id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
570b745a6b8089140040f976 | Hard_rock | A few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Bon Jovi were still able to achieve a commercial hit with "It's My Life" from their double platinum-certified album Crush (2000). and AC/DC released the platinum-certified Stiff Upper Lip (2000) Aerosmith released a n... | What band released an album called Stiff Upper Lip in 2000? | {
"answer_start": [
237
],
"text": [
"AC/DC"
]
} |
570b745a6b8089140040f977 | Hard_rock | A few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Bon Jovi were still able to achieve a commercial hit with "It's My Life" from their double platinum-certified album Crush (2000). and AC/DC released the platinum-certified Stiff Upper Lip (2000) Aerosmith released a n... | Who was the lead singer of Stone Temple Pilots? | {
"answer_start": [
1264
],
"text": [
"Scott Weiland"
]
} |
570b745a6b8089140040f978 | Hard_rock | A few hard rock bands from the 1970s and 1980s managed to sustain highly successful recording careers. Bon Jovi were still able to achieve a commercial hit with "It's My Life" from their double platinum-certified album Crush (2000). and AC/DC released the platinum-certified Stiff Upper Lip (2000) Aerosmith released a n... | What was Guns N Roses long delayed 2008 album called? | {
"answer_start": [
1433
],
"text": [
"Chinese Democracy"
]
} |
570b61516b8089140040f8fe | Great_Plains | The term "Great Plains", for the region west of about the 96th or 98th meridian and east of the Rocky Mountains, was not generally used before the early 20th century. Nevin Fenneman's 1916 study, Physiographic Subdivision of the United States, brought the term Great Plains into more widespread usage. Before that the re... | what is the name of the region east of the Rocky Mountains? | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"\"Great Plains"
]
} |
570b61516b8089140040f8ff | Great_Plains | The term "Great Plains", for the region west of about the 96th or 98th meridian and east of the Rocky Mountains, was not generally used before the early 20th century. Nevin Fenneman's 1916 study, Physiographic Subdivision of the United States, brought the term Great Plains into more widespread usage. Before that the re... | who brought the term great plains into widespread usage? | {
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"Nevin Fenneman's"
]
} |
570b61516b8089140040f900 | Great_Plains | The term "Great Plains", for the region west of about the 96th or 98th meridian and east of the Rocky Mountains, was not generally used before the early 20th century. Nevin Fenneman's 1916 study, Physiographic Subdivision of the United States, brought the term Great Plains into more widespread usage. Before that the re... | what year was Nevin Fenneman's study? | {
"answer_start": [
184
],
"text": [
"1916"
]
} |
570b61516b8089140040f901 | Great_Plains | The term "Great Plains", for the region west of about the 96th or 98th meridian and east of the Rocky Mountains, was not generally used before the early 20th century. Nevin Fenneman's 1916 study, Physiographic Subdivision of the United States, brought the term Great Plains into more widespread usage. Before that the re... | what was theregion called before "the great plans"? | {
"answer_start": [
354
],
"text": [
"the High Plains"
]
} |
570b6365ec8fbc190045b9c0 | Great_Plains | Much of the Great Plains became open range, or rangeland where cattle roamed free, hosting ranching operations where anyone was theoretically free to run cattle. In the spring and fall, ranchers held roundups where their cowboys branded new calves, treated animals and sorted the cattle for sale. Such ranching began in ... | what type of land is much of the great plans? | {
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"open range"
]
} |
570b6365ec8fbc190045b9c1 | Great_Plains | Much of the Great Plains became open range, or rangeland where cattle roamed free, hosting ranching operations where anyone was theoretically free to run cattle. In the spring and fall, ranchers held roundups where their cowboys branded new calves, treated animals and sorted the cattle for sale. Such ranching began in ... | when did ranchers usually have a cattle round up? | {
"answer_start": [
169
],
"text": [
"spring and fall"
]
} |
570b6365ec8fbc190045b9c2 | Great_Plains | Much of the Great Plains became open range, or rangeland where cattle roamed free, hosting ranching operations where anyone was theoretically free to run cattle. In the spring and fall, ranchers held roundups where their cowboys branded new calves, treated animals and sorted the cattle for sale. Such ranching began in ... | in a cattle round up, what did ranchers do to the new calves? | {
"answer_start": [
229
],
"text": [
"branded"
]
} |
570b6365ec8fbc190045b9c3 | Great_Plains | Much of the Great Plains became open range, or rangeland where cattle roamed free, hosting ranching operations where anyone was theoretically free to run cattle. In the spring and fall, ranchers held roundups where their cowboys branded new calves, treated animals and sorted the cattle for sale. Such ranching began in ... | from 1866-95 about how many cattle did cowboys herd? | {
"answer_start": [
384
],
"text": [
"10 million"
]
} |
570b64986b8089140040f91a | Great_Plains | With the arrival of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, a Spanish conquistador, the first recorded history of encounter between Europeans and Native Americans in the Great Plains occurred in Texas, Kansas and Nebraska from 1540-1542. In that same time period, Hernando de Soto crossed a west-northwest direction in what is no... | who was the spanish conquistador who had encounters with europeans and native americans? | {
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"Francisco Vázquez de Coronado"
]
} |
570b64986b8089140040f91b | Great_Plains | With the arrival of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, a Spanish conquistador, the first recorded history of encounter between Europeans and Native Americans in the Great Plains occurred in Texas, Kansas and Nebraska from 1540-1542. In that same time period, Hernando de Soto crossed a west-northwest direction in what is no... | who crossed a section of oklahoma and texas? | {
"answer_start": [
255
],
"text": [
"Hernando de Soto"
]
} |
570b64986b8089140040f91c | Great_Plains | With the arrival of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, a Spanish conquistador, the first recorded history of encounter between Europeans and Native Americans in the Great Plains occurred in Texas, Kansas and Nebraska from 1540-1542. In that same time period, Hernando de Soto crossed a west-northwest direction in what is no... | what is the section of oklahoma and texas that Hernando de Soto traveled? | {
"answer_start": [
365
],
"text": [
"the De Soto Trail"
]
} |
570b64986b8089140040f91d | Great_Plains | With the arrival of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, a Spanish conquistador, the first recorded history of encounter between Europeans and Native Americans in the Great Plains occurred in Texas, Kansas and Nebraska from 1540-1542. In that same time period, Hernando de Soto crossed a west-northwest direction in what is no... | who thought the great plains were the locations of Quivira and Cíbola? | {
"answer_start": [
384
],
"text": [
"The Spanish"
]
} |
570b64986b8089140040f91e | Great_Plains | With the arrival of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, a Spanish conquistador, the first recorded history of encounter between Europeans and Native Americans in the Great Plains occurred in Texas, Kansas and Nebraska from 1540-1542. In that same time period, Hernando de Soto crossed a west-northwest direction in what is no... | what did the spanish think the cities of Quivira and Cíbola were rich in? | {
"answer_start": [
506
],
"text": [
"gold"
]
} |
570b6608ec8fbc190045b9dc | Great_Plains | The 100th meridian roughly corresponds with the line that divides the Great Plains into an area that receive 20 inches (510 millimetres) or more of rainfall per year and an area that receives less than 20 in (510 mm). In this context, the High Plains, as well as Southern Alberta, south-western Saskatchewan and Eastern ... | what is the name of the line that divides the great plains? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The 100th meridian"
]
} |
570b6608ec8fbc190045b9dd | Great_Plains | The 100th meridian roughly corresponds with the line that divides the Great Plains into an area that receive 20 inches (510 millimetres) or more of rainfall per year and an area that receives less than 20 in (510 mm). In this context, the High Plains, as well as Southern Alberta, south-western Saskatchewan and Eastern ... | about how much rainfall does the great plains get per year? | {
"answer_start": [
109
],
"text": [
"20 inches"
]
} |
570b6608ec8fbc190045b9de | Great_Plains | The 100th meridian roughly corresponds with the line that divides the Great Plains into an area that receive 20 inches (510 millimetres) or more of rainfall per year and an area that receives less than 20 in (510 mm). In this context, the High Plains, as well as Southern Alberta, south-western Saskatchewan and Eastern ... | what do high winds in the area sometimes cause? | {
"answer_start": [
580
],
"text": [
"dust storms"
]
} |
570b6608ec8fbc190045b9df | Great_Plains | The 100th meridian roughly corresponds with the line that divides the Great Plains into an area that receive 20 inches (510 millimetres) or more of rainfall per year and an area that receives less than 20 in (510 mm). In this context, the High Plains, as well as Southern Alberta, south-western Saskatchewan and Eastern ... | what type of climate does the eastern great plains fall into? | {
"answer_start": [
657
],
"text": [
"humid subtropical climate"
]
} |
570b690bec8fbc190045b9f8 | Great_Plains | After 1870, the new railroads across the Plains brought hunters who killed off almost all the bison for their hides. The railroads offered attractive packages of land and transportation to European farmers, who rushed to settle the land. They (and Americans as well) also took advantage of the homestead laws to obtain f... | after about what year did railroads bring hunters to the great plains? | {
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"1870"
]
} |
570b690bec8fbc190045b9f9 | Great_Plains | After 1870, the new railroads across the Plains brought hunters who killed off almost all the bison for their hides. The railroads offered attractive packages of land and transportation to European farmers, who rushed to settle the land. They (and Americans as well) also took advantage of the homestead laws to obtain f... | what animal did hunters kill off for their hides? | {
"answer_start": [
94
],
"text": [
"bison"
]
} |
570b690bec8fbc190045b9fa | Great_Plains | After 1870, the new railroads across the Plains brought hunters who killed off almost all the bison for their hides. The railroads offered attractive packages of land and transportation to European farmers, who rushed to settle the land. They (and Americans as well) also took advantage of the homestead laws to obtain f... | what farmers rushed in to settle the land with the help of the railroads? | {
"answer_start": [
189
],
"text": [
"European farmers"
]
} |
570b690bec8fbc190045b9fb | Great_Plains | After 1870, the new railroads across the Plains brought hunters who killed off almost all the bison for their hides. The railroads offered attractive packages of land and transportation to European farmers, who rushed to settle the land. They (and Americans as well) also took advantage of the homestead laws to obtain f... | what did the railroads offer the farmers that rushed in to settle the area? | {
"answer_start": [
150
],
"text": [
"packages of land and transportation"
]
} |
570b8145ec8fbc190045ba3c | Great_Plains | The rural Plains have lost a third of their population since 1920. Several hundred thousand square miles (several hundred thousand square kilometers) of the Great Plains have fewer than 6 inhabitants per square mile (2.3 inhabitants per square kilometer)—the density standard Frederick Jackson Turner used to declare the... | how much of the population have the rural plains lost since 1920? | {
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"a third"
]
} |
570b8145ec8fbc190045ba3d | Great_Plains | The rural Plains have lost a third of their population since 1920. Several hundred thousand square miles (several hundred thousand square kilometers) of the Great Plains have fewer than 6 inhabitants per square mile (2.3 inhabitants per square kilometer)—the density standard Frederick Jackson Turner used to declare the... | who declated the American frontier "closed" in 1893? | {
"answer_start": [
276
],
"text": [
"Frederick Jackson Turner"
]
} |
570b8145ec8fbc190045ba3e | Great_Plains | The rural Plains have lost a third of their population since 1920. Several hundred thousand square miles (several hundred thousand square kilometers) of the Great Plains have fewer than 6 inhabitants per square mile (2.3 inhabitants per square kilometer)—the density standard Frederick Jackson Turner used to declare the... | how many ghost towns are in the state of Kansas? | {
"answer_start": [
459
],
"text": [
"more than 6,000"
]
} |
570b8145ec8fbc190045ba3f | Great_Plains | The rural Plains have lost a third of their population since 1920. Several hundred thousand square miles (several hundred thousand square kilometers) of the Great Plains have fewer than 6 inhabitants per square mile (2.3 inhabitants per square kilometer)—the density standard Frederick Jackson Turner used to declare the... | how much prarie land does the "Buffalo Commons" want to return? | {
"answer_start": [
1058
],
"text": [
"139,000 square miles"
]
} |
570b819cec8fbc190045ba44 | Great_Plains | Although the eastern image of farm life in the prairies emphasized the isolation of the lonely farmer and wife, plains residents created busy social lives for themselves. They often sponsored activities that combined work, food and entertainment such as barn raisings, corn huskings, quilting bees, Grange meetings, chur... | who usually organized shared meals and potluck events? | {
"answer_start": [
356
],
"text": [
"Women"
]
} |
570b8219ec8fbc190045ba46 | Great_Plains | From the 1950s on, many areas of the Great Plains have become productive crop-growing areas because of extensive irrigation on large landholdings. The United States is a major exporter of agricultural products. The southern portion of the Great Plains lies over the Ogallala Aquifer, a huge underground layer of water-be... | around when did the great plains become productive for crop growing | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"1950s"
]
} |
570b8219ec8fbc190045ba47 | Great_Plains | From the 1950s on, many areas of the Great Plains have become productive crop-growing areas because of extensive irrigation on large landholdings. The United States is a major exporter of agricultural products. The southern portion of the Great Plains lies over the Ogallala Aquifer, a huge underground layer of water-be... | what is the large underground layer of water in the great plains called? | {
"answer_start": [
266
],
"text": [
"Ogallala Aquifer"
]
} |
570b8219ec8fbc190045ba48 | Great_Plains | From the 1950s on, many areas of the Great Plains have become productive crop-growing areas because of extensive irrigation on large landholdings. The United States is a major exporter of agricultural products. The southern portion of the Great Plains lies over the Ogallala Aquifer, a huge underground layer of water-be... | what type of irrigation is used in the great plains? | {
"answer_start": [
363
],
"text": [
"Center pivot irrigation"
]
} |
570b828bec8fbc190045ba4c | Great_Plains | The Great Plains is the broad expanse of flat land (a plain), much of it covered in prairie, steppe and grassland, that lies west of the Mississippi River tallgrass prairie states and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada. This area covers parts, but not all, of the states of Colorado, Kansas, Mon... | what is the great plains? | {
"answer_start": [
24
],
"text": [
"broad expanse of flat land"
]
} |
570b828bec8fbc190045ba4d | Great_Plains | The Great Plains is the broad expanse of flat land (a plain), much of it covered in prairie, steppe and grassland, that lies west of the Mississippi River tallgrass prairie states and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada. This area covers parts, but not all, of the states of Colorado, Kansas, Mon... | where does the great plains lie? | {
"answer_start": [
125
],
"text": [
"west of the Mississippi River"
]
} |
570b828bec8fbc190045ba4e | Great_Plains | The Great Plains is the broad expanse of flat land (a plain), much of it covered in prairie, steppe and grassland, that lies west of the Mississippi River tallgrass prairie states and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada. This area covers parts, but not all, of the states of Colorado, Kansas, Mon... | what is the region known for? | {
"answer_start": [
507
],
"text": [
"extensive cattle ranching"
]
} |
570b83a86b8089140040f97e | Great_Plains | The North American Environmental Atlas, produced by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, a NAFTA agency composed of the geographical agencies of the Mexican, American, and Canadian governments uses the "Great Plains" as an ecoregion synonymous with predominant prairies and grasslands rather than as physiograph... | who is the North American Environmental Atlas made by? | {
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"Commission for Environmental Cooperation"
]
} |
570b83a86b8089140040f97f | Great_Plains | The North American Environmental Atlas, produced by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, a NAFTA agency composed of the geographical agencies of the Mexican, American, and Canadian governments uses the "Great Plains" as an ecoregion synonymous with predominant prairies and grasslands rather than as physiograph... | what countries is the Commission for Environmental Cooperation made up of? | {
"answer_start": [
158
],
"text": [
"Mexican, American, and Canadian governments"
]
} |
570b8534ec8fbc190045ba52 | Great_Plains | The railroads opened up the Great Plains for settlement, for now it was possible to ship wheat and other crops at low cost to the urban markets in the East, and Europe. Homestead land was free for American settlers. Railroads sold their land at cheap rates to immigrants in expectation they would generate traffic as soo... | what mainly opened the great plains for settlement? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"railroads"
]
} |
570b8534ec8fbc190045ba53 | Great_Plains | The railroads opened up the Great Plains for settlement, for now it was possible to ship wheat and other crops at low cost to the urban markets in the East, and Europe. Homestead land was free for American settlers. Railroads sold their land at cheap rates to immigrants in expectation they would generate traffic as soo... | what did the railroads make it easy to do? | {
"answer_start": [
84
],
"text": [
"ship wheat and other crops"
]
} |
570b8534ec8fbc190045ba54 | Great_Plains | The railroads opened up the Great Plains for settlement, for now it was possible to ship wheat and other crops at low cost to the urban markets in the East, and Europe. Homestead land was free for American settlers. Railroads sold their land at cheap rates to immigrants in expectation they would generate traffic as soo... | who did the railroads sell cheap lands to? | {
"answer_start": [
260
],
"text": [
"immigrants"
]
} |
570b8534ec8fbc190045ba55 | Great_Plains | The railroads opened up the Great Plains for settlement, for now it was possible to ship wheat and other crops at low cost to the urban markets in the East, and Europe. Homestead land was free for American settlers. Railroads sold their land at cheap rates to immigrants in expectation they would generate traffic as soo... | who two new technologies were introducted in the 1930s? | {
"answer_start": [
1055
],
"text": [
"sewing and washing machines"
]
} |
570b85a5ec8fbc190045ba5a | Great_Plains | During the Cenozoic era, specifically about 25 million years ago during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, the continental climate became favorable to the evolution of grasslands. Existing forest biomes declined and grasslands became much more widespread. The grasslands provided a new niche for mammals, including many un... | about how long ago did the climate become favorable? | {
"answer_start": [
38
],
"text": [
"about 25 million years ago"
]
} |
570b85a5ec8fbc190045ba5b | Great_Plains | During the Cenozoic era, specifically about 25 million years ago during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, the continental climate became favorable to the evolution of grasslands. Existing forest biomes declined and grasslands became much more widespread. The grasslands provided a new niche for mammals, including many un... | what animals did the grasslands provide a new home for? | {
"answer_start": [
294
],
"text": [
"mammals"
]
} |
570b85a5ec8fbc190045ba5c | Great_Plains | During the Cenozoic era, specifically about 25 million years ago during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, the continental climate became favorable to the evolution of grasslands. Existing forest biomes declined and grasslands became much more widespread. The grasslands provided a new niche for mammals, including many un... | what diet did the mammals switch to from browsing diets? | {
"answer_start": [
377
],
"text": [
"grazing diets"
]
} |
570b85a5ec8fbc190045ba5d | Great_Plains | During the Cenozoic era, specifically about 25 million years ago during the Miocene and Pliocene epochs, the continental climate became favorable to the evolution of grasslands. Existing forest biomes declined and grasslands became much more widespread. The grasslands provided a new niche for mammals, including many un... | the spread of grasslands and what have been strongly linked? | {
"answer_start": [
440
],
"text": [
"development of grazers"
]
} |
570b8627ec8fbc190045ba62 | Great_Plains | To allow for agricultural development of the Great Plains and house a growing population, the US passed the Homestead Acts of 1862: it allowed a settler to claim up to 160 acres (65 ha) of land, provided that he lived on it for a period of five years and cultivated it. The provisions were expanded under the Kinkaid Act... | when did the US pass the Homestead ACt? | {
"answer_start": [
126
],
"text": [
"1862"
]
} |
570b8627ec8fbc190045ba63 | Great_Plains | To allow for agricultural development of the Great Plains and house a growing population, the US passed the Homestead Acts of 1862: it allowed a settler to claim up to 160 acres (65 ha) of land, provided that he lived on it for a period of five years and cultivated it. The provisions were expanded under the Kinkaid Act... | how much land did the Homestead Act allow a person to claim? | {
"answer_start": [
162
],
"text": [
"up to 160 acres"
]
} |
570b8627ec8fbc190045ba64 | Great_Plains | To allow for agricultural development of the Great Plains and house a growing population, the US passed the Homestead Acts of 1862: it allowed a settler to claim up to 160 acres (65 ha) of land, provided that he lived on it for a period of five years and cultivated it. The provisions were expanded under the Kinkaid Act... | how long did the person have to live on the land? | {
"answer_start": [
240
],
"text": [
"five years"
]
} |
570b8627ec8fbc190045ba65 | Great_Plains | To allow for agricultural development of the Great Plains and house a growing population, the US passed the Homestead Acts of 1862: it allowed a settler to claim up to 160 acres (65 ha) of land, provided that he lived on it for a period of five years and cultivated it. The provisions were expanded under the Kinkaid Act... | when was the Kinkaid Act brought about? | {
"answer_start": [
324
],
"text": [
"1904"
]
} |
570b8627ec8fbc190045ba66 | Great_Plains | To allow for agricultural development of the Great Plains and house a growing population, the US passed the Homestead Acts of 1862: it allowed a settler to claim up to 160 acres (65 ha) of land, provided that he lived on it for a period of five years and cultivated it. The provisions were expanded under the Kinkaid Act... | the dominion act was passed in what year | {
"answer_start": [
962
],
"text": [
"1871"
]
} |
570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba6d | Infrared | Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecul... | What technology is used by night-vision devices? | {
"answer_start": [
107
],
"text": [
"active near-infrared illumination"
]
} |
570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba6e | Infrared | Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecul... | What discipline uses infrared telescopes to see through molecular clouds? | {
"answer_start": [
217
],
"text": [
"Infrared astronomy"
]
} |
570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba6f | Infrared | Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecul... | What color shift indicates that space objects date from the early days of the universe? | {
"answer_start": [
382
],
"text": [
"red"
]
} |
570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba70 | Infrared | Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecul... | What devices are used to observe insulated system heat loss? | {
"answer_start": [
439
],
"text": [
"Infrared thermal-imaging cameras"
]
} |
570b8ef3ec8fbc190045ba6c | Infrared | Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecul... | Along with industrial and medical, in what applications is infrared radiation used? | {
"answer_start": [
42
],
"text": [
"scientific"
]
} |
570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba76 | Infrared | The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant con... | At what wavelength does the human eye become significantly less sensitive to light? | {
"answer_start": [
257
],
"text": [
"700 nm"
]
} |
570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba77 | Infrared | The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant con... | What sort of light is generated by IR lasers? | {
"answer_start": [
408
],
"text": [
"near-IR"
]
} |
570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba78 | Infrared | The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant con... | Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive IR LED sources as red? | {
"answer_start": [
569
],
"text": [
"780 nm"
]
} |
570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba79 | Infrared | The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant con... | Up to what wavelength does the human eye perceive certain intense lights as being dull red in color? | {
"answer_start": [
654
],
"text": [
"1050 nm"
]
} |
570b8f6cec8fbc190045ba7a | Infrared | The onset of infrared is defined (according to different standards) at various values typically between 700 nm and 800 nm, but the boundary between visible and infrared light is not precisely defined. The human eye is markedly less sensitive to light above 700 nm wavelength, so longer wavelengths make insignificant con... | What objects are notably bright in near IR? | {
"answer_start": [
852
],
"text": [
"Leaves"
]
} |
570b9002ec8fbc190045ba80 | Infrared | The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature will not show the same infrared image if they have ... | What is the term for the property that describes how a surface's thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body? | {
"answer_start": [
15
],
"text": [
"emissivity"
]
} |
570b9002ec8fbc190045ba81 | Infrared | The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature will not show the same infrared image if they have ... | How will the infrared image of an object with a higher emissivity appear in relation to one with lower emissivity? | {
"answer_start": [
432
],
"text": [
"hotter"
]
} |
570b9002ec8fbc190045ba82 | Infrared | The concept of emissivity is important in understanding the infrared emissions of objects. This is a property of a surface that describes how its thermal emissions deviate from the ideal of a black body. To further explain, two objects at the same physical temperature will not show the same infrared image if they have ... | Along with pyrometers, what devices can receive inaccurate results if emissivity is not set correctly? | {
"answer_start": [
585
],
"text": [
"infrared cameras"
]
} |
570b909a6b8089140040f982 | Infrared | Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have multiple modes o... | What is the technique that analyzes the constituent bonds of molecules to identify them? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Infrared vibrational spectroscopy"
]
} |
570b909a6b8089140040f983 | Infrared | Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have multiple modes o... | What happens to a molecule if an oscillation results in a dipole being changed? | {
"answer_start": [
471
],
"text": [
"it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency"
]
} |
570b909a6b8089140040f984 | Infrared | Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have multiple modes o... | What do the vibrational frequencies of molecules usually correspond to? | {
"answer_start": [
584
],
"text": [
"the frequencies of infrared light"
]
} |
570b909a6b8089140040f985 | Infrared | Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have multiple modes o... | What is the term for light radiation in the 4000–400 cm−1 spectrum? | {
"answer_start": [
721
],
"text": [
"the mid-infrared"
]
} |
570b91106b8089140040f98a | Infrared | In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can "see" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when t... | What is used in infrared photography to capture the near-infrared spectrum? | {
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"infrared filters"
]
} |
570b91106b8089140040f98b | Infrared | In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can "see" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when t... | What devices are often equipped with infrared blockers? | {
"answer_start": [
90
],
"text": [
"Digital cameras"
]
} |
570b91106b8089140040f98c | Infrared | In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can "see" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when t... | What is the technique that involves imaging with terahertz radiation? | {
"answer_start": [
490
],
"text": [
"'T-ray' imaging"
]
} |
570b91106b8089140040f98d | Infrared | In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can "see" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when t... | What is another name for terahertz radiation? | {
"answer_start": [
530
],
"text": [
"far-infrared"
]
} |
570b91106b8089140040f98e | Infrared | In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can "see" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when t... | What is a notable recent development in T-ray imaging? | {
"answer_start": [
784
],
"text": [
"terahertz time-domain spectroscopy"
]
} |
570b92316b8089140040f994 | Infrared | Infrared reflectography (fr; it; es), as called by art conservators, can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a completely non-destructive manner, in particular the underdrawing or outline drawn by the artist as a guide. This often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows up well in refle... | What technique is used in art to examine underlying layers of a painting without damaging it? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Infrared reflectography"
]
} |
570b92316b8089140040f995 | Infrared | Infrared reflectography (fr; it; es), as called by art conservators, can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a completely non-destructive manner, in particular the underdrawing or outline drawn by the artist as a guide. This often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows up well in refle... | What shows up particularly well in reflectograms? | {
"answer_start": [
278
],
"text": [
"carbon black"
]
} |
570b92316b8089140040f996 | Infrared | Infrared reflectography (fr; it; es), as called by art conservators, can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a completely non-destructive manner, in particular the underdrawing or outline drawn by the artist as a guide. This often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows up well in refle... | What is the term for differences in the painting and underdrawing made by the original artist? | {
"answer_start": [
564
],
"text": [
"pentimenti"
]
} |
570b92846b8089140040f99a | Infrared | The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increa... | Who discovered infrared radiation? | {
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"William Herschel"
]
} |
570b92846b8089140040f99c | Infrared | The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increa... | To whom did Herschel present his work on infrared radiation? | {
"answer_start": [
158
],
"text": [
"the Royal Society of London"
]
} |
570b92846b8089140040f99b | Infrared | The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increa... | In what year did Herschel publish his work on infrared radiation? | {
"answer_start": [
146
],
"text": [
"1800"
]
} |
570b92846b8089140040f99d | Infrared | The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increa... | What device did Herschel use to discover the infrared? | {
"answer_start": [
201
],
"text": [
"a prism"
]
} |
570b92846b8089140040f99e | Infrared | The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increa... | What did Herschel call the infrared spectrum? | {
"answer_start": [
417
],
"text": [
"Calorific Rays"
]
} |
570b933d6b8089140040f9a4 | Infrared | Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at lon... | What is a commonly used term for infrared radiation? | {
"answer_start": [
42
],
"text": [
"heat radiation"
]
} |
570b933d6b8089140040f9a5 | Infrared | Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at lon... | What percentage of the Earth's heat is derived from the Sun's infrared light? | {
"answer_start": [
207
],
"text": [
"49%"
]
} |
570b933d6b8089140040f9a6 | Infrared | Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at lon... | What is the common range of emitted radiation of room temperature objects, in micrometers? | {
"answer_start": [
527
],
"text": [
"8 to 25"
]
} |
570b933d6b8089140040f9a7 | Infrared | Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at lon... | Other than infrared light, what type of light is responsible for heating the Earth? | {
"answer_start": [
266
],
"text": [
"visible"
]
} |
570b93a36b8089140040f9ac | Infrared | Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a passive missile guidance system, which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as "heat-seekers", since infrared (IR) is just belo... | What is another term for infrared homing? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Infrared tracking"
]
} |
570b93a36b8089140040f9ad | Infrared | Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a passive missile guidance system, which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as "heat-seekers", since infrared (IR) is just belo... | What devices make use of infrared homing? | {
"answer_start": [
212
],
"text": [
"Missiles"
]
} |
570b93a36b8089140040f9ae | Infrared | Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a passive missile guidance system, which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as "heat-seekers", since infrared (IR) is just belo... | What is a common name for missiles that make use of infrared seeking? | {
"answer_start": [
273
],
"text": [
"heat-seekers"
]
} |
570b93a36b8089140040f9af | Infrared | Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a passive missile guidance system, which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as "heat-seekers", since infrared (IR) is just belo... | Along with aircraft and people, what objects notably create and retain heat? | {
"answer_start": [
434
],
"text": [
"vehicle engines"
]
} |
570b93a36b8089140040f9b0 | Infrared | Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a passive missile guidance system, which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as "heat-seekers", since infrared (IR) is just belo... | What does IR stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
294
],
"text": [
"infrared"
]
} |
570b9ec26b8089140040f9b6 | Infrared | High, cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white, lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces will show up as dark-grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low cloud such as stratus or fog... | Along with Cirrus, what types of clouds are cold and high? | {
"answer_start": [
40
],
"text": [
"Cumulonimbus"
]
} |
570b9ec26b8089140040f9b7 | Infrared | High, cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white, lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces will show up as dark-grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low cloud such as stratus or fog... | What color do Cirrus clouds appear in infrared? | {
"answer_start": [
68
],
"text": [
"white"
]
} |
570b9ec26b8089140040f9b8 | Infrared | High, cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white, lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces will show up as dark-grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low cloud such as stratus or fog... | Along with Stratus, what clouds are lower and warmer? | {
"answer_start": [
114
],
"text": [
"Stratocumulus"
]
} |
570b9ec26b8089140040f9b9 | Infrared | High, cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white, lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces will show up as dark-grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low cloud such as stratus or fog... | What color are Strarus clouds in infrared? | {
"answer_start": [
139
],
"text": [
"grey"
]
} |
570b9ec26b8089140040f9ba | Infrared | High, cold ice clouds such as Cirrus or Cumulonimbus show up bright white, lower warmer clouds such as Stratus or Stratocumulus show up as grey with intermediate clouds shaded accordingly. Hot land surfaces will show up as dark-grey or black. One disadvantage of infrared imagery is that low cloud such as stratus or fog... | What is the range of the near-infrared channel in micrometers? | {
"answer_start": [
520
],
"text": [
"1.58–1.64"
]
} |
570b9fa36b8089140040f9c0 | Infrared | The sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected atmospheric windows. This limitation can be partially alleviated by placing the telescope observatory at a high altitude... | What limits the sensitivity of infrared telescopes on Earth? | {
"answer_start": [
79
],
"text": [
"water vapor in the atmosphere"
]
} |
570b9fa36b8089140040f9c1 | Infrared | The sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected atmospheric windows. This limitation can be partially alleviated by placing the telescope observatory at a high altitude... | To somewhat avoid the water vapor in the atmosphere, where can an observatory be sited? | {
"answer_start": [
302
],
"text": [
"at a high altitude"
]
} |
570b9fa36b8089140040f9c2 | Infrared | The sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected atmospheric windows. This limitation can be partially alleviated by placing the telescope observatory at a high altitude... | Along with aircraft, what object can be used to carry a telescope aloft? | {
"answer_start": [
364
],
"text": [
"balloon"
]
} |
570b9fa36b8089140040f9c3 | Infrared | The sensitivity of Earth-based infrared telescopes is significantly limited by water vapor in the atmosphere, which absorbs a portion of the infrared radiation arriving from space outside of selected atmospheric windows. This limitation can be partially alleviated by placing the telescope observatory at a high altitude... | What sorts of telescopes completely avoid water vapor in Earth's atmosphere? | {
"answer_start": [
388
],
"text": [
"Space telescopes"
]
} |
570ba092ec8fbc190045ba86 | Infrared | Near-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye, mid- and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms (emission peaks, vs. bands, water absorption) and the newest follow technical reasons (the com... | What is the nearest wavelength to the radiation that a human eye can see? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Near-infrared"
]
} |
570ba092ec8fbc190045ba87 | Infrared | Near-infrared is the region closest in wavelength to the radiation detectable by the human eye, mid- and far-infrared are progressively further from the visible spectrum. Other definitions follow different physical mechanisms (emission peaks, vs. bands, water absorption) and the newest follow technical reasons (the com... | Along with the emission peaks and vs. bands mechanisms, what other physical mechanism is used to define near-infrared? | {
"answer_start": [
254
],
"text": [
"water absorption"
]
} |
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