id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5731906a497a881900249042 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Romans are known for the great number of deities they honored, a capacity that earned the mockery of early Christian polemicists. The presence of Greeks on the Italian peninsula from the beginning of the historical period influenced Roman culture, introducing some religious practices that became as fundamental as t... | What myths did the Romans adapt to their needs? | {
"answer_start": [
457
],
"text": [
"Greek"
]
} |
5731906a497a881900249043 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Romans are known for the great number of deities they honored, a capacity that earned the mockery of early Christian polemicists. The presence of Greeks on the Italian peninsula from the beginning of the historical period influenced Roman culture, introducing some religious practices that became as fundamental as t... | What religion influenced augury for the Romans? | {
"answer_start": [
521
],
"text": [
"Etruscan"
]
} |
57319240a5e9cc1400cdc0d5 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Imported mystery religions, which offered initiates salvation in the afterlife, were a matter of personal choice for an individual, practiced in addition to carrying on one's family rites and participating in public religion. The mysteries, however, involved exclusive oaths and secrecy, conditions that conservative Rom... | What was the practice of religion to the Romans? | {
"answer_start": [
97
],
"text": [
"personal choice"
]
} |
57319240a5e9cc1400cdc0d6 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Imported mystery religions, which offered initiates salvation in the afterlife, were a matter of personal choice for an individual, practiced in addition to carrying on one's family rites and participating in public religion. The mysteries, however, involved exclusive oaths and secrecy, conditions that conservative Rom... | What was the standard practice in Roman religious life? | {
"answer_start": [
209
],
"text": [
"public religion"
]
} |
57319240a5e9cc1400cdc0d7 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Imported mystery religions, which offered initiates salvation in the afterlife, were a matter of personal choice for an individual, practiced in addition to carrying on one's family rites and participating in public religion. The mysteries, however, involved exclusive oaths and secrecy, conditions that conservative Rom... | What part of Roman religious practice involved secrecy? | {
"answer_start": [
230
],
"text": [
"mysteries"
]
} |
57319240a5e9cc1400cdc0d8 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Imported mystery religions, which offered initiates salvation in the afterlife, were a matter of personal choice for an individual, practiced in addition to carrying on one's family rites and participating in public religion. The mysteries, however, involved exclusive oaths and secrecy, conditions that conservative Rom... | What group viewed the mysteries as suspicious or subversive? | {
"answer_start": [
304
],
"text": [
"conservative Romans"
]
} |
57319240a5e9cc1400cdc0d9 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Imported mystery religions, which offered initiates salvation in the afterlife, were a matter of personal choice for an individual, practiced in addition to carrying on one's family rites and participating in public religion. The mysteries, however, involved exclusive oaths and secrecy, conditions that conservative Rom... | What did the mysteries seem to threaten that made the Romans occasionally attempt to ban them? | {
"answer_start": [
538
],
"text": [
"morality and unity"
]
} |
573193f005b4da19006bd2e4 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | As the Romans extended their dominance throughout the Mediterranean world, their policy in general was to absorb the deities and cults of other peoples rather than try to eradicate them, since they believed that preserving tradition promoted social stability. One way that Rome incorporated diverse peoples was by suppor... | What did the Romans tend to do with local religions and deities in conquered areas? | {
"answer_start": [
106
],
"text": [
"absorb"
]
} |
573193f005b4da19006bd2e5 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | As the Romans extended their dominance throughout the Mediterranean world, their policy in general was to absorb the deities and cults of other peoples rather than try to eradicate them, since they believed that preserving tradition promoted social stability. One way that Rome incorporated diverse peoples was by suppor... | To the Romans what did them think promoted social stability? | {
"answer_start": [
212
],
"text": [
"preserving tradition"
]
} |
573193f005b4da19006bd2e6 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | As the Romans extended their dominance throughout the Mediterranean world, their policy in general was to absorb the deities and cults of other peoples rather than try to eradicate them, since they believed that preserving tradition promoted social stability. One way that Rome incorporated diverse peoples was by suppor... | What facet of a foreign people did Rome add to itself to promote order? | {
"answer_start": [
331
],
"text": [
"religious heritage"
]
} |
573193f005b4da19006bd2e7 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | As the Romans extended their dominance throughout the Mediterranean world, their policy in general was to absorb the deities and cults of other peoples rather than try to eradicate them, since they believed that preserving tradition promoted social stability. One way that Rome incorporated diverse peoples was by suppor... | To what areas of the Roman empire did the Romans take their deities? | {
"answer_start": [
721
],
"text": [
"remote provinces"
]
} |
573193f005b4da19006bd2e8 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | As the Romans extended their dominance throughout the Mediterranean world, their policy in general was to absorb the deities and cults of other peoples rather than try to eradicate them, since they believed that preserving tradition promoted social stability. One way that Rome incorporated diverse peoples was by suppor... | What facet of religion was not an issue for Roman? | {
"answer_start": [
956
],
"text": [
"tolerance"
]
} |
573195dbe6313a140071d0e0 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the wake of the Republic's collapse, state religion had adapted to support the new regime of the emperors. Augustus, the first Roman emperor, justified the novelty of one-man rule with a vast program of religious revivalism and reform. Public vows formerly made for the security of the republic now were directed at t... | After the Republic collapsed, what addition was made to the religions of Rome? | {
"answer_start": [
100
],
"text": [
"emperors"
]
} |
573195dbe6313a140071d0e1 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the wake of the Republic's collapse, state religion had adapted to support the new regime of the emperors. Augustus, the first Roman emperor, justified the novelty of one-man rule with a vast program of religious revivalism and reform. Public vows formerly made for the security of the republic now were directed at t... | Who was the first Roman emperor? | {
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"Augustus"
]
} |
573195dbe6313a140071d0e2 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the wake of the Republic's collapse, state religion had adapted to support the new regime of the emperors. Augustus, the first Roman emperor, justified the novelty of one-man rule with a vast program of religious revivalism and reform. Public vows formerly made for the security of the republic now were directed at t... | For whose well being were public vows made in the empire? | {
"answer_start": [
340
],
"text": [
"emperor"
]
} |
573195dbe6313a140071d0e3 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the wake of the Republic's collapse, state religion had adapted to support the new regime of the emperors. Augustus, the first Roman emperor, justified the novelty of one-man rule with a vast program of religious revivalism and reform. Public vows formerly made for the security of the republic now were directed at t... | What did the Romans use as a means of expanding their rule throughout the empire? | {
"answer_start": [
518
],
"text": [
"Imperial cult"
]
} |
573195dbe6313a140071d0e4 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the wake of the Republic's collapse, state religion had adapted to support the new regime of the emperors. Augustus, the first Roman emperor, justified the novelty of one-man rule with a vast program of religious revivalism and reform. Public vows formerly made for the security of the republic now were directed at t... | As what during the time of the Roman empire was rejection of the state religion viewed? | {
"answer_start": [
741
],
"text": [
"treason"
]
} |
57319760e99e3014001e6174 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome had a semi-divine ancestor in the Trojan refugee Aeneas, son of Venus, who was said to have established the nucleus of Roman religion when he brought the Palladium, Lares and Penates from Troy to Italy. These objects were believed in historical times to remain in the keeping of the Vestals, Rome's female priesthoo... | What mythical figure did the Romans consider to be semi-divine? | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"Aeneas"
]
} |
57319760e99e3014001e6175 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome had a semi-divine ancestor in the Trojan refugee Aeneas, son of Venus, who was said to have established the nucleus of Roman religion when he brought the Palladium, Lares and Penates from Troy to Italy. These objects were believed in historical times to remain in the keeping of the Vestals, Rome's female priesthoo... | Of what did Aeneas establish the central feature? | {
"answer_start": [
124
],
"text": [
"Roman religion"
]
} |
57319760e99e3014001e6176 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome had a semi-divine ancestor in the Trojan refugee Aeneas, son of Venus, who was said to have established the nucleus of Roman religion when he brought the Palladium, Lares and Penates from Troy to Italy. These objects were believed in historical times to remain in the keeping of the Vestals, Rome's female priesthoo... | Who were the keepers of Aeneas's sacred objects? | {
"answer_start": [
288
],
"text": [
"Vestals"
]
} |
57319760e99e3014001e6177 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome had a semi-divine ancestor in the Trojan refugee Aeneas, son of Venus, who was said to have established the nucleus of Roman religion when he brought the Palladium, Lares and Penates from Troy to Italy. These objects were believed in historical times to remain in the keeping of the Vestals, Rome's female priesthoo... | What ancient festival was celebrated until the 5th century? | {
"answer_start": [
598
],
"text": [
"Lupercalia"
]
} |
57319760e99e3014001e6178 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome had a semi-divine ancestor in the Trojan refugee Aeneas, son of Venus, who was said to have established the nucleus of Roman religion when he brought the Palladium, Lares and Penates from Troy to Italy. These objects were believed in historical times to remain in the keeping of the Vestals, Rome's female priesthoo... | To whom did Aeneas set up an alter in Rome? | {
"answer_start": [
502
],
"text": [
"Hercules"
]
} |
57319878e17f3d1400422255 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The myth of a Trojan founding with Greek influence was reconciled through an elaborate genealogy (the Latin kings of Alba Longa) with the well-known legend of Rome's founding by Romulus and Remus. The most common version of the twins' story displays several aspects of hero myth. Their mother, Rhea Silvia, had been orde... | What mythical characters were involved in the founding of Rome? | {
"answer_start": [
178
],
"text": [
"Romulus and Remus"
]
} |
57319878e17f3d1400422256 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The myth of a Trojan founding with Greek influence was reconciled through an elaborate genealogy (the Latin kings of Alba Longa) with the well-known legend of Rome's founding by Romulus and Remus. The most common version of the twins' story displays several aspects of hero myth. Their mother, Rhea Silvia, had been orde... | What type of story was the Romulus and Remus tale? | {
"answer_start": [
269
],
"text": [
"hero myth"
]
} |
57319878e17f3d1400422257 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The myth of a Trojan founding with Greek influence was reconciled through an elaborate genealogy (the Latin kings of Alba Longa) with the well-known legend of Rome's founding by Romulus and Remus. The most common version of the twins' story displays several aspects of hero myth. Their mother, Rhea Silvia, had been orde... | Who was the mother of Romulus and Remus? | {
"answer_start": [
294
],
"text": [
"Rhea Silvia"
]
} |
57319878e17f3d1400422258 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The myth of a Trojan founding with Greek influence was reconciled through an elaborate genealogy (the Latin kings of Alba Longa) with the well-known legend of Rome's founding by Romulus and Remus. The most common version of the twins' story displays several aspects of hero myth. Their mother, Rhea Silvia, had been orde... | What god was the father of Romulus and Remus? | {
"answer_start": [
534
],
"text": [
"Mars"
]
} |
57319878e17f3d1400422259 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The myth of a Trojan founding with Greek influence was reconciled through an elaborate genealogy (the Latin kings of Alba Longa) with the well-known legend of Rome's founding by Romulus and Remus. The most common version of the twins' story displays several aspects of hero myth. Their mother, Rhea Silvia, had been orde... | What type of events saved the twins of Roman myth? | {
"answer_start": [
638
],
"text": [
"miraculous"
]
} |
573199ecb9d445190005e3fd | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Romulus was credited with several religious institutions. He founded the Consualia festival, inviting the neighbouring Sabines to participate; the ensuing rape of the Sabine women by Romulus's men further embedded both violence and cultural assimilation in Rome's myth of origins. As a successful general, Romulus is als... | What type of organization did Romulus establish? | {
"answer_start": [
34
],
"text": [
"religious"
]
} |
573199ecb9d445190005e3fe | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Romulus was credited with several religious institutions. He founded the Consualia festival, inviting the neighbouring Sabines to participate; the ensuing rape of the Sabine women by Romulus's men further embedded both violence and cultural assimilation in Rome's myth of origins. As a successful general, Romulus is als... | What religious festival did Romulus found? | {
"answer_start": [
73
],
"text": [
"Consualia"
]
} |
573199ecb9d445190005e3ff | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Romulus was credited with several religious institutions. He founded the Consualia festival, inviting the neighbouring Sabines to participate; the ensuing rape of the Sabine women by Romulus's men further embedded both violence and cultural assimilation in Rome's myth of origins. As a successful general, Romulus is als... | According to myth, what god's temple did Romulus found? | {
"answer_start": [
370
],
"text": [
"Jupiter"
]
} |
573199ecb9d445190005e400 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Romulus was credited with several religious institutions. He founded the Consualia festival, inviting the neighbouring Sabines to participate; the ensuing rape of the Sabine women by Romulus's men further embedded both violence and cultural assimilation in Rome's myth of origins. As a successful general, Romulus is als... | What did Romulus offer to Jupiter in the first Roman Triumph? | {
"answer_start": [
428
],
"text": [
"spoils taken in war"
]
} |
573199ecb9d445190005e401 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Romulus was credited with several religious institutions. He founded the Consualia festival, inviting the neighbouring Sabines to participate; the ensuing rape of the Sabine women by Romulus's men further embedded both violence and cultural assimilation in Rome's myth of origins. As a successful general, Romulus is als... | Instead of death, what happened to Romulus? | {
"answer_start": [
564
],
"text": [
"deified"
]
} |
57319b91e17f3d1400422269 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Each of Rome's legendary or semi-legendary kings was associated with one or more religious institutions still known to the later Republic. Tullus Hostilius and Ancus Marcius instituted the fetial priests. The first "outsider" Etruscan king, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, founded a Capitoline temple to the triad Jupiter, Ju... | To what were the first kings of Rome associated? | {
"answer_start": [
81
],
"text": [
"religious institutions"
]
} |
57319b91e17f3d140042226a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Each of Rome's legendary or semi-legendary kings was associated with one or more religious institutions still known to the later Republic. Tullus Hostilius and Ancus Marcius instituted the fetial priests. The first "outsider" Etruscan king, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, founded a Capitoline temple to the triad Jupiter, Ju... | To what group of deities did Lucius Tarquinius Priscus establish a temple? | {
"answer_start": [
309
],
"text": [
"Jupiter, Juno and Minerva"
]
} |
57319b91e17f3d140042226b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Each of Rome's legendary or semi-legendary kings was associated with one or more religious institutions still known to the later Republic. Tullus Hostilius and Ancus Marcius instituted the fetial priests. The first "outsider" Etruscan king, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, founded a Capitoline temple to the triad Jupiter, Ju... | Where was the temple to the triad gods established? | {
"answer_start": [
278
],
"text": [
"Capitoline"
]
} |
57319b91e17f3d140042226c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Each of Rome's legendary or semi-legendary kings was associated with one or more religious institutions still known to the later Republic. Tullus Hostilius and Ancus Marcius instituted the fetial priests. The first "outsider" Etruscan king, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, founded a Capitoline temple to the triad Jupiter, Ju... | What organization did Servius Tullius found? | {
"answer_start": [
485
],
"text": [
"Latin League,"
]
} |
57319b91e17f3d140042226d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Each of Rome's legendary or semi-legendary kings was associated with one or more religious institutions still known to the later Republic. Tullus Hostilius and Ancus Marcius instituted the fetial priests. The first "outsider" Etruscan king, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, founded a Capitoline temple to the triad Jupiter, Ju... | The removal of whom marked the beginning of the Roman Republic? | {
"answer_start": [
635
],
"text": [
"Tarquinius Superbus"
]
} |
5731a18fe17f3d140042228b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome offers no native creation myth, and little mythography to explain the character of its deities, their mutual relationships or their interactions with the human world, but Roman theology acknowledged that di immortales (immortal gods) ruled all realms of the heavens and earth. There were gods of the upper heavens, ... | What type of myth did Rome not have? | {
"answer_start": [
22
],
"text": [
"creation"
]
} |
5731a18fe17f3d140042228c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome offers no native creation myth, and little mythography to explain the character of its deities, their mutual relationships or their interactions with the human world, but Roman theology acknowledged that di immortales (immortal gods) ruled all realms of the heavens and earth. There were gods of the upper heavens, ... | To the Romans who ruled all aspects of heaven and earth? | {
"answer_start": [
224
],
"text": [
"immortal gods"
]
} |
5731a18fe17f3d140042228d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome offers no native creation myth, and little mythography to explain the character of its deities, their mutual relationships or their interactions with the human world, but Roman theology acknowledged that di immortales (immortal gods) ruled all realms of the heavens and earth. There were gods of the upper heavens, ... | What did the Romans do for those deities that favored Rome? | {
"answer_start": [
420
],
"text": [
"Rome honoured them"
]
} |
5731a18fe17f3d140042228e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome offers no native creation myth, and little mythography to explain the character of its deities, their mutual relationships or their interactions with the human world, but Roman theology acknowledged that di immortales (immortal gods) ruled all realms of the heavens and earth. There were gods of the upper heavens, ... | What did Rome make the myriad various cults? | {
"answer_start": [
633
],
"text": [
"lawful"
]
} |
5731a18fe17f3d140042228f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome offers no native creation myth, and little mythography to explain the character of its deities, their mutual relationships or their interactions with the human world, but Roman theology acknowledged that di immortales (immortal gods) ruled all realms of the heavens and earth. There were gods of the upper heavens, ... | What was basic facet of Roman religious experience? | {
"answer_start": [
829
],
"text": [
"Change"
]
} |
5731a3b00fdd8d15006c6417 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Several versions of a semi-official, structured pantheon were developed during the political, social and religious instability of the Late Republican era. Jupiter, the most powerful of all gods and "the fount of the auspices upon which the relationship of the city with the gods rested", consistently personified the div... | To the Romans who was the most powerful of the gods? | {
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"Jupiter"
]
} |
5731a3b00fdd8d15006c6418 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Several versions of a semi-official, structured pantheon were developed during the political, social and religious instability of the Late Republican era. Jupiter, the most powerful of all gods and "the fount of the auspices upon which the relationship of the city with the gods rested", consistently personified the div... | What did Jupiter personify in regards to Rome's highest offices? | {
"answer_start": [
317
],
"text": [
"divine authority"
]
} |
5731a3b00fdd8d15006c6419 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Several versions of a semi-official, structured pantheon were developed during the political, social and religious instability of the Late Republican era. Jupiter, the most powerful of all gods and "the fount of the auspices upon which the relationship of the city with the gods rested", consistently personified the div... | What gods did Juno and Minerva replace in Roman religious practice? | {
"answer_start": [
536
],
"text": [
"Mars and Quirinus"
]
} |
5731a3b00fdd8d15006c641a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Several versions of a semi-official, structured pantheon were developed during the political, social and religious instability of the Late Republican era. Jupiter, the most powerful of all gods and "the fount of the auspices upon which the relationship of the city with the gods rested", consistently personified the div... | From where does the practice of linking various gods into grouping come? | {
"answer_start": [
1057
],
"text": [
"Greek in origin"
]
} |
5731a3b00fdd8d15006c641b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Several versions of a semi-official, structured pantheon were developed during the political, social and religious instability of the Late Republican era. Jupiter, the most powerful of all gods and "the fount of the auspices upon which the relationship of the city with the gods rested", consistently personified the div... | Of what did the linking of Greek and Roman deities promote a feeling? | {
"answer_start": [
1284
],
"text": [
"heritage"
]
} |
5731a5bfe99e3014001e61a4 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various neighborhoods and communities, and the often idiosyncratic bl... | What type of religious practices outnumbered the state observances? | {
"answer_start": [
124
],
"text": [
"commonplace"
]
} |
5731a5bfe99e3014001e61a5 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various neighborhoods and communities, and the often idiosyncratic bl... | To what did the mixture of official and individual religious practices pertain? | {
"answer_start": [
394
],
"text": [
"lawful Roman"
]
} |
5731a5bfe99e3014001e61a6 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various neighborhoods and communities, and the often idiosyncratic bl... | What were the characteristics of state religious observances? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"impressive, costly, and centralised"
]
} |
5731a5bfe99e3014001e61a7 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various neighborhoods and communities, and the often idiosyncratic bl... | Who made the choices of personal religious practices in Rome? | {
"answer_start": [
175
],
"text": [
"individual"
]
} |
5731a5bfe99e3014001e61a8 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various neighborhoods and communities, and the often idiosyncratic bl... | What type of deities did Roman communities have? | {
"answer_start": [
223
],
"text": [
"patron"
]
} |
5731a76fe17f3d14004222c3 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals. Some lasted several days, others a single day or less: sacred days (dies fasti) outnumbered "non-sacred" days (dies nefasti). A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organized according to broad seasonal gro... | How many religious celebrations did Rome have? | {
"answer_start": [
29
],
"text": [
"forty"
]
} |
5731a76fe17f3d14004222c4 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals. Some lasted several days, others a single day or less: sacred days (dies fasti) outnumbered "non-sacred" days (dies nefasti). A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organized according to broad seasonal gro... | What type of day were there more of in Rome? | {
"answer_start": [
118
],
"text": [
"sacred days"
]
} |
5731a76fe17f3d14004222c5 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals. Some lasted several days, others a single day or less: sacred days (dies fasti) outnumbered "non-sacred" days (dies nefasti). A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organized according to broad seasonal gro... | With what were Roman festivals organized in accordance? | {
"answer_start": [
308
],
"text": [
"seasonal"
]
} |
5731a76fe17f3d14004222c6 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals. Some lasted several days, others a single day or less: sacred days (dies fasti) outnumbered "non-sacred" days (dies nefasti). A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organized according to broad seasonal gro... | What traditions did the seasonal festivals incorporate? | {
"answer_start": [
351
],
"text": [
"local"
]
} |
5731a76fe17f3d14004222c7 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals. Some lasted several days, others a single day or less: sacred days (dies fasti) outnumbered "non-sacred" days (dies nefasti). A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organized according to broad seasonal gro... | Instead of the public, what did some religious rites only require? | {
"answer_start": [
732
],
"text": [
"particular groups"
]
} |
5731a97bb9d445190005e439 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Other public festivals were not required by the calendar, but occasioned by events. The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows, though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event. During the late Republic, the political elite competed to ... | What type of festivals happened when events warranted them? | {
"answer_start": [
137
],
"text": [
"fulfillment of religious vows"
]
} |
5731a97bb9d445190005e43a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Other public festivals were not required by the calendar, but occasioned by events. The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows, though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event. During the late Republic, the political elite competed to ... | What is an example of an event organized religious celebration? | {
"answer_start": [
84
],
"text": [
"The triumph"
]
} |
5731a97bb9d445190005e43b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Other public festivals were not required by the calendar, but occasioned by events. The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows, though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event. During the late Republic, the political elite competed to ... | In what aspect of the festival did political figures try to out do each other? | {
"answer_start": [
340
],
"text": [
"public display"
]
} |
5731a97bb9d445190005e43c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Other public festivals were not required by the calendar, but occasioned by events. The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows, though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event. During the late Republic, the political elite competed to ... | Under what auspices did public displays come during the Principate? | {
"answer_start": [
500
],
"text": [
"Imperial"
]
} |
5731a97bb9d445190005e43d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Other public festivals were not required by the calendar, but occasioned by events. The triumph of a Roman general was celebrated as the fulfillment of religious vows, though these tended to be overshadowed by the political and social significance of the event. During the late Republic, the political elite competed to ... | Who paid for the most lavish of festival events? | {
"answer_start": [
553
],
"text": [
"emperors"
]
} |
5731ab21b9d445190005e44d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome's intellectual elite, but the more obscure they were, the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation — a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform, which often cloaked autocratic innovation, nor on his only rival... | What did obscure festivals offer Romans the opportunity to do? | {
"answer_start": [
169
],
"text": [
"reinterpretation"
]
} |
5731ab21b9d445190005e44e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome's intellectual elite, but the more obscure they were, the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation — a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform, which often cloaked autocratic innovation, nor on his only rival... | What did Augustus wish to do for Roman religion? | {
"answer_start": [
248
],
"text": [
"reform"
]
} |
5731ab21b9d445190005e44f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome's intellectual elite, but the more obscure they were, the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation — a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform, which often cloaked autocratic innovation, nor on his only rival... | What poet wrote a long poem describing Roman religious holidays? | {
"answer_start": [
346
],
"text": [
"Ovid"
]
} |
5731ab21b9d445190005e450 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome's intellectual elite, but the more obscure they were, the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation — a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform, which often cloaked autocratic innovation, nor on his only rival... | What was lacking in the presentation of religious events in Rome? | {
"answer_start": [
1207
],
"text": [
"authoritative calendar"
]
} |
5731ab21b9d445190005e451 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The meaning and origin of many archaic festivals baffled even Rome's intellectual elite, but the more obscure they were, the greater the opportunity for reinvention and reinterpretation — a fact lost neither on Augustus in his program of religious reform, which often cloaked autocratic innovation, nor on his only rival... | Under whose rule were new Christian festivals added to previous Roman holidays? | {
"answer_start": [
1281
],
"text": [
"Christian"
]
} |
5731aca5e99e3014001e61be | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Latin word templum originally referred not to the temple building itself, but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury: "The architecture of the ancient Romans was, from first to last, an art of shaping space around ritual." The Roman architect Vitruvius always uses the word templum to refer t... | Around what aspect did the Romans a lot space? | {
"answer_start": [
242
],
"text": [
"ritual"
]
} |
5731aca5e99e3014001e61bf | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Latin word templum originally referred not to the temple building itself, but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury: "The architecture of the ancient Romans was, from first to last, an art of shaping space around ritual." The Roman architect Vitruvius always uses the word templum to refer t... | What religious practice did Rome use to determine ritual? | {
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"augury"
]
} |
5731aca5e99e3014001e61c0 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Latin word templum originally referred not to the temple building itself, but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury: "The architecture of the ancient Romans was, from first to last, an art of shaping space around ritual." The Roman architect Vitruvius always uses the word templum to refer t... | What Roman word was used to refer to the scared precinct? | {
"answer_start": [
302
],
"text": [
"templum"
]
} |
5731aca5e99e3014001e61c1 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Latin word templum originally referred not to the temple building itself, but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury: "The architecture of the ancient Romans was, from first to last, an art of shaping space around ritual." The Roman architect Vitruvius always uses the word templum to refer t... | What common Latin words were used to mean a shrine or building? | {
"answer_start": [
376
],
"text": [
"aedes, delubrum, or fanum"
]
} |
5731aca5e99e3014001e61c2 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Latin word templum originally referred not to the temple building itself, but to a sacred space surveyed and plotted ritually through augury: "The architecture of the ancient Romans was, from first to last, an art of shaping space around ritual." The Roman architect Vitruvius always uses the word templum to refer t... | What monuments were the some of most visible of Roman culture? | {
"answer_start": [
453
],
"text": [
"temples"
]
} |
5731ae300fdd8d15006c643d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | All sacrifices and offerings required an accompanying prayer to be effective. Pliny the Elder declared that "a sacrifice without prayer is thought to be useless and not a proper consultation of the gods." Prayer by itself, however, had independent power. The spoken word was thus the single most potent religious action,... | What did each offering require to be valid in Roman religion? | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"prayer"
]
} |
5731ae300fdd8d15006c643e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | All sacrifices and offerings required an accompanying prayer to be effective. Pliny the Elder declared that "a sacrifice without prayer is thought to be useless and not a proper consultation of the gods." Prayer by itself, however, had independent power. The spoken word was thus the single most potent religious action,... | What did Pliny the Elder think that a sacrifice without prayer was? | {
"answer_start": [
153
],
"text": [
"useless"
]
} |
5731ae300fdd8d15006c643f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | All sacrifices and offerings required an accompanying prayer to be effective. Pliny the Elder declared that "a sacrifice without prayer is thought to be useless and not a proper consultation of the gods." Prayer by itself, however, had independent power. The spoken word was thus the single most potent religious action,... | What act alone had power in Roman thought? | {
"answer_start": [
205
],
"text": [
"Prayer"
]
} |
5731ae300fdd8d15006c6440 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | All sacrifices and offerings required an accompanying prayer to be effective. Pliny the Elder declared that "a sacrifice without prayer is thought to be useless and not a proper consultation of the gods." Prayer by itself, however, had independent power. The spoken word was thus the single most potent religious action,... | What knowledge was of importance in the potency of prayer? | {
"answer_start": [
342
],
"text": [
"correct verbal formulas"
]
} |
5731ae300fdd8d15006c6441 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | All sacrifices and offerings required an accompanying prayer to be effective. Pliny the Elder declared that "a sacrifice without prayer is thought to be useless and not a proper consultation of the gods." Prayer by itself, however, had independent power. The spoken word was thus the single most potent religious action,... | What was missing in the formulas of prayer in Rome? | {
"answer_start": [
1104
],
"text": [
"personal expression"
]
} |
5731af92e99e3014001e61c8 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Sacrifice to deities of the heavens (di superi, "gods above") was performed in daylight, and under the public gaze. Deities of the upper heavens required white, infertile victims of their own sex: Juno a white heifer (possibly a white cow); Jupiter a white, castrated ox (bos mas) for the annual oath-taking by the consu... | When did the sacrifices to the deities of the heavens occur? | {
"answer_start": [
79
],
"text": [
"daylight"
]
} |
5731af92e99e3014001e61c9 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Sacrifice to deities of the heavens (di superi, "gods above") was performed in daylight, and under the public gaze. Deities of the upper heavens required white, infertile victims of their own sex: Juno a white heifer (possibly a white cow); Jupiter a white, castrated ox (bos mas) for the annual oath-taking by the consu... | What color was the sacrifice mandated to be for heaven deities? | {
"answer_start": [
154
],
"text": [
"white"
]
} |
5731af92e99e3014001e61ca | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Sacrifice to deities of the heavens (di superi, "gods above") was performed in daylight, and under the public gaze. Deities of the upper heavens required white, infertile victims of their own sex: Juno a white heifer (possibly a white cow); Jupiter a white, castrated ox (bos mas) for the annual oath-taking by the consu... | What type of sacrifices were offered to gods with earth connections? | {
"answer_start": [
460
],
"text": [
"fertile"
]
} |
5731af92e99e3014001e61cb | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Sacrifice to deities of the heavens (di superi, "gods above") was performed in daylight, and under the public gaze. Deities of the upper heavens required white, infertile victims of their own sex: Juno a white heifer (possibly a white cow); Jupiter a white, castrated ox (bos mas) for the annual oath-taking by the consu... | What event was held after the sacrifice? | {
"answer_start": [
500
],
"text": [
"banquet"
]
} |
5731af92e99e3014001e61cc | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Sacrifice to deities of the heavens (di superi, "gods above") was performed in daylight, and under the public gaze. Deities of the upper heavens required white, infertile victims of their own sex: Juno a white heifer (possibly a white cow); Jupiter a white, castrated ox (bos mas) for the annual oath-taking by the consu... | Who ate the meat of the sacrifice during the after sacrifice banquet? | {
"answer_start": [
702
],
"text": [
"officials and priests"
]
} |
5731b0b30fdd8d15006c645b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Chthonic gods such as Dis pater, the di inferi ("gods below"), and the collective shades of the departed (di Manes) were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as "the living cannot share a meal with the... | When were the gods below and the dead celebrated? | {
"answer_start": [
152
],
"text": [
"nighttime"
]
} |
5731b0b30fdd8d15006c645c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Chthonic gods such as Dis pater, the di inferi ("gods below"), and the collective shades of the departed (di Manes) were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as "the living cannot share a meal with the... | What type of sacrifice victims were the dark gods offered? | {
"answer_start": [
127
],
"text": [
"dark, fertile"
]
} |
5731b0b30fdd8d15006c645d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Chthonic gods such as Dis pater, the di inferi ("gods below"), and the collective shades of the departed (di Manes) were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as "the living cannot share a meal with the... | How was the sacrifice to the gods below handled? | {
"answer_start": [
228
],
"text": [
"burnt offering"
]
} |
5731b0b30fdd8d15006c645e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Chthonic gods such as Dis pater, the di inferi ("gods below"), and the collective shades of the departed (di Manes) were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as "the living cannot share a meal with the... | What daylight event was not celebrated after the dark sacrifice? | {
"answer_start": [
261
],
"text": [
"shared banquet"
]
} |
5731b0b30fdd8d15006c645f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Chthonic gods such as Dis pater, the di inferi ("gods below"), and the collective shades of the departed (di Manes) were given dark, fertile victims in nighttime rituals. Animal sacrifice usually took the form of a holocaust or burnt offering, and there was no shared banquet, as "the living cannot share a meal with the... | What feature had importance in sacrifices? | {
"answer_start": [
489
],
"text": [
"Color"
]
} |
5731b729b9d445190005e4a7 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it, and so might be placated in advance. Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be rendered on safe arrival or return. In ... | What elements had the power of benefit or harm in Roman religion? | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"divine agencies"
]
} |
5731b729b9d445190005e4a8 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it, and so might be placated in advance. Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be rendered on safe arrival or return. In ... | What kind of intervention could be sought to avoid disasters? | {
"answer_start": [
121
],
"text": [
"Divine"
]
} |
5731b729b9d445190005e4a9 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it, and so might be placated in advance. Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be rendered on safe arrival or return. In ... | What was expected when the divine intervention benefited the patron? | {
"answer_start": [
265
],
"text": [
"gratitude"
]
} |
5731b729b9d445190005e4aa | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it, and so might be placated in advance. Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be rendered on safe arrival or return. In ... | What act was decreed in times of crisis in Rome? | {
"answer_start": [
378
],
"text": [
"public rites"
]
} |
5731b729b9d445190005e4ab | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The same divine agencies who caused disease or harm also had the power to avert it, and so might be placated in advance. Divine consideration might be sought to avoid the inconvenient delays of a journey, or encounters with banditry, piracy and shipwreck, with due gratitude to be rendered on safe arrival or return. In ... | What was the point of public procession to the god's temples? | {
"answer_start": [
497
],
"text": [
"supplicating the gods"
]
} |
5731b8a4e17f3d140042231b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionall... | What type of circumstances were called for in times of extreme difficulties? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Extraordinary"
]
} |
5731b8a4e17f3d140042231c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionall... | What offering was Jupiter promised during the Second Punic War? | {
"answer_start": [
148
],
"text": [
"every animal born"
]
} |
5731b8a4e17f3d140042231d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionall... | From whom was Rome asking for protection? | {
"answer_start": [
252
],
"text": [
"Hannibal"
]
} |
5731b8a4e17f3d140042231e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionall... | What happened to the sacrifice if the god failed to uphold the agreement? | {
"answer_start": [
611
],
"text": [
"withheld"
]
} |
5731b8a4e17f3d140042231f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionall... | What was the offering for the Emperor in Pompeii? | {
"answer_start": [
826
],
"text": [
"bull"
]
} |
5731b9b9e99e3014001e6204 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal, comprising in Cicero's enumeration the gall bladder (fel), liver (iecur), heart (cor), and lungs (pulmones). The exta were exposed for litatio (divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were "read" in the context of the disciplina Etrusca. As a product of Roman s... | What were the exta of a sacrifice? | {
"answer_start": [
19
],
"text": [
"entrails"
]
} |
5731b9b9e99e3014001e6205 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal, comprising in Cicero's enumeration the gall bladder (fel), liver (iecur), heart (cor), and lungs (pulmones). The exta were exposed for litatio (divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were "read" in the context of the disciplina Etrusca. As a product of Roman s... | How were the exta read in Roman religious practice? | {
"answer_start": [
277
],
"text": [
"disciplina Etrusca"
]
} |
5731b9b9e99e3014001e6206 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal, comprising in Cicero's enumeration the gall bladder (fel), liver (iecur), heart (cor), and lungs (pulmones). The exta were exposed for litatio (divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were "read" in the context of the disciplina Etrusca. As a product of Roman s... | What part of the sacrifice were reserved for the gods? | {
"answer_start": [
334
],
"text": [
"exta and blood"
]
} |
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