id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
572827732ca10214002d9f5d | Federalism | Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities, the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States, Germany or Australia, but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland. Tensions between t... | What are homogeneous states? | {
"answer_start": [
198
],
"text": [
"United States, Germany or Australia"
]
} |
572827732ca10214002d9f5e | Federalism | Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities, the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States, Germany or Australia, but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland. Tensions between t... | Where can tensions be found in the federalist countries? | {
"answer_start": [
382
],
"text": [
"Canada"
]
} |
572827732ca10214002d9f5f | Federalism | Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities, the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States, Germany or Australia, but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland. Tensions between t... | What countries did the federalist model fail in? | {
"answer_start": [
620
],
"text": [
"Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia"
]
} |
572827732ca10214002d9f60 | Federalism | Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities, the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States, Germany or Australia, but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland. Tensions between t... | What countries dismissed the federalist model? | {
"answer_start": [
582
],
"text": [
"Ukraine or Syria"
]
} |
5728292e2ca10214002d9f90 | Federalism | In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of "feder... | In the United States, what was federalism referred to? | {
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"belief in a stronger central government."
]
} |
5728292e2ca10214002d9f91 | Federalism | In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of "feder... | When the U.S Constitution was being drafted, what did the federalist party support? | {
"answer_start": [
176
],
"text": [
"stronger central government"
]
} |
5728292e2ca10214002d9f92 | Federalism | In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of "feder... | What did anti-federalist support? | {
"answer_start": [
239
],
"text": [
"weaker central government"
]
} |
5728292e2ca10214002d9f93 | Federalism | In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of "feder... | On the political spectrum, where does federalism stand? | {
"answer_start": [
402
],
"text": [
"federalism\" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state"
]
} |
572829d9ff5b5019007d9e58 | Federalism | In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people ha... | Who has a greater history of unitary states? | {
"answer_start": [
13
],
"text": [
"Europe"
]
} |
572829d9ff5b5019007d9e59 | Federalism | In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people ha... | What does federalism mean in Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
120
],
"text": [
"weaker central government, relative to a unitary state"
]
} |
572829d9ff5b5019007d9e5a | Federalism | In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people ha... | What branch does the United States want to limit under the federalist model? | {
"answer_start": [
557
],
"text": [
"judiciary"
]
} |
57282b142ca10214002d9fd4 | Federalism | On the 1st of January 1901 the nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation. The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788, which subsequently established six, eventually self-governing, colonies there. In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendum... | What happened on January 1st 1901? | {
"answer_start": [
31
],
"text": [
"nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation"
]
} |
57282b142ca10214002d9fd5 | Federalism | On the 1st of January 1901 the nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation. The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788, which subsequently established six, eventually self-governing, colonies there. In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendum... | When did the United Kingdom colonized the Australian continent? | {
"answer_start": [
169
],
"text": [
"1788"
]
} |
57282b142ca10214002d9fd6 | Federalism | On the 1st of January 1901 the nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation. The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788, which subsequently established six, eventually self-governing, colonies there. In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendum... | Which model is of federalism is similar to the federalism model in Australia? | {
"answer_start": [
647
],
"text": [
"United States of America"
]
} |
57282b142ca10214002d9fd7 | Federalism | On the 1st of January 1901 the nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation. The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788, which subsequently established six, eventually self-governing, colonies there. In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendum... | What was established when Australia was colonized? | {
"answer_start": [
206
],
"text": [
"six, eventually self-governing, colonies"
]
} |
57282bf93acd2414000df629 | Federalism | In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution sin... | When was Brazil's fall of the monarchy? | {
"answer_start": [
39
],
"text": [
"1889"
]
} |
57282bf93acd2414000df62a | Federalism | In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution sin... | Who caused the fall of the monarchy happened in Brazil? | {
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca."
]
} |
57282bf93acd2414000df62b | Federalism | In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution sin... | When did Brazil adopt federalism? | {
"answer_start": [
323
],
"text": [
"1891"
]
} |
57282bf93acd2414000df62c | Federalism | In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution sin... | What other system does Brazil use? | {
"answer_start": [
626
],
"text": [
"Fonseca system"
]
} |
57282bf93acd2414000df62d | Federalism | In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution sin... | What is the fonseca system? | {
"answer_start": [
644
],
"text": [
"regulate interstate trade"
]
} |
57282f5c3acd2414000df68b | Federalism | The government of India is based on a tiered system, in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (also known as the Central Government), representing the U... | What is the government of India based on? | {
"answer_start": [
38
],
"text": [
"tiered system"
]
} |
57282f5c3acd2414000df68c | Federalism | The government of India is based on a tiered system, in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (also known as the Central Government), representing the U... | What is a tiered system? | {
"answer_start": [
62
],
"text": [
"the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers"
]
} |
57282f5c3acd2414000df68d | Federalism | The government of India is based on a tiered system, in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (also known as the Central Government), representing the U... | What was the constitution originally provided for? | {
"answer_start": [
210
],
"text": [
"two-tier system of government"
]
} |
57282f5c3acd2414000df68e | Federalism | The government of India is based on a tiered system, in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (also known as the Central Government), representing the U... | When the third tiere was added on, what is it in form of? | {
"answer_start": [
407
],
"text": [
"Panchayats and Municipalities"
]
} |
5728307c4b864d19001646be | Federalism | A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, ... | What is a distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism? | {
"answer_start": [
98
],
"text": [
"asymmetric"
]
} |
5728307c4b864d19001646bf | Federalism | A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, ... | What does Article 370 say? | {
"answer_start": [
128
],
"text": [
"special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession"
]
} |
5728307c4b864d19001646c0 | Federalism | A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, ... | What does Article 371 say? | {
"answer_start": [
236
],
"text": [
"special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim"
]
} |
5728307c4b864d19001646c1 | Federalism | A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, ... | What happens with President's Rule? | {
"answer_start": [
483
],
"text": [
"the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months"
]
} |
572833243acd2414000df6cd | Federalism | Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, ... | Who is the strongest advocate of the European Federalism? | {
"answer_start": [
311
],
"text": [
"Germany, Italy, Belgium and Luxembourg"
]
} |
572833243acd2414000df6ce | Federalism | Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, ... | Who opposed the European Federalism? | {
"answer_start": [
411
],
"text": [
"United Kingdom, Denmark and France"
]
} |
572833243acd2414000df6cf | Federalism | Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, ... | When did the French authorities adopted the pro-European Unification position? | {
"answer_start": [
494
],
"text": [
"Since the presidency of François Mitterrand (1981-1995"
]
} |
572833d43acd2414000df6dd | Federalism | The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces. The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United Sta... | When did the federal war end? | {
"answer_start": [
25
],
"text": [
"1863"
]
} |
572833d43acd2414000df6de | Federalism | The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces. The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United Sta... | How did the federal war end? | {
"answer_start": [
30
],
"text": [
"with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces"
]
} |
572833d43acd2414000df6df | Federalism | The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces. The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United Sta... | What did the United States of Venezuela incorporate? | {
"answer_start": [
210
],
"text": [
"\"Federation of Sovereign States\" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America"
]
} |
572833d43acd2414000df6e0 | Federalism | The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces. The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United Sta... | In this type of federation each country had its own what? | {
"answer_start": [
374
],
"text": [
"President"
]
} |
572834e44b864d1900164720 | Federalism | On the other hand, Belgian federalism is federated with three components. An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels. These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch-speaking parties, who are generally in favour of a federal system... | How many components does the Belgian federalism have? | {
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"three components"
]
} |
572834e44b864d1900164721 | Federalism | On the other hand, Belgian federalism is federated with three components. An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels. These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch-speaking parties, who are generally in favour of a federal system... | What passed on July 18, 2007? | {
"answer_start": [
660
],
"text": [
"Brussels' parliament"
]
} |
572834e44b864d1900164722 | Federalism | On the other hand, Belgian federalism is federated with three components. An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels. These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch-speaking parties, who are generally in favour of a federal system... | What are the Flemish representatives in favor for? | {
"answer_start": [
502
],
"text": [
"Brussels resolution, with the exception of one party"
]
} |
572834e44b864d1900164723 | Federalism | On the other hand, Belgian federalism is federated with three components. An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels. These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch-speaking parties, who are generally in favour of a federal system... | What is Belgian Federalism? | {
"answer_start": [
130
],
"text": [
"the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels."
]
} |
572835953acd2414000df704 | Federalism | However, in order to manage the tensions present in the Spanish transition to democracy, the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements. Besides, unlike in the federal system, the main taxes are taken centrally from Madrid (except for the Basque ... | Which cities are recognized in the Spanish Democratic Constitution? | {
"answer_start": [
313
],
"text": [
"Basque Country and Navarre"
]
} |
572835953acd2414000df703 | Federalism | However, in order to manage the tensions present in the Spanish transition to democracy, the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements. Besides, unlike in the federal system, the main taxes are taken centrally from Madrid (except for the Basque ... | How did they manage the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to democracy? | {
"answer_start": [
89
],
"text": [
"the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements."
]
} |
572835953acd2414000df705 | Federalism | However, in order to manage the tensions present in the Spanish transition to democracy, the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements. Besides, unlike in the federal system, the main taxes are taken centrally from Madrid (except for the Basque ... | Where are the main taxes taken? | {
"answer_start": [
290
],
"text": [
"Madrid"
]
} |
572835ea4b864d1900164742 | Federalism | Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy. The mode of political organization preferred by anarchists, in general, is federalism or confederalism.[citation needed] However, the anarchist definition of federalis... | What are anarchists against? | {
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"State"
]
} |
572835ea4b864d1900164743 | Federalism | Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy. The mode of political organization preferred by anarchists, in general, is federalism or confederalism.[citation needed] However, the anarchist definition of federalis... | What are anarchists not against? | {
"answer_start": [
41
],
"text": [
"not against political organization or \"governance\"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy."
]
} |
572835ea4b864d1900164744 | Federalism | Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy. The mode of political organization preferred by anarchists, in general, is federalism or confederalism.[citation needed] However, the anarchist definition of federalis... | What mode of government does the anarchists prefer? | {
"answer_start": [
228
],
"text": [
"federalism or confederalism"
]
} |
5728367e4b864d190016474e | Federalism | Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesr... | Who can elect the members of the upper house? | {
"answer_start": [
111
],
"text": [
"government or legislature"
]
} |
5728367e4b864d190016474f | Federalism | Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesr... | Can the members of the upper house be elected directly or indirectly? | {
"answer_start": [
85
],
"text": [
"indirectly"
]
} |
5728367e4b864d1900164750 | Federalism | Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesr... | Can the members of the lower house be elected directly or indirectly? | {
"answer_start": [
417
],
"text": [
"directly"
]
} |
572836f92ca10214002da0e6 | Federalism | Federalism, and other forms of territorially autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divid... | What is federalism seen as? | {
"answer_start": [
76
],
"text": [
"a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries"
]
} |
572836f92ca10214002da0e7 | Federalism | Federalism, and other forms of territorially autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divid... | What does federalism allow? | {
"answer_start": [
192
],
"text": [
"it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level"
]
} |
572836f92ca10214002da0e8 | Federalism | Federalism, and other forms of territorially autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divid... | What do scholars think of federalism? | {
"answer_start": [
256
],
"text": [
"Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries"
]
} |
572837e7ff5b5019007d9f46 | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet st... | What happened to Russia's subdivision of government? | {
"answer_start": [
62
],
"text": [
"changed towards a generally autonomous model"
]
} |
572837e7ff5b5019007d9f47 | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet st... | When was Russia's subdivision liberalized? | {
"answer_start": [
213
],
"text": [
"in the aftermath of the Soviet Union"
]
} |
572837e7ff5b5019007d9f48 | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet st... | Who was in charge when the reforms was going on? | {
"answer_start": [
274
],
"text": [
"Boris Yeltsin"
]
} |
572837e7ff5b5019007d9f49 | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet st... | Who scaled back some reforms from Yeltsin? | {
"answer_start": [
577
],
"text": [
"Vladimir Putin"
]
} |
5728384dff5b5019007d9f4e | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national governmen... | What is federalism in the United States? | {
"answer_start": [
1
],
"text": [
"ederalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States"
]
} |
5728384dff5b5019007d9f4f | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national governmen... | How has the American government evolved? | {
"answer_start": [
136
],
"text": [
"American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism."
]
} |
5728384dff5b5019007d9f50 | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national governmen... | What happened in Federalist No.46? | {
"answer_start": [
259
],
"text": [
"James Madison asserted that the states and national government"
]
} |
5728384dff5b5019007d9f51 | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national governmen... | What happened in Federalist No. 28 | {
"answer_start": [
451
],
"text": [
"\"Federalist No. 28,\" suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit"
]
} |
57283a1b4b864d19001647a4 | Federalism | Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express p... | Why did the constitution didn't have to explain federalism? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Because the states were preexisting political entities"
]
} |
57283a1b4b864d19001647a5 | Federalism | Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express p... | What is another word for express powers? | {
"answer_start": [
339
],
"text": [
"enumerated powers"
]
} |
57283a1b4b864d19001647a6 | Federalism | Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express p... | Where can we find express powers? | {
"answer_start": [
387
],
"text": [
"in the Constitution"
]
} |
57283a1b4b864d19001647a8 | Federalism | Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express p... | What does the Necessary and Proper Clause do? | {
"answer_start": [
547
],
"text": [
"gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law \"necessary and proper\" for the execution of its express powers"
]
} |
57283a1b4b864d19001647a7 | Federalism | Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express p... | What are the expressed powers? | {
"answer_start": [
418
],
"text": [
"the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce."
]
} |
57283ac5ff5b5019007d9f8e | Federalism | The Federalist Party of the United States was opposed by the Democratic-Republicans, including powerful figures such as Thomas Jefferson. The Democratic-Republicans mainly believed that: the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked; the Executive ha... | What was the federalist party of the United States opposed to? | {
"answer_start": [
61
],
"text": [
"Democratic-Republicans"
]
} |
57283ac5ff5b5019007d9f8f | Federalism | The Federalist Party of the United States was opposed by the Democratic-Republicans, including powerful figures such as Thomas Jefferson. The Democratic-Republicans mainly believed that: the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked; the Executive ha... | What did the democratic-republican party believe in? | {
"answer_start": [
187
],
"text": [
"the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked"
]
} |
57283ac5ff5b5019007d9f90 | Federalism | The Federalist Party of the United States was opposed by the Democratic-Republicans, including powerful figures such as Thomas Jefferson. The Democratic-Republicans mainly believed that: the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked; the Executive ha... | Who decided the rights in specific cases? | {
"answer_start": [
841
],
"text": [
"the judicial system of courts"
]
} |
57283b6f4b864d19001647b8 | Federalism | The meaning of federalism, as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context.[citation needed] Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.[citation needed] For example, at th... | What is the meaning of federalism? | {
"answer_start": [
27
],
"text": [
"as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context"
]
} |
57283b6f4b864d19001647b9 | Federalism | The meaning of federalism, as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context.[citation needed] Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.[citation needed] For example, at th... | What types of movements are associated with federalism? | {
"answer_start": [
153
],
"text": [
"Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends."
]
} |
57283b6f4b864d19001647ba | Federalism | The meaning of federalism, as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context.[citation needed] Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.[citation needed] For example, at th... | What countries advocate for a strong central government? | {
"answer_start": [
404
],
"text": [
"United States and Australia"
]
} |
57283c283acd2414000df773 | Federalism | From 1938 until 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause. Most actions by the federal government can find some legal support among the express powers, such as the Commerce Clause, whose applicability has been narrowed by the Supreme Court... | What happened between 1938 to 1995? | {
"answer_start": [
22
],
"text": [
"the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause."
]
} |
57283c283acd2414000df774 | Federalism | From 1938 until 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause. Most actions by the federal government can find some legal support among the express powers, such as the Commerce Clause, whose applicability has been narrowed by the Supreme Court... | What are most actions in the federal government known as? | {
"answer_start": [
245
],
"text": [
"Commerce Clause"
]
} |
57283c283acd2414000df775 | Federalism | From 1938 until 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause. Most actions by the federal government can find some legal support among the express powers, such as the Commerce Clause, whose applicability has been narrowed by the Supreme Court... | What did the court reject in 1995? | {
"answer_start": [
346
],
"text": [
"the Supreme Court rejected the Gun-Free School Zones Act in the Lopez decision"
]
} |
57283c283acd2414000df776 | Federalism | From 1938 until 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause. Most actions by the federal government can find some legal support among the express powers, such as the Commerce Clause, whose applicability has been narrowed by the Supreme Court... | What did the court reject in 1994? | {
"answer_start": [
435
],
"text": [
"rejected the civil remedy portion of the Violence Against Women Act"
]
} |
57283c283acd2414000df777 | Federalism | From 1938 until 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause. Most actions by the federal government can find some legal support among the express powers, such as the Commerce Clause, whose applicability has been narrowed by the Supreme Court... | What does the commerce clause include? | {
"answer_start": [
603
],
"text": [
"include marijuana laws in the Gonzales v. Raich decision"
]
} |
57283ceb4b864d19001647d2 | Federalism | On one hand, this means that the Belgian political landscape, generally speaking, consists of only two components: the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels, represented by their French-speaking parties. The Brussels region emerg... | How many components does the Belgian political landscape include? | {
"answer_start": [
99
],
"text": [
"two components"
]
} |
57283ceb4b864d19001647d3 | Federalism | On one hand, this means that the Belgian political landscape, generally speaking, consists of only two components: the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels, represented by their French-speaking parties. The Brussels region emerg... | What are the two components in the Belgian political landscape? | {
"answer_start": [
115
],
"text": [
"the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels"
]
} |
57283ceb4b864d19001647d4 | Federalism | On one hand, this means that the Belgian political landscape, generally speaking, consists of only two components: the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels, represented by their French-speaking parties. The Brussels region emerg... | What component is the Brussel Region? | {
"answer_start": [
328
],
"text": [
"third component"
]
} |
57283ceb4b864d19001647d5 | Federalism | On one hand, this means that the Belgian political landscape, generally speaking, consists of only two components: the Dutch-speaking population represented by Dutch-language political parties, and the majority populations of Wallonia and Brussels, represented by their French-speaking parties. The Brussels region emerg... | What happens with the Brussels special position? | {
"answer_start": [
423
],
"text": [
"consequently has a number of political issues"
]
} |
57283db82ca10214002da15e | Federalism | Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state. The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent. In Australia, if a proposed amendment wi... | The US Constitution says what to amendments? | {
"answer_start": [
182
],
"text": [
"provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent"
]
} |
57283db82ca10214002da15f | Federalism | Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state. The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent. In Australia, if a proposed amendment wi... | What happens when certain constitutional amendments cannot occur? | {
"answer_start": [
79
],
"text": [
"cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state"
]
} |
57283db82ca10214002da160 | Federalism | Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state. The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent. In Australia, if a proposed amendment wi... | Any amendment in the Canadian constitution that needs to be modified, needs to do what first? | {
"answer_start": [
522
],
"text": [
"would require unanimous consent of the provinces."
]
} |
57283db82ca10214002da161 | Federalism | Some federal constitutions also provide that certain constitutional amendments cannot occur without the unanimous consent of all states or of a particular state. The US constitution provides that no state may be deprived of equal representation in the senate without its consent. In Australia, if a proposed amendment wi... | What is the German basic law? | {
"answer_start": [
593
],
"text": [
"provides that no amendment is admissible at all that would abolish the federal system."
]
} |
57283e934b864d19001647e0 | Federalism | Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a partic... | What does every component state of federation possess? | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"the same powers"
]
} |
57283e934b864d19001647e1 | Federalism | Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a partic... | Asymmetric federalism exist when? | {
"answer_start": [
144
],
"text": [
"where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do"
]
} |
57283e934b864d19001647e2 | Federalism | Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a partic... | What cities in Spain are in the historic movement? | {
"answer_start": [
358
],
"text": [
"Basques and Catalans, as well as the Galicians"
]
} |
57283e934b864d19001647e3 | Federalism | Where every component state of a federation possesses the same powers, we are said to find 'symmetric federalism'. Asymmetric federalism exists where states are granted different powers, or some possess greater autonomy than others do. This is often done in recognition of the existence of a distinct culture in a partic... | Is Spain apart of federalism? | {
"answer_start": [
967
],
"text": [
"Spain is not a federalism, but a decentralized administrative organization of the state."
]
} |
57283f724b864d19001647f2 | Federalism | Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution. As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self-governing status of the component states cannot be abolished without their consent. An amendment to the constitution of the United States must be... | What does federations have for amendments of the constitution? | {
"answer_start": [
23
],
"text": [
"special procedures"
]
} |
57283f724b864d19001647f3 | Federalism | Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution. As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self-governing status of the component states cannot be abolished without their consent. An amendment to the constitution of the United States must be... | What may guarantee the self-governing status of the competent states? | {
"answer_start": [
111
],
"text": [
"federal structure"
]
} |
57283f724b864d19001647f4 | Federalism | Federations often have special procedures for amendment of the federal constitution. As well as reflecting the federal structure of the state this may guarantee that the self-governing status of the component states cannot be abolished without their consent. An amendment to the constitution of the United States must be... | What needs to be done in order to amend the Australia and Switzerland Constitution? | {
"answer_start": [
565
],
"text": [
"required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole"
]
} |
5728402c4b864d19001647f8 | Federalism | The structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states. One method, known as 'intrastate federalism', is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions. Where a federation has a bicameral legislature the upper house is oft... | What does the structures of the federal government incorporate? | {
"answer_start": [
55
],
"text": [
"mechanisms to protect the rights of component states"
]
} |
5728402c4b864d19001647f9 | Federalism | The structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states. One method, known as 'intrastate federalism', is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions. Where a federation has a bicameral legislature the upper house is oft... | What is one method to protect the rights of the component states? | {
"answer_start": [
131
],
"text": [
"intrastate federalism"
]
} |
5728402c4b864d19001647fa | Federalism | The structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states. One method, known as 'intrastate federalism', is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions. Where a federation has a bicameral legislature the upper house is oft... | What is intrastate federalism? | {
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions"
]
} |
5728402c4b864d19001647fb | Federalism | The structures of most federal governments incorporate mechanisms to protect the rights of component states. One method, known as 'intrastate federalism', is to directly represent the governments of component states in federal political institutions. Where a federation has a bicameral legislature the upper house is oft... | What is a bicameral legislature? | {
"answer_start": [
298
],
"text": [
"the upper house is often used to represent the component states while the lower house represents the people of the nation as a whole"
]
} |
572840b1ff5b5019007da002 | Federalism | Federations often employ the paradox of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves. For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No. 39 that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; ... | What does federations often employ? | {
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"union of states"
]
} |
572840b1ff5b5019007da003 | Federalism | Federations often employ the paradox of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves. For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No. 39 that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; ... | What is federalist paper no. 39? | {
"answer_start": [
230
],
"text": [
"that the US Constitution \"is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; but a composition of both"
]
} |
572840b1ff5b5019007da004 | Federalism | Federations often employ the paradox of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves. For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No. 39 that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; ... | What is the foundation for federalist paper no. 39? | {
"answer_start": [
366
],
"text": [
"it is federal, not national; in the sources from which the ordinary powers of the Government are drawn, it is partly federal, and partly national.."
]
} |
572840b1ff5b5019007da005 | Federalism | Federations often employ the paradox of being a union of states, while still being states (or having aspects of statehood) in themselves. For example, James Madison (author of the US Constitution) wrote in Federalist Paper No. 39 that the US Constitution "is in strictness neither a national nor a federal constitution; ... | What is the 10th Amendment in the United States? | {
"answer_start": [
729
],
"text": [
"which reserves all powers and rights that are not delegated to the Federal Government as left to the States and to the people."
]
} |
5728418f2ca10214002da1b4 | Federalism | Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political e... | When is a federation formed? | {
"answer_start": [
35
],
"text": [
"two levels"
]
} |
5728418f2ca10214002da1b5 | Federalism | Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political e... | What two levels equal a federation? | {
"answer_start": [
47
],
"text": [
"the central government and the regions"
]
} |
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