id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
570bd2fcec8fbc190045bb35 | Biodiversity | The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old... | Where were the billion year old microbial mat fossils found? | {
"answer_start": [
345
],
"text": [
"Western Australia"
]
} |
570bd2fcec8fbc190045bb36 | Biodiversity | The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old... | Where were the 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered? | {
"answer_start": [
490
],
"text": [
"Western Greenland"
]
} |
570bd3b26b8089140040fa70 | Biodiversity | The fossil record suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history. However, not all scientists support this view, since there is uncertainty as to how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections. Some scientists bel... | What suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The fossil record"
]
} |
570bd3b26b8089140040fa71 | Biodiversity | The fossil record suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history. However, not all scientists support this view, since there is uncertainty as to how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections. Some scientists bel... | Why are some scientists uncertain about the fossil record? | {
"answer_start": [
186
],
"text": [
"how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections."
]
} |
570bd3b26b8089140040fa72 | Biodiversity | The fossil record suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history. However, not all scientists support this view, since there is uncertainty as to how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections. Some scientists bel... | What is the estimate variation of the present global macroscopic species diversity? | {
"answer_start": [
615
],
"text": [
"from 2 million to 100 million"
]
} |
570bd3b26b8089140040fa73 | Biodiversity | The fossil record suggests that the last few million years featured the greatest biodiversity in history. However, not all scientists support this view, since there is uncertainty as to how strongly the fossil record is biased by the greater availability and preservation of recent geologic sections. Some scientists bel... | What appears increase continually in the absence of natural selection? | {
"answer_start": [
726
],
"text": [
"Diversity"
]
} |
570bd493ec8fbc190045bb46 | Biodiversity | Agricultural diversity can also be divided by whether it is ‘planned’ diversity or ‘associated’ diversity. This is a functional classification that we impose and not an intrinsic feature of life or diversity. Planned diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised (e.g.: crops, covers, sym... | What are two types of Agricultural diversity? | {
"answer_start": [
60
],
"text": [
"‘planned’ diversity or ‘associated’ diversity"
]
} |
570bd493ec8fbc190045bb47 | Biodiversity | Agricultural diversity can also be divided by whether it is ‘planned’ diversity or ‘associated’ diversity. This is a functional classification that we impose and not an intrinsic feature of life or diversity. Planned diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised (e.g.: crops, covers, sym... | What type of diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised? | {
"answer_start": [
209
],
"text": [
"Planned diversity"
]
} |
570bd493ec8fbc190045bb48 | Biodiversity | Agricultural diversity can also be divided by whether it is ‘planned’ diversity or ‘associated’ diversity. This is a functional classification that we impose and not an intrinsic feature of life or diversity. Planned diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised (e.g.: crops, covers, sym... | What type of diversity arrives uninvited? | {
"answer_start": [
390
],
"text": [
"associated diversity"
]
} |
570bd493ec8fbc190045bb49 | Biodiversity | Agricultural diversity can also be divided by whether it is ‘planned’ diversity or ‘associated’ diversity. This is a functional classification that we impose and not an intrinsic feature of life or diversity. Planned diversity includes the crops which a farmer has encouraged, planted or raised (e.g.: crops, covers, sym... | What type of diversity includes herbivores and pathogens? | {
"answer_start": [
390
],
"text": [
"associated diversity"
]
} |
570bd5e26b8089140040fa78 | Biodiversity | Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss. This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change, as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are associated with change... | What is becoming an international political issue? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Biodiversity's relevance to human health"
]
} |
570bd5e26b8089140040fa79 | Biodiversity | Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss. This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change, as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are associated with change... | What issue is closely linked with changes in biodiversity? | {
"answer_start": [
220
],
"text": [
"climate change"
]
} |
570bd5e26b8089140040fa7a | Biodiversity | Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss. This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change, as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are associated with change... | What changes in biodiversity have an effect on the climate? | {
"answer_start": [
344
],
"text": [
"changes in populations and distribution of disease vectors, scarcity of fresh water, impacts on agricultural biodiversity and food resources"
]
} |
570bd5e26b8089140040fa7b | Biodiversity | Biodiversity's relevance to human health is becoming an international political issue, as scientific evidence builds on the global health implications of biodiversity loss. This issue is closely linked with the issue of climate change, as many of the anticipated health risks of climate change are associated with change... | What types of species disappear when a new disease is introduced? | {
"answer_start": [
548
],
"text": [
"those that buffer against infectious disease transmission"
]
} |
570bd6f56b8089140040fa80 | Biodiversity | Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. ... | How many mass extinctions have happened since Life began on Earth? | {
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"five major mass extinctions"
]
} |
570bd6f56b8089140040fa81 | Biodiversity | Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. ... | When was the period where the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared? | {
"answer_start": [
223
],
"text": [
"the Cambrian explosion"
]
} |
570bd6f56b8089140040fa82 | Biodiversity | Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. ... | What happened in the Carboniferous? | {
"answer_start": [
454
],
"text": [
"rainforest collapse led to a great loss of plant and animal life."
]
} |
570bd6f56b8089140040fa83 | Biodiversity | Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. ... | When was the Permian–Triassic extinction event? | {
"answer_start": [
559
],
"text": [
"251 million years ago"
]
} |
570bd6f56b8089140040fa84 | Biodiversity | Since life began on Earth, five major mass extinctions and several minor events have led to large and sudden drops in biodiversity. The Phanerozoic eon (the last 540 million years) marked a rapid growth in biodiversity via the Cambrian explosion—a period during which the majority of multicellular phyla first appeared. ... | How long did vertebrate recovery take? | {
"answer_start": [
622
],
"text": [
"30 million years"
]
} |
570bd79aec8fbc190045bb56 | Biodiversity | The number of species invasions has been on the rise at least since the beginning of the 1900s. Species are increasingly being moved by humans (on purpose and accidentally). In some cases the invaders are causing drastic changes and damage to their new habitats (e.g.: zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer in the Grea... | What century started the increase of species invasions? | {
"answer_start": [
89
],
"text": [
"1900s"
]
} |
570bd79aec8fbc190045bb57 | Biodiversity | The number of species invasions has been on the rise at least since the beginning of the 1900s. Species are increasingly being moved by humans (on purpose and accidentally). In some cases the invaders are causing drastic changes and damage to their new habitats (e.g.: zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer in the Grea... | Who intentionally and unintentionally moves species around? | {
"answer_start": [
136
],
"text": [
"humans"
]
} |
570bd79aec8fbc190045bb58 | Biodiversity | The number of species invasions has been on the rise at least since the beginning of the 1900s. Species are increasingly being moved by humans (on purpose and accidentally). In some cases the invaders are causing drastic changes and damage to their new habitats (e.g.: zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer in the Grea... | What invaders are causing changes in the Great Lakes region? | {
"answer_start": [
269
],
"text": [
"zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer"
]
} |
570bd79aec8fbc190045bb59 | Biodiversity | The number of species invasions has been on the rise at least since the beginning of the 1900s. Species are increasingly being moved by humans (on purpose and accidentally). In some cases the invaders are causing drastic changes and damage to their new habitats (e.g.: zebra mussels and the emerald ash borer in the Grea... | What invaders are causing changes along the North American Atlantic coast? | {
"answer_start": [
343
],
"text": [
"lion fish"
]
} |
570bd878ec8fbc190045bb68 | Biodiversity | Brazil's Atlantic Forest is considered one such hotspot, containing roughly 20,000 plant species, 1,350 vertebrates, and millions of insects, about half of which occur nowhere else.[citation needed] The island of Madagascar and India are also particularly notable. Colombia is characterized by high biodiversity, with th... | How many plant species does Brazil's Atlantic Forest contain? | {
"answer_start": [
76
],
"text": [
"20,000 plant species"
]
} |
570bd878ec8fbc190045bb69 | Biodiversity | Brazil's Atlantic Forest is considered one such hotspot, containing roughly 20,000 plant species, 1,350 vertebrates, and millions of insects, about half of which occur nowhere else.[citation needed] The island of Madagascar and India are also particularly notable. Colombia is characterized by high biodiversity, with th... | How many vertebrates does Brazil's Atlantic Forest contain? | {
"answer_start": [
98
],
"text": [
"1,350 vertebrates"
]
} |
570bd878ec8fbc190045bb6a | Biodiversity | Brazil's Atlantic Forest is considered one such hotspot, containing roughly 20,000 plant species, 1,350 vertebrates, and millions of insects, about half of which occur nowhere else.[citation needed] The island of Madagascar and India are also particularly notable. Colombia is characterized by high biodiversity, with th... | Which country has the highest rate of species by area unit worldwide? | {
"answer_start": [
534
],
"text": [
"Colombia"
]
} |
570bd878ec8fbc190045bb6b | Biodiversity | Brazil's Atlantic Forest is considered one such hotspot, containing roughly 20,000 plant species, 1,350 vertebrates, and millions of insects, about half of which occur nowhere else.[citation needed] The island of Madagascar and India are also particularly notable. Colombia is characterized by high biodiversity, with th... | Which country has about 10% of the species on Earth? | {
"answer_start": [
534
],
"text": [
"Colombia"
]
} |
570bd878ec8fbc190045bb6c | Biodiversity | Brazil's Atlantic Forest is considered one such hotspot, containing roughly 20,000 plant species, 1,350 vertebrates, and millions of insects, about half of which occur nowhere else.[citation needed] The island of Madagascar and India are also particularly notable. Colombia is characterized by high biodiversity, with th... | What island separated from mainland Africa 66 million years ago? | {
"answer_start": [
751
],
"text": [
"Madagascar"
]
} |
570bd9336b8089140040fa8a | Biodiversity | The existence of a "global carrying capacity", limiting the amount of life that can live at once, is debated, as is the question of whether such a limit would also cap the number of species. While records of life in the sea shows a logistic pattern of growth, life on land (insects, plants and tetrapods)shows an exponen... | What limits the amount of life that can live at once on Earth? | {
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"global carrying capacity"
]
} |
570bd9336b8089140040fa8b | Biodiversity | The existence of a "global carrying capacity", limiting the amount of life that can live at once, is debated, as is the question of whether such a limit would also cap the number of species. While records of life in the sea shows a logistic pattern of growth, life on land (insects, plants and tetrapods)shows an exponen... | What type of animal shows a logistic pattern of growth? | {
"answer_start": [
208
],
"text": [
"life in the sea"
]
} |
570bd9336b8089140040fa8c | Biodiversity | The existence of a "global carrying capacity", limiting the amount of life that can live at once, is debated, as is the question of whether such a limit would also cap the number of species. While records of life in the sea shows a logistic pattern of growth, life on land (insects, plants and tetrapods)shows an exponen... | What type of animal shows an exponential rise in diversity? | {
"answer_start": [
260
],
"text": [
"life on land"
]
} |
570bd9336b8089140040fa8d | Biodiversity | The existence of a "global carrying capacity", limiting the amount of life that can live at once, is debated, as is the question of whether such a limit would also cap the number of species. While records of life in the sea shows a logistic pattern of growth, life on land (insects, plants and tetrapods)shows an exponen... | What percentage of potentially habitable modes have Tetrapods not yet invaded? | {
"answer_start": [
398
],
"text": [
"64 per cent"
]
} |
570bd9e2ec8fbc190045bb7c | Biodiversity | From 1950 to 2011, world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion and is forecast to reach a plateau of more than 9 billion during the 21st century. Sir David King, former chief scientific adviser to the UK government, told a parliamentary inquiry: "It is self-evident that the massive growth in the human popu... | What was the increase in population from 1950 to 2011? | {
"answer_start": [
19
],
"text": [
"world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion"
]
} |
570bd9e2ec8fbc190045bb7d | Biodiversity | From 1950 to 2011, world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion and is forecast to reach a plateau of more than 9 billion during the 21st century. Sir David King, former chief scientific adviser to the UK government, told a parliamentary inquiry: "It is self-evident that the massive growth in the human popu... | What year started the increase of population to 7 billion? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"From 1950"
]
} |
570bd9e2ec8fbc190045bb7e | Biodiversity | From 1950 to 2011, world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion and is forecast to reach a plateau of more than 9 billion during the 21st century. Sir David King, former chief scientific adviser to the UK government, told a parliamentary inquiry: "It is self-evident that the massive growth in the human popu... | What is the forecast plateau that the population will reach during the 21st century? | {
"answer_start": [
114
],
"text": [
"more than 9 billion"
]
} |
570bd9e2ec8fbc190045bb7f | Biodiversity | From 1950 to 2011, world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion and is forecast to reach a plateau of more than 9 billion during the 21st century. Sir David King, former chief scientific adviser to the UK government, told a parliamentary inquiry: "It is self-evident that the massive growth in the human popu... | Who is the former chief scientific adviser to the UK government? | {
"answer_start": [
159
],
"text": [
"Sir David King"
]
} |
570bda82ec8fbc190045bb85 | Biodiversity | The control of associated biodiversity is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face. On monoculture farms, the approach is generally to eradicate associated diversity using a suite of biologically destructive pesticides, mechanized tools and transgenic engineering techniques, then to rotate crops. Alth... | What farms use biologically destructive pesticides | {
"answer_start": [
105
],
"text": [
"monoculture farms"
]
} |
570bda82ec8fbc190045bb84 | Biodiversity | The control of associated biodiversity is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face. On monoculture farms, the approach is generally to eradicate associated diversity using a suite of biologically destructive pesticides, mechanized tools and transgenic engineering techniques, then to rotate crops. Alth... | What is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The control of associated biodiversity"
]
} |
570bda82ec8fbc190045bb86 | Biodiversity | The control of associated biodiversity is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face. On monoculture farms, the approach is generally to eradicate associated diversity using a suite of biologically destructive pesticides, mechanized tools and transgenic engineering techniques, then to rotate crops. Alth... | What farmers use integrated pest management strategies? | {
"answer_start": [
330
],
"text": [
"polyculture farmers"
]
} |
570bda82ec8fbc190045bb87 | Biodiversity | The control of associated biodiversity is one of the great agricultural challenges that farmers face. On monoculture farms, the approach is generally to eradicate associated diversity using a suite of biologically destructive pesticides, mechanized tools and transgenic engineering techniques, then to rotate crops. Alth... | What farmers are generally less dependent on capital, biotechnology and energy? | {
"answer_start": [
330
],
"text": [
"polyculture farmers"
]
} |
570bdbd46b8089140040fa92 | Biodiversity | National park and nature reserve is the area selected by governments or private organizations for special protection against damage or degradation with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation. National parks are usually owned and managed by national or state governments. A limit is placed on the number... | What types of parks receive special protection against damage or degradation? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"National park and nature reserve"
]
} |
570bdbd46b8089140040fa93 | Biodiversity | National park and nature reserve is the area selected by governments or private organizations for special protection against damage or degradation with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation. National parks are usually owned and managed by national or state governments. A limit is placed on the number... | Who selects National parks? | {
"answer_start": [
57
],
"text": [
"governments or private organizations"
]
} |
570bdbd46b8089140040fa94 | Biodiversity | National park and nature reserve is the area selected by governments or private organizations for special protection against damage or degradation with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation. National parks are usually owned and managed by national or state governments. A limit is placed on the number... | What is the goal of protecting National Parks from damage? | {
"answer_start": [
147
],
"text": [
"with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation"
]
} |
570bdbd46b8089140040fa95 | Biodiversity | National park and nature reserve is the area selected by governments or private organizations for special protection against damage or degradation with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation. National parks are usually owned and managed by national or state governments. A limit is placed on the number... | Who usually owns and manages National parks? | {
"answer_start": [
258
],
"text": [
"national or state governments"
]
} |
570bdbd46b8089140040fa96 | Biodiversity | National park and nature reserve is the area selected by governments or private organizations for special protection against damage or degradation with the objective of biodiversity and landscape conservation. National parks are usually owned and managed by national or state governments. A limit is placed on the number... | What activities are prohibited in national parks? | {
"answer_start": [
499
],
"text": [
"Forestry operations, grazing of animals and hunting of animals"
]
} |
570bdcc9ec8fbc190045bb94 | Biodiversity | During the last century, decreases in biodiversity have been increasingly observed. In 2007, German Federal Environment Minister Sigmar Gabriel cited estimates that up to 30% of all species will be extinct by 2050. Of these, about one eighth of known plant species are threatened with extinction. Estimates reach as high... | Who is the German Federal Environment Minister? | {
"answer_start": [
129
],
"text": [
"Sigmar Gabriel"
]
} |
570bdcc9ec8fbc190045bb95 | Biodiversity | During the last century, decreases in biodiversity have been increasingly observed. In 2007, German Federal Environment Minister Sigmar Gabriel cited estimates that up to 30% of all species will be extinct by 2050. Of these, about one eighth of known plant species are threatened with extinction. Estimates reach as high... | What year did Gabriel estimate 30% of of all species will be extinct by? | {
"answer_start": [
209
],
"text": [
"2050"
]
} |
570bdcc9ec8fbc190045bb96 | Biodiversity | During the last century, decreases in biodiversity have been increasingly observed. In 2007, German Federal Environment Minister Sigmar Gabriel cited estimates that up to 30% of all species will be extinct by 2050. Of these, about one eighth of known plant species are threatened with extinction. Estimates reach as high... | How many plant species are close to extinction? | {
"answer_start": [
225
],
"text": [
"about one eighth"
]
} |
570bdcc9ec8fbc190045bb97 | Biodiversity | During the last century, decreases in biodiversity have been increasingly observed. In 2007, German Federal Environment Minister Sigmar Gabriel cited estimates that up to 30% of all species will be extinct by 2050. Of these, about one eighth of known plant species are threatened with extinction. Estimates reach as high... | 2012 studies estimated what percentage of mammals could be extinct in 20 years? | {
"answer_start": [
741
],
"text": [
"25%"
]
} |
570bdd6fec8fbc190045bb9c | Biodiversity | Habitat size and numbers of species are systematically related. Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans are more sensitive to reduction in habitat area. Conversion to "trivial" standardized ecosystems (e.g., monoculture following deforestation) effectively destroys habitat ... | What is systematically related to the numbers of species? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Habitat size"
]
} |
570bdd6fec8fbc190045bb9d | Biodiversity | Habitat size and numbers of species are systematically related. Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans are more sensitive to reduction in habitat area. Conversion to "trivial" standardized ecosystems (e.g., monoculture following deforestation) effectively destroys habitat ... | What animals are more sensitive to reduction in habitat area? | {
"answer_start": [
64
],
"text": [
"Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans"
]
} |
570bdd6fec8fbc190045bb9e | Biodiversity | Habitat size and numbers of species are systematically related. Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans are more sensitive to reduction in habitat area. Conversion to "trivial" standardized ecosystems (e.g., monoculture following deforestation) effectively destroys habitat ... | How is a standardized ecosystem formed? | {
"answer_start": [
254
],
"text": [
"monoculture following deforestation"
]
} |
570bdd6fec8fbc190045bb9f | Biodiversity | Habitat size and numbers of species are systematically related. Physically larger species and those living at lower latitudes or in forests or oceans are more sensitive to reduction in habitat area. Conversion to "trivial" standardized ecosystems (e.g., monoculture following deforestation) effectively destroys habitat ... | What leads to biodiversity loss is some countries? | {
"answer_start": [
397
],
"text": [
"lack of property rights or lax law/regulatory enforcement"
]
} |
570bde086b8089140040faa4 | Biodiversity | Not all introduced species are invasive, nor all invasive species deliberately introduced. In cases such as the zebra mussel, invasion of US waterways was unintentional. In other cases, such as mongooses in Hawaii, the introduction is deliberate but ineffective (nocturnal rats were not vulnerable to the diurnal mongoos... | What animal unintentionally invaded the US waterways? | {
"answer_start": [
108
],
"text": [
"the zebra mussel"
]
} |
570bde086b8089140040faa5 | Biodiversity | Not all introduced species are invasive, nor all invasive species deliberately introduced. In cases such as the zebra mussel, invasion of US waterways was unintentional. In other cases, such as mongooses in Hawaii, the introduction is deliberate but ineffective (nocturnal rats were not vulnerable to the diurnal mongoos... | What animal intentionally invaded Hawaii? | {
"answer_start": [
194
],
"text": [
"mongooses"
]
} |
570bde086b8089140040faa6 | Biodiversity | Not all introduced species are invasive, nor all invasive species deliberately introduced. In cases such as the zebra mussel, invasion of US waterways was unintentional. In other cases, such as mongooses in Hawaii, the introduction is deliberate but ineffective (nocturnal rats were not vulnerable to the diurnal mongoos... | What animals were not vulnerable to the mongoose? | {
"answer_start": [
263
],
"text": [
"nocturnal rats"
]
} |
570bde086b8089140040faa7 | Biodiversity | Not all introduced species are invasive, nor all invasive species deliberately introduced. In cases such as the zebra mussel, invasion of US waterways was unintentional. In other cases, such as mongooses in Hawaii, the introduction is deliberate but ineffective (nocturnal rats were not vulnerable to the diurnal mongoos... | What countries experienced unintended consequences from species invasion? | {
"answer_start": [
361
],
"text": [
"Indonesia and Malaysia,"
]
} |
570bdec2ec8fbc190045bbae | Biodiversity | Less than 1% of all species that have been described have been studied beyond simply noting their existence. The vast majority of Earth's species are microbial. Contemporary biodiversity physics is "firmly fixated on the visible [macroscopic] world". For example, microbial life is metabolically and environmentally more... | What type of science is firmly fixated on the visible world? | {
"answer_start": [
161
],
"text": [
"Contemporary biodiversity physics"
]
} |
570bdec2ec8fbc190045bbaf | Biodiversity | Less than 1% of all species that have been described have been studied beyond simply noting their existence. The vast majority of Earth's species are microbial. Contemporary biodiversity physics is "firmly fixated on the visible [macroscopic] world". For example, microbial life is metabolically and environmentally more... | What type of life is more metabolically diverse than multicellular life? | {
"answer_start": [
264
],
"text": [
"microbial life"
]
} |
570bdec2ec8fbc190045bbb0 | Biodiversity | Less than 1% of all species that have been described have been studied beyond simply noting their existence. The vast majority of Earth's species are microbial. Contemporary biodiversity physics is "firmly fixated on the visible [macroscopic] world". For example, microbial life is metabolically and environmentally more... | What type of life is more enviromentally diverse than multicellular life? | {
"answer_start": [
264
],
"text": [
"microbial life"
]
} |
570bdec2ec8fbc190045bbb1 | Biodiversity | Less than 1% of all species that have been described have been studied beyond simply noting their existence. The vast majority of Earth's species are microbial. Contemporary biodiversity physics is "firmly fixated on the visible [macroscopic] world". For example, microbial life is metabolically and environmentally more... | What rate supports the Holocene extinction hypothesis? | {
"answer_start": [
666
],
"text": [
"Insect extinction rates"
]
} |
570bdf846b8089140040faac | Biodiversity | The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditio... | What term describes the number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms in existence? | {
"answer_start": [
85
],
"text": [
"biodiversity"
]
} |
570bdf846b8089140040faad | Biodiversity | The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditio... | What ensures the survival of human species by providing food, shelter, other resources to mankind? | {
"answer_start": [
85
],
"text": [
"biodiversity"
]
} |
570bdf846b8089140040faae | Biodiversity | The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditio... | What influences richness of biodiversity? | {
"answer_start": [
299
],
"text": [
"the climatic conditions and area of the region"
]
} |
570bdf846b8089140040faaf | Biodiversity | The number and variety of plants, animals and other organisms that exist is known as biodiversity. It is an essential component of nature and it ensures the survival of human species by providing food, fuel, shelter, medicines and other resources to mankind. The richness of biodiversity depends on the climatic conditio... | What term describes all the species of plants in existence? | {
"answer_start": [
397
],
"text": [
"flora"
]
} |
570be04b6b8089140040fab4 | Biodiversity | The term biological diversity was used first by wildlife scientist and conservationist Raymond F. Dasmann in the year 1968 lay book A Different Kind of Country advocating conservation. The term was widely adopted only after more than a decade, when in the 1980s it came into common usage in science and environmental pol... | Which scientist first used the term biological diversity? | {
"answer_start": [
87
],
"text": [
"Raymond F. Dasmann"
]
} |
570be04b6b8089140040fab5 | Biodiversity | The term biological diversity was used first by wildlife scientist and conservationist Raymond F. Dasmann in the year 1968 lay book A Different Kind of Country advocating conservation. The term was widely adopted only after more than a decade, when in the 1980s it came into common usage in science and environmental pol... | What book first contained the term biological diversity? | {
"answer_start": [
132
],
"text": [
"A Different Kind of Country"
]
} |
570be04b6b8089140040fab6 | Biodiversity | The term biological diversity was used first by wildlife scientist and conservationist Raymond F. Dasmann in the year 1968 lay book A Different Kind of Country advocating conservation. The term was widely adopted only after more than a decade, when in the 1980s it came into common usage in science and environmental pol... | What decade did the term biological diversity become common usage in science and economics? | {
"answer_start": [
252
],
"text": [
"the 1980s"
]
} |
570be04b6b8089140040fab7 | Biodiversity | The term biological diversity was used first by wildlife scientist and conservationist Raymond F. Dasmann in the year 1968 lay book A Different Kind of Country advocating conservation. The term was widely adopted only after more than a decade, when in the 1980s it came into common usage in science and environmental pol... | Who introduced the term biological diversity to the scientific community? | {
"answer_start": [
325
],
"text": [
"Thomas Lovejoy"
]
} |
570be04b6b8089140040fab8 | Biodiversity | The term biological diversity was used first by wildlife scientist and conservationist Raymond F. Dasmann in the year 1968 lay book A Different Kind of Country advocating conservation. The term was widely adopted only after more than a decade, when in the 1980s it came into common usage in science and environmental pol... | What term was common before biological diversity? | {
"answer_start": [
460
],
"text": [
"\"natural diversity\""
]
} |
570be0da6b8089140040fabe | Biodiversity | Biodiversity provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources. A significant proportion of drugs are derived, directly or indirectly, from biological sources: at least 50% of the pharmaceutical compounds on the US market are derived from plants, animals, and micro-organisms, whil... | What provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Biodiversity"
]
} |
570be0da6b8089140040fabf | Biodiversity | Biodiversity provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources. A significant proportion of drugs are derived, directly or indirectly, from biological sources: at least 50% of the pharmaceutical compounds on the US market are derived from plants, animals, and micro-organisms, whil... | What percentage of US drugs are derived from plants, animals, and micro-organisms? | {
"answer_start": [
199
],
"text": [
"at least 50%"
]
} |
570be0da6b8089140040fac1 | Biodiversity | Biodiversity provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources. A significant proportion of drugs are derived, directly or indirectly, from biological sources: at least 50% of the pharmaceutical compounds on the US market are derived from plants, animals, and micro-organisms, whil... | What field has biodiversity made critical advances in? | {
"answer_start": [
618
],
"text": [
"bionics"
]
} |
570be0da6b8089140040fac0 | Biodiversity | Biodiversity provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources. A significant proportion of drugs are derived, directly or indirectly, from biological sources: at least 50% of the pharmaceutical compounds on the US market are derived from plants, animals, and micro-organisms, whil... | What percentage of worldwide drugs are derived from nature? | {
"answer_start": [
322
],
"text": [
"about 80%"
]
} |
570be1b6ec8fbc190045bbb6 | Biodiversity | In agriculture and animal husbandry, the Green Revolution popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield. Often hybridized breeds originated in developed countries and were further hybridized with local varieties in the developing world to create high yield strains resistant to local climate and di... | What popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield? | {
"answer_start": [
37
],
"text": [
"the Green Revolution"
]
} |
570be1b6ec8fbc190045bbb7 | Biodiversity | In agriculture and animal husbandry, the Green Revolution popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield. Often hybridized breeds originated in developed countries and were further hybridized with local varieties in the developing world to create high yield strains resistant to local climate and di... | What did the high yield strains become resistant to? | {
"answer_start": [
300
],
"text": [
"local climate and diseases"
]
} |
570be1b6ec8fbc190045bbb8 | Biodiversity | In agriculture and animal husbandry, the Green Revolution popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield. Often hybridized breeds originated in developed countries and were further hybridized with local varieties in the developing world to create high yield strains resistant to local climate and di... | Who has been pushing for hybridization? | {
"answer_start": [
328
],
"text": [
"Local governments and industry"
]
} |
570be1b6ec8fbc190045bbb9 | Biodiversity | In agriculture and animal husbandry, the Green Revolution popularized the use of conventional hybridization to increase yield. Often hybridized breeds originated in developed countries and were further hybridized with local varieties in the developing world to create high yield strains resistant to local climate and di... | What caused the loss of biodiversity? | {
"answer_start": [
392
],
"text": [
"Formerly huge gene pools of various wild and indigenous breeds have collapsed causing widespread genetic erosion"
]
} |
570bce516b8089140040fa42 | ASCII | Originally based on the English alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart on the right. The characters encoded are numbers 0 to 9, lowercase letters a to z, uppercase letters A to Z, basic punctuation symbols, control codes that originated with Teletype machine... | What is the ASCII based on? | {
"answer_start": [
24
],
"text": [
"English alphabet"
]
} |
570bce516b8089140040fa43 | ASCII | Originally based on the English alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart on the right. The characters encoded are numbers 0 to 9, lowercase letters a to z, uppercase letters A to Z, basic punctuation symbols, control codes that originated with Teletype machine... | How many specific characters are there in the ASCII code? | {
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"128 specified characters"
]
} |
570bce516b8089140040fa44 | ASCII | Originally based on the English alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart on the right. The characters encoded are numbers 0 to 9, lowercase letters a to z, uppercase letters A to Z, basic punctuation symbols, control codes that originated with Teletype machine... | How many are non-printing control characters? | {
"answer_start": [
453
],
"text": [
"33 are non-printing control characters"
]
} |
570bce516b8089140040fa45 | ASCII | Originally based on the English alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart on the right. The characters encoded are numbers 0 to 9, lowercase letters a to z, uppercase letters A to Z, basic punctuation symbols, control codes that originated with Teletype machine... | How many characters are printable characters? | {
"answer_start": [
561
],
"text": [
"95 printable characters"
]
} |
570bce516b8089140040fa46 | ASCII | Originally based on the English alphabet, ASCII encodes 128 specified characters into seven-bit integers as shown by the ASCII chart on the right. The characters encoded are numbers 0 to 9, lowercase letters a to z, uppercase letters A to Z, basic punctuation symbols, control codes that originated with Teletype machine... | What is the space also known as what? | {
"answer_start": [
630
],
"text": [
"invisible graphic:223"
]
} |
570bd0da6b8089140040fa60 | ASCII | The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together, and all graphic codes were together, for ease of identification. The first two columns (32 positions) were reserved for control characters.:220, 236 § 8,9) The "space" character had to come before graphics to make sorting easier, so it became posit... | Why was the code patterned so that most codes were together? | {
"answer_start": [
109
],
"text": [
"for ease of identification"
]
} |
570bd0da6b8089140040fa61 | ASCII | The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together, and all graphic codes were together, for ease of identification. The first two columns (32 positions) were reserved for control characters.:220, 236 § 8,9) The "space" character had to come before graphics to make sorting easier, so it became posit... | How many positions are in the first two columns? | {
"answer_start": [
160
],
"text": [
"32 positions"
]
} |
570bd0da6b8089140040fa62 | ASCII | The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together, and all graphic codes were together, for ease of identification. The first two columns (32 positions) were reserved for control characters.:220, 236 § 8,9) The "space" character had to come before graphics to make sorting easier, so it became posit... | What did the committee decide was important? | {
"answer_start": [
474
],
"text": [
"to support uppercase 64-character alphabets"
]
} |
570bd0da6b8089140040fa63 | ASCII | The code itself was patterned so that most control codes were together, and all graphic codes were together, for ease of identification. The first two columns (32 positions) were reserved for control characters.:220, 236 § 8,9) The "space" character had to come before graphics to make sorting easier, so it became posit... | Where was the letter A places in position? | {
"answer_start": [
910
],
"text": [
"41hex"
]
} |
570bd1adec8fbc190045bb22 | ASCII | ASCII was incorporated into the Unicode character set as the first 128 symbols, so the 7-bit ASCII characters have the same numeric codes in both sets. This allows UTF-8 to be backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII, as a UTF-8 file containing only ASCII characters is identical to an ASCII file containing the same sequenc... | ASCII was incorporated into what other character set? | {
"answer_start": [
32
],
"text": [
"Unicode"
]
} |
570bd1adec8fbc190045bb23 | ASCII | ASCII was incorporated into the Unicode character set as the first 128 symbols, so the 7-bit ASCII characters have the same numeric codes in both sets. This allows UTF-8 to be backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII, as a UTF-8 file containing only ASCII characters is identical to an ASCII file containing the same sequenc... | How many of the symbols are the same in the beginning of the ASCII and Unicode? | {
"answer_start": [
67
],
"text": [
"128 symbols"
]
} |
570bd1adec8fbc190045bb24 | ASCII | ASCII was incorporated into the Unicode character set as the first 128 symbols, so the 7-bit ASCII characters have the same numeric codes in both sets. This allows UTF-8 to be backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII, as a UTF-8 file containing only ASCII characters is identical to an ASCII file containing the same sequenc... | What set is backward compatible with 7-bit ASCII? | {
"answer_start": [
164
],
"text": [
"UTF-8"
]
} |
570bd2ec6b8089140040fa68 | ASCII | When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a Control-S (XOFF, an abbreviation for transmit off), it caused the tape reader to stop; receiving Control-Q (XON, "transmit on") caused the tape reader to resume. This technique became adopted by several early computer operating systems as a... | What casued the automatic paper tape reader to stop? | {
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"a Control-S"
]
} |
570bd2ec6b8089140040fa69 | ASCII | When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a Control-S (XOFF, an abbreviation for transmit off), it caused the tape reader to stop; receiving Control-Q (XON, "transmit on") caused the tape reader to resume. This technique became adopted by several early computer operating systems as a... | What caused the automatic paper tape reader to start again? | {
"answer_start": [
177
],
"text": [
"Control-Q"
]
} |
570bd2ec6b8089140040fa6a | ASCII | When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a Control-S (XOFF, an abbreviation for transmit off), it caused the tape reader to stop; receiving Control-Q (XON, "transmit on") caused the tape reader to resume. This technique became adopted by several early computer operating systems as a... | What was the warning signal called that warned the sender that there was impending overflow? | {
"answer_start": [
322
],
"text": [
"handshaking"
]
} |
570bd2ec6b8089140040fa6b | ASCII | When a Teletype 33 ASR equipped with the automatic paper tape reader received a Control-S (XOFF, an abbreviation for transmit off), it caused the tape reader to stop; receiving Control-Q (XON, "transmit on") caused the tape reader to resume. This technique became adopted by several early computer operating systems as a... | What two controls can be configured with 33 ASR? | {
"answer_start": [
647
],
"text": [
"Control-R (DC2) and Control-T (DC4)"
]
} |
570bd3ceec8fbc190045bb3c | ASCII | DEC operating systems (OS/8, RT-11, RSX-11, RSTS, TOPS-10, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the time so-called "glass TTYs" (later called CRTs or terminals) came along, the convention was so well established that backward compa... | What are glass TTYs also known as? | {
"answer_start": [
231
],
"text": [
"CRTs or terminals"
]
} |
570bd3ceec8fbc190045bb3d | ASCII | DEC operating systems (OS/8, RT-11, RSX-11, RSTS, TOPS-10, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the time so-called "glass TTYs" (later called CRTs or terminals) came along, the convention was so well established that backward compa... | What did Gary Kildall clone to create CP/M? | {
"answer_start": [
394
],
"text": [
"RT-11"
]
} |
570bd3ceec8fbc190045bb3e | ASCII | DEC operating systems (OS/8, RT-11, RSX-11, RSTS, TOPS-10, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the time so-called "glass TTYs" (later called CRTs or terminals) came along, the convention was so well established that backward compa... | When was the introduction of PC DOS? | {
"answer_start": [
491
],
"text": [
"1981"
]
} |
570bd3ceec8fbc190045bb3f | ASCII | DEC operating systems (OS/8, RT-11, RSX-11, RSTS, TOPS-10, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the time so-called "glass TTYs" (later called CRTs or terminals) came along, the convention was so well established that backward compa... | What programming did IBM use in the 1970s? | {
"answer_start": [
564
],
"text": [
"EBCDIC"
]
} |
570bd3ceec8fbc190045bb40 | ASCII | DEC operating systems (OS/8, RT-11, RSX-11, RSTS, TOPS-10, etc.) used both characters to mark the end of a line so that the console device (originally Teletype machines) would work. By the time so-called "glass TTYs" (later called CRTs or terminals) came along, the convention was so well established that backward compa... | What was IBM's PC DOS marketed as by Microsoft? | {
"answer_start": [
747
],
"text": [
"MS-DOS"
]
} |
570bd4a6ec8fbc190045bb4e | ASCII | C trigraphs were created to solve this problem for ANSI C, although their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers limited their use. Many programmers kept their computers on US-ASCII, so plain-text in Swedish, German etc. (for example, in e-mail or Usenet) contained "{, }" and similar variants in... | What was created to solve the problem for ANSI C? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"C trigraphs"
]
} |
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