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5706e4d990286e26004fc72b
Black_people
This nationwide acceptance and recognition of Aboriginal people led to a significant increase in the number of people self-identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. The reappropriation of the term "black" with a positive and more inclusive meaning has resulted in its widespread use in mainstream Australian c...
Which Journalist was sued for publishing discriminatory comments?
{ "answer_start": [ 707 ], "text": [ "Andrew Bolt" ] }
5706fa4c90286e26004fc787
Black_people
In the Colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negars in describing the slaves who were captured from West Africa and then shipped to the Virginia colony. Later American English spellings, neger and neggar, prevailed in a northern colony, New York under the Dutch, and in metropolitan Philadelphia's Moravian and Penns...
Who described slaves as negars?
{ "answer_start": [ 33 ], "text": [ "John Rolfe" ] }
5706fa4c90286e26004fc788
Black_people
In the Colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negars in describing the slaves who were captured from West Africa and then shipped to the Virginia colony. Later American English spellings, neger and neggar, prevailed in a northern colony, New York under the Dutch, and in metropolitan Philadelphia's Moravian and Penns...
Where was John Rolfe?
{ "answer_start": [ 7 ], "text": [ "Colonial America" ] }
5706fa4c90286e26004fc789
Black_people
In the Colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negars in describing the slaves who were captured from West Africa and then shipped to the Virginia colony. Later American English spellings, neger and neggar, prevailed in a northern colony, New York under the Dutch, and in metropolitan Philadelphia's Moravian and Penns...
Where were slaves shipped to from West Africa?
{ "answer_start": [ 140 ], "text": [ "Virginia colony" ] }
5706fa4c90286e26004fc78a
Black_people
In the Colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negars in describing the slaves who were captured from West Africa and then shipped to the Virginia colony. Later American English spellings, neger and neggar, prevailed in a northern colony, New York under the Dutch, and in metropolitan Philadelphia's Moravian and Penns...
What was the name of the African burial ground in New York City?
{ "answer_start": [ 429 ], "text": [ "\"Begraafplaats van de Neger\"" ] }
5706fa4c90286e26004fc78b
Black_people
In the Colonial America of 1619, John Rolfe used negars in describing the slaves who were captured from West Africa and then shipped to the Virginia colony. Later American English spellings, neger and neggar, prevailed in a northern colony, New York under the Dutch, and in metropolitan Philadelphia's Moravian and Penns...
What does "Begraafplaats van de Neger" mean?
{ "answer_start": [ 459 ], "text": [ "Cemetery of the Negro" ] }
5706fb6190286e26004fc79b
Black_people
By the 1900s, nigger had become a pejorative word in the United States. In its stead, the term colored became the mainstream alternative to negro and its derived terms. After the African-American Civil rights movement, the terms colored and negro gave way to "black". Negro had superseded colored as the most polite word...
When did "nigger" become a pejorative word?
{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "By the 1900s" ] }
5706fb6190286e26004fc79c
Black_people
By the 1900s, nigger had become a pejorative word in the United States. In its stead, the term colored became the mainstream alternative to negro and its derived terms. After the African-American Civil rights movement, the terms colored and negro gave way to "black". Negro had superseded colored as the most polite word...
What term replaced negro as mainstream?
{ "answer_start": [ 95 ], "text": [ "colored" ] }
5706fb6190286e26004fc79d
Black_people
By the 1900s, nigger had become a pejorative word in the United States. In its stead, the term colored became the mainstream alternative to negro and its derived terms. After the African-American Civil rights movement, the terms colored and negro gave way to "black". Negro had superseded colored as the most polite word...
What term followed "negro" and "colored"?
{ "answer_start": [ 259 ], "text": [ "\"black\"" ] }
5706fb6190286e26004fc79e
Black_people
By the 1900s, nigger had become a pejorative word in the United States. In its stead, the term colored became the mainstream alternative to negro and its derived terms. After the African-American Civil rights movement, the terms colored and negro gave way to "black". Negro had superseded colored as the most polite word...
What movement sprouted this change in rhetoric?
{ "answer_start": [ 175 ], "text": [ "the African-American Civil rights movement" ] }
5706fb6190286e26004fc79f
Black_people
By the 1900s, nigger had become a pejorative word in the United States. In its stead, the term colored became the mainstream alternative to negro and its derived terms. After the African-American Civil rights movement, the terms colored and negro gave way to "black". Negro had superseded colored as the most polite word...
Who led the Civil Rights movement?
{ "answer_start": [ 577 ], "text": [ "Reverend Martin Luther King" ] }
570706b99e06ca38007e92bb
Black_people
In the first 200 years that black people were in the United States, they primarily identified themselves by their specific ethnic group (closely allied to language) and not by skin color. Individuals identified themselves, for example, as Ashanti, Igbo, Bakongo, or Wolof. However, when the first captives were brought t...
How did black people identify in early America?
{ "answer_start": [ 105 ], "text": [ "by their specific ethnic group" ] }
570706b99e06ca38007e92bc
Black_people
In the first 200 years that black people were in the United States, they primarily identified themselves by their specific ethnic group (closely allied to language) and not by skin color. Individuals identified themselves, for example, as Ashanti, Igbo, Bakongo, or Wolof. However, when the first captives were brought t...
What was not acknowledged by English colonists?
{ "answer_start": [ 401 ], "text": [ "individual ethnic affiliations" ] }
570706b99e06ca38007e92bd
Black_people
In the first 200 years that black people were in the United States, they primarily identified themselves by their specific ethnic group (closely allied to language) and not by skin color. Individuals identified themselves, for example, as Ashanti, Igbo, Bakongo, or Wolof. However, when the first captives were brought t...
How vast was the backgrounds of the captives?
{ "answer_start": [ 638 ], "text": [ "West African coastline stretching from Senegal to Angola and in some cases from the south-east coast" ] }
570706b99e06ca38007e92be
Black_people
In the first 200 years that black people were in the United States, they primarily identified themselves by their specific ethnic group (closely allied to language) and not by skin color. Individuals identified themselves, for example, as Ashanti, Igbo, Bakongo, or Wolof. However, when the first captives were brought t...
How was the new African American identity defined?
{ "answer_start": [ 968 ], "text": [ "This new identity was based on provenance and slave status" ] }
570706b99e06ca38007e92bf
Black_people
In the first 200 years that black people were in the United States, they primarily identified themselves by their specific ethnic group (closely allied to language) and not by skin color. Individuals identified themselves, for example, as Ashanti, Igbo, Bakongo, or Wolof. However, when the first captives were brought t...
Which colonists recorded more complete identities of the West Africans?
{ "answer_start": [ 1148 ], "text": [ "French and Spanish colonists" ] }
5707074190286e26004fc80f
Black_people
The US racial or ethnic classification "black" refers to people with all possible kinds of skin pigmentation, from the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors, including albinos, if they are believed by others to have West African ancestry (in any discernible percentage), or to exhibit cultural traits associat...
What type of skin pigment does "Black" refer to?
{ "answer_start": [ 115 ], "text": [ "the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors" ] }
5707074190286e26004fc810
Black_people
The US racial or ethnic classification "black" refers to people with all possible kinds of skin pigmentation, from the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors, including albinos, if they are believed by others to have West African ancestry (in any discernible percentage), or to exhibit cultural traits associat...
In the United States the term "black people" is an indicator for?
{ "answer_start": [ 480 ], "text": [ "socially based racial classification related to being African American," ] }
5707074190286e26004fc811
Black_people
The US racial or ethnic classification "black" refers to people with all possible kinds of skin pigmentation, from the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors, including albinos, if they are believed by others to have West African ancestry (in any discernible percentage), or to exhibit cultural traits associat...
Where does the US base family history of African Americans from?
{ "answer_start": [ 557 ], "text": [ "a family history associated with institutionalized slavery." ] }
5707074190286e26004fc812
Black_people
The US racial or ethnic classification "black" refers to people with all possible kinds of skin pigmentation, from the darkest through to the very lightest skin colors, including albinos, if they are believed by others to have West African ancestry (in any discernible percentage), or to exhibit cultural traits associat...
How are people defined as "black" or "white"?
{ "answer_start": [ 795 ], "text": [ "they fulfill the social criteria" ] }
570708619e06ca38007e92c5
Black_people
By that time, the majority of black people in the United States were native-born, so the use of the term "African" became problematic. Though initially a source of pride, many blacks feared that the use of African as an identity would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US. They also felt that it ...
Why did the use of "African" become an issue?
{ "answer_start": [ 14 ], "text": [ "the majority of black people in the United States were native-born" ] }
570708619e06ca38007e92c6
Black_people
By that time, the majority of black people in the United States were native-born, so the use of the term "African" became problematic. Though initially a source of pride, many blacks feared that the use of African as an identity would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US. They also felt that it ...
Why did blacks fear to identify as African?
{ "answer_start": [ 229 ], "text": [ "would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US." ] }
570708619e06ca38007e92c7
Black_people
By that time, the majority of black people in the United States were native-born, so the use of the term "African" became problematic. Though initially a source of pride, many blacks feared that the use of African as an identity would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US. They also felt that it ...
What year did Black leaders call for this change in language?
{ "answer_start": [ 416 ], "text": [ "1835," ] }
570708619e06ca38007e92c8
Black_people
By that time, the majority of black people in the United States were native-born, so the use of the term "African" became problematic. Though initially a source of pride, many blacks feared that the use of African as an identity would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US. They also felt that it ...
What group decided to keep the "African" in their name?
{ "answer_start": [ 635 ], "text": [ "the African Methodist Episcopal Church" ] }
570708619e06ca38007e92c9
Black_people
By that time, the majority of black people in the United States were native-born, so the use of the term "African" became problematic. Though initially a source of pride, many blacks feared that the use of African as an identity would be a hindrance to their fight for full citizenship in the US. They also felt that it ...
What terms did African Americans use instead?
{ "answer_start": [ 718 ], "text": [ "\"Negro\" or \"colored\"" ] }
570709ba9e06ca38007e92d9
Black_people
In 1988, the civil rights leader Jesse Jackson urged Americans to use instead the term "African American" because it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants, such as German American, Italian American, etc. Since then, African American and black have often had ...
Who argued for Americans to use the term "African American"?
{ "answer_start": [ 33 ], "text": [ "Jesse Jackson" ] }
570709ba9e06ca38007e92da
Black_people
In 1988, the civil rights leader Jesse Jackson urged Americans to use instead the term "African American" because it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants, such as German American, Italian American, etc. Since then, African American and black have often had ...
What year did Jesse Jackson make this argument?
{ "answer_start": [ 3 ], "text": [ "1988" ] }
570709ba9e06ca38007e92db
Black_people
In 1988, the civil rights leader Jesse Jackson urged Americans to use instead the term "African American" because it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants, such as German American, Italian American, etc. Since then, African American and black have often had ...
Why did Jackson want this term to be used?
{ "answer_start": [ 114 ], "text": [ "it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants" ] }
570709ba9e06ca38007e92dc
Black_people
In 1988, the civil rights leader Jesse Jackson urged Americans to use instead the term "African American" because it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants, such as German American, Italian American, etc. Since then, African American and black have often had ...
Who also argued for the term "African American"?
{ "answer_start": [ 461 ], "text": [ "African-American" ] }
570709ba9e06ca38007e92dd
Black_people
In 1988, the civil rights leader Jesse Jackson urged Americans to use instead the term "African American" because it had a historical cultural base and was a construction similar to terms used by European descendants, such as German American, Italian American, etc. Since then, African American and black have often had ...
Why did some argue that "black" was the better term?
{ "answer_start": [ 640 ], "text": [ "because \"African\" suggests foreignness" ] }
57070b1490286e26004fc83d
Black_people
The U.S. census race definitions says a "black" is a person having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am., or Negro" or who provide written entries such as African American, Afro-American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian. The Cen...
How does the U.S. census define "black" Americans?
{ "answer_start": [ 60 ], "text": [ "having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa" ] }
57070b1490286e26004fc83e
Black_people
The U.S. census race definitions says a "black" is a person having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am., or Negro" or who provide written entries such as African American, Afro-American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian. The Cen...
What classification are given?
{ "answer_start": [ 368 ], "text": [ "socio-political constructs" ] }
57070b1490286e26004fc83f
Black_people
The U.S. census race definitions says a "black" is a person having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am., or Negro" or who provide written entries such as African American, Afro-American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian. The Cen...
What percentage of African Americans have European ancestry?
{ "answer_start": [ 673 ], "text": [ "17–18%" ] }
57070b1490286e26004fc840
Black_people
The U.S. census race definitions says a "black" is a person having origins in any of the black (sub-Saharan) racial groups of Africa. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am., or Negro" or who provide written entries such as African American, Afro-American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian. The Cen...
What is the Census definition not based on?
{ "answer_start": [ 428 ], "text": [ "scientific or anthropological" ] }
57070b889e06ca38007e92ff
Black_people
From the late 19th century, the South used a colloquial term, the one-drop rule, to classify as black a person of any known African ancestry. This practice of hypodescent was not put into law until the early 20th century. Legally the definition varied from state to state. Racial definition was more flexible in the 18th...
What did the "one-drop" rule do?
{ "answer_start": [ 84 ], "text": [ "classify as black a person of any known African ancestry" ] }
57070b889e06ca38007e9300
Black_people
From the late 19th century, the South used a colloquial term, the one-drop rule, to classify as black a person of any known African ancestry. This practice of hypodescent was not put into law until the early 20th century. Legally the definition varied from state to state. Racial definition was more flexible in the 18th...
When was the "one-drop" rule put into place?
{ "answer_start": [ 202 ], "text": [ "early 20th century." ] }
57070b889e06ca38007e9301
Black_people
From the late 19th century, the South used a colloquial term, the one-drop rule, to classify as black a person of any known African ancestry. This practice of hypodescent was not put into law until the early 20th century. Legally the definition varied from state to state. Racial definition was more flexible in the 18th...
When was racial definition more flexible?
{ "answer_start": [ 316 ], "text": [ "18th and 19th centuries" ] }
57070b889e06ca38007e9302
Black_people
From the late 19th century, the South used a colloquial term, the one-drop rule, to classify as black a person of any known African ancestry. This practice of hypodescent was not put into law until the early 20th century. Legally the definition varied from state to state. Racial definition was more flexible in the 18th...
What war changed the way the United States looked at race?
{ "answer_start": [ 347 ], "text": [ "the American Civil War" ] }
57070b889e06ca38007e9303
Black_people
From the late 19th century, the South used a colloquial term, the one-drop rule, to classify as black a person of any known African ancestry. This practice of hypodescent was not put into law until the early 20th century. Legally the definition varied from state to state. Racial definition was more flexible in the 18th...
When did Virginia adopt The Principle of Partus Sequitur Ventrem?
{ "answer_start": [ 674 ], "text": [ "1662" ] }
57070cab90286e26004fc859
Black_people
The concept of blackness in the United States has been described as the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values. To a certain extent, this concept is not so much about race but more about political orientation, culture and behavior. Blackness can be contr...
How is blackness described in the US?
{ "answer_start": [ 68 ], "text": [ "the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values." ] }
57070cab90286e26004fc85a
Black_people
The concept of blackness in the United States has been described as the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values. To a certain extent, this concept is not so much about race but more about political orientation, culture and behavior. Blackness can be contr...
What defines "blackness"?
{ "answer_start": [ 253 ], "text": [ "political orientation, culture and behavior" ] }
57070cab90286e26004fc85b
Black_people
The concept of blackness in the United States has been described as the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values. To a certain extent, this concept is not so much about race but more about political orientation, culture and behavior. Blackness can be contr...
What is the opposite of "blackness"?
{ "answer_start": [ 331 ], "text": [ "\"acting white\"" ] }
57070cab90286e26004fc85c
Black_people
The concept of blackness in the United States has been described as the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values. To a certain extent, this concept is not so much about race but more about political orientation, culture and behavior. Blackness can be contr...
How does one "act white"?
{ "answer_start": [ 353 ], "text": [ "black Americans are said to behave with assumed characteristics of stereotypical white Americans" ] }
57070cab90286e26004fc85d
Black_people
The concept of blackness in the United States has been described as the degree to which one associates themselves with mainstream African-American culture, politics, and values. To a certain extent, this concept is not so much about race but more about political orientation, culture and behavior. Blackness can be contr...
In what regards can one "act white"?
{ "answer_start": [ 450 ], "text": [ "with regard to fashion, dialect, taste in music," ] }
57070d4b9e06ca38007e932d
Black_people
Due to the often political and cultural contours of blackness in the United States, the notion of blackness can also be extended to non-black people. Toni Morrison once described Bill Clinton as the first black President of the United States, because, as she put it, he displayed "almost every trope of blackness". Chris...
Who described Bill Clinton as "Black"?
{ "answer_start": [ 150 ], "text": [ "Toni Morrison" ] }
57070d4b9e06ca38007e932e
Black_people
Due to the often political and cultural contours of blackness in the United States, the notion of blackness can also be extended to non-black people. Toni Morrison once described Bill Clinton as the first black President of the United States, because, as she put it, he displayed "almost every trope of blackness". Chris...
Who was offended by Clinton being referred to as black?
{ "answer_start": [ 315 ], "text": [ "Christopher Hitchens" ] }
57070d4b9e06ca38007e932f
Black_people
Due to the often political and cultural contours of blackness in the United States, the notion of blackness can also be extended to non-black people. Toni Morrison once described Bill Clinton as the first black President of the United States, because, as she put it, he displayed "almost every trope of blackness". Chris...
Who is Toni Morrison?
{ "answer_start": [ 457 ], "text": [ "Nobel Prize-winning novelist" ] }
57070d4b9e06ca38007e9330
Black_people
Due to the often political and cultural contours of blackness in the United States, the notion of blackness can also be extended to non-black people. Toni Morrison once described Bill Clinton as the first black President of the United States, because, as she put it, he displayed "almost every trope of blackness". Chris...
Why were people offended by this comment?
{ "answer_start": [ 1009 ], "text": [ "Clinton used his knowledge of black culture to exploit black people for political gain" ] }
57070d4b9e06ca38007e9331
Black_people
Due to the often political and cultural contours of blackness in the United States, the notion of blackness can also be extended to non-black people. Toni Morrison once described Bill Clinton as the first black President of the United States, because, as she put it, he displayed "almost every trope of blackness". Chris...
What horrible event was on-going during Clinton's term that made people upset?
{ "answer_start": [ 1205 ], "text": [ "Rwandan Genocide" ] }
57070e0c9e06ca38007e9341
Black_people
In July 2012, Ancestry.com reported on historic and DNA research by its staff that discovered that Obama is likely a descendant through his mother of John Punch, considered by some historians to be the first African slave in the Virginia colony. An indentured servant, he was "bound for life" in 1640 after trying to esc...
Who is Obama possibly an ancestor of?
{ "answer_start": [ 150 ], "text": [ "John Punch" ] }
57070e0c9e06ca38007e9342
Black_people
In July 2012, Ancestry.com reported on historic and DNA research by its staff that discovered that Obama is likely a descendant through his mother of John Punch, considered by some historians to be the first African slave in the Virginia colony. An indentured servant, he was "bound for life" in 1640 after trying to esc...
Who is John Punch?
{ "answer_start": [ 198 ], "text": [ "the first African slave in the Virginia colony" ] }
57070e0c9e06ca38007e9343
Black_people
In July 2012, Ancestry.com reported on historic and DNA research by its staff that discovered that Obama is likely a descendant through his mother of John Punch, considered by some historians to be the first African slave in the Virginia colony. An indentured servant, he was "bound for life" in 1640 after trying to esc...
When was Punch indentured?
{ "answer_start": [ 296 ], "text": [ "1640" ] }
57070e0c9e06ca38007e9344
Black_people
In July 2012, Ancestry.com reported on historic and DNA research by its staff that discovered that Obama is likely a descendant through his mother of John Punch, considered by some historians to be the first African slave in the Virginia colony. An indentured servant, he was "bound for life" in 1640 after trying to esc...
Why was he indentured for life?
{ "answer_start": [ 307 ], "text": [ "trying to escape" ] }
57070e0c9e06ca38007e9345
Black_people
In July 2012, Ancestry.com reported on historic and DNA research by its staff that discovered that Obama is likely a descendant through his mother of John Punch, considered by some historians to be the first African slave in the Virginia colony. An indentured servant, he was "bound for life" in 1640 after trying to esc...
Why were his children free?
{ "answer_start": [ 570 ], "text": [ "they were born to free English women" ] }
57070e8590286e26004fc863
Black_people
Approximately 12 million Africans were shipped to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade from 1492 to 1888, with 11.5 million of those shipped to South America and the Caribbean. Brazil was the largest importer in the Americas, with 5.5 million African slaves imported, followed by the British Caribbean with 2.76 ...
How many Africans were shipped to the US between 1492 to 1888?
{ "answer_start": [ 14 ], "text": [ "12 million" ] }
57070e8590286e26004fc864
Black_people
Approximately 12 million Africans were shipped to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade from 1492 to 1888, with 11.5 million of those shipped to South America and the Caribbean. Brazil was the largest importer in the Americas, with 5.5 million African slaves imported, followed by the British Caribbean with 2.76 ...
How many were shipped to South America and the Caribbean?
{ "answer_start": [ 119 ], "text": [ "11.5 million" ] }
57070e8590286e26004fc865
Black_people
Approximately 12 million Africans were shipped to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade from 1492 to 1888, with 11.5 million of those shipped to South America and the Caribbean. Brazil was the largest importer in the Americas, with 5.5 million African slaves imported, followed by the British Caribbean with 2.76 ...
How many slaves were imported by Brazil?
{ "answer_start": [ 239 ], "text": [ "5.5 million" ] }
57070e8590286e26004fc866
Black_people
Approximately 12 million Africans were shipped to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade from 1492 to 1888, with 11.5 million of those shipped to South America and the Caribbean. Brazil was the largest importer in the Americas, with 5.5 million African slaves imported, followed by the British Caribbean with 2.76 ...
How many slaves were imported by the British Caribbean?
{ "answer_start": [ 315 ], "text": [ "2.76 million" ] }
57070e8590286e26004fc867
Black_people
Approximately 12 million Africans were shipped to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade from 1492 to 1888, with 11.5 million of those shipped to South America and the Caribbean. Brazil was the largest importer in the Americas, with 5.5 million African slaves imported, followed by the British Caribbean with 2.76 ...
How is black identified in South America?
{ "answer_start": [ 797 ], "text": [ "closely tied to social status and socioeconomic variables," ] }
57070f769e06ca38007e935d
Black_people
The concept of race in Brazil is complex. A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both of his or her parents, nor were there only two categories to choose from. Between an individual of unmixed West African descent and a very light mulatto individual, more than a dozen racial...
How are people in Brazil classified?
{ "answer_start": [ 602 ], "text": [ "by appearance" ] }
57070f769e06ca38007e935e
Black_people
The concept of race in Brazil is complex. A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both of his or her parents, nor were there only two categories to choose from. Between an individual of unmixed West African descent and a very light mulatto individual, more than a dozen racial...
What country has a complex way of acknowledging race?
{ "answer_start": [ 23 ], "text": [ "Brazil" ] }
57070f769e06ca38007e935f
Black_people
The concept of race in Brazil is complex. A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both of his or her parents, nor were there only two categories to choose from. Between an individual of unmixed West African descent and a very light mulatto individual, more than a dozen racial...
How does one determine ethnicity in Brazil?
{ "answer_start": [ 351 ], "text": [ "based on various combinations of hair color, hair texture, eye color, and skin color" ] }
57070f769e06ca38007e9360
Black_people
The concept of race in Brazil is complex. A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both of his or her parents, nor were there only two categories to choose from. Between an individual of unmixed West African descent and a very light mulatto individual, more than a dozen racial...
How are people evaluated in Brazil?
{ "answer_start": [ 471 ], "text": [ "like the colors of the spectrum" ] }
57070fe090286e26004fc877
Black_people
Scholars disagree over the effects of social status on racial classifications in Brazil. It is generally believed that achieving upward mobility and education results in individuals being classified as a category of lighter skin. The popular claim is that in Brazil, poor whites are considered black and wealthy blacks a...
What type of skin color has a better chance of a good life in Brazil?
{ "answer_start": [ 216 ], "text": [ "lighter skin" ] }
57070fe090286e26004fc878
Black_people
Scholars disagree over the effects of social status on racial classifications in Brazil. It is generally believed that achieving upward mobility and education results in individuals being classified as a category of lighter skin. The popular claim is that in Brazil, poor whites are considered black and wealthy blacks a...
What are poor whites considered in Brazil?
{ "answer_start": [ 294 ], "text": [ "black" ] }
57070fe090286e26004fc879
Black_people
Scholars disagree over the effects of social status on racial classifications in Brazil. It is generally believed that achieving upward mobility and education results in individuals being classified as a category of lighter skin. The popular claim is that in Brazil, poor whites are considered black and wealthy blacks a...
What are wealthy blacks considered in Brazil?
{ "answer_start": [ 334 ], "text": [ "white" ] }
57070fe090286e26004fc87a
Black_people
Scholars disagree over the effects of social status on racial classifications in Brazil. It is generally believed that achieving upward mobility and education results in individuals being classified as a category of lighter skin. The popular claim is that in Brazil, poor whites are considered black and wealthy blacks a...
What does Preto mean?
{ "answer_start": [ 529 ], "text": [ "(black)" ] }
5707106b90286e26004fc87f
Black_people
From the years 1500 to 1850, an estimated 3.5 million captives were forcibly shipped from West/Central Africa to Brazil; the territory received the highest number of slaves of any country in the Americas. Scholars estimate that more than half of the Brazilian population is at least in part descended from these individu...
How many slaves were shipped from Africa to Brazil between 1500 and 1850?
{ "answer_start": [ 32 ], "text": [ "estimated 3.5 million" ] }
5707106b90286e26004fc880
Black_people
From the years 1500 to 1850, an estimated 3.5 million captives were forcibly shipped from West/Central Africa to Brazil; the territory received the highest number of slaves of any country in the Americas. Scholars estimate that more than half of the Brazilian population is at least in part descended from these individu...
How much of the Brazilian population are descendants of slavery?
{ "answer_start": [ 228 ], "text": [ "more than half" ] }
5707106b90286e26004fc881
Black_people
From the years 1500 to 1850, an estimated 3.5 million captives were forcibly shipped from West/Central Africa to Brazil; the territory received the highest number of slaves of any country in the Americas. Scholars estimate that more than half of the Brazilian population is at least in part descended from these individu...
Second to Africa, what is Brazil have the largest population of?
{ "answer_start": [ 362 ], "text": [ "Afro-descendants" ] }
5707106b90286e26004fc882
Black_people
From the years 1500 to 1850, an estimated 3.5 million captives were forcibly shipped from West/Central Africa to Brazil; the territory received the highest number of slaves of any country in the Americas. Scholars estimate that more than half of the Brazilian population is at least in part descended from these individu...
What was not passed in Brazil during slavery?
{ "answer_start": [ 566 ], "text": [ "segregation laws" ] }
5707106b90286e26004fc883
Black_people
From the years 1500 to 1850, an estimated 3.5 million captives were forcibly shipped from West/Central Africa to Brazil; the territory received the highest number of slaves of any country in the Americas. Scholars estimate that more than half of the Brazilian population is at least in part descended from these individu...
What was prevalent in Brazilian culture during slavery?
{ "answer_start": [ 613 ], "text": [ "intermarriage" ] }
5707111d90286e26004fc89b
Black_people
By the 2000 census, demographic changes including the end to slavery, immigration from Europe and Asia, assimilation of multiracial persons, and other factors resulted in a population in which 6.2% of the population identified as black, 40% as pardo, and 55% as white. Essentially most of the black population was absorb...
How much of the Brazilian population identified as black in 2000?
{ "answer_start": [ 193 ], "text": [ "6.2%" ] }
5707111d90286e26004fc89c
Black_people
By the 2000 census, demographic changes including the end to slavery, immigration from Europe and Asia, assimilation of multiracial persons, and other factors resulted in a population in which 6.2% of the population identified as black, 40% as pardo, and 55% as white. Essentially most of the black population was absorb...
How much identified as mixed race?
{ "answer_start": [ 237 ], "text": [ "40%" ] }
5707111d90286e26004fc89d
Black_people
By the 2000 census, demographic changes including the end to slavery, immigration from Europe and Asia, assimilation of multiracial persons, and other factors resulted in a population in which 6.2% of the population identified as black, 40% as pardo, and 55% as white. Essentially most of the black population was absorb...
How much identified as white?
{ "answer_start": [ 255 ], "text": [ "55%" ] }
5707111d90286e26004fc89e
Black_people
By the 2000 census, demographic changes including the end to slavery, immigration from Europe and Asia, assimilation of multiracial persons, and other factors resulted in a population in which 6.2% of the population identified as black, 40% as pardo, and 55% as white. Essentially most of the black population was absorb...
How much of the Brazilian population had connections to African ancestry in 2007?
{ "answer_start": [ 411 ], "text": [ "29%" ] }
570712049e06ca38007e9389
Black_people
Because of the acceptance of miscegenation, Brazil has avoided the binary polarization of society into black and white. In addition, it abolished slavery without a civil war. The bitter and sometimes violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil. According to the 2010 census, 6.7% of Bra...
What has Brazil avoided?
{ "answer_start": [ 63 ], "text": [ "the binary polarization of society into black and white" ] }
570712049e06ca38007e938a
Black_people
Because of the acceptance of miscegenation, Brazil has avoided the binary polarization of society into black and white. In addition, it abolished slavery without a civil war. The bitter and sometimes violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil. According to the 2010 census, 6.7% of Bra...
What is happened in the US that did not happen in Brazil when slavery ended?
{ "answer_start": [ 164 ], "text": [ "civil war" ] }
570712049e06ca38007e938b
Black_people
Because of the acceptance of miscegenation, Brazil has avoided the binary polarization of society into black and white. In addition, it abolished slavery without a civil war. The bitter and sometimes violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil. According to the 2010 census, 6.7% of Bra...
How do the US and Brazil vary after slavery has ended?
{ "answer_start": [ 200 ], "text": [ "violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil." ] }
570712049e06ca38007e938c
Black_people
Because of the acceptance of miscegenation, Brazil has avoided the binary polarization of society into black and white. In addition, it abolished slavery without a civil war. The bitter and sometimes violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil. According to the 2010 census, 6.7% of Bra...
Who is the Brazilian Prime Minister for racial equality?
{ "answer_start": [ 443 ], "text": [ "Elio Ferreira de Araujo" ] }
570712049e06ca38007e938d
Black_people
Because of the acceptance of miscegenation, Brazil has avoided the binary polarization of society into black and white. In addition, it abolished slavery without a civil war. The bitter and sometimes violent racial tensions that have divided the US are notably absent in Brazil. According to the 2010 census, 6.7% of Bra...
Who is responsible for the growing pride in Brazilian communities?
{ "answer_start": [ 569 ], "text": [ "black and indigenous communities." ] }
570712c99e06ca38007e939b
Black_people
In the US, African Americans, who include multiracial people, earn 75% of what white people earn. In Brazil, people of color earn less than 50% of what whites earn. Some have posited that the facts of lower socioeconomic status for people of color suggest that Brazil practices a kind of one-drop rule, or discrimination...
In the US, how much of what white people earn, do blacks earn?
{ "answer_start": [ 67 ], "text": [ "75%" ] }
570712c99e06ca38007e939c
Black_people
In the US, African Americans, who include multiracial people, earn 75% of what white people earn. In Brazil, people of color earn less than 50% of what whites earn. Some have posited that the facts of lower socioeconomic status for people of color suggest that Brazil practices a kind of one-drop rule, or discrimination...
In Brazil, how much less do blacks earn compared to whites?
{ "answer_start": [ 140 ], "text": [ "50%" ] }
570712c99e06ca38007e939d
Black_people
In the US, African Americans, who include multiracial people, earn 75% of what white people earn. In Brazil, people of color earn less than 50% of what whites earn. Some have posited that the facts of lower socioeconomic status for people of color suggest that Brazil practices a kind of one-drop rule, or discrimination...
What rule is Brazil accused of practicing?
{ "answer_start": [ 288 ], "text": [ "one-drop rule" ] }
570712c99e06ca38007e939e
Black_people
In the US, African Americans, who include multiracial people, earn 75% of what white people earn. In Brazil, people of color earn less than 50% of what whites earn. Some have posited that the facts of lower socioeconomic status for people of color suggest that Brazil practices a kind of one-drop rule, or discrimination...
What does the one drop rule do?
{ "answer_start": [ 306 ], "text": [ "discrimination against people who are not visibly European in ancestry." ] }
570712c99e06ca38007e939f
Black_people
In the US, African Americans, who include multiracial people, earn 75% of what white people earn. In Brazil, people of color earn less than 50% of what whites earn. Some have posited that the facts of lower socioeconomic status for people of color suggest that Brazil practices a kind of one-drop rule, or discrimination...
What other patterns are consistent with unequal living standards?
{ "answer_start": [ 548 ], "text": [ "illiteracy and education levels" ] }
5707135a90286e26004fc8bf
Black_people
Though Brazilians of at least partial African heritage make up a large percentage of the population, few blacks have been elected as politicians. The city of Salvador, Bahia, for instance, is 80% people of color, but voters have not elected a mayor of color. Journalists like to say that US cities with black majorities,...
What race has a very low rate of holding public office in Brazil?
{ "answer_start": [ 105 ], "text": [ "blacks" ] }
5707135a90286e26004fc8c0
Black_people
Though Brazilians of at least partial African heritage make up a large percentage of the population, few blacks have been elected as politicians. The city of Salvador, Bahia, for instance, is 80% people of color, but voters have not elected a mayor of color. Journalists like to say that US cities with black majorities,...
How much of the population of Salvador, Bahia is black or mixed race?
{ "answer_start": [ 192 ], "text": [ "80%" ] }
5707135a90286e26004fc8c1
Black_people
Though Brazilians of at least partial African heritage make up a large percentage of the population, few blacks have been elected as politicians. The city of Salvador, Bahia, for instance, is 80% people of color, but voters have not elected a mayor of color. Journalists like to say that US cities with black majorities,...
When did the US institute the Voting Rights Act?
{ "answer_start": [ 453 ], "text": [ "1965" ] }
5707135a90286e26004fc8c2
Black_people
Though Brazilians of at least partial African heritage make up a large percentage of the population, few blacks have been elected as politicians. The city of Salvador, Bahia, for instance, is 80% people of color, but voters have not elected a mayor of color. Journalists like to say that US cities with black majorities,...
When did New Orleans elect it's first black Mayor?
{ "answer_start": [ 653 ], "text": [ "1970s" ] }
5707135a90286e26004fc8c3
Black_people
Though Brazilians of at least partial African heritage make up a large percentage of the population, few blacks have been elected as politicians. The city of Salvador, Bahia, for instance, is 80% people of color, but voters have not elected a mayor of color. Journalists like to say that US cities with black majorities,...
What large hurricane hit New Orleans?
{ "answer_start": [ 739 ], "text": [ "Hurricane Katrina" ] }
570713c490286e26004fc8c9
Black_people
Critics note that people of color have limited media visibility. The Brazilian media has been accused of hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations. For example, the telenovelas or soaps are criticized for featuring actors who resemble northern Europeans rather than act...
What do critics claim people of color have?
{ "answer_start": [ 39 ], "text": [ "limited media visibility" ] }
570713c490286e26004fc8ca
Black_people
Critics note that people of color have limited media visibility. The Brazilian media has been accused of hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations. For example, the telenovelas or soaps are criticized for featuring actors who resemble northern Europeans rather than act...
What has the Brazilian media been accused of?
{ "answer_start": [ 105 ], "text": [ "hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations." ] }
570713c490286e26004fc8cb
Black_people
Critics note that people of color have limited media visibility. The Brazilian media has been accused of hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations. For example, the telenovelas or soaps are criticized for featuring actors who resemble northern Europeans rather than act...
What ethnicity of actors are mainly used for shows in Brazil?
{ "answer_start": [ 286 ], "text": [ "northern Europeans" ] }
570713c490286e26004fc8cc
Black_people
Critics note that people of color have limited media visibility. The Brazilian media has been accused of hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations. For example, the telenovelas or soaps are criticized for featuring actors who resemble northern Europeans rather than act...
What is another word for "Light Skinned"
{ "answer_start": [ 392 ], "text": [ "mulatto" ] }
5707142a90286e26004fc8d1
Black_people
These patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some academic and other activists to advocate for use of the Portuguese term negro to encompass all African-descended people, in order to stimulate a "black" consciousness and identity. This proposal has been criticized since the term pardo is considered to i...
What would scholars like the term "Negro" to include?
{ "answer_start": [ 157 ], "text": [ "all African-descended people" ] }
5707142a90286e26004fc8d2
Black_people
These patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some academic and other activists to advocate for use of the Portuguese term negro to encompass all African-descended people, in order to stimulate a "black" consciousness and identity. This proposal has been criticized since the term pardo is considered to i...
What does this aim to stimulate?
{ "answer_start": [ 209 ], "text": [ "a \"black\" consciousness and identity." ] }
5707142a90286e26004fc8d3
Black_people
These patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some academic and other activists to advocate for use of the Portuguese term negro to encompass all African-descended people, in order to stimulate a "black" consciousness and identity. This proposal has been criticized since the term pardo is considered to i...
What does the term "pardo" include?
{ "answer_start": [ 327 ], "text": [ "a wide range of multiracial people" ] }
5707142a90286e26004fc8d4
Black_people
These patterns of discrimination against non-whites have led some academic and other activists to advocate for use of the Portuguese term negro to encompass all African-descended people, in order to stimulate a "black" consciousness and identity. This proposal has been criticized since the term pardo is considered to i...
What does caboclos mean?
{ "answer_start": [ 381 ], "text": [ "mestizos" ] }
5705de1675f01819005e76c0
The_Times
The Times is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register and became The Times on 1 January 1788. The Times and its sister paper The Sunday Times (founded in 1821) are published by Times Newspapers, since 1981 a subsidiary of News UK, itself wholly ow...
The Times is based in what major British city?
{ "answer_start": [ 57 ], "text": [ "London" ] }