decodingchris/clean_squad_classic_v2 · Datasets at Hugging Face

id stringlengths 24 24	title stringclasses 442 values	context stringlengths 151 3.71k	question stringlengths 12 270	answers dict
5acd435307355d001abf3b06	Estonian_language	The direct object of the verb appears either in the accusative (for total objects) or in the partitive (for partial objects). The accusative coincides with the genitive in the singular and with nominative in the plural. Accusative vs. partitive case opposition of the object used with transitive verbs creates a telicity contrast, just as in Finnish. This is a rough equivalent of the perfective vs. imperfective aspect opposition.	Why is the accusative rejected?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acd435307355d001abf3b07	Estonian_language	The direct object of the verb appears either in the accusative (for total objects) or in the partitive (for partial objects). The accusative coincides with the genitive in the singular and with nominative in the plural. Accusative vs. partitive case opposition of the object used with transitive verbs creates a telicity contrast, just as in Finnish. This is a rough equivalent of the perfective vs. imperfective aspect opposition.	What is an example of a partial object?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acd435307355d001abf3b08	Estonian_language	The direct object of the verb appears either in the accusative (for total objects) or in the partitive (for partial objects). The accusative coincides with the genitive in the singular and with nominative in the plural. Accusative vs. partitive case opposition of the object used with transitive verbs creates a telicity contrast, just as in Finnish. This is a rough equivalent of the perfective vs. imperfective aspect opposition.	What does a transitive noun create?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56e432a68c00841900fbaf39	Estonian_language	The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal").	From what system is a distinctive future tense lacking?	{ "answer_start": [ 4 ], "text": [ "verbal system" ] }
56e432a68c00841900fbaf3a	Estonian_language	The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal").	What is used in place of the future tense?	{ "answer_start": [ 56 ], "text": [ "present tense" ] }
56e432a68c00841900fbaf3b	Estonian_language	The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal").	What does Estonian use to show actions performed by an undecided subject?	{ "answer_start": [ 96 ], "text": [ "special forms" ] }
5acd43ca07355d001abf3b2a	Estonian_language	The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal").	From what system is a distinctive future tense prominent?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acd43ca07355d001abf3b2b	Estonian_language	The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal").	What is used in place of the past tense?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acd43ca07355d001abf3b2c	Estonian_language	The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal").	What does Estonian use to show actions performed by an determined subject?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acd43ca07355d001abf3b2d	Estonian_language	The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal").	What is performed by the undetermined subject?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf3f	Estonian_language	Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]	Close to 33 percent of Estonian's vocabulary belong to what group of languages?	{ "answer_start": [ 26 ], "text": [ "Germanic languages" ] }
56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf40	Estonian_language	Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]	What is the main Germanic language from which Estonia gets the Germanic portion of its vocabulary?	{ "answer_start": [ 283 ], "text": [ "Low Saxon" ] }
56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf41	Estonian_language	Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]	When did Low Saxon make its appearance as part of the Estonian language?	{ "answer_start": [ 313 ], "text": [ "during the period of German rule" ] }
56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf42	Estonian_language	Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]	From what other Germanic language does Estonian derive its vocabulary?	{ "answer_start": [ 351 ], "text": [ "High German" ] }
56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf43	Estonian_language	Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]	Standard German is part of what Germanic language?	{ "answer_start": [ 351 ], "text": [ "High German" ] }
5acd45d907355d001abf3b9a	Estonian_language	Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]	What language does Estonian have very close origins with?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acd45d907355d001abf3b9b	Estonian_language	Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]	When did Low Saxon stop being part of the Estonian language?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acd45d907355d001abf3b9c	Estonian_language	Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]	From what non-Germanic language does Estonian derive its vocabulary?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acd45d907355d001abf3b9d	Estonian_language	Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]	Non-Standard German is part of what Germanic language?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acd45d907355d001abf3b9e	Estonian_language	Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]	Less than 30 percent of Estonian's vocabulary belong to what group of languages?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56e43b098c00841900fbaf49	Estonian_language	Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'.	What two letters can be replaced with each other a lot of the time in Estonian?	{ "answer_start": [ 6 ], "text": [ "'b' & 'p'" ] }
56e43b098c00841900fbaf4a	Estonian_language	Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'.	What happens in many cases when a word starts with an 's'?	{ "answer_start": [ 112 ], "text": [ "The initial letter 's' is often dropped" ] }
56e43b098c00841900fbaf4b	Estonian_language	Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'.	In an example of replacing 'b' with 'p' how is 'baggage' pronounced?	{ "answer_start": [ 68 ], "text": [ "pagas" ] }
5acd465c07355d001abf3bae	Estonian_language	Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'.	What two letters can never be replaced with each other in Estonian?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acd465c07355d001abf3baf	Estonian_language	Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'.	What happens to the first letter when a word starts with an 'L'?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acd465c07355d001abf3bb0	Estonian_language	Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'.	In an example of replacing 's' with 'g' how is 'baggage' pronounced?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acd465c07355d001abf3bb1	Estonian_language	Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'.	What word does Tool become when you apply the interchangeable rule?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acd465c07355d001abf3bb2	Estonian_language	Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'.	What word does Loopima become when you drop the appropriate letter?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56e43be78c00841900fbaf4f	Estonian_language	Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing.	Who was the journalist who was also a language planner?	{ "answer_start": [ 35 ], "text": [ "Ado Grenzstein" ] }
56e43be78c00841900fbaf50	Estonian_language	Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing.	In what years did Ado Grenzstein do journalism work in Estonia?	{ "answer_start": [ 89 ], "text": [ "1870s–90s" ] }
56e43be78c00841900fbaf51	Estonian_language	Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing.	What is another term for making up words from nothing?	{ "answer_start": [ 113 ], "text": [ "formation ex nihilo" ] }
56e43be78c00841900fbaf52	Estonian_language	Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing.	Who in the course of their language planning attempted to use the formation ex nihilo technique?	{ "answer_start": [ 35 ], "text": [ "Ado Grenzstein" ] }
5acd469e07355d001abf3bb8	Estonian_language	Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing.	Who was the journalist refused to be a language planner?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acd469e07355d001abf3bb9	Estonian_language	Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing.	In what years did Ado Grenzstein do journalism work in Germany?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acd469e07355d001abf3bba	Estonian_language	Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing.	When was Ado Grenzstein born?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acd469e07355d001abf3bbb	Estonian_language	Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing.	When did Ado Grenzstein die?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acd469e07355d001abf3bbc	Estonian_language	Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing.	What is the word for creating new words out of old words?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56e43d238c00841900fbaf57	Estonian_language	The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are	Of all of Estonian's language reformers who is the most well known?	{ "answer_start": [ 38 ], "text": [ "Johannes Aavik" ] }
56e43d238c00841900fbaf58	Estonian_language	The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are	What was the period of time in which Johannes Aavik was alive?	{ "answer_start": [ 54 ], "text": [ "1880–1973" ] }
56e43d238c00841900fbaf59	Estonian_language	The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are	What is the technique Aavic used to create Estonian words out of nothing?	{ "answer_start": [ 71 ], "text": [ "creations ex nihilo" ] }
56e43d238c00841900fbaf5a	Estonian_language	The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are	In what publication can examples of ex nihilo words be found?	{ "answer_start": [ 283 ], "text": [ "Aavik’s dictionary" ] }
56e43d238c00841900fbaf5b	Estonian_language	The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are	How many words did Aavik put in his dictionary?	{ "answer_start": [ 322 ], "text": [ "approximately 4000" ] }
5acd46eb07355d001abf3bd6	Estonian_language	The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are	Of all of Estonian's language reformers who is the least well known?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acd46eb07355d001abf3bd7	Estonian_language	The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are	What was the period of time in which Johannes Aavik lived in Germany?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acd46eb07355d001abf3bd8	Estonian_language	The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are	What is the technique Aavic used to create Estonian words out of old words?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acd46eb07355d001abf3bd9	Estonian_language	The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are	In what publication were examples of ex nihilo words eliminated?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acd46eb07355d001abf3bda	Estonian_language	The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are	What dictionary has under 3000 words?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56e43df08c00841900fbaf61	Estonian_language	Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim ‘crime’ versus English crime or taunima ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish tuomita ‘to condemn, to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik’s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item.	What languages did Aavik know?	{ "answer_start": [ 284 ], "text": [ "Ancient Greek, Latin and French" ] }
56e43df08c00841900fbaf62	Estonian_language	Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim ‘crime’ versus English crime or taunima ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish tuomita ‘to condemn, to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik’s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item.	When was Aavik's dictionary published?	{ "answer_start": [ 477 ], "text": [ "1921" ] }
56e43df08c00841900fbaf63	Estonian_language	Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim ‘crime’ versus English crime or taunima ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish tuomita ‘to condemn, to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik’s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item.	What is another term for words created by Aavik?	{ "answer_start": [ 449 ], "text": [ "Aavikisms" ] }
56e43df08c00841900fbaf64	Estonian_language	Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim ‘crime’ versus English crime or taunima ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish tuomita ‘to condemn, to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik’s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item.	Instead of being created from nothing Aavik's ex nihilo terms are thought to actually possibly have been influenced by what?	{ "answer_start": [ 136 ], "text": [ "foreign lexical items" ] }
5acd477107355d001abf3bf0	Estonian_language	Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim ‘crime’ versus English crime or taunima ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish tuomita ‘to condemn, to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik’s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item.	What languages did Aavik create?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acd477107355d001abf3bf1	Estonian_language	Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim ‘crime’ versus English crime or taunima ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish tuomita ‘to condemn, to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik’s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item.	When was Aavik's dictionary destroyed?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acd477107355d001abf3bf2	Estonian_language	Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim ‘crime’ versus English crime or taunima ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish tuomita ‘to condemn, to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik’s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item.	What is another term for words Aavik destroyed?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5acd477107355d001abf3bf3	Estonian_language	Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim ‘crime’ versus English crime or taunima ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish tuomita ‘to condemn, to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik’s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item.	Aavik's ex nihilo terms were not influenced by what?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56e678026fe0821900b8ea3b	Paper	Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.	What is a source for the particles in paper?	{ "answer_start": [ 99 ], "text": [ "wood" ] }
56e678026fe0821900b8ea3c	Paper	Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.	What is a common use for paper?	{ "answer_start": [ 213 ], "text": [ "writing" ] }
56e678026fe0821900b8ea3e	Paper	Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.	What is the last step in paper production?	{ "answer_start": [ 126 ], "text": [ "drying" ] }
5ad4df9a5b96ef001a10a4fe	Paper	Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.	What is a thick material produced by pressing cellulose fibers?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ad4df9a5b96ef001a10a4ff	Paper	Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.	From what type of fibers are rags made?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ad4df9a5b96ef001a10a500	Paper	Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.	What fails to be a versatile material and has few uses?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ad4df9a5b96ef001a10a501	Paper	Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.	How is writing produced?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ad68c9d191832001aa7b185	Paper	Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.	What is a source for the non-particles in paper?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ad68c9d191832001aa7b186	Paper	Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.	What is an uncommon use for paper?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ad68c9d191832001aa7b187	Paper	Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.	What is the last step in wood production?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56e7460a00c9c71400d76f0f	Paper	The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.	When was the pulp papermaking process developed?	{ "answer_start": [ 86 ], "text": [ "2nd century AD" ] }
56e7460a00c9c71400d76f10	Paper	The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.	What country was the process developed in?	{ "answer_start": [ 63 ], "text": [ "China" ] }
56e7460a00c9c71400d76f11	Paper	The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.	What country is leading in production of paper?	{ "answer_start": [ 63 ], "text": [ "China" ] }
56e7460a00c9c71400d76f12	Paper	The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.	What country is the second largest produced of paper?	{ "answer_start": [ 360 ], "text": [ "United States" ] }
56e7460a00c9c71400d76f13	Paper	The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.	Which court eunuch was associated with the papermaking process?	{ "answer_start": [ 166 ], "text": [ "Cai Lun" ] }
5ad4e7325b96ef001a10a5d0	Paper	The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.	When is the pulp papermaking process said to have been developed by Han court?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ad4e7325b96ef001a10a5d1	Paper	The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.	The United States is the leader of which industry, which China following right behind it?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ad4e7325b96ef001a10a5d2	Paper	The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.	Where is the Han court process said to have been developed?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ad4e7325b96ef001a10a5d3	Paper	The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.	From where do the earliest Han court fragments derive?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ad68cde191832001aa7b18b	Paper	The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.	When was the pulp wood making process developed?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ad68cde191832001aa7b18c	Paper	The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.	What country was the process not developed in?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ad68cde191832001aa7b18d	Paper	The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.	What country is not leading in production of paper?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ad68cde191832001aa7b18e	Paper	The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.	What country is the fifth largest produced of paper?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ad68cde191832001aa7b18f	Paper	The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.	Which court non-eunuch was associated with the papermaking process?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56e746fc00c9c71400d76f19	Paper	The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.	Who is credited with the papermaking process?	{ "answer_start": [ 167 ], "text": [ "Cai Lun" ] }
56e746fc00c9c71400d76f1b	Paper	The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.	What material did paper replace upon its invention?	{ "answer_start": [ 253 ], "text": [ "silk" ] }
56e746fc00c9c71400d76f1c	Paper	The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.	Which Age did the invention of the papermaking process contribute towards?	{ "answer_start": [ 343 ], "text": [ "Golden Age" ] }
56e746fc00c9c71400d76f1d	Paper	The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.	What century is the first papermaking process attributed to?	{ "answer_start": [ 98 ], "text": [ "2nd" ] }
5ad4f7315b96ef001a10a7e6	Paper	The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.	To where can the oldest known fragments of silk be traced?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ad4f7315b96ef001a10a7e7	Paper	The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.	To whom is the silk paper making process ascribed?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ad4f7315b96ef001a10a7e8	Paper	The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.	What is silk an effective substitute for in all applications?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ad4f7315b96ef001a10a7e9	Paper	The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.	What age did China's decreased exportation of silk lead to?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ad4f7315b96ef001a10a7ea	Paper	The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.	What did China decrease the export of during The Golden Age?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ad68d08191832001aa7b195	Paper	The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.	Who is uncredited with the papermaking process?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ad68d08191832001aa7b196	Paper	The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.	What material did paper not replace upon its invention?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ad68d08191832001aa7b197	Paper	The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.	Which Age did the invention of the papermaking process not contribute towards?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ad68d08191832001aa7b198	Paper	The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.	What century is the last papermaking process attributed to?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5b	Paper	Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to significant cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.	In what century did the papermaking process spread from China to Europe?	{ "answer_start": [ 91 ], "text": [ "13th" ] }
56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5c	Paper	Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to significant cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.	Which middle eastern city did the papermaking process to Europe from?	{ "answer_start": [ 223 ], "text": [ "Baghdad" ] }
56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5d	Paper	Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to significant cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.	What name did the process take on in Baghdad?	{ "answer_start": [ 252 ], "text": [ "bagdatikos" ] }
56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5e	Paper	Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to significant cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.	In which century did the process become much cheaper than before?	{ "answer_start": [ 271 ], "text": [ "19th" ] }
56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5f	Paper	Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to significant cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.	Which Canadian inventor helped F.G. Keller to develop their own process?	{ "answer_start": [ 452 ], "text": [ "Charles Fenerty" ] }
5ad4f8ac5b96ef001a10a820	Paper	Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to significant cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.	In which century were the first oil powered paper mills built?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ad4f8ac5b96ef001a10a821	Paper	Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to significant cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.	The knowledge and use of what traveled from the Middle East to China?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5ad4f8ac5b96ef001a10a822	Paper	Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to significant cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.	What greatly increased the cost of paper in the 19th century?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd435307355d001abf3b06

Estonian_language

The direct object of the verb appears either in the accusative (for total objects) or in the partitive (for partial objects). The accusative coincides with the genitive in the singular and with nominative in the plural. Accusative vs. partitive case opposition of the object used with transitive verbs creates a telicity contrast, just as in Finnish. This is a rough equivalent of the perfective vs. imperfective aspect opposition.

Why is the accusative rejected?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd435307355d001abf3b07

Estonian_language

The direct object of the verb appears either in the accusative (for total objects) or in the partitive (for partial objects). The accusative coincides with the genitive in the singular and with nominative in the plural. Accusative vs. partitive case opposition of the object used with transitive verbs creates a telicity contrast, just as in Finnish. This is a rough equivalent of the perfective vs. imperfective aspect opposition.

What is an example of a partial object?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd435307355d001abf3b08

Estonian_language

The direct object of the verb appears either in the accusative (for total objects) or in the partitive (for partial objects). The accusative coincides with the genitive in the singular and with nominative in the plural. Accusative vs. partitive case opposition of the object used with transitive verbs creates a telicity contrast, just as in Finnish. This is a rough equivalent of the perfective vs. imperfective aspect opposition.

What does a transitive noun create?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

56e432a68c00841900fbaf39

Estonian_language

The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal").

From what system is a distinctive future tense lacking?

{ "answer_start": [ 4 ], "text": [ "verbal system" ] }

56e432a68c00841900fbaf3a

Estonian_language

The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal").

What is used in place of the future tense?

{ "answer_start": [ 56 ], "text": [ "present tense" ] }

56e432a68c00841900fbaf3b

Estonian_language

The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal").

What does Estonian use to show actions performed by an undecided subject?

{ "answer_start": [ 96 ], "text": [ "special forms" ] }

5acd43ca07355d001abf3b2a

Estonian_language

The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal").

From what system is a distinctive future tense prominent?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd43ca07355d001abf3b2b

Estonian_language

The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal").

What is used in place of the past tense?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd43ca07355d001abf3b2c

Estonian_language

The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal").

What does Estonian use to show actions performed by an determined subject?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd43ca07355d001abf3b2d

Estonian_language

The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal").

What is performed by the undetermined subject?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf3f

Estonian_language

Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]

Close to 33 percent of Estonian's vocabulary belong to what group of languages?

{ "answer_start": [ 26 ], "text": [ "Germanic languages" ] }

56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf40

Estonian_language

Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]

What is the main Germanic language from which Estonia gets the Germanic portion of its vocabulary?

{ "answer_start": [ 283 ], "text": [ "Low Saxon" ] }

56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf41

Estonian_language

Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]

When did Low Saxon make its appearance as part of the Estonian language?

{ "answer_start": [ 313 ], "text": [ "during the period of German rule" ] }

56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf42

Estonian_language

Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]

From what other Germanic language does Estonian derive its vocabulary?

{ "answer_start": [ 351 ], "text": [ "High German" ] }

56e43a6e8c00841900fbaf43

Estonian_language

Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]

Standard German is part of what Germanic language?

{ "answer_start": [ 351 ], "text": [ "High German" ] }

5acd45d907355d001abf3b9a

Estonian_language

Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]

What language does Estonian have very close origins with?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd45d907355d001abf3b9b

Estonian_language

Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]

When did Low Saxon stop being part of the Estonian language?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd45d907355d001abf3b9c

Estonian_language

Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]

From what non-Germanic language does Estonian derive its vocabulary?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd45d907355d001abf3b9d

Estonian_language

Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]

Non-Standard German is part of what Germanic language?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd45d907355d001abf3b9e

Estonian_language

Although the Estonian and Germanic languages are of very different origins, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because the Estonian language has borrowed nearly one third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon (Middle Low German) during the period of German rule, and High German (including standard German). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent.[citation needed]

Less than 30 percent of Estonian's vocabulary belong to what group of languages?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

56e43b098c00841900fbaf49

Estonian_language

Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'.

What two letters can be replaced with each other a lot of the time in Estonian?

{ "answer_start": [ 6 ], "text": [ "'b' & 'p'" ] }

56e43b098c00841900fbaf4a

Estonian_language

Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'.

What happens in many cases when a word starts with an 's'?

{ "answer_start": [ 112 ], "text": [ "The initial letter 's' is often dropped" ] }

56e43b098c00841900fbaf4b

Estonian_language

Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'.

In an example of replacing 'b' with 'p' how is 'baggage' pronounced?

{ "answer_start": [ 68 ], "text": [ "pagas" ] }

5acd465c07355d001abf3bae

Estonian_language

Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'.

What two letters can never be replaced with each other in Estonian?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd465c07355d001abf3baf

Estonian_language

Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'.

What happens to the first letter when a word starts with an 'L'?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd465c07355d001abf3bb0

Estonian_language

Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'.

In an example of replacing 's' with 'g' how is 'baggage' pronounced?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd465c07355d001abf3bb1

Estonian_language

Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'.

What word does Tool become when you apply the interchangeable rule?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd465c07355d001abf3bb2

Estonian_language

Often 'b' & 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'.

What word does Loopima become when you drop the appropriate letter?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

56e43be78c00841900fbaf4f

Estonian_language

Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing.

Who was the journalist who was also a language planner?

{ "answer_start": [ 35 ], "text": [ "Ado Grenzstein" ] }

56e43be78c00841900fbaf50

Estonian_language

Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing.

In what years did Ado Grenzstein do journalism work in Estonia?

{ "answer_start": [ 89 ], "text": [ "1870s–90s" ] }

56e43be78c00841900fbaf51

Estonian_language

Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing.

What is another term for making up words from nothing?

{ "answer_start": [ 113 ], "text": [ "formation ex nihilo" ] }

56e43be78c00841900fbaf52

Estonian_language

Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing.

Who in the course of their language planning attempted to use the formation ex nihilo technique?

{ "answer_start": [ 35 ], "text": [ "Ado Grenzstein" ] }

5acd469e07355d001abf3bb8

Estonian_language

Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing.

Who was the journalist refused to be a language planner?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd469e07355d001abf3bb9

Estonian_language

Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing.

In what years did Ado Grenzstein do journalism work in Germany?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd469e07355d001abf3bba

Estonian_language

Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing.

When was Ado Grenzstein born?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd469e07355d001abf3bbb

Estonian_language

Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing.

When did Ado Grenzstein die?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd469e07355d001abf3bbc

Estonian_language

Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia in the 1870s–90s) tried to use formation ex nihilo, Urschöpfung; i.e. they created new words out of nothing.

What is the word for creating new words out of old words?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

56e43d238c00841900fbaf57

Estonian_language

The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are

Of all of Estonian's language reformers who is the most well known?

{ "answer_start": [ 38 ], "text": [ "Johannes Aavik" ] }

56e43d238c00841900fbaf58

Estonian_language

The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are

What was the period of time in which Johannes Aavik was alive?

{ "answer_start": [ 54 ], "text": [ "1880–1973" ] }

56e43d238c00841900fbaf59

Estonian_language

The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are

What is the technique Aavic used to create Estonian words out of nothing?

{ "answer_start": [ 71 ], "text": [ "creations ex nihilo" ] }

56e43d238c00841900fbaf5a

Estonian_language

The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are

In what publication can examples of ex nihilo words be found?

{ "answer_start": [ 283 ], "text": [ "Aavik’s dictionary" ] }

56e43d238c00841900fbaf5b

Estonian_language

The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are

How many words did Aavik put in his dictionary?

{ "answer_start": [ 322 ], "text": [ "approximately 4000" ] }

5acd46eb07355d001abf3bd6

Estonian_language

The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are

Of all of Estonian's language reformers who is the least well known?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd46eb07355d001abf3bd7

Estonian_language

The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are

What was the period of time in which Johannes Aavik lived in Germany?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd46eb07355d001abf3bd8

Estonian_language

The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are

What is the technique Aavic used to create Estonian words out of old words?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd46eb07355d001abf3bd9

Estonian_language

The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are

In what publication were examples of ex nihilo words eliminated?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd46eb07355d001abf3bda

Estonian_language

The most famous reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik’s dictionary (1921), which lists approximately 4000 words, there are many words which were (allegedly) created ex nihilo, many of which are in common use today. Examples are

What dictionary has under 3000 words?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

56e43df08c00841900fbaf61

Estonian_language

Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim ‘crime’ versus English crime or taunima ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish tuomita ‘to condemn, to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik’s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item.

What languages did Aavik know?

{ "answer_start": [ 284 ], "text": [ "Ancient Greek, Latin and French" ] }

56e43df08c00841900fbaf62

Estonian_language

Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim ‘crime’ versus English crime or taunima ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish tuomita ‘to condemn, to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik’s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item.

When was Aavik's dictionary published?

{ "answer_start": [ 477 ], "text": [ "1921" ] }

56e43df08c00841900fbaf63

Estonian_language

Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim ‘crime’ versus English crime or taunima ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish tuomita ‘to condemn, to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik’s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item.

What is another term for words created by Aavik?

{ "answer_start": [ 449 ], "text": [ "Aavikisms" ] }

56e43df08c00841900fbaf64

Estonian_language

Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim ‘crime’ versus English crime or taunima ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish tuomita ‘to condemn, to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik’s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item.

Instead of being created from nothing Aavik's ex nihilo terms are thought to actually possibly have been influenced by what?

{ "answer_start": [ 136 ], "text": [ "foreign lexical items" ] }

5acd477107355d001abf3bf0

Estonian_language

Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim ‘crime’ versus English crime or taunima ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish tuomita ‘to condemn, to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik’s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item.

What languages did Aavik create?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd477107355d001abf3bf1

Estonian_language

Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim ‘crime’ versus English crime or taunima ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish tuomita ‘to condemn, to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik’s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item.

When was Aavik's dictionary destroyed?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd477107355d001abf3bf2

Estonian_language

Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim ‘crime’ versus English crime or taunima ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish tuomita ‘to condemn, to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik’s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item.

What is another term for words Aavik destroyed?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5acd477107355d001abf3bf3

Estonian_language

Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items, for example words from Russian, German, French, Finnish, English and Swedish. Aavik had a broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek, Latin and French. Consider roim ‘crime’ versus English crime or taunima ‘to condemn, disapprove’ versus Finnish tuomita ‘to condemn, to judge’ (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik’s 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item.

Aavik's ex nihilo terms were not influenced by what?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

56e678026fe0821900b8ea3b

Paper

Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.

What is a source for the particles in paper?

{ "answer_start": [ 99 ], "text": [ "wood" ] }

56e678026fe0821900b8ea3c

Paper

Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.

What is a common use for paper?

{ "answer_start": [ 213 ], "text": [ "writing" ] }

56e678026fe0821900b8ea3e

Paper

Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.

What is the last step in paper production?

{ "answer_start": [ 126 ], "text": [ "drying" ] }

5ad4df9a5b96ef001a10a4fe

Paper

Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.

What is a thick material produced by pressing cellulose fibers?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5ad4df9a5b96ef001a10a4ff

Paper

Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.

From what type of fibers are rags made?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5ad4df9a5b96ef001a10a500

Paper

Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.

What fails to be a versatile material and has few uses?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5ad4df9a5b96ef001a10a501

Paper

Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.

How is writing produced?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5ad68c9d191832001aa7b185

Paper

Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.

What is a source for the non-particles in paper?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5ad68c9d191832001aa7b186

Paper

Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.

What is an uncommon use for paper?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5ad68c9d191832001aa7b187

Paper

Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibres of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile material with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, and a number of industrial and construction processes.

What is the last step in wood production?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

56e7460a00c9c71400d76f0f

Paper

The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.

When was the pulp papermaking process developed?

{ "answer_start": [ 86 ], "text": [ "2nd century AD" ] }

56e7460a00c9c71400d76f10

Paper

The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.

What country was the process developed in?

{ "answer_start": [ 63 ], "text": [ "China" ] }

56e7460a00c9c71400d76f11

Paper

The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.

What country is leading in production of paper?

{ "answer_start": [ 63 ], "text": [ "China" ] }

56e7460a00c9c71400d76f12

Paper

The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.

What country is the second largest produced of paper?

{ "answer_start": [ 360 ], "text": [ "United States" ] }

56e7460a00c9c71400d76f13

Paper

The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.

Which court eunuch was associated with the papermaking process?

{ "answer_start": [ 166 ], "text": [ "Cai Lun" ] }

5ad4e7325b96ef001a10a5d0

Paper

The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.

When is the pulp papermaking process said to have been developed by Han court?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5ad4e7325b96ef001a10a5d1

Paper

The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.

The United States is the leader of which industry, which China following right behind it?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5ad4e7325b96ef001a10a5d2

Paper

The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.

Where is the Han court process said to have been developed?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5ad4e7325b96ef001a10a5d3

Paper

The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.

From where do the earliest Han court fragments derive?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5ad68cde191832001aa7b18b

Paper

The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.

When was the pulp wood making process developed?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5ad68cde191832001aa7b18c

Paper

The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.

What country was the process not developed in?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5ad68cde191832001aa7b18d

Paper

The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.

What country is not leading in production of paper?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5ad68cde191832001aa7b18e

Paper

The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.

What country is the fifth largest produced of paper?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5ad68cde191832001aa7b18f

Paper

The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.

Which court non-eunuch was associated with the papermaking process?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

56e746fc00c9c71400d76f19

Paper

The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.

Who is credited with the papermaking process?

{ "answer_start": [ 167 ], "text": [ "Cai Lun" ] }

56e746fc00c9c71400d76f1b

Paper

The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.

What material did paper replace upon its invention?

{ "answer_start": [ 253 ], "text": [ "silk" ] }

56e746fc00c9c71400d76f1c

Paper

The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.

Which Age did the invention of the papermaking process contribute towards?

{ "answer_start": [ 343 ], "text": [ "Golden Age" ] }

56e746fc00c9c71400d76f1d

Paper

The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.

What century is the first papermaking process attributed to?

{ "answer_start": [ 98 ], "text": [ "2nd" ] }

5ad4f7315b96ef001a10a7e6

Paper

The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.

To where can the oldest known fragments of silk be traced?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5ad4f7315b96ef001a10a7e7

Paper

The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.

To whom is the silk paper making process ascribed?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5ad4f7315b96ef001a10a7e8

Paper

The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.

What is silk an effective substitute for in all applications?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5ad4f7315b96ef001a10a7e9

Paper

The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.

What age did China's decreased exportation of silk lead to?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5ad4f7315b96ef001a10a7ea

Paper

The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.

What did China decrease the export of during The Golden Age?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5ad68d08191832001aa7b195

Paper

The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.

Who is uncredited with the papermaking process?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5ad68d08191832001aa7b196

Paper

The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.

What material did paper not replace upon its invention?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5ad68d08191832001aa7b197

Paper

The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.

Which Age did the invention of the papermaking process not contribute towards?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5ad68d08191832001aa7b198

Paper

The oldest known archaeological fragments of the immediate precursor to modern paper, date to the 2nd century BC in China. The pulp papermaking process is ascribed to Cai Lun, a 2nd-century AD Han court eunuch. With paper as an effective substitute for silk in many applications, China could export silk in greater quantity, contributing to a Golden Age.

What century is the last papermaking process attributed to?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5b

Paper

Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to significant cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.

In what century did the papermaking process spread from China to Europe?

{ "answer_start": [ 91 ], "text": [ "13th" ] }

56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5c

Paper

Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to significant cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.

Which middle eastern city did the papermaking process to Europe from?

{ "answer_start": [ 223 ], "text": [ "Baghdad" ] }

56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5d

Paper

Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to significant cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.

What name did the process take on in Baghdad?

{ "answer_start": [ 252 ], "text": [ "bagdatikos" ] }

56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5e

Paper

Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to significant cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.

In which century did the process become much cheaper than before?

{ "answer_start": [ 271 ], "text": [ "19th" ] }

56e74a8e00c9c71400d76f5f

Paper

Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to significant cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.

Which Canadian inventor helped F.G. Keller to develop their own process?

{ "answer_start": [ 452 ], "text": [ "Charles Fenerty" ] }

5ad4f8ac5b96ef001a10a820

Paper

Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to significant cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.

In which century were the first oil powered paper mills built?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5ad4f8ac5b96ef001a10a821

Paper

Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to significant cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.

The knowledge and use of what traveled from the Middle East to China?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5ad4f8ac5b96ef001a10a822

Paper

Its knowledge and uses spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe in the 13th century, where the first water powered paper mills were built. Because of paper's introduction to the West through the city of Baghdad, it was first called bagdatikos. In the 19th century, industrial manufacture greatly lowered its cost, enabling mass exchange of information and contributing to significant cultural shifts. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.

What greatly increased the cost of paper in the 19th century?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }