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paragraph_text stringlengths 1 28.1k	original_url stringlengths 31 199	original_id stringlengths 2 8	paragraph_number int64 1 9.56k	combined_id stringlengths 64 64	length int64 1 28.1k	length_tokens int64 1 9.42k
The first Tempo moped ever manufactured was the bicycle-like 1951 Tempo Handy. It looked like a bicycle, but where the pedals normally would be it carried a Sachs 49 cc, 1 hp engine with pedals and two gears, shifted with the left side twist grip. It had a three-litre gasoline tank and weighed around 28 kilograms. To s...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	7	9225067361ccad41464cf896b9fb4409052de99bf60a00896407cf50af23db09	1,060	248
Corvette era	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	8	0629c1d1f82b9abbaa282b8d89335ec3132e923edf9071222f7e06547aa51453	12	3
The small and easy driven Corvette was a small underbone moped manufactured from 1960 until 1994 (from the early 1980s produced in Portugal). It had a Sachs engine, initially the same pedal engine as the earlier mopeds, later a foot-shifted 2.5 hp Sachs engine with three or four gears and fan cooling. A two-speed auto...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	9	24fe68efaedf03d30661b09e729a9ae8f680da0d977b71e403bd8722b9b12bff	359	93
The combination of German engines and Norwegian frames was cheap and reliable, with few errors. Tempo-Lett mopeds were especially popular during the 1960s and the 1970s. Carrying a 5-litre gasoline tank, one filling of 4% petroil mix gives a considerable range. The engine is started by selecting neutral between first ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	10	b3c3c1653506080f5d70294190ea2a32f774eb696ab48bd88698dee965e14306	508	121
The Tempo made mopeds were easy to acquire, as they were sold at grocery marts, bicycle and sports stores and some other places too. In rural places, a store or business could (and still can) have a broader range of goods and services than usually found in those of a city.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	11	622a2cafacccf3b0cd6176e0248afa59ff94dc6b174dacee9f9bc3a9d8091a04	273	59
To circumvent regulations on produced units of one brand, CKD kits (on which there were no restrictions) were sold to dealers that put the bikes together and put their own brand on the tank. Some examples of such brands are Trygg, Svithun and Tambar-Sachs.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	12	606ba8bcc47834684a5466f2890eddb18dc79b087d337f8dd4b061b8b5526eb7	256	58
In Norway before 1987, a driver's licence for a moped was not required but the driver had to be 16 years old and "have the needed skills" to drive a moped.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	13	058d9373bd41762e293a99d02e44008bde8a99c0d845c14f9c7552df8f99a382	155	45
Later, youth between 16 and 20 years of age needed a moped pass.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	14	b79ee55ba216ce1cfb87709b91ac39fd6f197605c91e72404aa98bea229e56d8	64	20
Since 2005 a drivers licence is mandatory but those being 20 years or older at the time the requirement was settled can obtain one without going through any formal training.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	15	0a7f209c92765e8ae301f5798c4ab7176be6bd08152fadcef0f5a72a729864d3	173	37
Although the Corvette sold well, its appeal was mostly its more practical sides rather than being a show off piece. Øglænd turned towards the younger and more sporty generation when they introduced the motorcycle like Tempo Panter in 1966. This moped was also a big success, initially with the same fan-cooled engine as...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	16	97f29cb15341fb0b177fdbba1c34f26f7c116c7bde6eca0259f65f2fcee4980f	400	85
The Corvette and Panter was the best known Tempo mopeds, but many other models were made over the years. Other examples of mopeds include, amongst others, the models Avanti, Victoria, Hercules, RE, RT and Tiger, the two latter sporting the trouble-prone Minarelli P4 engine.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	17	42141a1718790a6ca5c92c5990c0df32fc1d4453459e75f93ab661f1d9110f39	274	62
Motorcycles	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	18	bf18f7583bf5e7a40fd65a7f398d9ae079acf079696cb157489eb73d3ce0dc4a	11	2
Tempo also made motorcycles. The smallest one was actually a Corvette with a full effect version of the fan cooled 49 cc engine producing 4,3 hp. Sold as the Comet, this small motorcycle had a longer seat allowing two persons to ride. Similar versions of the Panter was sold asTrigger and Sprint, sporting a 5,2 hp full ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	19	48a82a08036e542d9820ace9fdc3d1b0bfef7969bd84db436d22684b22e7bda8	392	88
Some other examples:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	20	abd602c71690c7e819eb7c5ff7200fd0afc1a7b68007242d467297f7af942399	20	4
The World	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	21	38110d0b996566b121b7ee22c75577b8b37cbdf941ace4ab0740d0cd11c82cd7	9	2
1931-1934	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	22	482315e6b6d4f7535727c38092cab19d40296256f996b15349c1cf658430222b	9	9
98cc Sachs	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	23	e1486a08ec4cee4c14acb2a834d87b8e4f490d67e0ef4e7c90bf06fbbb5ed32e	10	4
Tank shifter and pedals.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	24	60fdb26e1120896c94fe46089018af64cecc06dbb0ecb06c99653970425cf1a7	24	5
First motorcycle produced by Øglænd.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	25	fc5edbad213191e148f29abb34717c463497d62d00e10c7b2e2e1427ab88a0f5	36	8
Standard	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	26	a99fe9431c1b9abd425d4e784e01910e440966bb74b9e751b8ec4fb061d55675	8	1
(98 cc with pedals made from 1934 to 1939 not to be confused with the 50s Standard)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	27	c6cd034f7fd25b872aa2ccfa11854db7ab7e35012130281ce068f920e48cd9b6	83	31
1951-59	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	28	8168d06734036e1fd8807ff6f52312586026c6330f2d83d58161c918347d745c	7	7
98, 125, 150 or 175cc Sachs	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	29	1105cee43d21eb0005c6ff3bb445ca880c8df3369410234aeafc7ff1bd081d5d	27	19
From 1953 with 2 seats.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	30	b7a00346b43604c9f4be5807afb929e7a12d2bf2af8a997a91b57b76899ea731	23	11
Villiers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	31	781a1ece21958fb8064a92b2db3a041888da8b55dc431f522b4cfab8a71b7a92	8	2
1937-49	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	32	dc69ff9d5d2b631ffa31862c830cb3f302b5208493b4387a32e4d84055c0a468	7	7
98, 125 or 150cc Villers engines.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	33	8deaf4d69babe8d071a94fff840d62cfd7a0b19fa554dfd93bae19f6583f1f86	33	17
Engine models used were 9D, 9DF, 10D, 10DF, 12D, and 30C .	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	34	52212cd8fc09d5b26523e98fb3bc19d08861bf80305a0240f0b4e903999f3a8f	58	33
Sport	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	35	4c02967873ada00bbd7e120c0cff32a7493947ad859077e0b2120466fa91e5c8	5	1
(1936-39 98 cc not to be confused with 60s model)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	36	2e24b4fdfa1ba1358038ba391aa12eb324e62036407e33474159314973fca95c	50	24
1959-66	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	37	86e77ddd68eee4bcb2a502017f51656a501d480db1a2fe6eda770d8e338455f2	7	7
125, 150 or 175cc Sachs.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	38	a8751fcc5f83634b37d4bd2ca271ecb62563d0e3af18d6fb3d155e7b707f3f06	24	16
Luxus	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	39	6220f7d7e8e9fbea2e90b918433d1b2c3b929237c0c4b65e71fc50a6ff0af8e9	5	2
1936-49	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	40	cdb2a796a3888b4517877ab230956860da9c0f281e021b4b5c7d0732f4121204	7	7
98cc	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	41	e2337997985d474401f33ffa37561dc58c7887b69da4dfb556bc4937c76fd28d	4	3
Kickstart and 11 liter chrome tank, twin exhaust from 1938	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	42	5bb2eaaf8010a2b6cdef295773781ae528ab8bd03db7fe0f83f3f492b29782ee	58	18
CZ	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	43	fdb46cc95253b7ecee881dba3eb8c64ac8a506a61516f530cca2a7d87b69c8f6	2	1
1956 only	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	44	ba5654e93a946fb8972892da42a2d68ba28b5eb29addd52cc98a89acafe3bbf5	9	5
150 cc CZ engine.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	45	51fa6b101856cbb5b6fe199aaf1586e318ce80add5afa36ecfa02f06dadd1212	17	7
Swing	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	46	43519f30eccebeef3079fd178feee01746406316a53cf15b397472b10fe129b4	5	1
1957-59	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	47	84bc2cb9b1119e1a4badb2a1833351704111dd5bfd669bd54f7ea2dae1e67c6f	7	7
125, 150 or 175 cc Sachs	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	48	de65ee6d26cd367a4c915c2da9be4878a517786b792a1f4482942fa9e0e6c45a	24	15
First model with rear suspension and saddle for two instead of seats.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	49	eb2567375a196965b89fcae884ea4a28a85d37ad46a9d6ed7fdc064c13edff69	69	13
Taifun	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	50	3e8b76b463bd363044d66e979ec6d9e40bb38da19a9695dad8840ff844bfb670	6	3
1960-68	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	51	38765b05499fd0f5b319ca92475ce40e67d611bb15a7a17c990f02fd78d5fb19	7	7
125, 150 or 175 cc Sachs	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	52	a8cff40cd5425c55fabdbc99ef12f46fec246f818a5f567270c567f43370a845	24	15
Came in three versions : Taifun (color black only), Taifun Military (olive green with a slightly tuned 175cc Sachs engine, made for the Norwegian armed forces) and the "Blåtaifun" ("blue Taifun", sport model in blue only.)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	53	9ece1cd6aa781f66925cf27bee020b064cd4924703ff0ba97cb9a5e27b847543	222	60
Cross	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	54	0f48d751ebb3c997a97f260ad792fdf7f38a9cd0d8336087f7db6b75372776e1	5	1
1958-66	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	55	97df215a4aa83c824bfd40b9ad0f2524a56451bb377a72650bfd1cb33060c9c9	7	7
125, 150 or 175 cc Sachs	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	56	6146bba352360840fce5720efc930ed9ca89ea4ef7281d49bec6d86ddd2f65d8	24	15
Scrambler with raised suspension and upswept exhaust.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	57	a9cc99857053452b3d062b31b180edbecadbd3bead083de3d30bf62f3695a0e9	53	12
Sprint	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	58	66061ae4229476bf8480c9d941f0629c42d19e16be6c5d01d5ed4ae8f22dd0d2	6	1
1967-72	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	59	c2e7acb2d2952a86dc54b458d5405429d1de6c66b5496adcbce7a49c2de1e925	7	7
50 or 100 cc Sachs	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	60	405d9b4cc9cc2c637c48ea5fcf45f7bbe77658d41ad5c154e6352b8782a51602	18	9
Fighter	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	61	01bf211bf1323ab57fc109d5bb83c91b67b56e81c083d4a11e127f95cafe0e60	7	2
1969-72	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	62	ec4e685b996faa19483ef3304cbbf9ec6344335955ab86d9def0975194cc24f9	7	7
100 or 125cc Sachs	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	63	2b9ee8300a31e7dbc73b96f37adb41c1a8b2116721d0f5cc44c1b24850f1959a	18	10
Delivered in blue only	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	64	c9ec9a8d9677a7fd0966d5d8b99864db65de8b411b8ae88919b2b9dae5e87b66	22	5
Last Tempo motorcycle produced, sold until 1973.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	65	5e7e948380210756ed0aac4a0a360b2885f720b569879893670beb329193ea63	48	13
The End of Tempo	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	66	b00ce181b10b747540b3ed4268f3f7c983b3a7cd7de5cf11a8d01c310ed1dea9	16	4
Eventually, Tempo did not sell to well, due to the invasion of Japanese mopeds and motorcycles. Production of the Tempo Corvette and Panter in Norway ceased in 1983, but the Corvette was produced in Portugal until 1994, still sporting the fan cooled Sachs MLKAX engine. In an effort to survive in the 1980s and 1990s Te...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	67	7b8c9f53d4dda336b587af25ea0cf3c9691e8187a71491658480949f843fe120	474	113
Today, the Tempo mopeds and motorcycles are in the focus of enthusiasts, and collected and restored around the country. Some models fetch sky high prices in the same range or higher than equivalent new bikes when sold among these enthusiasts.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	68	cf44771f2b80880aa4e9c8318a6c67a08ec05902942a1e8ba7d2a731d74c823b	242	45
References	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	69	ccc4694d29e46ee27f7fda06c8c89445a761c4af4e3be6d0eef2f11bbfc755ac	10	1
External links	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	70	7e48800de696bd1aa6f494e60181887940968d7a728ce51a78999c738ec354ae	14	2
Tempo Enthusiasts'	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	71	2daad003fdf183ae45602d0f341de0ae97a0f81504ae2961e51b63b4d9366d44	18	4
Norwegian Tempo Club	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	72	9c2263433b4bdc0367735c073ac605583c844d6ed5fa2edbda0f599929530476	20	4
Motorcycle manufacturers of Norway	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	73	97205eff41030c4fc6182ab05b29f41b09763a5870e7f43bdd8bd8cb2e4fb502	34	5
Moped manufacturers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo%20%28motorcycle%20manufacturer%29	8263108	74	a4aec94e57a659a6a1b45a31329ecad3f703db03bab7fc8213deec94df762216	19	3
Penning ionization is a form of chemi-ionization, an ionization process involving reactions between neutral atoms or molecules.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	1	e0ad948467d99126eaa0942c3742a83588986ca723ebadcde4aa2079344c9d36	127	23
The Penning effect is put to practical use in applications such as gas-discharge neon lamps and fluorescent lamps, where the lamp is filled with a Penning mixture to improve the electrical characteristics of the lamps.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	2	250760813a7081767c2db3097b9cdb19521edc33e56ba227a73a5dac6724cd43	218	41
History	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	3	f378ba6cb2ab16975c26cd4d37b87a6dfc58d8084e4fb6831a6bd228417e4cb7	7	1
The process is named after the Dutch physicist Frans Michel Penning who first reported it in 1927. Penning started to work at the Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium at Eindhoven to continue the investigation of electric discharge on rare gases. Later, he started measurements on the liberation of electrons from metal sur...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	4	275df183e5c0531a6b2c9f4d11470ae4a265d3b04860ebf384562b4c0614be88	437	82
Reaction	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	5	71fc014449e648b5e588467104096439ca44e471c707264e9f294e1a2b92f08e	8	1
Penning ionization refers to the interaction between an electronically excited gas-phase atom G* and a target molecule M. The collision results in the ionization of the molecule yielding a cation M+., an electron e−, and a neutral gas molecule, G, in the ground state. Penning ionization occurs via formation of a high e...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	6	0d232a3eff20b2d4bcdaf73c2155ac511d5a2ddcefbf8f44b13085f57cdd3143	433	86
{G^\ast} + M -> {M^{+\bullet}} + {e^-} + G	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	7	9a6db1cb672c180c5d36afe676e2ba5276639453c2797f5eb3f33291192f95b5	42	21
Penning ionization occurs when the target molecule has an ionization potential lower than the excited energy of the excited-state atom or molecule.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	8	de0e32e5aa027ad14523adae3c5bef1e9414f773a884c88a33961d2790531a52	147	26
Variants	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	9	0cc6392840821aefbddde3b2a741ea4252f80eb399089c740efe5446a121e963	8	1
When the total electron excitation energy of colliding particles is sufficient, then the bonding energy of two particles that bonded together can also be contributed into the associative penning ionization act.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	10	6a213b58c2a790591d6e545cc11d969d9d6b4dde53f0370a41981fb2a428e2f1	210	34
Associative Penning ionization can also occur:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	11	e02088e88afd8da9b2a8349fd542b84a170ded13414c3bc3f4461a9c1c34a547	46	9
{G^\ast} + M -> {MG^{+\bullet}} + e^-	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	12	af65b8e5b917d08af7b22d41a1517c28363bf2b7de75275362c94cf1259ab129	37	17
Surface Penning ionization (Auger Deexcitation) refers to the interaction of the excited-state gas with a surface S, resulting in the release of an electron:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	13	088df05de7a2340f9ccdea41239348132a38e33466e5c0d58e95ca0609df1bad	157	33
{G^\ast} + S -> {G} + {S} + e^-	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	14	e3c9e9d8063a302837b82ebc31f1cc08479a76ddc0dff59d2284452a1fb89e84	31	18
The positive charge symbol S+ that would appear to be required for charge conservation is omitted, because S is a macroscopic surface and the loss of one electron has a negligible effect.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	15	9153fb887027f7f7d8f0c90a0a3eaca37aaf28674f9c40ff2454fef221f62843	187	35
Applications	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	16	52d4d871ad6514cbc3c97cbb4f4560216fb986f1d477c130147a801b01973a1f	12	1
Electron spectroscopy	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	17	db826b4fedb174d5e4f92484eea079bfe5f10815b0b12c211f6d779fbde8bfae	21	2
Penning ionization has been applied to Penning ionization electron spectroscopy (PIES)for gas chromatography detector in glow discharge by using the reaction for He or Ne. The kinetic energy of electron ejected is analyzed by the collisions between target (gas or solid) and metastable atoms by scanning the retarding fi...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	18	1e3e43caf669fe971461637e4976fde3dd50fa87bcab8c13bc2bb7e9b49075ae	470	88
The Penning ionization electron energy does not depend on the conditions of the experiments or any other species since both E and IE are atomic or molecular constants of the energy of He and the ionization energy for the species. Penning ionization electron spectroscopy applied to organic solids. It enables the study o...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	19	8788de93458bc8ed234e35f3b2331f6234da595984ee9bafd7a780d1ad1b4de7	445	76
Mass spectrometry	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	20	e77d8eba7e3c089a86bca361e143fe0ab47cff252ca8e4574986ea9f510cb46d	17	2
Multiple mass spectrometric techniques, including glow discharge mass spectrometry and direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry rely on Penning ionization.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	21	e755608114620ccda2b47956896921856fa3c60f6ce4e60e8c7ede3ed65a6cf2	161	25
Glow discharge mass spectrometry is the direct determination of trace element in solid samples. It occurs with two ionization mechanisms: the direct electron impact ionization and Penning ionization. Processes inherent to the glow discharge, namely cathodic sputtering coupled with Penning ionization, yield an ion	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	22	2ae83f06503eb947028f0592c0e305225ae787cb481a4eed911325658f90e167	314	52
population from which semi-quantitative results can be directly obtained.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	23	f696300de390c298e4b244ab2de6840edbd5524fab9fc7740786b2a924dbfdc5	73	12
See also	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	24	421e6008ec50d6fbfdb4ccdd7e4d5c5e050025d1893f035eb000d1b027bf8fa1	8	2
Chemical ionization	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	25	492874cae63e4f7417668ad29821e698ffacf76f6893be53523052d6b6b4f4e5	19	2
References	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	26	e8a4788f70a6d7be9ef9d652b89c36209c0f4dc28abd580e5a6a48fca7c759f9	10	1
Ion source	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	27	7c044d4fb7265edb56e5f22b79b03d66fd2087c4b456d86f50fc5c46dab2d4fa	10	2
Electron spectroscopy	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penning%20ionization	8263115	28	69543558798e064a83f47332712b592960482000ec55ecab22ebaade48f2e26b	21	2
Graeme Clifford Rummans (born 13 December 1976) is an Australian cricketer. He was born in the suburb of Camperdown in Sydney. Later growing up in Roselands in Sydney. He is a left-handed batsman who bowls slow left-arm orthodox.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme%20Rummans	8263128	1	9194fe0d92f0852bbeab37ca6011f59bc17eabc625131a37100ec890e8dcac60	229	59
Rummans went to Narwee High School in Sydney's South. He played all of his Junior cricket in the St George DCA for Kingsgrove and Captained all St George junior cricket teams before making his Grade debut.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme%20Rummans	8263128	2	8545b4a75caeefbd9d9cc72858521482affe880b3545a8512c279cc4c0527e0e	205	45
He initially debuted for the New South Wales Sheffild Shield team on 5 March 1998. Batting at number six he only managed eleven when he was trapped in front by Colin Miller.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme%20Rummans	8263128	3	ebfa678c8a4fcd9b18bc3ab35a327aeede361e22a211b8963cc1cac12f437138	173	42
His career suffered a major setback in 2002 when he tested positive for the banned masking agent probenecid. For his offence he received a one-month ban from all cricket and a A$2000 fine.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme%20Rummans	8263128	4	b7c9be28fd491f9deda1192c4a9895d0f2dc1d5eb94f326dc7c77c7f4c3acc78	188	49

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