id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5706de729e06ca38007e91ce | Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey | Boardwalk Hall, formally known as the "Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall", is an arena in Atlantic City along the boardwalk. Boardwalk Hall was Atlantic City's primary convention center until the opening of the Atlantic City Convention Center in 1997. The Atlantic City Convention Center includes 500,000 sq ft (46,... | What is the Boardwalk Hall? | {
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"an arena"
]
} |
5706de729e06ca38007e91cf | Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey | Boardwalk Hall, formally known as the "Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall", is an arena in Atlantic City along the boardwalk. Boardwalk Hall was Atlantic City's primary convention center until the opening of the Atlantic City Convention Center in 1997. The Atlantic City Convention Center includes 500,000 sq ft (46,... | In what year did the newer Atlantic City Convention Center open? | {
"answer_start": [
251
],
"text": [
"1997"
]
} |
5706de729e06ca38007e91d0 | Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey | Boardwalk Hall, formally known as the "Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall", is an arena in Atlantic City along the boardwalk. Boardwalk Hall was Atlantic City's primary convention center until the opening of the Atlantic City Convention Center in 1997. The Atlantic City Convention Center includes 500,000 sq ft (46,... | How many sq ft of showroom space is included in the Atlantic City Convention Center? | {
"answer_start": [
302
],
"text": [
"500,000 sq ft"
]
} |
5706de729e06ca38007e91d1 | Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey | Boardwalk Hall, formally known as the "Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall", is an arena in Atlantic City along the boardwalk. Boardwalk Hall was Atlantic City's primary convention center until the opening of the Atlantic City Convention Center in 1997. The Atlantic City Convention Center includes 500,000 sq ft (46,... | What hotel is adjacent to the Atlantic City Convention Center? | {
"answer_start": [
474
],
"text": [
"Sheraton hotel"
]
} |
5706df8f90286e26004fc71d | Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey | Atlantic City (sometimes referred to as "Monopoly City") has become well-known over the years for its portrayal in the U.S. version of the popular board game, Monopoly, in which properties on the board are named after locations in and near Atlantic City. While the original incarnation of the game did not feature Atlant... | What is Atlantic City sometimes referred to? | {
"answer_start": [
41
],
"text": [
"Monopoly City"
]
} |
5706df8f90286e26004fc71e | Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey | Atlantic City (sometimes referred to as "Monopoly City") has become well-known over the years for its portrayal in the U.S. version of the popular board game, Monopoly, in which properties on the board are named after locations in and near Atlantic City. While the original incarnation of the game did not feature Atlant... | The names of many properties near Atlantic City are used in which popular board game? | {
"answer_start": [
159
],
"text": [
"Monopoly"
]
} |
5706df8f90286e26004fc71f | Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey | Atlantic City (sometimes referred to as "Monopoly City") has become well-known over the years for its portrayal in the U.S. version of the popular board game, Monopoly, in which properties on the board are named after locations in and near Atlantic City. While the original incarnation of the game did not feature Atlant... | Who learned the game of Monopoly and took it to Atlantic City? | {
"answer_start": [
357
],
"text": [
"Ruth Hoskins"
]
} |
5706df8f90286e26004fc720 | Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey | Atlantic City (sometimes referred to as "Monopoly City") has become well-known over the years for its portrayal in the U.S. version of the popular board game, Monopoly, in which properties on the board are named after locations in and near Atlantic City. While the original incarnation of the game did not feature Atlant... | What location was originally featured in the Monopoly game? | {
"answer_start": [
339
],
"text": [
"Indianapolis"
]
} |
5706df8f90286e26004fc721 | Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey | Atlantic City (sometimes referred to as "Monopoly City") has become well-known over the years for its portrayal in the U.S. version of the popular board game, Monopoly, in which properties on the board are named after locations in and near Atlantic City. While the original incarnation of the game did not feature Atlant... | Who did Ruth Hoskins teach the game of Monopoly to? | {
"answer_start": [
517
],
"text": [
"a group of local Quakers"
]
} |
5706e5579e06ca38007e91fb | Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey | Marvin Gardens, the leading yellow property on the board shown, is actually a misspelling of the original location name, "Marven Gardens". The misspelling was said to have been introduced by Charles Todd and passed on when his home-made Monopoly board was copied by Charles Darrow and thence Parker Brothers. It was not ... | What popular property in Monopoly was actually a misspelling? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Marvin Gardens"
]
} |
5706e5579e06ca38007e91fc | Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey | Marvin Gardens, the leading yellow property on the board shown, is actually a misspelling of the original location name, "Marven Gardens". The misspelling was said to have been introduced by Charles Todd and passed on when his home-made Monopoly board was copied by Charles Darrow and thence Parker Brothers. It was not ... | What is the name of the original property that Marvin Gardens takes its name from? | {
"answer_start": [
122
],
"text": [
"Marven Gardens"
]
} |
5706e5579e06ca38007e91fd | Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey | Marvin Gardens, the leading yellow property on the board shown, is actually a misspelling of the original location name, "Marven Gardens". The misspelling was said to have been introduced by Charles Todd and passed on when his home-made Monopoly board was copied by Charles Darrow and thence Parker Brothers. It was not ... | Whose game did Parker Brothers model the board game after? | {
"answer_start": [
266
],
"text": [
"Charles Darrow"
]
} |
5706e5579e06ca38007e91fe | Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey | Marvin Gardens, the leading yellow property on the board shown, is actually a misspelling of the original location name, "Marven Gardens". The misspelling was said to have been introduced by Charles Todd and passed on when his home-made Monopoly board was copied by Charles Darrow and thence Parker Brothers. It was not ... | In what year did Parker Brothers acknowledge and apologize for a spelling error in the game? | {
"answer_start": [
326
],
"text": [
"1995"
]
} |
5706e5579e06ca38007e91ff | Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey | Marvin Gardens, the leading yellow property on the board shown, is actually a misspelling of the original location name, "Marven Gardens". The misspelling was said to have been introduced by Charles Todd and passed on when his home-made Monopoly board was copied by Charles Darrow and thence Parker Brothers. It was not ... | Who copied Charles Todd's Monopoly board? | {
"answer_start": [
266
],
"text": [
"Charles Darrow"
]
} |
57060dce52bb891400689816 | Immunology | Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune disea... | In general, what does immunology study? | {
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"immune systems in all organisms"
]
} |
57060dce52bb891400689817 | Immunology | Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune disea... | Immunology studies the functioning of the immune system in which two states of being? | {
"answer_start": [
208
],
"text": [
"both health and diseases"
]
} |
57060dce52bb891400689818 | Immunology | Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune disea... | Name three types of immunological disorders? | {
"answer_start": [
304
],
"text": [
"autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection"
]
} |
57060dce52bb891400689819 | Immunology | Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune disea... | Immunology studies the immune system in which three stages of existence? | {
"answer_start": [
487
],
"text": [
"in vitro, in situ, and in vivo"
]
} |
57060dce52bb89140068981a | Immunology | Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune disea... | What disciplines in medicine have particularly strong immunology applications? | {
"answer_start": [
614
],
"text": [
"organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology"
]
} |
57061a3352bb8914006898a4 | Immunology | Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tiss... | The term immunology is derived from a Latin word that means what? | {
"answer_start": [
93
],
"text": [
"exempt"
]
} |
57061a3352bb8914006898a5 | Immunology | Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tiss... | What are the major organs of the immune system? | {
"answer_start": [
272
],
"text": [
"thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tissues such as spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, adenoids, and liver"
]
} |
57061a3352bb8914006898a6 | Immunology | Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tiss... | Who originally discovered these parts of the immune system? | {
"answer_start": [
102
],
"text": [
"early physicians"
]
} |
57061a3352bb8914006898a7 | Immunology | Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tiss... | How do physicians study a patient's immune system organs in emergency situations? | {
"answer_start": [
572
],
"text": [
"surgically excised for examination while patients are still alive"
]
} |
57061a3352bb8914006898a8 | Immunology | Prior to the designation of immunity from the etymological root immunis, which is Latin for "exempt"; early physicians characterized organs that would later be proven as essential components of the immune system. The important lymphoid organs of the immune system are the thymus and bone marrow, and chief lymphatic tiss... | Which portions of the immune system can be safely removed in these emergency cases? | {
"answer_start": [
496
],
"text": [
"thymus, spleen, bone marrow, lymph nodes and other lymphatic tissues"
]
} |
57061c5c52bb8914006898b8 | Immunology | Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body. | The structure of immune system components can be described as what? | {
"answer_start": [
41
],
"text": [
"typically cellular in nature"
]
} |
57061c5c52bb8914006898b9 | Immunology | Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body. | Are immune tissues typically fixed with specific organs usually? | {
"answer_start": [
74
],
"text": [
"not associated with any specific organ"
]
} |
57061c5c52bb8914006898ba | Immunology | Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body. | What is one way the cellular structures of the immune system are housed in the body? | {
"answer_start": [
129
],
"text": [
"embedded"
]
} |
57061c5c52bb8914006898bb | Immunology | Many components of the immune system are typically cellular in nature and not associated with any specific organ; but rather are embedded or circulating in various tissues located throughout the body. | What is another way these tissues are housed within the body? | {
"answer_start": [
141
],
"text": [
"circulating"
]
} |
57061fb875f01819005e79c0 | Immunology | Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of... | Which two fields of study are associated with immunology? | {
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"epidemiology and medicine"
]
} |
57061fb875f01819005e79c1 | Immunology | Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of... | Immunology studies how which three areas impact one another? | {
"answer_start": [
111
],
"text": [
"the body systems, pathogens, and immunity"
]
} |
57061fb875f01819005e79c2 | Immunology | Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of... | When was the first written mention of immunity as it pertains to the body? | {
"answer_start": [
241
],
"text": [
"430 BCE"
]
} |
57061fb875f01819005e79c3 | Immunology | Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of... | Which Greek historian made that notation? | {
"answer_start": [
250
],
"text": [
"Thucydides"
]
} |
57061fb875f01819005e79c4 | Immunology | Classical immunology ties in with the fields of epidemiology and medicine. It studies the relationship between the body systems, pathogens, and immunity. The earliest written mention of immunity can be traced back to the plague of Athens in 430 BCE. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout of... | When did immunology start to become codified as a scientific theory? | {
"answer_start": [
491
],
"text": [
"19th and 20th centuries"
]
} |
5706265075f01819005e79f6 | Immunology | The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system. The latter is furt... | What is the basic, primitive part of the immune system known as? | {
"answer_start": [
221
],
"text": [
"innate immune system"
]
} |
5706265075f01819005e79f7 | Immunology | The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system. The latter is furt... | Vertebrates also have what type of immune system component? | {
"answer_start": [
266
],
"text": [
"acquired or adaptive immune system"
]
} |
5706265075f01819005e79f8 | Immunology | The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system. The latter is furt... | What is one type of adaptive immune system component? | {
"answer_start": [
337
],
"text": [
"humoral (or antibody)"
]
} |
5706265075f01819005e79f9 | Immunology | The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system. The latter is furt... | Name the other type of adaptive immune system component? | {
"answer_start": [
363
],
"text": [
"cell-mediated"
]
} |
5706265075f01819005e79fa | Immunology | The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system. The latter is furt... | The total immune system is generally composed of what types of structures? | {
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"molecular and cellular components"
]
} |
57062eba75f01819005e7a3c | Immunology | The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies ("anti"body "gen"erators). Immunology res... | Humoral immunology involves the interaction of what two elements? | {
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"antibodies and antigens"
]
} |
57062eba75f01819005e7a3d | Immunology | The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies ("anti"body "gen"erators). Immunology res... | What are antibodies comprised of? | {
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"specific proteins"
]
} |
57062eba75f01819005e7a3e | Immunology | The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies ("anti"body "gen"erators). Immunology res... | What cells produce antibodies? | {
"answer_start": [
183
],
"text": [
"B lymphocytes"
]
} |
57062eba75f01819005e7a3f | Immunology | The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies ("anti"body "gen"erators). Immunology res... | The term "antigen" is rooted in what two words? | {
"answer_start": [
280
],
"text": [
"\"anti\"body \"gen\"erators"
]
} |
57062eba75f01819005e7a40 | Immunology | The humoral (antibody) response is defined as the interaction between antibodies and antigens. Antibodies are specific proteins released from a certain class of immune cells known as B lymphocytes, while antigens are defined as anything that elicits the generation of antibodies ("anti"body "gen"erators). Immunology res... | Immunology is the study of what type of responses to antibodies and antigens? | {
"answer_start": [
402
],
"text": [
"cellular response"
]
} |
570632d275f01819005e7a74 | Immunology | Immunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010). | In the field of immunology, what aspect is becoming more specialized? | {
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"research"
]
} |
570632d275f01819005e7a75 | Immunology | Immunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010). | What new areas are immunologists studying with more frequency? | {
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"non-classical models of immunity"
]
} |
570632d275f01819005e7a76 | Immunology | Immunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010). | The latest research into newer aspects of immunology is focused on what three elements of the body? | {
"answer_start": [
120
],
"text": [
"cells, organs and systems"
]
} |
570632d275f01819005e7a77 | Immunology | Immunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010). | These three elements of the body are of new interest for what reason? | {
"answer_start": [
146
],
"text": [
"not previously associated with the immune system"
]
} |
5706a57852bb891400689b1a | Immunology | Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features. | The study of diseases caused by immune system disorders is called? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Clinical immunology"
]
} |
5706a57852bb891400689b1b | Immunology | Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features. | What are three problems of the immune system studied by clinical immunology? | {
"answer_start": [
87
],
"text": [
"failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth"
]
} |
5706a57852bb891400689b1c | Immunology | Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features. | Where can these three elements occur in the immune system? | {
"answer_start": [
141
],
"text": [
"cellular elements"
]
} |
5706a57852bb891400689b1d | Immunology | Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features. | What else does clinical immunology concern itself with? | {
"answer_start": [
192
],
"text": [
"diseases of other systems"
]
} |
5706a57852bb891400689b1e | Immunology | Clinical immunology is the study of diseases caused by disorders of the immune system (failure, aberrant action, and malignant growth of the cellular elements of the system). It also involves diseases of other systems, where immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features. | Why does clinical immunology extend to those areas? | {
"answer_start": [
225
],
"text": [
"immune reactions play a part in the pathology and clinical features"
]
} |
5706aa0a75f01819005e7ce6 | Immunology | Other immune system disorders include various hypersensitivities (such as in asthma and other allergies) that respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds. | What is a type of immune system disorder? | {
"answer_start": [
46
],
"text": [
"hypersensitivities"
]
} |
5706aa0a75f01819005e7ce7 | Immunology | Other immune system disorders include various hypersensitivities (such as in asthma and other allergies) that respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds. | What are some examples of hypersensitivities? | {
"answer_start": [
77
],
"text": [
"asthma and other allergies"
]
} |
5706aa0a75f01819005e7ce8 | Immunology | Other immune system disorders include various hypersensitivities (such as in asthma and other allergies) that respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds. | What characterizes a hypersensitivity? | {
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"respond inappropriately to otherwise harmless compounds."
]
} |
5706ac3452bb891400689b54 | Immunology | The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). | What is the most famous immune system disease? | {
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"AIDS"
]
} |
5706ac3452bb891400689b55 | Immunology | The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). | What kind of disease is AIDS? | {
"answer_start": [
75
],
"text": [
"an immunodeficiency"
]
} |
5706ac3452bb891400689b56 | Immunology | The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). | Which types of cells are suppressed by AIDS? | {
"answer_start": [
131
],
"text": [
"CD4+ (\"helper\") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages"
]
} |
5706ac3452bb891400689b57 | Immunology | The most well-known disease that affects the immune system itself is AIDS, an immunodeficiency characterized by the suppression of CD4+ ("helper") T cells, dendritic cells and macrophages by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). | What virus specifically suppresses those cells? | {
"answer_start": [
195
],
"text": [
"Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)"
]
} |
5706e1209e06ca38007e91d7 | Immunology | The body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a child... | What are the four factors that determine how the body reacts to an antigen? | {
"answer_start": [
55
],
"text": [
"person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area"
]
} |
5706e1209e06ca38007e91d9 | Immunology | The body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a child... | Newborns are particularly susceptible to infections caused by? | {
"answer_start": [
499
],
"text": [
"low virulence organisms like Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas"
]
} |
5706e1209e06ca38007e91da | Immunology | The body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a child... | What activity is also greatly reduced in newborn infants? | {
"answer_start": [
1110
],
"text": [
"phagocytic"
]
} |
5706e1209e06ca38007e91d8 | Immunology | The body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a child... | Why are newborns described as being physiologically immunodeficient? | {
"answer_start": [
223
],
"text": [
"both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed"
]
} |
5706e1209e06ca38007e91db | Immunology | The body’s capability to react to antigen depends on a person's age, antigen type, maternal factors and the area where the antigen is presented. Neonates are said to be in a state of physiological immunodeficiency, because both their innate and adaptive immunological responses are greatly suppressed. Once born, a child... | Antigen cells in newborns are also struggle to do this? | {
"answer_start": [
1331
],
"text": [
"activate T cells"
]
} |
5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e1 | Immunology | Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn f... | In babies, what is another element impacting immune response? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Maternal factors"
]
} |
5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e2 | Immunology | Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn f... | Newborns can acquire antibodies from the mother through what means? | {
"answer_start": [
246
],
"text": [
"breast milk"
]
} |
5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e3 | Immunology | Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn f... | For how long do these antibodies have an effect on infants? | {
"answer_start": [
323
],
"text": [
"up to 18 months"
]
} |
5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e4 | Immunology | Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn f... | At 6 to 9 months, an infant's immune system begins to respond to which proteins? | {
"answer_start": [
1004
],
"text": [
"glycoproteins"
]
} |
5706e36d9e06ca38007e91e5 | Immunology | Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn f... | The difference in responses in infant immune systems is the cause of what? | {
"answer_start": [
1164
],
"text": [
"distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules"
]
} |
5706e5b49e06ca38007e9205 | Immunology | During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone som... | What is the primary trigger for immunological changes in teens? | {
"answer_start": [
129
],
"text": [
"hormones"
]
} |
5706e5b49e06ca38007e9206 | Immunology | During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone som... | What specific hormone catalyzes these changes in females? | {
"answer_start": [
183
],
"text": [
"17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen)"
]
} |
5706e5b49e06ca38007e9207 | Immunology | During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone som... | Which specific hormone precipitates the change in immunology in males? | {
"answer_start": [
232
],
"text": [
"testosterone"
]
} |
5706e5b49e06ca38007e9208 | Immunology | During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone som... | Adolescent immunological changes can also result in what? | {
"answer_start": [
541
],
"text": [
"increased risk in developing pubescent and post-pubescent autoimmunity"
]
} |
5706e5b49e06ca38007e9209 | Immunology | During adolescence, the human body undergoes various physical, physiological and immunological changes triggered and mediated by hormones, of which the most significant in females is 17-β-oestradiol (an oestrogen) and, in males, is testosterone. Oestradiol usually begins to act around the age of 10 and testosterone som... | Evidence suggests that receptors on B cells may do what? | {
"answer_start": [
700
],
"text": [
"detect sex hormones in the system"
]
} |
5706f5de90286e26004fc763 | Immunology | Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "ce... | The routine practice of immunology can best be characterized as? | {
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"strongly experimental"
]
} |
5706f5de90286e26004fc764 | Immunology | Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "ce... | What are two opposing theories of early 20th century immunology? | {
"answer_start": [
317
],
"text": [
"\"cellular\" and \"humoral\""
]
} |
5706f5de90286e26004fc765 | Immunology | Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "ce... | Cellular immunology expressed the theory that what cells caused immune responses? | {
"answer_start": [
488
],
"text": [
"phagocytes"
]
} |
5706f5de90286e26004fc766 | Immunology | Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "ce... | Humoral immunology theorized that the origin of the immune system lay in what? | {
"answer_start": [
688
],
"text": [
"soluble components (molecules)"
]
} |
5706f5de90286e26004fc767 | Immunology | Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "ce... | Rather than cells, in humoral immunology where did the molecules that cause immune response reside? | {
"answer_start": [
728
],
"text": [
"the organism’s “humors”"
]
} |
5706f93b9e06ca38007e9267 | Immunology | In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not t... | What medical scientist first proposed the clonal selection theory of immunology? | {
"answer_start": [
18
],
"text": [
"Frank Burnet"
]
} |
5706f93b9e06ca38007e9268 | Immunology | In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not t... | What triggers an immune response according to CST? | {
"answer_start": [
239
],
"text": [
"self/nonself distinction"
]
} |
5706f93b9e06ca38007e9269 | Immunology | In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not t... | In CST, what triggers a destructive immune response? | {
"answer_start": [
363
],
"text": [
"\"nonself\" entities (e.g., pathogens, an allograft)"
]
} |
5706f93b9e06ca38007e926a | Immunology | In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not t... | What property of T cells caused modification of CST? | {
"answer_start": [
542
],
"text": [
"the complex \"two-signal\" activation"
]
} |
5706f93b9e06ca38007e926b | Immunology | In the mid-1950s, Frank Burnet, inspired by a suggestion made by Niels Jerne, formulated the clonal selection theory (CST) of immunity. On the basis of CST, Burnet developed a theory of how an immune response is triggered according to the self/nonself distinction: "self" constituents (constituents of the body) do not t... | When was clonal selection theory first proposed? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"In the mid-1950s"
]
} |
5706facf9e06ca38007e927b | Immunology | Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to study the health of h... | What discipline can undergraduate students interested in general health study? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Bioscience"
]
} |
5706facf9e06ca38007e927c | Immunology | Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to study the health of h... | Immunology is a branch of what larger field of study? | {
"answer_start": [
148
],
"text": [
"bioscience"
]
} |
5706facf9e06ca38007e927d | Immunology | Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to study the health of h... | The goal of an immunologist is to study what beings? | {
"answer_start": [
319
],
"text": [
"humans and animals"
]
} |
5706facf9e06ca38007e927e | Immunology | Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to study the health of h... | The biggest part of an immunologist's job is what? | {
"answer_start": [
454
],
"text": [
"research"
]
} |
5706facf9e06ca38007e927f | Immunology | Bioscience is the overall major in which undergraduate students who are interested in general well-being take in college. Immunology is a branch of bioscience for undergraduate programs but the major gets specified as students move on for graduate program in immunology. The aim of immunology is to study the health of h... | What two conditions apply to good immunological study? | {
"answer_start": [
346
],
"text": [
"effective yet consistent research"
]
} |
5706fbf590286e26004fc7a5 | Immunology | Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai... | Most graduate schools specializing in immunology follow what organization's parameters? | {
"answer_start": [
44
],
"text": [
"AAI courses"
]
} |
5706fbf590286e26004fc7a6 | Immunology | Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai... | What is the name of the immunology school at Mount Sinai? | {
"answer_start": [
281
],
"text": [
"Icahn School of Medicine"
]
} |
5706fbf590286e26004fc7a7 | Immunology | Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai... | AAI immunology courses include what two components? | {
"answer_start": [
541
],
"text": [
"Introductory Course and an Advance Course"
]
} |
5706fbf590286e26004fc7a8 | Immunology | Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai... | What does the introductory AAI immunology course do? | {
"answer_start": [
625
],
"text": [
"gives students an overview of the basics of immunology"
]
} |
5706fbf590286e26004fc7a9 | Immunology | Most graduate immunology schools follow the AAI courses immunology which are offered throughout numerous schools in the United States. For example, in New York State, there are several universities that offer the AAI courses immunology: Albany Medical College, Cornell University, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai... | The Langone Medical Center is part of what college? | {
"answer_start": [
322
],
"text": [
"New York University"
]
} |
5706fd4e90286e26004fc7af | Immunology | In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advanced Course is another... | Part 1 of the AAI introductory immunology course is meant to be what? | {
"answer_start": [
164
],
"text": [
"an introduction to the basic principles of immunology"
]
} |
5706fd4e90286e26004fc7b0 | Immunology | In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advanced Course is another... | Part 2 of the AAI introductory immunology course revolves around what? | {
"answer_start": [
235
],
"text": [
"clinically-oriented lecture series"
]
} |
5706fd4e90286e26004fc7b1 | Immunology | In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advanced Course is another... | What pre-requisite should enrollees in the advanced immunology course have? | {
"answer_start": [
483
],
"text": [
"a background of the principles of immunology"
]
} |
5706fd4e90286e26004fc7b2 | Immunology | In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advanced Course is another... | How long does it typically take to earn a Master's degree? | {
"answer_start": [
640
],
"text": [
"two years of study"
]
} |
5706fd4e90286e26004fc7b3 | Immunology | In addition, this Introductory Course gives students more information to complement general biology or science training. It also has two different parts: Part I is an introduction to the basic principles of immunology and Part II is a clinically-oriented lecture series. On the other hand, the Advanced Course is another... | What program requires an additional two years of study? | {
"answer_start": [
712
],
"text": [
"a doctoral programme"
]
} |
570616a075f01819005e7970 | MP3 | MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of m... | What is the common name for MPEG-2 Audio Layer III? | {
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"MP3"
]
} |
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