Split (3)

train · 87.6k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	title stringclasses 442 values	context stringlengths 151 3.71k	question stringlengths 12 270	answers dict
572837574b864d1900164767	History_of_India	Isolated remains of Homo erectus in Hathnora in the Narmada Valley in central India indicate that India might have been inhabited since at least the Middle Pleistocene era, somewhere between 500,000 and 200,000 years ago. Tools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back two million years have been discovered in ...	What type of remains were found in the Narmada Valley?	{ "answer_start": [ 20 ], "text": [ "Homo erectus" ] }
572837574b864d1900164768	History_of_India	Isolated remains of Homo erectus in Hathnora in the Narmada Valley in central India indicate that India might have been inhabited since at least the Middle Pleistocene era, somewhere between 500,000 and 200,000 years ago. Tools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back two million years have been discovered in ...	From how long ago do tools date in India?	{ "answer_start": [ 278 ], "text": [ "two million years" ] }
572837574b864d1900164769	History_of_India	Isolated remains of Homo erectus in Hathnora in the Narmada Valley in central India indicate that India might have been inhabited since at least the Middle Pleistocene era, somewhere between 500,000 and 200,000 years ago. Tools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back two million years have been discovered in ...	Where in the subcontinent is the oldest archaeological site?	{ "answer_start": [ 576 ], "text": [ "Soan River valley" ] }
572837574b864d190016476a	History_of_India	Isolated remains of Homo erectus in Hathnora in the Narmada Valley in central India indicate that India might have been inhabited since at least the Middle Pleistocene era, somewhere between 500,000 and 200,000 years ago. Tools crafted by proto-humans that have been dated back two million years have been discovered in ...	What type of resident lived at the site in Soan River Valley?	{ "answer_start": [ 543 ], "text": [ "palaeolithic hominid" ] }
57283f66ff5b5019007d9ff2	History_of_India	The Mesolithic period in the Indian subcontinent was followed by the Neolithic period, when more extensive settlement of the subcontinent occurred after the end of the last Ice Age approximately 12,000 years ago. The first confirmed semipermanent settlements appeared 9,000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in mo...	What geologic period came after the Mesolithic period in India?	{ "answer_start": [ 69 ], "text": [ "Neolithic" ] }
57283f66ff5b5019007d9ff3	History_of_India	The Mesolithic period in the Indian subcontinent was followed by the Neolithic period, when more extensive settlement of the subcontinent occurred after the end of the last Ice Age approximately 12,000 years ago. The first confirmed semipermanent settlements appeared 9,000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in mo...	What happened in India during the Neolithic period?	{ "answer_start": [ 97 ], "text": [ "extensive settlement" ] }
57283f66ff5b5019007d9ff4	History_of_India	The Mesolithic period in the Indian subcontinent was followed by the Neolithic period, when more extensive settlement of the subcontinent occurred after the end of the last Ice Age approximately 12,000 years ago. The first confirmed semipermanent settlements appeared 9,000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in mo...	How long ago did the last ice age happen in India?	{ "answer_start": [ 195 ], "text": [ "12,000 years" ] }
57283f66ff5b5019007d9ff5	History_of_India	The Mesolithic period in the Indian subcontinent was followed by the Neolithic period, when more extensive settlement of the subcontinent occurred after the end of the last Ice Age approximately 12,000 years ago. The first confirmed semipermanent settlements appeared 9,000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in mo...	When did settlements appear in Madhya Pradesh?	{ "answer_start": [ 268 ], "text": [ "9,000 years ago" ] }
57283f66ff5b5019007d9ff6	History_of_India	The Mesolithic period in the Indian subcontinent was followed by the Neolithic period, when more extensive settlement of the subcontinent occurred after the end of the last Ice Age approximately 12,000 years ago. The first confirmed semipermanent settlements appeared 9,000 years ago in the Bhimbetka rock shelters in mo...	During what time span were there findings of habitation in India and Pakistan?	{ "answer_start": [ 476 ], "text": [ "7000–9000 BCE" ] }
572840ee4b864d190016480e	History_of_India	The Mature Indus civilisation flourished from about 2600 to 1900 BCE, marking the beginning of urban civilisation on the subcontinent. The civilisation included urban centres such as Dholavira, Kalibangan, Ropar, Rakhigarhi, and Lothal in modern-day India, as well as Harappa, Ganeriwala, and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day ...	When did the Mature Indus Civilization thrive?	{ "answer_start": [ 52 ], "text": [ "2600 to 1900 BCE" ] }
572840ee4b864d190016480f	History_of_India	The Mature Indus civilisation flourished from about 2600 to 1900 BCE, marking the beginning of urban civilisation on the subcontinent. The civilisation included urban centres such as Dholavira, Kalibangan, Ropar, Rakhigarhi, and Lothal in modern-day India, as well as Harappa, Ganeriwala, and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day ...	What stage of civilization did the Mature Indus represent?	{ "answer_start": [ 95 ], "text": [ "urban" ] }
572840ee4b864d1900164810	History_of_India	The Mature Indus civilisation flourished from about 2600 to 1900 BCE, marking the beginning of urban civilisation on the subcontinent. The civilisation included urban centres such as Dholavira, Kalibangan, Ropar, Rakhigarhi, and Lothal in modern-day India, as well as Harappa, Ganeriwala, and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day ...	What kind of organization did the Mature Indus have?	{ "answer_start": [ 478 ], "text": [ "municipal" ] }
572840ee4b864d1900164811	History_of_India	The Mature Indus civilisation flourished from about 2600 to 1900 BCE, marking the beginning of urban civilisation on the subcontinent. The civilisation included urban centres such as Dholavira, Kalibangan, Ropar, Rakhigarhi, and Lothal in modern-day India, as well as Harappa, Ganeriwala, and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day ...	Of what were the early cities of the Mature Indus civilization built?	{ "answer_start": [ 380 ], "text": [ "brick" ] }
572840ee4b864d1900164812	History_of_India	The Mature Indus civilisation flourished from about 2600 to 1900 BCE, marking the beginning of urban civilisation on the subcontinent. The civilisation included urban centres such as Dholavira, Kalibangan, Ropar, Rakhigarhi, and Lothal in modern-day India, as well as Harappa, Ganeriwala, and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day ...	How high were the buildings in the Mature Indus ?	{ "answer_start": [ 417 ], "text": [ "multistoreyed" ] }
572842553acd2414000df7e7	History_of_India	The Vedic period is named after the Indo-Aryan culture of north-west India, although other parts of India had a distinct cultural identity during this period. The Vedic culture is described in the texts of Vedas, still sacred to Hindus, which were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit. The Vedas are some of the oldest exta...	For what culture is the Vedic period named?	{ "answer_start": [ 36 ], "text": [ "Indo-Aryan" ] }
572842553acd2414000df7e8	History_of_India	The Vedic period is named after the Indo-Aryan culture of north-west India, although other parts of India had a distinct cultural identity during this period. The Vedic culture is described in the texts of Vedas, still sacred to Hindus, which were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit. The Vedas are some of the oldest exta...	Where was the Indo-Aryan culture located?	{ "answer_start": [ 58 ], "text": [ "north-west India" ] }
572842553acd2414000df7e9	History_of_India	The Vedic period is named after the Indo-Aryan culture of north-west India, although other parts of India had a distinct cultural identity during this period. The Vedic culture is described in the texts of Vedas, still sacred to Hindus, which were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit. The Vedas are some of the oldest exta...	In what language did the Vedic culture speak?	{ "answer_start": [ 267 ], "text": [ "Vedic Sanskrit" ] }
572842553acd2414000df7ea	History_of_India	The Vedic period is named after the Indo-Aryan culture of north-west India, although other parts of India had a distinct cultural identity during this period. The Vedic culture is described in the texts of Vedas, still sacred to Hindus, which were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit. The Vedas are some of the oldest exta...	What sacred texts are some of the oldest in India?	{ "answer_start": [ 283 ], "text": [ "The Vedas" ] }
572842553acd2414000df7eb	History_of_India	The Vedic period is named after the Indo-Aryan culture of north-west India, although other parts of India had a distinct cultural identity during this period. The Vedic culture is described in the texts of Vedas, still sacred to Hindus, which were orally composed in Vedic Sanskrit. The Vedas are some of the oldest exta...	What was the duration of the Vedic culture?	{ "answer_start": [ 376 ], "text": [ "1750 to 500 BCE" ] }
572843dd2ca10214002da1ec	History_of_India	At the end of the Rigvedic period, the Aryan society began to expand from the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, into the western Ganges plain. It became increasingly agricultural and was socially organised around the hierarchy of the four varnas, or social classes. This social structure was characterized ...	When did the Aryan culture begin its expansion?	{ "answer_start": [ 18 ], "text": [ "Rigvedic period" ] }
572843dd2ca10214002da1ed	History_of_India	At the end of the Rigvedic period, the Aryan society began to expand from the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, into the western Ganges plain. It became increasingly agricultural and was socially organised around the hierarchy of the four varnas, or social classes. This social structure was characterized ...	Into what area did the Aryan culture expand?	{ "answer_start": [ 135 ], "text": [ "western Ganges plain" ] }
572843dd2ca10214002da1ee	History_of_India	At the end of the Rigvedic period, the Aryan society began to expand from the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, into the western Ganges plain. It became increasingly agricultural and was socially organised around the hierarchy of the four varnas, or social classes. This social structure was characterized ...	What were the Aryan social classes called?	{ "answer_start": [ 253 ], "text": [ "varnas" ] }
572843dd2ca10214002da1ef	History_of_India	At the end of the Rigvedic period, the Aryan society began to expand from the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, into the western Ganges plain. It became increasingly agricultural and was socially organised around the hierarchy of the four varnas, or social classes. This social structure was characterized ...	What did the Aryans label as impure in the indigenous peoples in order to exclude them from certain social classes?	{ "answer_start": [ 463 ], "text": [ "occupations" ] }
572843dd2ca10214002da1f0	History_of_India	At the end of the Rigvedic period, the Aryan society began to expand from the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, into the western Ganges plain. It became increasingly agricultural and was socially organised around the hierarchy of the four varnas, or social classes. This social structure was characterized ...	What groupings formed up into larger monarchical groups?	{ "answer_start": [ 524 ], "text": [ "small tribal units" ] }
572845efff5b5019007da094	History_of_India	The Kuru kingdom was the first state-level society of the Vedic period, corresponding to the beginning of the Iron Age in northwestern India, around 1200 – 800 BCE, as well as with the composition of the Atharvaveda (the first Indian text to mention iron, as śyāma ayas, literally "black metal"). The Kuru state organize...	What was the first state size society in the Vedic period?	{ "answer_start": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Kuru kingdom" ] }
572845efff5b5019007da095	History_of_India	The Kuru kingdom was the first state-level society of the Vedic period, corresponding to the beginning of the Iron Age in northwestern India, around 1200 – 800 BCE, as well as with the composition of the Atharvaveda (the first Indian text to mention iron, as śyāma ayas, literally "black metal"). The Kuru state organize...	What is the dating of the Kuru kingdom?	{ "answer_start": [ 149 ], "text": [ "1200 – 800 BCE" ] }
572845efff5b5019007da096	History_of_India	The Kuru kingdom was the first state-level society of the Vedic period, corresponding to the beginning of the Iron Age in northwestern India, around 1200 – 800 BCE, as well as with the composition of the Atharvaveda (the first Indian text to mention iron, as śyāma ayas, literally "black metal"). The Kuru state organize...	At the beginning of what age are the dates of the Kuru kingdom?	{ "answer_start": [ 110 ], "text": [ "Iron Age" ] }
572845efff5b5019007da097	History_of_India	The Kuru kingdom was the first state-level society of the Vedic period, corresponding to the beginning of the Iron Age in northwestern India, around 1200 – 800 BCE, as well as with the composition of the Atharvaveda (the first Indian text to mention iron, as śyāma ayas, literally "black metal"). The Kuru state organize...	What is the first Indian text to mention iron?	{ "answer_start": [ 204 ], "text": [ "Atharvaveda" ] }
572845efff5b5019007da098	History_of_India	The Kuru kingdom was the first state-level society of the Vedic period, corresponding to the beginning of the Iron Age in northwestern India, around 1200 – 800 BCE, as well as with the composition of the Atharvaveda (the first Indian text to mention iron, as śyāma ayas, literally "black metal"). The Kuru state organize...	When the Kuru kingdom declined, to what kingdom did Vedic culture go?	{ "answer_start": [ 526 ], "text": [ "Panchala" ] }
5728479e2ca10214002da232	History_of_India	In addition to the Vedas, the principal texts of Hinduism, the core themes of the Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata are said to have their ultimate origins during this period. The Mahabharata remains, today, the longest single poem in the world. Historians formerly postulated an "epic age" as the milieu of these ...	What were the principle texts of Hinduism?	{ "answer_start": [ 19 ], "text": [ "Vedas" ] }
5728479e2ca10214002da233	History_of_India	In addition to the Vedas, the principal texts of Hinduism, the core themes of the Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata are said to have their ultimate origins during this period. The Mahabharata remains, today, the longest single poem in the world. Historians formerly postulated an "epic age" as the milieu of these ...	In what language were the Vedas ?	{ "answer_start": [ 82 ], "text": [ "Sanskrit" ] }
5728479e2ca10214002da234	History_of_India	In addition to the Vedas, the principal texts of Hinduism, the core themes of the Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata are said to have their ultimate origins during this period. The Mahabharata remains, today, the longest single poem in the world. Historians formerly postulated an "epic age" as the milieu of these ...	What were the core epics of the Vedas?	{ "answer_start": [ 97 ], "text": [ "Ramayana and Mahabharata" ] }
5728479e2ca10214002da235	History_of_India	In addition to the Vedas, the principal texts of Hinduism, the core themes of the Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata are said to have their ultimate origins during this period. The Mahabharata remains, today, the longest single poem in the world. Historians formerly postulated an "epic age" as the milieu of these ...	Which Vedic text is the longest single poem on Earth?	{ "answer_start": [ 186 ], "text": [ "Mahabharata" ] }
5728479e2ca10214002da236	History_of_India	In addition to the Vedas, the principal texts of Hinduism, the core themes of the Sanskrit epics Ramayana and Mahabharata are said to have their ultimate origins during this period. The Mahabharata remains, today, the longest single poem in the world. Historians formerly postulated an "epic age" as the milieu of these ...	On what type of clash is the Mahabharata thought to have been based?	{ "answer_start": [ 526 ], "text": [ "small-scale conflict" ] }
57284911ff5b5019007da0e8	History_of_India	During the time between 800 and 200 BCE the Shramana-movement formed, from which originated Jainism and Buddhism. In the same period the first Upanishads were written. After 500 BCE, the so-called "Second urbanization" started, with new urban settlements arising at the Ganges plain, especially the Central Ganges plain....	What philosophical movement appeared during 800-200 BCE?	{ "answer_start": [ 44 ], "text": [ "Shramana-movement" ] }
57284911ff5b5019007da0e9	History_of_India	During the time between 800 and 200 BCE the Shramana-movement formed, from which originated Jainism and Buddhism. In the same period the first Upanishads were written. After 500 BCE, the so-called "Second urbanization" started, with new urban settlements arising at the Ganges plain, especially the Central Ganges plain....	What was the origins of the Shramana movement?	{ "answer_start": [ 92 ], "text": [ "Jainism and Buddhism" ] }
57284911ff5b5019007da0ea	History_of_India	During the time between 800 and 200 BCE the Shramana-movement formed, from which originated Jainism and Buddhism. In the same period the first Upanishads were written. After 500 BCE, the so-called "Second urbanization" started, with new urban settlements arising at the Ganges plain, especially the Central Ganges plain....	During what time were the first Upanishads written?	{ "answer_start": [ 16 ], "text": [ "between 800 and 200 BCE" ] }
57284911ff5b5019007da0eb	History_of_India	During the time between 800 and 200 BCE the Shramana-movement formed, from which originated Jainism and Buddhism. In the same period the first Upanishads were written. After 500 BCE, the so-called "Second urbanization" started, with new urban settlements arising at the Ganges plain, especially the Central Ganges plain....	What period started after 500 BCE?	{ "answer_start": [ 198 ], "text": [ "Second urbanization" ] }
57284911ff5b5019007da0ec	History_of_India	During the time between 800 and 200 BCE the Shramana-movement formed, from which originated Jainism and Buddhism. In the same period the first Upanishads were written. After 500 BCE, the so-called "Second urbanization" started, with new urban settlements arising at the Ganges plain, especially the Central Ganges plain....	Where was the central location of the Muayan Empire?	{ "answer_start": [ 325 ], "text": [ "Central Ganges Plain" ] }
57284ab33acd2414000df8b3	History_of_India	In the later Vedic Age, a number of small kingdoms or city states had covered the subcontinent, many mentioned in Vedic, early Buddhist and Jaina literature as far back as 500 BCE. sixteen monarchies and "republics" known as the Mahajanapadas—Kashi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji (or Vriji), Malla, Chedi, Vatsa (or Vamsa...	By what age had many small states covered the subcontinent?	{ "answer_start": [ 7 ], "text": [ "later Vedic Age" ] }
57284ab33acd2414000df8b4	History_of_India	In the later Vedic Age, a number of small kingdoms or city states had covered the subcontinent, many mentioned in Vedic, early Buddhist and Jaina literature as far back as 500 BCE. sixteen monarchies and "republics" known as the Mahajanapadas—Kashi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji (or Vriji), Malla, Chedi, Vatsa (or Vamsa...	How many small states covered the Ganges Plain of India?	{ "answer_start": [ 181 ], "text": [ "sixteen monarchies" ] }
57284ab33acd2414000df8b5	History_of_India	In the later Vedic Age, a number of small kingdoms or city states had covered the subcontinent, many mentioned in Vedic, early Buddhist and Jaina literature as far back as 500 BCE. sixteen monarchies and "republics" known as the Mahajanapadas—Kashi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji (or Vriji), Malla, Chedi, Vatsa (or Vamsa...	What were the sixteen kingdoms called?	{ "answer_start": [ 229 ], "text": [ "Mahajanapadas" ] }
57284ab33acd2414000df8b6	History_of_India	In the later Vedic Age, a number of small kingdoms or city states had covered the subcontinent, many mentioned in Vedic, early Buddhist and Jaina literature as far back as 500 BCE. sixteen monarchies and "republics" known as the Mahajanapadas—Kashi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji (or Vriji), Malla, Chedi, Vatsa (or Vamsa...	What second period did the rise of the small kingdoms show?	{ "answer_start": [ 546 ], "text": [ "urbanism" ] }
57284ab33acd2414000df8b7	History_of_India	In the later Vedic Age, a number of small kingdoms or city states had covered the subcontinent, many mentioned in Vedic, early Buddhist and Jaina literature as far back as 500 BCE. sixteen monarchies and "republics" known as the Mahajanapadas—Kashi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji (or Vriji), Malla, Chedi, Vatsa (or Vamsa...	What was the first major urbanization in India?	{ "answer_start": [ 574 ], "text": [ "Indus Valley Civilisation" ] }
57284c3d4b864d19001648ec	History_of_India	Many smaller clans mentioned within early literature seem to have been present across the rest of the subcontinent. Some of these kings were hereditary; other states elected their rulers. Early "republics" such as the Vajji (or Vriji) confederation centered in the city of Vaishali, existed as early as the 6th century B...	Where was the Vajji confederation located?	{ "answer_start": [ 273 ], "text": [ "Vaishali" ] }
57284c3d4b864d19001648ed	History_of_India	Many smaller clans mentioned within early literature seem to have been present across the rest of the subcontinent. Some of these kings were hereditary; other states elected their rulers. Early "republics" such as the Vajji (or Vriji) confederation centered in the city of Vaishali, existed as early as the 6th century B...	How early did the small republic states exist in India?	{ "answer_start": [ 307 ], "text": [ "6th century BCE" ] }
57284c3d4b864d19001648ee	History_of_India	Many smaller clans mentioned within early literature seem to have been present across the rest of the subcontinent. Some of these kings were hereditary; other states elected their rulers. Early "republics" such as the Vajji (or Vriji) confederation centered in the city of Vaishali, existed as early as the 6th century B...	Until what century did the republic states endure in India?	{ "answer_start": [ 361 ], "text": [ "4th century CE" ] }
57284c3d4b864d19001648ef	History_of_India	Many smaller clans mentioned within early literature seem to have been present across the rest of the subcontinent. Some of these kings were hereditary; other states elected their rulers. Early "republics" such as the Vajji (or Vriji) confederation centered in the city of Vaishali, existed as early as the 6th century B...	In what language did the educated Indian speak?	{ "answer_start": [ 414 ], "text": [ "Sanskrit" ] }
57284c3d4b864d19001648f0	History_of_India	Many smaller clans mentioned within early literature seem to have been present across the rest of the subcontinent. Some of these kings were hereditary; other states elected their rulers. Early "republics" such as the Vajji (or Vriji) confederation centered in the city of Vaishali, existed as early as the 6th century B...	What was the general population's common language ?	{ "answer_start": [ 507 ], "text": [ "Prakrits" ] }
57284e224b864d190016490a	History_of_India	The 7th and 6th centuries BC witnessed the composition of the earliest Upanishads. Upanishads form the theoretical basis of classical Hinduism and are known as Vedanta (conclusion of the Vedas). The older Upanishads launched attacks of increasing intensity on the ritual. Anyone who worships a divinity other than the Se...	When were the earliest Upanishads composed?	{ "answer_start": [ 4 ], "text": [ "7th and 6th centuries BC" ] }
57284e224b864d190016490b	History_of_India	The 7th and 6th centuries BC witnessed the composition of the earliest Upanishads. Upanishads form the theoretical basis of classical Hinduism and are known as Vedanta (conclusion of the Vedas). The older Upanishads launched attacks of increasing intensity on the ritual. Anyone who worships a divinity other than the Se...	Of what philosophical system do the Upanishads form the basis?	{ "answer_start": [ 134 ], "text": [ "Hinduism" ] }
57284e224b864d190016490c	History_of_India	The 7th and 6th centuries BC witnessed the composition of the earliest Upanishads. Upanishads form the theoretical basis of classical Hinduism and are known as Vedanta (conclusion of the Vedas). The older Upanishads launched attacks of increasing intensity on the ritual. Anyone who worships a divinity other than the Se...	What are the Upanishads called in Hinduism?	{ "answer_start": [ 160 ], "text": [ "Vedanta" ] }
57284e224b864d190016490d	History_of_India	The 7th and 6th centuries BC witnessed the composition of the earliest Upanishads. Upanishads form the theoretical basis of classical Hinduism and are known as Vedanta (conclusion of the Vedas). The older Upanishads launched attacks of increasing intensity on the ritual. Anyone who worships a divinity other than the Se...	What part of the Hinduism belief system did the Upanishads attack?	{ "answer_start": [ 264 ], "text": [ "ritual" ] }
57284e224b864d190016490e	History_of_India	The 7th and 6th centuries BC witnessed the composition of the earliest Upanishads. Upanishads form the theoretical basis of classical Hinduism and are known as Vedanta (conclusion of the Vedas). The older Upanishads launched attacks of increasing intensity on the ritual. Anyone who worships a divinity other than the Se...	What worship system is central to Hinduism?	{ "answer_start": [ 318 ], "text": [ "Self" ] }
57284ff92ca10214002da288	History_of_India	Increasing urbanisation of India in 7th and 6th centuries BCE led to the rise of new ascetic or shramana movements which challenged the orthodoxy of rituals. Mahavira (c. 549–477 BC), proponent of Jainism, and Buddha (c. 563-483), founder of Buddhism were the most prominent icons of this movement. Shramana gave rise to...	What did the shramana movements challenge?	{ "answer_start": [ 136 ], "text": [ "orthodoxy of rituals" ] }
57284ff92ca10214002da289	History_of_India	Increasing urbanisation of India in 7th and 6th centuries BCE led to the rise of new ascetic or shramana movements which challenged the orthodoxy of rituals. Mahavira (c. 549–477 BC), proponent of Jainism, and Buddha (c. 563-483), founder of Buddhism were the most prominent icons of this movement. Shramana gave rise to...	Who was the founder of Jainism?	{ "answer_start": [ 158 ], "text": [ "Mahavira" ] }
57284ff92ca10214002da28a	History_of_India	Increasing urbanisation of India in 7th and 6th centuries BCE led to the rise of new ascetic or shramana movements which challenged the orthodoxy of rituals. Mahavira (c. 549–477 BC), proponent of Jainism, and Buddha (c. 563-483), founder of Buddhism were the most prominent icons of this movement. Shramana gave rise to...	What prominent icon founded Buddhism?	{ "answer_start": [ 210 ], "text": [ "Buddha" ] }
57284ff92ca10214002da28b	History_of_India	Increasing urbanisation of India in 7th and 6th centuries BCE led to the rise of new ascetic or shramana movements which challenged the orthodoxy of rituals. Mahavira (c. 549–477 BC), proponent of Jainism, and Buddha (c. 563-483), founder of Buddhism were the most prominent icons of this movement. Shramana gave rise to...	What path did Buddha find to soothe the strictness of Sramana religions?	{ "answer_start": [ 436 ], "text": [ "Middle Way" ] }
57284ff92ca10214002da28c	History_of_India	Increasing urbanisation of India in 7th and 6th centuries BCE led to the rise of new ascetic or shramana movements which challenged the orthodoxy of rituals. Mahavira (c. 549–477 BC), proponent of Jainism, and Buddha (c. 563-483), founder of Buddhism were the most prominent icons of this movement. Shramana gave rise to...	What belief system taught the idea of samsara?	{ "answer_start": [ 299 ], "text": [ "Shramana" ] }
572851feff5b5019007da176	History_of_India	Magadha (Sanskrit: मगध) formed one of the sixteen Mahā-Janapadas (Sanskrit: "Great Countries") or kingdoms in ancient India. The core of the kingdom was the area of Bihar south of the Ganges; its first capital was Rajagriha (modern Rajgir) then Pataliputra (modern Patna). Magadha expanded to include most of Bihar and B...	Of what was Magadha one of sixteen?	{ "answer_start": [ 50 ], "text": [ "Mahā-Janapadas" ] }
572851feff5b5019007da177	History_of_India	Magadha (Sanskrit: मगध) formed one of the sixteen Mahā-Janapadas (Sanskrit: "Great Countries") or kingdoms in ancient India. The core of the kingdom was the area of Bihar south of the Ganges; its first capital was Rajagriha (modern Rajgir) then Pataliputra (modern Patna). Magadha expanded to include most of Bihar and B...	How does the Sanskrit translate Maha-Janapadas?	{ "answer_start": [ 77 ], "text": [ "Great Countries" ] }
572851feff5b5019007da178	History_of_India	Magadha (Sanskrit: मगध) formed one of the sixteen Mahā-Janapadas (Sanskrit: "Great Countries") or kingdoms in ancient India. The core of the kingdom was the area of Bihar south of the Ganges; its first capital was Rajagriha (modern Rajgir) then Pataliputra (modern Patna). Magadha expanded to include most of Bihar and B...	Where was the center of Magadha?	{ "answer_start": [ 165 ], "text": [ "Bihar" ] }
572851feff5b5019007da179	History_of_India	Magadha (Sanskrit: मगध) formed one of the sixteen Mahā-Janapadas (Sanskrit: "Great Countries") or kingdoms in ancient India. The core of the kingdom was the area of Bihar south of the Ganges; its first capital was Rajagriha (modern Rajgir) then Pataliputra (modern Patna). Magadha expanded to include most of Bihar and B...	Where were there early records of the Magadha kingdom?	{ "answer_start": [ 635 ], "text": [ "Vedic texts" ] }
572851feff5b5019007da17a	History_of_India	Magadha (Sanskrit: मगध) formed one of the sixteen Mahā-Janapadas (Sanskrit: "Great Countries") or kingdoms in ancient India. The core of the kingdom was the area of Bihar south of the Ganges; its first capital was Rajagriha (modern Rajgir) then Pataliputra (modern Patna). Magadha expanded to include most of Bihar and B...	What time do the texts locating Magadha kingdom predate?	{ "answer_start": [ 673 ], "text": [ "600 BC." ] }
57285a053acd2414000df93f	History_of_India	The earliest reference to the Magadha people occurs in the Atharva-Veda where they are found listed along with the Angas, Gandharis, and Mujavats. Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism, and two of India's greatest empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire, originated from Magadha...	Where is the earliest mention of Magadha people?	{ "answer_start": [ 59 ], "text": [ "Atharva-Veda" ] }
57285a053acd2414000df940	History_of_India	The earliest reference to the Magadha people occurs in the Atharva-Veda where they are found listed along with the Angas, Gandharis, and Mujavats. Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism, and two of India's greatest empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire, originated from Magadha...	In the development of which religions did Magadha participate?	{ "answer_start": [ 202 ], "text": [ "Jainism and Buddhism" ] }
57285a053acd2414000df941	History_of_India	The earliest reference to the Magadha people occurs in the Atharva-Veda where they are found listed along with the Angas, Gandharis, and Mujavats. Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism, and two of India's greatest empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire, originated from Magadha...	Where was the location origin of the Maurya and Gupta empires?	{ "answer_start": [ 313 ], "text": [ "Magadha" ] }
57285a053acd2414000df942	History_of_India	The earliest reference to the Magadha people occurs in the Atharva-Veda where they are found listed along with the Angas, Gandharis, and Mujavats. Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism, and two of India's greatest empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire, originated from Magadha...	Due to advances in science and culture, what are the Magadha region empires considered to represent?	{ "answer_start": [ 462 ], "text": [ "Golden Age" ] }
57285a053acd2414000df943	History_of_India	The earliest reference to the Magadha people occurs in the Atharva-Veda where they are found listed along with the Angas, Gandharis, and Mujavats. Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism, and two of India's greatest empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire, originated from Magadha...	What were local villages' assemblies called in the Magadha kingdoms?	{ "answer_start": [ 630 ], "text": [ "Gramakas" ] }
57285ba53acd2414000df949	History_of_India	In 530 BC Cyrus the Great, King of the Persian Achaemenid Empire crossed the Hindu-Kush mountains to seek tribute from the tribes of Kamboja, Gandhara and the trans-India region (modern Afghanistan and Pakistan). By 520 BC, during the reign of Darius I of Persia, much of the northwestern subcontinent (present-day easte...	What Persian king wanted tribute from the tribes of northern India?	{ "answer_start": [ 10 ], "text": [ "Cyrus the Great" ] }
57285ba53acd2414000df94a	History_of_India	In 530 BC Cyrus the Great, King of the Persian Achaemenid Empire crossed the Hindu-Kush mountains to seek tribute from the tribes of Kamboja, Gandhara and the trans-India region (modern Afghanistan and Pakistan). By 520 BC, during the reign of Darius I of Persia, much of the northwestern subcontinent (present-day easte...	By 520 BC what empire ruled the northwestern Indian subcontinent?	{ "answer_start": [ 376 ], "text": [ "Persian Achaemenid Empire" ] }
57285ba53acd2414000df94b	History_of_India	In 530 BC Cyrus the Great, King of the Persian Achaemenid Empire crossed the Hindu-Kush mountains to seek tribute from the tribes of Kamboja, Gandhara and the trans-India region (modern Afghanistan and Pakistan). By 520 BC, during the reign of Darius I of Persia, much of the northwestern subcontinent (present-day easte...	What king ruled Persia in 520 BC?	{ "answer_start": [ 244 ], "text": [ "Darius I of Persia" ] }
57285ba53acd2414000df94c	History_of_India	In 530 BC Cyrus the Great, King of the Persian Achaemenid Empire crossed the Hindu-Kush mountains to seek tribute from the tribes of Kamboja, Gandhara and the trans-India region (modern Afghanistan and Pakistan). By 520 BC, during the reign of Darius I of Persia, much of the northwestern subcontinent (present-day easte...	How long did the Persian empire control the northern India subcontinent?	{ "answer_start": [ 491 ], "text": [ "two centuries" ] }
57285ba53acd2414000df94d	History_of_India	In 530 BC Cyrus the Great, King of the Persian Achaemenid Empire crossed the Hindu-Kush mountains to seek tribute from the tribes of Kamboja, Gandhara and the trans-India region (modern Afghanistan and Pakistan). By 520 BC, during the reign of Darius I of Persia, much of the northwestern subcontinent (present-day easte...	What did India supply to the Persian war efforts against Greece?	{ "answer_start": [ 538 ], "text": [ "mercenaries" ] }
57285d3a3acd2414000df95b	History_of_India	By 326 BC, Alexander the Great had conquered Asia Minor and the Achaemenid Empire and had reached the northwest frontiers of the Indian subcontinent. There he defeated King Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes (near modern-day Jhelum, Pakistan) and conquered much of the Punjab. Alexander's march east put him in confront...	When did Alexander the Great reach India?	{ "answer_start": [ 3 ], "text": [ "326 BC" ] }
57285d3a3acd2414000df95c	History_of_India	By 326 BC, Alexander the Great had conquered Asia Minor and the Achaemenid Empire and had reached the northwest frontiers of the Indian subcontinent. There he defeated King Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes (near modern-day Jhelum, Pakistan) and conquered much of the Punjab. Alexander's march east put him in confront...	Who did Alexander defeat in the area now Pakistan?	{ "answer_start": [ 168 ], "text": [ "King Porus" ] }
57285d3a3acd2414000df95d	History_of_India	By 326 BC, Alexander the Great had conquered Asia Minor and the Achaemenid Empire and had reached the northwest frontiers of the Indian subcontinent. There he defeated King Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes (near modern-day Jhelum, Pakistan) and conquered much of the Punjab. Alexander's march east put him in confront...	At what battle did Alexander beat King Porus?	{ "answer_start": [ 186 ], "text": [ "Battle of the Hydaspes" ] }
57285d3a3acd2414000df95e	History_of_India	By 326 BC, Alexander the Great had conquered Asia Minor and the Achaemenid Empire and had reached the northwest frontiers of the Indian subcontinent. There he defeated King Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes (near modern-day Jhelum, Pakistan) and conquered much of the Punjab. Alexander's march east put him in confront...	Where did Alexander's army finally mutiny?	{ "answer_start": [ 508 ], "text": [ "Hyphasis" ] }
57285d3a3acd2414000df95f	History_of_India	By 326 BC, Alexander the Great had conquered Asia Minor and the Achaemenid Empire and had reached the northwest frontiers of the Indian subcontinent. There he defeated King Porus in the Battle of the Hydaspes (near modern-day Jhelum, Pakistan) and conquered much of the Punjab. Alexander's march east put him in confront...	The strength of what empire's army pushed Alexander to retreat?	{ "answer_start": [ 659 ], "text": [ "Nanda Empire" ] }
57285ebc3acd2414000df965	History_of_India	The Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE) was the first empire to unify India into one state, and was the largest on the Indian subcontinent. At its greatest extent, the Mauryan Empire stretched to the north up to the natural boundaries of the Himalayas and to the east into what is now Assam. To the west, it reached beyond moder...	What was the first empire to unify India?	{ "answer_start": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Maurya Empire" ] }
57285ebc3acd2414000df966	History_of_India	The Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE) was the first empire to unify India into one state, and was the largest on the Indian subcontinent. At its greatest extent, the Mauryan Empire stretched to the north up to the natural boundaries of the Himalayas and to the east into what is now Assam. To the west, it reached beyond moder...	What was the time span of the Mauryan Empire?	{ "answer_start": [ 19 ], "text": [ "322–185 BCE" ] }
57285ebc3acd2414000df967	History_of_India	The Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE) was the first empire to unify India into one state, and was the largest on the Indian subcontinent. At its greatest extent, the Mauryan Empire stretched to the north up to the natural boundaries of the Himalayas and to the east into what is now Assam. To the west, it reached beyond moder...	Who formed the Maurya Empire in Magadha?	{ "answer_start": [ 418 ], "text": [ "Chandragupta Maurya" ] }
57285ebc3acd2414000df968	History_of_India	The Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE) was the first empire to unify India into one state, and was the largest on the Indian subcontinent. At its greatest extent, the Mauryan Empire stretched to the north up to the natural boundaries of the Himalayas and to the east into what is now Assam. To the west, it reached beyond moder...	What dynasty did Chandragupta Maurya defeat?	{ "answer_start": [ 489 ], "text": [ "Nanda Dynasty" ] }
57285ebc3acd2414000df969	History_of_India	The Maurya Empire (322–185 BCE) was the first empire to unify India into one state, and was the largest on the Indian subcontinent. At its greatest extent, the Mauryan Empire stretched to the north up to the natural boundaries of the Himalayas and to the east into what is now Assam. To the west, it reached beyond moder...	In what year did Chandraguta's son come to the throne?	{ "answer_start": [ 564 ], "text": [ "297 BC" ] }
572860cdff5b5019007da1d2	History_of_India	The Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka are the primary written records of the Mauryan times. Archaeologically, this period falls into the era of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW). The Mauryan Empire was based on a modern and efficient economy and society. However, the sale of merchandise was closely regulated by t...	What are the basic written records of the Mauryans?	{ "answer_start": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka" ] }
572860cdff5b5019007da1d3	History_of_India	The Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka are the primary written records of the Mauryan times. Archaeologically, this period falls into the era of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW). The Mauryan Empire was based on a modern and efficient economy and society. However, the sale of merchandise was closely regulated by t...	What is the archaeological period of the Mauryan Empire?	{ "answer_start": [ 148 ], "text": [ "Northern Black Polished Ware" ] }
572860cdff5b5019007da1d4	History_of_India	The Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka are the primary written records of the Mauryan times. Archaeologically, this period falls into the era of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW). The Mauryan Empire was based on a modern and efficient economy and society. However, the sale of merchandise was closely regulated by t...	What metal was developed in south India during the time of the Mauryan Empire?	{ "answer_start": [ 553 ], "text": [ "Wootz steel" ] }
572860cdff5b5019007da1d5	History_of_India	The Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka are the primary written records of the Mauryan times. Archaeologically, this period falls into the era of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW). The Mauryan Empire was based on a modern and efficient economy and society. However, the sale of merchandise was closely regulated by t...	To where was wootz steel exported?	{ "answer_start": [ 620 ], "text": [ "China and Arabia" ] }
572860cdff5b5019007da1d6	History_of_India	The Arthashastra and the Edicts of Ashoka are the primary written records of the Mauryan times. Archaeologically, this period falls into the era of Northern Black Polished Ware (NBPW). The Mauryan Empire was based on a modern and efficient economy and society. However, the sale of merchandise was closely regulated by t...	What organization closely monitored business dealings in the Mauryan Empire?	{ "answer_start": [ 323 ], "text": [ "government" ] }
572862ab2ca10214002da2ca	History_of_India	During the Sangam period Tamil literateure flourished from the 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE. During this period the 3 Tamil Dynasties Chera dynasty, Chola dynasty and the Pandyan Dynasty ruled parts of southern India. The Sangam literature deals with the history, politics, wars and culture of the Tamil people ...	During what period did Tamil literature thrive?	{ "answer_start": [ 11 ], "text": [ "Sangam period" ] }
572862ab2ca10214002da2cb	History_of_India	During the Sangam period Tamil literateure flourished from the 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE. During this period the 3 Tamil Dynasties Chera dynasty, Chola dynasty and the Pandyan Dynasty ruled parts of southern India. The Sangam literature deals with the history, politics, wars and culture of the Tamil people ...	How many Tamil dynasties ruled during the Sangam period?	{ "answer_start": [ 125 ], "text": [ "3" ] }
572862ab2ca10214002da2cc	History_of_India	During the Sangam period Tamil literateure flourished from the 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE. During this period the 3 Tamil Dynasties Chera dynasty, Chola dynasty and the Pandyan Dynasty ruled parts of southern India. The Sangam literature deals with the history, politics, wars and culture of the Tamil people ...	What was the extent of the Sangam period?	{ "answer_start": [ 63 ], "text": [ "3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE" ] }
572862ab2ca10214002da2cd	History_of_India	During the Sangam period Tamil literateure flourished from the 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE. During this period the 3 Tamil Dynasties Chera dynasty, Chola dynasty and the Pandyan Dynasty ruled parts of southern India. The Sangam literature deals with the history, politics, wars and culture of the Tamil people ...	In what part of India did the Tamil dynasties rule?	{ "answer_start": [ 211 ], "text": [ "southern India" ] }
572862ab2ca10214002da2ce	History_of_India	During the Sangam period Tamil literateure flourished from the 3rd century BCE to the 4th century CE. During this period the 3 Tamil Dynasties Chera dynasty, Chola dynasty and the Pandyan Dynasty ruled parts of southern India. The Sangam literature deals with the history, politics, wars and culture of the Tamil people ...	How were Tamil writers different from earlier Sanskrit writers?	{ "answer_start": [ 643 ], "text": [ "non-Brahmins" ] }
5728651f4b864d1900164980	History_of_India	The Śātavāhana Empire was a royal Indian dynasty based from Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh as well as Junnar (Pune) and Prathisthan (Paithan) in Maharashtra. The territory of the empire covered much of India from 230 BCE onward. Sātavāhanas started out as feudatories to the Mauryan dynasty, but declared independence with ...	What empire covered most of India from 230 BCE?	{ "answer_start": [ 4 ], "text": [ "Śātavāhana Empire" ] }
5728651f4b864d1900164981	History_of_India	The Śātavāhana Empire was a royal Indian dynasty based from Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh as well as Junnar (Pune) and Prathisthan (Paithan) in Maharashtra. The territory of the empire covered much of India from 230 BCE onward. Sātavāhanas started out as feudatories to the Mauryan dynasty, but declared independence with ...	Of what were the Satavahanas patrons?	{ "answer_start": [ 371 ], "text": [ "Hinduism and Buddhism" ] }
5728651f4b864d1900164982	History_of_India	The Śātavāhana Empire was a royal Indian dynasty based from Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh as well as Junnar (Pune) and Prathisthan (Paithan) in Maharashtra. The territory of the empire covered much of India from 230 BCE onward. Sātavāhanas started out as feudatories to the Mauryan dynasty, but declared independence with ...	What did the Satavahanas issue embossed with their king's head?	{ "answer_start": [ 548 ], "text": [ "coins" ] }
5728651f4b864d1900164983	History_of_India	The Śātavāhana Empire was a royal Indian dynasty based from Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh as well as Junnar (Pune) and Prathisthan (Paithan) in Maharashtra. The territory of the empire covered much of India from 230 BCE onward. Sātavāhanas started out as feudatories to the Mauryan dynasty, but declared independence with ...	When was the Satavahana Empire divided into smaller states?	{ "answer_start": [ 1278 ], "text": [ "3rd century CE" ] }
5728651f4b864d1900164984	History_of_India	The Śātavāhana Empire was a royal Indian dynasty based from Amaravati in Andhra Pradesh as well as Junnar (Pune) and Prathisthan (Paithan) in Maharashtra. The territory of the empire covered much of India from 230 BCE onward. Sātavāhanas started out as feudatories to the Mauryan dynasty, but declared independence with ...	From what did the Satavahana Empire protect much of India?	{ "answer_start": [ 943 ], "text": [ "foreign invaders" ] }
572866e54b864d1900164994	History_of_India	The Shunga Empire or Shunga Empire was an ancient Indian dynasty from Magadha that controlled vast areas of the Indian subcontinent from around 187 to 78 BCE. The dynasty was established by Pushyamitra Shunga, after the fall of the Maurya Empire. Its capital was Pataliputra, but later emperors such as Bhagabhadra also ...	What was the time span of the Shunga Empire?	{ "answer_start": [ 144 ], "text": [ "187 to 78 BCE" ] }

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