for RedCaps
## Table of Contents
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Dataset Preprocessing](#dataset-preprocessing)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [RedCaps homepage](https://redcaps.xyz/)
- **Repository:** [RedCaps repository](https://github.com/redcaps-dataset/redcaps-downloader)
- **Paper:** [RedCaps: web-curated image-text data created by the people, for the people](https://arxiv.org/abs/2111.11431)
- **Leaderboard:**
- **Point of Contact:** [Karan Desai](mailto:kdexd@umich.edu)
### Dataset Summary
RedCaps is a large-scale dataset of 12M image-text pairs collected from Reddit.
Images and captions from Reddit depict and describe a wide variety of objects and scenes.
The data is collected from a manually curated set of subreddits (350 total),
which give coarse image labels and allow steering of the dataset composition
without labeling individual instances. RedCaps data is created *by the people, for the people* – it contains everyday things that users like to share on social media, for example hobbies (r/crafts) and pets (r/shiba). Captions often contain specific and
fine-grained descriptions (northern cardinal, taj mahal). Subreddit names provide relevant image
labels (r/shiba) even when captions may not (mlem!), and sometimes may group many visually
unrelated images through a common semantic meaning (r/perfectfit).
### Dataset Preprocessing
This dataset doesn't download the images locally by default. Instead, it exposes URLs to the images. To fetch the images, use the following code:
```python
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
from functools import partial
import io
import urllib
import PIL.Image
from datasets import load_dataset
from datasets.utils.file_utils import get_datasets_user_agent
USER_AGENT = get_datasets_user_agent()
def fetch_single_image(image_url, timeout=None, retries=0):
for _ in range(retries + 1):
try:
request = urllib.request.Request(
image_url,
data=None,
headers={"user-agent": USER_AGENT},
)
with urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=timeout) as req:
image = PIL.Image.open(io.BytesIO(req.read()))
break
except Exception:
image = None
return image
def fetch_images(batch, num_threads, timeout=None, retries=0):
fetch_single_image_with_args = partial(fetch_single_image, timeout=timeout, retries=retries)
with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=num_threads) as executor:
batch["image"] = list(executor.map(fetch_single_image_with_args, batch["image_url"]))
return batch
num_threads = 20
dset = load_dataset("red_caps", "rabbits_2017")
dset = dset.map(fetch_images, batched=True, batch_size=100, fn_kwargs={"num_threads": num_threads})
```
Some image links point to more than one image. You can process and downloaded those as follows:
```python
from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor
from functools import partial
import io
import os
import re
import urllib
import PIL.Image
import datasets
from datasets import load_dataset
from datasets.utils.file_utils import get_datasets_user_agent
USER_AGENT = get_datasets_user_agent()
def fetch_single_image(image_url, timeout=None, retries=0):
for _ in range(retries + 1):
try:
request = urllib.request.Request(
image_url,
data=None,
headers={"user-agent": USER_AGENT},
)
with urllib.request.urlopen(request, timeout=timeout) as req:
image = PIL.Image.open(io.BytesIO(req.read()))
break
except Exception:
image = None
return image
def fetch_images(batch, num_threads, timeout=None, retries=0):
fetch_single_image_with_args = partial(fetch_single_image, timeout=timeout, retries=retries)
with ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=num_threads) as executor:
batch["image"] = list(executor.map(lambda image_urls: [fetch_single_image_with_args(image_url) for image_url in image_urls], batch["image_url"]))
return batch
def process_image_urls(batch):
processed_batch_image_urls = []
for image_url in batch["image_url"]:
processed_example_image_urls = []
image_url_splits = re.findall(r"http\S+", image_url)
for image_url_split in image_url_splits:
if "imgur" in image_url_split and "," in image_url_split:
for image_url_part in image_url_split.split(","):
if not image_url_part:
continue
image_url_part = image_url_part.strip()
root, ext = os.path.splitext(image_url_part)
if not root.startswith("http"):
root = "http://i.imgur.com/" + root
root = root.split("#")[0]
if not ext:
ext = ".jpg"
ext = re.split(r"[?%]", ext)[0]
image_url_part = root + ext
processed_example_image_urls.append(image_url_part)
else:
processed_example_image_urls.append(image_url_split)
processed_batch_image_urls.append(processed_example_image_urls)
batch["image_url"] = processed_batch_image_urls
return batch
dset = load_dataset("red_caps", "rabbits_2017")
dset = dset.map(process_image_urls, batched=True, num_proc=4)
features = dset["train"].features.copy()
features["image"] = datasets.Sequence(datasets.Image())
num_threads = 20
dset = dset.map(fetch_images, batched=True, batch_size=100, features=features, fn_kwargs={"num_threads": num_threads})
```
Note that in the above code, we use the `datasets.Sequence` feature to represent a list of images for the multi-image links.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
From the paper:
> We have used our dataset to train deep neural networks that perform image captioning, and
that learn transferable visual representations for a variety of downstream visual recognition tasks
(image classification, object detection, instance segmentation).
> We anticipate that the dataset could be used for a variety of vision-and-language (V&L) tasks,
such as image or text retrieval or text-to-image synthesis.
### Languages
All of the subreddits in RedCaps use English as their primary language.
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
Each instance in RedCaps represents a single Reddit image post:
```
{
'image_id': 'bpzj7r',
'author': 'djasz1',
'image_url': 'https://i.redd.it/ho0wntksivy21.jpg',
'raw_caption': 'Found on a friend’s property in the Keys FL. She is now happily living in my house.',
'caption': 'found on a friend's property in the keys fl. she is now happily living in my house.', 'subreddit': 3,
'score': 72,
'created_utc': datetime.datetime(2019, 5, 18, 1, 36, 41),
'permalink': '/r/airplants/comments/bpzj7r/found_on_a_friends_property_in_the_keys_fl_she_is/', 'crosspost_parents': None
}
```
### Data Fields
- `image_id`: Unique alphanumeric ID of the image post (assigned by Reddit).
- `author`: Reddit username of the image post author.
- `image_url`: Static URL for downloading the image associated with the post.
- `raw_caption`: Textual description of the image, written by the post author.
- `caption`: Cleaned version of "raw_caption" by us (see Q35).
- `subreddit`: Name of subreddit where the post was submitted.
- `score`: Net upvotes (discounting downvotes) received by the image post. This field is equal to `None` if the image post is a crosspost.
- `created_utc`: Integer time epoch (in UTC) when the post was submitted to Reddit.
- `permalink`: Partial URL of the Reddit post (https://reddit.com/<permalink>).
- `crosspost_parents`: List of parent posts. This field is optional.
### Data Splits
All the data is contained in training set. The training set has nearly 12M (12,011,111) instances.
From the paper:
> We intend our dataset to be primarily used for pre-training with one or more specific downstream task(s) in mind. Hence, all instances in our dataset would be used for training while
the validation split is derived from downstream task(s). If users require a validation split, we
recommend sampling it such that it follows the same subreddit distribution as entire dataset.
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
From the paper:
> Large datasets of image-text pairs are widely used for pre-training generic representations
that transfer to a variety of downstream vision and vision-and-language tasks. Existing public
datasets of this kind were curated from search engine results (SBU Captions [1]) or HTML
alt-text from arbitrary web pages (Conceptual Captions [2, 31]). They performed complex
data filtering to deal with noisy web data. Due to aggressive filtering, their data collection is
inefficient and diversity is artificially supressed. We argue that the quality of data depends on
its source, and the human intent behind its creation. In this work, we explore Reddit – a social
media platform, for curating high quality data. We introduce RedCaps – a large dataset of
12M image-text pairs from Reddit. While we expect the use-cases of RedCaps to be similar to
existing datasets, we discuss how Reddit as a data source leads to fast and lightweight collection,
better data quality, lets us easily steer the data distribution, and facilitates ethically responsible data curation.
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
From the paper:
> **Data Collection Pipeline**
Reddit’s uniform structure allows us to parallelize data collection as independent tasks – each task
involves collecting posts submitted to a single subreddit in one year. Our collection pipeline has three steps: (1) subreddit selection, (2) image post filtering, and (3) caption cleaning.
**Step 1**. Subreddit selection: We collect data from a manually curated set of subreddits. Subreddits
have their own rules, community norms, and moderators so curating subreddits allows us to steer the
dataset’s composition without annotating individual instances. We select subreddits with a high volume of images posts, where images tend to be photographs (rather than memes, drawings, screenshots,
etc) and post titles tend to describe image content (rather than making jokes, political commentary,
etc). We do not select any NSFW, banned, or quarantined subreddits. We want to minimize the
number of people that appear in RedCaps, so we omit subreddits whose primary purpose is to share or
comment on images of people (such as celebrity pics or user selfies). We choose subreddits focused on
general photography (r/pics, r/itookapicture), animals (r/axolotls, r/birdsofprey, r/dachshund),
plants (r/roses, r/succulents), objects (r/classiccars, r/trains, r/mechanicalkeyboards), food
(r/steak, r/macarons), scenery (r/cityporn1
, r/desertporn), or activities (r/carpentry, r/kayaking).
In total we collect data from 350 subreddits; the full list can be found in Appendix A.
**Step 2**. Image post filtering: We use Pushshift [41] and Reddit [42, 43] APIs to download all image
posts submitted to our selected subreddits from 2008–2020. Posts are collected at least six months
after their creation to let upvotes stabilize. We only collect posts with images hosted on three domains:
Reddit (i.redd.it), Imgur (i.imgur.com), and Flickr (staticflickr.com). Some image posts contain
multiple images (gallery posts) – in this case we only collect the first image and associate it with
the caption. We discard posts with < 2 upvotes to avoid unappealing content, and we discard posts
marked NSFW (by their authors or subreddit moderators) to avoid pornographic or disturbing content.
**Step 3**. Caption cleaning: We expect Reddit post titles to be less noisy than other large-scale
sources of image captions such as alt-text [2, 31], so we apply minimal text cleaning. We lowercase
captions and use ftfy [44] to remove character accents, emojis, and non-latin characters, following
[29, 35, 36]. Then we apply simple pattern matching to discard all sub-strings enclosed in brackets
((.*), [.*]). These sub-strings usually give non-semantic information: original content tags [oc],
image resolutions (800x600 px), camera specs (shot with iPhone), self-promotion [Instagram:
@user], and other references (link in comments). Finally, like [31] we replace social media
handles (words starting with ‘@’) with a [USR] token to protect user privacy and reduce redundancy.
Due to such filtering, ≈12K (0.1%) captions in our dataset are empty strings. We do not discard them,
as subreddit names alone provide meaningful supervision. Unlike CC-3M or CC-12M that discard
captions without nouns or that don’t overlap image tags, we do not discard any instances in this step.
Through this pipeline, we collect 13.4M instances from 350 subreddits. Our collection pipeline is
less resource-intensive than existing datasets – we do not require webpage crawlers, search engines,
or large databases of indexed webpages. RedCaps is easily extensible in the future by selecting more
subreddits and collecting posts from future years. Next, we perform additional filtering to mitigate
user privacy risks and harmful stereotypes in RedCaps, resulting in final size of 12M instances.
#### Who are the source language producers?
Reddit is the singular data source for RedCaps.
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
The dataset is built using fully automatic data collection pipeline which doesn't require any human annotators.
#### Who are the annotators?
The annotation process doesn't require any human annotators.
### Personal and Sensitive Information
From the paper:
> **Does the dataset relate to people?**
The dataset pertains to people in that people wrote the captions and posted images to Reddit
that we curate in RedCaps. We made specific design choices while curating RedCaps to avoid
large quantities of images containing people:
(a) We collect data from manually curated subreddits in which most contain primarily pertains
to animals, objects, places, or activities. We exclude all subreddits whose primary purpose
is to share and describe images of people (such as celebrity photos or user selfies).
(b) We use an off-the-shelf face detector to find and remove images with potential presence of
human faces. We manually checked 50K random images in RedCaps (Q16) and found 79
images with identifiable human faces – the entire dataset may have ≈19K (0.15%) images
with identifiable people. Refer Section 2.2 in the main paper.
> **Is it possible to identify one or more natural persons, either directly or indirectly (i.e., in
combination with other data) from the dataset?**
Yes, all instances in RedCaps include Reddit usernames of their post authors. This could be
used to look up the Reddit user profile, and some Reddit users may have identifying information
in their profiles. Some images may contain human faces which could be identified by
appearance. However, note that all this information is already public on Reddit, and searching it
in RedCaps is no easier than searching directly on Reddit.
> **Were the individuals in question notified about the data collection?**
No. Reddit users are anonymous by default, and are not required to share their personal contact
information (email, phone numbers, etc.). Hence, the only way to notify the authors of RedCaps
image posts is by sending them private messages on Reddit. This is practically difficult to do
manually, and will be classified as spam and blocked by Reddit if attempted to programmatically
send a templated message to millions of users.
> **Did the individuals in question consent to the collection and use of their data?**
Users did not explicitly consent to the use of their data in our dataset. However, by uploading
their data on Reddit, they consent that it would appear on the Reddit plaform and will be
accessible via the official Reddit API (which we use to collect RedCaps).
> **If consent was obtained, were the consenting individuals provided with a mechanism to
revoke their consent in the future or for certain uses?**
Users have full control over the presence of their data in our dataset. If users wish to revoke
their consent, they can delete the underlying Reddit post – it will be automatically removed
dfrom RedCaps since we distributed images as URLs. Moreover, we provide an opt-out request
form on our dataset website for anybody to request removal of an individual instance if it is
potentially harmful (e.g. NSFW, violates privacy, harmful stereotypes, etc.).
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
From the paper:
> **Has an analysis of the potential impact of the dataset and its use on data subjects (e.g.,
a data protection impact analysis) been conducted?**
No.
### Discussion of Biases
From the paper:
> **Harmful Stereotypes**: Another concern with
Reddit data is that images or language may represent harmful stereotypes about gender, race, or other
characteristics of people [48, 49, 51]. We select only non-NSFW subreddits with active moderation
for collecting data. This stands in contrast to less curated uses of Reddit data, such as GPT-2 [35]
whose training data includes at least 63K documents from banned or quarantined subreddits which
may contain toxic language [53]. We attempt to further reduce harmful stereotypes in two ways:
> * **NSFW images**: We use the InceptionV3 [54] model from [55] to filter images detected as porn or hentai with confidence ≥ 0.9. Similar to face filtering, we estimated precision of our filtering and estimated amount of missed detections, shown in Table 1. The model detects 87K images with low
precision (∼1%) – most detections are non-NSFW images with pink and beige hues.
> * **Potentially derogatory language**: We filter instances whose captions contain words or phrases from a common blocklist [56]. It is important to note that such coarse filtering might suppress language from marginalized groups reclaiming slurs [51]; however, as RedCaps is not intended to describe people, we believe this is a pragmatic tradeoff to avoid propagating harmful labels.
> **Reddit demographics**: Reddit’s user demographics are not representative of the population at large.
Compared to US adults, Reddit users skew male (69% vs 49%), young (58% 18-29 years old vs
22%), college educated (36% vs 28%), and politically liberal (41% vs 25%) [57]. Reddit users
are predominantly white (63%) [57], and 49% of desktop traffic to Reddit comes from the United
States [58]. All of the subreddits in RedCaps use English as their primary language. Taken together,
these demographic biases likely also bias the types of objects and places that appear in images on
Reddit, and the language used to describe these images. We do not offer explicit countermeasures to
these biases, but users of RedCaps should keep in mind that size doesn’t guarantee diversity [51].
Subtler issues may also exist, such as imbalanced representation of demographic groups [59] or
gender bias in object co-occurrence [60] or language [61]. These are hard to control in internet
data, so we release RedCaps with explicit instructions on suitable use-cases; specifically requesting models not be trained to identify people, or make decisions that impact people. We document these instructions and other terms-of-use in a datasheet [45], provided in Appendix G.
> **Does the dataset contain data that, if viewed directly, might be offensive, insulting, threatening, or might otherwise cause anxiety?**
The scale of RedCaps means that we are unable to verify the contents of all images and
captions. However we have tried to minimize the possibility that RedCaps contains data that
might be offensive, insulting, threatening, or might cause anxiety via the following mitigations:
(a) We manually curate the set of subreddits from which to collect data; we only chose
subreddits that are not marked NSFW and which generally contain non-offensive content.
(b) Within our curated subreddits, we did not include any posts marked NSFW.
(c) We removed all instances whose captions contained any of the 400 potentially offensive
words or phrases. Refer Section 2.2 in the main paper.
(d) We remove all instances whose images were flagged NSFW by an off-the-shelf detector.
We manually checked 50K random images in RedCaps and found one image containing
nudity (exposed buttocks; no identifiable face). Refer Section 2.2 in the main paper
> **Does the dataset identify any subpopulations (e.g., by age, gender)?**
RedCaps does not explicitly identify any subpopulations. Since some images contain people
and captions are free-form natural language written by Reddit users, it is possible that some
captions may identify people appearing in individual images as part of a subpopulation.
> **Were any ethical review processes conducted (e.g., by an institutional review board)?**
We did not conduct a formal ethical review process via institutional review boards. However,
as described in Section 2.2 of the main paper and Q16 we employed several filtering mechanisms
to try and remove instances that could be problematic.
### Other Known Limitations
From the paper:
> **Are there any errors, sources of noise, or redundancies in the dataset?**
RedCaps is noisy by design since image-text pairs on the internet are noisy and unstructured.
Some instances may also have duplicate images and captions – Reddit users may have shared
the same image post in multiple subreddits. Such redundancies constitute a very small fraction
of the dataset, and should have almost no effect in training large-scale models.
> **Does the dataset contain data that might be considered confidential (e.g., data that is
protected by legal privilege or by doctor-patient confidentiality, data that includes the
content of individuals non-public communications)?**
No, the subreddits included in RedCaps do not cover topics that may be considered confidential. All posts were publicly shared on Reddit prior to inclusion in RedCaps.
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
From the paper:
> Four researchers at the University of Michigan (affiliated as of 2021) have created RedCaps:
Karan Desai, Gaurav Kaul, Zubin Aysola, and Justin Johnson.
### Licensing Information
The image metadata is licensed under CC-BY 4.0 license. Additionally, uses of this dataset are subject to Reddit API terms (https://www.reddit.com/wiki/
api-terms) and users must comply with Reddit User Agreeement, Content Policy,
and Privacy Policy – all accessible at https://www.redditinc.com/policies.
From the paper:
> RedCaps should only be used for non-commercial research. RedCaps should not be used for any tasks that involve identifying features related to people (facial recognition, gender, age, ethnicity identification, etc.) or make decisions that impact people (mortgages, job applications, criminal sentences; or moderation decisions about user-uploaded data that could result in bans from a website). Any commercial and for-profit uses of RedCaps are restricted – it should not be used to train models that will be deployed in production systems as part of a product offered by businesses or government agencies.
### Citation Information
```bibtex
@misc{desai2021redcaps,
title={RedCaps: web-curated image-text data created by the people, for the people},
author={Karan Desai and Gaurav Kaul and Zubin Aysola and Justin Johnson},
year={2021},
eprint={2111.11431},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CV}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@mariosasko](https://github.com/mariosasko) for adding this dataset. |
true |
# Dataset Card for The Multilingual Amazon Reviews Corpus
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Card for amazon_reviews_multi](#dataset-card-for-amazon_reviews_multi)
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [plain_text](#plain_text)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [plain_text](#plain_text-1)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Initial Data Collection and Normalization](#initial-data-collection-and-normalization)
- [Who are the source language producers?](#who-are-the-source-language-producers)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Annotation process](#annotation-process)
- [Who are the annotators?](#who-are-the-annotators)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Webpage:** https://registry.opendata.aws/amazon-reviews-ml/
- **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.02573
- **Point of Contact:** [multilingual-reviews-dataset@amazon.com](mailto:multilingual-reviews-dataset@amazon.com)
### Dataset Summary
We provide an Amazon product reviews dataset for multilingual text classification. The dataset contains reviews in English, Japanese, German, French, Chinese and Spanish, collected between November 1, 2015 and November 1, 2019. Each record in the dataset contains the review text, the review title, the star rating, an anonymized reviewer ID, an anonymized product ID and the coarse-grained product category (e.g. ‘books’, ‘appliances’, etc.) The corpus is balanced across stars, so each star rating constitutes 20% of the reviews in each language.
For each language, there are 200,000, 5,000 and 5,000 reviews in the training, development and test sets respectively. The maximum number of reviews per reviewer is 20 and the maximum number of reviews per product is 20. All reviews are truncated after 2,000 characters, and all reviews are at least 20 characters long.
Note that the language of a review does not necessarily match the language of its marketplace (e.g. reviews from amazon.de are primarily written in German, but could also be written in English, etc.). For this reason, we applied a language detection algorithm based on the work in Bojanowski et al. (2017) to determine the language of the review text and we removed reviews that were not written in the expected language.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed]
### Languages
The dataset contains reviews in English, Japanese, German, French, Chinese and Spanish.
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
Each data instance corresponds to a review. The original JSON for an instance looks like so (German example):
```json
{
"review_id": "de_0784695",
"product_id": "product_de_0572654",
"reviewer_id": "reviewer_de_0645436",
"stars": "1",
"review_body": "Leider, leider nach einmal waschen ausgeblichen . Es sieht super h\u00fcbsch aus , nur leider stinkt es ganz schrecklich und ein Waschgang in der Maschine ist notwendig ! Nach einem mal waschen sah es aus als w\u00e4re es 10 Jahre alt und hatte 1000 e von Waschg\u00e4ngen hinter sich :( echt schade !",
"review_title": "Leider nicht zu empfehlen",
"language": "de",
"product_category": "home"
}
```
### Data Fields
- `review_id`: A string identifier of the review.
- `product_id`: A string identifier of the product being reviewed.
- `reviewer_id`: A string identifier of the reviewer.
- `stars`: An int between 1-5 indicating the number of stars.
- `review_body`: The text body of the review.
- `review_title`: The text title of the review.
- `language`: The string identifier of the review language.
- `product_category`: String representation of the product's category.
### Data Splits
Each language configuration comes with its own `train`, `validation`, and `test` splits. The `all_languages` split
is simply a concatenation of the corresponding split across all languages. That is, the `train` split for
`all_languages` is a concatenation of the `train` splits for each of the languages and likewise for `validation` and
`test`.
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
The dataset is motivated by the desire to advance sentiment analysis and text classification in other (non-English)
languages.
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
The authors gathered the reviews from the marketplaces in the US, Japan, Germany, France, Spain, and China for the
English, Japanese, German, French, Spanish, and Chinese languages, respectively. They then ensured the correct
language by applying a language detection algorithm, only retaining those of the target language. In a random sample
of the resulting reviews, the authors observed a small percentage of target languages that were incorrectly filtered
out and a very few mismatched languages that were incorrectly retained.
#### Who are the source language producers?
The original text comes from Amazon customers reviewing products on the marketplace across a variety of product
categories.
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
Each of the fields included are submitted by the user with the review or otherwise associated with the review. No
manual or machine-driven annotation was necessary.
#### Who are the annotators?
N/A
### Personal and Sensitive Information
According to the original dataset [license terms](https://docs.opendata.aws/amazon-reviews-ml/license.txt), you may not:
- link or associate content in the Reviews Corpus with any personal information (including Amazon customer accounts), or
- attempt to determine the identity of the author of any content in the Reviews Corpus.
If you violate any of the foregoing conditions, your license to access and use the Reviews Corpus will automatically
terminate without prejudice to any of the other rights or remedies Amazon may have.
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
This dataset is part of an effort to encourage text classification research in languages other than English. Such
work increases the accessibility of natural language technology to more regions and cultures. Unfortunately, each of
the languages included here is relatively high resource and well studied.
### Discussion of Biases
The dataset contains only reviews from verified purchases (as described in the paper, section 2.1), and the reviews
should conform the [Amazon Community Guidelines](https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=GLHXEX85MENUE4XF).
### Other Known Limitations
The dataset is constructed so that the distribution of star ratings is balanced. This feature has some advantages for
purposes of classification, but some types of language may be over or underrepresented relative to the original
distribution of reviews to achieve this balance.
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
Published by Phillip Keung, Yichao Lu, György Szarvas, and Noah A. Smith. Managed by Amazon.
### Licensing Information
Amazon has licensed this dataset under its own agreement for non-commercial research usage only. This licence is quite restrictive preventing use anywhere a fee is received including paid for internships etc. A copy of the agreement can be found at the dataset webpage here:
https://docs.opendata.aws/amazon-reviews-ml/license.txt
By accessing the Multilingual Amazon Reviews Corpus ("Reviews Corpus"), you agree that the Reviews Corpus is an Amazon Service subject to the [Amazon.com Conditions of Use](https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/ref=footer_cou?ie=UTF8&nodeId=508088) and you agree to be bound by them, with the following additional conditions:
In addition to the license rights granted under the Conditions of Use, Amazon or its content providers grant you a limited, non-exclusive, non-transferable, non-sublicensable, revocable license to access and use the Reviews Corpus for purposes of academic research. You may not resell, republish, or make any commercial use of the Reviews Corpus or its contents, including use of the Reviews Corpus for commercial research, such as research related to a funding or consultancy contract, internship, or other relationship in which the results are provided for a fee or delivered to a for-profit organization. You may not (a) link or associate content in the Reviews Corpus with any personal information (including Amazon customer accounts), or (b) attempt to determine the identity of the author of any content in the Reviews Corpus. If you violate any of the foregoing conditions, your license to access and use the Reviews Corpus will automatically terminate without prejudice to any of the other rights or remedies Amazon may have.
### Citation Information
Please cite the following paper (arXiv) if you found this dataset useful:
Phillip Keung, Yichao Lu, György Szarvas and Noah A. Smith. “The Multilingual Amazon Reviews Corpus.” In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, 2020.
```
@inproceedings{marc_reviews,
title={The Multilingual Amazon Reviews Corpus},
author={Keung, Phillip and Lu, Yichao and Szarvas, György and Smith, Noah A.},
booktitle={Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing},
year={2020}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@joeddav](https://github.com/joeddav) for adding this dataset. |
false |
# Dataset Card for "squad"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Card for "squad"](#dataset-card-for-squad)
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [plain_text](#plain_text)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [plain_text](#plain_text-1)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Initial Data Collection and Normalization](#initial-data-collection-and-normalization)
- [Who are the source language producers?](#who-are-the-source-language-producers)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Annotation process](#annotation-process)
- [Who are the annotators?](#who-are-the-annotators)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/](https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/)
- **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Paper:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 35.14 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 89.92 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 125.06 MB
### Dataset Summary
Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD) is a reading comprehension dataset, consisting of questions posed by crowdworkers on a set of Wikipedia articles, where the answer to every question is a segment of text, or span, from the corresponding reading passage, or the question might be unanswerable.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### plain_text
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 35.14 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 89.92 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 125.06 MB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
{
"answers": {
"answer_start": [1],
"text": ["This is a test text"]
},
"context": "This is a test context.",
"id": "1",
"question": "Is this a test?",
"title": "train test"
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### plain_text
- `id`: a `string` feature.
- `title`: a `string` feature.
- `context`: a `string` feature.
- `question`: a `string` feature.
- `answers`: a dictionary feature containing:
- `text`: a `string` feature.
- `answer_start`: a `int32` feature.
### Data Splits
| name |train|validation|
|----------|----:|---------:|
|plain_text|87599| 10570|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Citation Information
```
@article{2016arXiv160605250R,
author = {{Rajpurkar}, Pranav and {Zhang}, Jian and {Lopyrev},
Konstantin and {Liang}, Percy},
title = "{SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text}",
journal = {arXiv e-prints},
year = 2016,
eid = {arXiv:1606.05250},
pages = {arXiv:1606.05250},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {1606.05250},
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@lewtun](https://github.com/lewtun), [@albertvillanova](https://github.com/albertvillanova), [@patrickvonplaten](https://github.com/patrickvonplaten), [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf) for adding this dataset. |
false |
# Dataset Card for Pokémon BLIP captions
_Dataset used to train [Pokémon text to image model](https://github.com/LambdaLabsML/examples/tree/main/stable-diffusion-finetuning)_
BLIP generated captions for Pokémon images from Few Shot Pokémon dataset introduced by _Towards Faster and Stabilized GAN Training for High-fidelity Few-shot Image Synthesis_ (FastGAN). Original images were obtained from [FastGAN-pytorch](https://github.com/odegeasslbc/FastGAN-pytorch) and captioned with the [pre-trained BLIP model](https://github.com/salesforce/BLIP).
For each row the dataset contains `image` and `text` keys. `image` is a varying size PIL jpeg, and `text` is the accompanying text caption. Only a train split is provided.
## Examples
> a drawing of a green pokemon with red eyes
> a green and yellow toy with a red nose
> a red and white ball with an angry look on its face
## Citation
If you use this dataset, please cite it as:
```
@misc{pinkney2022pokemon,
author = {Pinkney, Justin N. M.},
title = {Pokemon BLIP captions},
year={2022},
howpublished= {\url{https://huggingface.co/datasets/lambdalabs/pokemon-blip-captions/}}
}
``` |
false |
# Dataset Card for "ai2_arc"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://allenai.org/data/arc](https://allenai.org/data/arc)
- **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Paper:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 1361.68 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 2.28 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 1363.96 MB
### Dataset Summary
A new dataset of 7,787 genuine grade-school level, multiple-choice science questions, assembled to encourage research in
advanced question-answering. The dataset is partitioned into a Challenge Set and an Easy Set, where the former contains
only questions answered incorrectly by both a retrieval-based algorithm and a word co-occurrence algorithm. We are also
including a corpus of over 14 million science sentences relevant to the task, and an implementation of three neural baseline models for this dataset. We pose ARC as a challenge to the community.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### ARC-Challenge
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 680.84 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 0.83 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 681.67 MB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
{
"answerKey": "B",
"choices": {
"label": ["A", "B", "C", "D"],
"text": ["Shady areas increased.", "Food sources increased.", "Oxygen levels increased.", "Available water increased."]
},
"id": "Mercury_SC_405487",
"question": "One year, the oak trees in a park began producing more acorns than usual. The next year, the population of chipmunks in the park also increased. Which best explains why there were more chipmunks the next year?"
}
```
#### ARC-Easy
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 680.84 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 1.45 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 682.29 MB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
{
"answerKey": "B",
"choices": {
"label": ["A", "B", "C", "D"],
"text": ["Shady areas increased.", "Food sources increased.", "Oxygen levels increased.", "Available water increased."]
},
"id": "Mercury_SC_405487",
"question": "One year, the oak trees in a park began producing more acorns than usual. The next year, the population of chipmunks in the park also increased. Which best explains why there were more chipmunks the next year?"
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### ARC-Challenge
- `id`: a `string` feature.
- `question`: a `string` feature.
- `choices`: a dictionary feature containing:
- `text`: a `string` feature.
- `label`: a `string` feature.
- `answerKey`: a `string` feature.
#### ARC-Easy
- `id`: a `string` feature.
- `question`: a `string` feature.
- `choices`: a dictionary feature containing:
- `text`: a `string` feature.
- `label`: a `string` feature.
- `answerKey`: a `string` feature.
### Data Splits
| name |train|validation|test|
|-------------|----:|---------:|---:|
|ARC-Challenge| 1119| 299|1172|
|ARC-Easy | 2251| 570|2376|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Citation Information
```
@article{allenai:arc,
author = {Peter Clark and Isaac Cowhey and Oren Etzioni and Tushar Khot and
Ashish Sabharwal and Carissa Schoenick and Oyvind Tafjord},
title = {Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challenge},
journal = {arXiv:1803.05457v1},
year = {2018},
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@lewtun](https://github.com/lewtun), [@patrickvonplaten](https://github.com/patrickvonplaten), [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf) for adding this dataset. |
false |
# Dataset Card for "conll2003"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0419/](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0419/)
- **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Paper:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 4.85 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 10.26 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 15.11 MB
### Dataset Summary
The shared task of CoNLL-2003 concerns language-independent named entity recognition. We will concentrate on
four types of named entities: persons, locations, organizations and names of miscellaneous entities that do
not belong to the previous three groups.
The CoNLL-2003 shared task data files contain four columns separated by a single space. Each word has been put on
a separate line and there is an empty line after each sentence. The first item on each line is a word, the second
a part-of-speech (POS) tag, the third a syntactic chunk tag and the fourth the named entity tag. The chunk tags
and the named entity tags have the format I-TYPE which means that the word is inside a phrase of type TYPE. Only
if two phrases of the same type immediately follow each other, the first word of the second phrase will have tag
B-TYPE to show that it starts a new phrase. A word with tag O is not part of a phrase. Note the dataset uses IOB2
tagging scheme, whereas the original dataset uses IOB1.
For more details see https://www.clips.uantwerpen.be/conll2003/ner/ and https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0419
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### conll2003
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 4.85 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 10.26 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 15.11 MB
An example of 'train' looks as follows.
```
{
"chunk_tags": [11, 12, 12, 21, 13, 11, 11, 21, 13, 11, 12, 13, 11, 21, 22, 11, 12, 17, 11, 21, 17, 11, 12, 12, 21, 22, 22, 13, 11, 0],
"id": "0",
"ner_tags": [0, 3, 4, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0],
"pos_tags": [12, 22, 22, 38, 15, 22, 28, 38, 15, 16, 21, 35, 24, 35, 37, 16, 21, 15, 24, 41, 15, 16, 21, 21, 20, 37, 40, 35, 21, 7],
"tokens": ["The", "European", "Commission", "said", "on", "Thursday", "it", "disagreed", "with", "German", "advice", "to", "consumers", "to", "shun", "British", "lamb", "until", "scientists", "determine", "whether", "mad", "cow", "disease", "can", "be", "transmitted", "to", "sheep", "."]
}
```
The original data files have `-DOCSTART-` lines used to separate documents, but these lines are removed here.
Indeed `-DOCSTART-` is a special line that acts as a boundary between two different documents, and it is filtered out in this implementation.
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### conll2003
- `id`: a `string` feature.
- `tokens`: a `list` of `string` features.
- `pos_tags`: a `list` of classification labels (`int`). Full tagset with indices:
```python
{'"': 0, "''": 1, '#': 2, '$': 3, '(': 4, ')': 5, ',': 6, '.': 7, ':': 8, '``': 9, 'CC': 10, 'CD': 11, 'DT': 12,
'EX': 13, 'FW': 14, 'IN': 15, 'JJ': 16, 'JJR': 17, 'JJS': 18, 'LS': 19, 'MD': 20, 'NN': 21, 'NNP': 22, 'NNPS': 23,
'NNS': 24, 'NN|SYM': 25, 'PDT': 26, 'POS': 27, 'PRP': 28, 'PRP$': 29, 'RB': 30, 'RBR': 31, 'RBS': 32, 'RP': 33,
'SYM': 34, 'TO': 35, 'UH': 36, 'VB': 37, 'VBD': 38, 'VBG': 39, 'VBN': 40, 'VBP': 41, 'VBZ': 42, 'WDT': 43,
'WP': 44, 'WP$': 45, 'WRB': 46}
```
- `chunk_tags`: a `list` of classification labels (`int`). Full tagset with indices:
```python
{'O': 0, 'B-ADJP': 1, 'I-ADJP': 2, 'B-ADVP': 3, 'I-ADVP': 4, 'B-CONJP': 5, 'I-CONJP': 6, 'B-INTJ': 7, 'I-INTJ': 8,
'B-LST': 9, 'I-LST': 10, 'B-NP': 11, 'I-NP': 12, 'B-PP': 13, 'I-PP': 14, 'B-PRT': 15, 'I-PRT': 16, 'B-SBAR': 17,
'I-SBAR': 18, 'B-UCP': 19, 'I-UCP': 20, 'B-VP': 21, 'I-VP': 22}
```
- `ner_tags`: a `list` of classification labels (`int`). Full tagset with indices:
```python
{'O': 0, 'B-PER': 1, 'I-PER': 2, 'B-ORG': 3, 'I-ORG': 4, 'B-LOC': 5, 'I-LOC': 6, 'B-MISC': 7, 'I-MISC': 8}
```
### Data Splits
| name |train|validation|test|
|---------|----:|---------:|---:|
|conll2003|14041| 3250|3453|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
From the [CoNLL2003 shared task](https://www.clips.uantwerpen.be/conll2003/ner/) page:
> The English data is a collection of news wire articles from the Reuters Corpus. The annotation has been done by people of the University of Antwerp. Because of copyright reasons we only make available the annotations. In order to build the complete data sets you will need access to the Reuters Corpus. It can be obtained for research purposes without any charge from NIST.
The copyrights are defined below, from the [Reuters Corpus page](https://trec.nist.gov/data/reuters/reuters.html):
> The stories in the Reuters Corpus are under the copyright of Reuters Ltd and/or Thomson Reuters, and their use is governed by the following agreements:
>
> [Organizational agreement](https://trec.nist.gov/data/reuters/org_appl_reuters_v4.html)
>
> This agreement must be signed by the person responsible for the data at your organization, and sent to NIST.
>
> [Individual agreement](https://trec.nist.gov/data/reuters/ind_appl_reuters_v4.html)
>
> This agreement must be signed by all researchers using the Reuters Corpus at your organization, and kept on file at your organization.
### Citation Information
```
@inproceedings{tjong-kim-sang-de-meulder-2003-introduction,
title = "Introduction to the {C}o{NLL}-2003 Shared Task: Language-Independent Named Entity Recognition",
author = "Tjong Kim Sang, Erik F. and
De Meulder, Fien",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the Seventh Conference on Natural Language Learning at {HLT}-{NAACL} 2003",
year = "2003",
url = "https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W03-0419",
pages = "142--147",
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@jplu](https://github.com/jplu), [@vblagoje](https://github.com/vblagoje), [@lhoestq](https://github.com/lhoestq) for adding this dataset. |
true |
MMLU (`hendrycks_test` on huggingface) without auxiliary train. It is much lighter (7MB vs 162MB) and faster than the original implementation, in which auxiliary train is loaded (+ duplicated!) by default for all the configs in the original version, making it quite heavy.
We use this version in [tasksource](https://huggingface.co/tasksource).
Reference to original dataset:
Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding - https://github.com/hendrycks/test
```
@article{hendryckstest2021,
title={Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding},
author={Dan Hendrycks and Collin Burns and Steven Basart and Andy Zou and Mantas Mazeika and Dawn Song and Jacob Steinhardt},
journal={Proceedings of the International Conference on Learning Representations (ICLR)},
year={2021}
}
``` |
false |
# Dataset Card for GSM8K
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-instances)
- [Data Splits](#data-instances)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** https://openai.com/blog/grade-school-math/
- **Repository:** https://github.com/openai/grade-school-math
- **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/abs/2110.14168
- **Leaderboard:** [Needs More Information]
- **Point of Contact:** [Needs More Information]
### Dataset Summary
GSM8K (Grade School Math 8K) is a dataset of 8.5K high quality linguistically diverse grade school math word problems. The dataset was created to support the task of question answering on basic mathematical problems that require multi-step reasoning.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[Needs More Information]
### Languages
The text in the dataset is in English. The associated BCP-47 code is `en`.
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
For the `main` configuration, each instance contains a string for the grade-school level math question and a string for the corresponding answer with multiple steps of reasoning and calculator annotations (explained [here](https://github.com/openai/grade-school-math#calculation-annotations)).
```python
{
'question': 'Natalia sold clips to 48 of her friends in April, and then she sold half as many clips in May. How many clips did Natalia sell altogether in April and May?',
'answer': 'Natalia sold 48/2 = <<48/2=24>>24 clips in May.\nNatalia sold 48+24 = <<48+24=72>>72 clips altogether in April and May.\n#### 72',
}
```
For the `socratic` configuration, each instance contains a string for a grade-school level math question, a string for the corresponding answer with multiple steps of reasoning, calculator annotations (explained [here](https://github.com/openai/grade-school-math#calculation-annotations)), and *Socratic sub-questions*.
```python
{
'question': 'Natalia sold clips to 48 of her friends in April, and then she sold half as many clips in May. How many clips did Natalia sell altogether in April and May?',
'answer': 'How many clips did Natalia sell in May? ** Natalia sold 48/2 = <<48/2=24>>24 clips in May.\nHow many clips did Natalia sell altogether in April and May? ** Natalia sold 48+24 = <<48+24=72>>72 clips altogether in April and May.\n#### 72',
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among `main` and `socratic` configurations and their individual splits.
- question: The question string to a grade school math problem.
- answer: The full solution string to the `question`. It contains multiple steps of reasoning with calculator annotations and the final numeric solution.
### Data Splits
| name |train|validation|
|--------|----:|---------:|
|main | 7473| 1319|
|socratic| 7473| 1319|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[Needs More Information]
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
From the paper:
> We initially collected a starting set of a thousand problems and natural language solutions by hiring freelance contractors on Upwork (upwork.com). We then worked with Surge AI (surgehq.ai), an NLP data labeling platform, to scale up our data collection. After collecting the full dataset, we asked workers to re-solve all problems, with no workers re-solving problems they originally wrote. We checked whether their final answers agreed with the original solu- tions, and any problems that produced disagreements were either repaired or discarded. We then performed another round of agreement checks on a smaller subset of problems, finding that 1.7% of problems still produce disagreements among contractors. We estimate this to be the fraction of problems that con- tain breaking errors or ambiguities. It is possible that a larger percentage of problems contain subtle errors.
#### Who are the source language producers?
[Needs More Information]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[Needs More Information]
#### Who are the annotators?
Surge AI (surgehq.ai)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[Needs More Information]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[Needs More Information]
### Discussion of Biases
[Needs More Information]
### Other Known Limitations
[Needs More Information]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[Needs More Information]
### Licensing Information
The GSM8K dataset is licensed under the [MIT License](https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT).
### Citation Information
```bibtex
@article{cobbe2021gsm8k,
title={Training Verifiers to Solve Math Word Problems},
author={Cobbe, Karl and Kosaraju, Vineet and Bavarian, Mohammad and Chen, Mark and Jun, Heewoo and Kaiser, Lukasz and Plappert, Matthias and Tworek, Jerry and Hilton, Jacob and Nakano, Reiichiro and Hesse, Christopher and Schulman, John},
journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.14168},
year={2021}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@jon-tow](https://github.com/jon-tow) for adding this dataset. |
false |
# Dataset Card for C4
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Card for C4](#dataset-card-for-c4)
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Initial Data Collection and Normalization](#initial-data-collection-and-normalization)
- [Who are the source language producers?](#who-are-the-source-language-producers)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Annotation process](#annotation-process)
- [Who are the annotators?](#who-are-the-annotators)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/c4
- **Paper:** https://arxiv.org/abs/1910.10683
### Dataset Summary
A colossal, cleaned version of Common Crawl's web crawl corpus. Based on Common Crawl dataset: "https://commoncrawl.org".
This is the version prepared by AllenAI, hosted at this address: https://huggingface.co/datasets/allenai/c4
It comes in four variants:
- `en`: 305GB in JSON format
- `en.noblocklist`: 380GB in JSON format
- `en.noclean`: 2.3TB in JSON format
- `realnewslike`: 15GB in JSON format
The `en.noblocklist` variant is exactly the same as the `en` variant, except we turned off the so-called "badwords filter", which removes all documents that contain words from the lists at https://github.com/LDNOOBW/List-of-Dirty-Naughty-Obscene-and-Otherwise-Bad-Words.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
C4 is mainly intended to pretrain language models and word representations.
### Languages
The dataset is in English.
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
An example form the `en` config is:
```
{
'url': 'https://klyq.com/beginners-bbq-class-taking-place-in-missoula/',
'text': 'Beginners BBQ Class Taking Place in Missoula!\nDo you want to get better at making delicious BBQ? You will have the opportunity, put this on your calendar now. Thursday, September 22nd join World Class BBQ Champion, Tony Balay from Lonestar Smoke Rangers. He will be teaching a beginner level class for everyone who wants to get better with their culinary skills.\nHe will teach you everything you need to know to compete in a KCBS BBQ competition, including techniques, recipes, timelines, meat selection and trimming, plus smoker and fire information.\nThe cost to be in the class is $35 per person, and for spectators it is free. Included in the cost will be either a t-shirt or apron and you will be tasting samples of each meat that is prepared.',
'timestamp': '2019-04-25T12:57:54Z'
}
```
### Data Fields
The data have several fields:
- `url`: url of the source as a string
- `text`: text content as a string
- `timestamp`: timestamp as a string
### Data Splits
| name | train |validation|
|----------------|--------:|---------:|
| en |364868892| 364608|
| en.noblocklist |393391519| 393226|
| en.noclean | ?| ?|
| realnewslike | 13799838| 13863|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed]
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
C4 dataset is a collection of about 750GB of English-language text sourced from the public Common Crawl web scrape. It includes heuristics to extract only natural language (as opposed to boilerplate and other gibberish) in addition to extensive deduplication. You can find the code that has been used to build this dataset in [c4.py](https://github.com/tensorflow/datasets/blob/5952d3d60d60e1727786fa7a9a23d24bb463d4d6/tensorflow_datasets/text/c4.py) by Tensorflow Datasets.
The dataset was explicitly designed to be English only: any page that was not given a probability of at least 99% of being English by [langdetect](https://github.com/Mimino666/langdetect) was discarded.
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed]
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed]
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed]
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed]
### Licensing Information
AllenAI are releasing this dataset under the terms of ODC-BY. By using this, you are also bound by the Common Crawl terms of use in respect of the content contained in the dataset.
### Citation Information
```
@article{2019t5,
author = {Colin Raffel and Noam Shazeer and Adam Roberts and Katherine Lee and Sharan Narang and Michael Matena and Yanqi Zhou and Wei Li and Peter J. Liu},
title = {Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer},
journal = {arXiv e-prints},
year = {2019},
archivePrefix = {arXiv},
eprint = {1910.10683},
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@dirkgr](https://github.com/dirkgr) and [@lhoestq](https://github.com/lhoestq) for adding this dataset. |
true |
# Dataset Card for "rotten_tomatoes"
## Table of Contents
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Homepage:** [http://www.cs.cornell.edu/people/pabo/movie-review-data/](http://www.cs.cornell.edu/people/pabo/movie-review-data/)
- **Repository:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Paper:** [https://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0506075](https://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0506075)
- **Point of Contact:** [More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 0.49 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 1.34 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 1.84 MB
### Dataset Summary
Movie Review Dataset.
This is a dataset of containing 5,331 positive and 5,331 negative processed
sentences from Rotten Tomatoes movie reviews. This data was first used in Bo
Pang and Lillian Lee, ``Seeing stars: Exploiting class relationships for
sentiment categorization with respect to rating scales.'', Proceedings of the
ACL, 2005.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Languages
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Dataset Structure
### Data Instances
#### default
- **Size of downloaded dataset files:** 0.49 MB
- **Size of the generated dataset:** 1.34 MB
- **Total amount of disk used:** 1.84 MB
An example of 'validation' looks as follows.
```
{
"label": 1,
"text": "Sometimes the days and nights just drag on -- it 's the morning that make me feel alive . And I have one thing to thank for that : pancakes . "
}
```
### Data Fields
The data fields are the same among all splits.
#### default
- `text`: a `string` feature.
- `label`: a classification label, with possible values including `neg` (0), `pos` (1).
### Data Splits
| name |train|validation|test|
|-------|----:|---------:|---:|
|default| 8530| 1066|1066|
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Source Data
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Annotations
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Personal and Sensitive Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Considerations for Using the Data
### Social Impact of Dataset
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Licensing Information
[More Information Needed](https://github.com/huggingface/datasets/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md#how-to-contribute-to-the-dataset-cards)
### Citation Information
```
@InProceedings{Pang+Lee:05a,
author = {Bo Pang and Lillian Lee},
title = {Seeing stars: Exploiting class relationships for sentiment
categorization with respect to rating scales},
booktitle = {Proceedings of the ACL},
year = 2005
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@thomwolf](https://github.com/thomwolf), [@jxmorris12](https://github.com/jxmorris12) for adding this dataset. |
false |
# Dataset Card for OpenAI HumanEval
## Table of Contents
- [OpenAI HumanEval](#openai-humaneval)
- [Table of Contents](#table-of-contents)
- [Dataset Description](#dataset-description)
- [Dataset Summary](#dataset-summary)
- [Supported Tasks and Leaderboards](#supported-tasks-and-leaderboards)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [Dataset Structure](#dataset-structure)
- [Data Instances](#data-instances)
- [Data Fields](#data-fields)
- [Data Splits](#data-splits)
- [Dataset Creation](#dataset-creation)
- [Curation Rationale](#curation-rationale)
- [Source Data](#source-data)
- [Initial Data Collection and Normalization](#initial-data-collection-and-normalization)
- [Who are the source language producers?](#who-are-the-source-language-producers)
- [Annotations](#annotations)
- [Annotation process](#annotation-process)
- [Who are the annotators?](#who-are-the-annotators)
- [Personal and Sensitive Information](#personal-and-sensitive-information)
- [Considerations for Using the Data](#considerations-for-using-the-data)
- [Social Impact of Dataset](#social-impact-of-dataset)
- [Discussion of Biases](#discussion-of-biases)
- [Other Known Limitations](#other-known-limitations)
- [Additional Information](#additional-information)
- [Dataset Curators](#dataset-curators)
- [Licensing Information](#licensing-information)
- [Citation Information](#citation-information)
- [Contributions](#contributions)
## Dataset Description
- **Repository:** [GitHub Repository](https://github.com/openai/human-eval)
- **Paper:** [Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code](https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.03374)
### Dataset Summary
The HumanEval dataset released by OpenAI includes 164 programming problems with a function sig- nature, docstring, body, and several unit tests. They were handwritten to ensure not to be included in the training set of code generation models.
### Supported Tasks and Leaderboards
### Languages
The programming problems are written in Python and contain English natural text in comments and docstrings.
## Dataset Structure
```python
from datasets import load_dataset
load_dataset("openai_humaneval")
DatasetDict({
test: Dataset({
features: ['task_id', 'prompt', 'canonical_solution', 'test', 'entry_point'],
num_rows: 164
})
})
```
### Data Instances
An example of a dataset instance:
```
{
"task_id": "test/0",
"prompt": "def return1():\n",
"canonical_solution": " return 1",
"test": "def check(candidate):\n assert candidate() == 1",
"entry_point": "return1"
}
```
### Data Fields
- `task_id`: identifier for the data sample
- `prompt`: input for the model containing function header and docstrings
- `canonical_solution`: solution for the problem in the `prompt`
- `test`: contains function to test generated code for correctness
- `entry_point`: entry point for test
### Data Splits
The dataset only consists of a test split with 164 samples.
## Dataset Creation
### Curation Rationale
Since code generation models are often trained on dumps of GitHub a dataset not included in the dump was necessary to properly evaluate the model. However, since this dataset was published on GitHub it is likely to be included in future dumps.
### Source Data
The dataset was handcrafted by engineers and researchers at OpenAI.
#### Initial Data Collection and Normalization
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the source language producers?
[More Information Needed]
### Annotations
[More Information Needed]
#### Annotation process
[More Information Needed]
#### Who are the annotators?
[More Information Needed]
### Personal and Sensitive Information
None.
## Considerations for Using the Data
Make sure you execute generated Python code in a safe environment when evauating against this dataset as generated code could be harmful.
### Social Impact of Dataset
With this dataset code generating models can be better evaluated which leads to fewer issues introduced when using such models.
### Discussion of Biases
[More Information Needed]
### Other Known Limitations
[More Information Needed]
## Additional Information
### Dataset Curators
OpenAI
### Licensing Information
MIT License
### Citation Information
```
@misc{chen2021evaluating,
title={Evaluating Large Language Models Trained on Code},
author={Mark Chen and Jerry Tworek and Heewoo Jun and Qiming Yuan and Henrique Ponde de Oliveira Pinto and Jared Kaplan and Harri Edwards and Yuri Burda and Nicholas Joseph and Greg Brockman and Alex Ray and Raul Puri and Gretchen Krueger and Michael Petrov and Heidy Khlaaf and Girish Sastry and Pamela Mishkin and Brooke Chan and Scott Gray and Nick Ryder and Mikhail Pavlov and Alethea Power and Lukasz Kaiser and Mohammad Bavarian and Clemens Winter and Philippe Tillet and Felipe Petroski Such and Dave Cummings and Matthias Plappert and Fotios Chantzis and Elizabeth Barnes and Ariel Herbert-Voss and William Hebgen Guss and Alex Nichol and Alex Paino and Nikolas Tezak and Jie Tang and Igor Babuschkin and Suchir Balaji and Shantanu Jain and William Saunders and Christopher Hesse and Andrew N. Carr and Jan Leike and Josh Achiam and Vedant Misra and Evan Morikawa and Alec Radford and Matthew Knight and Miles Brundage and Mira Murati and Katie Mayer and Peter Welinder and Bob McGrew and Dario Amodei and Sam McCandlish and Ilya Sutskever and Wojciech Zaremba},
year={2021},
eprint={2107.03374},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.LG}
}
```
### Contributions
Thanks to [@lvwerra](https://github.com/lvwerra) for adding this dataset. |
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