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stringlengths 24
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| title
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stringlengths 151
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| question
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| answers
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|---|---|---|---|---|
5a1cd5884ea40d0018b06f50
|
Dutch_Republic
|
The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.
|
What is similar to the Federalist No. 20?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a1cd5884ea40d0018b06f51
|
Dutch_Republic
|
The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." Apart from this, the American Declaration of Independence is similar to the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces, but concrete evidence that the former directly influenced the latter is absent.
|
What type of influence did peculiar calamities of war have on the framers of the US constitution?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56ddee0866d3e219004dae1d
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic.
|
What granted Holland and Zeeland the right to accept only one religion?
|
{
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579"
]
}
|
56ddee0866d3e219004dae1e
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic.
|
What did the Union state that every person should be free to choose?
|
{
"answer_start": [
298
],
"text": [
"personal religion"
]
}
|
56ddee0866d3e219004dae1f
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic.
|
Who was a strong supporter of freedom of religion and wanted to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union?
|
{
"answer_start": [
383
],
"text": [
"William of Orange"
]
}
|
56ddee0866d3e219004dae20
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic.
|
What was forbidden in all provinces?
|
{
"answer_start": [
586
],
"text": [
"Catholic services"
]
}
|
5a1cd75a4ea40d0018b06f57
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic.
|
When was every other province only permitted to accept Calvinism in practice?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a1cd75a4ea40d0018b06f58
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic.
|
How did William of Orange hope to unite Holland and Zeeland?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a1cd75a4ea40d0018b06f59
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic.
|
What religious questions were forbidden under the union?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a1cd75a4ea40d0018b06f5a
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic.
|
What did Calvinism state that everyone should be free to choose?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a1cd75a4ea40d0018b06f5b
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and that no person should be prosecuted based on religious choice. William of Orange had been a strong supporter of public and personal freedom of religion and hoped to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union, and, for him, the Union was a defeat. In practice, Catholic services in all provinces were quickly forbidden, and the Reformed Church became the "public" or "privileged" church in the Republic.
|
What group became the strong supporter in the republic?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56ddef259a695914005b96e2
|
Dutch_Republic
|
During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.
|
What did any person who wanted to hold public office need to conform to during the Republic?
|
{
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"the Reformed Church"
]
}
|
56ddef259a695914005b96e3
|
Dutch_Republic
|
During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.
|
The degree to which different religions were persecuted depended on what?
|
{
"answer_start": [
226
],
"text": [
"the time period and regional or city leaders"
]
}
|
56ddef259a695914005b96e4
|
Dutch_Republic
|
During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.
|
What was the punishment for people who opened their homes to Catholic services during 17th-century Leiden?
|
{
"answer_start": [
457
],
"text": [
"fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city"
]
}
|
56ddef259a695914005b96e5
|
Dutch_Republic
|
During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.
|
What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe?
|
{
"answer_start": [
568
],
"text": [
"personal freedom of religion"
]
}
|
5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f61
|
Dutch_Republic
|
During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.
|
What did religious refugees have to conform to when holding public office?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f62
|
Dutch_Republic
|
During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.
|
What were Reformed Church members considered as in the 17th century?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f63
|
Dutch_Republic
|
During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.
|
What could religious refugees be fined when opening their homes to services?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f64
|
Dutch_Republic
|
During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.
|
What factors led to immigration of religious refugees from Leiden?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a1cdddb4ea40d0018b06f65
|
Dutch_Republic
|
During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on Roman Catholics, being the religion of the enemy. In 17th-century Leiden, for instance, people opening their homes to services could be fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city. Throughout this, however, personal freedom of religion existed and was one factor – along with economic reasons – in causing large immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe.
|
Who did most services put the focus on in the beginning?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56ddf1189a695914005b96fc
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith.
|
What was the main subject of controversy that arose within the Reformed Church during the beginning of the Republic?
|
{
"answer_start": [
111
],
"text": [
"predestination"
]
}
|
56ddf1189a695914005b96fd
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith.
|
The controversy surrounding the subject of predestination is known as what?
|
{
"answer_start": [
152
],
"text": [
"the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants"
]
}
|
56ddf1189a695914005b96fe
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith.
|
What led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith in 1618?
|
{
"answer_start": [
256
],
"text": [
"the Synod of Dort"
]
}
|
5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6b
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith.
|
When was there controversy within the Synod of Dort?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6c
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith.
|
Where did controversy appear around banning of the Remonstrat faith?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6d
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith.
|
What group lead to the banning of the subject of predestination?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6e
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith.
|
What did disagreement about the Synod of Dort become known as?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a1ce09f4ea40d0018b06f6f
|
Dutch_Republic
|
In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith.
|
In 1618 How did the Reformed Church help solve the controversy?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56ddf23e66d3e219004dae4b
|
Dutch_Republic
|
Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches.
|
When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance?
|
{
"answer_start": [
10
],
"text": [
"in the 18th century"
]
}
|
56ddf23e66d3e219004dae4c
|
Dutch_Republic
|
Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches.
|
Religious services for other religions were tolerated as long as they adhered to what rule?
|
{
"answer_start": [
168
],
"text": [
"as long as their services took place secretly in private churches"
]
}
|
5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f75
|
Dutch_Republic
|
Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches.
|
When did persecution of religious services take place secretly in private churches?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f76
|
Dutch_Republic
|
Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches.
|
During what period did services move to a state of tolerance?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f77
|
Dutch_Republic
|
Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches.
|
What changed from religious services to private churches?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f78
|
Dutch_Republic
|
Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches.
|
What was actively persecuted when taking place in private churches?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a1ce37a4ea40d0018b06f79
|
Dutch_Republic
|
Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches.
|
Where was active persecution taking place?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56ddd7499a695914005b9606
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms."
|
What language does the word "symbiosis" come from?
|
{
"answer_start": [
16
],
"text": [
"Greek"
]
}
|
56ddd7499a695914005b9607
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms."
|
What type of organism did Frank apply the term "symbiosis" to?
|
{
"answer_start": [
318
],
"text": [
"lichens"
]
}
|
56ddd7499a695914005b9608
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms."
|
What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary?
|
{
"answer_start": [
340
],
"text": [
"German"
]
}
|
5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c3
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms."
|
What nationality was Albert Bernhard Frank?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c4
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms."
|
When did Heinrich Anton de Bary discover lichens?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c5
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms."
|
When was the the word "symbiosis" discovered?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c6
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms."
|
What year did Heinrich Anton de Bary become a mycologist?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fc8178f0597001ac000c7
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms."
|
What year did Albert Bernhard Frank agree to define "symbiosis" as "the living together of unlike organisms."?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56ddd9109a695914005b9617
|
Symbiosis
|
The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter "de Bary" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions), with the restrictive definition no longer used (in other words, symbiosis means mutualism).
|
How long did it take for scientists to stop using the narrow definition of symbiosis?
|
{
"answer_start": [
276
],
"text": [
"130 years"
]
}
|
5a7fcf048f0597001ac000d3
|
Symbiosis
|
The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter "de Bary" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions), with the restrictive definition no longer used (in other words, symbiosis means mutualism).
|
How long did it take for scientists to discover symbiosis?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fcf048f0597001ac000d4
|
Symbiosis
|
The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter "de Bary" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions), with the restrictive definition no longer used (in other words, symbiosis means mutualism).
|
How many scientists believe that symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fcf048f0597001ac000d5
|
Symbiosis
|
The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter "de Bary" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions), with the restrictive definition no longer used (in other words, symbiosis means mutualism).
|
What textbooks describe the parasitic relationships as the only way to define symbiosis?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fcf048f0597001ac000d6
|
Symbiosis
|
The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and ecology textbooks now use the latter "de Bary" definition or an even broader definition (where symbiosis means all species interactions), with the restrictive definition no longer used (in other words, symbiosis means mutualism).
|
What three words did de Bary use to define symbiosis?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56ddda2d66d3e219004dad29
|
Symbiosis
|
Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism.
|
What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can't survive without each other?
|
{
"answer_start": [
33
],
"text": [
"obligate"
]
}
|
56ddda2d66d3e219004dad2a
|
Symbiosis
|
Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism.
|
What is the type of symbiotic relationship where the symbionts can live together but can also survive alone?
|
{
"answer_start": [
230
],
"text": [
"facultative"
]
}
|
56ddda2d66d3e219004dad2b
|
Symbiosis
|
Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism.
|
What is an example of an obligate relationship?
|
{
"answer_start": [
133
],
"text": [
"lichens"
]
}
|
5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000db
|
Symbiosis
|
Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism.
|
What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can survive without photosynthetic symbionts?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000dc
|
Symbiosis
|
Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism.
|
What organism demonstrates only the facultative symbiotic relationship?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000dd
|
Symbiosis
|
Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism.
|
What organism demonstrates only the obligate symbiotic relationship?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000de
|
Symbiosis
|
Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism.
|
What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can survive without fungal symbionts?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fd4e18f0597001ac000df
|
Symbiosis
|
Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism.
|
What is the type of symbiotic relationship where many organisms must depend on photosynthetic symbionts?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4d
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis.
|
What is an example of ectosymbiosis?
|
{
"answer_start": [
114
],
"text": [
"mistletoe"
]
}
|
56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4e
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis.
|
What is it called when the organisms are not physically joined?
|
{
"answer_start": [
473
],
"text": [
"disjunctive symbiosis"
]
}
|
56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4f
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis.
|
What is it called when one symbiont lives within its partner?
|
{
"answer_start": [
171
],
"text": [
"endosymbiosis"
]
}
|
5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e5
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis.
|
What organism lives in a state of both ectosymbiosis and endosymbiosis?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e6
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis.
|
What organism demonstrates disjunctive symbiosis?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e7
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis.
|
What organism demonstrates conjunctive symbiosis?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e8
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis.
|
What is it called when one symbiont lives within and has a bodily union with its partner?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fdc788f0597001ac000e9
|
Symbiosis
|
Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis.
|
What is it when an organism was once in a state of conjunctive symbiosis and is now no longer in union?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a0
|
Symbiosis
|
Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects.
|
What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to?
|
{
"answer_start": [
488
],
"text": [
"insects"
]
}
|
56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a1
|
Symbiosis
|
Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects.
|
What is the name of a bacteria inside of tree roots?
|
{
"answer_start": [
310
],
"text": [
"Frankia"
]
}
|
56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a2
|
Symbiosis
|
Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects.
|
What endosymbionts live in coral?
|
{
"answer_start": [
372
],
"text": [
"algae"
]
}
|
5a7fe2908f0597001ac000ef
|
Symbiosis
|
Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects.
|
What percent of alder tree root nodules provide essential nutrients to insects?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fe2908f0597001ac000f0
|
Symbiosis
|
Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects.
|
What organism includes diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and single-celled algae?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fe2908f0597001ac000f1
|
Symbiosis
|
Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects.
|
What percent of Frankia bacteria provide essential nutrients to insects?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fe2908f0597001ac000f2
|
Symbiosis
|
Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects.
|
What are the bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects called?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fe2908f0597001ac000f3
|
Symbiosis
|
Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, which live in alder tree root nodules; single-celled algae inside reef-building corals; and bacterial endosymbionts that provide essential nutrients to about 10%–15% of insects.
|
What percent of rhizobia and nitrogen-fixing bacteria live in alder tree root nodules?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de1024cffd8e1900b4b5a6
|
Symbiosis
|
Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish.
|
What organisms are described as living on the surface of whales?
|
{
"answer_start": [
313
],
"text": [
"barnacles"
]
}
|
56de1024cffd8e1900b4b5a7
|
Symbiosis
|
Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish.
|
Name a parasitic ectosymbiont.
|
{
"answer_start": [
271
],
"text": [
"lice"
]
}
|
56de1024cffd8e1900b4b5a8
|
Symbiosis
|
Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish.
|
What is another name for ectosymbiosis?
|
{
"answer_start": [
35
],
"text": [
"exosymbiosis"
]
}
|
5a7fe6ae8f0597001ac000f9
|
Symbiosis
|
Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish.
|
What mutualist ectosymbionts clean the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fe6ae8f0597001ac000fa
|
Symbiosis
|
Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish.
|
What ectoparasites are also considered commensal ectosymbionts and mutualist ectosymbionts?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fe6ae8f0597001ac000fb
|
Symbiosis
|
Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish.
|
What is the name of the animal in which barnacles join to the jaw and inner surface of the digestive tract?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fe6ae8f0597001ac000fc
|
Symbiosis
|
Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacles that attach themselves to the jaw of baleen whales, and mutualist ectosymbionts such as cleaner fish.
|
What ectoparasites live on the body surface of cleaner fish?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de1133cffd8e1900b4b5ac
|
Symbiosis
|
Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships.
|
What is another term for mutualism?
|
{
"answer_start": [
13
],
"text": [
"interspecies reciprocal altruism"
]
}
|
56de1133cffd8e1900b4b5ad
|
Symbiosis
|
Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships.
|
Of what duration are symbiotic relationships?
|
{
"answer_start": [
154
],
"text": [
"lifelong"
]
}
|
5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00101
|
Symbiosis
|
Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships.
|
What is a term for a relationship between individuals of the same species where both individuals benefit?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00102
|
Symbiosis
|
Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships.
|
Who restricts the definition of symbiosis to indicate both obligate and facultative concurrently?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00103
|
Symbiosis
|
Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships.
|
What time span involving gradual biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00104
|
Symbiosis
|
Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships.
|
What must interspecies reciprocal altruism be considered to fit the the definition of symbiosis?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7fee8c8f0597001ac00105
|
Symbiosis
|
Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both species, obligate for one but facultative for the other, or facultative for both. Many biologists restrict the definition of symbiosis to close mutualist relationships.
|
What mutualistic relationships fit the the definition of symbiosis?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de22074396321400ee25d1
|
Symbiosis
|
A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground.
|
What type of relationship do herbivores have with the bacteria in their intestines?
|
{
"answer_start": [
38
],
"text": [
"mutualistic"
]
}
|
56de22074396321400ee25d2
|
Symbiosis
|
A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground.
|
What do coral and algae produce together?
|
{
"answer_start": [
258
],
"text": [
"Coral reefs"
]
}
|
56de22074396321400ee25d3
|
Symbiosis
|
A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground.
|
How do plants contribute to terrestrial ecosystems?
|
{
"answer_start": [
455
],
"text": [
"fix carbon from the air"
]
}
|
56de22074396321400ee25d4
|
Symbiosis
|
A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground.
|
What type of fungus draws liquid and minerals out of the earth?
|
{
"answer_start": [
484
],
"text": [
"mycorrhyzal"
]
}
|
5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010b
|
Symbiosis
|
A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground.
|
What do herbivores have to digest animal prey?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010c
|
Symbiosis
|
A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground.
|
Where do the mycorrhyzal fungi go to after extracting water and minerals from the ground?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010d
|
Symbiosis
|
A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground.
|
Where do the mycorrhyzal fungi go back to after extracting carbon from the air?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010e
|
Symbiosis
|
A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground.
|
What organism has both cellulose-digesting protozoans and and mycorrhyzal fungi living in their intestines?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7ff3698f0597001ac0010f
|
Symbiosis
|
A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organisms and various types of algae that live inside them. Most land plants and land ecosystems rely on mutualisms between the plants, which fix carbon from the air, and mycorrhyzal fungi, which help in extracting water and minerals from the ground.
|
What kind of fungi do coral reef depend on?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
56de22b84396321400ee25d9
|
Symbiosis
|
An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles.
|
What lives with Ritteri sea anemones?
|
{
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"ocellaris clownfish"
]
}
|
56de22b84396321400ee25da
|
Symbiosis
|
An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles.
|
What prevents the clownfish from being stung?
|
{
"answer_start": [
299
],
"text": [
"A special mucus"
]
}
|
56de22b84396321400ee25db
|
Symbiosis
|
An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles.
|
What type of relationship do the clownfish and anemone have?
|
{
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"mutual symbiosis"
]
}
|
5a7ff6878f0597001ac00115
|
Symbiosis
|
An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles.
|
What kind of clownfish eat the Ritteri sea anemones?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
5a7ff6878f0597001ac00116
|
Symbiosis
|
An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on the clownfish protects it from the stinging tentacles.
|
What kind of sea anemone has special mucus to protect the clownfish?
|
{
"answer_start": [],
"text": []
}
|
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