id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5731b9b9e99e3014001e6207 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal, comprising in Cicero's enumeration the gall bladder (fel), liver (iecur), heart (cor), and lungs (pulmones). The exta were exposed for litatio (divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were "read" in the context of the disciplina Etrusca. As a product of Roman s... | What part of the sacrifice was shared among humans? | {
"answer_start": [
386
],
"text": [
"meat"
]
} |
5731b9b9e99e3014001e6208 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The exta were the entrails of a sacrificed animal, comprising in Cicero's enumeration the gall bladder (fel), liver (iecur), heart (cor), and lungs (pulmones). The exta were exposed for litatio (divine approval) as part of Roman liturgy, but were "read" in the context of the disciplina Etrusca. As a product of Roman s... | Into what was the god's portion of the sacrifice placed? | {
"answer_start": [
708
],
"text": [
"fire on the altar"
]
} |
5731bb00e99e3014001e6218 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Human sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented. After the Roman defeat at Cannae two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the Forum Boarium, in a stone chamber "which had on a previous occasion [228 BC] also been polluted by human victims, a practice most repulsive to Roman feelings". Livy avoids the word "s... | What type of sacrifice was rare in Rome? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Human"
]
} |
5731bb00e99e3014001e6219 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Human sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented. After the Roman defeat at Cannae two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the Forum Boarium, in a stone chamber "which had on a previous occasion [228 BC] also been polluted by human victims, a practice most repulsive to Roman feelings". Livy avoids the word "s... | What act was repulsive to Romans? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Human sacrifice"
]
} |
5731bb00e99e3014001e621a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Human sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented. After the Roman defeat at Cannae two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the Forum Boarium, in a stone chamber "which had on a previous occasion [228 BC] also been polluted by human victims, a practice most repulsive to Roman feelings". Livy avoids the word "s... | How were sacrifices of humans carried out in Rome? | {
"answer_start": [
120
],
"text": [
"buried"
]
} |
5731bb00e99e3014001e621b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Human sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented. After the Roman defeat at Cannae two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the Forum Boarium, in a stone chamber "which had on a previous occasion [228 BC] also been polluted by human victims, a practice most repulsive to Roman feelings". Livy avoids the word "s... | Before the invasion of what area was human sacrifice carried out? | {
"answer_start": [
478
],
"text": [
"Gaul"
]
} |
5731bb00e99e3014001e621c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Human sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented. After the Roman defeat at Cannae two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the Forum Boarium, in a stone chamber "which had on a previous occasion [228 BC] also been polluted by human victims, a practice most repulsive to Roman feelings". Livy avoids the word "s... | When was the invasion of Gaul by Rome? | {
"answer_start": [
440
],
"text": [
"113 BC"
]
} |
5731bc54e17f3d1400422349 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the early stages of the First Punic War (264 BC) the first known Roman gladiatorial munus was held, described as a funeral blood-rite to the manes of a Roman military aristocrat. The gladiator munus was never explicitly acknowledged as a human sacrifice, probably because death was not its inevitable outcome or purpo... | During what war was the first gladiator munus held? | {
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"First Punic War"
]
} |
5731bc54e17f3d140042234a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the early stages of the First Punic War (264 BC) the first known Roman gladiatorial munus was held, described as a funeral blood-rite to the manes of a Roman military aristocrat. The gladiator munus was never explicitly acknowledged as a human sacrifice, probably because death was not its inevitable outcome or purpo... | How was the gladiatorial combat described? | {
"answer_start": [
118
],
"text": [
"funeral blood-rite"
]
} |
5731bc54e17f3d140042234b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the early stages of the First Punic War (264 BC) the first known Roman gladiatorial munus was held, described as a funeral blood-rite to the manes of a Roman military aristocrat. The gladiator munus was never explicitly acknowledged as a human sacrifice, probably because death was not its inevitable outcome or purpo... | What was not the ultimate purpose of gladiatorial rites? | {
"answer_start": [
275
],
"text": [
"death"
]
} |
5731bc54e17f3d140042234c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the early stages of the First Punic War (264 BC) the first known Roman gladiatorial munus was held, described as a funeral blood-rite to the manes of a Roman military aristocrat. The gladiator munus was never explicitly acknowledged as a human sacrifice, probably because death was not its inevitable outcome or purpo... | In what way was gladiatorial combat considered? | {
"answer_start": [
417
],
"text": [
"as an offering"
]
} |
5731bc54e17f3d140042234d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the early stages of the First Punic War (264 BC) the first known Roman gladiatorial munus was held, described as a funeral blood-rite to the manes of a Roman military aristocrat. The gladiator munus was never explicitly acknowledged as a human sacrifice, probably because death was not its inevitable outcome or purpo... | How did later Christians view Gladiatorial combats? | {
"answer_start": [
578
],
"text": [
"human sacrifice"
]
} |
5731bd96b9d445190005e4ed | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The small woolen dolls called Maniae, hung on the Compitalia shrines, were thought a symbolic replacement for child-sacrifice to Mania, as Mother of the Lares. The Junii took credit for its abolition by their ancestor L. Junius Brutus, traditionally Rome's Republican founder and first consul. Political or military exec... | Who was the founder of the Roman Republic? | {
"answer_start": [
218
],
"text": [
"L. Junius Brutus"
]
} |
5731bd96b9d445190005e4ee | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The small woolen dolls called Maniae, hung on the Compitalia shrines, were thought a symbolic replacement for child-sacrifice to Mania, as Mother of the Lares. The Junii took credit for its abolition by their ancestor L. Junius Brutus, traditionally Rome's Republican founder and first consul. Political or military exec... | What were stand-ins for child sacrifices to Mania? | {
"answer_start": [
10
],
"text": [
"woolen dolls"
]
} |
5731bd96b9d445190005e4ef | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The small woolen dolls called Maniae, hung on the Compitalia shrines, were thought a symbolic replacement for child-sacrifice to Mania, as Mother of the Lares. The Junii took credit for its abolition by their ancestor L. Junius Brutus, traditionally Rome's Republican founder and first consul. Political or military exec... | Who was Mania in Roman religion? | {
"answer_start": [
139
],
"text": [
"Mother of the Lares"
]
} |
5731bd96b9d445190005e4f0 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The small woolen dolls called Maniae, hung on the Compitalia shrines, were thought a symbolic replacement for child-sacrifice to Mania, as Mother of the Lares. The Junii took credit for its abolition by their ancestor L. Junius Brutus, traditionally Rome's Republican founder and first consul. Political or military exec... | What leader was the first consul of the Roman Republic? | {
"answer_start": [
218
],
"text": [
"L. Junius Brutus"
]
} |
5731bd96b9d445190005e4f1 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The small woolen dolls called Maniae, hung on the Compitalia shrines, were thought a symbolic replacement for child-sacrifice to Mania, as Mother of the Lares. The Junii took credit for its abolition by their ancestor L. Junius Brutus, traditionally Rome's Republican founder and first consul. Political or military exec... | What acts were sometimes arranged so as to be sacrifices? | {
"answer_start": [
316
],
"text": [
"executions"
]
} |
5731bed90fdd8d15006c64e7 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Officially, human sacrifice was obnoxious "to the laws of gods and men." The practice was a mark of the "Other", attributed to Rome's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls. Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty. A law passed in 81 BC characterised human sacrifice as murder committe... | What act did Romans view as obnoxious? | {
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"human sacrifice"
]
} |
5731bed90fdd8d15006c64e8 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Officially, human sacrifice was obnoxious "to the laws of gods and men." The practice was a mark of the "Other", attributed to Rome's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls. Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty. A law passed in 81 BC characterised human sacrifice as murder committe... | To whom was human sacrifice usually attributed? | {
"answer_start": [
146
],
"text": [
"enemies"
]
} |
5731bed90fdd8d15006c64e9 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Officially, human sacrifice was obnoxious "to the laws of gods and men." The practice was a mark of the "Other", attributed to Rome's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls. Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty. A law passed in 81 BC characterised human sacrifice as murder committe... | What did Rome do about human sacrifice? | {
"answer_start": [
196
],
"text": [
"banned it"
]
} |
5731bed90fdd8d15006c64ea | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Officially, human sacrifice was obnoxious "to the laws of gods and men." The practice was a mark of the "Other", attributed to Rome's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls. Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty. A law passed in 81 BC characterised human sacrifice as murder committe... | As what did the law of 81 BC view human sacrifice? | {
"answer_start": [
305
],
"text": [
"murder"
]
} |
5731bed90fdd8d15006c64eb | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Officially, human sacrifice was obnoxious "to the laws of gods and men." The practice was a mark of the "Other", attributed to Rome's traditional enemies such as the Carthaginians and Gauls. Rome banned it on several occasions under extreme penalty. A law passed in 81 BC characterised human sacrifice as murder committe... | What ruler banned human sacrifice empire wide? | {
"answer_start": [
504
],
"text": [
"Hadrian"
]
} |
5731c01cb9d445190005e501 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | A pater familias was the senior priest of his household. He offered daily cult to his lares and penates, and to his di parentes/divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. His wife (mater familias) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In rural estates, bailiffs seem to ... | Who was the senior priest of the household in Rome? | {
"answer_start": [
2
],
"text": [
"pater familias"
]
} |
5731c01cb9d445190005e502 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | A pater familias was the senior priest of his household. He offered daily cult to his lares and penates, and to his di parentes/divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. His wife (mater familias) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In rural estates, bailiffs seem to ... | Which individual in the household was responsible for the Vesta cult? | {
"answer_start": [
212
],
"text": [
"wife"
]
} |
5731c01cb9d445190005e503 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | A pater familias was the senior priest of his household. He offered daily cult to his lares and penates, and to his di parentes/divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. His wife (mater familias) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In rural estates, bailiffs seem to ... | Which ancient hero brought the lares cult to Rome? | {
"answer_start": [
474
],
"text": [
"Aeneas"
]
} |
5731c01cb9d445190005e504 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | A pater familias was the senior priest of his household. He offered daily cult to his lares and penates, and to his di parentes/divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. His wife (mater familias) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In rural estates, bailiffs seem to ... | From what city did Aeneas bring the lares cult? | {
"answer_start": [
535
],
"text": [
"Troy"
]
} |
5731c01cb9d445190005e505 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | A pater familias was the senior priest of his household. He offered daily cult to his lares and penates, and to his di parentes/divi parentes at his domestic shrines and in the fires of the household hearth. His wife (mater familias) was responsible for the household's cult to Vesta. In rural estates, bailiffs seem to ... | What was put in the temple of Vesta? | {
"answer_start": [
556
],
"text": [
"Palladium"
]
} |
5731c1cb0fdd8d15006c650b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Religious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings, according to the principle do ut des ("I give, that you might give"). Proper, respectful religio brought social harmony and prosperity. Religious neglect was a form of atheism: impure sacrifice and incorrect ritual w... | On what kind of system was Roman religious law focused? | {
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"ritualised"
]
} |
5731c1cb0fdd8d15006c650c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Religious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings, according to the principle do ut des ("I give, that you might give"). Proper, respectful religio brought social harmony and prosperity. Religious neglect was a form of atheism: impure sacrifice and incorrect ritual w... | What form of religion was atheism considered to be? | {
"answer_start": [
240
],
"text": [
"Religious neglect"
]
} |
5731c1cb0fdd8d15006c650d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Religious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings, according to the principle do ut des ("I give, that you might give"). Proper, respectful religio brought social harmony and prosperity. Religious neglect was a form of atheism: impure sacrifice and incorrect ritual w... | What results did proper religious practices produce? | {
"answer_start": [
216
],
"text": [
"harmony and prosperity."
]
} |
5731c1cb0fdd8d15006c650e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Religious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings, according to the principle do ut des ("I give, that you might give"). Proper, respectful religio brought social harmony and prosperity. Religious neglect was a form of atheism: impure sacrifice and incorrect ritual w... | What could deviations from proper religious practices cause? | {
"answer_start": [
510
],
"text": [
"divine anger"
]
} |
5731c1cb0fdd8d15006c650f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Religious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings, according to the principle do ut des ("I give, that you might give"). Proper, respectful religio brought social harmony and prosperity. Religious neglect was a form of atheism: impure sacrifice and incorrect ritual w... | What did participation in public religious rites show about the individual? | {
"answer_start": [
819
],
"text": [
"commitment"
]
} |
5731c36fb9d445190005e515 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Official cults were state funded as a "matter of public interest" (res publica). Non-official but lawful cults were funded by private individuals for the benefit of their own communities. The difference between public and private cult is often unclear. Individuals or collegial associations could offer funds and cult to... | What organization payed for the maintenance official cults? | {
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"state"
]
} |
5731c36fb9d445190005e516 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Official cults were state funded as a "matter of public interest" (res publica). Non-official but lawful cults were funded by private individuals for the benefit of their own communities. The difference between public and private cult is often unclear. Individuals or collegial associations could offer funds and cult to... | Who funded non-official religious cults? | {
"answer_start": [
126
],
"text": [
"private individuals"
]
} |
5731c36fb9d445190005e517 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Official cults were state funded as a "matter of public interest" (res publica). Non-official but lawful cults were funded by private individuals for the benefit of their own communities. The difference between public and private cult is often unclear. Individuals or collegial associations could offer funds and cult to... | What group benefited from non- official cults? | {
"answer_start": [
171
],
"text": [
"own communities"
]
} |
5731c36fb9d445190005e518 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Official cults were state funded as a "matter of public interest" (res publica). Non-official but lawful cults were funded by private individuals for the benefit of their own communities. The difference between public and private cult is often unclear. Individuals or collegial associations could offer funds and cult to... | What group presented the opening ceremonies of the Parentalia festival? | {
"answer_start": [
347
],
"text": [
"Vestals"
]
} |
5731c36fb9d445190005e519 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Official cults were state funded as a "matter of public interest" (res publica). Non-official but lawful cults were funded by private individuals for the benefit of their own communities. The difference between public and private cult is often unclear. Individuals or collegial associations could offer funds and cult to... | What individuals had the right to regulate all cults? | {
"answer_start": [
753
],
"text": [
"censor and pontifices"
]
} |
5731cbc10fdd8d15006c6537 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome had no separate priestly caste or class. The highest authority within a community usually sponsored its cults and sacrifices, officiated as its priest and promoted its assistants and acolytes. Specialists from the religious colleges and professionals such as haruspices and oracles were available for consultation. ... | What was lacking as to the profession of a priest class in Rome? | {
"answer_start": [
12
],
"text": [
"separate priestly caste"
]
} |
5731cbc10fdd8d15006c6538 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome had no separate priestly caste or class. The highest authority within a community usually sponsored its cults and sacrifices, officiated as its priest and promoted its assistants and acolytes. Specialists from the religious colleges and professionals such as haruspices and oracles were available for consultation. ... | What authority in a community sponsored religious rites? | {
"answer_start": [
50
],
"text": [
"highest"
]
} |
5731cbc10fdd8d15006c6539 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome had no separate priestly caste or class. The highest authority within a community usually sponsored its cults and sacrifices, officiated as its priest and promoted its assistants and acolytes. Specialists from the religious colleges and professionals such as haruspices and oracles were available for consultation. ... | What type of religious participants were available for consultation? | {
"answer_start": [
198
],
"text": [
"Specialists"
]
} |
5731cbc10fdd8d15006c653a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome had no separate priestly caste or class. The highest authority within a community usually sponsored its cults and sacrifices, officiated as its priest and promoted its assistants and acolytes. Specialists from the religious colleges and professionals such as haruspices and oracles were available for consultation. ... | Which member of a family functioned as priest? | {
"answer_start": [
343
],
"text": [
"paterfamilias"
]
} |
5731cbc10fdd8d15006c653b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Rome had no separate priestly caste or class. The highest authority within a community usually sponsored its cults and sacrifices, officiated as its priest and promoted its assistants and acolytes. Specialists from the religious colleges and professionals such as haruspices and oracles were available for consultation. ... | What were the earliest priesthoods? | {
"answer_start": [
539
],
"text": [
"flamines"
]
} |
5731cd7fe17f3d1400422429 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the Regal era, a rex sacrorum (king of the sacred rites) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king (rex) or in his absence, and announced the public festivals. He had little or no civil authority. With the abolition of monarchy, the collegial power and influence of the Republican pontifices incre... | Who supervised sacred rites during the era of kings? | {
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"rex sacrorum"
]
} |
5731cd7fe17f3d140042242a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the Regal era, a rex sacrorum (king of the sacred rites) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king (rex) or in his absence, and announced the public festivals. He had little or no civil authority. With the abolition of monarchy, the collegial power and influence of the Republican pontifices incre... | What type of authority did the rex sacrorum lack? | {
"answer_start": [
203
],
"text": [
"civil"
]
} |
5731cd7fe17f3d140042242b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the Regal era, a rex sacrorum (king of the sacred rites) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king (rex) or in his absence, and announced the public festivals. He had little or no civil authority. With the abolition of monarchy, the collegial power and influence of the Republican pontifices incre... | What group's power increased after the rise of the Roman Republic? | {
"answer_start": [
293
],
"text": [
"Republican pontifices"
]
} |
5731cd7fe17f3d140042242c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the Regal era, a rex sacrorum (king of the sacred rites) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king (rex) or in his absence, and announced the public festivals. He had little or no civil authority. With the abolition of monarchy, the collegial power and influence of the Republican pontifices incre... | What individual became more powerful during the late Republic? | {
"answer_start": [
780
],
"text": [
"pontifex maximus"
]
} |
5731cd7fe17f3d140042242d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | In the Regal era, a rex sacrorum (king of the sacred rites) supervised regal and state rites in conjunction with the king (rex) or in his absence, and announced the public festivals. He had little or no civil authority. With the abolition of monarchy, the collegial power and influence of the Republican pontifices incre... | By the late Republic, what position had become largely symbolic? | {
"answer_start": [
415
],
"text": [
"rex sacrorum"
]
} |
5731cf22e99e3014001e62d0 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Public priests were appointed by the collegia. Once elected, a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine, which offered him lifetime influence, privilege and immunity. Therefore, civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an individual and his family. Religi... | What group selected public priests in Rome? | {
"answer_start": [
37
],
"text": [
"collegia"
]
} |
5731cf22e99e3014001e62d1 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Public priests were appointed by the collegia. Once elected, a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine, which offered him lifetime influence, privilege and immunity. Therefore, civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an individual and his family. Religi... | What was the term of office for a priest in Rome? | {
"answer_start": [
148
],
"text": [
"lifetime"
]
} |
5731cf22e99e3014001e62d2 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Public priests were appointed by the collegia. Once elected, a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine, which offered him lifetime influence, privilege and immunity. Therefore, civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an individual and his family. Religi... | What limited an individual's access to religious offices? | {
"answer_start": [
223
],
"text": [
"law"
]
} |
5731cf22e99e3014001e62d3 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Public priests were appointed by the collegia. Once elected, a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine, which offered him lifetime influence, privilege and immunity. Therefore, civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an individual and his family. Religi... | Because of the lack of pay, what was the type of honor in being a priest? | {
"answer_start": [
478
],
"text": [
"costly"
]
} |
5731cf22e99e3014001e62d4 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Public priests were appointed by the collegia. Once elected, a priest held permanent religious authority from the eternal divine, which offered him lifetime influence, privilege and immunity. Therefore, civil and religious law limited the number and kind of religious offices allowed an individual and his family. Religi... | What did a priesthood in the Imperial cult gain a provencial? | {
"answer_start": [
1298
],
"text": [
"Roman citizenship"
]
} |
5731d079e99e3014001e62da | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable political influence. Upon entering her of... | How many Vestals were there in Rome? | {
"answer_start": [
40
],
"text": [
"six"
]
} |
5731d079e99e3014001e62db | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable political influence. Upon entering her of... | Of what was Vesta the goddess? | {
"answer_start": [
102
],
"text": [
"hearth"
]
} |
5731d079e99e3014001e62dc | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable political influence. Upon entering her of... | Of what were the Vestals protectors? | {
"answer_start": [
136
],
"text": [
"vital flame"
]
} |
5731d079e99e3014001e62dd | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable political influence. Upon entering her of... | What was the benefit of being a Vestal? | {
"answer_start": [
279
],
"text": [
"political influence"
]
} |
5731d079e99e3014001e62de | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Vestals were a public priesthood of six women devoted to the cultivation of Vesta, goddess of the hearth of the Roman state and its vital flame. A girl chosen to be a Vestal achieved unique religious distinction, public status and privileges, and could exercise considerable political influence. Upon entering her of... | To whom did the Vestal answer? | {
"answer_start": [
536
],
"text": [
"Pontifex Maximus"
]
} |
5731d21ae99e3014001e62f6 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | A Vestal's dress represented her status outside the usual categories that defined Roman women, with elements of both virgin bride and daughter, and Roman matron and wife. Unlike male priests, Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children, and were required to take a vow of chastit... | What vow was required of Vestals? | {
"answer_start": [
313
],
"text": [
"chastity"
]
} |
5731d21ae99e3014001e62f7 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | A Vestal's dress represented her status outside the usual categories that defined Roman women, with elements of both virgin bride and daughter, and Roman matron and wife. Unlike male priests, Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children, and were required to take a vow of chastit... | What was the punishment for the loss of a Vestal's chastity? | {
"answer_start": [
416
],
"text": [
"buried alive"
]
} |
5731d21ae99e3014001e62f8 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | A Vestal's dress represented her status outside the usual categories that defined Roman women, with elements of both virgin bride and daughter, and Roman matron and wife. Unlike male priests, Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children, and were required to take a vow of chastit... | What was a Vestal expected to be to her duties? | {
"answer_start": [
561
],
"text": [
"devoted"
]
} |
5731d21ae99e3014001e62f9 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | A Vestal's dress represented her status outside the usual categories that defined Roman women, with elements of both virgin bride and daughter, and Roman matron and wife. Unlike male priests, Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children, and were required to take a vow of chastit... | How were the Vestals' devotion to Rome's security viewed to be ? | {
"answer_start": [
625
],
"text": [
"essential"
]
} |
5731d21ae99e3014001e62fa | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | A Vestal's dress represented her status outside the usual categories that defined Roman women, with elements of both virgin bride and daughter, and Roman matron and wife. Unlike male priests, Vestals were freed of the traditional obligations of marrying and producing children, and were required to take a vow of chastit... | What was the honor granted a Vestal ? | {
"answer_start": [
479
],
"text": [
"religious"
]
} |
5731d3b3e17f3d140042245d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Vestals embody the profound connection between domestic cult and the religious life of the community. Any householder could rekindle their own household fire from Vesta's flame. The Vestals cared for the Lares and Penates of the state that were the equivalent of those enshrined in each home. Besides their own festi... | Where could a householder rekindle the home's flame? | {
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"Vesta's flame"
]
} |
5731d3b3e17f3d140042245e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Vestals embody the profound connection between domestic cult and the religious life of the community. Any householder could rekindle their own household fire from Vesta's flame. The Vestals cared for the Lares and Penates of the state that were the equivalent of those enshrined in each home. Besides their own festi... | For what state artifacts did the Vestals care? | {
"answer_start": [
208
],
"text": [
"Lares and Penates"
]
} |
5731d3b3e17f3d140042245f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Vestals embody the profound connection between domestic cult and the religious life of the community. Any householder could rekindle their own household fire from Vesta's flame. The Vestals cared for the Lares and Penates of the state that were the equivalent of those enshrined in each home. Besides their own festi... | What was the Vestal festival called? | {
"answer_start": [
327
],
"text": [
"Vestalia"
]
} |
5731d3b3e17f3d1400422460 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Vestals embody the profound connection between domestic cult and the religious life of the community. Any householder could rekindle their own household fire from Vesta's flame. The Vestals cared for the Lares and Penates of the state that were the equivalent of those enshrined in each home. Besides their own festi... | To what part of official state sacrifices did the Vestals attend? | {
"answer_start": [
522
],
"text": [
"mola salsa"
]
} |
5731d3b3e17f3d1400422461 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | The Vestals embody the profound connection between domestic cult and the religious life of the community. Any householder could rekindle their own household fire from Vesta's flame. The Vestals cared for the Lares and Penates of the state that were the equivalent of those enshrined in each home. Besides their own festi... | What was the nature of the role of the Vestals in state sacrifices? | {
"answer_start": [
416
],
"text": [
"Indirect"
]
} |
5731d546e99e3014001e6312 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Augustus' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals. They were given high-status seating at games and theatres. The emperor Claudius appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified Livia, wife of Augustus. They seem to have retained their religious and social distinctions well... | What group's status was improved by Augustus' religious reforms? | {
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"Vestals"
]
} |
5731d546e99e3014001e6313 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Augustus' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals. They were given high-status seating at games and theatres. The emperor Claudius appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified Livia, wife of Augustus. They seem to have retained their religious and social distinctions well... | What advantage was there in being a Vestal at games? | {
"answer_start": [
115
],
"text": [
"seating"
]
} |
5731d546e99e3014001e6314 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Augustus' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals. They were given high-status seating at games and theatres. The emperor Claudius appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified Livia, wife of Augustus. They seem to have retained their religious and social distinctions well... | For whose cult were the Vestals appointed as priestesses? | {
"answer_start": [
224
],
"text": [
"Livia"
]
} |
5731d546e99e3014001e6315 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Augustus' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals. They were given high-status seating at games and theatres. The emperor Claudius appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified Livia, wife of Augustus. They seem to have retained their religious and social distinctions well... | Until what time did the Vestal retain their social distinctions? | {
"answer_start": [
330
],
"text": [
"4th century"
]
} |
5731d546e99e3014001e6316 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Augustus' religious reformations raised the funding and public profile of the Vestals. They were given high-status seating at games and theatres. The emperor Claudius appointed them as priestesses to the cult of the deified Livia, wife of Augustus. They seem to have retained their religious and social distinctions well... | Which emperor disbanded the Vestals? | {
"answer_start": [
554
],
"text": [
"Theodosius I"
]
} |
5731d6d4e99e3014001e631c | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Public religion took place within a sacred precinct that had been marked out ritually by an augur. The original meaning of the Latin word templum was this sacred space, and only later referred to a building. Rome itself was an intrinsically sacred space; its ancient boundary (pomerium) had been marked by Romulus himsel... | In what area did public rites take place in Rome? | {
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"sacred precinct"
]
} |
5731d6d4e99e3014001e631d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Public religion took place within a sacred precinct that had been marked out ritually by an augur. The original meaning of the Latin word templum was this sacred space, and only later referred to a building. Rome itself was an intrinsically sacred space; its ancient boundary (pomerium) had been marked by Romulus himsel... | What person marked the religious area ritually? | {
"answer_start": [
92
],
"text": [
"augur"
]
} |
5731d6d4e99e3014001e631e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Public religion took place within a sacred precinct that had been marked out ritually by an augur. The original meaning of the Latin word templum was this sacred space, and only later referred to a building. Rome itself was an intrinsically sacred space; its ancient boundary (pomerium) had been marked by Romulus himsel... | What was the original meaning of the templum in Latin? | {
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"sacred space"
]
} |
5731d6d4e99e3014001e631f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Public religion took place within a sacred precinct that had been marked out ritually by an augur. The original meaning of the Latin word templum was this sacred space, and only later referred to a building. Rome itself was an intrinsically sacred space; its ancient boundary (pomerium) had been marked by Romulus himsel... | Who designated the first boundary of Rome? | {
"answer_start": [
306
],
"text": [
"Romulus"
]
} |
5731d6d4e99e3014001e6320 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Public religion took place within a sacred precinct that had been marked out ritually by an augur. The original meaning of the Latin word templum was this sacred space, and only later referred to a building. Rome itself was an intrinsically sacred space; its ancient boundary (pomerium) had been marked by Romulus himsel... | What did augers seek to understand through observances? | {
"answer_start": [
656
],
"text": [
"divine will"
]
} |
5731d97fe99e3014001e632e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Haruspicy was also used in public cult, under the supervision of the augur or presiding magistrate. The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice, particularly the liver. They also interpreted omens, prodigies and portents, and formulated their expiation. Most Roman authors... | What process did haruspicy use to divine the will of the gods? | {
"answer_start": [
152
],
"text": [
"examination of entrails"
]
} |
5731d97fe99e3014001e632f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Haruspicy was also used in public cult, under the supervision of the augur or presiding magistrate. The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice, particularly the liver. They also interpreted omens, prodigies and portents, and formulated their expiation. Most Roman authors... | Which of the entrails was especially important to augury? | {
"answer_start": [
210
],
"text": [
"liver"
]
} |
5731d97fe99e3014001e6330 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Haruspicy was also used in public cult, under the supervision of the augur or presiding magistrate. The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice, particularly the liver. They also interpreted omens, prodigies and portents, and formulated their expiation. Most Roman authors... | To which group can haruspicy to traced? | {
"answer_start": [
366
],
"text": [
"Etruscan"
]
} |
5731d97fe99e3014001e6331 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Haruspicy was also used in public cult, under the supervision of the augur or presiding magistrate. The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice, particularly the liver. They also interpreted omens, prodigies and portents, and formulated their expiation. Most Roman authors... | What type of private individual had several generals and politicians used to validate their actions? | {
"answer_start": [
764
],
"text": [
"diviners"
]
} |
5731d97fe99e3014001e6332 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Haruspicy was also used in public cult, under the supervision of the augur or presiding magistrate. The haruspices divined the will of the gods through examination of entrails after sacrifice, particularly the liver. They also interpreted omens, prodigies and portents, and formulated their expiation. Most Roman authors... | What type of diviners did the armies use to determine the will of the gods? | {
"answer_start": [
805
],
"text": [
"public haruspices"
]
} |
5731daede99e3014001e6342 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Prodigies were transgressions in the natural, predictable order of the cosmos – signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune. The Senate decided whether a reported prodigy was false, or genuine and in the public interest, in which case it was referred to the public priests, augurs and haruspices for rit... | What were considered to be natural transgressions by the Romans? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Prodigies"
]
} |
5731daede99e3014001e6343 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Prodigies were transgressions in the natural, predictable order of the cosmos – signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune. The Senate decided whether a reported prodigy was false, or genuine and in the public interest, in which case it was referred to the public priests, augurs and haruspices for rit... | What did prodigies show the Romans? | {
"answer_start": [
89
],
"text": [
"divine anger"
]
} |
5731daede99e3014001e6344 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Prodigies were transgressions in the natural, predictable order of the cosmos – signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune. The Senate decided whether a reported prodigy was false, or genuine and in the public interest, in which case it was referred to the public priests, augurs and haruspices for rit... | Of what were prodigies predictors? | {
"answer_start": [
117
],
"text": [
"conflict and misfortune"
]
} |
5731daede99e3014001e6345 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Prodigies were transgressions in the natural, predictable order of the cosmos – signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune. The Senate decided whether a reported prodigy was false, or genuine and in the public interest, in which case it was referred to the public priests, augurs and haruspices for rit... | What did the expiation of a prodigy impose? | {
"answer_start": [
521
],
"text": [
"dedicated rites"
]
} |
5731daede99e3014001e6346 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Prodigies were transgressions in the natural, predictable order of the cosmos – signs of divine anger that portended conflict and misfortune. The Senate decided whether a reported prodigy was false, or genuine and in the public interest, in which case it was referred to the public priests, augurs and haruspices for rit... | What group determined the truth of a prodigy? | {
"answer_start": [
146
],
"text": [
"Senate"
]
} |
5731e68eb9d445190005e63d | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Livy presents these as signs of widespread failure in Roman religio. The major prodigies included the spontaneous combustion of weapons, the apparent shrinking of the sun's disc, two moons in a daylit sky, a cosmic battle between sun and moon, a rain of red-hot stones, a bloody sweat on statues, and blood in fountains ... | What author wrote of disaster prodigies? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Livy"
]
} |
5731e68eb9d445190005e63e | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Livy presents these as signs of widespread failure in Roman religio. The major prodigies included the spontaneous combustion of weapons, the apparent shrinking of the sun's disc, two moons in a daylit sky, a cosmic battle between sun and moon, a rain of red-hot stones, a bloody sweat on statues, and blood in fountains ... | Of what did the greater prodigies require in sacrifice? | {
"answer_start": [
376
],
"text": [
"greater victims"
]
} |
5731e68eb9d445190005e63f | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Livy presents these as signs of widespread failure in Roman religio. The major prodigies included the spontaneous combustion of weapons, the apparent shrinking of the sun's disc, two moons in a daylit sky, a cosmic battle between sun and moon, a rain of red-hot stones, a bloody sweat on statues, and blood in fountains ... | What type of sacrifices were required to expiate the minor prodigies ? | {
"answer_start": [
540
],
"text": [
"lesser victims"
]
} |
5731e68eb9d445190005e640 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Livy presents these as signs of widespread failure in Roman religio. The major prodigies included the spontaneous combustion of weapons, the apparent shrinking of the sun's disc, two moons in a daylit sky, a cosmic battle between sun and moon, a rain of red-hot stones, a bloody sweat on statues, and blood in fountains ... | What is the only proof of religious success over prodigies? | {
"answer_start": [
854
],
"text": [
"Rome's victory"
]
} |
5731e68eb9d445190005e641 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Livy presents these as signs of widespread failure in Roman religio. The major prodigies included the spontaneous combustion of weapons, the apparent shrinking of the sun's disc, two moons in a daylit sky, a cosmic battle between sun and moon, a rain of red-hot stones, a bloody sweat on statues, and blood in fountains ... | Of what did Livy think the prodigies proved about Roman religion? | {
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"widespread failure"
]
} |
5731e806b9d445190005e651 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman beliefs about an afterlife varied, and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy. The traditional care of the dead, however, and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices of Roman religion. Ancient votiv... | From what source does information of Roman thought about the afterlife come? | {
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"educated elite"
]
} |
5731e806b9d445190005e652 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman beliefs about an afterlife varied, and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy. The traditional care of the dead, however, and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices of Roman religion. Ancient votiv... | What type of practices were those affecting the care of the dead? | {
"answer_start": [
270
],
"text": [
"archaic"
]
} |
5731e806b9d445190005e653 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman beliefs about an afterlife varied, and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy. The traditional care of the dead, however, and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices of Roman religion. Ancient votiv... | What did the ancient Romans expect after death? | {
"answer_start": [
478
],
"text": [
"afterlife"
]
} |
5731e806b9d445190005e654 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman beliefs about an afterlife varied, and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy. The traditional care of the dead, however, and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices of Roman religion. Ancient votiv... | With whom did the early Romans expect to associate? | {
"answer_start": [
519
],
"text": [
"gods"
]
} |
5731e806b9d445190005e655 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Roman beliefs about an afterlife varied, and are known mostly for the educated elite who expressed their views in terms of their chosen philosophy. The traditional care of the dead, however, and the perpetuation after death of their status in life were part of the most archaic practices of Roman religion. Ancient votiv... | What did later Romans invest in rather than grave offerings? | {
"answer_start": [
675
],
"text": [
"monumental endowments"
]
} |
5731ea07b9d445190005e679 | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Funeral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, and the family at the site of the... | What type of rites varied in accordance with status and religion? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Funeral and commemorative"
]
} |
5731ea07b9d445190005e67a | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Funeral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, and the family at the site of the... | What was the grave sacrifice in Cicero's time? | {
"answer_start": [
136
],
"text": [
"sow"
]
} |
5731ea07b9d445190005e67b | Religion_in_ancient_Rome | Funeral and commemorative rites varied according to wealth, status and religious context. In Cicero's time, the better-off sacrificed a sow at the funeral pyre before cremation. The dead consumed their portion in the flames of the pyre, Ceres her portion through the flame of her altar, and the family at the site of the... | What class gave only wine and food as a grave offering? | {
"answer_start": [
340
],
"text": [
"less well-off"
]
} |
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