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id stringlengths 24 24	title stringclasses 442 values	context stringlengths 151 3.71k	question stringlengths 12 270	answers dict
572ec29403f9891900756a01	Quran	Esoteric or Sufi interpretation attempts to unveil the inner meanings of the Quran. Sufism moves beyond the apparent (zahir) point of the verses and instead relates Quranic verses to the inner or esoteric (batin) and metaphysical dimensions of consciousness and existence. According to Sands, esoteric interpretations ar...	Sands says Sufi interpretations tend to use which literary device rather than direct explanation?	{ "answer_start": [ 365 ], "text": [ "allusions" ] }
572ec43bdfa6aa1500f8d365	Quran	Moses, in 7:143, comes the way of those who are in love, he asks for a vision but his desire is denied, he is made to suffer by being commanded to look at other than the Beloved while the mountain is able to see God. The mountain crumbles and Moses faints at the sight of God's manifestation upon the mountain. In Qushay...	Beloved is a term for God used by which style of Quranic interpretation?	{ "answer_start": [ 544 ], "text": [ "Sufi" ] }
572ec43bdfa6aa1500f8d366	Quran	Moses, in 7:143, comes the way of those who are in love, he asks for a vision but his desire is denied, he is made to suffer by being commanded to look at other than the Beloved while the mountain is able to see God. The mountain crumbles and Moses faints at the sight of God's manifestation upon the mountain. In Qushay...	Which Quranic verse describes Moses' encounter with God at the mountain?	{ "answer_start": [ 10 ], "text": [ "7:143" ] }
572ec43bdfa6aa1500f8d367	Quran	Moses, in 7:143, comes the way of those who are in love, he asks for a vision but his desire is denied, he is made to suffer by being commanded to look at other than the Beloved while the mountain is able to see God. The mountain crumbles and Moses faints at the sight of God's manifestation upon the mountain. In Qushay...	In Sufi thought, what experiences bring one closer to truth?	{ "answer_start": [ 613 ], "text": [ "longing and suffering" ] }
572ec43bdfa6aa1500f8d368	Quran	Moses, in 7:143, comes the way of those who are in love, he asks for a vision but his desire is denied, he is made to suffer by being commanded to look at other than the Beloved while the mountain is able to see God. The mountain crumbles and Moses faints at the sight of God's manifestation upon the mountain. In Qushay...	Who wrote that Moses had lost the Moses in himself along the way to his encounter with God?	{ "answer_start": [ 314 ], "text": [ "Qushayri" ] }
572ec65ccb0c0d14000f153e	Quran	One of the notable authors of esoteric interpretation prior to the 12th century is Sulami (d. 1021) without whose work the majority of very early Sufi commentaries would not have been preserved. Sulami's major commentary is a book named haqaiq al-tafsir ("Truths of Exegesis") which is a compilation of commentaries of e...	Who was an important esoteric interpreter of the Quran in the 11th century?	{ "answer_start": [ 83 ], "text": [ "Sulami" ] }
572ec65ccb0c0d14000f153f	Quran	One of the notable authors of esoteric interpretation prior to the 12th century is Sulami (d. 1021) without whose work the majority of very early Sufi commentaries would not have been preserved. Sulami's major commentary is a book named haqaiq al-tafsir ("Truths of Exegesis") which is a compilation of commentaries of e...	What is the English name of Sulami's major work?	{ "answer_start": [ 256 ], "text": [ "Truths of Exegesis" ] }
572ec65ccb0c0d14000f1540	Quran	One of the notable authors of esoteric interpretation prior to the 12th century is Sulami (d. 1021) without whose work the majority of very early Sufi commentaries would not have been preserved. Sulami's major commentary is a book named haqaiq al-tafsir ("Truths of Exegesis") which is a compilation of commentaries of e...	In which language did Maybudi write?	{ "answer_start": [ 609 ], "text": [ "Persian" ] }
572ec65ccb0c0d14000f1542	Quran	One of the notable authors of esoteric interpretation prior to the 12th century is Sulami (d. 1021) without whose work the majority of very early Sufi commentaries would not have been preserved. Sulami's major commentary is a book named haqaiq al-tafsir ("Truths of Exegesis") which is a compilation of commentaries of e...	Which Sufi commentator wrote the Spirit of Elucidation?	{ "answer_start": [ 1438 ], "text": [ "Ismail Hakki Bursevi" ] }
572ec65ccb0c0d14000f1541	Quran	One of the notable authors of esoteric interpretation prior to the 12th century is Sulami (d. 1021) without whose work the majority of very early Sufi commentaries would not have been preserved. Sulami's major commentary is a book named haqaiq al-tafsir ("Truths of Exegesis") which is a compilation of commentaries of e...	In which year did the poet Rumi die?	{ "answer_start": [ 713 ], "text": [ "1273" ] }
572ec7e8dfa6aa1500f8d3a7	Quran	Commentaries dealing with the zahir (outward aspects) of the text are called tafsir, and hermeneutic and esoteric commentaries dealing with the batin are called ta'wil ("interpretation" or "explanation"), which involves taking the text back to its beginning. Commentators with an esoteric slant believe that the ultimate...	What is the Arabic term for the surface-level aspects of a text?	{ "answer_start": [ 30 ], "text": [ "zahir" ] }
572ec7e8dfa6aa1500f8d3a8	Quran	Commentaries dealing with the zahir (outward aspects) of the text are called tafsir, and hermeneutic and esoteric commentaries dealing with the batin are called ta'wil ("interpretation" or "explanation"), which involves taking the text back to its beginning. Commentators with an esoteric slant believe that the ultimate...	What Arabic term applies to interpretations aimed at the deeper, esoteric meanings of a text?	{ "answer_start": [ 161 ], "text": [ "ta'wil" ] }
572ec7e8dfa6aa1500f8d3a9	Quran	Commentaries dealing with the zahir (outward aspects) of the text are called tafsir, and hermeneutic and esoteric commentaries dealing with the batin are called ta'wil ("interpretation" or "explanation"), which involves taking the text back to its beginning. Commentators with an esoteric slant believe that the ultimate...	Who is the only one who ever knows the full meaning of Quranic verses in the esoteric view?	{ "answer_start": [ 359 ], "text": [ "God" ] }
572ec7e8dfa6aa1500f8d3aa	Quran	Commentaries dealing with the zahir (outward aspects) of the text are called tafsir, and hermeneutic and esoteric commentaries dealing with the batin are called ta'wil ("interpretation" or "explanation"), which involves taking the text back to its beginning. Commentators with an esoteric slant believe that the ultimate...	Which two groups are examples of Muslims who advocate a very literal reading of the Quran?	{ "answer_start": [ 409 ], "text": [ "Salafis and Zahiris" ] }
572ec9a7cb0c0d14000f156c	Quran	The first fully attested complete translations of the Quran were done between the 10th and 12th centuries in Persian. The Samanid king, Mansur I (961-976), ordered a group of scholars from Khorasan to translate the Tafsir al-Tabari, originally in Arabic, into Persian. Later in the 11th century, one of the students of A...	In which language was the Quran first translated?	{ "answer_start": [ 109 ], "text": [ "Persian" ] }
572ec9a7cb0c0d14000f156d	Quran	The first fully attested complete translations of the Quran were done between the 10th and 12th centuries in Persian. The Samanid king, Mansur I (961-976), ordered a group of scholars from Khorasan to translate the Tafsir al-Tabari, originally in Arabic, into Persian. Later in the 11th century, one of the students of A...	Which work did scribes from Khorasan translate in the 10th century?	{ "answer_start": [ 215 ], "text": [ "Tafsir al-Tabari" ] }
572ec9a7cb0c0d14000f156e	Quran	The first fully attested complete translations of the Quran were done between the 10th and 12th centuries in Persian. The Samanid king, Mansur I (961-976), ordered a group of scholars from Khorasan to translate the Tafsir al-Tabari, originally in Arabic, into Persian. Later in the 11th century, one of the students of A...	Whose student wrote a Persian tafsir of the Quran in the 11th century?	{ "answer_start": [ 319 ], "text": [ "Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari" ] }
572ec9a7cb0c0d14000f156f	Quran	The first fully attested complete translations of the Quran were done between the 10th and 12th centuries in Persian. The Samanid king, Mansur I (961-976), ordered a group of scholars from Khorasan to translate the Tafsir al-Tabari, originally in Arabic, into Persian. Later in the 11th century, one of the students of A...	Who wrote a Persian translation of the Quran in the 12th century?	{ "answer_start": [ 419 ], "text": [ "Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi" ] }
572ec9a7cb0c0d14000f1570	Quran	The first fully attested complete translations of the Quran were done between the 10th and 12th centuries in Persian. The Samanid king, Mansur I (961-976), ordered a group of scholars from Khorasan to translate the Tafsir al-Tabari, originally in Arabic, into Persian. Later in the 11th century, one of the students of A...	To which dynasty did the king who commissioned the first translation of Quranic texts belong?	{ "answer_start": [ 122 ], "text": [ "Samanid" ] }
572ecaddc246551400ce4692	Quran	Robert of Ketton's 1143 translation of the Quran for Peter the Venerable, Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete, was the first into a Western language (Latin). Alexander Ross offered the first English version in 1649, from the French translation of L'Alcoran de Mahomet (1647) by Andre du Ryer. In 1734, George Sale produced the fi...	In which year was the Quran first translated into a Western language?	{ "answer_start": [ 19 ], "text": [ "1143" ] }
572ecaddc246551400ce4695	Quran	Robert of Ketton's 1143 translation of the Quran for Peter the Venerable, Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete, was the first into a Western language (Latin). Alexander Ross offered the first English version in 1649, from the French translation of L'Alcoran de Mahomet (1647) by Andre du Ryer. In 1734, George Sale produced the fi...	Which organization offers versions of the Quran in 50 languages?	{ "answer_start": [ 561 ], "text": [ "Ahmadiyya Muslim Community" ] }
572ecaddc246551400ce4694	Quran	Robert of Ketton's 1143 translation of the Quran for Peter the Venerable, Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete, was the first into a Western language (Latin). Alexander Ross offered the first English version in 1649, from the French translation of L'Alcoran de Mahomet (1647) by Andre du Ryer. In 1734, George Sale produced the fi...	Whose French translation of the Quran was the model for the first English version?	{ "answer_start": [ 269 ], "text": [ "Andre du Ryer" ] }
572ecaddc246551400ce4693	Quran	Robert of Ketton's 1143 translation of the Quran for Peter the Venerable, Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete, was the first into a Western language (Latin). Alexander Ross offered the first English version in 1649, from the French translation of L'Alcoran de Mahomet (1647) by Andre du Ryer. In 1734, George Sale produced the fi...	Who completed the first Latin version of the Quran?	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Robert of Ketton" ] }
572ecaddc246551400ce4696	Quran	Robert of Ketton's 1143 translation of the Quran for Peter the Venerable, Lex Mahumet pseudoprophete, was the first into a Western language (Latin). Alexander Ross offered the first English version in 1649, from the French translation of L'Alcoran de Mahomet (1647) by Andre du Ryer. In 1734, George Sale produced the fi...	In which language was Alexander Ross' version of the Quran published in 1649?	{ "answer_start": [ 182 ], "text": [ "English" ] }
572eccf7cb0c0d14000f1590	Quran	The proper recitation of the Quran is the subject of a separate discipline named tajwid which determines in detail how the Quran should be recited, how each individual syllable is to be pronounced, the need to pay attention to the places where there should be a pause, to elisions, where the pronunciation should be long...	What discipline concerns the way the Quran is correctly recited?	{ "answer_start": [ 81 ], "text": [ "tajwid" ] }
572eccf7cb0c0d14000f1591	Quran	The proper recitation of the Quran is the subject of a separate discipline named tajwid which determines in detail how the Quran should be recited, how each individual syllable is to be pronounced, the need to pay attention to the places where there should be a pause, to elisions, where the pronunciation should be long...	Tajwid deals with what aspect of the phonemes in the Quran?	{ "answer_start": [ 560 ], "text": [ "pronunciation" ] }
572eccf7cb0c0d14000f1592	Quran	The proper recitation of the Quran is the subject of a separate discipline named tajwid which determines in detail how the Quran should be recited, how each individual syllable is to be pronounced, the need to pay attention to the places where there should be a pause, to elisions, where the pronunciation should be long...	Tajwid describes rules for what noiseless aspect of articulating Quranic verses?	{ "answer_start": [ 656 ], "text": [ "pause in recitation" ] }
572eccf7cb0c0d14000f1593	Quran	The proper recitation of the Quran is the subject of a separate discipline named tajwid which determines in detail how the Quran should be recited, how each individual syllable is to be pronounced, the need to pay attention to the places where there should be a pause, to elisions, where the pronunciation should be long...	Rhythm is an example of which features of Quranic recitation covered by tajwid?	{ "answer_start": [ 717 ], "text": [ "musical and melodious" ] }
572ecf2503f9891900756a3f	Quran	Vocalization markers indicating specific vowel sounds were introduced into the Arabic language by the end of the 9th century. The first Quranic manuscripts lacked these marks, therefore several recitations remain acceptable. The variation in readings of the text permitted by the nature of the defective vocalization led...	The absence of which language feature made early Quranic recitation more diverse?	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "Vocalization markers" ] }
572ecf2503f9891900756a40	Quran	Vocalization markers indicating specific vowel sounds were introduced into the Arabic language by the end of the 9th century. The first Quranic manuscripts lacked these marks, therefore several recitations remain acceptable. The variation in readings of the text permitted by the nature of the defective vocalization led...	Which Baghdad scholar identified justified seven different Quranic readings?	{ "answer_start": [ 433 ], "text": [ "Ibn Mujāhid" ] }
572ecf2503f9891900756a42	Quran	Vocalization markers indicating specific vowel sounds were introduced into the Arabic language by the end of the 9th century. The first Quranic manuscripts lacked these marks, therefore several recitations remain acceptable. The variation in readings of the text permitted by the nature of the defective vocalization led...	Which century produced the seven readings selected by Ibn Mujāhid?	{ "answer_start": [ 591 ], "text": [ "8th" ] }
572ecf2503f9891900756a41	Quran	Vocalization markers indicating specific vowel sounds were introduced into the Arabic language by the end of the 9th century. The first Quranic manuscripts lacked these marks, therefore several recitations remain acceptable. The variation in readings of the text permitted by the nature of the defective vocalization led...	Which recitation is the original basis of the Quran of Cairo?	{ "answer_start": [ 1311 ], "text": [ "ʻAsim's" ] }
572ecf2503f9891900756a43	Quran	Vocalization markers indicating specific vowel sounds were introduced into the Arabic language by the end of the 9th century. The first Quranic manuscripts lacked these marks, therefore several recitations remain acceptable. The variation in readings of the text permitted by the nature of the defective vocalization led...	Which city corresponds to Asim's recitation of the Quran?	{ "answer_start": [ 1361 ], "text": [ "Kufa" ] }
572ed0afc246551400ce46e0	Quran	Before printing was widely adopted in the 19th century, the Quran was transmitted in manuscripts made by calligraphers and copyists. The earliest manuscripts were written in Ḥijāzī-type script. The Hijazi style manuscripts nevertheless confirm that transmission of the Quran in writing began at an early stage. Probably ...	Who created Quranic manuscripts before the 19th century?	{ "answer_start": [ 105 ], "text": [ "calligraphers and copyists" ] }
572ed0afc246551400ce46e1	Quran	Before printing was widely adopted in the 19th century, the Quran was transmitted in manuscripts made by calligraphers and copyists. The earliest manuscripts were written in Ḥijāzī-type script. The Hijazi style manuscripts nevertheless confirm that transmission of the Quran in writing began at an early stage. Probably ...	What is the name of the thicker-stroked writing used for the Quran beginning in the 9th century?	{ "answer_start": [ 417 ], "text": [ "Kufic scripts" ] }
572ed0afc246551400ce46e2	Quran	Before printing was widely adopted in the 19th century, the Quran was transmitted in manuscripts made by calligraphers and copyists. The earliest manuscripts were written in Ḥijāzī-type script. The Hijazi style manuscripts nevertheless confirm that transmission of the Quran in writing began at an early stage. Probably ...	Which was the most widely used script by copyists in the 11th century?	{ "answer_start": [ 827 ], "text": [ "naskh" ] }
572ed0afc246551400ce46e3	Quran	Before printing was widely adopted in the 19th century, the Quran was transmitted in manuscripts made by calligraphers and copyists. The earliest manuscripts were written in Ḥijāzī-type script. The Hijazi style manuscripts nevertheless confirm that transmission of the Quran in writing began at an early stage. Probably ...	Where was the Maghribi script most commonly used by Quran copyists?	{ "answer_start": [ 934 ], "text": [ "North Africa and Spain" ] }
572ed0afc246551400ce46e4	Quran	Before printing was widely adopted in the 19th century, the Quran was transmitted in manuscripts made by calligraphers and copyists. The earliest manuscripts were written in Ḥijāzī-type script. The Hijazi style manuscripts nevertheless confirm that transmission of the Quran in writing began at an early stage. Probably ...	Which script was only used to copy the Quran by people in northern India?	{ "answer_start": [ 1011 ], "text": [ "Bihari" ] }
572ed1eec246551400ce46ea	Quran	In the beginning, the Quran did not have vocalization markings. The system of vocalization, as we know it today, seems to have been introduced towards the end of the ninth century. Since it would have been too costly for most Muslims to purchase a manuscript, copies of the Quran were held in mosques in order to make th...	In which century were vocalization marking added to the Quran?	{ "answer_start": [ 166 ], "text": [ "ninth century" ] }
572ed1eec246551400ce46eb	Quran	In the beginning, the Quran did not have vocalization markings. The system of vocalization, as we know it today, seems to have been introduced towards the end of the ninth century. Since it would have been too costly for most Muslims to purchase a manuscript, copies of the Quran were held in mosques in order to make th...	Where were Quran copies kept for those who could not afford their own?	{ "answer_start": [ 293 ], "text": [ "mosques" ] }
572ed1eec246551400ce46ec	Quran	In the beginning, the Quran did not have vocalization markings. The system of vocalization, as we know it today, seems to have been introduced towards the end of the ninth century. Since it would have been too costly for most Muslims to purchase a manuscript, copies of the Quran were held in mosques in order to make th...	What are the parts of the Quran called that are 30 in total?	{ "answer_start": [ 410 ], "text": [ "juzʼ" ] }
572ed1eec246551400ce46ed	Quran	In the beginning, the Quran did not have vocalization markings. The system of vocalization, as we know it today, seems to have been introduced towards the end of the ninth century. Since it would have been too costly for most Muslims to purchase a manuscript, copies of the Quran were held in mosques in order to make th...	Which group of Quran copyists produced the most in-demand manuscripts?	{ "answer_start": [ 446 ], "text": [ "Ottoman" ] }
572ed3f503f9891900756a67	Quran	According to Sahih al-Bukhari, the Quran was recited among Levantines and Iraqis, and discussed by Christians and Jews, before it was standardized. Its language was similar to the Syriac language.[citation needed] The Quran recounts stories of many of the people and events recounted in Jewish and Christian sacred books...	Which Biblical character is the most often mentioned person in the Quran?	{ "answer_start": [ 684 ], "text": [ "Moses" ] }
572ed3f503f9891900756a68	Quran	According to Sahih al-Bukhari, the Quran was recited among Levantines and Iraqis, and discussed by Christians and Jews, before it was standardized. Its language was similar to the Syriac language.[citation needed] The Quran recounts stories of many of the people and events recounted in Jewish and Christian sacred books...	Who has claimed that Christians and Jews had heard and discussed the Quran before it took on its standardized Arabic form?	{ "answer_start": [ 13 ], "text": [ "Sahih al-Bukhari" ] }
572ed3f503f9891900756a69	Quran	According to Sahih al-Bukhari, the Quran was recited among Levantines and Iraqis, and discussed by Christians and Jews, before it was standardized. Its language was similar to the Syriac language.[citation needed] The Quran recounts stories of many of the people and events recounted in Jewish and Christian sacred books...	Which older language is thought to strongly resemble that of the Quran?	{ "answer_start": [ 180 ], "text": [ "Syriac" ] }
572ed3f503f9891900756a6a	Quran	According to Sahih al-Bukhari, the Quran was recited among Levantines and Iraqis, and discussed by Christians and Jews, before it was standardized. Its language was similar to the Syriac language.[citation needed] The Quran recounts stories of many of the people and events recounted in Jewish and Christian sacred books...	Which relative of Jesus appears more often in the Quran than the New Testament?	{ "answer_start": [ 812 ], "text": [ "Mary" ] }
572ed3f503f9891900756a6b	Quran	According to Sahih al-Bukhari, the Quran was recited among Levantines and Iraqis, and discussed by Christians and Jews, before it was standardized. Its language was similar to the Syriac language.[citation needed] The Quran recounts stories of many of the people and events recounted in Jewish and Christian sacred books...	What do devout Muslims believe is the reason for the overlap of events and characters in the Bible and Quran?	{ "answer_start": [ 1024 ], "text": [ "common divine source" ] }
572ed583c246551400ce46fc	Quran	According to Tabatabaei, there are acceptable and unacceptable esoteric interpretations. Acceptable ta'wil refers to the meaning of a verse beyond its literal meaning; rather the implicit meaning, which ultimately is known only to God and can't be comprehended directly through human thought alone. The verses in questio...	What are the two type of ta'wil?	{ "answer_start": [ 35 ], "text": [ "acceptable and unacceptable" ] }
572ed583c246551400ce46fd	Quran	According to Tabatabaei, there are acceptable and unacceptable esoteric interpretations. Acceptable ta'wil refers to the meaning of a verse beyond its literal meaning; rather the implicit meaning, which ultimately is known only to God and can't be comprehended directly through human thought alone. The verses in questio...	Which type of esoteric interpretation involves a transfer by proof of a verse's meaning?	{ "answer_start": [ 455 ], "text": [ "Unacceptable" ] }
572ed583c246551400ce46fe	Quran	According to Tabatabaei, there are acceptable and unacceptable esoteric interpretations. Acceptable ta'wil refers to the meaning of a verse beyond its literal meaning; rather the implicit meaning, which ultimately is known only to God and can't be comprehended directly through human thought alone. The verses in questio...	The implicit meaning of a Quranic verse that is known fully only by God is which type of ta'wil?	{ "answer_start": [ 89 ], "text": [ "Acceptable" ] }
572ed854dfa6aa1500f8d443	Quran	The Quran most likely existed in scattered written form during Muhammad's lifetime. Several sources indicate that during Muhammad's lifetime a large number of his companions had memorized the revelations. Early commentaries and Islamic historical sources support the above-mentioned understanding of the Quran's early de...	Who had begun memorizing Muhammad's revelations in his lifetime?	{ "answer_start": [ 159 ], "text": [ "his companions" ] }
572ed854dfa6aa1500f8d444	Quran	The Quran most likely existed in scattered written form during Muhammad's lifetime. Several sources indicate that during Muhammad's lifetime a large number of his companions had memorized the revelations. Early commentaries and Islamic historical sources support the above-mentioned understanding of the Quran's early de...	What was done to the Quranic text early in its history leaving few markedly different variants?	{ "answer_start": [ 816 ], "text": [ "standardized" ] }
572ed854dfa6aa1500f8d445	Quran	The Quran most likely existed in scattered written form during Muhammad's lifetime. Several sources indicate that during Muhammad's lifetime a large number of his companions had memorized the revelations. Early commentaries and Islamic historical sources support the above-mentioned understanding of the Quran's early de...	Which which university is Fred Donner affiliated?	{ "answer_start": [ 545 ], "text": [ "University of Chicago" ] }
572ed854dfa6aa1500f8d446	Quran	The Quran most likely existed in scattered written form during Muhammad's lifetime. Several sources indicate that during Muhammad's lifetime a large number of his companions had memorized the revelations. Early commentaries and Islamic historical sources support the above-mentioned understanding of the Quran's early de...	The Quran is widely accepted by historians to contain a relatively accurate record of whose words?	{ "answer_start": [ 436 ], "text": [ "Muhammad" ] }
572eda2cdfa6aa1500f8d451	Quran	Sahih al-Bukhari narrates Muhammad describing the revelations as, "Sometimes it is (revealed) like the ringing of a bell" and Aisha reported, "I saw the Prophet being inspired Divinely on a very cold day and noticed the sweat dropping from his forehead (as the Inspiration was over)." Muhammad's first revelation, accord...	What physical symptom accompanied Muhammad's revelations?	{ "answer_start": [ 861 ], "text": [ "seizures" ] }
572eda2cdfa6aa1500f8d452	Quran	Sahih al-Bukhari narrates Muhammad describing the revelations as, "Sometimes it is (revealed) like the ringing of a bell" and Aisha reported, "I saw the Prophet being inspired Divinely on a very cold day and noticed the sweat dropping from his forehead (as the Inspiration was over)." Muhammad's first revelation, accord...	What measure of distance described the nearness of the Angel's approach to Mohammad?	{ "answer_start": [ 560 ], "text": [ "two bows' length" ] }
572eda2cdfa6aa1500f8d453	Quran	Sahih al-Bukhari narrates Muhammad describing the revelations as, "Sometimes it is (revealed) like the ringing of a bell" and Aisha reported, "I saw the Prophet being inspired Divinely on a very cold day and noticed the sweat dropping from his forehead (as the Inspiration was over)." Muhammad's first revelation, accord...	In which work did Welch express his belief that Mohammad's physical reaction to the revelation was historically accurate?	{ "answer_start": [ 642 ], "text": [ "Encyclopaedia of Islam" ] }
572eda2cdfa6aa1500f8d454	Quran	Sahih al-Bukhari narrates Muhammad describing the revelations as, "Sometimes it is (revealed) like the ringing of a bell" and Aisha reported, "I saw the Prophet being inspired Divinely on a very cold day and noticed the sweat dropping from his forehead (as the Inspiration was over)." Muhammad's first revelation, accord...	Which people would Mohammad's critics have compared him to at the time?	{ "answer_start": [ 1037 ], "text": [ "a possessed man, a soothsayer or a magician" ] }
572edbdacb0c0d14000f161d	Quran	Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei says that according to the popular explanation among the later exegetes, ta'wil indicates the particular meaning a verse is directed towards. The meaning of revelation (tanzil), as opposed to ta'wil, is clear in its accordance to the obvious meaning of the words as they were revealed. But thi...	What was the original meaning of ta'wil?	{ "answer_start": [ 445 ], "text": [ "\"to return\" or \"the returning place\"" ] }
572edbdacb0c0d14000f161c	Quran	Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei says that according to the popular explanation among the later exegetes, ta'wil indicates the particular meaning a verse is directed towards. The meaning of revelation (tanzil), as opposed to ta'wil, is clear in its accordance to the obvious meaning of the words as they were revealed. But thi...	What can interpretation find that lies the behind the apparent events referred to in a Quranic story?	{ "answer_start": [ 1022 ], "text": [ "a spiritual reality" ] }
572edbdacb0c0d14000f161e	Quran	Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaei says that according to the popular explanation among the later exegetes, ta'wil indicates the particular meaning a verse is directed towards. The meaning of revelation (tanzil), as opposed to ta'wil, is clear in its accordance to the obvious meaning of the words as they were revealed. But thi...	What philosophical term corresponds to the type of interpretation in ta'wil?	{ "answer_start": [ 545 ], "text": [ "hermeneutic" ] }
572edcb1c246551400ce4752	Quran	According to Shia beliefs, those who are firmly rooted in knowledge like Muhammad and the imams know the secrets of the Quran. According to Tabatabaei, the statement "none knows its interpretation except God" remains valid, without any opposing or qualifying clause. Therefore, so far as this verse is concerned, the kno...	Who do Shia Muslims believe can approach Quranic truths besides God and Muhammad?	{ "answer_start": [ 90 ], "text": [ "imams" ] }
572edcb1c246551400ce4753	Quran	According to Shia beliefs, those who are firmly rooted in knowledge like Muhammad and the imams know the secrets of the Quran. According to Tabatabaei, the statement "none knows its interpretation except God" remains valid, without any opposing or qualifying clause. Therefore, so far as this verse is concerned, the kno...	According to Shia Muslims, who is the only one who can fully know the a Quranic interpretation?	{ "answer_start": [ 204 ], "text": [ "God" ] }
572edcb1c246551400ce4754	Quran	According to Shia beliefs, those who are firmly rooted in knowledge like Muhammad and the imams know the secrets of the Quran. According to Tabatabaei, the statement "none knows its interpretation except God" remains valid, without any opposing or qualifying clause. Therefore, so far as this verse is concerned, the kno...	How must God have treated those who are qualified to know Quranic sectets?	{ "answer_start": [ 444 ], "text": [ "purified" ] }
572ea7e9dfa6aa1500f8d265	Great_power	A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers'...	What is a nation which can exert its influence on a global scale called?	{ "answer_start": [ 0 ], "text": [ "A great power" ] }
572ea7e9dfa6aa1500f8d266	Great_power	A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers'...	What two dominant traits do great powers usually possess?	{ "answer_start": [ 172 ], "text": [ "military and economic strength" ] }
572ea7e9dfa6aa1500f8d268	Great_power	A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers'...	China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States serve as what body's five permanent members?	{ "answer_start": [ 671 ], "text": [ "United Nations Security Council" ] }
572ea7e9dfa6aa1500f8d267	Great_power	A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers'...	What two lesser traits do great powers usually possess?	{ "answer_start": [ 215 ], "text": [ "diplomatic and soft power influence" ] }
572ea7e9dfa6aa1500f8d269	Great_power	A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers'...	Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States are part of what international forum?	{ "answer_start": [ 905 ], "text": [ "the G7" ] }
5730d9efb54a4f140068ccac	Great_power	A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers'...	What do great powers usually have?	{ "answer_start": [ 172 ], "text": [ "military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence" ] }
5730d9efb54a4f140068ccad	Great_power	A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers'...	What are the permanent members of UN Security Council?	{ "answer_start": [ 704 ], "text": [ "China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom and the United States" ] }
5730d9efb54a4f140068ccae	Great_power	A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers'...	What are the countries in the G7?	{ "answer_start": [ 930 ], "text": [ "Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America" ] }
5730d9efb54a4f140068ccaf	Great_power	A great power is a sovereign state that is recognized as having the ability and expertise to exert its influence on a global scale. Great powers characteristically possess military and economic strength, as well as diplomatic and soft power influence, which may cause middle or small powers to consider the great powers'...	What 3 factors have international relations theorists considered factors for great power status?	{ "answer_start": [ 463 ], "text": [ "power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status dimensions" ] }
572eaa1cdfa6aa1500f8d279	Great_power	The term "great power" was first used to represent the most important powers in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era. The "Great Powers" constituted the "Concert of Europe" and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties. The formalization of the division between small powers and great powers came a...	The term "great power" was first used on which continent?	{ "answer_start": [ 80 ], "text": [ "Europe" ] }
572eaa1cdfa6aa1500f8d27a	Great_power	The term "great power" was first used to represent the most important powers in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era. The "Great Powers" constituted the "Concert of Europe" and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties. The formalization of the division between small powers and great powers came a...	Which treaty made the distinction of small powers and great powers a formal affair?	{ "answer_start": [ 349 ], "text": [ "Treaty of Chaumont" ] }
572eaa1cdfa6aa1500f8d27b	Great_power	The term "great power" was first used to represent the most important powers in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era. The "Great Powers" constituted the "Concert of Europe" and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties. The formalization of the division between small powers and great powers came a...	What year was this treaty signed?	{ "answer_start": [ 371 ], "text": [ "1814" ] }
572eaa1cdfa6aa1500f8d27c	Great_power	The term "great power" was first used to represent the most important powers in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era. The "Great Powers" constituted the "Concert of Europe" and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties. The formalization of the division between small powers and great powers came a...	During which two wars has the balance of power shifted the most dramatically?	{ "answer_start": [ 477 ], "text": [ "World War I and World War II" ] }
572eaa1cdfa6aa1500f8d27d	Great_power	The term "great power" was first used to represent the most important powers in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era. The "Great Powers" constituted the "Concert of Europe" and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties. The formalization of the division between small powers and great powers came a...	What is another more modern term used in place of "great power"?	{ "answer_start": [ 741 ], "text": [ "superpower" ] }
5730d9eaf6cb411900e244ec	Great_power	The term "great power" was first used to represent the most important powers in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era. The "Great Powers" constituted the "Concert of Europe" and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties. The formalization of the division between small powers and great powers came a...	What was the formalization of the division of small powers and great powers?	{ "answer_start": [ 349 ], "text": [ "Treaty of Chaumont" ] }
5730d9eaf6cb411900e244ed	Great_power	The term "great power" was first used to represent the most important powers in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era. The "Great Powers" constituted the "Concert of Europe" and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties. The formalization of the division between small powers and great powers came a...	During the post Napoleonic era where were the first Great Powers concentrated?	{ "answer_start": [ 166 ], "text": [ "Europe" ] }
5730d9eaf6cb411900e244ef	Great_power	The term "great power" was first used to represent the most important powers in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era. The "Great Powers" constituted the "Concert of Europe" and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties. The formalization of the division between small powers and great powers came a...	What is another term for Great Power?	{ "answer_start": [ 741 ], "text": [ "superpower" ] }
5730d9eaf6cb411900e244ee	Great_power	The term "great power" was first used to represent the most important powers in Europe during the post-Napoleonic era. The "Great Powers" constituted the "Concert of Europe" and claimed the right to joint enforcement of the postwar treaties. The formalization of the division between small powers and great powers came a...	During what 2 wars was the balance of power shift most dramatic?	{ "answer_start": [ 477 ], "text": [ "World War I and World War II" ] }
572eac98c246551400ce44be	Great_power	Early writings on the subject tended to judge states by the realist criterion, as expressed by the historian A. J. P. Taylor when he noted that "The test of a great power is the test of strength for war." Later writers have expanded this test, attempting to define power in terms of overall military, economic, and polit...	What one criteria was used in early times to judge a great power's status?	{ "answer_start": [ 186 ], "text": [ "strength for war" ] }
572eac98c246551400ce44bf	Great_power	Early writings on the subject tended to judge states by the realist criterion, as expressed by the historian A. J. P. Taylor when he noted that "The test of a great power is the test of strength for war." Later writers have expanded this test, attempting to define power in terms of overall military, economic, and polit...	Besides military, what two other capacities were used to describe great powers in later times?	{ "answer_start": [ 301 ], "text": [ "economic, and political" ] }
572eac98c246551400ce44c0	Great_power	Early writings on the subject tended to judge states by the realist criterion, as expressed by the historian A. J. P. Taylor when he noted that "The test of a great power is the test of strength for war." Later writers have expanded this test, attempting to define power in terms of overall military, economic, and polit...	Who is the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations?	{ "answer_start": [ 335 ], "text": [ "Kenneth Waltz" ] }
572eac98c246551400ce44c1	Great_power	Early writings on the subject tended to judge states by the realist criterion, as expressed by the historian A. J. P. Taylor when he noted that "The test of a great power is the test of strength for war." Later writers have expanded this test, attempting to define power in terms of overall military, economic, and polit...	How many criteria are used to judge a great power in the neorealist theory?	{ "answer_start": [ 429 ], "text": [ "five" ] }
5730ddeab7151e1900c01590	Great_power	Early writings on the subject tended to judge states by the realist criterion, as expressed by the historian A. J. P. Taylor when he noted that "The test of a great power is the test of strength for war." Later writers have expanded this test, attempting to define power in terms of overall military, economic, and polit...	Who wrote, "The test of a great power is the test of strength for war."?	{ "answer_start": [ 109 ], "text": [ "A. J. P. Taylor" ] }
5730ddeab7151e1900c01592	Great_power	Early writings on the subject tended to judge states by the realist criterion, as expressed by the historian A. J. P. Taylor when he noted that "The test of a great power is the test of strength for war." Later writers have expanded this test, attempting to define power in terms of overall military, economic, and polit...	What 5 criteria did neorealist use to determine great powers?	{ "answer_start": [ 469 ], "text": [ "population and territory; resource endowment; economic capability; political stability and competence; and military strength" ] }
5730ddeab7151e1900c01591	Great_power	Early writings on the subject tended to judge states by the realist criterion, as expressed by the historian A. J. P. Taylor when he noted that "The test of a great power is the test of strength for war." Later writers have expanded this test, attempting to define power in terms of overall military, economic, and polit...	Whos was the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations?	{ "answer_start": [ 335 ], "text": [ "Kenneth Waltz" ] }
5730ddeab7151e1900c01593	Great_power	Early writings on the subject tended to judge states by the realist criterion, as expressed by the historian A. J. P. Taylor when he noted that "The test of a great power is the test of strength for war." Later writers have expanded this test, attempting to define power in terms of overall military, economic, and polit...	What 3 areas can summarize the great power determination?	{ "answer_start": [ 652 ], "text": [ "power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status" ] }
572edbbfcb0c0d14000f1612	Great_power	All states have a geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power. This is a crucial factor in distinguishing a great power from a regional power; by definition the scope of a regional power is restricted to its region. It has been suggested that a great power should be possessed of actual influence througho...	What three things do all states have in their geographic scope?	{ "answer_start": [ 38 ], "text": [ "interests, actions, or projected power" ] }
572edbbfcb0c0d14000f1616	Great_power	All states have a geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power. This is a crucial factor in distinguishing a great power from a regional power; by definition the scope of a regional power is restricted to its region. It has been suggested that a great power should be possessed of actual influence througho...	Which societal values had become world-wide by 1914?	{ "answer_start": [ 612 ], "text": [ "Western" ] }
572edbbfcb0c0d14000f1613	Great_power	All states have a geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power. This is a crucial factor in distinguishing a great power from a regional power; by definition the scope of a regional power is restricted to its region. It has been suggested that a great power should be possessed of actual influence througho...	What is the scope of a regional power restricted to?	{ "answer_start": [ 219 ], "text": [ "its region" ] }
572edbbfcb0c0d14000f1614	Great_power	All states have a geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power. This is a crucial factor in distinguishing a great power from a regional power; by definition the scope of a regional power is restricted to its region. It has been suggested that a great power should be possessed of actual influence througho...	What should a great power possess?	{ "answer_start": [ 295 ], "text": [ "actual influence" ] }
572edbbfcb0c0d14000f1615	Great_power	All states have a geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power. This is a crucial factor in distinguishing a great power from a regional power; by definition the scope of a regional power is restricted to its region. It has been suggested that a great power should be possessed of actual influence througho...	What were the great powers of 1914 called?	{ "answer_start": [ 590 ], "text": [ "world-powers" ] }
5730e8d2aca1c71400fe5b50	Great_power	All states have a geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power. This is a crucial factor in distinguishing a great power from a regional power; by definition the scope of a regional power is restricted to its region. It has been suggested that a great power should be possessed of actual influence througho...	Who stated that "Great power may be defined as a political force exerting an effect co-extensive with the widest range of the society in which it operates. The Great powers of 1914 were 'world-powers"?	{ "answer_start": [ 373 ], "text": [ "Arnold J. Toynbee" ] }
5730e8d2aca1c71400fe5b4f	Great_power	All states have a geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power. This is a crucial factor in distinguishing a great power from a regional power; by definition the scope of a regional power is restricted to its region. It has been suggested that a great power should be possessed of actual influence througho...	What do all states have?	{ "answer_start": [ 18 ], "text": [ "geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power" ] }
5730e8d2aca1c71400fe5b51	Great_power	All states have a geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power. This is a crucial factor in distinguishing a great power from a regional power; by definition the scope of a regional power is restricted to its region. It has been suggested that a great power should be possessed of actual influence througho...	What type of powers should have actual influence throughout the scope of the prevailing international system?	{ "answer_start": [ 260 ], "text": [ "great power" ] }
5730e8d2aca1c71400fe5b52	Great_power	All states have a geographic scope of interests, actions, or projected power. This is a crucial factor in distinguishing a great power from a regional power; by definition the scope of a regional power is restricted to its region. It has been suggested that a great power should be possessed of actual influence througho...	What type of power is restricted to its region?	{ "answer_start": [ 142 ], "text": [ "regional power" ] }
5731011b05b4da19006bccca	Great_power	Other important criteria throughout history are that great powers should have enough influence to be included in discussions of political and diplomatic questions of the day, and have influence on the final outcome and resolution. Historically, when major political questions were addressed, several great powers met to ...	What discussion should great powers be included on?	{ "answer_start": [ 128 ], "text": [ "political and diplomatic questions of the day" ] }

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