id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
57062c9b52bb891400689936 | MP3 | As sound scholar Jonathan Sterne notes, "An Australian hacker acquired l3enc using a stolen credit card. The hacker then reverse-engineered the software, wrote a new user interface, and redistributed it for free, naming it "thank you Fraunhofer"". | How much did the new released program by the hacker cost? | {
"answer_start": [
207
],
"text": [
"free"
]
} |
57062dd675f01819005e7a32 | MP3 | In the second half of '90s, MP3 files began to spread on the Internet. The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft's audio player Winamp, released in 1997. In 1998, the first portable solid state digital audio player MPMan, developed by SaeHan Information Systems which is headquartered in S... | Where did MP3s begin to spread? | {
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"the Internet"
]
} |
57062dd675f01819005e7a33 | MP3 | In the second half of '90s, MP3 files began to spread on the Internet. The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft's audio player Winamp, released in 1997. In 1998, the first portable solid state digital audio player MPMan, developed by SaeHan Information Systems which is headquartered in S... | Which audio player was released in 1997? | {
"answer_start": [
159
],
"text": [
"Winamp"
]
} |
57062dd675f01819005e7a34 | MP3 | In the second half of '90s, MP3 files began to spread on the Internet. The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft's audio player Winamp, released in 1997. In 1998, the first portable solid state digital audio player MPMan, developed by SaeHan Information Systems which is headquartered in S... | Who released the audio player? | {
"answer_start": [
135
],
"text": [
"Nullsoft"
]
} |
57062dd675f01819005e7a35 | MP3 | In the second half of '90s, MP3 files began to spread on the Internet. The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft's audio player Winamp, released in 1997. In 1998, the first portable solid state digital audio player MPMan, developed by SaeHan Information Systems which is headquartered in S... | What was the name of the first portable solid state digital audio player? | {
"answer_start": [
246
],
"text": [
"MPMan"
]
} |
57062dd675f01819005e7a36 | MP3 | In the second half of '90s, MP3 files began to spread on the Internet. The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of Nullsoft's audio player Winamp, released in 1997. In 1998, the first portable solid state digital audio player MPMan, developed by SaeHan Information Systems which is headquartered in S... | In which country was the first portable audio player developed? | {
"answer_start": [
326
],
"text": [
"South Korea"
]
} |
57062e7e52bb89140068993c | MP3 | In November 1997, the website mp3.com was offering thousands of MP3s created by independent artists for free. The small size of MP3 files enabled widespread peer-to-peer file sharing of music ripped from CDs, which would have previously been nearly impossible. The first large peer-to-peer filesharing network, Napster, ... | Which website offered MP3s for free? | {
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"mp3.com"
]
} |
57062e7e52bb89140068993d | MP3 | In November 1997, the website mp3.com was offering thousands of MP3s created by independent artists for free. The small size of MP3 files enabled widespread peer-to-peer file sharing of music ripped from CDs, which would have previously been nearly impossible. The first large peer-to-peer filesharing network, Napster, ... | How many MP3s were offered for free by the website? | {
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"thousands"
]
} |
57062e7e52bb89140068993e | MP3 | In November 1997, the website mp3.com was offering thousands of MP3s created by independent artists for free. The small size of MP3 files enabled widespread peer-to-peer file sharing of music ripped from CDs, which would have previously been nearly impossible. The first large peer-to-peer filesharing network, Napster, ... | What kind of file sharing became popular due to the file sizes of MP3s? | {
"answer_start": [
157
],
"text": [
"peer-to-peer"
]
} |
57062e7e52bb89140068993f | MP3 | In November 1997, the website mp3.com was offering thousands of MP3s created by independent artists for free. The small size of MP3 files enabled widespread peer-to-peer file sharing of music ripped from CDs, which would have previously been nearly impossible. The first large peer-to-peer filesharing network, Napster, ... | How did people come into possession of MP3s? | {
"answer_start": [
192
],
"text": [
"ripped from CDs"
]
} |
57062e7e52bb891400689940 | MP3 | In November 1997, the website mp3.com was offering thousands of MP3s created by independent artists for free. The small size of MP3 files enabled widespread peer-to-peer file sharing of music ripped from CDs, which would have previously been nearly impossible. The first large peer-to-peer filesharing network, Napster, ... | Which network was the first large peer to peer file sharing network? | {
"answer_start": [
311
],
"text": [
"Napster"
]
} |
57062ef375f01819005e7a46 | MP3 | The ease of creating and sharing MP3s resulted in widespread copyright infringement. Major record companies argued that this free sharing of music reduced sales, and called it "music piracy". They reacted by pursuing lawsuits against Napster (which was eventually shut down and later sold) and against individual users w... | What kind of infringement resulted from sharing MP3s? | {
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"copyright"
]
} |
57062ef375f01819005e7a47 | MP3 | The ease of creating and sharing MP3s resulted in widespread copyright infringement. Major record companies argued that this free sharing of music reduced sales, and called it "music piracy". They reacted by pursuing lawsuits against Napster (which was eventually shut down and later sold) and against individual users w... | What name did the record companies associate with MP3 file sharing? | {
"answer_start": [
177
],
"text": [
"music piracy"
]
} |
57062ef375f01819005e7a48 | MP3 | The ease of creating and sharing MP3s resulted in widespread copyright infringement. Major record companies argued that this free sharing of music reduced sales, and called it "music piracy". They reacted by pursuing lawsuits against Napster (which was eventually shut down and later sold) and against individual users w... | Who was the target of the record companies? | {
"answer_start": [
234
],
"text": [
"Napster"
]
} |
57062ef375f01819005e7a49 | MP3 | The ease of creating and sharing MP3s resulted in widespread copyright infringement. Major record companies argued that this free sharing of music reduced sales, and called it "music piracy". They reacted by pursuing lawsuits against Napster (which was eventually shut down and later sold) and against individual users w... | What happened to Napster? | {
"answer_start": [
264
],
"text": [
"shut down and later sold"
]
} |
57062f6975f01819005e7a58 | MP3 | Unauthorized MP3 file sharing continues on next-generation peer-to-peer networks. Some authorized services, such as Beatport, Bleep, Juno Records, eMusic, Zune Marketplace, Walmart.com, Rhapsody, the recording industry approved re-incarnation of Napster, and Amazon.com sell unrestricted music in the MP3 format. | What kind of MP3 file sharing continues on? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Unauthorized"
]
} |
57062f6975f01819005e7a59 | MP3 | Unauthorized MP3 file sharing continues on next-generation peer-to-peer networks. Some authorized services, such as Beatport, Bleep, Juno Records, eMusic, Zune Marketplace, Walmart.com, Rhapsody, the recording industry approved re-incarnation of Napster, and Amazon.com sell unrestricted music in the MP3 format. | Beatport, Bleep and Juno records are examples of what kind of service? | {
"answer_start": [
87
],
"text": [
"authorized"
]
} |
57062f6975f01819005e7a5a | MP3 | Unauthorized MP3 file sharing continues on next-generation peer-to-peer networks. Some authorized services, such as Beatport, Bleep, Juno Records, eMusic, Zune Marketplace, Walmart.com, Rhapsody, the recording industry approved re-incarnation of Napster, and Amazon.com sell unrestricted music in the MP3 format. | What kind of music is sold by these companies? | {
"answer_start": [
275
],
"text": [
"unrestricted"
]
} |
57062f6975f01819005e7a5b | MP3 | Unauthorized MP3 file sharing continues on next-generation peer-to-peer networks. Some authorized services, such as Beatport, Bleep, Juno Records, eMusic, Zune Marketplace, Walmart.com, Rhapsody, the recording industry approved re-incarnation of Napster, and Amazon.com sell unrestricted music in the MP3 format. | Which format is used by the companies that sell the music legally? | {
"answer_start": [
301
],
"text": [
"MP3"
]
} |
5706300775f01819005e7a60 | MP3 | An MP3 file is made up of MP3 frames, which consist of a header and a data block. This sequence of frames is called an elementary stream. Due to the "byte reservoir", frames are not independent items and cannot usually be extracted on arbitrary frame boundaries. The MP3 Data blocks contain the (compressed) audio inform... | A header and data block together make up what? | {
"answer_start": [
26
],
"text": [
"MP3 frames"
]
} |
5706300775f01819005e7a61 | MP3 | An MP3 file is made up of MP3 frames, which consist of a header and a data block. This sequence of frames is called an elementary stream. Due to the "byte reservoir", frames are not independent items and cannot usually be extracted on arbitrary frame boundaries. The MP3 Data blocks contain the (compressed) audio inform... | What is a sequence of MP3 frames called? | {
"answer_start": [
119
],
"text": [
"elementary stream"
]
} |
5706300775f01819005e7a62 | MP3 | An MP3 file is made up of MP3 frames, which consist of a header and a data block. This sequence of frames is called an elementary stream. Due to the "byte reservoir", frames are not independent items and cannot usually be extracted on arbitrary frame boundaries. The MP3 Data blocks contain the (compressed) audio inform... | What is used to identify the begining of a valid frame of an MP3 header? | {
"answer_start": [
550
],
"text": [
"dard"
]
} |
5706300775f01819005e7a63 | MP3 | An MP3 file is made up of MP3 frames, which consist of a header and a data block. This sequence of frames is called an elementary stream. Due to the "byte reservoir", frames are not independent items and cannot usually be extracted on arbitrary frame boundaries. The MP3 Data blocks contain the (compressed) audio inform... | How many bits are needed to indicate that layer 3 is used? | {
"answer_start": [
559
],
"text": [
"two"
]
} |
5706300775f01819005e7a64 | MP3 | An MP3 file is made up of MP3 frames, which consist of a header and a data block. This sequence of frames is called an elementary stream. Due to the "byte reservoir", frames are not independent items and cannot usually be extracted on arbitrary frame boundaries. The MP3 Data blocks contain the (compressed) audio inform... | MP3 files today contain what kind of metadeta? | {
"answer_start": [
850
],
"text": [
"ID3"
]
} |
5706315b52bb891400689950 | MP3 | The MPEG-1 standard does not include a precise specification for an MP3 encoder, but does provide example psychoacoustic models, rate loop, and the like in the non-normative part of the original standard. At present, these suggested implementations are quite dated. Implementers of the standard were supposed to devise t... | Which standard does not include a specification for an MP3 encoder? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"MPEG-1"
]
} |
5706315b52bb891400689951 | MP3 | The MPEG-1 standard does not include a precise specification for an MP3 encoder, but does provide example psychoacoustic models, rate loop, and the like in the non-normative part of the original standard. At present, these suggested implementations are quite dated. Implementers of the standard were supposed to devise t... | Example psychoacoustic models and rate loops can be foundin which part of the original standard? | {
"answer_start": [
160
],
"text": [
"non-normative"
]
} |
5706315b52bb891400689952 | MP3 | The MPEG-1 standard does not include a precise specification for an MP3 encoder, but does provide example psychoacoustic models, rate loop, and the like in the non-normative part of the original standard. At present, these suggested implementations are quite dated. Implementers of the standard were supposed to devise t... | What were implementers of the standard supposed to devise? | {
"answer_start": [
319
],
"text": [
"their own algorithms"
]
} |
5706315b52bb891400689953 | MP3 | The MPEG-1 standard does not include a precise specification for an MP3 encoder, but does provide example psychoacoustic models, rate loop, and the like in the non-normative part of the original standard. At present, these suggested implementations are quite dated. Implementers of the standard were supposed to devise t... | It is easy for a prospective user of an encoder to research the best choice because of what factor? | {
"answer_start": [
514
],
"text": [
"Comparisons are widely available"
]
} |
5706315b52bb891400689954 | MP3 | The MPEG-1 standard does not include a precise specification for an MP3 encoder, but does provide example psychoacoustic models, rate loop, and the like in the non-normative part of the original standard. At present, these suggested implementations are quite dated. Implementers of the standard were supposed to devise t... | An encoder that is proficient at encoding at higher bit rates might be worse at what? | {
"answer_start": [
735
],
"text": [
"lower bit rates"
]
} |
5706324275f01819005e7a6a | MP3 | During encoding, 576 time-domain samples are taken and are transformed to 576 frequency-domain samples.[clarification needed] If there is a transient, 192 samples are taken instead of 576. This is done to limit the temporal spread of quantization noise accompanying the transient. (See psychoacoustics.) | How many domain samples are taken during encoding? | {
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"576"
]
} |
5706324275f01819005e7a6b | MP3 | During encoding, 576 time-domain samples are taken and are transformed to 576 frequency-domain samples.[clarification needed] If there is a transient, 192 samples are taken instead of 576. This is done to limit the temporal spread of quantization noise accompanying the transient. (See psychoacoustics.) | Domain samples are transformed into what? | {
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"frequency-domain samples"
]
} |
5706324275f01819005e7a6c | MP3 | During encoding, 576 time-domain samples are taken and are transformed to 576 frequency-domain samples.[clarification needed] If there is a transient, 192 samples are taken instead of 576. This is done to limit the temporal spread of quantization noise accompanying the transient. (See psychoacoustics.) | When are 192 samples taken instead of 576? | {
"answer_start": [
129
],
"text": [
"there is a transient"
]
} |
5706324275f01819005e7a6d | MP3 | During encoding, 576 time-domain samples are taken and are transformed to 576 frequency-domain samples.[clarification needed] If there is a transient, 192 samples are taken instead of 576. This is done to limit the temporal spread of quantization noise accompanying the transient. (See psychoacoustics.) | When 192 samples are taken instead of 576, it is done in an effort to limit what? | {
"answer_start": [
215
],
"text": [
"temporal spread"
]
} |
5706324275f01819005e7a6e | MP3 | During encoding, 576 time-domain samples are taken and are transformed to 576 frequency-domain samples.[clarification needed] If there is a transient, 192 samples are taken instead of 576. This is done to limit the temporal spread of quantization noise accompanying the transient. (See psychoacoustics.) | What accompanies a transient? | {
"answer_start": [
234
],
"text": [
"quantization noise"
]
} |
5706336875f01819005e7a86 | MP3 | Due to the tree structure of the filter bank, pre-echo problems are made worse, as the combined impulse response of the two filter banks does not, and cannot, provide an optimum solution in time/frequency resolution. Additionally, the combining of the two filter banks' outputs creates aliasing problems that must be han... | What kind of structure does a filter bank have? | {
"answer_start": [
11
],
"text": [
"tree"
]
} |
5706336875f01819005e7a87 | MP3 | Due to the tree structure of the filter bank, pre-echo problems are made worse, as the combined impulse response of the two filter banks does not, and cannot, provide an optimum solution in time/frequency resolution. Additionally, the combining of the two filter banks' outputs creates aliasing problems that must be han... | Due to a specific kind of structure, what kind of problems are made worse? | {
"answer_start": [
46
],
"text": [
"pre-echo problems"
]
} |
5706336875f01819005e7a88 | MP3 | Due to the tree structure of the filter bank, pre-echo problems are made worse, as the combined impulse response of the two filter banks does not, and cannot, provide an optimum solution in time/frequency resolution. Additionally, the combining of the two filter banks' outputs creates aliasing problems that must be han... | What kind of resolution are the filter banks unable to provide an optimal solution for? | {
"answer_start": [
190
],
"text": [
"time/frequency"
]
} |
5706336875f01819005e7a89 | MP3 | Due to the tree structure of the filter bank, pre-echo problems are made worse, as the combined impulse response of the two filter banks does not, and cannot, provide an optimum solution in time/frequency resolution. Additionally, the combining of the two filter banks' outputs creates aliasing problems that must be han... | Combining two filter banks' outputs creates what kind of problem? | {
"answer_start": [
286
],
"text": [
"aliasing"
]
} |
5706336875f01819005e7a8a | MP3 | Due to the tree structure of the filter bank, pre-echo problems are made worse, as the combined impulse response of the two filter banks does not, and cannot, provide an optimum solution in time/frequency resolution. Additionally, the combining of the two filter banks' outputs creates aliasing problems that must be han... | The need to code excess energy in the frequency domain decreases what kind of efficiency? | {
"answer_start": [
465
],
"text": [
"coding"
]
} |
5706347875f01819005e7a90 | MP3 | Decoding, on the other hand, is carefully defined in the standard. Most decoders are "bitstream compliant", which means that the decompressed output that they produce from a given MP3 file will be the same, within a specified degree of rounding tolerance, as the output specified mathematically in the ISO/IEC high stand... | What is carefully defined in the standard? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Decoding"
]
} |
5706347875f01819005e7a91 | MP3 | Decoding, on the other hand, is carefully defined in the standard. Most decoders are "bitstream compliant", which means that the decompressed output that they produce from a given MP3 file will be the same, within a specified degree of rounding tolerance, as the output specified mathematically in the ISO/IEC high stand... | What are most decoders? | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"bitstream compliant"
]
} |
5706347875f01819005e7a92 | MP3 | Decoding, on the other hand, is carefully defined in the standard. Most decoders are "bitstream compliant", which means that the decompressed output that they produce from a given MP3 file will be the same, within a specified degree of rounding tolerance, as the output specified mathematically in the ISO/IEC high stand... | The ISO/IEC high standard document states that the decompressed output produced from a given MP3 file will be the same within what standards? | {
"answer_start": [
216
],
"text": [
"specified degree of rounding tolerance"
]
} |
5706347875f01819005e7a93 | MP3 | Decoding, on the other hand, is carefully defined in the standard. Most decoders are "bitstream compliant", which means that the decompressed output that they produce from a given MP3 file will be the same, within a specified degree of rounding tolerance, as the output specified mathematically in the ISO/IEC high stand... | Decoders are usually compared by examining which factor? | {
"answer_start": [
410
],
"text": [
"computationally efficient"
]
} |
5706347875f01819005e7a94 | MP3 | Decoding, on the other hand, is carefully defined in the standard. Most decoders are "bitstream compliant", which means that the decompressed output that they produce from a given MP3 file will be the same, within a specified degree of rounding tolerance, as the output specified mathematically in the ISO/IEC high stand... | The efficiency of decoders is examined by seeing how much memory and what other process they use in the decoding process? | {
"answer_start": [
471
],
"text": [
"CPU time"
]
} |
570634ea75f01819005e7a9a | MP3 | Encoder / decoder overall delay is not defined, which means there is no official provision for gapless playback. However, some encoders such as LAME can attach additional metadata that will allow players that can handle it to deliver seamless playback. | What is there no official provision for? | {
"answer_start": [
95
],
"text": [
"gapless playback"
]
} |
570634ea75f01819005e7a9b | MP3 | Encoder / decoder overall delay is not defined, which means there is no official provision for gapless playback. However, some encoders such as LAME can attach additional metadata that will allow players that can handle it to deliver seamless playback. | What is an example of an encoder that can attach additional metadeta? | {
"answer_start": [
144
],
"text": [
"LAME"
]
} |
570634ea75f01819005e7a9c | MP3 | Encoder / decoder overall delay is not defined, which means there is no official provision for gapless playback. However, some encoders such as LAME can attach additional metadata that will allow players that can handle it to deliver seamless playback. | Adding additional metadata allows players to handle gapless playback and deliver what? | {
"answer_start": [
234
],
"text": [
"seamless playback"
]
} |
570634ea75f01819005e7a9d | MP3 | Encoder / decoder overall delay is not defined, which means there is no official provision for gapless playback. However, some encoders such as LAME can attach additional metadata that will allow players that can handle it to deliver seamless playback. | For encoders and decoders, what is not defined? | {
"answer_start": [
18
],
"text": [
"overall delay"
]
} |
5706371452bb89140068996e | MP3 | When performing lossy audio encoding, such as creating an MP3 file, there is a trade-off between the amount of space used and the sound quality of the result. Typically, the creator is allowed to set a bit rate, which specifies how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio. The higher the bit rate, the larger ... | A typical trade off when creating an MP3 file is between the amount of space used and what other factor? | {
"answer_start": [
130
],
"text": [
"sound quality of the result"
]
} |
5706371452bb89140068996f | MP3 | When performing lossy audio encoding, such as creating an MP3 file, there is a trade-off between the amount of space used and the sound quality of the result. Typically, the creator is allowed to set a bit rate, which specifies how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio. The higher the bit rate, the larger ... | What would an example of lossy audio encoding be? | {
"answer_start": [
46
],
"text": [
"creating an MP3 file"
]
} |
5706371452bb891400689970 | MP3 | When performing lossy audio encoding, such as creating an MP3 file, there is a trade-off between the amount of space used and the sound quality of the result. Typically, the creator is allowed to set a bit rate, which specifies how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio. The higher the bit rate, the larger ... | Who gets to set the bit rate for an MP3 file? | {
"answer_start": [
170
],
"text": [
"the creator"
]
} |
5706371452bb891400689971 | MP3 | When performing lossy audio encoding, such as creating an MP3 file, there is a trade-off between the amount of space used and the sound quality of the result. Typically, the creator is allowed to set a bit rate, which specifies how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio. The higher the bit rate, the larger ... | What does the bit rate of the file actually mean? | {
"answer_start": [
228
],
"text": [
"how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio"
]
} |
5706371452bb891400689972 | MP3 | When performing lossy audio encoding, such as creating an MP3 file, there is a trade-off between the amount of space used and the sound quality of the result. Typically, the creator is allowed to set a bit rate, which specifies how many kilobits the file may use per second of audio. The higher the bit rate, the larger ... | If the bit rate is higher, the size of the compressed file will be what? | {
"answer_start": [
313
],
"text": [
"larger"
]
} |
570637be52bb891400689978 | MP3 | With too low a bit rate, compression artifacts (i.e., sounds that were not present in the original recording) may be audible in the reproduction. Some audio is hard to compress because of its randomness and sharp attacks. When this type of audio is compressed, artifacts such as ringing or pre-echo are usually heard. A ... | If the bit rate is too low, what might be audible in the reproduction? | {
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"compression artifacts"
]
} |
570637be52bb891400689979 | MP3 | With too low a bit rate, compression artifacts (i.e., sounds that were not present in the original recording) may be audible in the reproduction. Some audio is hard to compress because of its randomness and sharp attacks. When this type of audio is compressed, artifacts such as ringing or pre-echo are usually heard. A ... | Sounds that were not in the original recording are referred to as what? | {
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"compression artifacts"
]
} |
570637be52bb89140068997a | MP3 | With too low a bit rate, compression artifacts (i.e., sounds that were not present in the original recording) may be audible in the reproduction. Some audio is hard to compress because of its randomness and sharp attacks. When this type of audio is compressed, artifacts such as ringing or pre-echo are usually heard. A ... | Randomness and sharp attacks are two reasons that may make it harder to to do what to an audio file? | {
"answer_start": [
168
],
"text": [
"compress"
]
} |
570637be52bb89140068997b | MP3 | With too low a bit rate, compression artifacts (i.e., sounds that were not present in the original recording) may be audible in the reproduction. Some audio is hard to compress because of its randomness and sharp attacks. When this type of audio is compressed, artifacts such as ringing or pre-echo are usually heard. A ... | Other than pre - echo, what is another example of what can happen when audio is compressed? | {
"answer_start": [
279
],
"text": [
"ringing"
]
} |
570637be52bb89140068997c | MP3 | With too low a bit rate, compression artifacts (i.e., sounds that were not present in the original recording) may be audible in the reproduction. Some audio is hard to compress because of its randomness and sharp attacks. When this type of audio is compressed, artifacts such as ringing or pre-echo are usually heard. A ... | What kind of sample can display a good example of compression artifacts? | {
"answer_start": [
318
],
"text": [
"A sample of applause"
]
} |
570638d652bb891400689982 | MP3 | Besides the bit rate of an encoded piece of audio, the quality of MP3 files also depends on the quality of the encoder itself, and the difficulty of the signal being encoded. As the MP3 standard allows quite a bit of freedom with encoding algorithms, different encoders may feature quite different quality, even with ide... | Other than the bit rate and the difficulty of the signal, what can also affect the quality of an MP3 file? | {
"answer_start": [
96
],
"text": [
"quality of the encoder"
]
} |
570638d652bb891400689983 | MP3 | Besides the bit rate of an encoded piece of audio, the quality of MP3 files also depends on the quality of the encoder itself, and the difficulty of the signal being encoded. As the MP3 standard allows quite a bit of freedom with encoding algorithms, different encoders may feature quite different quality, even with ide... | The MP3 standard allows encoders to have a lot of freedom with which aspect of encoding? | {
"answer_start": [
230
],
"text": [
"encoding algorithms"
]
} |
570638d652bb891400689984 | MP3 | Besides the bit rate of an encoded piece of audio, the quality of MP3 files also depends on the quality of the encoder itself, and the difficulty of the signal being encoded. As the MP3 standard allows quite a bit of freedom with encoding algorithms, different encoders may feature quite different quality, even with ide... | As a result of the freedom, different encoders can result in different quality even if which aspect of the file is the same? | {
"answer_start": [
327
],
"text": [
"bit rates"
]
} |
570638d652bb891400689985 | MP3 | Besides the bit rate of an encoded piece of audio, the quality of MP3 files also depends on the quality of the encoder itself, and the difficulty of the signal being encoded. As the MP3 standard allows quite a bit of freedom with encoding algorithms, different encoders may feature quite different quality, even with ide... | An example shown has a low range quality score of what value? | {
"answer_start": [
498
],
"text": [
"2.22"
]
} |
570638d652bb891400689986 | MP3 | Besides the bit rate of an encoded piece of audio, the quality of MP3 files also depends on the quality of the encoder itself, and the difficulty of the signal being encoded. As the MP3 standard allows quite a bit of freedom with encoding algorithms, different encoders may feature quite different quality, even with ide... | To compare qualities, sound files are evaluated on a scale that ranges from 1 to what? | {
"answer_start": [
461
],
"text": [
"5"
]
} |
57063bc552bb891400689996 | MP3 | The simplest type of MP3 file uses one bit rate for the entire file: this is known as Constant Bit Rate (CBR) encoding. Using a constant bit rate makes encoding simpler and faster. However, it is also possible to create files where the bit rate changes throughout the file. These are known as Variable Bit Rate (VBR) fil... | How many bit rates does the simplest type of MP3 file use? | {
"answer_start": [
35
],
"text": [
"one"
]
} |
57063bc552bb891400689997 | MP3 | The simplest type of MP3 file uses one bit rate for the entire file: this is known as Constant Bit Rate (CBR) encoding. Using a constant bit rate makes encoding simpler and faster. However, it is also possible to create files where the bit rate changes throughout the file. These are known as Variable Bit Rate (VBR) fil... | What does CBR stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"Constant Bit Rate"
]
} |
57063bc552bb891400689998 | MP3 | The simplest type of MP3 file uses one bit rate for the entire file: this is known as Constant Bit Rate (CBR) encoding. Using a constant bit rate makes encoding simpler and faster. However, it is also possible to create files where the bit rate changes throughout the file. These are known as Variable Bit Rate (VBR) fil... | What does VBR stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
293
],
"text": [
"Variable Bit Rate"
]
} |
57063bc552bb891400689999 | MP3 | The simplest type of MP3 file uses one bit rate for the entire file: this is known as Constant Bit Rate (CBR) encoding. Using a constant bit rate makes encoding simpler and faster. However, it is also possible to create files where the bit rate changes throughout the file. These are known as Variable Bit Rate (VBR) fil... | Aside from silence, which sections of music highlight parts that are easier to compress? | {
"answer_start": [
440
],
"text": [
"music containing only a few instruments"
]
} |
57063bc552bb89140068999a | MP3 | The simplest type of MP3 file uses one bit rate for the entire file: this is known as Constant Bit Rate (CBR) encoding. Using a constant bit rate makes encoding simpler and faster. However, it is also possible to create files where the bit rate changes throughout the file. These are known as Variable Bit Rate (VBR) fil... | What value do users need to know when encoding their music to help avoid them having to do tests on each piece of music? | {
"answer_start": [
828
],
"text": [
"quality setting"
]
} |
57063c3e75f01819005e7aac | MP3 | Perceived quality can be influenced by listening environment (ambient noise), listener attention, and listener training and in most cases by listener audio equipment (such as sound cards, speakers and headphones). | A listening environment is also know by which term? | {
"answer_start": [
62
],
"text": [
"ambient noise"
]
} |
57063c3e75f01819005e7aad | MP3 | Perceived quality can be influenced by listening environment (ambient noise), listener attention, and listener training and in most cases by listener audio equipment (such as sound cards, speakers and headphones). | Other than speakers and headphones, what other piece of equipment affects the listener's perceived quality? | {
"answer_start": [
175
],
"text": [
"sound cards"
]
} |
57063c3e75f01819005e7aae | MP3 | Perceived quality can be influenced by listening environment (ambient noise), listener attention, and listener training and in most cases by listener audio equipment (such as sound cards, speakers and headphones). | Listening environment, listener attention, listener training and listener audio equipment can all affect what kind of quality? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Perceived quality"
]
} |
57063cb452bb8914006899a0 | MP3 | A test given to new students by Stanford University Music Professor Jonathan Berger showed that student preference for MP3-quality music has risen each year. Berger said the students seem to prefer the 'sizzle' sounds that MP3s bring to music. | Who gave students a test to determine their preferences? | {
"answer_start": [
52
],
"text": [
"Music Professor Jonathan Berger"
]
} |
57063cb452bb8914006899a1 | MP3 | A test given to new students by Stanford University Music Professor Jonathan Berger showed that student preference for MP3-quality music has risen each year. Berger said the students seem to prefer the 'sizzle' sounds that MP3s bring to music. | Where was a test performed to collect data on student preference for MP3 quality? | {
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"Stanford University"
]
} |
57063cb452bb8914006899a2 | MP3 | A test given to new students by Stanford University Music Professor Jonathan Berger showed that student preference for MP3-quality music has risen each year. Berger said the students seem to prefer the 'sizzle' sounds that MP3s bring to music. | Data showed that students' preference for MP3 quality music followed which trend? | {
"answer_start": [
141
],
"text": [
"risen each year"
]
} |
57063cb452bb8914006899a3 | MP3 | A test given to new students by Stanford University Music Professor Jonathan Berger showed that student preference for MP3-quality music has risen each year. Berger said the students seem to prefer the 'sizzle' sounds that MP3s bring to music. | What kind of sound did students seem to prefer? | {
"answer_start": [
203
],
"text": [
"sizzle"
]
} |
57063d8652bb8914006899a8 | MP3 | An in-depth study of MP3 audio quality, sound artist and composer Ryan Maguire's project "The Ghost in the MP3" isolates the sounds lost during MP3 compression. In 2015, he released the track "moDernisT" (an anagram of "Tom's Diner"), composed exclusively from the sounds deleted during MP3 compression of the song "Tom'... | What is the name of the study done by composer Ryan Maguire? | {
"answer_start": [
90
],
"text": [
"The Ghost in the MP3"
]
} |
57063d8652bb8914006899a9 | MP3 | An in-depth study of MP3 audio quality, sound artist and composer Ryan Maguire's project "The Ghost in the MP3" isolates the sounds lost during MP3 compression. In 2015, he released the track "moDernisT" (an anagram of "Tom's Diner"), composed exclusively from the sounds deleted during MP3 compression of the song "Tom'... | What did the study aim to isolate? | {
"answer_start": [
125
],
"text": [
"sounds lost during MP3 compression"
]
} |
57063d8652bb8914006899aa | MP3 | An in-depth study of MP3 audio quality, sound artist and composer Ryan Maguire's project "The Ghost in the MP3" isolates the sounds lost during MP3 compression. In 2015, he released the track "moDernisT" (an anagram of "Tom's Diner"), composed exclusively from the sounds deleted during MP3 compression of the song "Tom'... | What is the track "moDernisT" an anagram of? | {
"answer_start": [
220
],
"text": [
"Tom's Diner"
]
} |
57063d8652bb8914006899ab | MP3 | An in-depth study of MP3 audio quality, sound artist and composer Ryan Maguire's project "The Ghost in the MP3" isolates the sounds lost during MP3 compression. In 2015, he released the track "moDernisT" (an anagram of "Tom's Diner"), composed exclusively from the sounds deleted during MP3 compression of the song "Tom'... | Where was an account of the study published? | {
"answer_start": [
591
],
"text": [
"International Computer Music Conference"
]
} |
57063d8652bb8914006899ac | MP3 | An in-depth study of MP3 audio quality, sound artist and composer Ryan Maguire's project "The Ghost in the MP3" isolates the sounds lost during MP3 compression. In 2015, he released the track "moDernisT" (an anagram of "Tom's Diner"), composed exclusively from the sounds deleted during MP3 compression of the song "Tom'... | Which year was the study published? | {
"answer_start": [
567
],
"text": [
"2014"
]
} |
57063fcb52bb8914006899b2 | MP3 | Several bit rates are specified in the MPEG-1 Audio Layer III standard: 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 and 320 kbit/s, with available sampling frequencies of 32, 44.1 and 48 kHz. MPEG-2 Audio Layer III allows bit rates of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160 kbit/s with sa... | What is the name of the sampling theorem? | {
"answer_start": [
543
],
"text": [
"Nyquist–Shannon"
]
} |
57063fcb52bb8914006899b3 | MP3 | Several bit rates are specified in the MPEG-1 Audio Layer III standard: 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 and 320 kbit/s, with available sampling frequencies of 32, 44.1 and 48 kHz. MPEG-2 Audio Layer III allows bit rates of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160 kbit/s with sa... | In relation to the sampling frequency, the frequency reproduction is strictly how much less? | {
"answer_start": [
619
],
"text": [
"less than half"
]
} |
57063fcb52bb8914006899b5 | MP3 | Several bit rates are specified in the MPEG-1 Audio Layer III standard: 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 and 320 kbit/s, with available sampling frequencies of 32, 44.1 and 48 kHz. MPEG-2 Audio Layer III allows bit rates of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160 kbit/s with sa... | Having an 8 kHz sampling rate would limit the maximum frequency to how much? | {
"answer_start": [
815
],
"text": [
"4 kHz"
]
} |
57063fcb52bb8914006899b4 | MP3 | Several bit rates are specified in the MPEG-1 Audio Layer III standard: 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 and 320 kbit/s, with available sampling frequencies of 32, 44.1 and 48 kHz. MPEG-2 Audio Layer III allows bit rates of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160 kbit/s with sa... | What kind of filter requires a larger margin for error? | {
"answer_start": [
665
],
"text": [
"imperfect filters"
]
} |
57063fcb52bb8914006899b6 | MP3 | Several bit rates are specified in the MPEG-1 Audio Layer III standard: 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 and 320 kbit/s, with available sampling frequencies of 32, 44.1 and 48 kHz. MPEG-2 Audio Layer III allows bit rates of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, 160 kbit/s with sa... | A sound reproduction of 24 kHz would represent which value of a maximum sampling rate? | {
"answer_start": [
828
],
"text": [
"48"
]
} |
570640a275f01819005e7ac6 | MP3 | A sample rate of 44.1 kHz is almost always used, because this is also used for CD audio, the main source used for creating MP3 files. A greater variety of bit rates are used on the Internet. The rate of 128 kbit/s is commonly used, at a compression ratio of 11:1, offering adequate audio quality in a relatively small sp... | What sampling rate is used for CD audio? | {
"answer_start": [
17
],
"text": [
"44.1 kHz"
]
} |
570640a275f01819005e7ac7 | MP3 | A sample rate of 44.1 kHz is almost always used, because this is also used for CD audio, the main source used for creating MP3 files. A greater variety of bit rates are used on the Internet. The rate of 128 kbit/s is commonly used, at a compression ratio of 11:1, offering adequate audio quality in a relatively small sp... | What is the main source used for creating MP3 files? | {
"answer_start": [
79
],
"text": [
"CD audio"
]
} |
570640a275f01819005e7ac8 | MP3 | A sample rate of 44.1 kHz is almost always used, because this is also used for CD audio, the main source used for creating MP3 files. A greater variety of bit rates are used on the Internet. The rate of 128 kbit/s is commonly used, at a compression ratio of 11:1, offering adequate audio quality in a relatively small sp... | Where can one find a greater variety of bit rates? | {
"answer_start": [
177
],
"text": [
"the Internet"
]
} |
570640a275f01819005e7ac9 | MP3 | A sample rate of 44.1 kHz is almost always used, because this is also used for CD audio, the main source used for creating MP3 files. A greater variety of bit rates are used on the Internet. The rate of 128 kbit/s is commonly used, at a compression ratio of 11:1, offering adequate audio quality in a relatively small sp... | The common bit rate on the internet is 128 kbit/s using which compression ratio? | {
"answer_start": [
258
],
"text": [
"11:1"
]
} |
570640a275f01819005e7aca | MP3 | A sample rate of 44.1 kHz is almost always used, because this is also used for CD audio, the main source used for creating MP3 files. A greater variety of bit rates are used on the Internet. The rate of 128 kbit/s is commonly used, at a compression ratio of 11:1, offering adequate audio quality in a relatively small sp... | As technology advances, what is another higher bit rate that is beginning to spread? | {
"answer_start": [
420
],
"text": [
"320 kbit/s"
]
} |
5706414c75f01819005e7ad0 | MP3 | Uncompressed audio as stored on an audio-CD has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s, (16 bit/sample × 44100 samples/second × 2 channels / 1000 bits/kilobit), so the bitrates 128, 160 and 192 kbit/s represent compression ratios of approximately 11:1, 9:1 and 7:1 respectively. | What is stored on an audio-CD that has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Uncompressed audio"
]
} |
5706414c75f01819005e7ad1 | MP3 | Uncompressed audio as stored on an audio-CD has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s, (16 bit/sample × 44100 samples/second × 2 channels / 1000 bits/kilobit), so the bitrates 128, 160 and 192 kbit/s represent compression ratios of approximately 11:1, 9:1 and 7:1 respectively. | What does a bit rate of 128 represent in terms of compression ratio? | {
"answer_start": [
237
],
"text": [
"11:1"
]
} |
5706414c75f01819005e7ad2 | MP3 | Uncompressed audio as stored on an audio-CD has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s, (16 bit/sample × 44100 samples/second × 2 channels / 1000 bits/kilobit), so the bitrates 128, 160 and 192 kbit/s represent compression ratios of approximately 11:1, 9:1 and 7:1 respectively. | What would a bit rate of 160 correspond to in terms of compression ratio? | {
"answer_start": [
243
],
"text": [
"9:1"
]
} |
5706414c75f01819005e7ad3 | MP3 | Uncompressed audio as stored on an audio-CD has a bit rate of 1,411.2 kbit/s, (16 bit/sample × 44100 samples/second × 2 channels / 1000 bits/kilobit), so the bitrates 128, 160 and 192 kbit/s represent compression ratios of approximately 11:1, 9:1 and 7:1 respectively. | What would a bit rate of 192 kbit/s have for a compression ratio? | {
"answer_start": [
251
],
"text": [
"7:1"
]
} |
570641f775f01819005e7ad9 | MP3 | Non-standard bit rates up to 640 kbit/s can be achieved with the LAME encoder and the freeformat option, although few MP3 players can play those files. According to the ISO standard, decoders are only required to be able to decode streams up to 320 kbit/s. | The LAME encoder allows bit rates that are what? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Non-standard"
]
} |
570641f775f01819005e7ada | MP3 | Non-standard bit rates up to 640 kbit/s can be achieved with the LAME encoder and the freeformat option, although few MP3 players can play those files. According to the ISO standard, decoders are only required to be able to decode streams up to 320 kbit/s. | Even though few MP3 players can play it, LAME also offers which option? | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"freeformat"
]
} |
570641f775f01819005e7ad8 | MP3 | Non-standard bit rates up to 640 kbit/s can be achieved with the LAME encoder and the freeformat option, although few MP3 players can play those files. According to the ISO standard, decoders are only required to be able to decode streams up to 320 kbit/s. | What is the highest bit rate the LAME encoder allows? | {
"answer_start": [
29
],
"text": [
"640 kbit/s"
]
} |
570641f775f01819005e7adb | MP3 | Non-standard bit rates up to 640 kbit/s can be achieved with the LAME encoder and the freeformat option, although few MP3 players can play those files. According to the ISO standard, decoders are only required to be able to decode streams up to 320 kbit/s. | The ISO standard dictates that decoders only need to be able to decode streams that have how high of a bit rate? | {
"answer_start": [
245
],
"text": [
"320"
]
} |
5706443e75f01819005e7ae0 | MP3 | Early MPEG Layer III encoders used what is now called Constant Bit Rate (CBR). The software was only able to use a uniform bitrate on all frames in an MP3 file. Later more sophisticated MP3 encoders were able to use the bit reservoir to target an average bit rate selecting the encoding rate for each frame based on the ... | What does the term CBR mean? | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"Constant Bit Rate"
]
} |
5706443e75f01819005e7ae1 | MP3 | Early MPEG Layer III encoders used what is now called Constant Bit Rate (CBR). The software was only able to use a uniform bitrate on all frames in an MP3 file. Later more sophisticated MP3 encoders were able to use the bit reservoir to target an average bit rate selecting the encoding rate for each frame based on the ... | Which early MPEG layer used CBR? | {
"answer_start": [
11
],
"text": [
"Layer III"
]
} |
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