id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5706443e75f01819005e7ae2 | MP3 | Early MPEG Layer III encoders used what is now called Constant Bit Rate (CBR). The software was only able to use a uniform bitrate on all frames in an MP3 file. Later more sophisticated MP3 encoders were able to use the bit reservoir to target an average bit rate selecting the encoding rate for each frame based on the ... | The early software was restricted to which kind of bitrate? | {
"answer_start": [
115
],
"text": [
"uniform"
]
} |
5706443e75f01819005e7ae3 | MP3 | Early MPEG Layer III encoders used what is now called Constant Bit Rate (CBR). The software was only able to use a uniform bitrate on all frames in an MP3 file. Later more sophisticated MP3 encoders were able to use the bit reservoir to target an average bit rate selecting the encoding rate for each frame based on the ... | What did more sophisticated MP3 encoders use to target an average bit rate? | {
"answer_start": [
220
],
"text": [
"bit reservoir"
]
} |
5706443e75f01819005e7ae4 | MP3 | Early MPEG Layer III encoders used what is now called Constant Bit Rate (CBR). The software was only able to use a uniform bitrate on all frames in an MP3 file. Later more sophisticated MP3 encoders were able to use the bit reservoir to target an average bit rate selecting the encoding rate for each frame based on the ... | What did encoders base the encoding rate for each frame on? | {
"answer_start": [
316
],
"text": [
"the complexity of the sound"
]
} |
5706457d75f01819005e7aea | MP3 | A more sophisticated MP3 encoder can produce variable bitrate audio. MPEG audio may use bitrate switching on a per-frame basis, but only layer III decoders must support it. VBR is used when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality. The final file size of a VBR encoding is less predictable than with constant bitr... | What kind of audio can a sophisticated MP3 encoder produce? | {
"answer_start": [
45
],
"text": [
"variable bitrate audio"
]
} |
5706457d75f01819005e7aeb | MP3 | A more sophisticated MP3 encoder can produce variable bitrate audio. MPEG audio may use bitrate switching on a per-frame basis, but only layer III decoders must support it. VBR is used when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality. The final file size of a VBR encoding is less predictable than with constant bitr... | Which type of decoder must support bitrate switching on a per-frame basis? | {
"answer_start": [
137
],
"text": [
"layer III"
]
} |
5706457d75f01819005e7aec | MP3 | A more sophisticated MP3 encoder can produce variable bitrate audio. MPEG audio may use bitrate switching on a per-frame basis, but only layer III decoders must support it. VBR is used when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality. The final file size of a VBR encoding is less predictable than with constant bitr... | What do encoders use when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality? | {
"answer_start": [
264
],
"text": [
"VBR"
]
} |
5706457d75f01819005e7aed | MP3 | A more sophisticated MP3 encoder can produce variable bitrate audio. MPEG audio may use bitrate switching on a per-frame basis, but only layer III decoders must support it. VBR is used when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality. The final file size of a VBR encoding is less predictable than with constant bitr... | Using VBR instead of a constant bit rate encoding makes which part of encoding less predictable? | {
"answer_start": [
243
],
"text": [
"final file size"
]
} |
5706457d75f01819005e7aee | MP3 | A more sophisticated MP3 encoder can produce variable bitrate audio. MPEG audio may use bitrate switching on a per-frame basis, but only layer III decoders must support it. VBR is used when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality. The final file size of a VBR encoding is less predictable than with constant bitr... | An average bit rate is used when who choses an average value for the encoder to use? | {
"answer_start": [
513
],
"text": [
"the user"
]
} |
570646b852bb8914006899bc | MP3 | Layer III audio can also use a "bit reservoir", a partially full frame's ability to hold part of the next frame's audio data, allowing temporary changes in effective bitrate, even in a constant bitrate stream. Internal handling of the bit reservoir increases encoding delay.[citation needed] | A partially full frame's ability to have part of the next frame's audio data is referred to as what? | {
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"bit reservoir"
]
} |
570646b852bb8914006899bd | MP3 | Layer III audio can also use a "bit reservoir", a partially full frame's ability to hold part of the next frame's audio data, allowing temporary changes in effective bitrate, even in a constant bitrate stream. Internal handling of the bit reservoir increases encoding delay.[citation needed] | What kind of audio is required to use a bit reservoir? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Layer III"
]
} |
570646b852bb8914006899bf | MP3 | Layer III audio can also use a "bit reservoir", a partially full frame's ability to hold part of the next frame's audio data, allowing temporary changes in effective bitrate, even in a constant bitrate stream. Internal handling of the bit reservoir increases encoding delay.[citation needed] | What is a possible result of handling the bit reservoir? | {
"answer_start": [
259
],
"text": [
"encoding delay"
]
} |
570646b852bb8914006899be | MP3 | Layer III audio can also use a "bit reservoir", a partially full frame's ability to hold part of the next frame's audio data, allowing temporary changes in effective bitrate, even in a constant bitrate stream. Internal handling of the bit reservoir increases encoding delay.[citation needed] | A bit reservoir allows for what kind of changes in effective bit rate? | {
"answer_start": [
135
],
"text": [
"temporary"
]
} |
570646b852bb8914006899c0 | MP3 | Layer III audio can also use a "bit reservoir", a partially full frame's ability to hold part of the next frame's audio data, allowing temporary changes in effective bitrate, even in a constant bitrate stream. Internal handling of the bit reservoir increases encoding delay.[citation needed] | A large benefit of a bit reservoir is that you can use it even while encoding what kind of stream? | {
"answer_start": [
185
],
"text": [
"constant bitrate"
]
} |
5706493c52bb8914006899c6 | MP3 | There is no scale factor band 21 (sfb21) for frequencies above approx 16 kHz, forcing the encoder to choose between less accurate representation in band 21 or less efficient storage in all bands below band 21, the latter resulting in wasted bitrate in VBR encoding. | What can scale factor band 21 be shortened to? | {
"answer_start": [
34
],
"text": [
"sfb21"
]
} |
5706493c52bb8914006899c7 | MP3 | There is no scale factor band 21 (sfb21) for frequencies above approx 16 kHz, forcing the encoder to choose between less accurate representation in band 21 or less efficient storage in all bands below band 21, the latter resulting in wasted bitrate in VBR encoding. | What is the maximum frequency that scale factor band 21 can go up to? | {
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"16 kHz"
]
} |
5706493c52bb8914006899c8 | MP3 | There is no scale factor band 21 (sfb21) for frequencies above approx 16 kHz, forcing the encoder to choose between less accurate representation in band 21 or less efficient storage in all bands below band 21, the latter resulting in wasted bitrate in VBR encoding. | The encoder has to choose between less acurate representation in band 21 or which factor in all bands below band 21? | {
"answer_start": [
159
],
"text": [
"less efficient storage"
]
} |
5706493c52bb8914006899c9 | MP3 | There is no scale factor band 21 (sfb21) for frequencies above approx 16 kHz, forcing the encoder to choose between less accurate representation in band 21 or less efficient storage in all bands below band 21, the latter resulting in wasted bitrate in VBR encoding. | What does less efficient storage result in for VBR encoding? | {
"answer_start": [
234
],
"text": [
"wasted bitrate"
]
} |
57064bd375f01819005e7b12 | MP3 | A "tag" in an audio file is a section of the file that contains metadata such as the title, artist, album, track number or other information about the file's contents. The MP3 standards do not define tag formats for MP3 files, nor is there a standard container format that would support metadata and obviate the need for... | What is a section of a file that contains metadeta referred to as? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"tag"
]
} |
57064bd375f01819005e7b13 | MP3 | A "tag" in an audio file is a section of the file that contains metadata such as the title, artist, album, track number or other information about the file's contents. The MP3 standards do not define tag formats for MP3 files, nor is there a standard container format that would support metadata and obviate the need for... | What else can metadeta contain other than the title, artist or track number? | {
"answer_start": [
100
],
"text": [
"album"
]
} |
57064bd375f01819005e7b14 | MP3 | A "tag" in an audio file is a section of the file that contains metadata such as the title, artist, album, track number or other information about the file's contents. The MP3 standards do not define tag formats for MP3 files, nor is there a standard container format that would support metadata and obviate the need for... | What do MP3 standards not define? | {
"answer_start": [
200
],
"text": [
"tag formats for MP3 files"
]
} |
57064bd375f01819005e7b15 | MP3 | A "tag" in an audio file is a section of the file that contains metadata such as the title, artist, album, track number or other information about the file's contents. The MP3 standards do not define tag formats for MP3 files, nor is there a standard container format that would support metadata and obviate the need for... | What would be needed to support metadata and obviate the need for tags? | {
"answer_start": [
240
],
"text": [
"a standard container format"
]
} |
57064d5075f01819005e7b2a | MP3 | However, several de facto standards for tag formats exist. As of 2010, the most widespread are ID3v1 and ID3v2, and the more recently introduced APEv2. These tags are normally embedded at the beginning or end of MP3 files, separate from the actual MP3 frame data. MP3 decoders either extract information from the tags, o... | Other than the ID3v1, which similar standard format for tag exists? | {
"answer_start": [
105
],
"text": [
"ID3v2"
]
} |
57064d5075f01819005e7b2b | MP3 | However, several de facto standards for tag formats exist. As of 2010, the most widespread are ID3v1 and ID3v2, and the more recently introduced APEv2. These tags are normally embedded at the beginning or end of MP3 files, separate from the actual MP3 frame data. MP3 decoders either extract information from the tags, o... | What is the most recently introduced standard for tag formatting? | {
"answer_start": [
145
],
"text": [
"APEv2"
]
} |
57064d5075f01819005e7b2c | MP3 | However, several de facto standards for tag formats exist. As of 2010, the most widespread are ID3v1 and ID3v2, and the more recently introduced APEv2. These tags are normally embedded at the beginning or end of MP3 files, separate from the actual MP3 frame data. MP3 decoders either extract information from the tags, o... | What is the second place in a file that tags are normally stored, with the first being at the beginning? | {
"answer_start": [
205
],
"text": [
"end"
]
} |
57064d5075f01819005e7b2d | MP3 | However, several de facto standards for tag formats exist. As of 2010, the most widespread are ID3v1 and ID3v2, and the more recently introduced APEv2. These tags are normally embedded at the beginning or end of MP3 files, separate from the actual MP3 frame data. MP3 decoders either extract information from the tags, o... | What is important to note about where the tags are stored? | {
"answer_start": [
223
],
"text": [
"separate from the actual MP3 frame data"
]
} |
57064d5075f01819005e7b2e | MP3 | However, several de facto standards for tag formats exist. As of 2010, the most widespread are ID3v1 and ID3v2, and the more recently introduced APEv2. These tags are normally embedded at the beginning or end of MP3 files, separate from the actual MP3 frame data. MP3 decoders either extract information from the tags, o... | If the MP3 decoders do not extract information from the tags, what do they do to them? | {
"answer_start": [
327
],
"text": [
"treat them as ignorable, non-MP3 junk data"
]
} |
57064fcc75f01819005e7b34 | MP3 | ReplayGain is a standard for measuring and storing the loudness of an MP3 file (audio normalization) in its metadata tag, enabling a ReplayGain-compliant player to automatically adjust the overall playback volume for each file. MP3Gain may be used to reversibly modify files based on ReplayGain measurements so that adju... | What is the name given to the standard for measure and storing the loudness of an MP3 file? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"ReplayGain"
]
} |
57064fcc75f01819005e7b35 | MP3 | ReplayGain is a standard for measuring and storing the loudness of an MP3 file (audio normalization) in its metadata tag, enabling a ReplayGain-compliant player to automatically adjust the overall playback volume for each file. MP3Gain may be used to reversibly modify files based on ReplayGain measurements so that adju... | What is measuring and storing loudness of an MP3 file also known as? | {
"answer_start": [
80
],
"text": [
"audio normalization"
]
} |
57064fcc75f01819005e7b36 | MP3 | ReplayGain is a standard for measuring and storing the loudness of an MP3 file (audio normalization) in its metadata tag, enabling a ReplayGain-compliant player to automatically adjust the overall playback volume for each file. MP3Gain may be used to reversibly modify files based on ReplayGain measurements so that adju... | What does the standard ReplayGain allow a player to automatically adjust? | {
"answer_start": [
185
],
"text": [
"the overall playback volume"
]
} |
57064fcc75f01819005e7b37 | MP3 | ReplayGain is a standard for measuring and storing the loudness of an MP3 file (audio normalization) in its metadata tag, enabling a ReplayGain-compliant player to automatically adjust the overall playback volume for each file. MP3Gain may be used to reversibly modify files based on ReplayGain measurements so that adju... | What program can be used to modify files based on ReplayGain measurements? | {
"answer_start": [
228
],
"text": [
"MP3Gain"
]
} |
57064fcc75f01819005e7b38 | MP3 | ReplayGain is a standard for measuring and storing the loudness of an MP3 file (audio normalization) in its metadata tag, enabling a ReplayGain-compliant player to automatically adjust the overall playback volume for each file. MP3Gain may be used to reversibly modify files based on ReplayGain measurements so that adju... | MP3Gain is important because it allows players without what capability to have adjusted playback? | {
"answer_start": [
369
],
"text": [
"ReplayGain capability"
]
} |
5706520375f01819005e7b3e | MP3 | The basic MP3 decoding and encoding technology is patent-free in the European Union, all patents having expired there. In the United States, the technology will be substantially patent-free on 31 December 2017 (see below). The majority of MP3 patents expired in the US between 2007 and 2015. | Where is the basic MP3 decoding and technology patent free? | {
"answer_start": [
69
],
"text": [
"European Union"
]
} |
5706520375f01819005e7b3f | MP3 | The basic MP3 decoding and encoding technology is patent-free in the European Union, all patents having expired there. In the United States, the technology will be substantially patent-free on 31 December 2017 (see below). The majority of MP3 patents expired in the US between 2007 and 2015. | What happened to the patents that caused them to be patent-free? | {
"answer_start": [
104
],
"text": [
"expired"
]
} |
5706520375f01819005e7b40 | MP3 | The basic MP3 decoding and encoding technology is patent-free in the European Union, all patents having expired there. In the United States, the technology will be substantially patent-free on 31 December 2017 (see below). The majority of MP3 patents expired in the US between 2007 and 2015. | When will the technology be patent - free in the United States? | {
"answer_start": [
193
],
"text": [
"31 December 2017"
]
} |
5706520375f01819005e7b41 | MP3 | The basic MP3 decoding and encoding technology is patent-free in the European Union, all patents having expired there. In the United States, the technology will be substantially patent-free on 31 December 2017 (see below). The majority of MP3 patents expired in the US between 2007 and 2015. | Between which years did most of the MP3 patents in the US expire? | {
"answer_start": [
277
],
"text": [
"2007 and 2015"
]
} |
5706534d75f01819005e7b50 | MP3 | In the past, many organizations have claimed ownership of patents related to MP3 decoding or encoding. These claims led to a number of legal threats and actions from a variety of sources. As a result, uncertainty about which patents must be licensed in order to create MP3 products without committing patent infringement... | What has many organizations claiming ownership of patents related to aspects of MP3 led to? | {
"answer_start": [
135
],
"text": [
"legal threats"
]
} |
5706534d75f01819005e7b51 | MP3 | In the past, many organizations have claimed ownership of patents related to MP3 decoding or encoding. These claims led to a number of legal threats and actions from a variety of sources. As a result, uncertainty about which patents must be licensed in order to create MP3 products without committing patent infringement... | Legal threats and confusion made it difficult to ensure what about patents regarding MP3 products? | {
"answer_start": [
219
],
"text": [
"which patents must be licensed"
]
} |
5706534d75f01819005e7b52 | MP3 | In the past, many organizations have claimed ownership of patents related to MP3 decoding or encoding. These claims led to a number of legal threats and actions from a variety of sources. As a result, uncertainty about which patents must be licensed in order to create MP3 products without committing patent infringement... | What was the danger of not correctly patenting products? | {
"answer_start": [
301
],
"text": [
"patent infringement"
]
} |
5706534d75f01819005e7b53 | MP3 | In the past, many organizations have claimed ownership of patents related to MP3 decoding or encoding. These claims led to a number of legal threats and actions from a variety of sources. As a result, uncertainty about which patents must be licensed in order to create MP3 products without committing patent infringement... | At what stage of the technology were these problems prevalent? | {
"answer_start": [
390
],
"text": [
"early stages"
]
} |
570654ef75f01819005e7b58 | MP3 | The initial near-complete MPEG-1 standard (parts 1, 2 and 3) was publicly available on 6 December 1991 as ISO CD 11172. In most countries, patents cannot be filed after prior art has been made public, and patents expire 20 years after the initial filing date, which can be up to 12 months later for filings in other coun... | What became publicly available on 6 December 1991? | {
"answer_start": [
26
],
"text": [
"MPEG-1 standard"
]
} |
570654ef75f01819005e7b59 | MP3 | The initial near-complete MPEG-1 standard (parts 1, 2 and 3) was publicly available on 6 December 1991 as ISO CD 11172. In most countries, patents cannot be filed after prior art has been made public, and patents expire 20 years after the initial filing date, which can be up to 12 months later for filings in other coun... | When can patents not be filed in most countries? | {
"answer_start": [
163
],
"text": [
"after prior art has been made public"
]
} |
570654ef75f01819005e7b5a | MP3 | The initial near-complete MPEG-1 standard (parts 1, 2 and 3) was publicly available on 6 December 1991 as ISO CD 11172. In most countries, patents cannot be filed after prior art has been made public, and patents expire 20 years after the initial filing date, which can be up to 12 months later for filings in other coun... | How long does it take for patents to expire after being filed? | {
"answer_start": [
220
],
"text": [
"20 years"
]
} |
570654ef75f01819005e7b5b | MP3 | The initial near-complete MPEG-1 standard (parts 1, 2 and 3) was publicly available on 6 December 1991 as ISO CD 11172. In most countries, patents cannot be filed after prior art has been made public, and patents expire 20 years after the initial filing date, which can be up to 12 months later for filings in other coun... | How long can it take for patents to be approved after initially being filed? | {
"answer_start": [
279
],
"text": [
"12 months"
]
} |
570654ef75f01819005e7b5c | MP3 | The initial near-complete MPEG-1 standard (parts 1, 2 and 3) was publicly available on 6 December 1991 as ISO CD 11172. In most countries, patents cannot be filed after prior art has been made public, and patents expire 20 years after the initial filing date, which can be up to 12 months later for filings in other coun... | When did patents required to implement MP3 expire in most countries? | {
"answer_start": [
403
],
"text": [
"December 2012"
]
} |
5706565675f01819005e7b62 | MP3 | An exception is the United States, where patents filed prior to 8 June 1995 expire 17 years after the publication date of the patent, but application extensions make it possible for a patent to issue much later than normally expected (see submarine patents). The various MP3-related patents expire on dates ranging from ... | How long does it take for patents to expire in the United States? | {
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"17 years after the publication date"
]
} |
5706565675f01819005e7b63 | MP3 | An exception is the United States, where patents filed prior to 8 June 1995 expire 17 years after the publication date of the patent, but application extensions make it possible for a patent to issue much later than normally expected (see submarine patents). The various MP3-related patents expire on dates ranging from ... | A patent issue much later than normally expected can be referred to as what? | {
"answer_start": [
239
],
"text": [
"submarine patents"
]
} |
5706565675f01819005e7b64 | MP3 | An exception is the United States, where patents filed prior to 8 June 1995 expire 17 years after the publication date of the patent, but application extensions make it possible for a patent to issue much later than normally expected (see submarine patents). The various MP3-related patents expire on dates ranging from ... | What year is the latest that MP3 related patents will expire on in the United States? | {
"answer_start": [
328
],
"text": [
"2017"
]
} |
5706565675f01819005e7b65 | MP3 | An exception is the United States, where patents filed prior to 8 June 1995 expire 17 years after the publication date of the patent, but application extensions make it possible for a patent to issue much later than normally expected (see submarine patents). The various MP3-related patents expire on dates ranging from ... | Who holds the longest running MP3 patent in the United States? | {
"answer_start": [
891
],
"text": [
"Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft"
]
} |
5706565675f01819005e7b66 | MP3 | An exception is the United States, where patents filed prior to 8 June 1995 expire 17 years after the publication date of the patent, but application extensions make it possible for a patent to issue much later than normally expected (see submarine patents). The various MP3-related patents expire on dates ranging from ... | Who administered the longest running MP3 patent in the United States? | {
"answer_start": [
935
],
"text": [
"Technicolor"
]
} |
5706587852bb8914006899ea | MP3 | Technicolor (formerly called Thomson Consumer Electronics) claims to control MP3 licensing of the Layer 3 patents in many countries, including the United States, Japan, Canada and EU countries. Technicolor has been actively enforcing these patents. | What was Technicolor's previous name? | {
"answer_start": [
29
],
"text": [
"Thomson Consumer Electronics"
]
} |
5706587852bb8914006899eb | MP3 | Technicolor (formerly called Thomson Consumer Electronics) claims to control MP3 licensing of the Layer 3 patents in many countries, including the United States, Japan, Canada and EU countries. Technicolor has been actively enforcing these patents. | What patent does Technicolor claim to control? | {
"answer_start": [
98
],
"text": [
"Layer 3"
]
} |
5706587852bb8914006899ec | MP3 | Technicolor (formerly called Thomson Consumer Electronics) claims to control MP3 licensing of the Layer 3 patents in many countries, including the United States, Japan, Canada and EU countries. Technicolor has been actively enforcing these patents. | What are Technicolor constantly in the process of doing? | {
"answer_start": [
215
],
"text": [
"actively enforcing these patents"
]
} |
570659e875f01819005e7b6c | MP3 | In September 1998, the Fraunhofer Institute sent a letter to several developers of MP3 software stating that a license was required to "distribute and/or sell decoders and/or encoders". The letter claimed that unlicensed products "infringe the patent rights of Fraunhofer and Thomson. To make, sell and/or distribute pro... | When did the Fraunhofer institute send out a letter? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"September 1998"
]
} |
570659e875f01819005e7b6d | MP3 | In September 1998, the Fraunhofer Institute sent a letter to several developers of MP3 software stating that a license was required to "distribute and/or sell decoders and/or encoders". The letter claimed that unlicensed products "infringe the patent rights of Fraunhofer and Thomson. To make, sell and/or distribute pro... | What did the letter claim would be required to distribute and/or sell decoders and/or encoders? | {
"answer_start": [
109
],
"text": [
"a license"
]
} |
570659e875f01819005e7b6e | MP3 | In September 1998, the Fraunhofer Institute sent a letter to several developers of MP3 software stating that a license was required to "distribute and/or sell decoders and/or encoders". The letter claimed that unlicensed products "infringe the patent rights of Fraunhofer and Thomson. To make, sell and/or distribute pro... | What does selling unlicensed products mean that the seller is doing? | {
"answer_start": [
231
],
"text": [
"infringe the patent rights of Fraunhofer and Thomson"
]
} |
570659e875f01819005e7b6f | MP3 | In September 1998, the Fraunhofer Institute sent a letter to several developers of MP3 software stating that a license was required to "distribute and/or sell decoders and/or encoders". The letter claimed that unlicensed products "infringe the patent rights of Fraunhofer and Thomson. To make, sell and/or distribute pro... | What can products not use if they want to avoid infringing on patent rights? | {
"answer_start": [
332
],
"text": [
"the [MPEG Layer-3] standard"
]
} |
57065a7c75f01819005e7b74 | MP3 | Sisvel S.p.A. and its U.S. subsidiary Audio MPEG, Inc. previously sued Thomson for patent infringement on MP3 technology, but those disputes were resolved in November 2005 with Sisvel granting Thomson a license to their patents. Motorola followed soon after, and signed with Sisvel to license MP3-related patents in Dece... | Who was sued for patent infringement on MP3 technology? | {
"answer_start": [
71
],
"text": [
"Thomson"
]
} |
57065a7c75f01819005e7b75 | MP3 | Sisvel S.p.A. and its U.S. subsidiary Audio MPEG, Inc. previously sued Thomson for patent infringement on MP3 technology, but those disputes were resolved in November 2005 with Sisvel granting Thomson a license to their patents. Motorola followed soon after, and signed with Sisvel to license MP3-related patents in Dece... | Who initially sued to protect their patent rights? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Sisvel S.p.A."
]
} |
57065a7c75f01819005e7b76 | MP3 | Sisvel S.p.A. and its U.S. subsidiary Audio MPEG, Inc. previously sued Thomson for patent infringement on MP3 technology, but those disputes were resolved in November 2005 with Sisvel granting Thomson a license to their patents. Motorola followed soon after, and signed with Sisvel to license MP3-related patents in Dece... | What did Sisvel grant Thomson to end the lawsuit? | {
"answer_start": [
201
],
"text": [
"a license to their patents"
]
} |
57065a7c75f01819005e7b77 | MP3 | Sisvel S.p.A. and its U.S. subsidiary Audio MPEG, Inc. previously sued Thomson for patent infringement on MP3 technology, but those disputes were resolved in November 2005 with Sisvel granting Thomson a license to their patents. Motorola followed soon after, and signed with Sisvel to license MP3-related patents in Dece... | When did the majority of the patents held by Sisvel expire? | {
"answer_start": [
414
],
"text": [
"2015"
]
} |
57065a7c75f01819005e7b78 | MP3 | Sisvel S.p.A. and its U.S. subsidiary Audio MPEG, Inc. previously sued Thomson for patent infringement on MP3 technology, but those disputes were resolved in November 2005 with Sisvel granting Thomson a license to their patents. Motorola followed soon after, and signed with Sisvel to license MP3-related patents in Dece... | When does the last patent held by Sisvel expire? | {
"answer_start": [
575
],
"text": [
"9. April 2017"
]
} |
57065bea75f01819005e7b7e | MP3 | In September 2006, German officials seized MP3 players from SanDisk's booth at the IFA show in Berlin after an Italian patents firm won an injunction on behalf of Sisvel against SanDisk in a dispute over licensing rights. The injunction was later reversed by a Berlin judge, but that reversal was in turn blocked the sam... | What did German officials seize from SanDisk on September 2006? | {
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"MP3 players"
]
} |
57065bea75f01819005e7b7f | MP3 | In September 2006, German officials seized MP3 players from SanDisk's booth at the IFA show in Berlin after an Italian patents firm won an injunction on behalf of Sisvel against SanDisk in a dispute over licensing rights. The injunction was later reversed by a Berlin judge, but that reversal was in turn blocked the sam... | At which show did SanDisk have their assets seized? | {
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"IFA"
]
} |
57065bea75f01819005e7b80 | MP3 | In September 2006, German officials seized MP3 players from SanDisk's booth at the IFA show in Berlin after an Italian patents firm won an injunction on behalf of Sisvel against SanDisk in a dispute over licensing rights. The injunction was later reversed by a Berlin judge, but that reversal was in turn blocked the sam... | Which company was the Italian patents firm representing? | {
"answer_start": [
163
],
"text": [
"Sisvel"
]
} |
57065bea75f01819005e7b81 | MP3 | In September 2006, German officials seized MP3 players from SanDisk's booth at the IFA show in Berlin after an Italian patents firm won an injunction on behalf of Sisvel against SanDisk in a dispute over licensing rights. The injunction was later reversed by a Berlin judge, but that reversal was in turn blocked the sam... | What happened after the injunction was successful? | {
"answer_start": [
222
],
"text": [
"The injunction was later reversed"
]
} |
57065bea75f01819005e7b82 | MP3 | In September 2006, German officials seized MP3 players from SanDisk's booth at the IFA show in Berlin after an Italian patents firm won an injunction on behalf of Sisvel against SanDisk in a dispute over licensing rights. The injunction was later reversed by a Berlin judge, but that reversal was in turn blocked the sam... | The continuous back and forth regarding the decisions on patents was referred to as what? | {
"answer_start": [
365
],
"text": [
"bringing the Patent Wild West to Germany"
]
} |
57065e2352bb8914006899f0 | MP3 | In February 2007, Texas MP3 Technologies sued Apple, Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in eastern Texas federal court, claiming infringement of a portable MP3 player patent that Texas MP3 said it had been assigned. Apple, Samsung, and Sandisk all settled the claims against them in January 2009. | Who sued Apple, Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in 2007? | {
"answer_start": [
18
],
"text": [
"Texas MP3 Technologies"
]
} |
57065e2352bb8914006899f1 | MP3 | In February 2007, Texas MP3 Technologies sued Apple, Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in eastern Texas federal court, claiming infringement of a portable MP3 player patent that Texas MP3 said it had been assigned. Apple, Samsung, and Sandisk all settled the claims against them in January 2009. | Which court did the lawsuit take place in? | {
"answer_start": [
88
],
"text": [
"eastern Texas federal court"
]
} |
57065e2352bb8914006899f3 | MP3 | In February 2007, Texas MP3 Technologies sued Apple, Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in eastern Texas federal court, claiming infringement of a portable MP3 player patent that Texas MP3 said it had been assigned. Apple, Samsung, and Sandisk all settled the claims against them in January 2009. | What action did the three companies being sued take? | {
"answer_start": [
241
],
"text": [
"all settled the claims against them"
]
} |
57065e2352bb8914006899f4 | MP3 | In February 2007, Texas MP3 Technologies sued Apple, Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in eastern Texas federal court, claiming infringement of a portable MP3 player patent that Texas MP3 said it had been assigned. Apple, Samsung, and Sandisk all settled the claims against them in January 2009. | What year did the lawsuits end? | {
"answer_start": [
288
],
"text": [
"2009"
]
} |
57065e2352bb8914006899f2 | MP3 | In February 2007, Texas MP3 Technologies sued Apple, Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in eastern Texas federal court, claiming infringement of a portable MP3 player patent that Texas MP3 said it had been assigned. Apple, Samsung, and Sandisk all settled the claims against them in January 2009. | What was the claim that the lawsuit was based on? | {
"answer_start": [
126
],
"text": [
"infringement of a portable MP3 player patent"
]
} |
5706605352bb8914006899fa | MP3 | Alcatel-Lucent has asserted several MP3 coding and compression patents, allegedly inherited from AT&T-Bell Labs, in litigation of its own. In November 2006, before the companies' merger, Alcatel sued Microsoft for allegedly infringing seven patents. On 23 February 2007, a San Diego jury awarded Alcatel-Lucent US $1.52 ... | Which company allegedly inherited MP3 patents from AT&T-Bell LAbs? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Alcatel-Lucent"
]
} |
5706605352bb8914006899fb | MP3 | Alcatel-Lucent has asserted several MP3 coding and compression patents, allegedly inherited from AT&T-Bell Labs, in litigation of its own. In November 2006, before the companies' merger, Alcatel sued Microsoft for allegedly infringing seven patents. On 23 February 2007, a San Diego jury awarded Alcatel-Lucent US $1.52 ... | What kind of patents were allegedly inherited? | {
"answer_start": [
36
],
"text": [
"MP3 coding and compression"
]
} |
5706605352bb8914006899fc | MP3 | Alcatel-Lucent has asserted several MP3 coding and compression patents, allegedly inherited from AT&T-Bell Labs, in litigation of its own. In November 2006, before the companies' merger, Alcatel sued Microsoft for allegedly infringing seven patents. On 23 February 2007, a San Diego jury awarded Alcatel-Lucent US $1.52 ... | How many patents did Alcatel claim Microsoft infringed on? | {
"answer_start": [
235
],
"text": [
"seven"
]
} |
5706605352bb8914006899fe | MP3 | Alcatel-Lucent has asserted several MP3 coding and compression patents, allegedly inherited from AT&T-Bell Labs, in litigation of its own. In November 2006, before the companies' merger, Alcatel sued Microsoft for allegedly infringing seven patents. On 23 February 2007, a San Diego jury awarded Alcatel-Lucent US $1.52 ... | What subsequently happened after Alcatel was awarded damages? | {
"answer_start": [
372
],
"text": [
"The court subsequently tossed the award"
]
} |
5706605352bb8914006899fd | MP3 | Alcatel-Lucent has asserted several MP3 coding and compression patents, allegedly inherited from AT&T-Bell Labs, in litigation of its own. In November 2006, before the companies' merger, Alcatel sued Microsoft for allegedly infringing seven patents. On 23 February 2007, a San Diego jury awarded Alcatel-Lucent US $1.52 ... | How much money was awarded to Alcatel by a San Diego jury? | {
"answer_start": [
311
],
"text": [
"US $1.52 billion"
]
} |
5706635252bb891400689a0c | MP3 | Other lossy formats exist. Among these, mp3PRO, AAC, and MP2 are all members of the same technological family as MP3 and depend on roughly similar psychoacoustic models. The Fraunhofer Gesellschaft owns many of the basic patents underlying these formats as well, with others held by Dolby Labs, Sony, Thomson Consumer El... | AAC, mp3PRO and MP2 are all members of the same technological family as which other lossy format? | {
"answer_start": [
113
],
"text": [
"MP3"
]
} |
5706635252bb891400689a0d | MP3 | Other lossy formats exist. Among these, mp3PRO, AAC, and MP2 are all members of the same technological family as MP3 and depend on roughly similar psychoacoustic models. The Fraunhofer Gesellschaft owns many of the basic patents underlying these formats as well, with others held by Dolby Labs, Sony, Thomson Consumer El... | What model type do all of the lossy formats roughly depend on? | {
"answer_start": [
147
],
"text": [
"psychoacoustic"
]
} |
5706635252bb891400689a0e | MP3 | Other lossy formats exist. Among these, mp3PRO, AAC, and MP2 are all members of the same technological family as MP3 and depend on roughly similar psychoacoustic models. The Fraunhofer Gesellschaft owns many of the basic patents underlying these formats as well, with others held by Dolby Labs, Sony, Thomson Consumer El... | Which company owns many of the patents that cover the other formats? | {
"answer_start": [
174
],
"text": [
"Fraunhofer Gesellschaft"
]
} |
5706649675f01819005e7b92 | MP3 | There are also open compression formats like Opus and Vorbis that are available free of charge and without any known patent restrictions. Some of the newer audio compression formats, such as AAC, WMA Pro and Vorbis, are free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format that cannot be overcome by any MP3 encoder. | Opus and Vorbis are two explans of what kind of compression format? | {
"answer_start": [
15
],
"text": [
"open"
]
} |
5706649675f01819005e7b93 | MP3 | There are also open compression formats like Opus and Vorbis that are available free of charge and without any known patent restrictions. Some of the newer audio compression formats, such as AAC, WMA Pro and Vorbis, are free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format that cannot be overcome by any MP3 encoder. | Being open formats means that Opus and Vorbis can be used without what? | {
"answer_start": [
107
],
"text": [
"any known patent restrictions"
]
} |
5706649675f01819005e7b94 | MP3 | There are also open compression formats like Opus and Vorbis that are available free of charge and without any known patent restrictions. Some of the newer audio compression formats, such as AAC, WMA Pro and Vorbis, are free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format that cannot be overcome by any MP3 encoder. | What are some benefits to some of the newer audio compression formats when compared to MP3? | {
"answer_start": [
220
],
"text": [
"free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format"
]
} |
5706649675f01819005e7b95 | MP3 | There are also open compression formats like Opus and Vorbis that are available free of charge and without any known patent restrictions. Some of the newer audio compression formats, such as AAC, WMA Pro and Vorbis, are free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format that cannot be overcome by any MP3 encoder. | How can one obtain an open compression format such as Opus or Vorbis? | {
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"available free of charge"
]
} |
5706653e75f01819005e7b9a | MP3 | Besides lossy compression methods, lossless formats are a significant alternative to MP3 because they provide unaltered audio content, though with an increased file size compared to lossy compression. Lossless formats include FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec), Apple Lossless and many others. | What is a significant alternative to MP3? | {
"answer_start": [
35
],
"text": [
"lossless formats"
]
} |
5706653e75f01819005e7b9b | MP3 | Besides lossy compression methods, lossless formats are a significant alternative to MP3 because they provide unaltered audio content, though with an increased file size compared to lossy compression. Lossless formats include FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec), Apple Lossless and many others. | What can lossless formats provide? | {
"answer_start": [
110
],
"text": [
"unaltered audio content"
]
} |
5706653e75f01819005e7b9c | MP3 | Besides lossy compression methods, lossless formats are a significant alternative to MP3 because they provide unaltered audio content, though with an increased file size compared to lossy compression. Lossless formats include FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec), Apple Lossless and many others. | What is the downside of using a lossless format? | {
"answer_start": [
150
],
"text": [
"increased file size"
]
} |
5706653e75f01819005e7b9d | MP3 | Besides lossy compression methods, lossless formats are a significant alternative to MP3 because they provide unaltered audio content, though with an increased file size compared to lossy compression. Lossless formats include FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec), Apple Lossless and many others. | What is another example of a lossless format other than Apple Lossless? | {
"answer_start": [
226
],
"text": [
"FLAC"
]
} |
5706653e75f01819005e7b9e | MP3 | Besides lossy compression methods, lossless formats are a significant alternative to MP3 because they provide unaltered audio content, though with an increased file size compared to lossy compression. Lossless formats include FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec), Apple Lossless and many others. | What does FLAC stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
232
],
"text": [
"Free Lossless Audio Codec"
]
} |
5706924752bb891400689a76 | House_music | House music is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in Chicago in the early 1980s. It was initially popularized in Chicago, circa 1984. House music quickly spread to other American cities such as Detroit, New York City, and Newark – all of which developed their own regional scenes. In the mid-to-late 1980s... | What city did House music originate from? | {
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"Chicago"
]
} |
5706924752bb891400689a77 | House_music | House music is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in Chicago in the early 1980s. It was initially popularized in Chicago, circa 1984. House music quickly spread to other American cities such as Detroit, New York City, and Newark – all of which developed their own regional scenes. In the mid-to-late 1980s... | What decade did House music first develop? | {
"answer_start": [
89
],
"text": [
"1980s"
]
} |
5706924752bb891400689a78 | House_music | House music is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in Chicago in the early 1980s. It was initially popularized in Chicago, circa 1984. House music quickly spread to other American cities such as Detroit, New York City, and Newark – all of which developed their own regional scenes. In the mid-to-late 1980s... | What year was House music first popularized? | {
"answer_start": [
143
],
"text": [
"1984"
]
} |
5706924752bb891400689a79 | House_music | House music is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in Chicago in the early 1980s. It was initially popularized in Chicago, circa 1984. House music quickly spread to other American cities such as Detroit, New York City, and Newark – all of which developed their own regional scenes. In the mid-to-late 1980s... | What genre does House music fall into? | {
"answer_start": [
26
],
"text": [
"electronic dance music"
]
} |
5706924752bb891400689a7a | House_music | House music is a genre of electronic dance music that originated in Chicago in the early 1980s. It was initially popularized in Chicago, circa 1984. House music quickly spread to other American cities such as Detroit, New York City, and Newark – all of which developed their own regional scenes. In the mid-to-late 1980s... | What song by MARRS was an early House hit in 1987? | {
"answer_start": [
481
],
"text": [
"\"Pump Up The Volume\""
]
} |
570692ee75f01819005e7c18 | House_music | Early house music was generally dance-based music characterized by repetitive 4/4 beats, rhythms mainly provided by drum machines, off-beat hi-hat cymbals, and synthesized basslines. While house displayed several characteristics similar to disco music, it was more electronic and minimalistic, and the repetitive rhythm ... | House music is characterized by what type of beats? | {
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"4/4 beats"
]
} |
570692ee75f01819005e7c19 | House_music | Early house music was generally dance-based music characterized by repetitive 4/4 beats, rhythms mainly provided by drum machines, off-beat hi-hat cymbals, and synthesized basslines. While house displayed several characteristics similar to disco music, it was more electronic and minimalistic, and the repetitive rhythm ... | What are some subgenres of House music? | {
"answer_start": [
704
],
"text": [
"euro house, tech house, electro house and jump house"
]
} |
570692ee75f01819005e7c1a | House_music | Early house music was generally dance-based music characterized by repetitive 4/4 beats, rhythms mainly provided by drum machines, off-beat hi-hat cymbals, and synthesized basslines. While house displayed several characteristics similar to disco music, it was more electronic and minimalistic, and the repetitive rhythm ... | What are rhythms provided by in House music? | {
"answer_start": [
116
],
"text": [
"drum machines"
]
} |
570692ee75f01819005e7c1b | House_music | Early house music was generally dance-based music characterized by repetitive 4/4 beats, rhythms mainly provided by drum machines, off-beat hi-hat cymbals, and synthesized basslines. While house displayed several characteristics similar to disco music, it was more electronic and minimalistic, and the repetitive rhythm ... | What are some differences between House and Disco music? | {
"answer_start": [
253
],
"text": [
"it was more electronic and minimalistic"
]
} |
570692ee75f01819005e7c1c | House_music | Early house music was generally dance-based music characterized by repetitive 4/4 beats, rhythms mainly provided by drum machines, off-beat hi-hat cymbals, and synthesized basslines. While house displayed several characteristics similar to disco music, it was more electronic and minimalistic, and the repetitive rhythm ... | What type of music is House based on? | {
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"dance-based music"
]
} |
5706950a52bb891400689a9c | House_music | In the late 1980s, many local Chicago house music artists suddenly found themselves presented with major label deals. House music proved to be a commercially successful genre and a more mainstream pop-based variation grew increasingly popular. Artists and groups such as Madonna, Janet Jackson, Paula Abdul, Aretha Frank... | When was the second wave of progressive house? | {
"answer_start": [
620
],
"text": [
"1999–2001"
]
} |
5706950a52bb891400689a9d | House_music | In the late 1980s, many local Chicago house music artists suddenly found themselves presented with major label deals. House music proved to be a commercially successful genre and a more mainstream pop-based variation grew increasingly popular. Artists and groups such as Madonna, Janet Jackson, Paula Abdul, Aretha Frank... | What are some popular subgenres of House? | {
"answer_start": [
716
],
"text": [
"G-house, Deep House, Tech House and Bass House"
]
} |
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