decodingchris/clean_squad_classic_v2 · Datasets at Hugging Face

id stringlengths 24 24	title stringclasses 442 values	context stringlengths 151 3.71k	question stringlengths 12 270	answers dict
5a1cba7b4ea40d0018b06ed9	Dutch_Republic	In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy. The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.	What did Henry III do with the United Provinces after William of Orange was assassinated?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56ddde4d66d3e219004dad53	Dutch_Republic	The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.	What events created the Batavian Republic?	{ "answer_start": [ 50 ], "text": [ "a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795" ] }
56ddde4d66d3e219004dad54	Dutch_Republic	The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.	The republican forces fled to which country?	{ "answer_start": [ 372 ], "text": [ "France" ] }
56ddde4d66d3e219004dad55	Dutch_Republic	The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.	The Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland replaced which republic?	{ "answer_start": [ 106 ], "text": [ "the Batavian Republic" ] }
5a11e57f6614be00188f247d	Dutch_Republic	The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.	What republic began with a series of republican revolutions?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a11e57f6614be00188f247e	Dutch_Republic	The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.	What did the Batavian Republic take part in from 1783 to 1795?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a11e57f6614be00188f247f	Dutch_Republic	The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.	During what period did Republican forces loose several major cities of the Netherlands?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a11e57f6614be00188f2480	Dutch_Republic	The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.	What Republic replaced the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a11e57f6614be00188f2481	Dutch_Republic	The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.	Who fled from France to the Netherlands?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cbbb84ea40d0018b06edf	Dutch_Republic	The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.	What happened that led to the creation of the French Republic?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cbbb84ea40d0018b06ee0	Dutch_Republic	The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.	Who came back to retake the Batavian Republic?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cbbb84ea40d0018b06ee1	Dutch_Republic	The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.	Where did the Prussian forces flee to?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cbbb84ea40d0018b06ee2	Dutch_Republic	The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.	What did the French Republic become under the British?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cbbb84ea40d0018b06ee3	Dutch_Republic	The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.	What Kingdom replaced the monarchist forces under Napoleon?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56dddf3066d3e219004dad59	Dutch_Republic	The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.	In what year did the Netherlands gain independence from France?	{ "answer_start": [ 53 ], "text": [ "1813" ] }
56dddf3066d3e219004dad5a	Dutch_Republic	The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.	What names were used in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?	{ "answer_start": [ 103 ], "text": [ "\"United Provinces of the Netherlands\" and \"United Netherlands\"" ] }
56dddf3066d3e219004dad5b	Dutch_Republic	The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.	The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed by which countries?	{ "answer_start": [ 210 ], "text": [ "Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège" ] }
5a1cbde04ea40d0018b06ee9	Dutch_Republic	The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.	When did Belgium regain independence from France?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cbde04ea40d0018b06eea	Dutch_Republic	The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.	What names were Luxembourg known by in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cbde04ea40d0018b06eeb	Dutch_Republic	The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.	What kingdom created a buffer state north of Belgium?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cbde04ea40d0018b06eec	Dutch_Republic	The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.	What happened to the Kingdom of the United Netherlands after France became independent?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cbde04ea40d0018b06eed	Dutch_Republic	The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.	What did the Southern provinces treaty accomplish for the Netherlands?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56dddfe89a695914005b9632	Dutch_Republic	During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.	The Dutch Republic dominated world trade during what time?	{ "answer_start": [ 7 ], "text": [ "the Dutch Golden Age" ] }
56dddfe89a695914005b9633	Dutch_Republic	During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.	What was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world during the 17th century?	{ "answer_start": [ 219 ], "text": [ "The County of Holland" ] }
5a1cbf334ea40d0018b06ef3	Dutch_Republic	During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.	When did the country of Holland dominate world trade?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cbf334ea40d0018b06ef4	Dutch_Republic	During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.	What was the status of the Dutch Golden Age compared to the world?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cbf334ea40d0018b06ef5	Dutch_Republic	During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.	During the 17th century what did Holland conquer?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cbf334ea40d0018b06ef6	Dutch_Republic	During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.	What kind of fleet did Holland have in the 17th century?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cbf334ea40d0018b06ef7	Dutch_Republic	During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.	What trade fleet was the wealthiest and most urbanized?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56dde17c66d3e219004dad85	Dutch_Republic	The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.	When was the stock exchange founded in the Netherlands?	{ "answer_start": [ 218 ], "text": [ "1602" ] }
56dde17c66d3e219004dad86	Dutch_Republic	The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.	Which city in the Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange?	{ "answer_start": [ 262 ], "text": [ "Rotterdam" ] }
56dde17c66d3e219004dad87	Dutch_Republic	The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.	The Dutch East-India Company inhabited how many cities?	{ "answer_start": [ 403 ], "text": [ "six" ] }
56dde17c66d3e219004dad88	Dutch_Republic	The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.	Which city did the Dutch East-India Company decide to reside in after a court decided they could legally only operate in one city?	{ "answer_start": [ 506 ], "text": [ "Amsterdam" ] }
5a1cc1574ea40d0018b06efd	Dutch_Republic	The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.	When was the oldest stock exchange founded in England?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cc1574ea40d0018b06efe	Dutch_Republic	The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.	What court founded the stock exchange in the Netherlands?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cc1574ea40d0018b06eff	Dutch_Republic	The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.	Where did the spirit of the time evolve?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cc1574ea40d0018b06f00	Dutch_Republic	The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.	Who adopted the modern trading principles that stimulated their economy?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cc1574ea40d0018b06f01	Dutch_Republic	The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.	How many cities did the Low Countries inhabit?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56dde2609a695914005b964a	Dutch_Republic	Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.	The Dutch had one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world during what time?	{ "answer_start": [ 8 ], "text": [ "1590–1712" ] }
56dde2609a695914005b964b	Dutch_Republic	Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.	The Dutch operated a slave trade from which locations?	{ "answer_start": [ 266 ], "text": [ "Africa and the Pacific" ] }
56dde2609a695914005b964c	Dutch_Republic	Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.	What was one of the conquests of the Dutch Navy?	{ "answer_start": [ 143 ], "text": [ "breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient" ] }
5a1cc2cd4ea40d0018b06f07	Dutch_Republic	Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.	From what location did the Portugese operate a slave trade?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cc2cd4ea40d0018b06f08	Dutch_Republic	Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.	When did the Portugese have a strong and fast navy?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cc2cd4ea40d0018b06f09	Dutch_Republic	Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.	What was broken by Africa on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cc2cd4ea40d0018b06f0a	Dutch_Republic	Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.	Where was the Dutch navy located?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cc2cd4ea40d0018b06f0b	Dutch_Republic	Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.	During what time period did Africa break Portugese influence?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56dde4699a695914005b9666	Dutch_Republic	The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:	The Dutch Republic consisted of how many provinces?	{ "answer_start": [ 36 ], "text": [ "seven" ] }
56dde4699a695914005b9667	Dutch_Republic	The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:	Who were the Generality Lands governed by?	{ "answer_start": [ 193 ], "text": [ "the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government" ] }
56dde4699a695914005b9668	Dutch_Republic	The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:	The States General was made up of what?	{ "answer_start": [ 325 ], "text": [ "representatives of each of the seven provinces" ] }
5a1cc6414ea40d0018b06f11	Dutch_Republic	The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:	In what order was The Hague arranged?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cc6414ea40d0018b06f12	Dutch_Republic	The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:	What was a confederation of the federal government?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cc6414ea40d0018b06f13	Dutch_Republic	The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:	How many governments did the Dutch Republic consist of?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cc6414ea40d0018b06f14	Dutch_Republic	The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:	What was the feudal order made up of?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cc6414ea40d0018b06f15	Dutch_Republic	The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:	Where was the federal government seated?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56dde54066d3e219004dadb3	Dutch_Republic	In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.	What was the 8th province of the Dutch Republic?	{ "answer_start": [ 39 ], "text": [ "the County of Drenthe" ] }
56dde54066d3e219004dadb4	Dutch_Republic	In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.	Why was the County of Drenthe denied representation by the States General?	{ "answer_start": [ 66 ], "text": [ "this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes" ] }
56dde54066d3e219004dadb5	Dutch_Republic	In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.	The main executive official of the Provincial States was called what?	{ "answer_start": [ 325 ], "text": [ "raadspensionaris" ] }
56dde54066d3e219004dadb6	Dutch_Republic	In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.	Who had more power during times of war than the raadspensionaris?	{ "answer_start": [ 360 ], "text": [ "the stadtholder" ] }
56dde54066d3e219004dadb7	Dutch_Republic	In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.	Who commanded the army?	{ "answer_start": [ 360 ], "text": [ "the stadtholder" ] }
5a1cc7914ea40d0018b06f1b	Dutch_Republic	In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.	What was the State General exempt from?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cc7914ea40d0018b06f1c	Dutch_Republic	In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.	What was the stateholder denied by its tax exemption?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cc7914ea40d0018b06f1d	Dutch_Republic	In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.	What was each raadspensionaris governed by?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cc7914ea40d0018b06f1e	Dutch_Republic	In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.	In wartime, what type of power did the County of Drenthe have?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cc7914ea40d0018b06f1f	Dutch_Republic	In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.	Who commanded the representation in the States General?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56dde72f66d3e219004dadbd	Dutch_Republic	In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.	Who appointed the stadtholders?	{ "answer_start": [ 72 ], "text": [ "the states of each province" ] }
56dde72f66d3e219004dadbe	Dutch_Republic	In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.	Who were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces?	{ "answer_start": [ 122 ], "text": [ "the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent" ] }
56dde72f66d3e219004dadbf	Dutch_Republic	In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.	Which states had the same stadtholder as Holland?	{ "answer_start": [ 271 ], "text": [ "Zeeland and usually Utrecht" ] }
5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f25	Dutch_Republic	In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.	What are two things that define the princes in theory?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f26	Dutch_Republic	In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.	Who appointed the princes of Orange?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f27	Dutch_Republic	In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.	Who had the same princes as Holland?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f28	Dutch_Republic	In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.	Who was subordinate to Zeeland and Utrecht?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f29	Dutch_Republic	In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.	What were Zeeland and Utrecht always chosen as?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56dde7cc66d3e219004dadcd	Dutch_Republic	There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.	What group of people supported the stadtholders, particularly the princes of Orange?	{ "answer_start": [ 48 ], "text": [ "Orangists" ] }
56dde7cc66d3e219004dadce	Dutch_Republic	There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.	Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a republican structure?	{ "answer_start": [ 138 ], "text": [ "Republicans" ] }
5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f2f	Dutch_Republic	There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.	What did the Orangists want to replace in the power struggle?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f30	Dutch_Republic	There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.	What conflict was there between the stadtholders and the Orangists?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f31	Dutch_Republic	There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.	What currently used system of governance did the Republicans want to protect?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f32	Dutch_Republic	There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.	What did the stadtholders hope to replace the current system with?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f33	Dutch_Republic	There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.	What was the nature of the true republican structure?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56dde8ce66d3e219004dadd9	Dutch_Republic	After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).	Several border territories were designated to the United Provinces after what?	{ "answer_start": [ 6 ], "text": [ "the Peace of Westphalia" ] }
56dde8ce66d3e219004dadda	Dutch_Republic	After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).	The border territories assigned to the United Provinces were known as what?	{ "answer_start": [ 107 ], "text": [ "federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)" ] }
56dde8ce66d3e219004daddb	Dutch_Republic	After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).	What were the names of the border territories assigned to the United Provinces?	{ "answer_start": [ 176 ], "text": [ "Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715)" ] }
5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f39	Dutch_Republic	After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).	In 1715 what was assigned to the United Provinces?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f3a	Dutch_Republic	After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).	What was the Maastricht assigned to the United Provinces known as?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f3b	Dutch_Republic	After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).	What is one name of a Staats-Brabant assigned to the United Provinces?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f3c	Dutch_Republic	After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).	When were several border territories assigned to the Staats-Oppergelre?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f3d	Dutch_Republic	After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).	What was federally-governed Maastricht?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56dde98866d3e219004daded	Dutch_Republic	The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.	Who was in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC)?	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "The States General of the United Provinces" ] }
56dde98866d3e219004dadee	Dutch_Republic	The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.	Some shipping expeditions were mostly initiated by which provinces?	{ "answer_start": [ 215 ], "text": [ "Holland and/or Zeeland" ] }
5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f43	Dutch_Republic	The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.	What companies were the shipping expedition in control of?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f44	Dutch_Republic	The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.	What group was in control of Holland and Zeeland?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f45	Dutch_Republic	The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.	What did the VOC and WIC initiate?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f46	Dutch_Republic	The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.	What were Holland and Zeeland in control of?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f47	Dutch_Republic	The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.	What endeavor was started by the VOC and the WIC?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
56ddecfe66d3e219004dae17	Dutch_Republic	The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.	Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces?	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "The framers of the US Constitution" ] }
56ddecfe66d3e219004dae18	Dutch_Republic	The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.	Who described the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war."	{ "answer_start": [ 137 ], "text": [ "James Madison" ] }
56ddecfe66d3e219004dae19	Dutch_Republic	The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.	The American Declaration of Independence is similar to what?	{ "answer_start": [ 519 ], "text": [ "the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces" ] }
5a1cd5884ea40d0018b06f4d	Dutch_Republic	The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.	Who was influenced by the Act of Abjuration?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cd5884ea40d0018b06f4e	Dutch_Republic	The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.	What shows the framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Dutch confederacy?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }
5a1cd5884ea40d0018b06f4f	Dutch_Republic	The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.	What is one trait James Madison mentions the United Provinces show?	{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cba7b4ea40d0018b06ed9

Dutch_Republic

In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy. The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

What did Henry III do with the United Provinces after William of Orange was assassinated?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

56ddde4d66d3e219004dad53

Dutch_Republic

The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.

What events created the Batavian Republic?

{ "answer_start": [ 50 ], "text": [ "a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795" ] }

56ddde4d66d3e219004dad54

Dutch_Republic

The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.

The republican forces fled to which country?

{ "answer_start": [ 372 ], "text": [ "France" ] }

56ddde4d66d3e219004dad55

Dutch_Republic

The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.

The Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland replaced which republic?

{ "answer_start": [ 106 ], "text": [ "the Batavian Republic" ] }

5a11e57f6614be00188f247d

Dutch_Republic

The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.

What republic began with a series of republican revolutions?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a11e57f6614be00188f247e

Dutch_Republic

The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.

What did the Batavian Republic take part in from 1783 to 1795?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a11e57f6614be00188f247f

Dutch_Republic

The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.

During what period did Republican forces loose several major cities of the Netherlands?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a11e57f6614be00188f2480

Dutch_Republic

The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.

What Republic replaced the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a11e57f6614be00188f2481

Dutch_Republic

The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.

Who fled from France to the Netherlands?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cbbb84ea40d0018b06edf

Dutch_Republic

The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.

What happened that led to the creation of the French Republic?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cbbb84ea40d0018b06ee0

Dutch_Republic

The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.

Who came back to retake the Batavian Republic?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cbbb84ea40d0018b06ee1

Dutch_Republic

The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.

Where did the Prussian forces flee to?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cbbb84ea40d0018b06ee2

Dutch_Republic

The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.

What did the French Republic become under the British?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cbbb84ea40d0018b06ee3

Dutch_Republic

The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.

What Kingdom replaced the monarchist forces under Napoleon?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

56dddf3066d3e219004dad59

Dutch_Republic

The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.

In what year did the Netherlands gain independence from France?

{ "answer_start": [ 53 ], "text": [ "1813" ] }

56dddf3066d3e219004dad5a

Dutch_Republic

The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.

What names were used in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?

{ "answer_start": [ 103 ], "text": [ "\"United Provinces of the Netherlands\" and \"United Netherlands\"" ] }

56dddf3066d3e219004dad5b

Dutch_Republic

The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.

The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed by which countries?

{ "answer_start": [ 210 ], "text": [ "Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège" ] }

5a1cbde04ea40d0018b06ee9

Dutch_Republic

The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.

When did Belgium regain independence from France?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cbde04ea40d0018b06eea

Dutch_Republic

The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.

What names were Luxembourg known by in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cbde04ea40d0018b06eeb

Dutch_Republic

The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.

What kingdom created a buffer state north of Belgium?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cbde04ea40d0018b06eec

Dutch_Republic

The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.

What happened to the Kingdom of the United Netherlands after France became independent?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cbde04ea40d0018b06eed

Dutch_Republic

The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands, informally known as the Kingdom of the United Netherlands, to create a strong buffer state north of France. After Belgium and Luxembourg became independent, the state became unequivocally known as the Kingdom of the Netherlands, as it remains today.

What did the Southern provinces treaty accomplish for the Netherlands?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

56dddfe89a695914005b9632

Dutch_Republic

During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.

The Dutch Republic dominated world trade during what time?

{ "answer_start": [ 7 ], "text": [ "the Dutch Golden Age" ] }

56dddfe89a695914005b9633

Dutch_Republic

During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.

What was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world during the 17th century?

{ "answer_start": [ 219 ], "text": [ "The County of Holland" ] }

5a1cbf334ea40d0018b06ef3

Dutch_Republic

During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.

When did the country of Holland dominate world trade?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cbf334ea40d0018b06ef4

Dutch_Republic

During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.

What was the status of the Dutch Golden Age compared to the world?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cbf334ea40d0018b06ef5

Dutch_Republic

During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.

During the 17th century what did Holland conquer?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cbf334ea40d0018b06ef6

Dutch_Republic

During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.

What kind of fleet did Holland have in the 17th century?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cbf334ea40d0018b06ef7

Dutch_Republic

During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.

What trade fleet was the wealthiest and most urbanized?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

56dde17c66d3e219004dad85

Dutch_Republic

The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.

When was the stock exchange founded in the Netherlands?

{ "answer_start": [ 218 ], "text": [ "1602" ] }

56dde17c66d3e219004dad86

Dutch_Republic

The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.

Which city in the Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange?

{ "answer_start": [ 262 ], "text": [ "Rotterdam" ] }

56dde17c66d3e219004dad87

Dutch_Republic

The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.

The Dutch East-India Company inhabited how many cities?

{ "answer_start": [ 403 ], "text": [ "six" ] }

56dde17c66d3e219004dad88

Dutch_Republic

The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.

Which city did the Dutch East-India Company decide to reside in after a court decided they could legally only operate in one city?

{ "answer_start": [ 506 ], "text": [ "Amsterdam" ] }

5a1cc1574ea40d0018b06efd

Dutch_Republic

The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.

When was the oldest stock exchange founded in England?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cc1574ea40d0018b06efe

Dutch_Republic

The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.

What court founded the stock exchange in the Netherlands?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cc1574ea40d0018b06eff

Dutch_Republic

The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.

Where did the spirit of the time evolve?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cc1574ea40d0018b06f00

Dutch_Republic

The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.

Who adopted the modern trading principles that stimulated their economy?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cc1574ea40d0018b06f01

Dutch_Republic

The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the world's first stock exchange – that of the Dutch East-India Company – went public in six different cities. Later, a court ruled that the company had to reside legally in a single city, so Amsterdam is recognized as the oldest such institution based on modern trading principles. While the banking system evolved in the Low Countries, it was quickly incorporated by the well-connected English, stimulating English economic output.

How many cities did the Low Countries inhabit?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

56dde2609a695914005b964a

Dutch_Republic

Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.

The Dutch had one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world during what time?

{ "answer_start": [ 8 ], "text": [ "1590–1712" ] }

56dde2609a695914005b964b

Dutch_Republic

Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.

The Dutch operated a slave trade from which locations?

{ "answer_start": [ 266 ], "text": [ "Africa and the Pacific" ] }

56dde2609a695914005b964c

Dutch_Republic

Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.

What was one of the conquests of the Dutch Navy?

{ "answer_start": [ 143 ], "text": [ "breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient" ] }

5a1cc2cd4ea40d0018b06f07

Dutch_Republic

Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.

From what location did the Portugese operate a slave trade?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cc2cd4ea40d0018b06f08

Dutch_Republic

Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.

When did the Portugese have a strong and fast navy?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cc2cd4ea40d0018b06f09

Dutch_Republic

Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.

What was broken by Africa on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cc2cd4ea40d0018b06f0a

Dutch_Republic

Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.

Where was the Dutch navy located?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cc2cd4ea40d0018b06f0b

Dutch_Republic

Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific.

During what time period did Africa break Portugese influence?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

56dde4699a695914005b9666

Dutch_Republic

The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:

The Dutch Republic consisted of how many provinces?

{ "answer_start": [ 36 ], "text": [ "seven" ] }

56dde4699a695914005b9667

Dutch_Republic

The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:

Who were the Generality Lands governed by?

{ "answer_start": [ 193 ], "text": [ "the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government" ] }

56dde4699a695914005b9668

Dutch_Republic

The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:

The States General was made up of what?

{ "answer_start": [ 325 ], "text": [ "representatives of each of the seven provinces" ] }

5a1cc6414ea40d0018b06f11

Dutch_Republic

The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:

In what order was The Hague arranged?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cc6414ea40d0018b06f12

Dutch_Republic

The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:

What was a confederation of the federal government?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cc6414ea40d0018b06f13

Dutch_Republic

The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:

How many governments did the Dutch Republic consist of?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cc6414ea40d0018b06f14

Dutch_Republic

The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:

What was the feudal order made up of?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cc6414ea40d0018b06f15

Dutch_Republic

The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consisted of representatives of each of the seven provinces. The provinces of the republic were, in official feudal order:

Where was the federal government seated?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

56dde54066d3e219004dadb3

Dutch_Republic

In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.

What was the 8th province of the Dutch Republic?

{ "answer_start": [ 39 ], "text": [ "the County of Drenthe" ] }

56dde54066d3e219004dadb4

Dutch_Republic

In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.

Why was the County of Drenthe denied representation by the States General?

{ "answer_start": [ 66 ], "text": [ "this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes" ] }

56dde54066d3e219004dadb5

Dutch_Republic

In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.

The main executive official of the Provincial States was called what?

{ "answer_start": [ 325 ], "text": [ "raadspensionaris" ] }

56dde54066d3e219004dadb6

Dutch_Republic

In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.

Who had more power during times of war than the raadspensionaris?

{ "answer_start": [ 360 ], "text": [ "the stadtholder" ] }

56dde54066d3e219004dadb7

Dutch_Republic

In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.

Who commanded the army?

{ "answer_start": [ 360 ], "text": [ "the stadtholder" ] }

5a1cc7914ea40d0018b06f1b

Dutch_Republic

In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.

What was the State General exempt from?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cc7914ea40d0018b06f1c

Dutch_Republic

In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.

What was the stateholder denied by its tax exemption?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cc7914ea40d0018b06f1d

Dutch_Republic

In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.

What was each raadspensionaris governed by?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cc7914ea40d0018b06f1e

Dutch_Republic

In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.

In wartime, what type of power did the County of Drenthe have?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cc7914ea40d0018b06f1f

Dutch_Republic

In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) was a raadspensionaris. In times of war, the stadtholder, who commanded the army, would have more power than the raadspensionaris.

Who commanded the representation in the States General?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

56dde72f66d3e219004dadbd

Dutch_Republic

In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.

Who appointed the stadtholders?

{ "answer_start": [ 72 ], "text": [ "the states of each province" ] }

56dde72f66d3e219004dadbe

Dutch_Republic

In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.

Who were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces?

{ "answer_start": [ 122 ], "text": [ "the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent" ] }

56dde72f66d3e219004dadbf

Dutch_Republic

In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.

Which states had the same stadtholder as Holland?

{ "answer_start": [ 271 ], "text": [ "Zeeland and usually Utrecht" ] }

5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f25

Dutch_Republic

In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.

What are two things that define the princes in theory?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f26

Dutch_Republic

In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.

Who appointed the princes of Orange?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f27

Dutch_Republic

In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.

Who had the same princes as Holland?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f28

Dutch_Republic

In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.

Who was subordinate to Zeeland and Utrecht?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cca774ea40d0018b06f29

Dutch_Republic

In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadtholder as Holland.

What were Zeeland and Utrecht always chosen as?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

56dde7cc66d3e219004dadcd

Dutch_Republic

There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.

What group of people supported the stadtholders, particularly the princes of Orange?

{ "answer_start": [ 48 ], "text": [ "Orangists" ] }

56dde7cc66d3e219004dadce

Dutch_Republic

There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.

Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a republican structure?

{ "answer_start": [ 138 ], "text": [ "Republicans" ] }

5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f2f

Dutch_Republic

There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.

What did the Orangists want to replace in the power struggle?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f30

Dutch_Republic

There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.

What conflict was there between the stadtholders and the Orangists?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f31

Dutch_Republic

There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.

What currently used system of governance did the Republicans want to protect?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f32

Dutch_Republic

There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.

What did the stadtholders hope to replace the current system with?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1ccdcf4ea40d0018b06f33

Dutch_Republic

There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure.

What was the nature of the true republican structure?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

56dde8ce66d3e219004dadd9

Dutch_Republic

After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).

Several border territories were designated to the United Provinces after what?

{ "answer_start": [ 6 ], "text": [ "the Peace of Westphalia" ] }

56dde8ce66d3e219004dadda

Dutch_Republic

After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).

The border territories assigned to the United Provinces were known as what?

{ "answer_start": [ 107 ], "text": [ "federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)" ] }

56dde8ce66d3e219004daddb

Dutch_Republic

After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).

What were the names of the border territories assigned to the United Provinces?

{ "answer_start": [ 176 ], "text": [ "Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715)" ] }

5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f39

Dutch_Republic

After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).

In 1715 what was assigned to the United Provinces?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f3a

Dutch_Republic

After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).

What was the Maastricht assigned to the United Provinces known as?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f3b

Dutch_Republic

After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).

What is one name of a Staats-Brabant assigned to the United Provinces?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f3c

Dutch_Republic

After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).

When were several border territories assigned to the Staats-Oppergelre?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1ccfae4ea40d0018b06f3d

Dutch_Republic

After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715).

What was federally-governed Maastricht?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

56dde98866d3e219004daded

Dutch_Republic

The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.

Who was in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC)?

{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "The States General of the United Provinces" ] }

56dde98866d3e219004dadee

Dutch_Republic

The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.

Some shipping expeditions were mostly initiated by which provinces?

{ "answer_start": [ 215 ], "text": [ "Holland and/or Zeeland" ] }

5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f43

Dutch_Republic

The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.

What companies were the shipping expedition in control of?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f44

Dutch_Republic

The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.

What group was in control of Holland and Zeeland?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f45

Dutch_Republic

The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.

What did the VOC and WIC initiate?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f46

Dutch_Republic

The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.

What were Holland and Zeeland in control of?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cd1454ea40d0018b06f47

Dutch_Republic

The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland.

What endeavor was started by the VOC and the WIC?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

56ddecfe66d3e219004dae17

Dutch_Republic

The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.

Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces?

{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "The framers of the US Constitution" ] }

56ddecfe66d3e219004dae18

Dutch_Republic

The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.

Who described the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war."

{ "answer_start": [ 137 ], "text": [ "James Madison" ] }

56ddecfe66d3e219004dae19

Dutch_Republic

The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.

The American Declaration of Independence is similar to what?

{ "answer_start": [ 519 ], "text": [ "the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces" ] }

5a1cd5884ea40d0018b06f4d

Dutch_Republic

The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.

Who was influenced by the Act of Abjuration?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cd5884ea40d0018b06f4e

Dutch_Republic

The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.

What shows the framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Dutch confederacy?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }

5a1cd5884ea40d0018b06f4f

Dutch_Republic

The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.

What is one trait James Madison mentions the United Provinces show?

{ "answer_start": [], "text": [] }