Split (2)

train · 130k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	title stringclasses 442 values	context stringlengths 151 3.71k	question stringlengths 12 270	answers dict
5732113b0fdd8d15006c674a	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	The spread of Greek literature, mythology and philosophy offered Roman poets and antiquarians a model for the interpretation of Rome's festivals and rituals, and the embellishment of its mythology. Ennius translated the work of Graeco-Sicilian Euhemerus, who explained the genesis of the gods as apotheosized mortals. In...	What factors sustained the beliefs in gods according to Varro?	{ "answer_start": [ 1005 ], "text": [ "devotion and cult." ] }
5732113b0fdd8d15006c674b	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	The spread of Greek literature, mythology and philosophy offered Roman poets and antiquarians a model for the interpretation of Rome's festivals and rituals, and the embellishment of its mythology. Ennius translated the work of Graeco-Sicilian Euhemerus, who explained the genesis of the gods as apotheosized mortals. In...	What theory claims that popular belief was based on fiction?	{ "answer_start": [ 598 ], "text": [ "Euhemerus' theory" ] }
573212f70fdd8d15006c675d	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Just as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods, so did some individual Romans. In the mid-to-late Republican era, and probably much earlier, many of Rome's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult, along with a share of their divinity. Most notably...	What did many Romans claim in the Republican era?	{ "answer_start": [ 204 ], "text": [ "divine ancestor" ] }
573212f70fdd8d15006c675e	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Just as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods, so did some individual Romans. In the mid-to-late Republican era, and probably much earlier, many of Rome's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult, along with a share of their divinity. Most notably...	What style of claim did Romans favor as a link to the gods?	{ "answer_start": [ 229 ], "text": [ "personal claim" ] }
573212f70fdd8d15006c675f	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Just as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods, so did some individual Romans. In the mid-to-late Republican era, and probably much earlier, many of Rome's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult, along with a share of their divinity. Most notably...	What deity did the Julii claim as an ancestor?	{ "answer_start": [ 366 ], "text": [ "Venus Genetrix" ] }
573212f70fdd8d15006c6760	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Just as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods, so did some individual Romans. In the mid-to-late Republican era, and probably much earlier, many of Rome's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult, along with a share of their divinity. Most notably...	Of what were such claims of deity relations the start?	{ "answer_start": [ 440 ], "text": [ "Imperial cult" ] }
573212f70fdd8d15006c6761	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Just as Rome itself claimed the favour of the gods, so did some individual Romans. In the mid-to-late Republican era, and probably much earlier, many of Rome's leading clans acknowledged a divine or semi-divine ancestor and laid personal claim to their favour and cult, along with a share of their divinity. Most notably...	What author further elaborated on the imperial claim of godhood?	{ "answer_start": [ 505 ], "text": [ "Vergil" ] }
573214afe99e3014001e64e2	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. H...	By the end of the Republic, what offices were increasingly joined?	{ "answer_start": [ 33 ], "text": [ "religious and political" ] }
573214afe99e3014001e64e3	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. H...	What Roman figure was given wide and lifeime powers?	{ "answer_start": [ 169 ], "text": [ "Augustus" ] }
573214afe99e3014001e64e4	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. H...	How many priesthoods was Augustus given?	{ "answer_start": [ 349 ], "text": [ "unprecedented number" ] }
573214afe99e3014001e64e5	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. H...	How were Augustus's reforms viewed?	{ "answer_start": [ 532 ], "text": [ "adaptive, restorative and regulatory" ] }
573214afe99e3014001e64e6	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Towards the end of the Republic, religious and political offices became more closely intertwined; the office of pontifex maximus became a de facto consular prerogative. Augustus was personally vested with an extraordinary breadth of political, military and priestly powers; at first temporarily, then for his lifetime. H...	As a return to what did Augustus portray the Vestals in his reforms?	{ "answer_start": [ 799 ], "text": [ "Roman morality" ] }
573217f50fdd8d15006c678b	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	The Roman Empire expanded to include different peoples and cultures; in principle, Rome followed the same inclusionist policies that had recognised Latin, Etruscan and other Italian peoples, cults and deities as Roman. Those who acknowledged Rome's hegemony retained their own cult and religious calendars, independent o...	From what were countries in the empire free?	{ "answer_start": [ 322 ], "text": [ "Roman religious law" ] }
573217f50fdd8d15006c678c	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	The Roman Empire expanded to include different peoples and cultures; in principle, Rome followed the same inclusionist policies that had recognised Latin, Etruscan and other Italian peoples, cults and deities as Roman. Those who acknowledged Rome's hegemony retained their own cult and religious calendars, independent o...	What were Rome's policies in regards to foreign peoples?	{ "answer_start": [ 106 ], "text": [ "inclusionist policies" ] }
573217f50fdd8d15006c678d	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	The Roman Empire expanded to include different peoples and cultures; in principle, Rome followed the same inclusionist policies that had recognised Latin, Etruscan and other Italian peoples, cults and deities as Roman. Those who acknowledged Rome's hegemony retained their own cult and religious calendars, independent o...	What was Rome's policy towards government?	{ "answer_start": [ 440 ], "text": [ "Autonomy and concord" ] }
573217f50fdd8d15006c678e	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	The Roman Empire expanded to include different peoples and cultures; in principle, Rome followed the same inclusionist policies that had recognised Latin, Etruscan and other Italian peoples, cults and deities as Roman. Those who acknowledged Rome's hegemony retained their own cult and religious calendars, independent o...	What did foreign cults gradually begin to display in similarity to Roman cults?	{ "answer_start": [ 936 ], "text": [ "Romanised" ] }
573217f50fdd8d15006c678f	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	The Roman Empire expanded to include different peoples and cultures; in principle, Rome followed the same inclusionist policies that had recognised Latin, Etruscan and other Italian peoples, cults and deities as Roman. Those who acknowledged Rome's hegemony retained their own cult and religious calendars, independent o...	What was Rome not demanding of in religion of foreign areas of the empire?	{ "answer_start": [ 1144 ], "text": [ "centralised legal requirement" ] }
57321b19b9d445190005e7fb	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Military settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities – sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis deabusque omnibus (all the gods ...	To whom did Roman soldiers set up alters?	{ "answer_start": [ 168 ], "text": [ "traditional gods" ] }
57321b19b9d445190005e7fc	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Military settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities – sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis deabusque omnibus (all the gods ...	What style of religious dedication was not uncommon for outer border areas?	{ "answer_start": [ 283 ], "text": [ "diis deabusque omnibus" ] }
57321b19b9d445190005e7fd	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Military settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities – sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis deabusque omnibus (all the gods ...	What type of household gods and cults did soldiers bring to outer areas?	{ "answer_start": [ 361 ], "text": [ "domestic" ] }
57321b19b9d445190005e7fe	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Military settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities – sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis deabusque omnibus (all the gods ...	What act of provincials brought new gods into the military?	{ "answer_start": [ 487 ], "text": [ "conscription" ] }
57321b19b9d445190005e7ff	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Military settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities – sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis deabusque omnibus (all the gods ...	What did Rome typically award to provincial members of the empire?	{ "answer_start": [ 450 ], "text": [ "citizenship" ] }
57321ccfb9d445190005e80f	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	The first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accepted with the cautious proviso tha...	What Roman leader aspired to be a living god?	{ "answer_start": [ 53 ], "text": [ "Julius Caesar" ] }
57321ccfb9d445190005e810	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	The first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accepted with the cautious proviso tha...	What form of government did Cesar seem to be attempting?	{ "answer_start": [ 97 ], "text": [ "divine monarchy" ] }
57321ccfb9d445190005e811	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	The first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accepted with the cautious proviso tha...	To what ruler did foreign allies offer a divine cult?	{ "answer_start": [ 268 ], "text": [ "Augustus" ] }
57321ccfb9d445190005e812	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	The first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accepted with the cautious proviso tha...	For what was Augustus's reformed system of government notiable?	{ "answer_start": [ 548 ], "text": [ "integrated" ] }
57321ccfb9d445190005e813	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	The first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accepted with the cautious proviso tha...	By the end of Augustus's reign what was an established fact?	{ "answer_start": [ 663 ], "text": [ "Imperial cult" ] }
57321f30b9d445190005e823	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	In Rome, state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional. As princeps (first citizen) he must respect traditional Republican mores; given virtually monarchic powers, he must restrain them. He was not a living divus but father of his country (pater patriae), its pontifex maxi...	What was the emperor's rule in Rome?	{ "answer_start": [ 65 ], "text": [ "divinely approved" ] }
57321f30b9d445190005e824	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	In Rome, state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional. As princeps (first citizen) he must respect traditional Republican mores; given virtually monarchic powers, he must restrain them. He was not a living divus but father of his country (pater patriae), its pontifex maxi...	As first citizen, what must the emperor's mores represent?	{ "answer_start": [ 147 ], "text": [ "traditional" ] }
57321f30b9d445190005e825	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	In Rome, state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional. As princeps (first citizen) he must respect traditional Republican mores; given virtually monarchic powers, he must restrain them. He was not a living divus but father of his country (pater patriae), its pontifex maxi...	As a living divus, what was the emperor to Rome?	{ "answer_start": [ 264 ], "text": [ "father of his country" ] }
57321f30b9d445190005e826	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	In Rome, state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional. As princeps (first citizen) he must respect traditional Republican mores; given virtually monarchic powers, he must restrain them. He was not a living divus but father of his country (pater patriae), its pontifex maxi...	After his death, how was the emperor's afterlife decided?	{ "answer_start": [ 481 ], "text": [ "vote in the Senate" ] }
57321f30b9d445190005e827	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	In Rome, state cult to a living emperor acknowledged his rule as divinely approved and constitutional. As princeps (first citizen) he must respect traditional Republican mores; given virtually monarchic powers, he must restrain them. He was not a living divus but father of his country (pater patriae), its pontifex maxi...	What did emperors before Diocletian try to guarantee in religion?	{ "answer_start": [ 1177 ], "text": [ "traditional cults" ] }
573220fce99e3014001e653a	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	For at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite. Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Early Italian synagogues have left fe...	What means guaranteed the Jews and Judaism in Rome?	{ "answer_start": [ 130 ], "text": [ "treaty" ] }
573220fce99e3014001e653b	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	For at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite. Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Early Italian synagogues have left fe...	What religious buildings were established in Rome in the imperial period?	{ "answer_start": [ 297 ], "text": [ "synagogues" ] }
573220fce99e3014001e653c	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	For at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite. Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Early Italian synagogues have left fe...	When did Judea become an allied kingdom to Rome?	{ "answer_start": [ 492 ], "text": [ "63 BC" ] }
573220fce99e3014001e653d	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	For at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite. Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Early Italian synagogues have left fe...	Who recognized the Jewish synagogues as being legitimate in Rome?	{ "answer_start": [ 653 ], "text": [ "Julius Caesar" ] }
573220fce99e3014001e653e	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	For at least a century before the establishment of the Augustan principate, Jews and Judaism were tolerated in Rome by diplomatic treaty with Judaea's Hellenised elite. Diaspora Jews had much in common with the overwhelmingly Hellenic or Hellenised communities that surrounded them. Early Italian synagogues have left fe...	In contrast to what religion was Judaism acceptable in Rome?	{ "answer_start": [ 1002 ], "text": [ "Christianity" ] }
573222f30fdd8d15006c67eb	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	After the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, Emperor Nero accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats, who were later persecuted and killed. From that point on, Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution. During the various Imperial crises of the 3rd century, “contemporaries were predisposed to...	What group was accused of starting the Great Fire of 64 AD?	{ "answer_start": [ 64 ], "text": [ "Christians" ] }
573222f30fdd8d15006c67ec	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	After the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, Emperor Nero accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats, who were later persecuted and killed. From that point on, Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution. During the various Imperial crises of the 3rd century, “contemporaries were predisposed to...	Who made the accusation that the Christians had started the Great Fire?	{ "answer_start": [ 39 ], "text": [ "Emperor Nero" ] }
573222f30fdd8d15006c67ed	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	After the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, Emperor Nero accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats, who were later persecuted and killed. From that point on, Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution. During the various Imperial crises of the 3rd century, “contemporaries were predisposed to...	What outcome did the accusations against the Christians produce?	{ "answer_start": [ 217 ], "text": [ "persecution" ] }
573222f30fdd8d15006c67ee	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	After the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, Emperor Nero accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats, who were later persecuted and killed. From that point on, Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution. During the various Imperial crises of the 3rd century, “contemporaries were predisposed to...	What was the persecution of the Christians by Rome?	{ "answer_start": [ 165 ], "text": [ "official policy" ] }
573222f30fdd8d15006c67ef	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	After the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD, Emperor Nero accused the Christians as convenient scapegoats, who were later persecuted and killed. From that point on, Roman official policy towards Christianity tended towards persecution. During the various Imperial crises of the 3rd century, “contemporaries were predisposed to...	How did early Christians view traditional Roman cultism?	{ "answer_start": [ 861 ], "text": [ "ungodly practices" ] }
57322474e99e3014001e654e	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	In the wake of religious riots in Egypt, the emperor Decius decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to "ancestral gods" or suffer a penalty: only Jews were exempt. Decius' edict appealed to whatever common mos maiores might reunite a poli...	Which emperor decreed that all Romans must sacrifice to traditional gods?	{ "answer_start": [ 53 ], "text": [ "Decius" ] }
57322474e99e3014001e654f	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	In the wake of religious riots in Egypt, the emperor Decius decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to "ancestral gods" or suffer a penalty: only Jews were exempt. Decius' edict appealed to whatever common mos maiores might reunite a poli...	What religious group was exempt from sacrifices?	{ "answer_start": [ 228 ], "text": [ "Jews" ] }
57322474e99e3014001e6550	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	In the wake of religious riots in Egypt, the emperor Decius decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to "ancestral gods" or suffer a penalty: only Jews were exempt. Decius' edict appealed to whatever common mos maiores might reunite a poli...	What oath was a requirement of the emperor's decree?	{ "answer_start": [ 589 ], "text": [ "Decian oath" ] }
57322474e99e3014001e6551	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	In the wake of religious riots in Egypt, the emperor Decius decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to "ancestral gods" or suffer a penalty: only Jews were exempt. Decius' edict appealed to whatever common mos maiores might reunite a poli...	What was the Decian decree meant to root out?	{ "answer_start": [ 657 ], "text": [ "subversives" ] }
57322474e99e3014001e6552	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	In the wake of religious riots in Egypt, the emperor Decius decreed that all subjects of the Empire must actively seek to benefit the state through witnessed and certified sacrifice to "ancestral gods" or suffer a penalty: only Jews were exempt. Decius' edict appealed to whatever common mos maiores might reunite a poli...	What happened to the decree after a year?	{ "answer_start": [ 787 ], "text": [ "edict expired." ] }
573226e1b9d445190005e83d	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Valerian's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult, outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. His second edict acknowledged a Christian threat to the Imperial system – not yet at its heart but close to it, a...	What did Valerian call the Christian religion?	{ "answer_start": [ 96 ], "text": [ "subversive foreign cult" ] }
573226e1b9d445190005e83e	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Valerian's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult, outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. His second edict acknowledged a Christian threat to the Imperial system – not yet at its heart but close to it, a...	What Christian events did Valerian outlaw?	{ "answer_start": [ 134 ], "text": [ "assemblies" ] }
573226e1b9d445190005e83f	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Valerian's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult, outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. His second edict acknowledged a Christian threat to the Imperial system – not yet at its heart but close to it, a...	To what gods did Valerian tell the Christians to sacrifice?	{ "answer_start": [ 182 ], "text": [ "Rome's traditional" ] }
573226e1b9d445190005e840	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Valerian's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult, outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. His second edict acknowledged a Christian threat to the Imperial system – not yet at its heart but close to it, a...	What did Valerian's second edict call the Christians' presence in the empire?	{ "answer_start": [ 249 ], "text": [ "threat" ] }
573226e1b9d445190005e841	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Valerian's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult, outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. His second edict acknowledged a Christian threat to the Imperial system – not yet at its heart but close to it, a...	What did the Christian church become in the years after Valerian's death?	{ "answer_start": [ 504 ], "text": [ "stronger" ] }
573228d1b9d445190005e865	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	In 295, a certain Maximilian refused military service; in 298 Marcellus renounced his military oath. Both were executed for treason; both were Christians. At some time around 302, a report of ominous haruspicy in Diocletian's domus and a subsequent (but undated) dictat of placatory sacrifice by the entire military trig...	For what reason were Maximillian and Marcellus executed?	{ "answer_start": [ 124 ], "text": [ "treason" ] }
573228d1b9d445190005e866	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	In 295, a certain Maximilian refused military service; in 298 Marcellus renounced his military oath. Both were executed for treason; both were Christians. At some time around 302, a report of ominous haruspicy in Diocletian's domus and a subsequent (but undated) dictat of placatory sacrifice by the entire military trig...	In what year did Diocletian's edict order the destruction of Christian churches and texts?	{ "answer_start": [ 378 ], "text": [ "303 AD" ] }
573228d1b9d445190005e867	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	In 295, a certain Maximilian refused military service; in 298 Marcellus renounced his military oath. Both were executed for treason; both were Christians. At some time around 302, a report of ominous haruspicy in Diocletian's domus and a subsequent (but undated) dictat of placatory sacrifice by the entire military trig...	In 303 AD what did Christians begin losing?	{ "answer_start": [ 587 ], "text": [ "legal rights" ] }
573228d1b9d445190005e868	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	In 295, a certain Maximilian refused military service; in 298 Marcellus renounced his military oath. Both were executed for treason; both were Christians. At some time around 302, a report of ominous haruspicy in Diocletian's domus and a subsequent (but undated) dictat of placatory sacrifice by the entire military trig...	With what were Christian priests threatened in the second edict?	{ "answer_start": [ 825 ], "text": [ "imprisonment" ] }
573228d1b9d445190005e869	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	In 295, a certain Maximilian refused military service; in 298 Marcellus renounced his military oath. Both were executed for treason; both were Christians. At some time around 302, a report of ominous haruspicy in Diocletian's domus and a subsequent (but undated) dictat of placatory sacrifice by the entire military trig...	To what did the edict of 304 admonish Christians to sacrifice?	{ "answer_start": [ 950 ], "text": [ "traditional gods" ] }
57322ed7b9d445190005e8a3	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	In some cases and in some places the edicts were strictly enforced: some Christians resisted and were imprisoned or martyred. Others complied. Some local communities were not only pre-dominantly Christian, but powerful and influential; and some provincial authorities were lenient, notably the Caesar in Gaul, Constantiu...	How were the Roman edicts handled in some areas?	{ "answer_start": [ 49 ], "text": [ "strictly enforced" ] }
57322ed7b9d445190005e8a4	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	In some cases and in some places the edicts were strictly enforced: some Christians resisted and were imprisoned or martyred. Others complied. Some local communities were not only pre-dominantly Christian, but powerful and influential; and some provincial authorities were lenient, notably the Caesar in Gaul, Constantiu...	In areas of strict enforcement, what happened to Christians?	{ "answer_start": [ 102 ], "text": [ "imprisoned or martyred" ] }
57322ed7b9d445190005e8a5	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	In some cases and in some places the edicts were strictly enforced: some Christians resisted and were imprisoned or martyred. Others complied. Some local communities were not only pre-dominantly Christian, but powerful and influential; and some provincial authorities were lenient, notably the Caesar in Gaul, Constantiu...	What were some Christian communities?	{ "answer_start": [ 210 ], "text": [ "powerful and influential" ] }
57322ed7b9d445190005e8a6	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	In some cases and in some places the edicts were strictly enforced: some Christians resisted and were imprisoned or martyred. Others complied. Some local communities were not only pre-dominantly Christian, but powerful and influential; and some provincial authorities were lenient, notably the Caesar in Gaul, Constantiu...	What were some provincial governors in enforcement of the Roman edicts?	{ "answer_start": [ 273 ], "text": [ "lenient" ] }
57322ed7b9d445190005e8a7	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	In some cases and in some places the edicts were strictly enforced: some Christians resisted and were imprisoned or martyred. Others complied. Some local communities were not only pre-dominantly Christian, but powerful and influential; and some provincial authorities were lenient, notably the Caesar in Gaul, Constantiu...	When did Galerius revoke the anti-Christian policies?	{ "answer_start": [ 458 ], "text": [ "311" ] }
57323080e17f3d14004226ff	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors wa...	Who said the imperial honors were against Christian teachings?	{ "answer_start": [ 35 ], "text": [ "St. Jerome" ] }
57323080e17f3d1400422700	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors wa...	With what veneration did most Christians have little trouble?	{ "answer_start": [ 274 ], "text": [ "\"pagan\" emperors" ] }
57323080e17f3d1400422701	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors wa...	To what did the Christian church equate the peace of the emperors?	{ "answer_start": [ 326 ], "text": [ "peace of God" ] }
57323080e17f3d1400422702	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors wa...	What pontifax maximus favored the Catholic church?	{ "answer_start": [ 513 ], "text": [ "Constantine I" ] }
57323080e17f3d1400422703	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	With the abatement of persecution, St. Jerome acknowledged the Empire as a bulwark against evil but insisted that "imperial honours" were contrary to Christian teaching. His was an authoritative but minority voice: most Christians showed no qualms in the veneration of even "pagan" emperors. The peace of the emperors wa...	What Christian group did Constantine I disapprove?	{ "answer_start": [ 588 ], "text": [ "Donatists" ] }
5732321ce17f3d1400422717	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Constantine successfully balanced his own role as an instrument of the pax deorum with the power of the Christian priesthoods in determining what was (in traditional Roman terms) auspicious - or in Christian terms, what was orthodox. The edict of Milan (313) redefined Imperial ideology as one of mutual toleration. Cons...	What edict defined imperial ideas as being those of toleration?	{ "answer_start": [ 238 ], "text": [ "edict of Milan" ] }
5732321ce17f3d1400422718	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Constantine successfully balanced his own role as an instrument of the pax deorum with the power of the Christian priesthoods in determining what was (in traditional Roman terms) auspicious - or in Christian terms, what was orthodox. The edict of Milan (313) redefined Imperial ideology as one of mutual toleration. Cons...	How did Constantine accept Christianity?	{ "answer_start": [ 408 ], "text": [ "officially" ] }
5732321ce17f3d1400422719	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Constantine successfully balanced his own role as an instrument of the pax deorum with the power of the Christian priesthoods in determining what was (in traditional Roman terms) auspicious - or in Christian terms, what was orthodox. The edict of Milan (313) redefined Imperial ideology as one of mutual toleration. Cons...	Besides the acceptance of Christianity, what other religious cults were tolerated?	{ "answer_start": [ 439 ], "text": [ "traditional religions" ] }
5732321ce17f3d140042271a	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Constantine successfully balanced his own role as an instrument of the pax deorum with the power of the Christian priesthoods in determining what was (in traditional Roman terms) auspicious - or in Christian terms, what was orthodox. The edict of Milan (313) redefined Imperial ideology as one of mutual toleration. Cons...	As what type of ruler did Constantine unite the empire and church?	{ "answer_start": [ 932 ], "text": [ "absolute head of state" ] }
5732321ce17f3d140042271b	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Constantine successfully balanced his own role as an instrument of the pax deorum with the power of the Christian priesthoods in determining what was (in traditional Roman terms) auspicious - or in Christian terms, what was orthodox. The edict of Milan (313) redefined Imperial ideology as one of mutual toleration. Cons...	As what was Constantine honored when he died?	{ "answer_start": [ 994 ], "text": [ "Christian, Imperial, and \"divus\"" ] }
573233c1b9d445190005e8bd	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	At the time, there were many varying opinions about Christian doctrine, and no centralized way of enforcing orthodoxy. Constantine called all the Christian bishops throughout the Roman Empire to a meeting, and some 318 bishops (very few from the Western Empire) attended the First Council of Nicaea. The purpose of this ...	What group did Constantine call to a meeting?	{ "answer_start": [ 275 ], "text": [ "First Council of Nicaea" ] }
573233c1b9d445190005e8be	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	At the time, there were many varying opinions about Christian doctrine, and no centralized way of enforcing orthodoxy. Constantine called all the Christian bishops throughout the Roman Empire to a meeting, and some 318 bishops (very few from the Western Empire) attended the First Council of Nicaea. The purpose of this ...	How many bishops attended the First Council?	{ "answer_start": [ 215 ], "text": [ "318" ] }
573233c1b9d445190005e8bf	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	At the time, there were many varying opinions about Christian doctrine, and no centralized way of enforcing orthodoxy. Constantine called all the Christian bishops throughout the Roman Empire to a meeting, and some 318 bishops (very few from the Western Empire) attended the First Council of Nicaea. The purpose of this ...	From where were the bishops in attendance at the Council few in number?	{ "answer_start": [ 246 ], "text": [ "Western Empire" ] }
573233c1b9d445190005e8c0	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	At the time, there were many varying opinions about Christian doctrine, and no centralized way of enforcing orthodoxy. Constantine called all the Christian bishops throughout the Roman Empire to a meeting, and some 318 bishops (very few from the Western Empire) attended the First Council of Nicaea. The purpose of this ...	What was the Council of Nicaea meant to define?	{ "answer_start": [ 342 ], "text": [ "Christian orthodoxy" ] }
573233c1b9d445190005e8c1	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	At the time, there were many varying opinions about Christian doctrine, and no centralized way of enforcing orthodoxy. Constantine called all the Christian bishops throughout the Roman Empire to a meeting, and some 318 bishops (very few from the Western Empire) attended the First Council of Nicaea. The purpose of this ...	What agreement was reached a the Council of Nicaea ?	{ "answer_start": [ 453 ], "text": [ "Nicene Creed" ] }
5732354ce17f3d140042272b	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symm...	What emperor tried to revive traditional religious practices?	{ "answer_start": [ 12 ], "text": [ "Julian" ] }
5732354ce17f3d140042272c	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symm...	What was proclaimed the state religion under Theodosius I?	{ "answer_start": [ 169 ], "text": [ "Nicene Christianity" ] }
5732354ce17f3d140042272d	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symm...	What pleas were rejected by the empire?	{ "answer_start": [ 255 ], "text": [ "religious tolerance" ] }
5732354ce17f3d140042272e	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symm...	What group was excluded or persecuted by the empire?	{ "answer_start": [ 392 ], "text": [ "Heretics" ] }
5732354ce17f3d140042272f	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	The emperor Julian made a short-lived attempt to revive traditional and Hellenistic religion and to affirm the special status of Judaism, but in 380 under Theodosius I, Nicene Christianity became the official state religion of the Roman Empire. Pleas for religious tolerance from traditionalists such as the senator Symm...	What aspects of Roman religion influenced Christian forms?	{ "answer_start": [ 550 ], "text": [ "ritual" ] }
573236d2e17f3d1400422735	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Constantine's nephew Julian rejected the "Galilean madness" of his upbringing for an idiosyncratic synthesis of neo-Platonism, Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult. Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively but vainly fostered a religious and cultural pluralism, attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices...	Who rejected the Christian religion?	{ "answer_start": [ 21 ], "text": [ "Julian" ] }
573236d2e17f3d1400422736	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Constantine's nephew Julian rejected the "Galilean madness" of his upbringing for an idiosyncratic synthesis of neo-Platonism, Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult. Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively but vainly fostered a religious and cultural pluralism, attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices...	When did Julian become Augustus?	{ "answer_start": [ 196 ], "text": [ "361" ] }
573236d2e17f3d1400422737	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Constantine's nephew Julian rejected the "Galilean madness" of his upbringing for an idiosyncratic synthesis of neo-Platonism, Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult. Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively but vainly fostered a religious and cultural pluralism, attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices...	What did Julian try to restore to the empire?	{ "answer_start": [ 297 ], "text": [ "non-Christian practices" ] }
573236d2e17f3d1400422738	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Constantine's nephew Julian rejected the "Galilean madness" of his upbringing for an idiosyncratic synthesis of neo-Platonism, Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult. Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively but vainly fostered a religious and cultural pluralism, attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices...	What building did Julian want to rebuild?	{ "answer_start": [ 363 ], "text": [ "Jerusalem's temple" ] }
573236d2e17f3d1400422739	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	Constantine's nephew Julian rejected the "Galilean madness" of his upbringing for an idiosyncratic synthesis of neo-Platonism, Stoic asceticism and universal solar cult. Julian became Augustus in 361 and actively but vainly fostered a religious and cultural pluralism, attempting a restitution of non-Christian practices...	After Julian's death, under to what type of religion did the empire return?	{ "answer_start": [ 688 ], "text": [ "Christian control" ] }
573238630fdd8d15006c685f	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	The Western emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus, and against the protests of the senate, removed the altar of Victory from the senate house and began the disestablishment of the Vestals. Theodosius I briefly re-united the Empire: in 391 he officially adopted Nicene Christianity as the Imperial religi...	What office did Western emperor Gratian decline?	{ "answer_start": [ 50 ], "text": [ "pontifex maximus" ] }
573238630fdd8d15006c6860	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	The Western emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus, and against the protests of the senate, removed the altar of Victory from the senate house and began the disestablishment of the Vestals. Theodosius I briefly re-united the Empire: in 391 he officially adopted Nicene Christianity as the Imperial religi...	What group did Gratian seek the abolish?	{ "answer_start": [ 197 ], "text": [ "Vestals" ] }
573238630fdd8d15006c6861	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	The Western emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus, and against the protests of the senate, removed the altar of Victory from the senate house and began the disestablishment of the Vestals. Theodosius I briefly re-united the Empire: in 391 he officially adopted Nicene Christianity as the Imperial religi...	Which emperor briefly united the empire again?	{ "answer_start": [ 206 ], "text": [ "Theodosius I" ] }
573238630fdd8d15006c6862	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	The Western emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus, and against the protests of the senate, removed the altar of Victory from the senate house and began the disestablishment of the Vestals. Theodosius I briefly re-united the Empire: in 391 he officially adopted Nicene Christianity as the Imperial religi...	What flame did Theodosius extinguish to remove the Vestals from power?	{ "answer_start": [ 463 ], "text": [ "Sacred fire" ] }
573238630fdd8d15006c6863	Religion_in_ancient_Rome	The Western emperor Gratian refused the office of pontifex maximus, and against the protests of the senate, removed the altar of Victory from the senate house and began the disestablishment of the Vestals. Theodosius I briefly re-united the Empire: in 391 he officially adopted Nicene Christianity as the Imperial religi...	Of what was Theodosius the last emperor?	{ "answer_start": [ 1093 ], "text": [ "East and West" ] }
573196af497a88190024909b	YouTube	YouTube is a global video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California, United States. The service was created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005. In November 2006, it was bought by Google for US$1.65 billion. YouTube now operates as one of Google's subsidiaries. The site allows users to upload...	Where is Youtube headquartered?	{ "answer_start": [ 59 ], "text": [ "San Bruno, California, United States" ] }
573196af497a88190024909c	YouTube	YouTube is a global video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California, United States. The service was created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005. In November 2006, it was bought by Google for US$1.65 billion. YouTube now operates as one of Google's subsidiaries. The site allows users to upload...	When was Youtube created?	{ "answer_start": [ 157 ], "text": [ "February 2005" ] }
573196af497a88190024909d	YouTube	YouTube is a global video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California, United States. The service was created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005. In November 2006, it was bought by Google for US$1.65 billion. YouTube now operates as one of Google's subsidiaries. The site allows users to upload...	How much did Google pay for Youtube in 2006?	{ "answer_start": [ 218 ], "text": [ "US$1.65 billion" ] }
573196af497a88190024909e	YouTube	YouTube is a global video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California, United States. The service was created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005. In November 2006, it was bought by Google for US$1.65 billion. YouTube now operates as one of Google's subsidiaries. The site allows users to upload...	Other than video blogging and and educational videos, what content is available on youtube?	{ "answer_start": [ 634 ], "text": [ "short original videos" ] }
573196af497a88190024909f	YouTube	YouTube is a global video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California, United States. The service was created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005. In November 2006, it was bought by Google for US$1.65 billion. YouTube now operates as one of Google's subsidiaries. The site allows users to upload...	How does youtube now operate as a business?	{ "answer_start": [ 256 ], "text": [ "as one of Google's subsidiaries" ] }
5ace0f4532bba1001ae49a0d	YouTube	YouTube is a global video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California, United States. The service was created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005. In November 2006, it was bought by Google for US$1.65 billion. YouTube now operates as one of Google's subsidiaries. The site allows users to upload...	What company did the three employees that started YouTube in 2006 used to work for?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ace0f4532bba1001ae49a0e	YouTube	YouTube is a global video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California, United States. The service was created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005. In November 2006, it was bought by Google for US$1.65 billion. YouTube now operates as one of Google's subsidiaries. The site allows users to upload...	Who bought YouTube in 2005 for US$1.65 billion?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ace0f4532bba1001ae49a0f	YouTube	YouTube is a global video-sharing website headquartered in San Bruno, California, United States. The service was created by three former PayPal employees in February 2005. In November 2006, it was bought by Google for US$1.65 billion. YouTube now operates as one of Google's subsidiaries. The site allows users to upload...	Who's subsidiary does Google now operate under?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.