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train · ~135M rows (showing the first 16.1M)

paragraph_text stringlengths 1 28.1k	original_url stringlengths 31 199	original_id stringlengths 2 8	paragraph_number int64 1 9.56k	combined_id stringlengths 64 64	length int64 1 28.1k	length_tokens int64 1 9.42k
Hotels of Greece: Grande Bretagne	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel%20Grande%20Bretagne	8266713	13	89b06b28a78649e606ed0ae8c61fa73c36e624cbafabfda127e9dbb7a53f0e64	33	7
Houses completed in 1842	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel%20Grande%20Bretagne	8266713	14	6231a4a6b1db665bb2d9b54d6c9306c8e4c7889b3024d0833d19a047575c8cfb	24	8
1878 establishments in Greece	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel%20Grande%20Bretagne	8266713	15	92603c046251afeaf1c566ed3c10c9314bcfb253678dd39af704d29ea0262609	29	7
Grande Bretagne	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel%20Grande%20Bretagne	8266713	16	53c7f0477b53e36c914497422c33e56bd76582737ed82adda2debf51f3ebd1f5	15	2
Grande Bretagne	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel%20Grande%20Bretagne	8266713	17	f2907bceafdf6b2d5b2dd5a2e531e789129df0c12db961d2c4d63fa1d28ee2a2	15	2
Theophil Hansen buildings	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel%20Grande%20Bretagne	8266713	18	f6b1d3027d61bad7f683d63de13c676dd3cc9ad08e42770f86d326f48a95f15d	25	4
James Rest was an American psychologist specializing in moral psychology and development. Together with his Minnesota Group of colleagues, including Darcia Narvaez, Muriel Bebeau, and Stephen Thoma, Rest extended Kohlberg's approach to researching moral reasoning.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Rest	8266721	1	fe96b1f18714da33c9aba619f8531e7a0346ff91df9b44e142bf406a4a95957a	264	50
James Rest was a professor at the University of Minnesota from 1970 until his formal retirement in 1994 and was a 1993 recipient of the Distinguished Teaching Award at the University. Rest continued mentoring, researching, and writing until his death in 1999.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Rest	8266721	2	bf48fe1377e3c072a9236e41d429b314cc654f6337060c9014ae28f0858690d0	259	62
Rest's and the Neo-Kohlbergians' work included the Defining Issues Test (DIT), which attempts to provide an objective measure of moral development, and the Four Component Model of moral development, which attempts to provide a theoretical perspective on the subject. Rest and the Minnesota Group were unusually open to ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Rest	8266721	3	10bc7465039a610d46cbbe85d6f595284a43047de0277bac522d1fb61b314131	423	85
Reception	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Rest	8266721	4	eb3863b7334f413a6577cadf198f8bbf29728b443423fd1a64c504a918caec4c	9	1
Rest's work in general and the DIT in particular became the focus of significant scholarly research. Testing by independent sources has tended to uphold the strength and validity of the test.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Rest	8266721	5	12db81f46793fffd7089c249a2a26123d08b563c39e8af06194e594184944ac5	191	36
The 4 component model of James Rest involves 4 psychological processes:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Rest	8266721	6	1f75dd43024d40b32bf9e9172607a847cdd0fe1cfed4f26293ed1e68ef27d2d7	71	14
Moral sensitivity - the individual must be able to interpret a particular situation in terms of possible courses of action, determine who could be affected by the action, and understand how the affected party would regard the effect	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Rest	8266721	7	c6fd5cb94a800b0be0ce691d183ec6cb5c90ff62d17272db5d5241c00dd7e6e3	232	40
Moral judgement - the individual must be able to judge which action is right and ought to decide what to do in a particular situation.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Rest	8266721	8	35f8086401b022646de08e17ce4aa2c5a4341a595f3f43fa08ef40e53c67f625	134	26
Moral motivation - the individual must be able to choose moral values over personal values	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Rest	8266721	9	4752e7c118860e9661fa53203fb98a024171b621e2ea6ca260f53db863c606e9	90	15
Moral character - the individual must have sufficient ego, strength and implementation skills to follow his or her intentions.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Rest	8266721	10	5d81acfd94797d2c7b52a3e99b4417d46d0aa2642e4d9b86e8cde8603f98daa1	126	21
See also	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Rest	8266721	11	aa3c48c0df2ed139c65b5b4b7b67cbf8a853a8663a1d80b3f10c34f917723b10	8	2
Defining Issues Test	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Rest	8266721	12	ad17a6aa178a1f9a6a7c223e29fe51541093859c72470cdce1a7499e7dfa99ff	20	3
Kohlberg's stages of moral development	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Rest	8266721	13	c9277248a0a3d56fda0fd27b642068e20f4642958fd86abc9592e7e265088e4b	38	9
References	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Rest	8266721	14	0f85304ba9c1eadff484c2d555f04633482d18933c5727618df2e33a142947a7	10	1
External links	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Rest	8266721	15	a7b1c74b6cc887a7c70c5bba5ae9a2d164844e48cdcbbb23e8d91220b33131f9	14	2
Center for the Study of Ethical Development [the University of Alabama]	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Rest	8266721	16	0656a508909562a10ad16af372354ea7a66a804435c2d5d7896559589abbb9f9	71	13
1999 deaths	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Rest	8266721	17	13d56988a7c16418a782bb44b12c796ecbe228c8bffc465ed7802a302922b471	11	5
Educational psychologists	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Rest	8266721	18	5ab6f7936cdc51af6686fa45183e2705beab3e23008da42827cfb78a76693906	25	2
American social psychologists	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Rest	8266721	19	2abf7da0e57aa4a68d15a0babe5918b625c662b5e90c685c1ee7485460646318	29	3
American moral psychologists	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Rest	8266721	20	7f09375925107b9e5962546a2125047c142fc43792e44158e2a181c13c975433	28	3
Year of birth missing	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Rest	8266721	21	8b7ea84eb9bd4f7a917fd211c99eb34eefc7f2f6cc2b068211b1c3f13d9323f2	21	4
Shangguan Wan'er (664 – 21 July 710) was a Chinese politician, poet, and imperial consort of the Wu Zhou and Tang dynasties. Described as a "female prime minister," Shangguan rose from modest origins as a palace servant to become secretary and leading advisor to Empress Wu Zetian of Zhou. Under Empress Wu, Shangguan ex...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	1	97bbe29924ae47fa395d43f999af9b227b1fe2e2540125bbe84915fd879b95e3	750	169
Childhood	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	2	18d3494e8ab4b5eb5fcaf4861561d14316ced960b9674a2377b877836b956f39	9	2
Shangguan Wan'er's grandfather Shangguan Yi had become a prominent official early in the reign of Emperor Gaozong and had become chancellor in 662. In 664, Emperor Gaozong was angry at the very above level of controlling influence that his second wife Empress Wu (later known as Wu Zetian) was exerting over policies, d...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	3	e91acddc7c913a542630c04bdc1de4582a6b41cf914936b34365c75ccdf54139	1,162	270
After Shangguan Yi's and Shangguan Tingzhi's deaths, Shangguan Wan'er and her mother Lady Zheng—an elder sister of the official Zheng Xiuyuan () – were spared, but became slaves in the inner imperial palace. As Shangguan Wan'er grew older, she read extensively and showed a talent for writing prose and poetry at an earl...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	4	1822a2771b18f950fe68da1354da070e17caae2ad495093d655daa6ef00a06d4	951	208
As Wu Zetian's secretary	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	5	ec35f53b0c8d538258892bc4be7b61f69bca2d685b8eb3a01af32b8d01631ff3	24	7
Later, after Emperor Gaozong's death in 683, Empress Wu became empress dowager and deposed, in succession, her two sons, Emperor Zhongzong and Emperor Ruizong. In 690, she took the title of "emperor" herself, abolishing the Tang dynasty and establishing her own Zhou dynasty. Particularly after the Wansui Tongtian era...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	6	7674f75faafa850d2f8088df1b4e09afc6d333c08f11ec7e1f2e44ca65e8df61	761	190
As imperial consort	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	7	8b6904c0087f8e68e6694a4e725fc43f8aa0dae9f07afe8d7643ea9d63bb92e7	19	3
In 705, a coup led by Zhang Jianzhi, Cui Xuanwei, Jing Hui, Huan Yanfan, and Yuan Shuji removed Wu Zetian and returned Emperor Zhongzong to the throne. At that time, Shangguan Wan'er became an imperial consort, as a powerful concubine of Emperor Zhongzong, carrying the rank of Jieyu (), the 14th rank for an imperial c...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	8	ccfe130ec9e459b50cebf12a181bd39cd95315ca0b85f3049806cc3b2ebaac0a	1,456	341
Meanwhile, in addition to Empress Wei and Consort Shangguan, Empress Wei's daughter Li Guo'er, the Princess Anle, became very powerful as well, as she was Emperor Zhongzong's favorite daughter, and she had married Wu Sansi's son Wu Chongxun (). She often humiliated her brother Li Chongjun the Crown Prince on account th...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	9	988eb8a3563e995adb063202463d0bfbcf1751b9b4b40d53701a25644be40422	1,000	240
Meanwhile, Consort Shangguan's nephew Wang Yu () had been warning her, through her mother Lady Zheng, that her continued behavior in working with the Wus and Empress Wei would eventually bring disaster on her and her clan. Consort Shangguan initially took no heed, but after Li Chongjun had demanded, by name, to arrest ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	10	dbfe804c43b6215985c9b4c42965756be7dc909d72de10dc8faee77a8829dbb4	921	201
In 708, Emperor Zhongzong established an imperial academy, with four imperial scholars, eight assistant scholars, and 12 associate scholars, selecting officials with literary talent to serve as the imperial scholars. He often held feasts that would also serve as literary competitions, and he had Consort Shangguan serv...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	11	78a5393595597bd6ad744f04aed78aaf8084ebe158899966a56511e6c5f3b0c7	724	158
By spring 709, Consort Shangguan was having an affair with the official Cui Shi, and on account of that relationship, she recommended him to be a chancellor. Emperor Zhongzong agreed. By summer, however, Cui and another chancellor, Zheng Yin, were charged with corruption. As a result, Cui was set to be exiled to be ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	12	629daec1e2a9d15b32d41dc82c92920e72445fb0326de4f861295caddfdb3f3b	837	204
Death	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	13	b21db4aa6087f0feb7aeba75c3a565baac4a434c12c20f7a8b9990d4eefa459a	5	1
In fall 710, Emperor Zhongzong died suddenly—a death that traditional historians assert to be a poisoning carried out by Empress Wei and Li Guo'er, to allow Empress Wei to seize power and eventually take the throne and Li Guo'er to become crown princess. In the aftermath of Emperor Zhongzong's death, Empress Wei, who i...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	14	0df96c48b337587af5db3c9ee230691a3012e635efe9f5bc0ae34bac92ab6496	1,492	321
Meanwhile, Zong, Wu Yanxiu, and other officials Zhao Lüwen () and Ye Jingneng (), were advocating to Empress Dowager Wei that she take the throne. They also believed that Li Dan and Princess Taiping were in the way and should be removed. The official Cui Riyong leaked their plans to Li Dan's son Li Longji the Prince ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	15	38fa784331072d9a78d0cf371d6eb3065a480feccb37cd701f948484afe021e9	947	225
Posthumous recognition	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	16	39f4881c60d9dbcb954bf99cfbdc2437b419eb707908a5c18bf846cb390a774d	22	4
Soon, under the suggestion by Princess Taiping, Li Longji, and Li Longji's brother Li Chengqi the Prince of Song, Emperor Shang was removed from the throne, and Li Dan took the throne again. In 711, he restored Consort Shangguan's title as Zhaorong, and gave her the posthumous name of Wenhui (meaning "civil and benevo...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	17	5810842e90ba0d6c5fa1a89ccdc671a9d03b7f9f34abc4abcdfeda5320e8a4ba	598	144
Tomb	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	18	72a5f27391bd4c505017285a0aa4b9fa59592c0f0219f1d31fb9f598357491a2	4	2
In September 2013 it was announced that archeologists in China had discovered the tomb of Shangguan Wan'er near the airport at Xianyang, Shaanxi province. The tomb was badly damaged, perhaps deliberately according to Chinese archeologists, and only a very few burial goods were discovered inside, including some sculptu...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	19	0c384049f87275a8e5abb3c83b35e31a7cfbcd274543da0835cb5febe36395b8	954	207
In fiction and popular culture	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	20	48798cd76b36ca72bce6a83a7cba2307836b941240547489796dbd5468c6df9b	30	5
Portrayed by Lau Hung Fong in Empress Wu (1984)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	21	38975a4b702d5ff88b7027e85611fce2dbeb2c961485d98812b661dec4263c23	47	15
Portrayed by Pei Hsin-yu in The Empress of the Dynasty (1985)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	22	6d4303833ebe561edfc60ca924cb0838cd3424742ed7e9b5de1e06d836b324d0	61	20
Portrayed by Ruan Danning in Shangguan Wan'er (TV series) (1998)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	23	08d658e607b2ce8634909fd1fc7d47246ca0a07fc2d92c249cc80ee652d37485	64	23
Portrayed by Bai Xue in Palace of Desire (TV series) (1999)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	24	e7583002b8d0c8e71f1f7eb72104dc83c160c58c019d62a86a1c9a699d766b81	59	19
Portrayed by Zhang Danlu in Lady Wu: The First Empress (2003)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	25	ae67a477b40630e14ab538cd49e42e425bda7882ab21fabb3dcf93f54fcbd378	61	19
Portrayed by Leila Tong in The Greatness of a Hero (2009)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	26	e88c5b3f4b501963a4bc70577b6cf7baf0b9857a4cf521ecc7e55aadacbf5c33	57	18
Portrayed by Li Bingbing in Detective Dee and the Mystery of the Phantom Flame (2010)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	27	713c09aba58e714194a133e4ac3d2729de7f2cdc2f9e964231c6d56cecb56a54	85	22
Portrayed by Gillian Chung in Secret History of Empress Wu (2011)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	28	8cad22c6eb85e565c729e1d9518ef64cbe3546b3d2fcdd32eb57ebd0e15196b0	65	17
Portrayed by Florence Tan in Women of the Tang Dynasty	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	29	63f8da21342378bab33aefdfcb31c1cad63d1dacb4eb66d8c5feda2ba1bb1a0d	54	11
Notes and references	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	30	c9f3199737083d5fe51a0a7fc6f2584d91f26432091296b6ecf7855163c7c08c	20	3
Old Book of Tang, vol. 51.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	31	124b0aa2f50766c2d6ec87f1d3e564edbad14155420f783d70ee7fa9af891d8b	26	11
New Book of Tang, vol. 76.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	32	59011f6bfcd7d34b41741865d6c5290b29cae2b65c42a4dd2d585ac6524b9474	26	11
Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 208, 209, 210.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	33	d0cac5f4655cd5eb85899d20a7389ed65bb998553d68de8205dd10756b45b674	36	23
External links	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	34	3dd972ed4250d0b5f40d4642b706b59daba5be52ea979e1fad30cf656004edfc	14	2
664 births	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	35	e494d897cc73da46e6ef430874e68b568eda6ea2105d5ff90a913807cd5e946f	10	4
710 deaths	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	36	ec904818d4f860854a2e7c9edf2bdfb847e993b1f22f7c38e16275a2c4b7d10a	10	4
Tang dynasty poets	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	37	d0917ecb399454aa4f3fe2b63c5eb1677cef2f3c007f314be6452f95893a159b	18	3
Tang dynasty imperial consorts	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	38	de1984e09a19c259786509be3b49e19f48ffd5877dede3f333d2f615708ff1fe	30	5
Chinese women poets	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	39	a41dda99732ac3b0e091119dfef43ffba9f984ca5f34914edb8cba798dd3d713	19	3
7th-century Chinese women writers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	40	62fef7e75b1d3798b30c59867d26e03a091ea1fb42ff13c8a51c807145960a9d	33	7
7th-century writers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	41	97d7146982af68166f73a6b4238901dfca15421da8eb57f4cc29605f14d1a1e1	19	5
8th-century Chinese women writers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	42	ec89db09b43bfbd35d7348382e81f67d4c7779e646d4a8a20dcff4d73d9c39f9	33	7
8th-century writers	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	43	c58b9c8dc4d9853941dd5e590e1db1a3705a9be345a1e19f5584f3d625bf71db	19	5
Women of medieval China	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	44	8911c9ae589a0e9204358257f064a635852ded37eef985a60d8547286aa2af58	23	4
Politicians from Xi'an	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	45	b1390d9194bcbebbd6518be707acd1bb3ad901a1fd70ec096473150938febfe3	22	6
Writers from Xi'an	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	46	10a6d7a3237340f1ef7cedf71e14f1721151821850afeb88b811e5a172006ec5	18	6
People executed by the Tang dynasty by decapitation	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	47	fc11c1535f5ef03d8a75360a7651cb3e89ad174e3aa9d0bd22607f822e999f06	51	9
Executed people from Shaanxi	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	48	735a94b58d2bd6e16d8877b6469ca06dbab33ef8caa608a2705d1e03c45c8357	28	6
Executed Chinese women	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	49	cd555114da148f456cbd3f098947a0bcb1f916ff164b5f3d1ac5158aad587056	22	3
Executed Tang dynasty people	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	50	aa61871417f0f762f9acab19b9dd8cce04dbdf7bdb6661c0655bba124b560bc1	28	4
8th-century executions by the Tang dynasty	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	51	1b029fbdf729c40302a040ea294b996247e642bcbd92a4da328e91f55d073371	42	9
Tang dynasty government officials	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	52	976607547904145051a329054e4a344ed536cf92e408d41f6f7aeb26ac28739d	33	4
7th-century Chinese poets	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	53	893fe16cd36e4277370df48145f88450b9fec48df84849bceda7da8dc9f8ca8f	25	6
8th-century Chinese poets	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	54	2192a704273b218c582b5df2227008bd5e0d403b2022266d0bf039a6e432e1aa	25	6
Poets from Shaanxi	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	55	641625ffdebcf1920e6460aadeac338db3cdb93616c12a898f03056f11f295ef	18	6
Wu Zetian	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shangguan%20Wan%27er	8266739	56	3e5ccc7eecc22d13df8383db24c0e7e4740656fd00510f1f08990a1391e29741	9	3
The Defining Issues Test is a component model of moral development devised by James Rest in 1974. The University of Minnesota formally established the Center for the Study of Ethical Development as a vehicle for research around this test in 1982. The Center relocated to larger premises within the University of Alabama...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defining%20Issues%20Test	8266740	1	96b338c72d1636a4a4f7ce7b4ae1a49312ae80533d65f0a43e210554491fdf68	688	136
The normative information for the DIT2-test (2023) has been updated after 14 years.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defining%20Issues%20Test	8266740	2	36945a7d7535c8f6673e6ef15210460fa290d693c9f27286312efb5baa10f5b5	83	25
The Defining Issues Test is a proprietary self-report measure which uses a Likert-type scale to give quantitative ratings and rankings to issues surrounding five different moral dilemmas, or stories. Specifically, respondents rate 12 issues in terms of their importance to the corresponding dilemma and then rank the fou...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defining%20Issues%20Test	8266740	3	bcc0d2eeb0b3bfcbdd8ffe81343c2a827b9d25eb5b909320ba2e2ae3512bc962	1,356	246
The personal interests schema is regarded as the least developmentally advanced level of moral reasoning. In operating primarily at the Personal Interests level, the respondent takes into consideration what the protagonist of the story, or those close to the protagonist, has to gain or lose. The Maintaining Norms Sch...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defining%20Issues%20Test	8266740	4	62bd0ff53e14f2aabe014d35ddd61f081f7b6acddc5c6dd71236699d884f6580	430	75
At the maintaining norms reasoning level, law and authority are important, as each of these helps to uphold social order, which is paramount to this schema. So, a respondent who is predominantly using this schema will take into consideration what needs to be done in order to be compliant with the social order of societ...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defining%20Issues%20Test	8266740	5	1336202982c148ad78345dc31b93a8ea844d58f069c6cd330b7d3fc63bba242e	409	75
At the post-conventional reasoning level, laws are not simply blindly accepted (as with the maintaining norms schema) but are scrutinized in order to ensure society-wide benefit. So, a respondent who is primarily using this schema will focus on what is best for society as a whole. For example, the civil rights movemen...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defining%20Issues%20Test	8266740	6	9a974f1320f77d83079f0da522373a8ef67da2c2722683f0a7092dda7169991a	444	86
Though an individual may rely more heavily on one of the aforementioned schemas, moral reasoning is typically informed, to varying degrees, by each of the schemas.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defining%20Issues%20Test	8266740	7	d5d1a6ccf32670eef2687e5d57e841aee502ebf28b57a1473f3be99ed32a1661	163	30
One of the Defining Issues Test's original purposes was to assess the transition of moral development from adolescence to adulthood. In 1999 the test was revised in the DIT-2 for brevity, clarity and more powerful validity criteria.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defining%20Issues%20Test	8266740	8	2de2fc6d6bfd6e9050d9fdd307a320584b61886f0cc0cbc3b42e526e1a1ff706	232	49
The Defining Issues Test has been dubbed "Neo-Kohlbergian" by its constituents as it emphasizes cognition, personal construction, development and postconventional moral thinking - reflective of the work by Lawrence Kohlberg and his stages of moral development.	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defining%20Issues%20Test	8266740	9	915d5eb760e41392b214ebb06e73f0fa6d87bd623a552e3ac5438b4b6d168493	260	48
Also, the center provides the Intermediate Concepts Measures (ICM)	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defining%20Issues%20Test	8266740	10	f077d501b4e3087fa52ad47982958e61b0ae6d0e011719ae86d6505599b01837	66	13
A new kind of measure has been developed as part of the Intermediate Concept Approach which, unlike DIT, allows bespoke measure development in specific contextual settings. For example, researchers in a law school might want to work with the Center to develop a measure incorporating dilemmas relevant to the law profess...	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defining%20Issues%20Test	8266740	11	b9126df820c1fb94e96728afcc642c8adbf026b80c007d49860f48abd4f76f8c	872	164
ICM Examples	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defining%20Issues%20Test	8266740	12	7b1a36d9ac1ba4b0dc32b0be45891867825febfb2c7dc5528c25763846de605d	12	3
US Version of Adolescent ICM	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defining%20Issues%20Test	8266740	13	90819e03c93f4d7eeeeb759be5c196f886fd6d9ef691f8e695e7e9a4ca46a6eb	28	5
UK Version of Adolescent ICM	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defining%20Issues%20Test	8266740	14	0f33b4713f1e3d30e2bca78a315a8df36f4f2fa6945402586b21d442fd6eef43	28	5
Military ICM	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defining%20Issues%20Test	8266740	15	3418cd6ad1522ae09de1c945ac856be9127cc8b5509b82cbf76b706dbbdb484e	12	2
Please visit the links below for examples of DITs and ICMs:	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defining%20Issues%20Test	8266740	16	25c7220742e82e6989bcdf7e44c72d62cae768443e4a4b445b71941960c300ed	59	15
References	https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defining%20Issues%20Test	8266740	17	d86e3b5460dbc7489972804f24b7d442cd511d1de9208ddba9b03bb14329c83a	10	1

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