id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringclasses 442
values | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 12 270 | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|
572f9a2ba23a5019007fc7cb | Han_dynasty | Evidence suggests that blast furnaces, that convert raw iron ore into pig iron, which can be remelted in a cupola furnace to produce cast iron by means of a cold blast and hot blast, were operational in China by the late Spring and Autumn period (722–481 BC). The bloomery was nonexistent in ancient China; however, the ... | What type of iron could pig iron be converted into? | {
"answer_start": [
476
],
"text": [
"wrought"
]
} |
572f9a2ba23a5019007fc7cc | Han_dynasty | Evidence suggests that blast furnaces, that convert raw iron ore into pig iron, which can be remelted in a cupola furnace to produce cast iron by means of a cold blast and hot blast, were operational in China by the late Spring and Autumn period (722–481 BC). The bloomery was nonexistent in ancient China; however, the ... | What type of process was used to convert various metals into steel? | {
"answer_start": [
507
],
"text": [
"fining"
]
} |
572f9a2ba23a5019007fc7cd | Han_dynasty | Evidence suggests that blast furnaces, that convert raw iron ore into pig iron, which can be remelted in a cupola furnace to produce cast iron by means of a cold blast and hot blast, were operational in China by the late Spring and Autumn period (722–481 BC). The bloomery was nonexistent in ancient China; however, the ... | What can iron ore be converted into in a blast furnace? | {
"answer_start": [
70
],
"text": [
"pig iron"
]
} |
572f9b7a04bcaa1900d76ad7 | Han_dynasty | The Han-era Chinese used bronze and iron to make a range of weapons, culinary tools, carpenters' tools and domestic wares. A significant product of these improved iron-smelting techniques was the manufacture of new agricultural tools. The three-legged iron seed drill, invented by the 2nd century BC, enabled farmers to ... | What was an invention that allowed farmers to place their crops into rows? | {
"answer_start": [
235
],
"text": [
"The three-legged iron seed drill"
]
} |
572f9b7a04bcaa1900d76ad8 | Han_dynasty | The Han-era Chinese used bronze and iron to make a range of weapons, culinary tools, carpenters' tools and domestic wares. A significant product of these improved iron-smelting techniques was the manufacture of new agricultural tools. The three-legged iron seed drill, invented by the 2nd century BC, enabled farmers to ... | How many animals were neccessary to pull an iron plow? | {
"answer_start": [
494
],
"text": [
"two oxen"
]
} |
572f9b7a04bcaa1900d76ad9 | Han_dynasty | The Han-era Chinese used bronze and iron to make a range of weapons, culinary tools, carpenters' tools and domestic wares. A significant product of these improved iron-smelting techniques was the manufacture of new agricultural tools. The three-legged iron seed drill, invented by the 2nd century BC, enabled farmers to ... | How many acres of land could succesfully be sowed with a seed box in a day? | {
"answer_start": [
634
],
"text": [
"11.3 acres"
]
} |
572f9b7a04bcaa1900d76adb | Han_dynasty | The Han-era Chinese used bronze and iron to make a range of weapons, culinary tools, carpenters' tools and domestic wares. A significant product of these improved iron-smelting techniques was the manufacture of new agricultural tools. The three-legged iron seed drill, invented by the 2nd century BC, enabled farmers to ... | How many persons were necessary to operate an iron plow? | {
"answer_start": [
471
],
"text": [
"one man"
]
} |
572f9b7a04bcaa1900d76ada | Han_dynasty | The Han-era Chinese used bronze and iron to make a range of weapons, culinary tools, carpenters' tools and domestic wares. A significant product of these improved iron-smelting techniques was the manufacture of new agricultural tools. The three-legged iron seed drill, invented by the 2nd century BC, enabled farmers to ... | What methodology allowed the production of new agricultural tools? | {
"answer_start": [
154
],
"text": [
"improved iron-smelting techniques"
]
} |
572f9cc104bcaa1900d76ae1 | Han_dynasty | To protect crops from wind and drought, the Grain Intendant Zhao Guo (趙過) created the alternating fields system (daitianfa 代田法) during Emperor Wu's reign. This system switched the positions of furrows and ridges between growing seasons. Once experiments with this system yielded successful results, the government offici... | What helped insure the safety of crops from wind? | {
"answer_start": [
82
],
"text": [
"the alternating fields system"
]
} |
572f9cc104bcaa1900d76ae2 | Han_dynasty | To protect crops from wind and drought, the Grain Intendant Zhao Guo (趙過) created the alternating fields system (daitianfa 代田法) during Emperor Wu's reign. This system switched the positions of furrows and ridges between growing seasons. Once experiments with this system yielded successful results, the government offici... | What was the name of the system that for growing crops that did not require plows? | {
"answer_start": [
399
],
"text": [
"pit field system"
]
} |
572f9cc104bcaa1900d76ae3 | Han_dynasty | To protect crops from wind and drought, the Grain Intendant Zhao Guo (趙過) created the alternating fields system (daitianfa 代田法) during Emperor Wu's reign. This system switched the positions of furrows and ridges between growing seasons. Once experiments with this system yielded successful results, the government offici... | What were paddy fields used for primarily to grow in smaller areas? | {
"answer_start": [
654
],
"text": [
"rice"
]
} |
572f9cc104bcaa1900d76ae4 | Han_dynasty | To protect crops from wind and drought, the Grain Intendant Zhao Guo (趙過) created the alternating fields system (daitianfa 代田法) during Emperor Wu's reign. This system switched the positions of furrows and ridges between growing seasons. Once experiments with this system yielded successful results, the government offici... | What system did the government recommend the usage of? | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"alternating fields system"
]
} |
572f9cc104bcaa1900d76ae5 | Han_dynasty | To protect crops from wind and drought, the Grain Intendant Zhao Guo (趙過) created the alternating fields system (daitianfa 代田法) during Emperor Wu's reign. This system switched the positions of furrows and ridges between growing seasons. Once experiments with this system yielded successful results, the government offici... | What was the name of the Grain Intendant? | {
"answer_start": [
60
],
"text": [
"Zhao Guo"
]
} |
572f9e8204bcaa1900d76af5 | Han_dynasty | Timber was the chief building material during the Han dynasty; it was used to build palace halls, multi-story residential towers and halls and single-story houses. Because wood decays rapidly, the only remaining evidence of Han wooden architecture is a collection of scattered ceramic roof tiles. The oldest surviving wo... | What building material was used primarily during the Han dynasty? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Timber"
]
} |
572f9e8204bcaa1900d76af6 | Han_dynasty | Timber was the chief building material during the Han dynasty; it was used to build palace halls, multi-story residential towers and halls and single-story houses. Because wood decays rapidly, the only remaining evidence of Han wooden architecture is a collection of scattered ceramic roof tiles. The oldest surviving wo... | What dynasty can the oldest wooden buildings in China be dated to? | {
"answer_start": [
352
],
"text": [
"Tang"
]
} |
572f9e8204bcaa1900d76af7 | Han_dynasty | Timber was the chief building material during the Han dynasty; it was used to build palace halls, multi-story residential towers and halls and single-story houses. Because wood decays rapidly, the only remaining evidence of Han wooden architecture is a collection of scattered ceramic roof tiles. The oldest surviving wo... | What is considered to be the last year of the Tang dynasty? | {
"answer_start": [
370
],
"text": [
"907 AD"
]
} |
572f9e8204bcaa1900d76af8 | Han_dynasty | Timber was the chief building material during the Han dynasty; it was used to build palace halls, multi-story residential towers and halls and single-story houses. Because wood decays rapidly, the only remaining evidence of Han wooden architecture is a collection of scattered ceramic roof tiles. The oldest surviving wo... | What type of object is the only evidence of Han's wooden constructions? | {
"answer_start": [
277
],
"text": [
"ceramic roof tiles"
]
} |
572f9e8204bcaa1900d76af9 | Han_dynasty | Timber was the chief building material during the Han dynasty; it was used to build palace halls, multi-story residential towers and halls and single-story houses. Because wood decays rapidly, the only remaining evidence of Han wooden architecture is a collection of scattered ceramic roof tiles. The oldest surviving wo... | What was the primary component of a palace hall during the Han dynasty? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Timber"
]
} |
572f9ff2a23a5019007fc7dd | Han_dynasty | Though Han wooden structures decayed, some Han-dynasty ruins made of brick, stone, and rammed earth remain intact. This includes stone pillar-gates, brick tomb chambers, rammed-earth city walls, rammed-earth and brick beacon towers, rammed-earth sections of the Great Wall, rammed-earth platforms where elevated halls on... | How many stone pillar-gates survive from the Han era? | {
"answer_start": [
585
],
"text": [
"twenty-nine"
]
} |
572f9ff2a23a5019007fc7de | Han_dynasty | Though Han wooden structures decayed, some Han-dynasty ruins made of brick, stone, and rammed earth remain intact. This includes stone pillar-gates, brick tomb chambers, rammed-earth city walls, rammed-earth and brick beacon towers, rammed-earth sections of the Great Wall, rammed-earth platforms where elevated halls on... | What architectural feature contained an imitation of a balustrade? | {
"answer_start": [
565
],
"text": [
"stone pillar-gates"
]
} |
572f9ff2a23a5019007fc7df | Han_dynasty | Though Han wooden structures decayed, some Han-dynasty ruins made of brick, stone, and rammed earth remain intact. This includes stone pillar-gates, brick tomb chambers, rammed-earth city walls, rammed-earth and brick beacon towers, rammed-earth sections of the Great Wall, rammed-earth platforms where elevated halls on... | What building material were tomb chambers constructed with? | {
"answer_start": [
149
],
"text": [
"brick"
]
} |
572f9ff2a23a5019007fc7e0 | Han_dynasty | Though Han wooden structures decayed, some Han-dynasty ruins made of brick, stone, and rammed earth remain intact. This includes stone pillar-gates, brick tomb chambers, rammed-earth city walls, rammed-earth and brick beacon towers, rammed-earth sections of the Great Wall, rammed-earth platforms where elevated halls on... | What were the walls that encompassed the city of Luoyang comprised of? | {
"answer_start": [
382
],
"text": [
"rammed-earth"
]
} |
572f9ff2a23a5019007fc7e1 | Han_dynasty | Though Han wooden structures decayed, some Han-dynasty ruins made of brick, stone, and rammed earth remain intact. This includes stone pillar-gates, brick tomb chambers, rammed-earth city walls, rammed-earth and brick beacon towers, rammed-earth sections of the Great Wall, rammed-earth platforms where elevated halls on... | What type of system used ceramic water pipes? | {
"answer_start": [
486
],
"text": [
"drainage systems"
]
} |
572fa326b2c2fd1400568269 | Han_dynasty | Evidence of Han-era mechanical engineering comes largely from the choice observational writings of sometimes disinterested Confucian scholars. Professional artisan-engineers (jiang 匠) did not leave behind detailed records of their work. Han scholars, who often had little or no expertise in mechanical engineering, somet... | What type of scholars have provided proof that mechanical engineering was prominent during the Han period? | {
"answer_start": [
123
],
"text": [
"Confucian"
]
} |
572fa326b2c2fd140056826a | Han_dynasty | Evidence of Han-era mechanical engineering comes largely from the choice observational writings of sometimes disinterested Confucian scholars. Professional artisan-engineers (jiang 匠) did not leave behind detailed records of their work. Han scholars, who often had little or no expertise in mechanical engineering, somet... | Which philosopher described the invention of a belt drive? | {
"answer_start": [
510
],
"text": [
"Yang Xiong"
]
} |
572fa326b2c2fd140056826b | Han_dynasty | Evidence of Han-era mechanical engineering comes largely from the choice observational writings of sometimes disinterested Confucian scholars. Professional artisan-engineers (jiang 匠) did not leave behind detailed records of their work. Han scholars, who often had little or no expertise in mechanical engineering, somet... | Which engineer was responsible for first inventing the zoetrope lamp? | {
"answer_start": [
688
],
"text": [
"Ding Huan"
]
} |
572fa326b2c2fd140056826c | Han_dynasty | Evidence of Han-era mechanical engineering comes largely from the choice observational writings of sometimes disinterested Confucian scholars. Professional artisan-engineers (jiang 匠) did not leave behind detailed records of their work. Han scholars, who often had little or no expertise in mechanical engineering, somet... | What can be used as a support structure in incense burners? | {
"answer_start": [
893
],
"text": [
"gimbals"
]
} |
572fa326b2c2fd140056826d | Han_dynasty | Evidence of Han-era mechanical engineering comes largely from the choice observational writings of sometimes disinterested Confucian scholars. Professional artisan-engineers (jiang 匠) did not leave behind detailed records of their work. Han scholars, who often had little or no expertise in mechanical engineering, somet... | What type of invention was used to provide air conditioning for the palace buildings? | {
"answer_start": [
816
],
"text": [
"rotary fan"
]
} |
572fa4aeb2c2fd1400568287 | Han_dynasty | Modern archaeology has led to the discovery of Han artwork portraying inventions which were otherwise absent in Han literary sources. As observed in Han miniature tomb models, but not in literary sources, the crank handle was used to operate the fans of winnowing machines that separated grain from chaff. The odometer c... | During which period was the odometer cart first created? | {
"answer_start": [
341
],
"text": [
"Han"
]
} |
572fa4aeb2c2fd1400568288 | Han_dynasty | Modern archaeology has led to the discovery of Han artwork portraying inventions which were otherwise absent in Han literary sources. As observed in Han miniature tomb models, but not in literary sources, the crank handle was used to operate the fans of winnowing machines that separated grain from chaff. The odometer c... | What item was used to make very small measurements during this era? | {
"answer_start": [
713
],
"text": [
"sliding metal calipers"
]
} |
572fa4aeb2c2fd1400568289 | Han_dynasty | Modern archaeology has led to the discovery of Han artwork portraying inventions which were otherwise absent in Han literary sources. As observed in Han miniature tomb models, but not in literary sources, the crank handle was used to operate the fans of winnowing machines that separated grain from chaff. The odometer c... | What has allowed us to discover long lost inventions of the Han era? | {
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"artwork"
]
} |
572fa4aeb2c2fd140056828a | Han_dynasty | Modern archaeology has led to the discovery of Han artwork portraying inventions which were otherwise absent in Han literary sources. As observed in Han miniature tomb models, but not in literary sources, the crank handle was used to operate the fans of winnowing machines that separated grain from chaff. The odometer c... | What was used to separate parts of grain? | {
"answer_start": [
254
],
"text": [
"winnowing machines"
]
} |
572fa4aeb2c2fd140056828b | Han_dynasty | Modern archaeology has led to the discovery of Han artwork portraying inventions which were otherwise absent in Han literary sources. As observed in Han miniature tomb models, but not in literary sources, the crank handle was used to operate the fans of winnowing machines that separated grain from chaff. The odometer c... | What use did the odometer cart provide? | {
"answer_start": [
346
],
"text": [
"measured journey lengths"
]
} |
572fa64db2c2fd14005682ab | Han_dynasty | The waterwheel appeared in Chinese records during the Han. As mentioned by Huan Tan in about 20 AD, they were used to turn gears that lifted iron trip hammers, and were used in pounding, threshing and polishing grain. However, there is no sufficient evidence for the watermill in China until about the 5th century. The N... | What was used to power chain pumps to raise water to irrigation ditches? | {
"answer_start": [
462
],
"text": [
"Waterwheels"
]
} |
572fa64db2c2fd14005682ac | Han_dynasty | The waterwheel appeared in Chinese records during the Han. As mentioned by Huan Tan in about 20 AD, they were used to turn gears that lifted iron trip hammers, and were used in pounding, threshing and polishing grain. However, there is no sufficient evidence for the watermill in China until about the 5th century. The N... | What commandery was the creator of the waterwheel-powered reciprocator from? | {
"answer_start": [
319
],
"text": [
"Nanyang"
]
} |
572fa64db2c2fd14005682ad | Han_dynasty | The waterwheel appeared in Chinese records during the Han. As mentioned by Huan Tan in about 20 AD, they were used to turn gears that lifted iron trip hammers, and were used in pounding, threshing and polishing grain. However, there is no sufficient evidence for the watermill in China until about the 5th century. The N... | Who was the author of the essay entitled Balance Discourse? | {
"answer_start": [
621
],
"text": [
"Wang Chong"
]
} |
572fa64db2c2fd14005682ae | Han_dynasty | The waterwheel appeared in Chinese records during the Han. As mentioned by Huan Tan in about 20 AD, they were used to turn gears that lifted iron trip hammers, and were used in pounding, threshing and polishing grain. However, there is no sufficient evidence for the watermill in China until about the 5th century. The N... | During what century is it likely that the watermill made an appearance in China? | {
"answer_start": [
292
],
"text": [
"about the 5th century"
]
} |
572fa64db2c2fd14005682af | Han_dynasty | The waterwheel appeared in Chinese records during the Han. As mentioned by Huan Tan in about 20 AD, they were used to turn gears that lifted iron trip hammers, and were used in pounding, threshing and polishing grain. However, there is no sufficient evidence for the watermill in China until about the 5th century. The N... | During what era did the waterwheel first appear in recordings? | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"Han"
]
} |
572fa7c3b2c2fd14005682c9 | Han_dynasty | The armillary sphere, a three-dimensional representation of the movements in the celestial sphere, was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC. Using a water clock, waterwheel and a series of gears, the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere. To add... | Who was responsible for the invention of the seismometer? | {
"answer_start": [
224
],
"text": [
"Zhang Heng"
]
} |
572fa7c3b2c2fd14005682ca | Han_dynasty | The armillary sphere, a three-dimensional representation of the movements in the celestial sphere, was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC. Using a water clock, waterwheel and a series of gears, the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere. To add... | In what year was the seismometer first invented? | {
"answer_start": [
570
],
"text": [
"132 AD"
]
} |
572fa7c3b2c2fd14005682cc | Han_dynasty | The armillary sphere, a three-dimensional representation of the movements in the celestial sphere, was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC. Using a water clock, waterwheel and a series of gears, the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere. To add... | How many dragons were represented in Zhang Heng's invention of the seismometer? | {
"answer_start": [
818
],
"text": [
"eight"
]
} |
572fa7c3b2c2fd14005682cb | Han_dynasty | The armillary sphere, a three-dimensional representation of the movements in the celestial sphere, was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC. Using a water clock, waterwheel and a series of gears, the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere. To add... | What invention included an inverted pendulum? | {
"answer_start": [
529
],
"text": [
"seismometer"
]
} |
572fa7c3b2c2fd14005682cd | Han_dynasty | The armillary sphere, a three-dimensional representation of the movements in the celestial sphere, was invented in Han China by the 1st century BC. Using a water clock, waterwheel and a series of gears, the Court Astronomer Zhang Heng (78–139 AD) was able to mechanically rotate his metal-ringed armillary sphere. To add... | What was exchanged from mouth to mouth in the usage of the seismometer? | {
"answer_start": [
795
],
"text": [
"metal ball"
]
} |
572fa95c947a6a140053cb30 | Han_dynasty | Three Han mathematical treatises still exist. These are the Book on Numbers and Computation, the Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven and the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. Han-era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right-angle triangles, square roots, cube ro... | What type of treatise is the Book on Numbers and Computation considered to be? | {
"answer_start": [
10
],
"text": [
"mathematical"
]
} |
572fa95c947a6a140053cb31 | Han_dynasty | Three Han mathematical treatises still exist. These are the Book on Numbers and Computation, the Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven and the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. Han-era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right-angle triangles, square roots, cube ro... | How many mathematical treatises have still managed to survive to this day? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Three"
]
} |
572fa95c947a6a140053cb32 | Han_dynasty | Three Han mathematical treatises still exist. These are the Book on Numbers and Computation, the Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven and the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. Han-era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right-angle triangles, square roots, cube ro... | What achievement of the Han era can be used to help solve linear equations? | {
"answer_start": [
476
],
"text": [
"Gaussian elimination"
]
} |
572fa95c947a6a140053cb33 | Han_dynasty | Three Han mathematical treatises still exist. These are the Book on Numbers and Computation, the Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven and the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. Han-era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right-angle triangles, square roots, cube ro... | During what era was the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art from? | {
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"Han"
]
} |
572fa95c947a6a140053cb34 | Han_dynasty | Three Han mathematical treatises still exist. These are the Book on Numbers and Computation, the Arithmetical Classic of the Gnomon and the Circular Paths of Heaven and the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. Han-era mathematical achievements include solving problems with right-angle triangles, square roots, cube ro... | What can be used to help find the roots of equations? | {
"answer_start": [
528
],
"text": [
"continued fractions"
]
} |
572faa5304bcaa1900d76b95 | Han_dynasty | One of the Han's greatest mathematical advancements was the world's first use of negative numbers. Negative numbers first appeared in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as black counting rods, where positive numbers were represented by red counting rods. Negative numbers are used in the Bakhshali manuscript of a... | In what treatise did negative numbers first appear? | {
"answer_start": [
134
],
"text": [
"the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art"
]
} |
572faa5304bcaa1900d76b96 | Han_dynasty | One of the Han's greatest mathematical advancements was the world's first use of negative numbers. Negative numbers first appeared in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as black counting rods, where positive numbers were represented by red counting rods. Negative numbers are used in the Bakhshali manuscript of a... | How were negative numbers first described during the Han period? | {
"answer_start": [
176
],
"text": [
"as black counting rods"
]
} |
572faa5304bcaa1900d76b97 | Han_dynasty | One of the Han's greatest mathematical advancements was the world's first use of negative numbers. Negative numbers first appeared in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as black counting rods, where positive numbers were represented by red counting rods. Negative numbers are used in the Bakhshali manuscript of a... | In what century were negative numbers more commonly accepted in Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
516
],
"text": [
"16th century AD"
]
} |
572faa5304bcaa1900d76b98 | Han_dynasty | One of the Han's greatest mathematical advancements was the world's first use of negative numbers. Negative numbers first appeared in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as black counting rods, where positive numbers were represented by red counting rods. Negative numbers are used in the Bakhshali manuscript of a... | What Indian manuscript also contains the useage of negative numbers? | {
"answer_start": [
295
],
"text": [
"Bakhshali"
]
} |
572faa5304bcaa1900d76b99 | Han_dynasty | One of the Han's greatest mathematical advancements was the world's first use of negative numbers. Negative numbers first appeared in the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art as black counting rods, where positive numbers were represented by red counting rods. Negative numbers are used in the Bakhshali manuscript of a... | What were positive numbers portayed as in the treatise of the Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art? | {
"answer_start": [
243
],
"text": [
"red counting rods"
]
} |
572fac1d04bcaa1900d76bbd | Han_dynasty | Han-era astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe, theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center. They assumed that the Sun, Moon, and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped. They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight, that l... | In what era was a geocentric view of the universe adopted? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Han"
]
} |
572fac1d04bcaa1900d76bbe | Han_dynasty | Han-era astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe, theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center. They assumed that the Sun, Moon, and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped. They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight, that l... | Who was able to describe the process of evaporation? | {
"answer_start": [
536
],
"text": [
"Wang Chong"
]
} |
572fac1d04bcaa1900d76bbf | Han_dynasty | Han-era astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe, theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center. They assumed that the Sun, Moon, and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped. They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight, that l... | What object was assumed to block sunlight during a lunar eclipse? | {
"answer_start": [
348
],
"text": [
"the Earth"
]
} |
572fac1d04bcaa1900d76bc0 | Han_dynasty | Han-era astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe, theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center. They assumed that the Sun, Moon, and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped. They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight, that l... | What did astronomers believe the shape of the Sun to be during this era? | {
"answer_start": [
195
],
"text": [
"spherical"
]
} |
572fac1d04bcaa1900d76bc1 | Han_dynasty | Han-era astronomers adopted a geocentric model of the universe, theorizing that it was shaped like a sphere surrounding the earth in the center. They assumed that the Sun, Moon, and planets were spherical and not disc-shaped. They also thought that the illumination of the Moon and planets was caused by sunlight, that l... | What did astronomers during this area believe to be the center of the universe? | {
"answer_start": [
120
],
"text": [
"the earth"
]
} |
572fad40b2c2fd1400568321 | Han_dynasty | Evidence found in Chinese literature, and archaeological evidence, show that cartography existed in China before the Han. Some of the earliest Han maps discovered were ink-penned silk maps found amongst the Mawangdui Silk Texts in a 2nd-century-BC tomb. The general Ma Yuan created the world's first known raised-relief ... | What textile were some of the early Han maps made from? | {
"answer_start": [
179
],
"text": [
"silk"
]
} |
572fad40b2c2fd1400568322 | Han_dynasty | Evidence found in Chinese literature, and archaeological evidence, show that cartography existed in China before the Han. Some of the earliest Han maps discovered were ink-penned silk maps found amongst the Mawangdui Silk Texts in a 2nd-century-BC tomb. The general Ma Yuan created the world's first known raised-relief ... | In what type of building were silken maps found? | {
"answer_start": [
248
],
"text": [
"tomb"
]
} |
572fad40b2c2fd1400568323 | Han_dynasty | Evidence found in Chinese literature, and archaeological evidence, show that cartography existed in China before the Han. Some of the earliest Han maps discovered were ink-penned silk maps found amongst the Mawangdui Silk Texts in a 2nd-century-BC tomb. The general Ma Yuan created the world's first known raised-relief ... | Which individual created the very first raised relief map? | {
"answer_start": [
266
],
"text": [
"Ma Yuan"
]
} |
572fad40b2c2fd1400568324 | Han_dynasty | Evidence found in Chinese literature, and archaeological evidence, show that cartography existed in China before the Han. Some of the earliest Han maps discovered were ink-penned silk maps found amongst the Mawangdui Silk Texts in a 2nd-century-BC tomb. The general Ma Yuan created the world's first known raised-relief ... | What food stable was the first raised relief map created from? | {
"answer_start": [
329
],
"text": [
"rice"
]
} |
572fb04d947a6a140053cb78 | Han_dynasty | The Han-era Chinese sailed in a variety of ships differing from those of previous eras, such as the tower ship. The junk design was developed and realized during Han. Junks featured a square-ended bow and stern, a flat-bottomed hull or carvel-shaped hull with no keel or sternpost, and solid transverse bulkheads in the ... | What type of boat design was first invented during the Han era? | {
"answer_start": [
112
],
"text": [
"The junk design"
]
} |
572fb04d947a6a140053cb79 | Han_dynasty | The Han-era Chinese sailed in a variety of ships differing from those of previous eras, such as the tower ship. The junk design was developed and realized during Han. Junks featured a square-ended bow and stern, a flat-bottomed hull or carvel-shaped hull with no keel or sternpost, and solid transverse bulkheads in the ... | In what areas were Han ships able to be sailed in part due to the stern rudder? | {
"answer_start": [
560
],
"text": [
"high seas"
]
} |
572fb04d947a6a140053cb7a | Han_dynasty | The Han-era Chinese sailed in a variety of ships differing from those of previous eras, such as the tower ship. The junk design was developed and realized during Han. Junks featured a square-ended bow and stern, a flat-bottomed hull or carvel-shaped hull with no keel or sternpost, and solid transverse bulkheads in the ... | What ship design contained a flat-bottomed hull? | {
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"Junks"
]
} |
572fb04d947a6a140053cb7b | Han_dynasty | The Han-era Chinese sailed in a variety of ships differing from those of previous eras, such as the tower ship. The junk design was developed and realized during Han. Junks featured a square-ended bow and stern, a flat-bottomed hull or carvel-shaped hull with no keel or sternpost, and solid transverse bulkheads in the ... | What type of transport was the steering oar most likely to be used during? | {
"answer_start": [
511
],
"text": [
"riverine transport"
]
} |
572fb186a23a5019007fc8b5 | Han_dynasty | Han-era medical physicians believed that the human body was subject to the same forces of nature that governed the greater universe, namely the cosmological cycles of yin and yang and the five phases. Each organ of the body was associated with a particular phase. Illness was viewed as a sign that qi or "vital energy" c... | Who believed that the same forces that controlled the universe also controlled the human body? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Han-era medical physicians"
]
} |
572fb186a23a5019007fc8b6 | Han_dynasty | Han-era medical physicians believed that the human body was subject to the same forces of nature that governed the greater universe, namely the cosmological cycles of yin and yang and the five phases. Each organ of the body was associated with a particular phase. Illness was viewed as a sign that qi or "vital energy" c... | What was used during surgery to relieve patients of their pain? | {
"answer_start": [
1128
],
"text": [
"anesthesia"
]
} |
572fb186a23a5019007fc8b7 | Han_dynasty | Han-era medical physicians believed that the human body was subject to the same forces of nature that governed the greater universe, namely the cosmological cycles of yin and yang and the five phases. Each organ of the body was associated with a particular phase. Illness was viewed as a sign that qi or "vital energy" c... | What profession was the individual Zhang Zhongjing involved in? | {
"answer_start": [
675
],
"text": [
"physician"
]
} |
572fb186a23a5019007fc8b8 | Han_dynasty | Han-era medical physicians believed that the human body was subject to the same forces of nature that governed the greater universe, namely the cosmological cycles of yin and yang and the five phases. Each organ of the body was associated with a particular phase. Illness was viewed as a sign that qi or "vital energy" c... | How did Zhang Zhongjing attempt to cure various illnesses? | {
"answer_start": [
720
],
"text": [
"prescribed regulated diets"
]
} |
572fb186a23a5019007fc8b9 | Han_dynasty | Han-era medical physicians believed that the human body was subject to the same forces of nature that governed the greater universe, namely the cosmological cycles of yin and yang and the five phases. Each organ of the body was associated with a particular phase. Illness was viewed as a sign that qi or "vital energy" c... | When did Hua Tuo die? | {
"answer_start": [
1111
],
"text": [
"208 AD"
]
} |
572e995fdfa6aa1500f8d1c5 | Greeks | Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed b... | Which two seas have been most central to Greek history? | {
"answer_start": [
178
],
"text": [
"Aegean and Ionian seas"
]
} |
572e995fdfa6aa1500f8d1c6 | Greeks | Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed b... | During which prehistoric age was the Greek language invented? | {
"answer_start": [
253
],
"text": [
"Bronze"
]
} |
572e995fdfa6aa1500f8d1c7 | Greeks | Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed b... | Which city in modern Turkey was once a major center of Greek culture? | {
"answer_start": [
760
],
"text": [
"Constantinople"
]
} |
572e995fdfa6aa1500f8d1c8 | Greeks | Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed b... | Which area of North Africa has hosted Greek communities in the past? | {
"answer_start": [
434
],
"text": [
"Egypt"
]
} |
572e995fdfa6aa1500f8d1c9 | Greeks | Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed b... | What eleventh century empire had roughly the same extent as ancient Greece's? | {
"answer_start": [
556
],
"text": [
"Byzantine Empire"
]
} |
572fa78c04bcaa1900d76b53 | Greeks | Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed b... | Where are Greek States believed to have been settled ? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea"
]
} |
572fa78c04bcaa1900d76b54 | Greeks | Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed b... | Which two bodies of water are believed to be central to the establishment of the Greek society ? | {
"answer_start": [
128
],
"text": [
"Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas"
]
} |
572fa78c04bcaa1900d76b55 | Greeks | Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed b... | When was the emergence of the Greek spoken dialect believed to have started ? | {
"answer_start": [
208
],
"text": [
"the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age."
]
} |
572fa78c04bcaa1900d76b57 | Greeks | Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed b... | What other culture did the Greek states share boarders with ? | {
"answer_start": [
490
],
"text": [
"these regions coincided to a large extent with the borders of the Byzantine Empire of the late 11th century"
]
} |
572fa78c04bcaa1900d76b56 | Greeks | Greek colonies and communities have been historically established on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, but the Greek people have always been centered around the Aegean and Ionian seas, where the Greek language has been spoken since the Bronze Age. Until the early 20th century, Greeks were distributed b... | Where have the centers of culture been located for the Grecian world historically ? | {
"answer_start": [
665
],
"text": [
"The cultural centers of the Greeks have included Athens, Thessalonica, Alexandria, Smyrna, and Constantinople at various periods."
]
} |
572fa95304bcaa1900d76b6f | Greeks | The evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian lang... | What progression coincided with the the early Greek states that makes it difficult to give credit for the language and differences ? | {
"answer_start": [
81
],
"text": [
"Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages."
]
} |
572fa95304bcaa1900d76b70 | Greeks | The evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian lang... | What is commonly seen in the Greek language that is not a constant ? | {
"answer_start": [
189
],
"text": [
"The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels"
]
} |
572fa95304bcaa1900d76b71 | Greeks | The evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian lang... | What other language has this same trait ? | {
"answer_start": [
236
],
"text": [
"word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language"
]
} |
572fa95304bcaa1900d76b72 | Greeks | The evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian lang... | What other things do the two languages seem to have in common ? | {
"answer_start": [
363
],
"text": [
"phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian"
]
} |
572fa95304bcaa1900d76b73 | Greeks | The evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian lang... | How much evidence of the link between the languages is currently available ? | {
"answer_start": [
436
],
"text": [
"linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant."
]
} |
572fab80947a6a140053cb44 | Greeks | Around 1200 BC, the Dorians, another Greek-speaking people, followed from Epirus. Traditionally, historians have believed that the Dorian invasion caused the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, but it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean aro... | What group of people came with others who left the geographical and historical region in southeastern Europe, now a mutual region between Greece and Albania ? | {
"answer_start": [
16
],
"text": [
"the Dorians"
]
} |
572fab80947a6a140053cb45 | Greeks | Around 1200 BC, the Dorians, another Greek-speaking people, followed from Epirus. Traditionally, historians have believed that the Dorian invasion caused the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, but it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean aro... | When did these groups make the migration ? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Around 1200 BC"
]
} |
572fab80947a6a140053cb46 | Greeks | Around 1200 BC, the Dorians, another Greek-speaking people, followed from Epirus. Traditionally, historians have believed that the Dorian invasion caused the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, but it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean aro... | What civilization is the group credited with putting an end to ? | {
"answer_start": [
170
],
"text": [
"the Mycenaean civilization,"
]
} |
572fab80947a6a140053cb47 | Greeks | Around 1200 BC, the Dorians, another Greek-speaking people, followed from Epirus. Traditionally, historians have believed that the Dorian invasion caused the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, but it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean aro... | Is it believed that they truly are responsible in full for the collapse ? | {
"answer_start": [
202
],
"text": [
"it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples)"
]
} |
572fab80947a6a140053cb48 | Greeks | Around 1200 BC, the Dorians, another Greek-speaking people, followed from Epirus. Traditionally, historians have believed that the Dorian invasion caused the collapse of the Mycenaean civilization, but it is likely the main attack was made by seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean aro... | What areas were being explored by others in by sea faring vessels and when are they believed to have arrived ? | {
"answer_start": [
243
],
"text": [
"seafaring raiders (sea peoples) who sailed into the eastern Mediterranean around 1180 BC"
]
} |
572faeefa23a5019007fc891 | Greeks | The Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth. The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th century that sc... | How did the Greeks look upon their forebears ? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors"
]
} |
572faeefa23a5019007fc892 | Greeks | The Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth. The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th century that sc... | How did they believe their forebears lived ? | {
"answer_start": [
78
],
"text": [
"Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth"
]
} |
572faeefa23a5019007fc893 | Greeks | The Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth. The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th century that sc... | What literary events were believed to be a fact of truth ? | {
"answer_start": [
167
],
"text": [
"The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past"
]
} |
572faeefa23a5019007fc894 | Greeks | The Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth. The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th century that sc... | Who was the author of these tales ? | {
"answer_start": [
345
],
"text": [
"Homer"
]
} |
572faeefa23a5019007fc895 | Greeks | The Greeks of classical antiquity idealized their Mycenaean ancestors and the Mycenaean period as a glorious era of heroes, closeness of the gods and material wealth. The Homeric Epics (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) were especially and generally accepted as part of the Greek past and it was not until the 19th century that sc... | What were the names of some of the figures for the established religion that are based on ancestral ties ? | {
"answer_start": [
477
],
"text": [
"Zeus, Poseidon and Hades"
]
} |
572fb178a23a5019007fc8ab | Greeks | The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC. According to some scholars, the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC, when the idea of a common Hellenism among the Greek tribes was first translated into a shared cultural experience and Hellenism wa... | What event is believed to be the ethnic basis of the Greeks society? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism"
]
} |
572fb178a23a5019007fc8ac | Greeks | The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC. According to some scholars, the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC, when the idea of a common Hellenism among the Greek tribes was first translated into a shared cultural experience and Hellenism wa... | When did this event occur ? | {
"answer_start": [
54
],
"text": [
"development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC."
]
} |
572fb178a23a5019007fc8ad | Greeks | The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC. According to some scholars, the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC, when the idea of a common Hellenism among the Greek tribes was first translated into a shared cultural experience and Hellenism wa... | What national sporting event was held during this time period still goes on in celebration today ? | {
"answer_start": [
134
],
"text": [
"the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC,"
]
} |
572fb178a23a5019007fc8ae | Greeks | The ethnogenesis of the Greek nation is linked to the development of Pan-Hellenism in the 8th century BC. According to some scholars, the foundational event was the Olympic Games in 776 BC, when the idea of a common Hellenism among the Greek tribes was first translated into a shared cultural experience and Hellenism wa... | What was the foundation for spirituality and church ? | {
"answer_start": [
360
],
"text": [
"The works of Homer (i.e. Iliad and Odyssey) and Hesiod (i.e. Theogony)"
]
} |
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