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13aum0 | where does thought come from | I think I understand the concept of thought an inspiration but where would a truly hypothetical original thought come from (is there even such a thing)? is all thought an ideas based on past experiences that we just assimilate, interpret reform an add to? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Think of an equation (x+5 for example). The solution you get out of said equation is determined by two things. What the equation is (x+5), and what value you give x. Now lets apply that to a human brain, which is simply a large biological machine that runs according to complex chemical reactions. The brain is the equation, and the variable will be any outside stimuli. Outside stimuli comes in, runs through our equation, and the solution is the outcome, whether that is a thought, action, etc. Don't forget that the equation changes over time though.",
"Some people think it's the brain, because when a person gets severe damage up there, their thoughts seem to be affected. But there's not really any way to prove that there is one area of our physical bodies directly responsible for thoughts themselves. \n\nThink about this: Where do you think an animal's thoughts come from? Merely the brain, or does it involve more than that? For example, the urge to eat something is partly stomach acid, partly digestion, partly cells needing nutrition. The *thought* to eat a specific food is also based on memories of past foods that were enjoyed. But the reason for the thought came from a set of bodily functions that you have no control over.",
"the brain operates on PATTERN RECOGNITION. a lifetime of absorbing the environment, learning things like \"ok i have hands for grabbing and the sky is blue. no need to worry about those things\" - obviously we function at levels way more complex than those two examples. but THOUGHT is when you use previously observed aspects of reality, also known as previously verified reliable patterns [that sky sure is gonna be blue tomorrow i bet] and TRUST those observations to be solid to form logic. \n **TL:DR:** the environment is the only fuel to get us juggling concepts"
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} | train_eli5 | where does thought come from
I think I understand the concept of thought an inspiration but where would a truly hypothetical original thought come from (is there even such a thing)? is all thought an ideas based on past experiences that we just assimilate, interpret reform an add to? | [
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4a5qr4 | Why do British accents seem to disappear when someone is singing? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It's probably the way they learned it. There are a lot of British accents on singers like Robert Smith from The Cure, or Morrissey, pretty much all of the 80's brit pop (Duran Duran)."
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} | train_eli5 | Why do British accents seem to disappear when someone is singing?
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2rzs5x | What happens to my booger when I try to pick my nose but push the booger in too far? | explainlikeimfive | {
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4gr2l8 | How do Dividends on Yahoo Work? | I understand the basics, however, I was on Yahoo's financial section, pouring over some old stock prices, when I realized I had no idea what form of dividend calculation they were using- percentage of stock or dollar figures. I thought it was percentages, since all the dividends were just .03633, but then I noticed one above 7.0, which would mean a dividend above 700% of the stock price. Can anyone explain this to me? I really do not think it is dollar figures, but this irregularity is inexplicable. Thank you.
Edit: Turns out I was wrong two-fold. One- the dividends listed were in dollar form, not percentage of stock; and two- the dividend listed above 7.0 never occurred according to data from the original company. Thanks to both commenters for steering me in the correct direction.
| explainlikeimfive | {
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"A dividend is paid per share of stock, usually on a quarterly basis. For example, a 10 cent quarterly dividend = a 40 cent annual dividend. In general the dividend yield (expressed as a %) is the annual dividend divided by the price of the stock.",
"The 7.0 dividend was probably a one-time transaction, either a special dividend or a distribution of some kind. You could do some research into the dividend history of the company to figure it out."
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} | train_eli5 | How do Dividends on Yahoo Work?
I understand the basics, however, I was on Yahoo's financial section, pouring over some old stock prices, when I realized I had no idea what form of dividend calculation they were using- percentage of stock or dollar figures. I thought it was percentages, since all the dividends were just .03633, but then I noticed one above 7.0, which would mean a dividend above 700% of the stock price. Can anyone explain this to me? I really do not think it is dollar figures, but this irregularity is inexplicable. Thank you. Edit: Turns out I was wrong two-fold. One- the dividends listed were in dollar form, not percentage of stock; and two- the dividend listed above 7.0 never occurred according to data from the original company. Thanks to both commenters for steering me in the correct direction. | [
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808b12 | Why is the "Censor Bleep" tone so consistent across most media? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Traditionally audio equipment is tested by using a reference tone. This is just a generated sound wave, usually with a frequency of 1000 Hz, because that seems like a good enough number as any. Sometimes they'll also play a 100Hz and a 10,000Hz tone to test subwoofers and tweeters, but it's basically an easy way to make sure the volume is adjusted appropriately and all the crossovers are setup right.\n\nSince engineers were already testing with a 1kHz tone, they just kept using it when they had to play something over profanity since it was easy to use it again.\n\nThere's no big technical or legal reason to use THAT sound, it was just easy to do and got the job done.",
"1kHz tone is ubiquitous in broadcast environments. It's used to test audio connections and check levels. When an editor needed to censor something way back when, 1kHz tone was probably right there permanently on a patch panel and only had to be switched with the source audio to mask the naughty word. I guess the convention stuck.\n\nThe real question now is, why 1kHz tone?",
"Speculating, but I imagine it's because the beep we know as the censorship beep is actually just a basic equipment test tone. The tone itself is as simple as they come - it's typically a c6 sine wave played at the equipment's maximum volume, and that makes it the perfect the perfect tool for a quick interjection of censorship, since it's something that can be invoked just by pushing a button, which immediately drowns out other audio, and which isn't too annoying to the listener.\n\nSilence could be used instead, but not without people thinking their equipment was dropping out."
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} | train_eli5 | Why is the "Censor Bleep" tone so consistent across most media?
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j2gx5 | Net Neutrality in the US. Go. | I've seen the [wikipedia page](_URL_1_) and several youtube videos about Net neutrality. I've joined [Al Franken](_URL_0_) and read a little bit of what it's about. Net neutrality is good for the people. But why exactly is it good? How much of the First Amendment does it go against if Net neutrality isn't in effect? This may be political, but it is a topic that I'm sure people would (and should) know about.
But finally, how does Net neutrality affect ME? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"you can only get 60 channels on cable.\n\nWithout net neutrality you may eventually be limited to 60 websites.",
"So, just to play devil's advocate, net neutrality also goes against the basics of the free market principle. The only way to enforce \"Net Neutrality\" is by using government regulations or laws, meaning that it would be illegal for an ISP to limit their customers access (as previously stated). This goes against the principle of a free market. A purest free market is one where there is no governmental regulation at all, so in this case the ISPs could legally limit access. The argument against net neutrality is that the free market wouldn't allow it to happen. For example, let's say there are currently 3 major ISPs: Jack's, Jill's, and Joe's. Jack's and Jill's both try to limit your access, but Joe's doesn't. As the customer, which provider do you choose? Obviously you choose Joe's, and so does everyone else. This would force both Jack and Jill to re-evaluate their buisness plan because now they have no customers. To compete with Joe's, they would have to stop limiting access, and thus Net Neutrality is essentially achieved through the free market instead of regulations.\nUnfortunately there is a lot more to it, which I cannot claim to fully understand, but basically there is an entirely different issue about Comcast creating a monopoly. Might be a good topic for another thread.",
"Net neutrality, in a nutshell, means equal access to all parts of the internet. If net neutrality didn't exist, ISPs could limit their customers' access to particular pages. For example, Virgin could cap their customers' downloads speed at 1 KB/s when it's a competing ISPs service, or even sell packages of websites that you can access. Virgin was planning to do this a couple years back, iirc. So, for example, on top of your normal internet bill, you'd have to pay $50 for the \"_URL_1_ + _URL_3_ + _URL_2_\" package, then $50 for the \"_URL_4_ + _URL_0_\" package and so on (as an example).\n\nThis is shitty for obvious reasons - but further, it would mean that companies would be paying these ISPs to limit access to their competitors' services - this could potentially make it impossible for internet-based businesses to get started up.\n\nSo how does it affect you? It basically prevents you from getting milked for every penny you have by your ISP and it also protects the ideals of capitalism on the internet.\n\n**Edit:** This is all that I can recall from the little bit of activism I did for net neutrality about 3 years ago.",
"Net Neutrality says that internet providers cannot cap data based on source. \n\nMany companies would like certain sponsors to get faster speed or access than others. For example, Comcast would like to block netflix because it is both a competitor and it consumes a ton of bandwidth, costing them money. \n\nSource: _URL_5_\n\nThe real danger is the future of cell phone data. Verizon and AT & T are going to be the major providers of cell phone data, and they want to control what information gets prioritized, so they can structure it to make the most money. Theoretically, without net neutrality, Disney's webpage would load extremely fast and your personal webpage would take a while. \n\nTldr; Net neutrality is a principle that says that Internet users, not Internet service providers (ISPs), should be in control. It ensures that Internet service providers can't speed up, slow down, or block Web content based on its source, ownership, or destination.\n\nSource: _URL_6_ , which also features a great daily show/John Hodgman bit."
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} | train_eli5 | Net Neutrality in the US. Go.
I've seen the [wikipedia page](_URL_1_) and several youtube videos about Net neutrality. I've joined [Al Franken](_URL_0_) and read a little bit of what it's about. Net neutrality is good for the people. But why exactly is it good? How much of the First Amendment does it go against if Net neutrality isn't in effect? This may be political, but it is a topic that I'm sure people would (and should) know about. But finally, how does Net neutrality affect ME? | [
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5bltbq | How are there enough cows to supply the over 15k Macdonalds and Burger Kings in U.S. | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"First, a single cow produces an awful lot of hamburgers. A grown steer produces about 500 pounds of beef, which is 2000 quarter-pound hambugers.\n\nSecond, there are enormous herds of cattle on ranches in the rural parts of the US, which you generally don't see because they're not along highways, but the US is enormous and can easily hold them. The state of Texas alone has more than 11 million cattle, or 22 billion hambugers worth.",
"There are fields, /u/Hipposeverywhere, endless fields, where cattle are no longer born. They are grown.\n\nHere's a few pictures:\n\n_URL_1_\n\n_URL_0_",
"I lived in amarillo tx for a few years. Just outside the city Cows/steer outnumbered the population of the city like 2 to 3. \nAnd it smelled like it. \n\nThat isnt the smell of shit son, that is the smell of money.",
"Cheap beef is sourced from farms which use a feed lot system, rather than traditional grazing. In a traditional grazing system you might expect to have about one cow per acre.\n\nIn contrast, the stocking density in a feedlot is often well in excess of 100 cows per acre (and that *includes* the space requirement allocated for driving routes, feed stalls, waste mangagement, etc, so not just space for cows).\n\nTo be clear - many traditional farms use feed lot systems in the winter months when grazing can be difficult. The difference with intensive farming practices is that they use feedlot year-round.",
"There are approximately 92 million cattle in the US today. Of which, about 30 million are beef cows (adult breeding females) and 9 million are dairy cows. The rest are essentially calves and bulls.\n\nBeef cattle: Obviously, beef cattle are selected, bred and raised specifically for their meat-producing traits. Ranchers want breeding cows that easily give birth to calves that can add muscle and fat quickly, convert feed efficiently and produce well-marbled and delicious beef. Therefore, they select breeds and purchase bulls/semen that have these characteristics. Most ranchers will spend a lifetime building a herd to their liking and thus typically keep the best heifers (females that have yet to give birth) born on their ranch for breeding. They buy new bulls every year or two OR they purchase semen and artificially inseminate their heifers/cows. This promotes genetic diversity and quality and prevents inbreeding in the herd. A beef cow will typically give birth to 10-12 calves in her lifetime. The bull calves born on a ranch are typically castrated (thereby becoming \"steers\") and are weaned from their mothers at about 8 months of age and then sent to a feedlot for \"finishing,\" usually with corn or some other grain. They will often be on grass with their mothers until that time and the cows will spend virtually their entire life outside on grass (sometimes supplemented with hay in the winter). The best heifers are kept and put in with the bulls at about 15 months of age to give birth at 24 months. The heifer calves that don't make the cut as breeding stock take the same path as their steer cohorts. After these \"feeder calves\" reach between 1100 and 1300 pounds, they are sent to the packing plant and become steaks, roasts, burgers, etc.\n\nBeef Terminology: Ranchers who own breeding cattle and raise baby beef calves have \"cow/calf\" operations. They own pastures and harvest hay to feed their critters and tend to be relatively small. An average cow/calf operation has only 40 cows and a large one might have 400 cows, but it's too land- and labor-intensive to get much larger. Ranchers then sell their calves to people who run feedlots, called \"feeders.\" A feedlot might have several hundred to several hundred thousand animals. These guys, in turn, sell to folks who run slaughterhouses: \"packers.\" These are usually completely separate entities.\n\nDairy Cattle: These bovine are bred for their ability to produce milk. Some breeds are renowned for the amount they produce while others tend to have more fat in their milk which is valuable for butter, cream, etc. When a dairy cow gives birth, the calf is taken away from her within 3 days or so and is fed by humans -- usually a manufactured powdered milk. The cow is milked 2 or 3 times per day, every day, until she goes dry after several months. She is then bred again. The cow's milk goes to the dairy. Many dairy heifer calves are kept to become milk cows but the rest, along with the steer calves (they also get castrated), become veal or are sold at approximately 6 months of age and also go to a feedlot to be fed up to 1000 pounds or more. Because these calves are not bred for their meat traits, their roasts and steaks are a lower quality than muscle cuts from beef cattle and the entire animal is often ground up for hamburger. Dairy cows usually have 4 or 5 calves and live to be about 6 or 7 years of age and many (although certainly not all) are kept in barns during their lifetimes and do not get to go outside and graze. Dairy farms have grown exponentially in size over the past 30 years. Most are now milk at least several hundred cows and many have several thousand.\n\nOld bulls and beef and dairy cows do not die of old age. They have value -- also mostly as ground beef -- and are sent to feeders/packers when they can no longer breed. We slaughtered about 29 million head of cattle in the US in 2015 and many of them weren't young, fattened beef cattle full of restaurant-quality steaks and roasts. This is why we have so much ground product and why a good steak costs so much more than 80/20 ground beef and how we're able to keep the fast-food restaurants supplied. The structure of the industry also explains why you see huge feedlots of cattle in Texas, Nebraska and Kansas. It's not because all cows now live in feedlots but because that's the system we've developed in order to efficiently fatten certain cattle in a short window of time and meet consumers' taste demands. \n\nSource: Grew up on a beef cattle ranch, father and brother-in-law still ranch.",
"The average carcass weight was 475 in 1975. As of 2005 it was over 600 pounds. A Holstein female can weigh up to 1500 pounds. My father in law raises cows, have about 100 pounds in my freezer. The taste is more like a high end restaurant than store beef.",
"You REALLY don't want to see the *factories* in Texas where cows are raised for cheap meat. You can smell their putrid odor from miles away (not kidding).",
"Not only are there an awful lot of cows, [they are one of the leading contributors to climate change](_URL_2_).",
"Well, the answer to your question is very simple. So I'll just answer with a question: what do you do when you run out of something? You buy more, right? Well, same thing happens here. Demand creates a feedback loop where the more hamburgers you want, the more cows are raised for slaughter. \n\nIronically, these cows are significant contributors to global warming due to the methane they... exhaust.",
"Do you realize how big the US is?",
"My company makes a product out of collagen , I was amazed how many cows there are in the world.",
"Not an answer to how many cows, but does answer some questions on where mcdonalds gets their beef _URL_3_",
"Not all of it is 100% beef\nSoy and other product are added into the patties heavily (unless marked 100% beef)."
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4f29z1 | How does the computer "know" how to control the current? |
I was not sure how to ask this question. I understand basics how the computer works, 1s and 0s, logic gates, etc. But I don't understand how can camputer be active and start to do a completly new task. Does it always require a mechanical change ( like pressing a button) ?
What I now imagine is a long way current need to pass through, chosing the right direction based on what logic gate there is and I cannot see how it can stray from it to start a new task and not just go in circle. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"First off, the [bootstrap](_URL_0_) problem. How does a computer read how to work, when it doesn't know how to work. It's basically a set of hardcoded operations that mak sure the machine actually knows how to handle storage, instructions etc. The computer \"knows\" this by having it as a specific hardware chip. On this basic idea, the computer can then load the OS and all other kinds of software."
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} | train_eli5 | How does the computer "know" how to control the current?
I was not sure how to ask this question. I understand basics how the computer works, 1s and 0s, logic gates, etc. But I don't understand how can camputer be active and start to do a completly new task. Does it always require a mechanical change ( like pressing a button) ? What I now imagine is a long way current need to pass through, chosing the right direction based on what logic gate there is and I cannot see how it can stray from it to start a new task and not just go in circle. | [
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5oicuy | What is the significance of the UK leaving the single market? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The Single Market is essentially an agreement that we harmonise our laws and regulations so that everything is legal in all EU countries.\n\nWithout this, you can have conflicting laws in different countries, meaning some products are illegal in the other country.\n\nFor example, in the USA all eggs **must** be washed. In the EU, all eggs **must not** be washed. This means you cannot sell USA eggs in the EU, or EU eggs in the USA. (Washing eggs means the membrane breaks and they need to be refrigerated.) \n\nAs well as the regulations being harmonised, we don't have import duty to pay between EU countries. This means my car factory in the UK can import parts from Italy and Spain, and sell cars to Germany without having to pay a lot of duty. If we were to leave the single market, I would have to pay import duty on my Italy and Spain imports, then pay import duty again selling the finished cars to Germany. This would make my business much less competitive than one inside the single market. In the short term, this could cripple a lot of businesses.\n\nWhile we are members of the single market, we have a voice in shaping the EU regulations. If we leave, then we'll have to obey all the regulations if we want to be able to export goods to the EU, but won't get any say in what those regulations are. In the long term, this could lead to us being forced into following regulations that aren't good for the UK, as its not economical to make a product just for the UK market. (Except for Kettles.)",
"I worry about the potential impact on the banking sector in the U.K. Love them or hate them, they are an enormous part of the economy. Not being a member of the single market could force banks to move to Frankfurt and reduce the UK's importance in world business.\n\nI'm certainly no expert, just an observation so someone may correct me! Can a uk based bank still trade on that market if the U.K. Is not a member?"
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} | train_eli5 | What is the significance of the UK leaving the single market?
[removed] | [
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6uuotw | Why can you smell the windshield cleaner fluid in the car? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"I used to be a Honda factory certified technician and worked for a Honda dealership for a couple of years.\n \nThe cabin air intake is almost always at the [base of the windshield](_URL_0_) or somewhere in vicinity of the windshield. There is a cabin air filter (usually a HEPA filter, especially in modern day cars) that is somewhere in the path from the opening of the intake and the interior vents inside your car to filter this air and it is recommended to be replaced usually once a year. HEPA filter's tend to be relatively expensive ($50+) compared to their non-HEPA counterparts so often times people will decide not to replace them or they'll replace them with cheaper, non-HEPA aftermarket filters. The non-HEPA filters don't do nearly as good of a job filtering the cabin air, and you can pick up scents such as windshield washer fluid that can get sucked into the cabin air, or other nasty scents. People who guy years without changing their cabin air filters often note musty, disgusting smells. An example of a clean vs. a dirty cabin air filter can be found [here](_URL_1_). If you park under a tree or drive, you may want to change the cabin air filter sooner as it can get dirtier and clogged much faster. When I used to work on cars, I've found many crazy foreign objects in the cabin air filters when replacing them or inspecting them to see if they need to be replaced. Some of the things I've found in them were leaves, a dead baby mouse/rat, and a dead bird. \n \nEdit: If you've ever driven behind a truck and picked up that nasty diesel smell in your vehicle or driven over bridges and got that rotten egg smell even when all of the windows are closed in your vehicle and the A/C is on, hitting the \"recirculation\" button for your car's HVAC system will no longer pull air from the exterior but it will instead take the cabin and and recycle and recirculate it. This is why you no longer smell those nasty scents when you hit the \"recirculation\" button."
],
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2
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} | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.simple-car-answers.com/images/fresh_air_intake.jpg",
"http://www.dennisservice.com/wp-content/uploads/Cabin-Filter.png"
]
} | train_eli5 | Why can you smell the windshield cleaner fluid in the car?
[removed] | [
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3iywoy | Why are social service systems in the US less efficient than in countries such as Sweden? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"\"Social service systems\" is probably too much of a generalization, since I've never seen any indication that things like pensions, unemployment insurance, or housing assistance are less efficient in American than elsewhere. In fact, [as Paul Krugman points out](_URL_0_), our Social Security system is actually very efficient. Healthcare costs have [some specific causes for rising quickly](_URL_1_), among which are fee-for-service payment structures, preventable health risks like high obesity and tobacco use, and very expensive technology.\n\nBy the way, the 60% you quote includes not only healthcare, but Social Security and many other programs like TANF, SNAP/EBT, and housing assistance. From what I can tell, Canada spends at least this much if not more on comparable programs.",
"Population of Sweden- 9.5 million\n\nPopulation of Canada- 35 million\n\nPopulation of the US- 320 million.\n\nWhen you expect the federal government to figure it out for that many more people with that many more unique situations the inefficiencies increase and it becomes all the more difficult to do anything the is close to fair. \n\nHell is Sweden were a US State it wouldnt even crack the top 10 by population, it would slot in at 11 just ahead of New Jersey and behind Michigan, its a lot easier to do things when you have about 3% of the population you have to do stuff for, and a much smaller geographical area to provide for.",
"Americans pay less taxes than countries like Sweden. \n\nThe Swedish government spends about $11.5k in PPP adjusted dollars per person on social services. The US spends $8700. (_URL_2_).\n\nThe US also has a very fragmented system. For example, our government spends more than the UK on health care. The UK provides universal care for every citizen, we get medicare and medicaid. It's far more efficient for the government to deliver health care than the private sector, so medicare and medicaid has to spend money in an inefficient private health care system."
],
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18,
11,
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/10/opinion/paul-krugman-where-government-excels.html",
"http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/seven-factors-driving-your-health-care-costs/",
"http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/government-social-spending-per-head_20743904-table2"
]
} | train_eli5 | Why are social service systems in the US less efficient than in countries such as Sweden?
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46cxlb | Why do so many canned foods have that same "cat food" smell when opened? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Um, can you elaborate on what canned foods, other than canned cat food itself, that you think smell like cat food?",
"> Most corned beef hash, refried beans, tuna, Spam.\n\nWhat you're smelling is overcooked meat and/or protein in a can (which is due to the canning process).\n\nCats require meat to live (no, there's no such thing as vegan cats unless forced by a human) so therefore cat food is made up of mostly meat and other proteins + a few ingredients just for cats.\n\nThere's pretty much negligible difference between catfood and a lot of canned meats / proteins on the market. Yes that means you can eat cat food if you want to and be totally fine.",
"Likely because the things in canned cat food (fish, chicken, etc) are the things commonly canned (tuna, canned chicken, etc)"
],
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15,
11,
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do so many canned foods have that same "cat food" smell when opened?
| [
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3i44j1 | Why are ribs called "Spare" ribs and not just ribs at Chinese places? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cud45de",
"cud4272"
],
"text": [
"Spare ribs are actually a different cut from what is just generally called \"ribs.\"\n\n[Here's the Wikipedia entry for pork ribs. It details all the different cuts.](_URL_0_)",
"From Wikipedia:\n\n > The term comes from Low German ribbesper (referring to pickled pork ribs, cooked on a spit), the parts of which refer, in order, to rib and spit."
],
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2
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_ribs"
]
} | train_eli5 | Why are ribs called "Spare" ribs and not just ribs at Chinese places?
| [
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3mo5gf | Police radios and how they keep the average citizen from talking on their signal. | How to Police and Firefighters keep people out of their band and how hard is it for the average person to talk on their band? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cvgnu7b"
],
"text": [
"Well, for one they make it illegal for anyone else to broadcast on those frequencies. Agencies like the FCC (or the equivalent in your country) are in charge of allocating wireless communications spectrum and they will reserve certain frequencies for special / emergency use and the public can be fined or otherwise severely punished for any violations.\n\nSecondly, some Police and Firefighter agencies may use encrypted digital communications channels. That way, even if there are other people broadcasting on the same frequency, it will be ignored because the signal will not follow the expected audio encoding and encryption standards.\n\nAs for the difficulty on broadcasting those frequencies - you cannot purchase radio equipment that can transmit on those frequencies without the proper authorization (e.g. because you are a member of the police force). It may be possible to modify consumer radio equipment (or build your own equipment) to broadcast on said frequencies, but this would likely require a fair bit of electronics/engineering knowledge."
],
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7
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Police radios and how they keep the average citizen from talking on their signal.
How to Police and Firefighters keep people out of their band and how hard is it for the average person to talk on their band? | [
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20rn45 | Why do colds always seem to get worse at night? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cg63naw"
],
"text": [
"Depends if by night you mean, when you are to go to sleep or it is simply dark out.\n\nIf it is time you are to go to sleep and you are sick, your body is most likely tired and is now not working in top condition making it harder to fight the cold. \n\nIf it is because it is dark out only and not because you are tired, then it is most likely because it's normally colder at night, or you experiencing some time of emotional triggers, caused from it being night time.\n\nLike example: Some people hate going to sleep sick because they are afraid of what might happen."
],
"score": [
2
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do colds always seem to get worse at night?
| [
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6s7uwl | Confederate flags in the midwest. IE: Wisconsin, Ohio, etc. I'm from a small town there but I don't get it. | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dlaosbi",
"dlaoqlc"
],
"text": [
"In the South, the Confederate flag has connotations with southern heritage and states' rights. In the North, the Confederate flag loses the southern heritage symbolism and is used as a symbol of resistance to the Federal government.\n\nThough, there may be other factors as to why some people fly Confederate flags: people move out of state after all.",
"Put simply, the Confederate Flag isn't just a relic of a bygone age, nor of racism, and ignorance. For those who feel proud to wave it, it represents the strength of state's rights vs federal; that States should be effectively like the EU, where they are separate, but united. \n\nIn some sense, to those who understand its true meaning, it is a protest to tyrannical power, to decentralizing corruption, and the protection of liberties. \n\nThat said, there are a lot of ignorant edgy fools who just want to look cool. You know, the same folks who only listen to country music, idolize Duck Dynasty, and listen to AM Coast to Coast like it's gospel. So the jury is kind of split."
],
"score": [
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Confederate flags in the midwest. IE: Wisconsin, Ohio, etc. I'm from a small town there but I don't get it.
[removed] | [
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1zbyed | Why does the ice cream machine in McDonald's/Burger King breakdown so often? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Soft serve ice cream needs to be constantly stirred to keep it from hardening in the machine and to flow out when released, which means that the machine is constantly running for something like 18 hours a day. Because it needs to stir an enclosed canister of pressurized sugary milk, there need to be seals where the shaft of the motor transitions through. These seals require food-safe lubrication, as well as detailed cleaning of the mechanisms on a regular basis to prevent the dairy products from spoiling (dairy is a high risk food item, and spoils easily). This means a complex piece of equipment which is subject to long periods of high wear operation must be regularly broken down, cleaned, lubricated, and reassembled by the type of people who work at a fast food restaurant.\n\nFrankly it is a miracle that it works at all.",
"I have worked at McD before so I can speak from my experience on McD only.\n\nbreakdown on the ice cream machine usually means it wasn't cleaned, it is actually pretty rare for the restaurant I worked at for the machine to really breakdown."
],
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why does the ice cream machine in McDonald's/Burger King breakdown so often?
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34lo0v | Why is it that sometimes a post will say "5 comments" but when I click on it, it will show no comments? | You've all seen it. A somewhat recent post is made, it says something like 3 comments, you click on the comment link and there's no comments. What gives? I thought it could be because they were deleted but I figured it would still show a [deleted] name thing. I've tried searching for the answer but searching "missing comment" comes up with a ton of irrelevant results. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cqvuv4j"
],
"text": [
"If a comment is deleted before it has any replies, then it won't appear at all, instead of as [deleted]."
],
"score": [
5
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why is it that sometimes a post will say "5 comments" but when I click on it, it will show no comments?
You've all seen it. A somewhat recent post is made, it says something like 3 comments, you click on the comment link and there's no comments. What gives? I thought it could be because they were deleted but I figured it would still show a [deleted] name thing. I've tried searching for the answer but searching "missing comment" comes up with a ton of irrelevant results. | [
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6e6ery | How does this paper saw burn the wood without even darkening the paper? | _URL_0_ | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"the rim of the paper is getting darker and also this disk is wearing of so fast that the paper is gone before it is hot enough to burn."
],
"score": [
5
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://youtu.be/eLXHLRa37_g?t=3m25s"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How does this paper saw burn the wood without even darkening the paper?
_URL_0_ | [
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25ayw0 | Why is wiretapping yourself illegal? | In lieu of the Chicopee woman who faces wiretapping charges for recording her own arrest, it doesn't make much sense for it to be illegal unless the police have something to hide. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"chfetqb",
"chfhisn",
"chfee6i",
"chfsycy"
],
"text": [
"She wasn't recording herself, she was recording others. And arrested != guilty of.",
"If you're talking to yourself there's no problem. However, if you're talking to someone else many states require that both parties must consent. If someone were taping YOU without your knowledge you might find this law a good idea.",
"Probably because the big guys in charge want to make it harder for corruption to be proven.",
"In the US, in 12 states everyone involved in the conversation needs to consent to the recording. In the rest of the states as long as one person consents, it's legal. Nowhere in the US is it legal to record a conversation you are not party to.\n\n_URL_0_"
],
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6,
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2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_recording_laws#United_States"
]
} | train_eli5 | Why is wiretapping yourself illegal?
In lieu of the Chicopee woman who faces wiretapping charges for recording her own arrest, it doesn't make much sense for it to be illegal unless the police have something to hide. | [
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6hx6xd | Why are plants green instead of being black? Wouldn't black allow for more energy absorption. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"dj1vmbz"
],
"text": [
"Too much energy can actually kill the plant. It can lead to formation of what are called free radicals, highly reactive molecules that contain oxygen atoms that cause chain reactions in their chloroplasts, destroying them and thus stopping the plants from being able to photosynthesize. Some plants even contain special pigments called carotenoids whose sole function is to absorb energy to prevent this from happening.",
"plants are green because their cells contain chloroplasts which have the pigment chlorophyll which absorbs deep-blue and red light, so that the rest of the sunlight spectrum is being reflected, causing the plant to look green.\nMore in depth answer: _URL_0_"
],
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.news.leiden.edu/news/why-are-plants-not-black.html"
]
} | train_eli5 | Why are plants green instead of being black? Wouldn't black allow for more energy absorption.
| [
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1ijxqm | Why are pc games generally cheaper than their console counterpart | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cb566sl",
"cb57hqf"
],
"text": [
"The difference between PC and console games is that console games have a chunk of their cost go to the manufacturer of the console as a royalty fee. \n\nThis article may be useful:\n\n_URL_0_",
"There's many reasons and I probably don't fully understand them myself, but here's a few factors:\n\n* It's less costly to release a game for PC. There's no manufacturer controlling what goes onto the PC games market. You don't have to pay Microsoft or anyone else a fee or go through any kind of certification process. You just have to be able to design, program and compile your game and then sell it to whoever you like.\n* The market has gone largely digital, much more so than on consoles. This has resulted in a couple of things. First of all means massively improved profit margins. You don't have to pay for boxes, discs, manuals, distribution or Gamestop taking a cut. If you're on Steam you're taking home about 70% (it can vary but that's generally thought to be the normal rate) of what the customer pays home with you while Valve takes the other 30%. If you are selling directly from your own website or your own client you're taking home 100% and the server costs of running that site are far far lower than distribution costs for a physical good. This is a massive profit margin compared to retail so they can sell it at a lower price and still make more money per game.\n* Digital also means infinite supply. You don't have to worry about how many copies to produce and dispatch. You'll never sell out and you'll never overproduce and waste money. That means they're less risk involved in a release and they don't have to take that risk into account with the prices any more.\n* Digital also means you can reap the benefit of sales! In a retail system the one who gets more money off sales is the retailer. You've already sold them the stock and they are trying to shift it with sales. With digital distribution you get the benefit of the sales and so you're more inclined to do them, especially when Gabe Newell is telling you that large sales can increase your revenue by [4,000%](_URL_1_).\n* There is no culture of used games and game sharing on PC any more. This is due to anti-piracy measure like CD key checks and DRM solutions like Steam's CEG. Also because shops stopped taking used PC games because people were installing them, using no CD cracks to play them without the disc and then returning them. With little to no used software market companies don't have to charge for the revenue \"lost\" by people buying used games which they don't see a cent for.\n* This one is more speculation on my part but I think it's also due that there's more a culture of playing old games on PC. I still see Deus Ex, Tiberian Sun and Operation Flashpoint in shops in boxes sometimes and I'd almost never see console games that old being sold in a shop that wasn't strictly a retro game shop (because games from that era are from consoles that are no longer manufactured). They are of course sold extremely cheaply compared to new games and that may have driven down the value of PC games a bit.\n* And finally of course there's piracy. Piracy is far more rampant on PC than it is console and it would be silly to pretend that doesn't have an affect on anything. PC game producers have to compete with the pirate market as much as they do with other companies and if someone's offering your product for free you really don't want to be charging it at a price that people don't think they can afford, otherwise they're going to have the option of either not playing that game at all or getting it from the pirates."
],
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3
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://uk.ign.com/articles/2006/05/06/the-economics-of-game-publishing",
"http://www.geekwire.com/2011/experiments-video-game-economics-valves-gabe-newell/"
]
} | train_eli5 | Why are pc games generally cheaper than their console counterpart
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3dubfx | Subnetting and NAT Routing | I work in the I.T. field and I am also a student majoring in Computer I.T. Administration. I should know how to subnet but I just get confused. As a side note, I do have Dyscalculia so math and numbers are my enemy.
NAT Routing seems simple, but I was asked to create a NAT route at work and I found myself like a deer in headlights and I realized I don't understand how to route a NAT/create NAT rules. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"ct8s899",
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"Would be helpful to have specifics as to what kind of NAT you are trying to do. 1:1, Overloading/PAT?\n\nThis is why my configuration looks like for my home router. Granted, I'm still working on it- I'm missing about 30 more rules to allow only certain traffic in and out. And for everyone else, don't worry, the IP addresses used in here are Public Facing DNS servers/Default gateways, not any personal info.\n \n 1 ip nat inside source list 102 interface FastEthernet0/0 overload\n 2 ip nat outside source list 103 interface FastEthernet0/0\n 3 ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 71.95.32.1\n 4 !\n 5 access-list 102 permit ip 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 any\n 6 [Omitted ACL 103]\n 7 access-list 104 permit tcp host 71.10.216.1 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 eq domain\n 8 access-list 104 permit tcp host 71.10.216.2 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 eq domain\n 9 access-list 104 deny tcp any any eq domain\n 10 access-list 104 permit udp host 71.10.216.1 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 eq domain\n 11 access-list 104 permit udp host 71.10.216.2 192.168.1.0 0.0.0.255 eq domain\n 12 access-list 104 deny udp any any eq domain\n 13 access-list 104 permit tcp any any\n 14 access-list 104 permit udp any any\n\n\n interface FastEthernet0/0\n ip dhcp client lease 2 0 0\n ip address dhcp\n ip access-group 104 in\n ip nat outside\n ip virtual-reassembly in\n duplex auto\n speed auto\n no cdp enable\n !\n interface FastEthernet0/1\n ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0\n ip nat inside\n ip virtual-reassembly in\n duplex auto\n speed auto\n !\n\nIf you follow the commands and simplify them, this is what it is in plain English:\n\n 1 ip nat inside source list 102 interface FastEthernet0/0 overload\n\nI want all traffic from my inside port going out to be overloaded(Port Address Translation) so that MULTIPLE users can go outside the network using one IP address. Use Access Control List 102 to determine which address are allowed to do this. In this case, I'm letting all clients in the 192.168.1.0/24 network have access to any outside IP address. \n\nThe easiest way to determine what commands you need is to first put it in plain English and then work backwards from there. \n\nAgain, if you can be more specific about the request, we will be able to put the answer in a context you can understand.\n\nEdit: Formatting.",
"Well, you have a pool of addresses inside your network and a pool of addresses outside your network. The NAT route sets the policies for communication between the pools. Additionally, you can set ACL rules on specific ports or for specific addresses in conjunction with NAT rules.\n\nFor more info, check [Cisco's documentation.](_URL_0_)"
],
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3,
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/network-address-translation-nat/13772-12.html"
]
} | train_eli5 | Subnetting and NAT Routing
I work in the I.T. field and I am also a student majoring in Computer I.T. Administration. I should know how to subnet but I just get confused. As a side note, I do have Dyscalculia so math and numbers are my enemy. NAT Routing seems simple, but I was asked to create a NAT route at work and I found myself like a deer in headlights and I realized I don't understand how to route a NAT/create NAT rules. | [
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1vzopa | Why are people more inclined to vote for a certain political party rather than someone with more experience or with better ideas? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"cexb7oy",
"cexbp4n"
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"text": [
"People are most inclined to do what's easiest and whatever they think is best for them. Learning the candidates and what they bring to the table is (unfortunately) more work than a lot of people want to put into it -- and it's even harder when you can't filter out what's true, and what's BS.",
"People generally choose their political party based on who they think has the better ideas. As for experience, who wants to vote for someone with more experience enacting bad ideas?",
"Because my party can't possibly do more harm than those crazy other people who \"think differently\".",
"It is very dependent upon the particular election and candidates you are looking at. In some cases, there isn't an individual who clearly is more fit for the job when you ignore parties. \n\nOften, the idea is that for the most part, politicians' votes correspond to their party. For example, if you look at bills that get through Congress in the US, you'll often see that pretty much everyone from one party supports it and the other party only has a couple of supporters. If this is a common occurrence, having candidates from the party you prefer is a good strategy since it means that party's agenda will get more support."
],
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3,
3,
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why are people more inclined to vote for a certain political party rather than someone with more experience or with better ideas?
| [
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2zjlgk | How does looking at light make it easier for me to sneeze? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cpjhuit"
],
"text": [
"The nerve going from your eye is next to some of the ones going to your nose. A bright light can trigger some of the nearby nerve to trigger making your brain think your nose is being itched, thus triggering a sneeze"
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How does looking at light make it easier for me to sneeze?
| [
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5jh7xe | How would "The Homer" bankrupt Powell Motors? | Powell Motors was run by Homer's half-brother, Herb. He was the CEO and by all accounts it was a successful business and Herb was rich.
Then he gets Homer to design a car, which he does, called 'The Homer'.
When asked what this monstrosity cost, Herb is told it was $82,000. I am presuming that it is the price to purchase the car and not the price to make the car. Regardless, unless they mass-manufactured The Homer, surely it would have just been written off in R & D? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dbg5b72",
"dbg4yun"
],
"text": [
"In the story, it seems there is a market segment in the automotive industry that hasn't existed for generations - a mid-sized car company. Herb is a millionaire, not a billionaire. We can assume that his company depends on at least modest success with each major new product to remain in business. A total disaster would be exactly that - total.\n\nAlso, if the cost was $82k in the early '90s, that would correspond today well into the six figures. If a significant amount of company time and resources were spent on developing it and the weird idiosyncrasies Homer included in it, all of that effort would be wasted and mostly useless for a fallback product.\n\nThere would be additional costs if preliminary work had begun on retooling assembly lines for it before Herb saw it. With zero sales, the company might simply have run out of operating cash, and if the asset value of its capital were less than its debt, Herb would indeed have gone personally bankrupt.\n\nHowever, his becoming a pauper is cartoon logic - someone with that kind of experience doesn't go homeless. He would just end up working for someone else.",
"Firstly, it's *The Simpsons* so realism is always going to be second to comedy.\n\nI think we can assume from the context of the show that production on the Homer had already begun. Setting up a production line for a new model isn't quick, so if he was intending to sell the car in the near future that work would have already started.\n\nThere's also the bad publicity to consider. Making a big announcement that totally flops will tank a company's stock price, which might leave it vulnerable to a takeover. If the CEO doesn't control the board it is also likely to get him fired."
],
"score": [
6,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How would "The Homer" bankrupt Powell Motors?
Powell Motors was run by Homer's half-brother, Herb. He was the CEO and by all accounts it was a successful business and Herb was rich. Then he gets Homer to design a car, which he does, called 'The Homer'. When asked what this monstrosity cost, Herb is told it was $82,000. I am presuming that it is the price to purchase the car and not the price to make the car. Regardless, unless they mass-manufactured The Homer, surely it would have just been written off in R & D? | [
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3s1hlt | How does "colorizing" a picture work? With a picture recently posted at /r/oldschoolcool someone pointed out /r/colorizedhistory. How do they colorized pictures? How accurate are the colors or do they just pick colors they think look had with the times? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"cwt6a9a"
],
"text": [
"Some things we know the colors of, either because we have documentation and/or surviving examples, such as military uniforms, or because they're the same color today, e.g. the sky, trees, roads, bricks, people's skin, etc. When such information isn't available, the artist just makes a guess or picks whichever color makes the picture look good.",
"Basically the same way people assume colors with extinct animals. We use descriptions and guess work. Then on something like Photoshop we apply the colors where we believe is appropriate. I did a few on a few dictators about 5 years ago, thinking about doing it again"
],
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2,
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How does "colorizing" a picture work? With a picture recently posted at /r/oldschoolcool someone pointed out /r/colorizedhistory. How do they colorized pictures? How accurate are the colors or do they just pick colors they think look had with the times?
| [
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58vf7y | Why does swimming parallel to shore work better than swimming back to shore? | I know if I'm having trouble in the ocean I'm supposed to swim parallel to shore, and even had to do it once and it (obviously) worked. I don't understand why though? I mean I get you're not fighting the riptide directly anymore, but you're also not closing in on the shore. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"d93i0hr",
"d93hzmh"
],
"text": [
"You only do that to escape a riptide, a riptide is a stretch of ocean (and let's call it vertical), so swimming straight towards shore keeps you in the riptide, meaning you are getting pulled back out, so you swim parallel for a distance to escape it. \n[Image](_URL_0_) \n \n > and even had to do it once and it (obviously) worked. \n \nI hope you weren't swimming only at a slight angle the whole time, taking you far away from where you started. You only needed to to it for 10-20 ft.",
"If you swim towards the shore you'll tire yourself out fighting the riptide. Swimming parallel to the shore then turning towards it when out of the riptide uses up far less energy."
],
"score": [
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6
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.unbelievable-facts.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Rip-Current-.jpg"
]
} | train_eli5 | Why does swimming parallel to shore work better than swimming back to shore?
I know if I'm having trouble in the ocean I'm supposed to swim parallel to shore, and even had to do it once and it (obviously) worked. I don't understand why though? I mean I get you're not fighting the riptide directly anymore, but you're also not closing in on the shore. | [
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3b4mfq | How come males can ejaculate so voluntarily during a "wet dream" without physical activity, yet can't do so when they're awake? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"csit60l"
],
"text": [
"Ejaculating during a wet dream is not voluntary. That would mean it was done by the will of the person having the dream."
],
"score": [
8
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How come males can ejaculate so voluntarily during a "wet dream" without physical activity, yet can't do so when they're awake?
| [
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343va0 | Why do we need to sleep? Why haven't we come up with a way to prevent this need? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cqr0jw2"
],
"text": [
"Try checking out the results you'll find by searching before submitting. If you search, you'll find posts like [this one](_URL_0_) that answers your question quite nicely."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.reddit.com/r/explainlikeimfive/comments/1ka71w/eli5_why_did_we_evolve_to_sleep_or_why_havent_we/"
]
} | train_eli5 | Why do we need to sleep? Why haven't we come up with a way to prevent this need?
| [
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3s3q2p | Why doesn't North America use water to clean their butts? | It removes all poop particles form your butt, you don't have any toilet paper residue and it is more hygienic. So why is it that when people hear that you clean using water, they are disgusted by it? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cwtv85b",
"cwtw9w9",
"cwtu3ma"
],
"text": [
"I am a Canadian who was introduced to the bidet by my European husband. We had one installed in our house. \nWhen people came to my home, or the subject came up with coworkers or friends, they were grossed out and I explained how much better it was. So it is in Canada too, except in Quebec, especially Montreal, where a ton of immigrants from Europe live.\nWestern Canada, not so much.\nThe bidet is great for quick clean ups for various reasons, before/after sex, after expelling waste, relief for hemeroids or tenderness from diarrhea....\nOh... And you keep a hand towel next to the bidet for drying , just like you use a towel after showering.\nReally.... Try one if you ever get the chance. I would never go back to paper if I had a choice.",
"Bidets are more expensive, you end up wasting twice as much TP when you dry yourself off, you end up with way more TP residue because it falls apart when wet, and it takes way longer to clean yourself up because now you have to dry your ass.",
"North Americans clean their butts with water in the shower, pretty much every day.\n\nThey are disgusted by the idea of spraying their ass with water in the public restroom at Macy's because they don't understand how they are supposed to dry it off again."
],
"score": [
2,
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2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why doesn't North America use water to clean their butts?
It removes all poop particles form your butt, you don't have any toilet paper residue and it is more hygienic. So why is it that when people hear that you clean using water, they are disgusted by it? | [
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1s0w1h | Watt, Volt, Amp. Go! | I googled for it and all I get is overly complex answers about electricity and math. All I want to do is know this stuff for comparing two batteries. For example, 18v/72w/4a battery vs 12v/72w/6a battery. Both share the same watts, but what do variance in voltage and amperage capabilities say about the batteries ability to perform? Same goes for battery comparisons with same v but different w/a as well as same a but different v/w.
I think wattage is capacity right? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cdsu28x"
],
"text": [
"I like the water analogy. Think of the flow of electricity like the flow of water: \n\nVoltage (Volts):Water pressure \nCurrent (Amps):Water flow rate \nPower (Watts): How fast you can make the water do work, = VxA Battery:Water tower \n\n \nOf course, like all analogies there are several flaws with these, but the general idea works well for understanding concepts. \n\nThe capacity of a battery is how much current it can provide (at its rated voltage), and for how long. For example, 1500 mA-hours at 1.5V. (In reality, the voltage will drop over the lifetime.) So it is a measure of how much energy is in the battery."
],
"score": [
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Watt, Volt, Amp. Go!
I googled for it and all I get is overly complex answers about electricity and math. All I want to do is know this stuff for comparing two batteries. For example, 18v/72w/4a battery vs 12v/72w/6a battery. Both share the same watts, but what do variance in voltage and amperage capabilities say about the batteries ability to perform? Same goes for battery comparisons with same v but different w/a as well as same a but different v/w. I think wattage is capacity right? | [
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5c6q2j | What neurological processes are involved when "brainwashing" people? | Besides the peer pressure observed while "brainwashing" a group of people into a certain behaviour or way of thinking - what factors come into play when a single person is brainwashed? e.g. by cult-leaders | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"d9u305i"
],
"text": [
"Brainwashing is not a scientifically accepted concept. It's an idea that was made up in the mid 20th century and that people found interesting, but is not supported by evidence. [source](_URL_0_)\n\nInstead, what is happening is ordinary training. People are learning what others believe, and what they are rewarded for, and they start to comply. This is a normal part of human learning in a group environment, sometimes called *social cognition.*"
],
"score": [
4
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_control"
]
} | train_eli5 | What neurological processes are involved when "brainwashing" people?
Besides the peer pressure observed while "brainwashing" a group of people into a certain behaviour or way of thinking - what factors come into play when a single person is brainwashed? e.g. by cult-leaders | [
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3ttfnz | Where does Okay originate? | Not much to add to the title, where do we got *Okay* from? Why does *Okay* mean what it means? I've seen it written as 'Ok' and 'O.K.' so I guess it started as the intials of something. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"cx9f0wi"
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"text": [
"Nobody knows. There are probably a dozen different stories as to its origin, and no real evidence to support any of them.\n\nFor example, one theory is that it started as a humorous misspelling: \"Oll korrekt\" meaning \"All correct\". Some say that originated in the military, others that it had something to do with the 1840 Presidential election (but they disagree with who coined it and why). Another says that \"okay\" is roughly how you pronounce the French \"aux quais\", \"to the quays\", indicating that some package was fit for transport. Yet another theory is that \"okeh\" is Choctaw for \"it is so\", and was used to translate \"amen\" (which comes from the Hebrew word for \"may it be so\").\n\nBasically, it's a complete mystery.",
"I've heard it comes from \"Och aye\" which was a phrase in Scotland. It's pronounced pretty similar to okay and has a similar enough meaning. The spelling transformation also seems plausible. Och aye - > okay - > ok.",
"There has been a lot of speculation over the years about exactly how the word came about, but the matter has been definitively settled by lexicographers. It turns out the real story is a little complex, and has about five crucial aspects to it:\n\n1) In the late 1830s, there was a fad for abbreviations in writing, especially in newspaper articles, much like today's YOLO, LMAO, WTF, etc. For example, in the New England area, one would frequently see the Pilgrim forefathers referred to as OFM: our first men.\n\n2) As a sideshow to that, a few writers liked to use silly abbreviations, based on clearly-bogus spellings, such as OW for all right (oll wright).\n\n3) On March 23, 1839, the Boston Morning Post contained a story, written by the editor Charles Greene, about the ABRS (the Anti Bell Ringing Society), an obviously humorous piece that contained the following sentence:\n\nThe \"Chairman of the Committee on Charity Lecture Bells,\" is one of the deputation, and perhaps if he should return to Boston, via Providence, he of the Journal, and his train-band, would have his \"contribution box,\" et ceteras, o.k. (all correct) and cause the corks to fly, like sparks, upward.\n\nThat is the very first instance of OK in print that anyone has discovered, and it is almost a certainty that Greene was the father of OK. There were a handful of further uses of it later in 1839.\n\n4) In the election of 1840, somebody in the Tammany political organization realized that their candidate Martin van Buren was born in Kinderhook, NY, and that \"Old Kinderhook\" would make a swell nickname for him to capitalize on this OK-all correct thing. So OK clubs sprang up all over the place. And then the term took off like wildfire, but in a different direction: it was picked up by van Buren's opponents as well, and started being used to represent all kinds of OTHER phrases besides all correct: out of kash, out of kredit, orful katastophe, olways korned (drunk), olways kandid, orfully konfused, and on and on and on.\n\nThis would probably have caused OK to burn out and fall out of public favor after the election (which OK van Buren lost), except for one chance article. Ever since the 1820s, there had been a long-standing popular myth that Andrew Jackson was a barely-literate bumpkin. It wasn't true, of course, Jackson's own letters and diaries show that his writing was no better or worse than any reasonably-well-educated person of the time. He misspelled the occasional word, but was far from illiterate.\n\nBut an obviously-satirical article published in 1840 by New York Morning Herald editor Gordon Bennett (to the Brits and Ozzies out there: yes, *that* Gordon Bennett), where he related a story of Jackson being asked to examine some papers for correctness, and then remarking \"mark on them O.K....Amos is Ole Kurrek (all correct) and no mistake.\"\n\nAlthough the original story was obviously fiction, it started to be quoted as real. As the tale grew in the telling, the original \"ole kurreck\" morphed into \"oll korrect,\" and OK started to really take off. As late as the 1890s, even some scholarly books on language would still occasionally write something like \"OK (oll korrect).\"\n\n5) By the 1850s, OK had managed to hang on long enough to be picked up and used big time by the railroads and the telegraph. Telegraph operators loved it, it was a quick, easy-to-send word that signified acknowledgement or agreement. From there, it spread out to general, worldwide use. It eventually became the very first word spoken from the surface of the Moon.",
"i don't remember where i read this, but story was thas somebody in some war has a duty to write on the wall the number of people lost in battle on this day. so after some time 'OK' (zero killed) became fraze for 'everything is fine'"
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} | train_eli5 | Where does Okay originate?
Not much to add to the title, where do we got *Okay* from? Why does *Okay* mean what it means? I've seen it written as 'Ok' and 'O.K.' so I guess it started as the intials of something. | [
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650x5b | Why does it feel like there's less viruses on the internet nowadays? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"*Fewer\n\nAnd the purpose of viruses has shifted from being some piece of code that just fucks your system up, to being motivated by money. Modern malware is mostly targeted at businesses, websites, banks, etc. The home user isn't really a lucrative target. There are still viruses out there, but most end user AV software is good enough now to keep most of it from ever affecting you. The major hackers want to exploit databases to steal information from a business to ransom it or sell it, steal millions of credit card numbers at once, or other attacks that can make them a lot of money. There isn't much money to be made in having your individual home PC break. There are still viruses out there, and they can affect your computer, but you AV will *probably* detect it, along with safer browsing habits.",
"Anti-malware is better than it's ever been, and malware is better at hiding than it's ever been."
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} | train_eli5 | Why does it feel like there's less viruses on the internet nowadays?
| [
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3av7cs | Why do we pronounce "used" and "supposed" differently in different situations? | Like "I used to go to school" versus "I used my computer." | explainlikeimfive | {
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"They are technically different words.\n\nIn your particular example, \"used to\" is called a modal verb. \"Used\" however is just a regular verb.\nThe most common example of the same word, different pronunciation is read.\n\nI read that book last night.\n\nI like to read.\n\n\nEnglish is weird.",
"Most people think of words as written things with pronunciation. Linguists see spoken language as primary (and writing secondary) and therefore consider words as spoken sets of sounds that have a transcription.\n\nThis distinction is key. /yo͞ozd/ is a word that is written \"used\" (like \"I used the tool\"). /yo͞os/ is a word that is written as \"used\" (like \"I used to eat cake\"). They are different words that happen to have the same transcription.\n\nThis phenomenon isn't just restricted to English. And language where the orthography (spelling system) isn't perfectly phonemic will have this problem. Mandarin Chinese has it, as does Japanese, and Arabic has it as well."
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} | train_eli5 | Why do we pronounce "used" and "supposed" differently in different situations?
Like "I used to go to school" versus "I used my computer." | [
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3ibc4c | What is happening (chemically) when you season a wok (or pizza stone, or cast iron skillet). | Clearly something is happening (color changes, etc.), and the oil seems to have something to do with it. It seems to me that there are two stages; the first being some kind of chemical change within the carbon steel, and the second being the "burning" of the oil which somehow (magically?) leaves a non-stick protective coating. If this works for woks, then why can't this be done with all metal pans? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Some metal is very porous, filled with tiny microscopic holes.\n\nWhen you season it, you are filling these holes with the residue of burned off oil. This makes the pan a much more flat and even surface, which makes the food less likely to stick.",
"Heat makes iron spread out. Makes small holes. Oils fill small holes. Build layers. Non stick"
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} | train_eli5 | What is happening (chemically) when you season a wok (or pizza stone, or cast iron skillet).
Clearly something is happening (color changes, etc.), and the oil seems to have something to do with it. It seems to me that there are two stages; the first being some kind of chemical change within the carbon steel, and the second being the "burning" of the oil which somehow (magically?) leaves a non-stick protective coating. If this works for woks, then why can't this be done with all metal pans? | [
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3ud4et | Why your brain reads certain phrases in somebody else's voice? | I'm not sure how to ask this question... | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Good news everyone! I've just made an exciting post on *Reddit*, the popular internet site ^eheh .\n\nThe reason you often read in someone else's voice is a phenomenon known as *subvocalization*. This is basically reading the words out loud, but only in your mind. Try it: pay attention to it when you're reading, and you'll notice that you do it automatically. This is sort of a leftover instinct from learning to read. You start by reading out loud, sounding it out; move to only mouthing the words; and finally only say it inside your head.\n\nSome phrases are so iconic, that even if you speak them aloud, you automatically adopt the speech patterns of whomever said it. \"Good news, everyone!\" is a prime example; anyone who's seen Futurama will know exactly how that is said and their brain automatically fills it in, even when reading in your own mind.\n\nOn a separate, but still interesting note, learning to eliminate this subvocalization can allow you to read far more quickly—as normally, your reading speed is constrained by the speed at which you could read aloud, now you can read at the speed of thought!"
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} | train_eli5 | Why your brain reads certain phrases in somebody else's voice?
I'm not sure how to ask this question... | [
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2t8rqd | how does a HOA (home owners association) have any power? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The buyer of the property was sold it under the condition they agreed to abide by the HOA. This agreement requires any new buyer to sign the agreement in kind.",
"When you purchase a house in an HOA area you sign papers that give them power.",
"Because you have sighed a contract giving them whatever power they have",
"HOA's in most locations have less control over owners when there is no shared property. For example, a small pool area for a hundred homes. In some instances a development with a HOA will have shared property which must be maintained so that owners can have access to their front doors, alleyways to garages, etc. In those situations the HOA has a financial and legal obligation, so their ability to control what occurs on the property is greater and more often supported by the courts.",
"You agree to give them that power when you buy a house under their jurisdiction. If you don't agree, they won't let you buy the house."
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} | train_eli5 | how does a HOA (home owners association) have any power?
| [
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5o75as | We can manipulate an organism's DNA to emphasize several traits. What would it take to make a DNA from scratch, creating an entirely new organism? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"For some definitions of \"scratch\", we have already done this.\n\nWe can build bacteria DNA from scratch, insert it into an existing bacterium, and have it use that DNA instead, building new bacterium as it divides.\n\nThat synthetic DNA is mostly just a copy of the original bacteria DNA, but they did intentionally make changes.\n\nThe real challenge is making truly novel DNA. We understand the letters and a few words, but we are still far enough away from understanding its language to do more than copy it.",
"Imagine you wanted to write a computer program that started with a few million lines of code, and the goal of this code was to mutate and branch out and write many different programs for different functions as well as being able to write the code that will allow it to re-write itself to reproduce and not just copy but re-write from scratch by inhibiting code that doesn't work, and expressing code that does work. Can you imagine trying to think that far ahead and how complex it would have to be, for all of those changes to take effect at just the right time and way to produce the result you desire? \n\nOur RNA and DNA evolved from trial and error over billions of years. Genes which did something useful, like create an amino acid that lets you get energy from sugar, or combine oxygen and carbon to get energy, are so useful that they are found in most of the organisms on this planet. But there were countless other ways to do this that were not as efficient, or for whatever reason were not as good as the current way to do it, and those genes got switched off or not passed on. \n\nYou're talking about billions of years of random chance embracing improvements and withering away defects to arrive at an incredibly complex system that works, allows growth of an entire organism, including it's own evolving genetic material and reproduction. \n\nNo human mind, no group of human minds, could possibly develop something so complex even if they had thousands of years to do it. A few hundred people can't compete with a few trillion organisms doing it for billions of years. \n\n\nWe are like someone who cannot paint a classical masterpiece, but who can use photoshop to edit and change the way it looks without really understanding how it was put together. \n\nHowever, as our mastery of computer simulations and algorithms gets better, we may be able to create a simulation that produces random fragments of DNA, simulates what would happen to them, and applying evolutionary stress to them. You would start out with random nonsense, but the nonsense fragments wouldn't last and would fail, where as that one in a billion lucky chance that results in something useful would succeed. Running such a simulation at a very high rate of speed you can simulate millions of years of evolution in a human lifetime and we might find new genes from such a method.",
"_URL_0_\n\n_URL_1_\n\n\"Dr Venter's team developed a new code based on the four letters of the genetic code, G, T, C and A, that allowed them to draw on the whole alphabet, numbers and punctuation marks to write the watermarks. Anyone who cracks the code is invited to email an address written into the DNA.\"",
"Once again, xkcd comes to the rescue. _URL_2_ \nExcept insted of folding a single protein, build a protein machine capable of replicating and building countless other proteins. U/kouhoutek has a great technical ELI5 scientific description, but xkcd does a good idea explaining why it's incomprensably hard."
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"http://www.nature.com/news/minimal-cell-raises-stakes-in-race-to-harness-synthetic-life-1.19633",
"https://www.theguardian.com/science/2010/may/20/craig-venter-synthetic-life-form",
"https://xkcd.com/1430/"
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} | train_eli5 | We can manipulate an organism's DNA to emphasize several traits. What would it take to make a DNA from scratch, creating an entirely new organism?
| [
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4subv0 | Why do torrents for TV shows come out within hours of the episode, but for movies it often takes weeks? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"For TV shows, someone has the recording equipment and software all prepped and ready for the airing of the show. So all they have to do is record it, encode it, and create the torrent. In contrast, movies first show in a theater. Theaters have policies against recording, so whoever does it typically has to actually work in the theater or know somebody who does and sneak in the equipment."
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} | train_eli5 | Why do torrents for TV shows come out within hours of the episode, but for movies it often takes weeks?
[removed] | [
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1jc8rf | What do i have to do as a foreigner if i want to move to the US and live there permanently? | it's confusing | explainlikeimfive | {
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"From someone who has just recently done this. Basically it goes like this. Move here, file for residency, get permanent residency, hold that for at least 5 years, file for citizenship, go through that process, if you have kept a clean record and followed all laws and paid taxes you can be sworn in as a US citizen.\n\nHere are some very important components to that whole process:\n\n1. Figure out a US citizen or company that can sponsor you. In essence, this is like your proof to immigration that you have some ties to the US and have someone to help you through the process so you don't end up as an illegal on welfare (sounds harsh but that's why).\n\n2. I hired an immigration attorney. You can do the forms,file them and pay the fees yourself but it is a very lengthy, expensive, and tricky process. If you do hire an attorney, find a reputable one that specializes in immigration and preferably who practices in the city you plan to come to when you move here.\n\n3. Have enough money to live off for at least 6 months because that about how long it takes to get your employment authorization. During that time you cannot work in the US or leave the US without risking deportation or a denied application. (This is IF you follow the process I outlined at the beginning. They do offer work visas which are completely different than permanent residency/future citizenship).\n\n4. Just want to emphasize the attorney part. They know most of the people in their local immigration office. They know all the complex rules and laws. They know what things will get you booted from the country. they know how to gather and present all your info so you have the highest likelihood of success. You CAN do the whole process without one, where you are filling out the forms and sending them directly to ICE. BUT if you screw something up don't be surprised if they shut down your entire app process. They don't mess around. Also, immigration laws are CONSTANTLY changing and your attorney is typically on top of all of these changes.\n\n5. I bought current books online that explained to process. they had a lot of good info.\n\nI'm reading some of these responses and a lot of it isn't true. there aren't educational requirements for what you're asking. Also be cautious about looking up this stuff on google as that info can be old and outdated as the laws are always changing. And again, you really want a REPUTABLE attorney. There are many scam artists out there who prey on nieve foreigners and gladly take what little money they have and claim to offer them citizenship.",
"~~You need certain educational requirements(college/university).~~ Apparently not. You cant be convicted of anything that is a crime in the US. If you lack the ~~education~~ job skills, you need lots of money. Or you need to be a refugee.\n\nCanada, where I live is a little different. I know you didn't ask, but it will surely be of interest to someone reading this.\n\nFor Canada you need to be of a certain level of health, under a certain age(65), able to work with a certain level of education. This all ensures that you will pay taxes to support Canadian society.\n\nIf you have a degree, it needs to be recognised by Canadian law. Doctors, lawyers and engineers from developing nations need to pass the Canadian exams for their field in order to work. \n\nVast sums of money will not get you in; All residents get access to un-billed healthcare, and ironically, retired rich people would be leeches, since they dont pay taxes. You cant be a convicted criminal either.\n\nIf you have a particular skill set unavailable to anyone else, and an offer of employment, your employer can sponsor you. Very few people are that unique. Your employer has to prove that they looked for Canadian talent. \n\nThe next option is under a family reunification plan. If you are the aged parent of Canadian citizens, they can sponsor you. If you are a child, you can join your parents. If you are ill and have no other relatives outside Canada, you can be brought in. \n\nIf you are a refugee, you can apply for asylum. In that case, you will be assessed for your English/French skills. If needed, you will be trained in them. Once you have basic language skills, you are expected to find employment. Probably in a job like a service station, fast food, or as a cleaner. If you use that as a spring board to get an advanced degree, you are more likely to receive permanent residency.\n\nOnce you have been a contributing and peaceful member of Canadian society for a few years, you can apply for citizenship.",
"It depends...\n\nshort version: You need a permit of stay, a visa. Depending on who you are and what you want to do, there are different types that you can apply for.\n\nYou can get a permanent one for different reasons: Being married to an American citizen and resident. Being able to do a job that no one else can do - you can be a famous scientist, sports star or actor, or an important CEO, engineer, etc.\n\nThe most famous option is the green-card lottery - the USA are giving away (I think) 50,000 Visa a year this way.",
"For the United States you will need a sponsor, and your options are actually kind of limited.\n\nFind a US company willing to sponsor you, or have a US citizen family member willing to sponsor you (for family members, wife or soon to be wife will work). I don't believe there's any visa that simply allows you to move over because you want to.",
"Take advantage of your government healthcare to get an appointment with a good shrink."
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it's confusing | [
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1xovbu | How does hair detangler work? | This was asked a year ago by someone else with no clear answer. How do the knots seems to just vanish? Are there actually knots in the hair to begin with? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The conditioner itself had a high moisture usually including some keratin protein, the same that's found in your hair, when the hair is moisturized (there's a difference between soft and moisture) it creates more slip in the hair so is easier to slide out of knots.",
"Lubricates the shafts of the hair so the knots slide away easier. Its really just tangled, not knotted."
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} | train_eli5 | How does hair detangler work?
This was asked a year ago by someone else with no clear answer. How do the knots seems to just vanish? Are there actually knots in the hair to begin with? | [
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4i1frk | Why does fresh air make us feel less nauseous? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It's the oxygen in the air that makes you feel better, not just the air. Fresh air has more oxygen than an unventilated room. The oxygen gets into your blood and makes everything run smoother, because we run on oxygen."
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} | train_eli5 | Why does fresh air make us feel less nauseous?
[deleted] | [
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708b5r | When is a jury applicable in court and when does the judge decide? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"In the US, juries making findings of fact, and judges make rulings of law.\n\nA judge decides whether evidence is admissible, whether lawyers are asking proper questions, and runs the court.\n\nJuries decide whether witnesses are telling the truth and what the accused intentions were.",
"You didn't specify country, so I'll explain how it works in Canada.\n\nIf you are accused of a summary offense (a minor crime), you get a judge.\n\nIf you are accused of an indictable offense (a serious crime with at least 2 years of prison as a sentence), you get the option of being tried by jury or by a judge. A jury trial slows down the case and may be problematic if your defense is based on complex legal ideas, but they can be swayed by arguments that aren't strictly factual. In the end, it's up to the accused."
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} | train_eli5 | When is a jury applicable in court and when does the judge decide?
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2omhyr | what Web analytics is and why it's important for today's business | I've read a couple articles and I still can't get even a decent grasp on this please help me | explainlikeimfive | {
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"If you look at the [marketing material for Google Analytics it will probably help you a lot](_URL_0_).\n\nThe short version is that it lets you look at who comes to your site, where they come from & how long they stay there. It lets you decide important things like:\n\n* How much money should we spend making the website look good in old web browsers, like IE6? If only 5% of your site visitors use that browser, you can probably ignore it; if 50% of your visitors use it, you need to make sure it works flawlessly.\n\n* How effective is our advertising? If you know you showed an advert to 100,000 people and only 5000 people visited your site, it's probably a waste of money; if 80k visit your site, you should probably show it to more.\n\n* What are people searching for when they come to your website? If a lot of people are searching for \"widgets\" you should make sure that there's an easy path from your home page to the page where people buy them. You might realize that your 5-page, account creation, checkout & confirmation page-flow loses a bunch of people on page 3 so you should consider making it an easier process so more users \"convert\" into paying customers.\n\n* How many people look at products and don't buy them? You might want to look at your prices or problems in your checkout procedure.\n\nThere's all sorts of things you can do by watching info on how people use a website. One popular thing is \"A/B testing\" - where you try different versions of pages to see which one \"converts\" more users. Let's say you have two versions of your front page & you don't know which is better - you can wire them into your analytics system to see which version of the front page users see before they sign up for your site & then figure out which one gets a higher percentage of people to become users.\n\nThe whole idea is that you want to look at user behavior & analyze it for patterns. If you have more information, you can make better decisions on how to shape & run your website to get better results.",
"Web analytics are just the massive amounts of user data collected via cookies and other methods: browser type, OS type, how long you visit a page, the frequency in which you visit the site, etc.\n\nCompanies can then take all of this data and say \"okay as of May 2013, the average Reddit user is male (59%), 18–29 years of age, and is connecting from the United States (68%) and that 6% of all US Internet users have used Reddit before\" and translate that into adjusting how they run their business, adjust streams of revenue to maximize the demographic as well as find new and untapped demographics to explore to further increase the reach."
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} | {
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} | train_eli5 | what Web analytics is and why it's important for today's business
I've read a couple articles and I still can't get even a decent grasp on this please help me | [
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8i65uq | Why does a country downstream from a dam suffer a hit to its water supply? Doesn't the net water flow stay the same? | Take Egypt and Ehtiopia. Wouldn't the water volume coming out of the renaissance dam be the same as the water volume going in and the net flow to Egypt remain constant? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"One big factor is evaporation. A reservoir generally creates a greater water temperature in the upper layer and a larger surface area, which increases evaporation and reduces downstream water availability. Also infiltration can be a problem, with water becoming groundwater due to the fact that it's sitting in the reservoir for so long.",
"Not necessarily.\n\nIf you dam up a river, the backup of water above the dam may cause excess water to flow down different rivers instead, as it is easier for water to go down that river.\n\nThink of it like your commute at the end of the working day. Most people normally take the highway, and a few people take side roads. But then an accident happens on the highway. Sure, as soon as you're through the accident site it'll open up and you can get just as many cars through, but people are going to be diverting off onto side roads from the highway as well.",
"> Doesn't the net water flow stay the same?\n\nNope.\n\nAt the very least, the dam is going to form a reservoir, resulting in more evaporation and seepage loss.\n\nBut the real impact is irrigation, as dams are often used to retain water and divert it to farmlands.",
"It will take up to 15 years to fill the reservoir, during that time flow will be reduced. Also, some of the water may be used for irrigation, that will not be returned to the river.",
"By definition it does not. Dams slow the flow of water downstream by storing it in their resivuoir. \n\nThis higher water elevation is usually used to divert water to other places like irrigation and city plumbing.\n\nThe river downstream will flow more consistently, but on a total water per year basis deliver less water. So no floods or droughts, but you also don't get the extra water to store yourself if the guys that own the dam feel like hogging it for themselves."
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} | train_eli5 | Why does a country downstream from a dam suffer a hit to its water supply? Doesn't the net water flow stay the same?
Take Egypt and Ehtiopia. Wouldn't the water volume coming out of the renaissance dam be the same as the water volume going in and the net flow to Egypt remain constant? | [
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2vv8ut | Where does ISIS get those orange jumpsuits for its hostages from? Is it manufactured within ISIS territory? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"There have probably been hundreds of millions of orange jumpsuits manufactured over the past few decades. I'm sure it's not hard for anyone to find a few for sale. Try the internet.",
"I would think they're stolen from prisons in territories they've taken over",
"The DailyMail of England run a story about sewing factories of ISIS in Syria and Iraq. Those factories make all kinds of clothing and attire ISIS require.",
"The better question is where they got the high definition cameras to film each killing? Who is the one that majors in cinematography in ISIS???",
"You can buy one on Amazon for $20, so there's that.",
"maybe one of the us-torture-prisons they took over had some in stock and they though, ah, well, we adopted their other traditions, might as well make use of that one, too?",
"Maybe they came across a few crates of them in the CIA blacksites I'm SURE we had in Iraq. Similar to how they ended up with M16's, HK weapons, and literally tonnes of US made hardware. \n\nSeriously, we gotta cut this leaving shit behind bullshit out. Also this invasin bullshit.",
"Is the US military able to scan ISIS controlled areas for the unique orange color spectrum that ISIS always dresses their orisoners in? If so, we may be bale to spot them while they are creating their slickly produced murder videos and attack them before they kill their prisoners."
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} | train_eli5 | Where does ISIS get those orange jumpsuits for its hostages from? Is it manufactured within ISIS territory?
| [
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44kmna | Conception & Fertilization... what happens? | I never learned anything to do with conception, since I live in the south US. I want to know so that I don't sound like an idiot if the topic ever comes up. If you aren't able to provide a full explanation, just give me a link that tells what happens during conception in the most amount of truthful detail possible. I'm after what all happens during conception, how a miscarriage can happen, and why it can sometimes take multiple tries for a baby. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"1. Sperm enters the fallopian tube and swims towards the ovaries. Within the fallopian tube, the sperm is activated by a number of enzymes that make their heads able to breach the ovum (this is called capacitation).\n\n2. The ovum is released down the fallopian tubes starting from the ovaries. This takes about 24 hours, and if it is not fertilized in this window, the ovum is ejected.\n\n3. Any sperm that successfully reaches the ovum will attempt to breach it, which, if one is successful, is the actual act of conception. The resulting fertilized egg is called a blastocyst.\n\n4. The ovum, when it was first ejected, came out of a sac called the corpus luteum (which is within the ovaries). This thing tells the woman's uterus to grow a think layer of cells which will be used by the blastocyst when it attempts to implant itself there.\n\n5. Once implanted it is called the zygote and starts developing into a fetus. Simultaneously with this, it starts building the placenta which will supply nutrients from the mother to the fetus. It also deals with waste (thanks /u/chief-ares).\n\n6. The mother then has to turn off parts of her immune system at the placenta interface, so that it does not treat the fetus like a parasite.\n\nMany of the stages can fail, for all sorts of reasons. For example, if the woman has an irregular period, it can be hard to figure out the best time for conception. If the sperm is too weak, it may not be able to swim the whole length of the fallopian tube, and thus shrink the window of opportunity. The ovum has no external source of nutrition until the placenta is built; thus, when it is first dividing, it is not getting bigger, but just being subdivided into smaller cells. I think there are weird scenarios where if the timing is wrong, the cell can simply starve to death, and thus not be able to develop into a proper zygote. If the corpus luteum dies before the zygote is firmly anchored, the uterine lining will be abandoned, and the zygote will simply be ejected as part of the woman's period as if nothing had happened. Then there are genetic questions. For cell division of the fetus to work correctly, there has to be a good pair of DNA from each parent. However, if a mutation has occurred such that the DNA is no longer compatible with each other, then some sort of congenital defect is possible, that may affect the development of the zygote. If normal development is disrupted too significantly, the pregnancy will spontaneously abort (aka miscarriage.) This is a particular problem with older males whose sperm cells are more likely to have mutations.",
"There's a lot to this, but I'll do my best.\n\nWe humans, like other life, are made from a multitude of cells. These cells are living things in their own right, and most of them reproduce regularly by splitting into two identical copies. This process is called *mitosis,* and is a form of *asexual* (not sexual) reproduction. \n\n*Sexual* reproduction starts off almost the same way, with a single cell, but ends with a cell called a *gamete* with only half of its original DNA. Male gametes get one half, females get the other, and these \"half-cells\" can combine to become a *zygote*, AKA \"fertilized.\" If conditions are right, this zygote may attach itself to one of its parents, (the female) start reproducing through mitosis, and eventually grow to be a cross between its parents. This applies to almost all plants and animals in the world, including humans.\n\nAnyways, bla bla blah, how is babby formed?\n\nHuman male gametes are called *sperm,* and females have *eggs.* Like other animals, human sperm has a tail and can swim. Eggs are much larger than sperm, and do not move on their own. About once a month, an egg or two will detach from an ovary and hopefully make its way to the uterus. If a sperm meets it there before it dies, the zygote is formed and may result in pregnancy (if it doesn't make its presence known to the uterine wall in time, it's business as usual and everything gets cleaned out in preparation for the next monthly egg).\n\nNow, there's a lot more going on than just this. The female body can do a lot to hurt or help the chances of having a healthy pregnancy. If the egg gets stuck just in or just outside of the fallopian tube, *and is fertilized there* it can result in an \"ectopic pregnancy,\" which is life threatening. The embryo doesn't have room to grow but tries to anyways. It's also worth mentioning that only one egg at a time (or so) is actually mature and able to do its thing, and it's sensitive to various health issues, even minor ones.\n\nLet's not forget about the male contribution to all of this. Sperm mature quickly, they do it by the millions, and as a result can be pretty sensitive to otherwise harmless influences like diet and minor differences in temperature. Even at their best, they're not great at swimming, except through fluids the female body produces at (hopefully) just the right time to help them on their way to the egg. Fortunately for future generations, it only takes one, and they get released by the millions. This particular event occurs during intercourse, and for the male comes with a great deal of pleasure known as an orgasm. Females can also experience orgasm, but reproduction can and does happen all the time without it. Kind of a raw deal tbh.\n\n\nSo, once the two gametes meet, move in to the uterine lining, and start growing, we have a pregnancy. But things can still go wrong. A miscarriage can be caused by imperfections in the mother's or embryo's chemical signalling system, where the embryo is growing but the mother's body is never fully informed and so continues its menstrual cycle. Any sort of significant trauma can terminate a pregnancy - a fall, a car accident, etc. The embryo or the mother may become sick or malnourished. Stress can even be a contributing factor. This is all very complex, and no doubt this only scratched the surface, but I'm going to stop for now. Feel free to ask anything you want, I'll do my best to answer.\nSorry that your family and community failed to educate you on such an important subject",
"A man's sperm swims up to an egg that has been deposited in the womb and enters it. The sperm mixes its 23 chromosomes with the egg's 23 chromosomes and the development of a baby ensues through the reproduction of various cells. Miscarriages happen for a variety of reasons but they're all due to basically imbalances that cause in the death and subsequent disposal of the fetus. Sometimes it takes a while to get a woman pregnant due to weak sperm, ineffective egg laying or hormonal imbalances"
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} | train_eli5 | Conception & Fertilization... what happens?
I never learned anything to do with conception, since I live in the south US. I want to know so that I don't sound like an idiot if the topic ever comes up. If you aren't able to provide a full explanation, just give me a link that tells what happens during conception in the most amount of truthful detail possible. I'm after what all happens during conception, how a miscarriage can happen, and why it can sometimes take multiple tries for a baby. | [
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1mplma | Why does bond buying by the US Federal Reserve keep interest rates from going up (and why does that surge stocks and gold prices)? | Not sure exactly what bonds they are buying but why would interest rates increase if they did not? Also why does the stock market tend to jump along with gold prices at this news? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Imagine a bond as a promise to pay a fixed amount. To simplify, let's say any borrower just auctions off slips of paper that say \"I will pay you $100, 1 year from today.\" If the auction sells the slips of paper at $50 apiece, then the interest rate is 100% -- the borrower will have to repay twice what they got. If the sales price is $100, the interest rate is 0% -- they don't pay any more than they borrowed.\n\nWhen the Fed buys up bonds, they are bidding up the price in exactly such an auction. Bidding up the sale price is the same as lowering interest rates.\n\nTraditionally, the Fed only bought US federal government bonds. \"Quantitative Easing\" is just the decision to also bid up the price on various business debt securities.\n\nWhen lending (holding bonds) only offers low/zero interest rates, investors see lending as a bad way to make money. Instead, they look for other ways to invest -- like buying stock or commodities. This drives up the prices on those markets."
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} | train_eli5 | Why does bond buying by the US Federal Reserve keep interest rates from going up (and why does that surge stocks and gold prices)?
Not sure exactly what bonds they are buying but why would interest rates increase if they did not? Also why does the stock market tend to jump along with gold prices at this news? | [
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4j1whl | Can space debris shadow stars? | Okay, so if I'm standing in a field, I can hold up my thumb & block myself from seeing an entire person at a distance, even though (duh) my thumb is much smaller than a person.
Is it possible that a small piece of floating space debris is blocking earth from seeing an entire star?
Two follow ups: If so, does this count as an eclipse? Also, if so, how likely is it that we're not seeing entire star systems? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"If the debris was large enough, sure it could momentarily block the light of a star. \n\nHowever, there are two reasons why we would never expect it to be completely blocking out our view of a star system.\n\n1) We look at space from many different places, both on earth and in space, like the Hubble telescope. It would have to be absolutely massive to block out the view of a star from all those different angles.\n\n2) Things in space move, really really fast. If they didn't, they'd quickly fall into the nearest planet or the sun. So even if a piece of debris did block your view, it would quickly move out of the way."
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} | train_eli5 | Can space debris shadow stars?
Okay, so if I'm standing in a field, I can hold up my thumb & block myself from seeing an entire person at a distance, even though (duh) my thumb is much smaller than a person. Is it possible that a small piece of floating space debris is blocking earth from seeing an entire star? Two follow ups: If so, does this count as an eclipse? Also, if so, how likely is it that we're not seeing entire star systems? | [
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1emqkv | Zero Coupon Bonds | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Bonds that don't pay periodic interest, and instead only pay out on maturity. They're sold below par value, so the interest rate is implied from that."
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3zyxgi | Why is AWD better than FWD and FWD better than RWD driving on snow? | I came up with some explanation for FWD vs RWD when I was pushing a baby stroller on slushy snow yesterday but I'm not sure if it's the right logic.
So basically I found it easier to direct and move the stroller if I am pulling as oppose to when I am pushing it. When I push it takes more effort to move and i am going in different directions.
Does this logic sound right?
With this logic how would AWD work? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"There is a video going around that shows a RWD car will do better with good tires than an AWD car will do with shit all seasons. \n\nBasically, it boils down to traction. Rear wheel drive powers only the rear wheels. This works amazing on dry pavement where the weight transfers to the rear. Whenever the pavement is wet or slick, you rarely put enough power to shift the weight rearward and hook up. The result is you spin the wheels that then makes you unstable.\n\nFWD is better at this because the fat engine up front is always over the tires. But that is why FWD is worse at acceleration on dry pavement.\n\nAWD powers all 4 wheels (and smart AWD distributes it to the most needed wheels). Therefore you will not slip outside to lose too much control. But you can still lose control with AWD.",
"AWD is always going to be the most stable option since, if any wheel slips, you have all the others that can supply power to keep the vehicle moving.",
"stroller theory doesnt work.\n\nRWD sucks in the snow because almost all cars (and all cars youd drive in the winter) have more weight in the front (the engine). So when it comes to traction in slick conditions, FWD will work better. (rwd works better in other cases because once you have momentum the weight shifts to the rear)\n\nThen theres control, if your rear tires spin, the car tends to drift sideways.\n\nAWD works because more is always better."
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} | train_eli5 | Why is AWD better than FWD and FWD better than RWD driving on snow?
I came up with some explanation for FWD vs RWD when I was pushing a baby stroller on slushy snow yesterday but I'm not sure if it's the right logic. So basically I found it easier to direct and move the stroller if I am pulling as oppose to when I am pushing it. When I push it takes more effort to move and i am going in different directions. Does this logic sound right? With this logic how would AWD work? | [
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432c4p | Mosquitos are key vectors in the spread of many (malaria, West Nile virus, dengue, etc.). How would wiping them off the face of the earth negatively affect various ecosystems? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The biggest change will be allowing people to live longer and healthier lives. Problems like malaria, dengue and now zika virus are a major reason why many tropical areas are third world countries.\n\nThere are probably other species whose numbers are kept in check by mosquito-born diseases.\n\nAs for environment, not much. There are plenty of mosquitoes that don't spread these deseases - or don't even bite - as well as other insects to support the fish and bird life if we wiped out the troublesome *aides* and *Anopheles* species."
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} | train_eli5 | Mosquitos are key vectors in the spread of many (malaria, West Nile virus, dengue, etc.). How would wiping them off the face of the earth negatively affect various ecosystems?
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29viov | Why do masses attract? | As in why don't masses repel each other instead | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The more dense an object is, the more it indents in space-time. Think of it like placing a bowling ball on a trampoline, and then throwing marbles on the trampoline and watch them be 'attracted' to the bowling ball.\n\nWhen things exist they take up space they do not add space, therefore they will always indent and attract, instead of elevate and repel."
],
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} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do masses attract?
As in why don't masses repel each other instead | [
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2kkq57 | Why is road kill most always off to the side of the road when it usually is hit within the middle of the road? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Typically the animal is hit with the front/ side of the vehicle. Where it is knocked back to the side of the road. \n\nIf hit dead on 99% of the time somone will drag the animal to the side of the road so it isnt a danger to others.",
"The smaller animals that tend to get completely squished and killed instantly, at least in my own experience, tend to stay right where they are. Eventually they turn into a grease spot from being constantly run over, or if in the foothills a coyote/cougar/carrion bird drags them off. \n\nThe bigger animals, though, and this is a gruesome thought, I think they try to drag themselves away sometimes, but usually they get hung up in the vehicle and don't really come loose until the driver pulls over. \n\nI once followed a giant streak of blood in the middle lane, like somebody spilled a can of red paint, all the way to half a deer on the side of the freeway. I don't know what happened to the other half of the deer."
],
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} | {
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} | {
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} | train_eli5 | Why is road kill most always off to the side of the road when it usually is hit within the middle of the road?
| [
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3itdh9 | What is telemetry in computer security? And why is it in the headlines in regards to Windows 10? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Telemetry in Windows 10 allows Microsoft to access the metadata (Data of the data... i.e. what programs you have used, how much you've used them, but rarely any information regarding what you did within said program) of your machine and what you do. It's an attempt to more effectively combat the bugs and glitches of the new OS, and optimize it for general user's needs. For example, Windows 10 telemetry in the technical preview will collect snippets of your voice inputs to Cortana, compare it to what the system thought you said, and return that information to Microsoft. They also collect tiny snippets of the text and compare it to what autocorrect/spellcheck would've written to make it more effective. But, the most common telemetry metadata that MS collects from w10 is stuff like opening files - how long it took to open the file, what program you used (To generate better recommended programs), and the type of the file.\nMore information is available on Microsoft's Privacy Statement for the Technical Preview here - [Link](_URL_0_)"
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} | {
"url": [
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} | train_eli5 | What is telemetry in computer security? And why is it in the headlines in regards to Windows 10?
| [
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4objw0 | how cancer starts and why it spreads at different speeds through different body parts | My grandmother recently passed away due to lymphoma (I think that's how you spell it) and I was just curious as to how it started and why it spread more quickly there. Should add that she never smoked and was a nurse in profession..thanks! | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Cancer is essentially a partially damaged cell that can replicate.\n\nNormally, tumor cells are removed via the lymphatic system. Some areas of the body don't have easy access to the lymphatic system, so they can't be removed. For example, brain tumors are inside the blood brain barrier and prostate tumors are deep inside the prostate.\n\nIf a cancer enters the lymphatic system, it can spread to other organs , which is why lymphoma is a deadly cancer.\n\nThe same is true for cancers traveling through blood vessels.",
"The immune system is incredibly good at destroying malfunctioning cells. Many cells will get random errors that cause them to not function, or multiply uncontrollably. These errors happen all the time. Almost of these broken cells are caught by the immune system and destroyed.\n\nCancer cells are the few that survive. Any cell can become cancerous. Cancer is caused by the malfunctioning cells that the immune system missed."
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"url": []
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"url": []
} | train_eli5 | how cancer starts and why it spreads at different speeds through different body parts
My grandmother recently passed away due to lymphoma (I think that's how you spell it) and I was just curious as to how it started and why it spread more quickly there. Should add that she never smoked and was a nurse in profession..thanks! | [
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4w4nld | Why do Actors get paid so much? How is their pay structured? | I just read that Ellen Pompeo of grey's anatomy gets paid $350,000 per ep, and Jim parsons of Big bang theory gets $1,000,000 per ep.
Why do they get paid such a large amount of money? When did this start becoming the norm when TV shows began?
I guess 2 part question: But is the amount they get paid per EP already disclosed in their contract? I guess this question is for Hollywood HR. Do they make that much money in advertisements? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It depends on the money which can be generated. With shows the money comes from advertising. If the show producers know they can earn advertising dollars then they are willing to pay big bucks.",
"Rates are negotiated by the actor's agent. . They would have a contract for this many episodes for the price, but it expires. On a show like Big Bang Theory, it is the most popular sitcom on TV, Jim Parsons is the highest paid TV actor, os it's certainly not the norm. But he's a big star and is likely getting movie offers or other shows. BBT has been running for quite a while and his contract has expired several times. The show doesn't knows that if he leaves, the show is over, so they are willing to meet his demands. This gives his agent quite the negotiating power.",
"The amount they get paid is negotiated. I suppose they're offered an amount and it goes from there. It depends on the actor, how experienced he or she is and how much the studio wants them. I believe with regards to BBT, all the leads get paid the same, and I think it was the same with Friends, because they protested the inequal pay.\n\nEdit: It'll also be dependant on how many hours they'll be needed for I think."
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} | train_eli5 | Why do Actors get paid so much? How is their pay structured?
I just read that Ellen Pompeo of grey's anatomy gets paid $350,000 per ep, and Jim parsons of Big bang theory gets $1,000,000 per ep. Why do they get paid such a large amount of money? When did this start becoming the norm when TV shows began? I guess 2 part question: But is the amount they get paid per EP already disclosed in their contract? I guess this question is for Hollywood HR. Do they make that much money in advertisements? | [
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2x6ehh | if a person were to live in an environment with more intense gravity would they become stronger? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Yes, you are correct.\n\nSince we aren't going to be traveling to a place with higher gravity any time soon (or manipulating gravity), a common way of replicating this phenomenon is to put on a weight vest. Now you suddenly have to move extra weight (exactly what having higher gravity would require) and thus would get stronger. \n\nObviously with higher gravity the force is more distributed so everything gets stronger, with a weight vest, obviously your arms wont be strengthened since they aren't weighed down. \n\nA sidenote, this could also put extra strain on your biological systems, which could be a bad thing. The immediate one that comes to mind is that your circulation could be affected as it becomes harder for your blood to travel back up from your lower extremities. The extreme example is when people black out from pulling too many g's (which are multiples of gravity)."
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} | train_eli5 | if a person were to live in an environment with more intense gravity would they become stronger?
| [
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5qtymc | Quintuplets, how does a woman hold that many babies all the way to term? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"They don't. Twins are usually born prematurely - the more twins, the earlier. The average pregnancy length for quintuplets is around 29 weeks, as opposed to the normal 40 weeks. Additionally, the last few weeks are when the fetus gains the most weight, so a fetus at week 29 only weighs about a third of what it will weigh in week 40, and twins generally weigh less than a normal fetus.",
"They don't carry to term. One of the major risks of carrying multiple children is premature labour and birth. The mean gestation for triplets, for example, is just 31 weeks. (40 would be full-term). For quintuplets, it's 26 weeks. I believe the longest recorded quintuplets pregnancy was up to 35 weeks.\n\nThe babies are also generally born with very low birthweight, sometimes with disabilities, and it is not uncommon for them to die in childhood.",
"The higher the number of babies, the earlier they are born. The average is 4 fewer weeks of gestation for each additional baby, (i.e. twins are usually born around 36 weeks, triplets around 32, and so on). It's usually a pretty rough situation."
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} | train_eli5 | Quintuplets, how does a woman hold that many babies all the way to term?
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3t9un3 | Why do pills come in different shapes? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"First of all, there are different kinds of pills.\n\n* There are pills containing mostly calcium - these doesn't taste bad, and are therefore uncovered.\n* Other pills are covered in a sugar to eliminate the bad flavor.\n* Some drugs need to work fast, and are therefore in powder shape, sealed in a thin shell that rapidly dissolves in your stomach. \n* Some can be chewed \n* Some doesn't even go in your mouth ;-)\n\nPills are designed, just as every other product in the world. It's business, and to be the best, manufacturers are of cause competing to make a pill that is:\n\n* Cheap\n* Good looking\n* Easy to swallow\n* Effective\n* Taste neutral, or even good flavored\n* Easy to manufacture\n* Keep to certain laws and guidelines..\n* Long lasting\n\n**Edit: Formatting**",
"The biggest reason is that once pills are out of the bottle, you still have to be able to identify them. This prevents mixups of medications that could easily be fatal.\n\nAs for capsules vs pills, that I'd due to the nature of the medication. Capsules tend to have a slower initial release time, and not all medications stick together nicely without a container. Some medications smell / taste strongly and the capsule can contain that."
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} | train_eli5 | Why do pills come in different shapes?
| [
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j3ez6 | . What's the difference in amps and volts? What do they do? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Analogy:\nVoltage (measured in volts) is similar to pressure in a pipe, and the current (measured in amperes) is the flow of water in the pipe.\n\nReality:\nThe voltage pushes electric charge. All materials have some charge (such as electrons) -- and in a *conductive* material the charges can move around easily. When charges move, they are called a current.",
"It's like drinking milk out of a straw. The harder you suck on the straw, the more milk you get. The voltage is like how hard you suck - it's what makes the electrons move. The current is like how much milk you get - it's how many electrons are moving around.",
"Ok, so imagine that you are an electron. You're the basic unit of electric charge. You're pretty small, and you can't be broken up into anything else. Go you!\n\nAnyway, amps measure current and volts measure potential. Now what the heck do these terms mean? Don't worry, I'm getting there.\n\nFrom your electron point of view, you're in a wire in some electric circuit, say for instance, a wire attached to a lightbulb. In order to bring energy to the lightbulb from where you are in the wire, you have to move. Only, you're not alone. All of your electron brothers, sisters, cousins, aunts, uncles, etc. are moving along with you in the same direction as you at about the same speed. If I stood by and counted the number of you that passed a certain point on the wire in a some period of time, I'd be measuring the current in the wire. Now, because the units we use to measure current are amps, not electrons per second, I need to change the units I'm using to count you guys. One amp of current means that I counted 6.241x10^18 electrons go by in one second. This number is the amount of electrons needed to make up the standard unit of charge, which would be one coulomb. So, an amp is one coulomb per second.\n\nNow, staying in your electron state of mind, on your own, you're pretty lazy. You don't want to move anywhere unless you have to. But once in a while, something comes along and shouts \"HEY! Get a move on buddy!\" and you have to go along with it, because you don't have a choice. As you move, however, you find that you gain energy, and because you have energy, you want to keep moving. The \"person\" that made you get moving is the electric potential. As you move along the way the electric potential tells you to, you gain energy based on the amount of charge you have, and how bossy the electric potential is. We measure how bossy the electric potential is in units of volts. A volt is equal to one joule per coulomb, where a joule is the standard unit of energy, and the coulomb is the unit of charge we already talked about. The more bossy the electric potential, the more energy you get from going along with it."
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"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | . What's the difference in amps and volts? What do they do?
| [
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5m5owh | What does an orchestra conductor do, and how is one better than another? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"There is a lot more to it. Orchestras play music written for large groups of acoustic instruments. Most of this music was written long before recordings could be made. So the speed of the music is indicated by word phrases.\n\nThe conductor provides the timing so all play together. Orchestra members have their music in front of them but cannot really hear someone playing on the other side of the stage. Both watch the conductor who gives the timing to them and indicates the volume. There is also the attack. Are the notes played imitating a battle, or a murmuring brook. The conductor is very important.\n\nEven individual players have special ways of playing. Listen to some flamenco, to Jimmy Hendrix, Lead Belly, Nirvana, Bob Dylan and others. \n\nThe written music only indicates what to play. Musicians can play the same piece but you can recognized their style. Orchestras are the same way and conductors have their own style."
],
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"url": []
} | train_eli5 | What does an orchestra conductor do, and how is one better than another?
[removed] | [
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64ctza | Why do objects that are far away appear to move slowly? | Like when you see clouds or aeroplanes that seem to be moving slowly but in reality are are moving very quickly. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dg14zmk"
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"text": [
"Because the distance they need to travel in order to move to a different point on your visual arc is much larger.\n\nYour hand moving in front of your face very quickly will move from the right side of your vision to the left side, even if you move the hand itself slowly.\n\nBut a car going by at a racetrack might takie some time to get from one side of your vision to the other, since it has a much further distance to travel. Since it is further away, the \"left side of your vision\" isn't immediately left of your face but instead a point quite distant from you. Same with the right side. \n\nLike this: _URL_0_"
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"url": [
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} | train_eli5 | Why do objects that are far away appear to move slowly?
Like when you see clouds or aeroplanes that seem to be moving slowly but in reality are are moving very quickly. | [
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1abz3m | How come glass can be a window, a mirror, or even one way mirror? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"The glass is not responsible for reflection in a mirror. Instead, there is a thin, metallic sheet backing the glass which reflects nearly all light. The glass just overlays the reflective sheet, keeping it flat and probably helping it's reflectivity in ways that I don't understand."
],
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} | {
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"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How come glass can be a window, a mirror, or even one way mirror?
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1ztet0 | What happens in my mouth while sleeping to get that gross smell, taste and feel? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"The bacteria that normally cycle through your mouth when you spit, swallow, etc. are instead basically allowed to sit and spread. \n\nIf you have ever gotten dry mouth, you will notice your mouth feels gross and your breath smells horrible. Same idea, no saliva circulating to clear out bacteria.",
"Your salivary glands that normally kill most bacteria when you are awake, slow down or stop functioning (can't remember which) when you sleep. This lets the bacteria in your mouth go crazy and create morning breath!",
"according to my high school anatomy teacher: bacteria poop",
"Also if you take any medications before bed it can contribute to it."
],
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} | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | What happens in my mouth while sleeping to get that gross smell, taste and feel?
| [
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3na813 | With potentially millions of different species available, why has humanity only fully domesticated a small handful? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The book Guns, Germs, and Steel by Jared Diamond outlined this pretty well. Animals have to have a certain set of characteristics in order to be domesticated. When you add up all these characteristics there are few animals that fit the bill. \n\n1. Their diet must be different than that of humans or they must be able to live off things that humans are unwilling to eat. Animals that eat the same food as us and won't be satisfied with scraps won't work. An animal will provide no benefit to humans if they consume hard to obtain food. This is why most of our domesticated animals are either omnivores or herbivores. Obligate carnivores were typically too much trouble for our ancestors to bother with. \n\n2. The animals must mature very fast. There's no point in trying to domesticate an elephant that you have to take care of for 10 years before it can do anything for you. Plus, it would take years to be able to grow their population. \n\n3. They must be able to breed in captivity. There are plenty of examples of animals that will not breed well in captivity. There's no sense in domesticating an animal if it's just going to die and be difficult to replace. \n\n4. The animals need to be not aggressive and must be predictable. Aggressive animals like most large cats don't make good domestication candidates because they will do things like kill humans. They also need to react to situations in predictable ways so that human can control their temperament and behavior by changing the circumstances of the environment. \n\n5. They can't be skittish or easily frightened. Modern horses are very barely domesticated, and will run away from danger very readily unless very well tamed. Zebras are impossible to domesticate because of how easily frightened they are. This is why attempts to domesticate foxes or rodents have failed. Their personalities are that they're naturally scared of everything including humans. \n\n6. They must have a pack or a hive like social structure. This is the one that takes most animals from the list. A lot of animals out there fit the bill for 5 out of the 6 categories aside for this one. In order to control the animal fully, the animal must already have an existing social structure in which the human can insert himself as the leader. Wolves were perfect for this because every pack has an alpha. It was very easy to domesticate wolves into dogs because the human asserts itself as the alpha to the wolf/dog. Animals that don't have this type of structure are typically really difficult to control. Bears for example fit the bill on every quality aside from having a pack social structure. Bears are solitary and listen to no one but themselves. \n\nWhen you add all that up it only leaves us with a few animals. Number 6 basically means that you have to have either mammals or birds because it's really only those animals that have pack social structures, number 1 and number 4 ensures that no large carnivores can be easily domesticated, numbers 3 and 5 cut out any easily frightened deer or other animals that require specific breeding conditions which are hard to replicate, and numbers 2 and 4 cut out most elephants and all primates because they take a long time to mature and have unpredictable temperaments. What you're left with is primarily grazing animals or omnivores that are okay with being kept in a pen all day. \n\nI would actually even add another point to Diamond's list. \n\n- The animal must have immediate use. \n\nThe animal must do something for human like carrying weights or at worst be tasty. Even if certain snakes could be domesticated, there would be no reason to do so."
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} | train_eli5 | With potentially millions of different species available, why has humanity only fully domesticated a small handful?
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3n80d4 | What has Benjamin Netanyahu actually accomplished? | i'm trying to believe he's not a chicken-hawk but his theatrics are really making it difficult | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Well, he's done a marvelous job of increasing tension in the region and fanning the flames of an already bad situation.\n\nHowever, chicken hawk is not an apt designation. Unlike his ideological counterparts in the US, like Cheney and Rumsfeld, Netanyahu *did* enlist and fight in combat in the Israeli defense forces. A chicken hawk is somebody who loudly beats the drum for war, but when presented with the option of joining the military themselves, they suddenly have \"other priorities,\" in the famous words of Dick Cheney."
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} | train_eli5 | What has Benjamin Netanyahu actually accomplished?
i'm trying to believe he's not a chicken-hawk but his theatrics are really making it difficult | [
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4vhh9c | Why do some people in the USA think there are magic phrases that put them outside the law? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Part of the problem is that the legal system does have some very specific \"magic\" phrases that can make or break a claim in very particular circumstances. That, and the fact that lawyers have built up common ways of expressing things, make some people think that the entire thing is an elaborate system that just requires knowing the right thing to say at the right time. As with most conspiracy theories, however, these people take the tiny little nugget of truth and expand it out into full-blown crazy.",
"Because some people are ignorant and want to believe in magic.\n\nIt's not terribly different than believing you can lose eight just by taking a pill. There is a small segment of US society who greatly distrusts the gov't, and half baked arguments about how they don't have to submit to gov't authority are very seductive to them. Who wouldn't want to be able to break the law, not pay taxes, and ignore their debts with impunity?\n\nWhat more, there is a cottage industry of books and DVDs out there, they pay good money to be misled into believing this.\n\nAlso, they represent a tiny minority, this is not common behavior.",
"You really have to go back to the American revolution and when the U.S. was first founded. While America was not the first nation ever to break away from an emperor, its founding heavily emphasized this fact - that unlike a European monarchy, its laws and governing body would be decided by the people. I'm sure you know this, but what I'm trying to emphasize was just how big a deal this was for Americans. The notion of independence, autonomy, and self-determination pervaded not just politics but the very culture of America. Think about it: if you successfully seceded from a ruling nation and created your own democratic government, ostensibly based on everything that monarchy isn't, you would feel very empowered as a nation. In fact, many people believed that a federal government--even an democratic republic--would still be too close to a monarchy, and in order for citizens to truly have a voice, the United States (hence its name) should really be more of a collection of multiple governments run at the state level. The degree to which the governmental power is divided, between federal and state, then became a major point of contention. It essentially formed the major divide between political parties in the U.S. At first, this was seen as Federalists (who wanted more federal programs and authority) and Republicans (who wanted more power for states' rights). Today, this is seen in Democrats, who want more federal power for social programs and distribution of wealth, and Republicans who still want less federal power, as they view it as too authoritative and oppressive to state and/or individual liberties.\n\nI'm recounting all of this because it's the framework for which extreme ideologies are based. The distrust of centralized government, which really ties all the way back to the founding of the country, does have some valid points. It is, after all, the reason we have multiple branches of government to check and balance each other; it's why we see journalism and the media as a final check on the government, and why we're so critical of them when we perceive bias; it's why we have a republic in the first place. But throughout America's history, the paradigm has become warped for some people. They aren't just wary of the government being too centralized or infringing on individual rights; they are wary of all forms of government in general. Their ideology is placed somewhere between Libertarianism and anarchy, in being completely and invariably opposed to anything they perceive as the government's involvement in their life. It doesn't even matter if the involvement is positive or to serve citizens - these people see centralized government as inherently opposed to individual freedom and liberty. \n\nNow, if you see government as the enemy, it might be appealing to think that there's some way you can exist outside of it. Since the core of their ideology involves individual freedom, they believe that there *must* be a way to separate themselves from the government. Admittedly, there are some phrases that are helpful to know if you're trying to navigate the legal system, and it's obviously a good idea to know your rights as a citizen. They just take it a step further, by believing they are entitled and able to live within a society but still separate themselves from its \"oppressive\" rules. \n\nThese beliefs are, as I said, extreme, but they are deeply rooted in America's culture. The fact that we still have ~1/2 of our political spectrum (and voting bloc) devoted to the downsizing of government is a testament to this. Add in the fact that one of two major presidential candidates is basically running his campaign *against the government*, and whose major appeal is that he's not a politician, and it's not surprising that some Americans think they shouldn't be subject to laws.",
"I can't watch the video at the moment, but it sounds like this is what you are referring to _URL_0_",
"It's generally some combination of dishonesty, desperation, delusion, poor reading comprehension, mental illness, general idiocy and dishonesty.",
"[For what it's worth, it's creeping in to Ireland and Scotland (and likely other countries) as well.](_URL_1_)\n\nThere's always someone that thinks they found a magic loophole, and they'll push it as long as they can.",
"Hahahaha the best one of those is the lady sitting in a fire lane. The cop is just like , Fuckin cmon lady, you're in a fire lane, just move so I can leave you the fuck alone."
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"http://loweringthebar.net/2016/03/sovereign-citizens-also-bothering-scotland.html"
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} | train_eli5 | Why do some people in the USA think there are magic phrases that put them outside the law?
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6luvix | Why are suicide rates so high wealthy western countries, but in places like Africa, where people are starving and live in terrible conditions, the rates are low? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The suicide rate is not accurate in most developing countries so it's hard to know. Some countries also deliberately understate the numbers.\n\nAlso there are forms of disguised suicide where a person will take extreme risks that may lead to fatal injury - for example a teen who join an armed militia, it may be driven by a death wish-",
"A number of reasons:\n\n* developed countries take a greater interest in tracking these things, even if they reflect badly on society, which can gives the impression they happen more frequently...they often report more domestic violence and sexual assaults as well\n* many less developed countries have outdated notions of mental illness and take greater efforts to conceal suicides when they occur\n* it is often difficult to tell if a death was a suicide or something else, and when you live somewhere that untimely death is common, even more so\n* the same underlying mental illness that leads to suicide can cause death in other ways...a subsistence farmer too depressed to work might starve before their depressing is bad enough to commit suicide",
"While teen suicides are reported to hell and back (because it makes for a good narrative), it's actually older people who have greater rates of suicide (and that figure could grow even larger if one were to count \"death by inaction\", as many elderly intentionally forego treatment).\n\nTo put it bluntly (and mind you, life expectancy alone does not paint a full picture), the less people who make it to older age groups, the less people will be killing themselves.\n\nAlso, as u/dw_jb points out, suicide rates are pretty much always fuzzy, but particularly in places with understaffed morgue services."
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} | train_eli5 | Why are suicide rates so high wealthy western countries, but in places like Africa, where people are starving and live in terrible conditions, the rates are low?
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1y2d1w | Why do my muscles start shaking/vibrating when I lift a weight heavier than I am capable of? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Balancing muscles (fixator) that are used to stabilize the lift cannot carry the load. Lifting weights is not overall natural. There are a lot of balancing muscles used that get little to no use in everyday life especially modern life. An example of this is the bench press. Your triceps are doing a lot of balancing. When you first starting benching it is natural that your chest is exponentially stronger. So your large muscle group will push but the balancing muscles are shaking.\n\nImbalance of power. When you have a muscle group that is superior to another and the inferior group tries to transfer load to the superior. Bench is a great example again. So you broke your left arm (which was already your weak arm because you are right handed). You start benching. Your left pec and deltoids are going to try to transfer the weight over to the right side. So your left side will start shaking because it is out of balance because it can't handle half the weight. Then your right gets out of balance because the pivot position for the weight has changed.\n\nNot enough muscle power. When you start a new lift or if you are new to lifting the big muscles like to take over. Not only that but you probably don't use the smaller muscles much in everyday life because they are usually strengthened when the big muscles are tired or you perform a very specific movement to use them. An example for this is the squat. As your hips roll the weight starts off using the gluteus maximus (butt) and hamstrings (I am being very general here) and the weight is transferred to the quads - more weight if done improperly. Your quads say - hell no I can't carry that load - so the weight load transfers back and forth.\n\nFatigue - If you just worked out your triceps hard and go to bench there is a greater chance of them breaking down and shaking during the lift.\n\nLack of oxygen - This is really in the same category as fatigue but it is common for new lifters. You have to get oxygen to your muscles when working out. No matter how stupid you think you look when breathing heavy it is part of the process. Lack of oxygen can instantly fatigue the most seasoned lifter and start them shaking.",
"The most prominent cause would probably be (depending on how heavy the object is) the rotation of muscle groups.\n\nEvery muscle you have is made of various divisions of \"muscle groups\" - multiple muscle fibers connected to a single neuron and all pull together when the neuron fires. These groups vary both in size and muscle composition, as there are several types of muscle fibers. The \"harder\" you pull, the more muscle groups are recruited, and the larger muscle groups (with the strongest type of muscle fibers) are going to be recruited only *after* the smaller ones are recruited.\n\nThe problem is that the strongest muscle fiber types get exhausted very quickly, and will do their best to stay active longest by rotating muscle groups so that (for example) 4 or 5 of the largest muscle groups of the strongest muscle fibers switch off between each other - each handling the load for a second or two and then turning off to prevent exhaustion.\n\nSo if you're lifting something very, very heavy the largest muscle groups are playing hot-potato with the weight. Since the largest groups aren't built to slowly ramp-up, you get a lot of shakiness as they trade-off."
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} | train_eli5 | Why do my muscles start shaking/vibrating when I lift a weight heavier than I am capable of?
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197lh3 | The Rwanda genocide how did it happen and why? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Im not going the five year old route since it really isn't that complicated:\n\nThere were two different cultural groups living in one country, the Hutu and the Tutsi. The Hutu were in the majority, but generally poorer, farmers, while the Tutsi minority were wealthy business owners. Before the 1950s, the country was a colony of Germany, then Belgium. During the colonial years the Germans and Belgians installed the Tutsi into power, increased the division between the two groups by giving them identity cards labelling whether or not they were Tutsi or Hutu, and generally increased the standard of living divide between the two groups. Of course the Hutu felt slighted and were oppressed by the Tutsi. \n\nAfter colonialism ended in the 1950s and 60s, the Hutu managed to over-throw the Tutsi monarchy. Instead of it ending there, the Hutu now oppressed the Tutsi. This went on until 1990 with many Tutsi fleeing the country.\n\nWhat this lead to was a civil war from 1990-1993. Tutsi rebels invaded the country in 1990 to try and regain power, while the Hutu dogma, propaganda and vitriol worsened against the Tutsi, saying they should be exterminated. The UN tried to broker a peace agreement leading to an election in 1993, with a government containing both Tutsi and Hutu.\n\nThe striking point was in 1994 when a plane carrying the Hutu president of the country was shot down, killing him. This meant that the Tutsi Prime Minister was now rightfully in charge of the country. UN Peacekeepers were dispatched and assigned to protect her, but were overwhelmed by Rwanda army forces. They let the African peacekeepers go and tortured, castrated and killed the Belgian peacekeeprs, along with the Prime Minister. \n\nBoth sides were blaming the other for shooting down the plane, but years of propaganda by the Hutu majority and preparations had already been in place to exterminate the Tutsis. Radio stations were broad casting messages that all Hutus were obligated to kill any Tutsi, and thus the genocide commenced. So the Rwandan army, militia, and sometimes ordinary citizens began systematically try kill all of the Tutsi population."
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} | train_eli5 | The Rwanda genocide how did it happen and why?
| [
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82hhum | How is it possible that the wreckage of the USS Lexington along with its planes is still in such remarkable shape despite being under water for more than 75 years? | The insignias painted on the aircraft are still perfectly readable. In short, it looks like the aircraft have been underwater for two years?
EDIT: for those wondering why this question comes up, Paul Allen's research team released pictures today of the recently discovered resting place of the USS Lexington which sank May 8, 1942 (links below). The pictures are incredible, and personally I'm most shocked by the impeccable state of the Naval aircraft which sank along with the carrier. It is the same research team that 'discovered' the USS Indianapolis in the month of August last year.
_URL_1_
_URL_2_
_URL_0_ | explainlikeimfive | {
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"There can be a lot of factors. The chemical makeup of the water, the salinity, the current flow, pollution level, all of those can have a bearing on how much anything that sinks deteriorates. \n\nFor an extreme example, look at the wreck of the [Vasa](_URL_0_). \n\nThat was a ship that went down in the 17th century and was recovered in the 1960s, in *astonishingly* good condition considering it was a wooden ship that had been underwater for nearly three hundred and fifty years. Again it depends on the conditions at the particular site.",
"First there isn't much organic material there for life to deteriorate. Then the surroundings are dark, cold, and salty this means organisms that do grow there grow slowly. Chemical degradation is also slowed in the cold and dark (even with salt) and thus you end with what you see now.",
"ten thousand feet down there is no light and very little oxygen in the cold cold water. Very deep wrecks are remarkably well preserved, the colder the water.\n\nVasa was pretty deep in cold water too if I remember well.",
"Metals rust because of oxygen. Water makes it go faster, but you still need oxygen. Being at the bottom of the ocean makes it a good spot for rust-prevention.",
"The ship, and its planes, were made by people who knew about salt water corrosion and designed things to resist it. Paints in particular were selected for their life under salt exposure.",
"You from Corpus? Hello fellow person if so",
"There are many factors which affect rate of deterioration, but arguably the three most important are salinity, acidity and temperature. Salt water corrodes metal much faster than fresh water. Warmer temperatures allow more bacteria and other organisms to flourish which break down wood and other materials. \n\nThere are also factors like depth and flow. You can find some remarkably well-preserved wooden ships deep in the Great Lakes due to temperature and lack of salinity. \n\nFor an extreme example, a completely steel ship in a still body of pH-neutral water 200 feet deep with no significant organisms and an average temperature of 2 degrees celsius coud last for hundreds, if not thousands of years.",
"Hey, is there a reddit post about this anywhere? Would love a link to read the story and see the photos you are mentioning",
"The USS Lexington is over 3,000 meters below the surface of the ocean. At that depth oxygen is supplied by deep currents originating from the poles. If it came to rest in a place that is not reached by significant currents it will take a very, very long time for any meaningful degradation to occur."
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"https://www.paulallen.com/uss-lexington-wreck-located-rv-petrel/",
"https://edition.cnn.com/2018/03/05/politics/uss-lexington-aircraft-carrier-wreckage-found/index.html"
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"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa_(ship\\)"
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} | train_eli5 | How is it possible that the wreckage of the USS Lexington along with its planes is still in such remarkable shape despite being under water for more than 75 years?
The insignias painted on the aircraft are still perfectly readable. In short, it looks like the aircraft have been underwater for two years? EDIT: for those wondering why this question comes up, Paul Allen's research team released pictures today of the recently discovered resting place of the USS Lexington which sank May 8, 1942 (links below). The pictures are incredible, and personally I'm most shocked by the impeccable state of the Naval aircraft which sank along with the carrier. It is the same research team that 'discovered' the USS Indianapolis in the month of August last year. _URL_1_ _URL_2_ _URL_0_ | [
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7096io | Why do a dog's foot pads smell like popcorn? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"> This corn chips smell is usually caused by some bacteria that are completely natural yet give off a kind of yeasty odor, particularly the bacteria Proteus or Pseudomonas. Many pet owners say they actually ENJOY this smell, so you can relax.\n\n_URL_0_",
"A better question: Why does popcorn smell like a dog's foot?",
"Well what the crap... I am just learning that they smell like popcorn in the first place and I've had LOTS of dogs around my entire life! My doggo is going to get a good foot sniffin' when I get home!!!\n\nAlso, thanks ppl who actually knew the answer. Very interesting to learn. I half expected to just read a lot of dumb responses asking why you smell your dogs feet.",
"I understand that this smell is from bacteria.. \nMy little one chews two of her feet quite often and she has the dorito smell. I have tried bathing her feet in bicarb of soda and that seems to work for a couple of days but then she starts again... Does anybody know of a way to get rid of that bacteria for good? or a longer time than a few days?",
"It's a bacteria that grows. Can't remember the name but to me it smells more like Doritos :)"
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} | train_eli5 | Why do a dog's foot pads smell like popcorn?
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yn170 | How does my body know when it should wake up when I'm on the bus/train? | Granted I have never fallen asleep on an unfamiliar bus/train, so routine probably has a lot to do with it | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Most times it doesn't. I've seen people sleep through the regular stops heaps of times.",
"Your body is very good at detecting a change in your environment. Thus, when you are on a train for a long time, you get used to the constant speed you are traveling at. When the train slows down to stop, your body recognizes the change and wakes you up. On the other hand, on a bus which stops often, habit is probably more of a factor."
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} | train_eli5 | How does my body know when it should wake up when I'm on the bus/train?
Granted I have never fallen asleep on an unfamiliar bus/train, so routine probably has a lot to do with it | [
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3ncdbm | Why is the Wounded Warrio Project needed, does our government not take care of these soldiers after sending them to war to get maimed? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Not sufficiently. They get medical care, but help readjusting to life after severe injuries isn't covered by the Veterans Affairs office. Counseling, therapy, and advice on how to return to normal aren't given by the government. There's a reason why many veterans end up homeless. The government does the bare minimum to repair their bodies, but not enough to ensure they recover.",
"The VA hardly does shit. You get half assed care and that's after jumping through endless hoops and sitting in long ass waiting lists. Source: me going through their bs."
],
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why is the Wounded Warrio Project needed, does our government not take care of these soldiers after sending them to war to get maimed?
| [
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6u4l3e | How does the Moviepass business model work? How do they make money off of $10 a month when it's more than $10 a movie in some places? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"How do they make money? **They don't**. The company is subsidizing tickets using venture capital money. [They're hoping that if they get popular enough, theater owners will give them some money](_URL_0_):\n\n > Lowe acknowledges that his company is subsidizing ticket buyers and will lose money in the process. However, he believes that MoviePass will be able to prove its value to movie theaters and studios, and that in the future they will cut the company in on their additional profits. Theater owners could also either pay MoviePass back with advertising or give them a percentage of the concessions sales.",
"Something I haven't seen in here: they're going to collect a treasure trove of consumer data and sell it. \n\n\nYou link your movie pass account to your debit card, and they now know:\n\n\n-what movies you see\n\n\n-where you see them\n\n\n-what time \n\n\nCombine that with other data, like what movies you search but don't see, how soon after the search you see the movie, your demographic information----they're positioned to have one of the most complete profiles on any consumer outside of Facebook. \n\n\nInsidious, because I know this and I might still get it",
"The average cost of a movie in the us is $8.\n\nMost people in the us don't go see 12 or more movies in a year. In fact, most don't even go every other month! \n\nMost non release day showings have some empty seats somewhere. \n\nSo as long as you weren't already going to see 2 movies a month without the pass, then they have gotten more money from you than they normally would have, and lost almost nothing, since they had extra seats anyway.",
"1. They're banking that most only see a movie once every other month. \n\n2. The real profit center of a movie theater (even without Moviepass) is the concession stand. Even if they eat a bit of ticket price, they are likely expecting a boost in concession sales now that you get to go to the movies for \"free\" every month."
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"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://variety.com/2017/film/news/amc-moviepass-1202528974/"
]
} | train_eli5 | How does the Moviepass business model work? How do they make money off of $10 a month when it's more than $10 a movie in some places?
| [
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2clnf9 | Who came up with the idea that dying in battle led to afterlife rewards? | Based on extensive research of watching netflix it appears the Samurai, Vikings, Spartans, Native American and probably others revered dying in battle as a short cut to heaven (or their equivalent). Is there any conjecture that there was a common source of this idea? Or (I assume) it was just advantageous for the chieftains to perpetuate? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"a crafty warlord that needed to rouse troops in order to fight under false pretenses in order to promote his sole agenda.",
"I doubt that cynical warlords invented this belief so as to get people to die for them; rather, I imagine it was a tribal belief from times immemorial, since tribes have apparently been prone to war since ancient times and needed to have some belief to give them courage and counteract fear of death.",
"It stems from their religious beliefs that guarantee a place in heaven if you lead a righteous life. All religions have this belief. Dying in the battlefield, defending your land, was (and still is) considered to be an honour reserved for the brave and hence it was seen as a guaranteed place in heaven. It was used to motivate people in joining the army/navy as it required huge sacrifices on the part of the troops.",
"The same person who said believe in this and follow these guidelines and you'll be rewarded richly in the afterlife... heaven, virgins etc... it's all the same thing. \n\nEveryone is drinking the same fucking koolaid, only slightly different flavors.\n\nIt's so fucking funny to listen to christians bash on muslims for being violent animals... Oh how the memory clouds depending on the direction you're facing.",
"It seems like a natural step to take if you hold dying in battle as the highest honor for a religious society to attribute a favorable entrance to the afterlife as the end result of this.\n\nI feel like I wrote that weirdly.",
"This is just my two cents worth and I may be completely off, but couldn't this belief also be spread by someone who would directly benefit from it? Like someone who made the weapons used in the wars?",
"Like most religious beliefs, it was just very advantageous for leaders to perpetuate the belief.",
"Probably hundreds of people all across the world, long before recorded history started.",
"The people trying to get other peple to fight for them."
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} | train_eli5 | Who came up with the idea that dying in battle led to afterlife rewards?
Based on extensive research of watching netflix it appears the Samurai, Vikings, Spartans, Native American and probably others revered dying in battle as a short cut to heaven (or their equivalent). Is there any conjecture that there was a common source of this idea? Or (I assume) it was just advantageous for the chieftains to perpetuate? | [
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3fiec0 | Why do most people don't care about privacy and surveillance? | Even though there have been many revelations and leaks that show how sneaky and exploitive (and illegal in some cases) some organizations are. History showed that said organizations abuse their collected data and people still keep using their services or completely ignore their existence.
Why is that the broad public doesn't value their privacy and freedom? ... [especially in the USA aka the land of freedom](_URL_0_) | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Most people do care about privacy and surveillance. But the *degree* to which they care varies greatly.\n\nCameras on public streets recording everything that goes by may bother some people, and others not in the least. A camera in the bathroom of someone's home, however, and pretty much everyone will be angry.\n\nThis is the kind of thing where there are so many interpretations that there's not an universally acceptable \"correct\" way to do things. As a result, there will always be some people who seem naive or paranoid to others based on their views of surveillance.",
"It's really a simple principle of \"Nothing to hide, nothing to find\"\n\nMost Americans aren't terrorists or criminals or the like, and this information isn't being posted all over the internet so who cares?",
"Because most people don't have things on their computer / cellphone / etc. that would get them thrown into jail or cause some other punishment.",
"Most do, for the duration of their exposure to evidence of it. Most react in horror, then put their heads right back down.\n\nAs a practical matter, there is not really any way to hold surveillance in check. We sense this, even if we set our hearts against it.\n\nWe are adjusting to the new normal of widespread recording of all sorts of things. I like to think about more mundane information and the implications of ubiquitous sensors. I believe that society is becoming more self-aware in aggregate. This will cause great tension until our systems of governance adjust to it, but will on balance be a good thing.\n\nThis is a crazy time to be alive. There is surprising turbulence in our social fabric because we are losing the ability to exclude one another from our business. That is the crux of the surveillance problem. It is the crux of all the heartburn about political correctness in speech. But in each of us, the instinct to want to *extend* our ability to snoop on each other is strong... strong enough to overmatch our ethical sense, if driven be some outrage. I call for justice all the time. Now and again I have to pause and realize that expanded surveillance, of one kind or another, is what justice entails.\n\nIt is the fact that American law sometimes seems to undermine justice that actually fuels the misgivings about surveillance."
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} | {
"url": [
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} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do most people don't care about privacy and surveillance?
Even though there have been many revelations and leaks that show how sneaky and exploitive (and illegal in some cases) some organizations are. History showed that said organizations abuse their collected data and people still keep using their services or completely ignore their existence. Why is that the broad public doesn't value their privacy and freedom? ... [especially in the USA aka the land of freedom](_URL_0_) | [
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73663g | Why can we easily distinguish between faces in photorealistic games and real faces? | Graphics have improved a lot, I admit. Many photorealistic games are indistinguishable from actual photos, except when human faces are there. What exactly is the difference? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"> Many photorealistic games are indistinguishable from actual photos, except when human faces are there. What exactly is the difference?\n\nThe difference is *you*. Humans are highly adapted to recognize slight differences in human faces because it is very useful for humans to tell humans apart. Crows for example might look pretty much all the same to humans but crows have no trouble telling each other apart as that is what they are adapted to do.\n\nSo the reason human faces are so hard to replicate is because humans are unusually picky about them in particular.",
"Skin, and faces in particular, are very hard to model accurately.\n\nSkin isn't opaque - there's a sheen and surface color but a lot of light goes into the skin and comes out again in interesting ways. See _URL_0_\n\nEyes have *very* complex optics, also in multiple layers.\n\nMuscles underly the skin and have to be modeled accurately for different facial expressions to look right.\n\nWrinkles can't really be modeled, they have to be captured and cleaned up into \"wrinkle maps\" for key expressions and then interpolated.\n\nBlood flow (flushing) moves around the face as the muscles move around and with emotion. Flush maps are also manually authored by artists.\n\nTeeth are complex optically as well, and I don't think a lot of attention has been paid to that yet. They always look a bit wooden.",
"While other answers has their logic in it. I think, in video games or CGs at least, it's the animation. If it's just a still image. Good artists can easily fool people into thinking it's a real person. With animation, it's much harder.\n\nHuman face has 42 muscles in that tiny space (compare to body). They move together when you talk or make facial expressions. Even tho textures can be drawn basically identical to real human skin. It's extremely hard to animate all these muscle movement accurately, which result in unnatural facial movements and that's how we notice it."
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subsurface_scattering"
]
} | train_eli5 | Why can we easily distinguish between faces in photorealistic games and real faces?
Graphics have improved a lot, I admit. Many photorealistic games are indistinguishable from actual photos, except when human faces are there. What exactly is the difference? | [
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4ttne4 | Why do our eyes get more dull as we age? | explainlikeimfive | {
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],
"text": [
"Your body can not replace lost cells exactly the same every time. Over the years, our body's ability to replace cells is diminished, so our eyes will progressively get worse and worse.\n\nthis process can be slowed through being healthy and providing the proper nutrients your eyes need, but given enough time, they will degrade like every other part of your body."
],
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} | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do our eyes get more dull as we age?
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8prjyn | Why haven’t we begun colonizing the moon? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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],
"text": [
"Cost > Benefit\n\nOr as per the conspiracy theory there is an alien observation post and we have a pact not to go there.",
"it's just a cost thing. functionally it's the same as a cold rocky desert. the excitement of Mars is a bigger draw for funds than an outpost on the moon \"for the hell of it\". we're unlikely to learn much about making a Mars base by doing it on the moon than we couldn't have learned by doing it in an isolated desert on earth",
"Why would we do that? You plant a colony to extract resources or get some benefit: gold, tobacco, sugar, a naval base controlling strategic straits. What's on the moon that we need, right now, or even in the next twenty years or so?"
],
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"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why haven’t we begun colonizing the moon?
[removed] | [
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2lfsg9 | I live in an apartment that has centrally controlled watery heating. When the water pipe is heating up, it pings loudly and repeatedly. Why does this happen? Is there anything I can do about it? | I don't control the heat, it comes on automatically. I can try to record it next time but it sounds like someone is tapping the pipe with a stick. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cludcq3"
],
"text": [
"The pinging is either the expansion/contraction of the pipes, or air in the pipes. There really is nothing that you can do unless you want to pay to replace all of the pipes with PVC pipes."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | I live in an apartment that has centrally controlled watery heating. When the water pipe is heating up, it pings loudly and repeatedly. Why does this happen? Is there anything I can do about it?
I don't control the heat, it comes on automatically. I can try to record it next time but it sounds like someone is tapping the pipe with a stick. | [
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6yj7jc | does gum (like orbit advertises) actually clean our teeth? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Gum that has sugar in it does not. Otherwise it can yes by removing crap off your teeths and also chewing makes your blood go to your teeth feeding them and making them stronger",
"The production of saliva is what protects and cleans your teeth not entirely the actual gum. Although the gum DOES have the ability to break up and dislodge stuff on the teeth surfaces. Those gums that have the artificial sweeteners actually eat into the enamel of the teeth as well. I guess a little bit of both.\n\n_URL_0_\n\nEdit: my claim that artificial sweeteners damage teeth is wrong."
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} | {
"url": [
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} | train_eli5 | does gum (like orbit advertises) actually clean our teeth?
| [
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3dltxn | What do I need to be looking at when switching Broadband packages/providers (ISP) | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Hmm, judging by your use of \"pounds\" you're probably in the UK, so I can't advise you on any specifics. But with Broadband, there's really only three things to look for:\n\n1. Cost\n2. Speed (GB/s)\n3. Company reliability and service\n\nAnything else is really just marketing addons, and can typically be ignored."
],
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} | train_eli5 | What do I need to be looking at when switching Broadband packages/providers (ISP)
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3bkb20 | If I bang my leg, I get a bruise. The same blow to the head results in a lump. Why does the same body react to the same accident in different ways dependent on the impact site? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Two factors - first, your leg is squishier than your head when it gets bumped by the same object. You are likely hurt in different ways. If you hit a mattress or a table with a baseball bat, you get a different effect.\n\nSecond, your leg is again squishier than your head when you get swelling. The swelling makes a lump on our head because it can't push our skull out of the way. In your leg, you would hardly feel the same amount of swelling, because it can push the muscle out of the way.",
"If you bang your kneecap, you'll get a lump. It has to do with how close the bone is to the surface. If the swelling can't expand inwards, because there's a bone in the way, it'll expand outwards. On your head, the bone is always close to the skin. On your legs, the bone isn't close to the skin, except at the joints."
],
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | If I bang my leg, I get a bruise. The same blow to the head results in a lump. Why does the same body react to the same accident in different ways dependent on the impact site?
| [
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33rh0x | Why is "drinking alone" stigmatized? | I like a drink after work a couple times a week. But I hate bars, and my wife doesn't drink. If I'm an alcoholic, I'm terrible at it, because it usually takes me about a month to go through a bottle of wine, a season to go through a twelve-pack, and I still have half a bottle of Jack from Christmas, 2013. Is this a problem, and if so, why? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"I often drink, to get drunk, alone ,and don't care if it's stigmatized or celebrated. I would prefer to be drunk in my own home, with my own soundtrack, my own volume, and the comfort of my own couch. There's no risk of running into an asshole looking for trouble, there's no risk of getting bored of the people I'm with, there's no risk of spending more than I planned, there's no risk of getting volcanus the next morning from eating Taco Bell..mainly because I don't have one in my house, but I digress. I do enjoy going out, but I stay sober. I prefer drunk interwebzing and listening to my own music. In fact, I'm doing this stigmatized activity right now. Listening to Brown Sabbath (check them out if you dig Black Sabbath. They do covers with a smooth jazz infusion) and not worrying about anything but somebody showing up unannounced and trying to drink my beers.",
"drinking means getting drunk in this context, which i don't think you do. There's really not stigma against people who drink a glass of wine in the evening or a beer after a hard day of work.\n\n\nBut if you get drunk alone and without a reason it's a pretty good indicator for alcoholism.",
"Are you sitting by yourself and drinking until drunk? Are you drinking because it allows you to forget or ignore your problems for the day? Or do you enjoy an occasion beer as you relax before dinner? Do you maybe have a cocktail while you watch your favorite show? Two of these are baaaad. Two are not. It is the context of drinking alone, not the act itself.\n\nAlso even if your wife doesn't drink, but doesn't mind if you have a beer or glass of wine around her, it isn't really drinking alone.\n\nThe issue is: drinking alone so others don't know *how much* you drink, that you drink till drunk *most days*. Those would be issues.",
"Typically, people will say that alcohol should be used in moderation as a 'social lubricant' to help to ease social tensions and allow for more genuine interpersonal reactions.\n\nEven if you're just getting a tiny bit drunk, you're drinking to get drunk, not to have more genuine social experiences. Mind you, *I* don't think there's anything wrong with that.",
"In the context of getting drunk, it's the same as any addictive substance. Sticking to social situations helps regulate the behavior, while if you are using alone it becomes psychologically 'ok' to have at any time, therefore if you get drunk alone it's more likely that you are an alcoholic or going to become one.\nSource: SO has addictive tendencies (not alcohol)\n\nHowever, if you just drink a beer or two/wine/whatever, that's fine and even considered good for your health. But you shouldn't leave a bottle of wine open for more than a week or the flavours will be not so good..."
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why is "drinking alone" stigmatized?
I like a drink after work a couple times a week. But I hate bars, and my wife doesn't drink. If I'm an alcoholic, I'm terrible at it, because it usually takes me about a month to go through a bottle of wine, a season to go through a twelve-pack, and I still have half a bottle of Jack from Christmas, 2013. Is this a problem, and if so, why? | [
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2i7fon | When we sing, why do our voices sound so much better to ourselves than when others hear them or we hear them on a recording? | I think I sound like Dave Grohl when I sing in the car but then I record it and it's closer to Gilbert Gottfried. Why does my brain insist on tricking me? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Read this to my 5 year old, he didnt understand a word of it. You have let my son down now he will never be president.",
"It's the same reason that your voice sounds different on a recording; because you don't actually hear your own voice as it is. You hear it only partly through your ears, but the tone of your voice gets changed because you \"hear\" the vibrations of it through your skull.",
"we have a different concept and view on our senses then other people do. like if you touch yourself somewhere and someone else touches you in the same spot it feels different. same things with how we perceive ourselves to sound.",
"It's due to how resonance occurs when we sing, and how that (in turn) is processed by the brain. To put it like you're 5:\n\nImagine your head is in a fishbowl. In front of your mouth is an opening so you can breathe and be heard. When you sing, most of your sound goes out of that opening. However, some of it bounces around and gets stuck. It doesn't directly hit your ears all the time, it hits all different parts of your face and head. Your ears and brain process this weird, mixed up sound, rather than the pure tone that escaped the fishbowl.\n\nNow imagine, instead, that the fishbowl is actually your mouth, palate, sinus cavity, nasal cavity, etc. This sound is what we have a better time hearing. The sound that projected out will bounce back to us, perhaps (depending on where you sing) but is fogged up by the other sound.",
"I find if im singing along it masks the pitch with the original vocal. If im singing with no vocal in place then I notice my pitch failures way more. As far as tone goes, some mics are more flattering than others."
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} | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | When we sing, why do our voices sound so much better to ourselves than when others hear them or we hear them on a recording?
I think I sound like Dave Grohl when I sing in the car but then I record it and it's closer to Gilbert Gottfried. Why does my brain insist on tricking me? | [
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4ubme0 | Is the ending scene in Rush Hour, where Carter saves Lee from falling to his death by turning a giant curtain into a slide, actually possible? | I've always wondered about this. Is [this scene](_URL_0_) possible, or would the force of Lee falling rip the curtain straight out of Carter's hands?
| explainlikeimfive | {
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"According to the description, \"Jackie Chan -- performing his own stunts as per his earlier films.\", and other sources back that up.\n\nSo, I'd say it's possible but it would depend on the material and the thickness of the fabric. \n\nI'm not 100% sure on the physics of it but since he's falling at more of a vertical angle when he first hits it plus the distribution of force throughout most of the surface of the curtain I don't think it would rip or get pulled out of someone's hands depending on the fall position.",
"I watched acrobats at the circus do it earlier this year. They did need two people to hold on to the bottom though.",
"The impossible part is that Chris Tucker held the end while he slid down. Falling onto a soft surface that gradually curves would indeed slow your speed and change the direction of inertia (force) from down to across.\n\nThe speed and force in which Jackie is falling would begin transferring into pull against Chris holding the bottom of the fabric, by the mid way point of the fall Chris would be holding back huge force: the basic weight of the fabric + the weight of jackie + the force jackie is falling, all these things would be pulling the fabric away from Chris as the fabric wants to fall straight down and not have the force of Jackie applied too it.\n\nDoes this help?",
"From a real world situation I have no idea, I'd be inclined to no. \n\nFor the movie it was done in sections. The fall was broken into two parts - the long fall and then cut to a short fall onto the curtain, for the slide. The slide is also cut into 3 parts. \n\nThe middle cut which shows Jackie sliding the furthest distance down the curtain gave Jackie friction burns. \n\nWhen analyzing a scene like this - pay particular attention to where it cuts and think about how they can 'cheat' what you are seeing by doing so."
],
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} | {
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} | {
"url": [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bgXlHdBRpjs"
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} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Is the ending scene in Rush Hour, where Carter saves Lee from falling to his death by turning a giant curtain into a slide, actually possible?
I've always wondered about this. Is [this scene](_URL_0_) possible, or would the force of Lee falling rip the curtain straight out of Carter's hands? | [
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45qery | Why do many websites not allow me to access them until I accept one or multiple cookies? | I understand what cookies do, but why wont a site like Google, or basically any other site I tried accessing bar me from the website until I have accepted one or multiple cookies? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"In some countries/regions it's a law that users give permission for the site to use cookies. [Link Explanation](_URL_0_)\n\nIn addition, like @StrangelyTypes mentioned, a lot of sites won't function perfectly without the use of cookies, so it's best to ask the user/inform them to turn them on for the best experience.",
"It could be for technical reasons - i.e. they're unable to offer the majority of functionality unless you accept the cookies, no shopping basket, logging in, or many other features. Or it could be for business reasons - they may have requirements relating to their advertising or analytics that they don't want to complicate or corrupt through untracked users. Or it could simply be that some third party service or component will set cookies regardless of whether you've given consent or not.",
"Cookies used to be somewhat controversial as they can be used to track users habits across multiple sites. Some websites considered it polite to say, \"this is what we are going to do, do you want to proceed?\"",
"From my experience, as previously mentioned, it's for functionality. For sites that I've designed, if the user doesn't have cookies or sessions (ELI5: sessions are temporary, short-term cookies) I will automatically direct the user to log in, where the session/cookies are created. Something as simple as a navigation bar requires a cookie to decide whether to display \"log in\" or \"log out.\" If no cookie is present, we assume the user has not logged in. So, if the user won't allow cookies, it causes many problems for functionality."
],
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} | {
"url": [
"https://www.cookielaw.org/the-cookie-law/"
]
} | train_eli5 | Why do many websites not allow me to access them until I accept one or multiple cookies?
I understand what cookies do, but why wont a site like Google, or basically any other site I tried accessing bar me from the website until I have accepted one or multiple cookies? | [
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37x833 | Compared to other East Asian countries such as Korea, China, and Vietnam, the Japanese have much longer names, often with 3+ syllables, while in Korea, China, and Vietnam people usually have one to two syllables in their name. Is there any cause for this, whether linguistically or culturally? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It's funny you noticed that; I never had, but for other reasons entirely I just learned recently that the Japanese, for the most part, didn't have surnames at all until relatively recently in history. But around the turn of the last century, the government decreed that they all adopt formal surnames, and they got to pick what to use. That resulted in a much greater variety of Japanese surnames than are found in other languages, and I wonder if that might have something to do with the syllable thing.\n\nNot a linguist or anything, that's all just something I happened to read the other day.",
"pure danger's answer is closest...\n\nMost cultures strongly affected by the Chinese have names based on Chinese characters and norms, and these are normally 2-3 syllables for the ENTIRE name... that is, 3 Chinese characters (there are a few reasons for this encapsulated in daoist mysticism, but I don't think originating from it.) Koreans tend to use 3 characters/syllables, but 2 and 4 are around (1 syllable is the family name, 1-3 given name.) In China, 2 character names are more common, but also, all of 1-3 syllable given names are around. oh, there ARE 2 syllable family names, but they aren't all that common, it is possible for a Chinese to have a 5 syllable name, though I can't recall having seen one.\n\nSo, what happened in Japan? Well, SOME Japanese had Chinese style family names but most did not, they only had given names... but they had 1-3 syllable given names. Feudal/aristocratic families with family names tended to still have 2-4 syllable Chinese style names, that would include their family name. When everyone started taking on family names, you ended up with 1-3 syllable given names, plus 1-5 syllable family names based on all kinds of tings.... Chinese names, places, descriptions of things, event, ect, resulting in much longer names. Because of this, aristocratic families actually tend to have shorter names, and you will still see this today. However, taking these very Japanese names was incredibly in vogue (and mandated/STRONGLY encouraged) during the Meiji period, and even families with proper family names replaced them with domestically grown Japanese names.",
"I'm sure someone can give a better answer but I'll give it a go...\n\nI'm pretty sure that other asian languages have 'smaller' sounds than Japanese. Japanese doesn't have a flexible alphabet like english, but instead has a very strict set of sounds (e.g \"Ku\", \"Wa\", \"Fu\") that are pretty much all consonant+vowel\n\nSo their names probably sound longer because their \"sound chunks\" are bigger (instead of \"smith\", it would be \"su mi thu\")",
"as others have mentioned, phonetic rules in japan are much stricter. closed syllables are much more limited and consonant clusters don't exist. this leads to more syllables needed to express different sounds and add variety."
],
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} | train_eli5 | Compared to other East Asian countries such as Korea, China, and Vietnam, the Japanese have much longer names, often with 3+ syllables, while in Korea, China, and Vietnam people usually have one to two syllables in their name. Is there any cause for this, whether linguistically or culturally?
| [
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3x9c1j | Why does fuel efficiency decline so quickly the faster you go? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"Because air resistance increases with the *square* of your vehicle speed. If you double your speed, you quadruple the wind force fighting you. That means your motor has to work four times as hard to keep you at that speed. So you have to burn a lot of fuel to keep it up."
],
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} | {
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} | train_eli5 | Why does fuel efficiency decline so quickly the faster you go?
| [
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3zmht2 | If wine experts can be fooled, is there no difference between good and bad wine? If there is, is the power of expectation something that affects all food and drink critics/experts? Or are other drinks/foods more discernible? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"There is a difference between wines. Some of the difference is very noticeable, like \"corked\" wine, which has a terrible smell and taste.\n\nThere is also a general difference in quality between cheaper wines and more expensive wines. If you taste for a while, you can usually differentiate a ten dollar bottle and a forty dollar bottle.\n\nLike any other product, though, wine has a long tail on price. A ten dollar bottle and a forty dollar bottle are discernible to most people. A forty and an eighty? Maybe. An eighty and an eight hundred? Probably not. There becomes a point where the change in the wine is so subtle that a layperson can't detect it. \n\nAnd of course, wine experts suffer from brand recognition and expectation, just like anyone else. Tell them it's a hundred dollar bottle, they'll likely expect a hundred dollar taste and may be preset to the notion and may be more likely to judge it as a hundred dollar bottle since they already know the answer.\n\nIf you want to learn something about wine, do a wine tasting. I hated wine before I did my first, and now I'm a fan. I don't buy 300 dollar bottles or any of that shit, but knowing how to pick a good wine makes eating and drinking more enjoyable.",
"The belief that wine experts can be easily fooled is greatly exaggerated and mistaken. The test where people were given white wine with red dye and believed that they were red wines was done with students, not experts. That single study where people supposedly couldn't tell the difference between cheap and expensive wines in fact showed that people who knew wine preferred the more expensive wines. It was only the non-drinkers who couldn't tell the difference and actually preferred the cheaper wines. It's true for almost everything that when people don't know something well, they prefer the cheaper, more accessible versions of it – like fast food versions of foreign cuisines to the more authentic stuff. \n\nThe fact is that experts in any field can be tricked if you want to trick people, including scientists. That doesn't invalidate the subject. People mistook a blue and black dress for white and gold. Does that mean there is no difference between any colors and anyone who says they can tell them apart are frauds?",
"Food is easy. You can easily spot food where effort has been put in. Quality ingredients as opposed to cheaper ingredients. The look and taste are also important. That said - anyone can enjoy \"bad\" food. Some of the best chefs I've met enjoyed a fried breakfast from cheaper cafe. A good critic will help you find a quality restaurant but will not tell you what you will enjoy."
],
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | If wine experts can be fooled, is there no difference between good and bad wine? If there is, is the power of expectation something that affects all food and drink critics/experts? Or are other drinks/foods more discernible?
| [
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3u33s3 | How come a mother's mother is called a grandmother, but a mother's aunt is called a great aunt and not a grand aunt? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"according to [this source](_URL_0_) Grand aunt is also acceptable. In this case grand and great are synonymous but grand is derived from French where great is derived from Old English"
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.thefreedictionary.com/great-aunt"
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} | train_eli5 | How come a mother's mother is called a grandmother, but a mother's aunt is called a great aunt and not a grand aunt?
| [
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7jl88w | How is music imprinted onto a vinyl record? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"They make a master first. It's usually coated metal. I think acetate on aluminum is the current favorite. It has all of the grooves on it. But you don't want to ruin this by mashing it into vinyl over and over, so they make a \"mold\" from this master. I use quotes because mold sounds like something you do with plastic or wax where you pour liquid into a mold, but that method isn't used here; think of it as a copy of the master, but easier to use going forward than the aluminum master. The mold or stamper will then be used to press into vinyl over and over."
],
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2
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How is music imprinted onto a vinyl record?
[removed] | [
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2l5lt1 | What's that (monster) thing in American sinks? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"A grinder that chews up stuff to flush down the drain. So you can get rid of veggie peels and misc food garbage"
],
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} | train_eli5 | What's that (monster) thing in American sinks?
| [
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2tplbw | What is hard-drive fragmentation and how do programs like defraggler work? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Your hard drive is a disc divided into sectors that data can be written to. The segments are numbered. If you're on a windows machine, when your computer needs to write something, it counts up until it finds a sector with enough space to hold the data that needs to be written, fills that space, and then moves on to write the next bit. When you do a clean install, of course everything gets written sequentially, but whenever a file is rewritten or deleted, it leaves holes in the disc that get filled in later. Resulting in a mess like [this](_URL_0_). The red file is *fragmented*. \n\nSo, when your computer needs to access the red file, it goes to the first position, then has to spin the disc all the way around to get to the next one, then spins it again, and so on. This increases the amount of time it takes to read the file substantially. \n\nSo, you degragment your computer. It rearranges all of the data on the drive to maximize how close different pieces of a file are to each other. \n\nNote, that this is a problem largely unique to Windows. Other operating systems, like OSX and Linux prioritize keeping files together when they're first written, and intentionally leave holes for files to grow into so that the disc never gets fragmented.",
"You can imagine your hard drive like a bookshelf where files are books.\n\nWhen the drive is empty you can put a book anywhere on the shelf with no issues. However, when the shelf is mostly full you may find that your new set of encyclopedias (i.e. a large file) will fit on the shelf, but not all in one place. Thus, your computer knows how to take that file and split it up into a bunch of pieces that get spread across the drive.\n\nThe more full your drive gets the more likely this is to happen when you make a new file. Also, you're frequently removing, replacing, and adding to old files, so even if you put the files right next to each other you wind up with holes on the shelf where an old file used to be and you wind up with fragmented files when you decide to add to an existing file.\n\nThis is an issue because a hard drive takes a significant amount of time to look for a file—internally the hard drive has a physical platter with a head that moves over it, a lot like an old record player. To read a file you have to move the head to the right location then wait until the data passes underneath it.\n\nIf you're reading a single file then this delay is workable (typically a few milliseconds; eons in computer time, but still nearly instant for a person). If your file has been broken up into hundreds of pieces stored across the hard drive, though, then you wind up having to look for each individual piece of the file.\n\nDefraggers work by looking at the files stored on the drive and finding the ones that have been broken up, then they move the files around so that they are densely packed in some areas while leaving other areas open for future files. While doing this they're recombining file pieces to leave contiguous files.\n\nI should mention that this is unnecessary for a solid state drive. The same process of fragmenting a file still happens on solid state drives, but SSDs can seek for a file in microseconds instead of milliseconds (i.e. ~1000 times faster) so a fragmented file just doesn't make a significant performance impact.",
"Fragmentation is like lego.\n\nYou just built loads of awesome models, but need to take it a part quickly so it fits into the box.\n\nBecause you do it in a hurry, it isn't organized that well and takes time to find the right pieces.\n\nDefragging is spending more time thinking about how you are going to store it, making it easier to rebuild the models afterwards",
"The same way that organizing a pile of blocks works. Each block is a piece of information. The program finds all the red blocks (ones that go together) and puts them all in the same place rather than having them scattered all over the place."
],
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"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
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]
} | train_eli5 | What is hard-drive fragmentation and how do programs like defraggler work?
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3dvtd1 | Why is there a small portion of Russia between Lithuania and Poland? | I was doing a geography of Europe puzzle with my family when I noticed this. What's the story behind this territory and why didn't one of the two countries take that land after separating from the USSR? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"That little chunk of land, known now as the Kaliningrad oblast, used to be the easternmost part of Germany, as you can see [here](_URL_0_) in the red, and was known as Königsberg. After World War I, Königsberg, along with the city of Danzig, was separated from the rest of Germany, as you can see [here](_URL_1_), by a chunk of Poland known as the 'Polish Corridor'. Part of the reasoning behind Hitler's invasion of Poland was the refusal of the Polish government to give up the Corridor (doing so would have cut off Poland's access to the sea).\n\nAfter World War II, the USSR was occupying most of eastern Europe, including Königsberg. The thing you have to understand about the USSR then, and Russia now, is that it's greatest vulnerability is the lack of a warm-water port in the west. The only western port it has is St. Petersburg on the Gulf of Finland, as you can see [here](_URL_3_), but the Gulf frequently freezes over during winter, and the narrowness of it's mouth makes it vulnerable to a naval blockade. So during the Potsdam Conference, which was a meeting of the Big Three Powers to decide what to do with post-Nazi Europe, the Soviets demanded the northern half of Königsberg as war reparations, as seen [here](_URL_2_), to which the US and the UK agreed, giving the USSR it's own year-round warm-water port.\n\nAs to why Russia kept it after the collapse of the USSR, Kaliningrad was specifically granted to the Soviet Union rather than Poland or Lithuania, neither of which had a good claim to the land. Russia also had the same lack of a warm water port that it's predecessor did, so maintain their control of it was paramount to the new government. Additionally, since 1946 when most of the Germans were expelled, almost all of Kaliningrad's residents have been ethnic Russians, who were loyal to the new Russian state.\n\nTL;DR: the USSR needed a warm-water port, conquered one, kept it.",
"Kaliningrad was a part of Germany before WWII. It was called Königsberg . In the post WWII readjustment of borders, Russia insisted on retaining control of that territory and the other Allied powers acquiesced."
],
"score": [
38,
4
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/German_Empire_-_Prussia_-_East_Prussia_%281878%29.svg/250px-German_Empire_-_Prussia_-_East_Prussia_%281878%29.svg.png",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Polish_Corridor.PNG/240px-Polish_Corridor.PNG",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Oder-neisse.gif/300px-Oder-neisse.gif",
"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Baltic_Sea_map2.png/240px-Baltic_Sea_map2.png"
]
} | train_eli5 | Why is there a small portion of Russia between Lithuania and Poland?
I was doing a geography of Europe puzzle with my family when I noticed this. What's the story behind this territory and why didn't one of the two countries take that land after separating from the USSR? | [
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... | |
2a44yp | How is Friend of the Court, not considered a conflict of interest? | Edit: Clarification asked for. I mean Friend of the Court in the sense of family court. They take a cut of everything they order paid. And quite often ignore the rules laid down by which they are supposed to decide child support. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cirb96n",
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],
"text": [
"I have seen lawyers act as a \"friend of the court\". From my experience it happens when a defendant does not have a lawyer present and the court needs a lawyer to explain a matter of law to the defendant or to stand in while the court address some sort of administrative issue, such as changing a court date or scheduling future dates.",
"I don't understand your question.\n\nA conflict of interest between whom?"
],
"score": [
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"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How is Friend of the Court, not considered a conflict of interest?
Edit: Clarification asked for. I mean Friend of the Court in the sense of family court. They take a cut of everything they order paid. And quite often ignore the rules laid down by which they are supposed to decide child support. | [
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0.001... |
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