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vmbfu | The answer to the math problem about the game show where there's three doors with either goats or a car behind them. (Variable change) | The question goes something like:
You're on a game show where there are 3 doors, and you want to pick the correct one.
Behind one door is a car, and behind the other two are goats.
You select door 1, after which the host opens door 2 to reveal a goat, and says you may change answers now if you wish.
Why is it in your advantage to change? (Like I'm 5 ;) | explainlikeimfive | {
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"This is called the Monty Hall problem, and [it's a favorite of this subreddit](_URL_0_).\n\nA key element to the problem is that Monty (the show host) knows where the car is and deliberately reveals a goat, which he's always able to do no matter which door you chose first. By doing so, he's giving you some information, which changes the odds. There are two doors remaining, but they are not equal: one is a door that you chose out of 3 possible doors, the other is a door that Monty purposedly left closed, possibly because it has the car behind it.\n\nA convenient way to see how the odds change is to imagine that there are 100 doors, you pick one, then Monty opens 98 other doors to reveal goats. Unless you picked the door with the car (one chance out of 100), Monty had to leave that door closed and open all the others. So there's one chance in 100 that it's behind the door you chose, and 99 chances in 100 that it's behind the other door.\n\nIt's the same with three doors. The first door you choose has one chance out of three to hide the car, in which case Monty can open any of the other doors. But in the eventuality that you didn't pick the right door (two chances out of three) then Monty has to leave that door closed and is forced to open the other one. So if you switch, you have two chances out of three to win, rather than one out of three if you don't switch.",
"Think of it this way: \n\nThe ONLY way you're leaving with a car when you're NOT switching is if you pick the right door the first time around. Chance is 1/3. \n\nIf you switch, the ONLY way you're NOT leaving with a car is if you did NOT pick the right door the first time around. Chance is 2/3. \n\nBam.",
"Notice first that the host is making a deliberate choice. He's not picking randomly, because he needs to make sure the door he picks has a goat behind it.\n\nNow, his choice doesn't give you any information about the door you picked. But in some cases, it *does* give you information about the door neither of you picked. If you picked the door with the goat, the host is forced to pick the door with the other goat, and the third door must contain the car.\n\nSo since you gain additional information about the door you didn't pick, and *only* the door you didn't pick, it's more likely right to change to that one.",
"Let's play different scenarios. Lets make it simple and lets say the grand prize is under 1st door and crappy stuff is under 2nd and 3rd.\n\nYou have chosen the grand prize, but you don't know it. Game host knows it, and he shows you something crappy. You change, you lose. You stay you win.\n\nYou have chosen 2nd door, game host shows you 3rd door (he can't tell you where the grand prize is). You change door and win the grand prize! If you stayed, you would have lost.\n\nYou have chosen 3rd door. Game host shows 2nd door (again, he can't reveal where the prize is and he can't tell you what you have). You change your mind and win the prize! Or you stay and lose.\n\n---\n\nNow lets count!\n\nOut of 3 tries if you were to stay, you would win 1 time out of 3.\n\nOut of 3 tries if you were to change, you would win 2 times out of 3.",
"For reference, this is known as the [Monty Hall problem](_URL_1_).\n\nTo get the right answer, ignore the door thing and look at your first choice...two goats and a car. What's the chance that you pick the car? 1/3, right?\n\nNow, by removing a door that definitely has a goat, the host is essentially saying that the remaining door definitely contains the opposite to whatever you've currently chosen. If you chose the car, the remaining door has a goat. If you chose a goat, though, the remaining door has a car.\n\nNow, as above, there's only a 1/3 chance that your original door has the car. Therefore there's a 2/3 chance that switching would be beneficial to you. Therefore...switch!"
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} | train_eli5 | The answer to the math problem about the game show where there's three doors with either goats or a car behind them. (Variable change)
The question goes something like: You're on a game show where there are 3 doors, and you want to pick the correct one. Behind one door is a car, and behind the other two are goats. You select door 1, after which the host opens door 2 to reveal a goat, and says you may change answers now if you wish. Why is it in your advantage to change? (Like I'm 5 ;) | [
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8thlg5 | How do speed detectors work? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"There are multiple different types of speed detectors. The three common ones are Radar, LIDAR and cameras.\n\nRadar works by sending out radio waves at fixed intervals that hit a car, and the difference in time taken to get to the car and back can calculate the speed of the car. It also takes advantage of something called the Doppler Effect, which is what causes emergency vehicle sirens to switch pitch when driving towards you vs away from you.\n\nLIDAR works basically the same as radar, but using lasers instead of radio waves.\n\nTraffic enforcement cameras work by having sensors in the ground (usually) that tells you how long it takes for a car to go from one point to another.",
"The speed guns emit high frequency energy that bounce off the target and return to the gun. Since EM waves propagate through the air at a fixed rate, it's just a matter of computing the amount of time for a \"round trip\" to the target and back. This approach works great for determining distance to objects, but since vehicles are also moving the physics become a _little_ but more complicated. Notably, you have to consider something called the _Doppler Effect_ where the rate at which waves return to the gun also changes over time (because the vehicle is either getting closer or further away).",
"Really common here are speed averaging licence plate readers. They photo and electronically record your plate. Then say 20km later they do the same.\n\nIf your average speed over that 20km was above the speed limit they mail you a fine."
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1oi99s | Why more recently than ever do webpages refresh and not actually go back when you hit the back button? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It is more and more common mispractice to include a 0 second redirect in a site, which as soon as you load a page, redirects you to a slightly different page they actually want you to see. So far, this isn't a bad thing, it helps site design. The problem is, if you hit the back button on most browsers, it will take you back to the page with the instant redirect instead of back PAST that page to the page you came from. It is bad design, and SHOULD be easy to avoid, but some web designers are idiots.\n\nSource: I'm a web developer.",
"Some common elements can be stored on your computer depending on your cache size. But there are alot with dynamic content that is constantly changing such as posts on an image board or forum that need to be updated every couple of minutes.",
"I also have this issue. I use chrome, and also adblock and adblock plus. I read the other day that it's something to do with adblock that is the problem. If you don't use any of these, then I have no idea\n [Source] (_URL_0_)"
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4h2veg | What Would Happen if the US stopped printing bills altogether? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Existing bills would slowly degrade to shit as they are used.\n\nPrinting more money isn't just the government covering its ass for the amount of spending they do (though it is partially). They do also take up old, tattered bills from banks and replace them with fresh, clean ones. You do in the end have to print money one way or another."
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6yepey | Why do cigarette companies like Marlboro don't make cigarettes healthier? And wouldn't it be better profitwise since costumers live longer? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"I'm not an expert by any means, but maybe I can help a little here.\nTobacco is inherently unhealthy. People aren't fond of blanket statements, but it's true. Marlboro isn't out there slathering tobacco leaves with tar before rolling them up; tar is found naturally in tobacco. Also nicotine is terrible for your vascular system. It causes your blood vessels to narrow which, over time, leads to permanent narrowing and higher blood pressures. The higher blood pressures/decreased blood flow to tissue increases your risk for heart attack and stroke.\nSource: I'm an OR nurse and some surgeons I work with won't perform non-emergency surgery if you're an active smoker because the risks for complications are that high.\nEdit: Companies might be able to remove some unhealthy additives, but tobacco will always be bad for you.",
"You can't make inhaling smoke healthy. It doesn't even matter so much what the smoke is from. Smoke in your lungs is just bad and always will be."
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} | train_eli5 | Why do cigarette companies like Marlboro don't make cigarettes healthier? And wouldn't it be better profitwise since costumers live longer?
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3mabxq | How is bubble wrap made? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"well i would expect they mold a plastic with bubble, then attach another plastic layer on top of it.\n_URL_0_\n\n\n\nyeah, they just roll two peaces of plastic together. one has the bubbles on the roller."
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ld2jt | The fundamental theory of algebra | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Every non-linear complex polynomial factors. For example, if you try to factor x^2 + 1 you cannot do it using only real numbers, but if you use complex numbers you get (x + i)(x - i). The fundamental theorem of algebra says you can always factor when you use complex numbers."
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} | train_eli5 | The fundamental theory of algebra
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8c7pbg | Why do airline pilots print off large piles of paper on a dot matrix printer at the gate? | What is on those sheets of paper?
Is there not an electronic way to do this?
Do they rip off the edges of the dot matrix paper and call it “printer bacon” like I did when I was little? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Airline pilot here. TLDR - this is the simple way to produce documents that have to be signed and then copies go to various different places.\n\nOften when we get to the gate we collect the flight plan, weather charts and briefing information. This is mostly laser printed and is a backup to the same content on our company ipads.\n\nThe documents that you may see being printed on a dot matrix printer include the loadsheet, fuel receipt, dangerous goods declaration / notice to captain etc. The significance of this is that an impact method printer like dot matrix can be used with carbon paper to produce duplicate/triplicate copies of the document. These particular documents are legal documents that require the captain’s signature on them. Therefore, these documents are printed off, the captains signs on them, then a copy stays with the crew, a copy goes with the dispatcher and a copy gets filed somewhere.\n\nIt’s a simple way to evidence what documentation was used for the flight and to ensure there are no discrepancies between what the crew are using and what ops have on record. You can’t really do that with a laser printer or an ipad (at the moment).",
"They need a hard copy of the flight plan in case they have a hardware failure. And even then, they won't rely completely on the electronics to fly correctly. A plane isn't navigated by electronics as such because aeroplanes rely on analog hardware to control the aircraft.",
"Flight plan, passenger manifest. Documents are requested by international or national regulations and slow to change, but are now moving to iPads in some cases."
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} | train_eli5 | Why do airline pilots print off large piles of paper on a dot matrix printer at the gate?
What is on those sheets of paper? Is there not an electronic way to do this? Do they rip off the edges of the dot matrix paper and call it “printer bacon” like I did when I was little? | [
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5gfhcp | How much of a person's personality is shaped by environment and how much is purely influenced by genetics? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"TL;DR: It depends. \n\nEvery person is different. A person who has more traumatic experiences is obviously going to be affected by the environment more than a person who didn't. \n\nThat said, some people have genetic traits that make dealing with stressful situations easier, so they're affected *less* than others. \n\nThis is one of these things that isn't actually quantifiable, and we can never really be sure. You can study an individual and try and determine, to a degree, what contributed to what personality trait, but unless you know *every single detail* about their lives, and unless you have a complete genomic makeup and actually understand what it all means... well, even *then* you could be wrong."
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6gszyc | When a baby is born addicted to opiates because of the mother, what is the effect on the baby? How is it treated? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Injections of morphine. A friend of mine had family friends that looked after an addicted baby and they had to give it injections of morphine once every 4 hours to begin with. The dosage is slowly tapered off. This is mostly because opiate withdrawal is only deadly to babies.",
"Foster parents here who specialize in babies born addicted to heroin or methadone. In our state this requires up to 8 months of intensive training including certification in CPR for newborns. They not longer give out morphine to be given to the baby at home (at least not in my state). As stated by others, the effect is profound but the high pitched crying is not crying. It is a screaming known in medical circles as \"the heroin cry\", and it is the most chilling thing you can ever hear. The vocal embodiment of utter unending agony. \n\nFor us the babies are usually taken through a rapid detox at the hospital. A week to ten days is typical. When we bring them home we have a special room that is connected to our bedroom set up for them. It is pitch black in there and utterly silent. We have a specialty hammock style crib with a tiny silent motor that will rock them nonstop. We usually keep them in there on a heartbeat monitor for a week or more and take turns feeding them every two hours around the clock. We do this because they are hypersensitive to everything. We had one that was so sensitive to sound that when my knuckle popped while I was feeding him it frightened him so badly that he cried for three hours. It is not unusual for them to cry for hours and hours until they exhaust themselves.\n\nThe next few months are usually pretty rough. But by the fourth or fifth month they are getting back to normal. The only upside to heroin is that it has relatively little long term effect on their brains. Usually by the time they hit kindergarten they are as normal as any other kid mentally. But for the first two or three years they will remain somewhat hypersensitive to strong stimuli and will struggle to contain their emotions.\n\nPhysically there is also one very odd side effect and it is mostly prevalent in boys. It is part of NAS but not medically recognized officially. During the pregnancy when mom takes heroin the placenta will typically filter it out in half the time it takes mom's liver to do the same. So if mom takes a hit that lasts 12 hours the high is over for the baby in 6 hours. They then go into severe physical withdrawal until mom takes another hit. They are awake far more in the womb than normal babies, experience excruciating pain, have seizures, and clench all of their muscles so hard they can tear their own ligaments. In response, their body is stimulated to grow an abnormal number of muscle fibers and their tendons/ligaments grow very dense and strong.\n\nAfter birth a baby exposed regularly to heroin in the womb can hold your fingers tightly enough that you can pick them up and they will do a \"dead hang\" with their feet in the air above the crib. Some of this fades but a great deal stays with them for life. I have seen a 5 month old little boy do a one armed pull up that lifted him off of his feet. I saw another do pushup like movements on his fingertips. The same little boy could hit you hard enough to leave bruises. Three days ago I watched as the 9 month old we are caring for crawled over to the wall. He then reached out to get his fingernails into the tiny gap between the baseboard and wall. A second later he pulled and ripped the entire 12 foot baseboard off of the wall and took large chunks of the drywall with it. I counted 6 nails sticking out of the back that were pulled right out of the wall studs. He is currently so large and heavy that he is beyond the 100 percentile point on the charts pediatricians use. 36 inches long and 32lbs. He eats between 6 and 8 servings of baby food a day and also drinks 24-30 oz of formula. \n\nWe have already adopted one of these children and are in the process of adopting two more. It is the most difficult thing I have ever done, and the most rewarding. We are lucky that we have never had one die. We know several couples who have. One couple lost three newborns in a year. Their hearts just stopped and they couldn't be resuscitated.",
"The effect on the baby is big. They are tiny creatures withdrawing from powerful drugs. This depends on the severity of the addiction. Usually withdrawal doesn't start immediately after delivery, it takes 24 hours or so before the withdrawal starts.\n\nSymptoms: baby being irritable (not just cranky baby, like inconsolable baby), high pitched cry, skin breakdown like rashes and sores, loose/watery stools, vomiting, trouble eating, excessive sucking, jittery/tremors, seizures. I may have missed some.\n\nIf the doctors know or suspect drug abuse, they test mom and baby's urine, umbilical cord or meconium (the first poop). Baby will be admitted to NICU for monitoring and meds if it's serious enough. Nurses monitor with a scale called neonatal abstinence scale (NAS) that gives points for the symptoms to determine the severity, and the doctors decide the meds and doses based on this. Most common meds are methadone or morphine.\n\nSocial work and CPS gets involved. I personally can't think of a baby I've taken care of that went home with parents. Somebody else might have a better idea about custody. I've always seen then go home with another relative or foster care.\n\nSource- am a nurse and I work in NICU. One of the most heartbreaking and infuriating parts of it."
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13a8ou | If I own a great deal of stock shares in a company, does my selling them all at once have any economic impact on that company? | I feel like I have a basic understanding of the stock market, but I am not totally clear on the concept behind selling shares- if I own thousands of shares in a company, does my suddenly selling all of them have any tangible economic impact? why or why not? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Yes, if you own a large amount of a company and then try to sell all of your shares at once it will most likely cause the price to decline significantly. It's basic supply and demand, when you sell your shares you are increasing the supply and not changing the demand so the price will go down.",
"It reduces their value (by flooding the market with supply). The weird thing about shares is that, while theoretically they should be valued as a slice of that company, and the company's total worth (future income, current assets, other prospects that go into pricing) remains stable even if a few thousand shares suddenly appear on the market, the actual price will reflect supply and demand as well as the underlying price of the company. It's partially a quirk of human foible, and partially that people think a huge dump like that means *someone else* sees a flaw with the company that they don't see, and thinks it's overvalued.\n\nAs for whether it has an impact on the company... that depends. A lot of companies pay their execs largely in stock, so if you dump it and it drops, their execs aren't happy. They also frequently use stock to raise money - so they'll sell stock to get income, which is why high stock prices are good. They're also under a legal duty to their shareholders to deliver as good a profit as they can, and large drops in price make shareholders antsy. So overall, yeah, it has an impact. Doesn't hurt their ability to make and sell widgets, but might hurt their ability to hire good execs, or get funding to expand their widget-manufacturing operation in the future.",
"You selling shares might have an impact on the price of everyone else's shares (for the reasons of supply and demand, outlined elsewhere). However, the price of the shares of a company has almost ZERO effect on the company itself. \n\nExcept in very specific cases (IPO, private placements, bought deals) you don't buy shares directly from the company. Buying or selling shares is a disagreement between two people. I think the price is going to go up from where it is now, you think the price right now is fair, so you sell your stock to me. Nowhere in that transaction is the company involved or affected.\n\nThink of it like this: 10 people pool together 1 million bucks and invest in the IPO of BLONDE_GIRLS Lemonade Stand Corporation (your idea). They give you the million dollars in exchange for 10 shares (one each) of your business. You keep one share for yourself. You had to sell a huge percentage of your business, but now you have the money to expand your lemonade stands across the globe. Maybe you pay dividends eventually, but those original investors with their ten shares are hoping that the business will be worth more than a million dollars at some point. And maybe it will (it's an awfully good idea). BUT... one of the original investors, just 6 months after the IPO gets divorced and needs to sell the share. If that investor sells the share to one of the other original investors, regardless of the price they agree on, it doesn't really affect your ability to expand your lemonade empire -- you've already got the money, and now it's just trading between individuals who are interested in the business. \n\nEDIT: If the price of the shares in BLONDE_GIRLS Lemonade Stand Corp. gets very low, it will make it hard for the Lemonade Stand to go back to the market and ask for more money (to expand operations to the Gingrich Moon Base)."
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} | train_eli5 | If I own a great deal of stock shares in a company, does my selling them all at once have any economic impact on that company?
I feel like I have a basic understanding of the stock market, but I am not totally clear on the concept behind selling shares- if I own thousands of shares in a company, does my suddenly selling all of them have any tangible economic impact? why or why not? | [
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2as2vz | What exactly is the Commonwealth? What purpose does the association have? | Just with the Commonwealth Games coming up, I realised it might help to know what the fudge it's all there for in the first place o_o | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It's basically the continuation/what's left of the British Empire. It's more of a mutual relationship/organization now, rather than the British controlling everyone, and lots of countries have opted out. But just about everyone in it used to be owned by the British and probably speaks English as a first or second language."
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} | train_eli5 | What exactly is the Commonwealth? What purpose does the association have?
Just with the Commonwealth Games coming up, I realised it might help to know what the fudge it's all there for in the first place o_o | [
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2ebesc | Why is the atom considered to be the smallest unit of matter if there are things smaller such as quarks? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Because it's not a type of matter until it's an atom. You can't build a table out of leptons. You don't have a hydrogen quark, or a gold electron. We call things smaller than atoms particles - building pieces of matter.\n\nThat said, that's a bit of a revisionist narrative. When we named the atom we didn't know there were things smaller.",
"An atom is not the smallest unit of matter. It is the smallest unit of matter which exhibits the properties of an element.\n\nFor example, you can have a single atom of hydrogen, neon, argon, etc, and that one atom will have the chemical properties of its element. Brake it down further, and you are left with subatomic particles, which are matter, but not really relevant to us in the day to day.\n\nIt's not as though you are going to encounter a blob of neutrons that you can interact with in a way that is meaningful to you.",
"It's the smallest unit of matter in the sense that if you have some gold, an atom is the smallest piece of it that is still gold.\n\nIf you break it down further, to protons and neutrons and electrons, then these no longer have any particular identity. All matter is composed of these basic building blocks. Gold is composed only of gold atoms, and gold atoms are always gold atoms.\n\nEDIT: When the Greeks invented the idea of the atom, it was just that, an idea. They had no clue as to how big or small it would be, and did not try to find out. It just seemed to them a logical idea that things could not be divided forever; there had to be an end point. Smart people.",
"It's not considered the smallest unit of matter (it used to be before subatomic particles were discovered)",
"It's the smallest unit of something that can still be considered that thing. An iron atom is iron, but the quarks that make up the atom aren't"
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} | train_eli5 | Why is the atom considered to be the smallest unit of matter if there are things smaller such as quarks?
| [
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29l8fe | why I go to bed after eating a good meal and wake up with a growling stomach, but when I go to bed after having not eaten I wake up not feeling hunger. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"If hunger is a conscious experience, it might be because your consciousness only notices the difference between 'just a minute ago' (right before you fell asleep), because you weren't conscious during your sleep.\n\nSo that, by contrast, it seems you are getting a lot hungrier in a small amount of time.\n\nJust a guess though. I do get the feeling that most of our sensory experiences and estimations are based on comparing one time to another, rather than having an absolute value to measure things like hunger, thirst, sleepiness, etc. A quick change in the measured value leads to the body assuming that a need is quickly increases and will need to be satiated soon.",
"If hunger is a conscious experience, it might be because your consciousness only notices the difference between 'just a minute ago' (right before you fell asleep), because you weren't conscious during your sleep.\n\nSo that, by contrast, it seems you are getting a lot hungrier in a small amount of time.\n\nJust a guess though. I do get the feeling that most of our sensory experiences and estimations are based on comparing one time to another, rather than having an absolute value to measure things like hunger, thirst, sleepiness, etc. A quick change in the measured value leads to the body assuming that a need quickly increases and will need to be satiated soon."
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} | train_eli5 | why I go to bed after eating a good meal and wake up with a growling stomach, but when I go to bed after having not eaten I wake up not feeling hunger.
| [
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2ptxa6 | WHERE DO BIRDS GO AT NIGHT | I am freaking out guys I have no fucking clue, I need your help.
Edit: This actually is a serious question, I just thought the freak out thing was fun (and kind of true). But, I keep trying to think of a time I saw a bird at night, and I have never seen one. What about migrating flocks of birds? Where the hell do they go at night? Surely not a nest considering they're in a new place every night during their journey. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"They go back to their little birdy husbands,\n\nTheir little birdy wives.\n\nTheir little birdy children.\n\nTheir little birdy lives.\n\nNestled close together,\n\nThey sleep beneath the starry skies.",
"Depends on the bird. Some go sleep in their nests; others come out and hunt.\n\n > What about migrating flocks of birds? Where the hell do they go at night?\n\nThey'd roost in trees, or on the ground, depending on the bird. Geese and swans, for example, would land in a pond or lake and then find shelter on the shore.\n\nThere are nocturnal birds, which are hard to see, because it's dark. But if you listen for them, you can hear them. Nighthawks and owls are probably the main ones. A screech owl scared the fuck out of me as I was walking at night one time - made a terrible sound and then flew right past me.",
"It's it obvious? They go hide in /r/trees like you do.",
"They sleep like every other animal. In their nests or burrows depending on the bird"
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} | train_eli5 | WHERE DO BIRDS GO AT NIGHT
I am freaking out guys I have no fucking clue, I need your help. Edit: This actually is a serious question, I just thought the freak out thing was fun (and kind of true). But, I keep trying to think of a time I saw a bird at night, and I have never seen one. What about migrating flocks of birds? Where the hell do they go at night? Surely not a nest considering they're in a new place every night during their journey. | [
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3ncnbz | Why do people wake up when they are about to die in a dream? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"I don't wake up.\n\nThroughout my life I've always had a few reoccurring nightmares that even when in them I know how it's going to go some how. \n\nFor whatever reason in one of them I die and I don't wake up, it just carries on. \n\n---\n\nEdit.\n\nWow, I never expected so many replies! Nice to know I'm not the only odd one out there. \n\nIt does feel like this comment chain should be it's own DAE now.",
"I've had that happen to me a couple of times. I don't know the reason but I think it's because the brain doesn't know what to do next. Plus, the exaggerated heart rate and general excitement probably don't help with the whole keep-calm-and-sleep thing.",
"I'm going to put here something i typed in another thread about dreams.\n\nI have died in multiple dreams, but this one, has lingered with me through the years:\n\n I was in some kind of party in the roof of a skyscraper and suddenly i start fighting with some dude... we both go off the rail and free fall to our deaths, he died before me because he landed on a roof by the 15th floor ([The skycraper looked like this one](_URL_0_)) and i keep falling, i dont feel the ground, i just, like, go through it, complete blackness, but i feel i am still falling, suddenly a white light like at the end of the tunnel, and when i open my eyes, im inside a car, and my \"mom\" is screaming, it's about a minute or two before i realize i was just born inside a car somewhere in china, i presume a cab. my asian mom grabs me, she's sweating profusely and looks at me, i look outside the window and see the people passing by and look at my new mommy again.. im happy... then i moved on to another dream...",
"Instinctual urge to remain alive. It's present in all animals. The brain releases chemicals that cause us to stop whatever activity we were performing to concentrate solely on keeping us alive and kicking. So the brain forces you to stop dreaming and focus on staying awake. \n\nNote however that since it's Instinctual, you can actually beat that urge and not wake up. Those who do usually tend to also not get startled easily when awake.",
"I would say it is the panic, though I found myself sort of consciously waking myself up and pulling myself out of the dream when things have got uncomfortable.\n\nI have also sort of subconsciously tried to wake myself up in very uncomfortable real life situations.",
"Because when you die in a dream, you die in real life.\n\n\nOk, really don't have an answer, even psychology has no real clue about why we dream or what dreams mean. We do know that dreams occur during REM sleep which is very shallow sleep, which is probably why fear of dying is enough to wake you. Sometimes dreams occur in Delta sleep, but those are refered to as night terrors, upon waking from delta sleep you are typically disoriented and severly confused.\n\nI have had dreams that I died in, however I woke upon death. What was more interesting was that I woke in the same place and position that I died in.",
"I find it interesting that nobody has mentioned the obvious: dying in your dreams is simply a nightmare for most people...many nightmares are shocking enough to activate adrenaline and bring you awake...my mind tends to do this when I'm having a hard time breathing or a limb is getting circulation cut off. So nightmares can simply be a survival mechanism of sorts.",
"It's because you're scared. Basically, it induces a panic response, which causes the release of adrenaline, which increases brain activity and your heart rate, waking you up. However, you don't automatically wake up. Because your brain doesn't know what it's like to die, the dream can just sort of keep going, and your brain pieces together how you should experience this from the limited ideas you have about death.",
"I don't wake up either. The one dying dream I had that I remember vividly was me jumping out of an attic. I spread my arms, and I see the ground coming towards me quickly. When I hit the ground, it wasn't a complete stop. I knew I died, but I felt myself going through the ground and then floating downwards towards something."
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2c3uvc | What causes us to randomly stare off into space? | I'm not talking about staring at someone or something..
It's that stare that seems to be as natural as sneezing or yawning. Why do we do it? What causes us to randomly look off into space and get lost in our thoughts? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Look up the word for this , called \"daydreaming\"",
"Human curiosity? We can't help but look up and think \"What's out there? Who's looking back at me?\" That's that feeling of 'fazing out'? That's how it feels for me at least :p",
"Well, if your eyes are open but you're not focusing on anything, you really have no other option but to stare into space.",
"My guess would be that it's stretching the muscles we use around our eyes"
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} | train_eli5 | What causes us to randomly stare off into space?
I'm not talking about staring at someone or something.. It's that stare that seems to be as natural as sneezing or yawning. Why do we do it? What causes us to randomly look off into space and get lost in our thoughts? | [
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1bn1r1 | why does a video game character always look at his hands | It seems like every first person character looks at their hands when an explosion or something traumatic happens. Then after the screen goes blurry he stares down at his hands and flips them as if something happen to them. Even though their hands are completely fine. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Because, in reality, when something like an explosion happens, you normally check yourself for damage if you are nearby. You block your face with your arms and hands and then it is natural instinct to check yourself for harm or shrapnel, so you check your hands because they are typically the only part of your body that you almost always see.",
"Because the people who designed the games decided it would make the most sense for that to happen. Since we're supposed to be that character, and in most FPS you never see your characters arms, feet, legs, or torso, the only thing your character can check to see if it's okay is his hands.\n\nIt's also probably that this was done in a couple games but you don't remember the dozens of games where this isn't done.",
"Looking at your hands is a way to \"check reality\" after a shell shock"
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} | train_eli5 | why does a video game character always look at his hands
It seems like every first person character looks at their hands when an explosion or something traumatic happens. Then after the screen goes blurry he stares down at his hands and flips them as if something happen to them. Even though their hands are completely fine. | [
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1206k8 | Why do I always have to pee right after I fap? | I have no idea, and Google isn't helping. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"It's natures way of cleaning the pipes.\n\nEDIT: I think it's the prostate gland who gives the \"order\"",
"Your urethra runs over your prostate and your bladder sits on top of them both. \n\nWhen you fap you stimulate your prostate and urethra and in turn your bladder. \n\nBad news guys. As we get older if you get bladder problems it creates prostate problems if your not carefull.",
"do you? do I? I'll pay attention to this next time."
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} | train_eli5 | Why do I always have to pee right after I fap?
I have no idea, and Google isn't helping. | [
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43juh5 | What does single payer health care mean? How is it different from any other kind of health care? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"I'm going to explain assuming you're referring to the US healthcare system...\n\nIn our system, as you probably know, employers offer their employees healthcare insurance, through a company like Aetna, Blue Cross, Cigna, Humana, or dozens of others of varying sizes. These organizations are the payer - when you go to the hospital or the doc's office or get a prescription filled, they pay the hospital or doc, or pharmacy. The part you pay is called the co-pay - the contract you have with them stipulates that you pay, for example, $5 for a prescription, or $10 for a visit to your family doctor, and they pay the rest. (you, of course, have already paid the insurance company by way of deduction from your paycheck).\n\nSingle payer means there would be only organization paying out, not many like there are today.\n\nSo what's the difference? Bargaining power. Medicare (gov't run health insurance available to people that meet certain criteria) has tens of millions of members, so when a hospital says \"we want $10,000 for this procedure\" and Medicare comes back and says \"we'll pay $5,000, or we'll take our business elsewhere\", the hospital agrees, and Medicare members get reasonably-priced care. When another smaller insurer, with many fewer members, goes to that same hospital and says they want to pay $5,000 for that same procedure or they'll take their business elsewhere, the hospital tells them they'll pay $10,000, and they're welcome to take their business elsewhere because they don't represent as many people.\n\nIf the US switched to single-payer, it'd be cheaper, because of the bargaining power the single-payer would have.",
"Single-payer healthcare basically just means that everyone (in the country) is on the same (in the current example nationally run) health insurance plan.",
"It's really single-payer health INSURANCE. The care could come from a single place also, in which case the combination of insurance and care usually is called an NHS (National Health Service), or from private providers, or from a mix of private and public providers (as we have in USA today)."
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} | train_eli5 | What does single payer health care mean? How is it different from any other kind of health care?
| [
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4rwf0e | What happened to the Occupy movement? Are people still "occupying"? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The Occupy Wall Street movement itself is no longer taking place. However, many would point to the strong support of people like Trump and Sanders instead of the normal institutional candidates as indicators that the unrest which caused that movement is still alive and well. Income inequality is still an issue that is highly relevant and the political climate we are currently living in is very likely an extension of the exact sentiments that sparked the Occupy movement.",
"It got corrupted from the inside since the beginning and thus was not taken seriously enough to be of substantial influence, let alone lasting so long. \n\nWe lost that round."
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} | train_eli5 | What happened to the Occupy movement? Are people still "occupying"?
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3k969k | White Male Privilege | So I'm a university student and recently I took a short 5-week summer course. In this course, one of the topics we went over briefly was "White Male Privilege". This consisted of a powerpoint with various slides including income earnings showing white male sitting firmly at the #1 position and racial ethnic minorities' earnings as a percentage of white males. THEN someone asked a question a long the lines of "where are the Asian American males' earnings?". To my surprise the instructor said that they left them off the slide but they're higher than white males. The slide literally had "WHITE MALE PRIVILEGE" as the title, but I mean if you're just going to ignore contradictory evidence I feel like it really weakens the argument. I also remember a while back I didn't understand the whole #BlackLivesMatter debate either until a Redditor [explained it](_URL_0_), so I wanted to see if you could do a better job explaining this whole white male privelege thing. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"When controlling for other factors such as age and education, asian americans earnings are far below whites. Asian American immigrants tend to be highly educated compared to the average white American and thus get high paying jobs. ([here](_URL_0_) is a paper loaded with relevant data). The issue on that slide isn't (or at least shouldn't have been) that whites earn more than others, it's that two people who are identical except for the color of their skin tend to get paid differently in the US (with whites tending to earn more).",
"John Scalzi has a great explanation of what white male privilege (or privilege in general) means. [The whole blog post is here](_URL_1_), but I can give you a quick summary: if our society is a video game, then \"Straight White Male\" is the lowest difficulty setting possible. You'll still face challenges because that's life, but NPCs will be friendlier to you, you can open doors that may be locked to people on higher difficulty settings, and you don't have to do as much to complete quests.",
"There is really nothing to explain here, and the counter that asians make more than white people despite discrimination from white people is a valid one. Same goes for the jewish population, which ranks second in hate crime offenses according to the FBI, but also competes with the white population for income. \n\nWhat social theories like this get wrong is that privilege isn't based on race, it's based on culture, and to an extent you are born into that, but it's also something you can change since a culture is just a set of ideological values. In the Jewish and the Asian community, strong families and education are set in stone. Both are notorious for having parents that push their kids academically, and that value for education shows. Whites used to have this trend, but it's waned somewhat in recent years, causing the average income to drop.\n\nWhat really keeps communities down is the belief that society is against them and they can't succeed no matter how hard they try, and ideas like white privilege do nothing to address that matter, nor do they do anything to address the broken families that exist in the black and latino communities, which are clearly not the fault of white people. If you were to flip it all around and convince white people of these things, you'd see the same problems in reverse.",
"Basic statistics don't always show the facts. No, your teacher shouldn't have left off the fact that overall Asian males make more than White males, but should have explained why that it. Generally, Asians are more likely to attain higher levels of education than their white counterparts hence why they generally earn more. In 2004, white males earned $31,335 while Asian males earned $32,419. (Even Asian women earned more on average than white women, though both of them lag behind their male counterparts regardless of race.)\n\nHowever, this does not break it down by education level. When you look at similar levels of education, Asians generally make less than their white counterparts, and the divide gets larger the more education attained.\n\nEducation | Whites | Asians\n-----|-----|----- \nHigh School | 27,311 | 25,258\nSome College | 31,564 | 29,982\nBachelor's | 43,833 | 42,466\nMaster's | 52,318 | 61,452\nDoctorate | 85,658 | 69,653\n\nObviously there are some instances where Asians still earn more such as if they have a Master's degree. Also, this data set includes both male and female workers, so that is also skewing the data as women tend to make less than men on average for both races.",
"The keyword to understanding this whole line of thinking is the notion of \"class\". This is the idea that people function as groups based on inherited or innate qualities. In the US, there are three class systems: a race based class system in which whites oppress blacks, hispanics, and indigenous people; a sex-based class system in which men oppress women; and an economic-based class system in which the rich oppress the poor.\n\nWhen a person is born and has a penis, that person is raised by his parents and by society a certain way. He is given certain kinds of toys to play with. Toy guns, for example, toy cars, toy soldiers, legos, etc. He is encouraged to play outside in the woods, to \"explore\", to play games like \"cops and robbers\", \"cowboys and indians\", built forts, etc. He might join Little League or Boy Scouts.\n\nWhen a person is born with a vagina, that person is raised a different way. She is given Barbie dolls, baby dolls, doll houses, Easy Bake Oven, ponies, fairies, princesses, etc. and is encouraged to play games like \"dress up\", \"house\", have tea parties, help her mother put on makeup and comb her hair and get involved in activities like ballet and cheerleading.\n\nThese are called socialization. They're seen as unjust because one is socialized into these roles based exclusively on the anatomy they were born with. The other reason they're seen as unjust is because these are not equal. They're not equal because the means by which girls and boys are socialized are not value-neutral. If you look at the toys boys are encouraged to play with, you'll notice that they represent certain values. Domination, exploration, assertiveness, aggressiveness, confidence, invasiveness. If you look at girls' toys, they also have certain imbedded values that are the opposite of the boys' toys. Submissiveness, introversion, dependency, hospitality.\n\nWhen girls and boys get older, the socialization continues. Womanhood consists of what women must DO. When a woman is turned on sexually, her lips become plump and red, her breasts and butt become firm, her cheeks blush. So when women wear red lipstick that makes their lips look more plump and red than normal, wear bras that push their breasts together and up, making them look bigger and firmer, and wear high heels that make her butt perky, and wears blush to make her cheeks look flush, she is going about constantly looking as though she is ready for sex. Furthermore, she may be wearing a skirt or dress, which again, is not value-neutral. A skirt or dress is easier for men to access her sexually, and is also a symbol of motherhood and pregnancy. If a woman refuses to wear makeup, shave her body, wear stylized or long hair, jewelry, skirts and dresses, high heels, a bra, and instead decided to have the kind of hygiene men get away with daily, she is called a \"dyke\" or said to be trying to be a man, or she may even loose her job. The fact that you as a man don't face spending hours per week and thousands of dollars per year on cosmetics, shaving, hair and nail care, clothing, and have to experience the discomfort of bras and heels and skimpy clothes is part of what it means to be privileged as a man. The fact that you were expected to grow up to take up space, explore, have self confidence, compete and dominate, etc is another example of your privilege as a man. And you don't experience these privileges because you yourself earned them, but simply because that's how you were socialized to behave from birth.\n\nWhen a child is born black, there are also certain expectations. These too are not value-neutral. They are enforced by schools that receive less funding than predominantly white schools. Constant attempts to disenfranchise black voters by not providing voting precincts in black neighborhoods and by gerrymandering. If a black youth falls into drug addiction, the drugs that are more common in black communities carry much harsher penalties than drugs in white communities under the War on Drugs. A black youth is more likely to be stopped by police, frisked, arrested, injured, or killed even in neighborhoods that are predominantly white and affluent. Black unemployment is higher because of discrimination. Housing is harder to come by because of housing discrimination. Loan officers are less likely to give blacks a loan for a business, car, or home (unless of course it's a predatory loan, then black people are more likely to get those than whites). And the list just goes on and on. And remember, all this simply because they were born in the wrong skin and no other reason. So white people who don't have to experience this a systematic, institutionalized class condition are privileged by those who do have to experience it as a class condition.\n\nWhen a person has been socialized as a black woman, all these problems are compounded. The unique experience of black women or latino women or Native American women is an intersection of their oppressed class status as both persons of color and women. The outcome is that these demographics are the most disenfranchised of anyone.\n\nThe reason Asians aren't being considered by your instructor is because Asians don't constitute a class. Asians in the US aren't systematically and institutionally oppressed by any other group. They may be stereotyped, for example, as \"bad drivers\" or \"good at math\", or people who eat cats and dogs, but these stereotypes don't result in higher rates of poverty, incarceration, addiction, etc. And Asians don't earn more on average than other groups because of reasons pertaining to class, but for reasons having to do with their own culture. So an Asian parent may socialize their child to be a good student, and maybe even to excel at math, but he isn't doing this as part of a perpetuation of class oppression of some other group. Of course, an Asian who has good parents who send him to a good school is privileged over another child white or black who didn't have such an advantage. But this is not a class privilege, just an individual one that is not dependent on class stereotypes and oppression.",
"Do you believe in attractive person privilege? Even though they'll still face problems and life won't necessarily fall onto their lap overall it is an advantage to be attractive.\n\nMy accent is seen as the \"smart\" accent in the UK. Until recently you had to have an accent like mine to be taken seriously and even though that isn't true any more it is still a boost. \n\nWell, white privilege is like that.\n\nYou could say that when it comes to dealing with children women are privileged as people are more comfortable with women looking after their children."
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} | train_eli5 | White Male Privilege
So I'm a university student and recently I took a short 5-week summer course. In this course, one of the topics we went over briefly was "White Male Privilege". This consisted of a powerpoint with various slides including income earnings showing white male sitting firmly at the #1 position and racial ethnic minorities' earnings as a percentage of white males. THEN someone asked a question a long the lines of "where are the Asian American males' earnings?". To my surprise the instructor said that they left them off the slide but they're higher than white males. The slide literally had "WHITE MALE PRIVILEGE" as the title, but I mean if you're just going to ignore contradictory evidence I feel like it really weakens the argument. I also remember a while back I didn't understand the whole #BlackLivesMatter debate either until a Redditor [explained it](_URL_0_), so I wanted to see if you could do a better job explaining this whole white male privelege thing. | [
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3ll3n1 | Why does every country aside from the US have really crazy skyscrapers/skylines while New York mostly looks like a bunch of boxes | explainlikeimfive | {
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"I am not an expert on architecture but I think it has something to do with the time at which most of these buildings were made. Also keep in mind that even in cities with artistic buildings many will still be very basic looking because it is spatially and economically efficient.",
"New York has a bunch of boxes due to International Style being predominant for so long while New York was having a boom of growth (mid-50s to mid-70s). New York also has the most Art Deco skyscrapers of anywhere in the world. Dubai, China, etc also probably have more lax laws regarding permitting, design, etc which allows them to build some truly unique and amazing buildings. \n\nA lot of the reason why other countries skylines are developing while ours stay stagnant is that the current trend in the United States is to develop a suburban office \"campus\" with multiple low rise buildings instead of a single high rise. Add that to the fact that people in many cities like to complain about the height of buildings then immediately condemn sprawl, and you have a double whammy to us not having new skyscrapers.\n\nPerfect example is where I live. Jabil Circuit needs 600,000 sq feet of office space and is looking to relocate to downtown. Now, a 600,000 sq foot building doesn't need to be very tall, and can be easily accomplished with a 1 acre site and about a 35-40 story tower, but NOOOOO. We don't want that, we want to take up 5 square blocks to build a campus with no building higher than about 6 floors, a terrible use of limited downtown land which has the zoning density to allow high rises, but one that is easy to get past the public, because the building isn't tall.",
"Part of it is that New York sky scrapers were built earlier and bizarre shapes were just not feasible in the 30s.\n\nA further factor is that most European and Asian cities weren't planned on a grid system, so the plots of land aren't rectangular in the first place.\n\nBut the final thing is that generally in most Asian and European cities the land values aren't high enough for skyscrapers to be an efficient use of land once you get past 40 stories or so. So when you're building really high you're largely doing it for the prestige value of being in a tall and iconic building, in which case there is as much value in building something striking looking as there is in building something tall.",
"They have newer building technology, more advanced materials, better construction techniques, etc... It also helps to have demand to fulfill these skyscrapers. That's why Boston has like one nice skyscraper, it's a relatively small city compared to the Londons or Shanghais or Tokyos of the world.",
"It's not totally straightforward, but a few things jump to mind in the US:\n\n- Office projects almost always use debt (particularly for spec projects), which tends to add a layer of financial discipline but also a great deal of risk aversion. Western banks aren't known for their outsized appetites for risk. They're not going to take big chances on a new concept, particularly if it's a large project. Even with institutional development deals, they're thinking about building something that's optimized for usability and resale value rather than splashy, risky architecture (painting with broad strokes here). \n\n- Large US office markets tend to be expensive and their cities are typically very anti-development. This drives up the development cost and can lead to risk aversion. \n\n- Construction costs and standards are radically different between developing markets and developed (read European or North American) markets. I've been appalled at the construction standards and practices I've seen in some of these markets. Terrified would be another word I'd use. \n\nThere are other considerations at play as well, but by and large, when you see exuberant skylines in developing markets, you're really looking at very young real estate markets with something else to prove (China, GCC, Southeast Asia, etc.). Market considerations and leasability were not driving factors in design, like they typically are here in the US. Some markets in Europe have managed to impose enough design oversight to require fun architecture (London, Paris) but that's more a result of hot office market pricing outstripping extremely high barriers to entry and entitlement costs (largely due to constrained supply). Source: real estate professional who's worked in the US and the Gulf.",
"Skyscrapers in other major cities were built more recently. And if you look at the recently built Skyscrapers in NYC, they do fit that description. The one world Trade Center, for example, would fit in well in the London, Tokyo, dubai skylines. NYC is older and more bland. But personally, I still think it looks the best. Has a more, idk, authentic look to it. Compared to the all glass skylines you see of the other major cities across the world.",
"A big part of this has to do with design software developed in the last 15 years that shows stress allocation allowing more creative buildings to be designed without fear of structural failure.",
"Many of NYC's skyscrapers were built early on compared to many foreign cities. At the time the technology available and the style in fashion favored boxier designs compared to more modern structures (although at the time many were considered rather daring). Now add in that many buildings try to fit in with the area to an extent (to avoid looking clashing or gaudy) and the overall 'vibe' of a city and you get old themes being followed. Especially in NYC where over time the look of the city buildings has become part of how we see Gotham's character.",
"It's interesting looking at the population densities of some of the cities mentioned in this thread. New York City has the highest density by a wide margin. That boxy style presumably ends up being more efficient in terms of how cities tend to grow and organize themselves.\n\n\nCities ordered by population density.\n\n_URL_2_ (Density: 10,756/km2)\n\n_URL_0_ (Density: 6,000/km2)\n\n_URL_4_ (Density: 5,490/km2)\n\n_URL_1_ (Density: 3,800/km2)\n\n_URL_3_ (Density: 524.7/km2)",
"LA is actually famous for having just boxes and an ugly skyline because theres was a regulation (that ended just a year ago i think) that requires it to have a helipad on the top. This is for evacuating purposes in the case of an emergency"
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} | train_eli5 | Why does every country aside from the US have really crazy skyscrapers/skylines while New York mostly looks like a bunch of boxes
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4syti7 | the chemicals in cigarettes. | More specifically, what are these chemicals? Are they found naturally in tobacco and if not why are they added to cigarettes? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"There is a [list of cigarette additives](_URL_0_), all of them are FDA approved food ingredients, but the FDA doesn't test for saftey when burnt. Obviously that list includes everyone's addatives, so no cigarette has all 599 addatives (many ingredients have similar purposes). \n\nThe issue is when the tobacco leaf is cured, it's kept in a smoke house which deposits lots of burning byproduct chemicals, and when the cigarette is burned lots of additional chemical bonds are broken and reformed, so the smoke gets filled with lots and lots of new chemicals (this is where most the absurdly high number of chemicals comes from).",
"A lot of different chemical occur naturally when plant material is burned. I don't know if any are added, other than flavour because this varies a lot in different countries.\n\n Just because chemicals can occur naturally doesn't mean they aren't dangerous. Just like dangerous chemicals can occur in meat that's burned.",
"The chemicals in cigarette smoke are from:\n\ni) the tobacco plant\n\nii) the soil and environment\n\niii) the manufacturing process\n\niv) additives\n\nv) burning the tobacco\n\nSource:\n_URL_1_",
"There are A Lot of added chemicals. Nicotine isn't even the only addictive chemical. There are also cough suppressants in most cigarettes."
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} | train_eli5 | the chemicals in cigarettes.
More specifically, what are these chemicals? Are they found naturally in tobacco and if not why are they added to cigarettes? | [
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1s52a3 | How can stores like Menard's give away products (after rebate)? | They always have something that is free or costs next to nothing after rebate. The rebate is in the form of merchandise credit. Who is losing money? The store or the manufacturer? Is it old stuff? I can't figure out how this works. Today in their ad they had tanning cream that cost negative $5. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Two things: \n\n * Many people don't follow through with the rebate process (laziness, forget, etc.). That's why the rebate process exists - why not just make it an instant discount? Because if there's a process, many won't go through with it. That way on average, they can still make a profit on the item, even though on some consumers they lose money. \n\n * Probably not in this case, but possibly loss leaders: Stores often are willing to sell some things at a loss, in order to get people to come in & then hopefully buy other things that they sell at a profit. Think turkeys at Thanksgiving, cheap french bread everyday,e tc.",
"1. Many people will forget to submit the rebate form. And sometimes the clerks forget you print you a rebate form, so unless you remember and go online or back to the store you'll never get that rebate.\n\n2. They send you a merchandise credit for $5. Now how often do you spend *only* $5 at the store? That $5 and its expiration date will compel you to come back to the store sooner and likely spend more money than you would otherwise.\n\nIts a gamble for them, but often its on high-profit items so their losses are minimized while the amount of traffic and sales the rebates bring in will more than make up for the \"loss\"."
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} | train_eli5 | How can stores like Menard's give away products (after rebate)?
They always have something that is free or costs next to nothing after rebate. The rebate is in the form of merchandise credit. Who is losing money? The store or the manufacturer? Is it old stuff? I can't figure out how this works. Today in their ad they had tanning cream that cost negative $5. | [
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6i1d0i | How did the Ozone layer first form, and if there's is a hole, can it reform, and if not why? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The ozone in the upper atmosphere is created by high energy interplanetary particles hitting oxygen molecules causing it to split into individual oxygen atoms. When a free oxygen atom hits an oxygen molecule it forms ozone. This ozone is constantly being broken down by the ozone molecules hitting each other forming three oxygen molecules. So the process is continuous and self regulating. There is least ozone at the poles as there is the least high energy particles hitting the upper atmosphere in these regions.\n\nWhat is referred to as an ozone hole is an area of reduced ozone in the upper atmosphere. This can be the result of certain chemicals which will react with ozone and help convert it back to oxygen quicker. However the location of the holes have very little with where these chemicals were released because the strong winds at the high altitudes spreads the atmosphere around the world very quickly. So reducing the amount of ozone catalytic chemicals in the atmosphere will restore the balance again and the ozone layer is now as normal.",
"Ozone, or O3, is formed from molecular oxygen, or O2, being struck with UV rays or when they interact with electrical phenomena in the atmosphere, like lightning.\n\nHoles can reform, albeit slowly, because the Sun is always putting out UV rays and as O2 in the upper atmosphere is struck by it, it will keep generating O3. O3 isn't as chemically stable as O2 and can degrade over time. It's always in the cycle of degrading and forming.\n\nEdit: modern era ozone holes were caused by CFCs, or chlorofluorocarbons and similar chemicals, going into the ozone layer. They are used as refrigerants or propellants in the industry. The chemical reaction for ozone depletion:\n\nCFCl3 + UV ray = CFCl2 + Cl //UV breaks a chlorine off a CFC molecule\n\nCl + O3 = O2 + ClO //chlorine steals an oxygen from ozone\n\nClO + O = Cl + O2 //a free oxygen replaces the chlorine, and the free chlorine gets to destroy ozone all over again until it finds another Cl to bond into Cl2."
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} | train_eli5 | How did the Ozone layer first form, and if there's is a hole, can it reform, and if not why?
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2l492v | How do engineers calculate the maximum weight a bridge can support? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The structural strengths of all common building materials are well-studied and well-known. The actual practice is more complex than this, but the basic idea is you say \"This pillar is 1000 square inches of steel in cross-section, a square inch of steel can support a ton, so this pillar can support 1000 tons\". Then you divide by 5 or so to provide a safety margin, to protect against errors or people misusing the bridge."
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} | train_eli5 | How do engineers calculate the maximum weight a bridge can support?
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1sh3mv | Why do small phantom files appear whenever I copy folders from a Mac to a PC? | This files are always exactly 4KB, begin with a period, and are hidden. There's also a DS Store file, and a copy of the DS Store file which fits in with the other hidden files. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The phantom files are bits of information made by OS X during the copying process to help Windows track bits of information about those files that its filesystem isn't able to support by default.\n\n.ds_store files tell the Mac how to display a particular folder. For example, if you drag the icons around to be arranged in a certain way, or if you zoom in on them to make them bigger, the .ds_store file for that folder stores that information. \n\nBoth sets of files are completely normal; they're not visible from OS X because it's a UNIX system. Files that start with a . are hidden by default.",
"Basically, traditionally the MacOS filesystems store *a lot* of metadata (that is, information about the file) that other operating systems generally don't bother with. For example, most operating systems just look at the file extension - say, .mp3 - and just figure out it's a MP3 file and open it with the MP3 player the user prefers to use. But OS X will store the information about the actual *application* too: Some files created by MP3-creating applications might be tagged to open in *that* application, *even* when the user prefers something else (and if the user prefers to open the file in, say, iTunes *anyway*, it will still work perfectly). All that information is saved in file metadata. Also, for folders, it stores the information where each file is located in the Finder, since you can drag files around in folders.\n\nOf course, if you copy the files to (say) an USB drive with your typical FAT32 filesystem on it, that filesystem doesn't actually have *any capabilities* to store that extra information. So OS X creates a [.DS_Store](_URL_0_) file (and sometimes other files that start with dot and underscore) where the extra information is stored. OS X also creates a separate Trash folder for the drive. The dot in front of the filename means the files are hidden in Unix-based systems (including OS X), but Windows sometimes gets a bit confused about them."
],
"score": [
5,
4
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/.DS_Store"
]
} | train_eli5 | Why do small phantom files appear whenever I copy folders from a Mac to a PC?
This files are always exactly 4KB, begin with a period, and are hidden. There's also a DS Store file, and a copy of the DS Store file which fits in with the other hidden files. | [
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2yc77g | The formation of the moon (The Ejected Ring Theory) | I understand that the [theory](_URL_0_) of how the moon came about is still not solid, but can someone explain to me The Ejected Ring Theory?
And why is the capture theory ruled out? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cp888bx",
"cqjibvm"
],
"text": [
"The capture theory doesn't work because the mass of the moon vs the earth make it unlikely; the moon is just too massive to be captured by the earth.\n\nThe Ejected Ring is basically: a large body (about Mar-sized) crashed into the earth, a bunch of rock was ejected into orbit (first forming a ring around the earth), it collected around the earth into the moon.\n\nThis is bolstered by the similar mineral compositions of the earth and the moon.",
"Actually i thought ejected ring was a version of the fission theory not the impactor theory.\nThe fission theory says earth spun up in speed as it cooled and contracted causing the equatorial lighter elements to be ejected in a ring that formed the moon . Thus the surface of the earth and moon soils match as they do.\n\nThe impactor says a third space body miraculously came in at the only precise angle possible to eject the material to make the moon but somehow no part of this third body ended up in the moon itself. Highly improbable."
],
"score": [
4,
2
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/moon/moon_formation.html"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | The formation of the moon (The Ejected Ring Theory)
I understand that the [theory](_URL_0_) of how the moon came about is still not solid, but can someone explain to me The Ejected Ring Theory? And why is the capture theory ruled out? | [
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5r5ezb | How Pilots and Trucks driver communicate over the radio ? | For example, a plane is flying over a restricted area, so a military aircraft, Say Turn around... bla bla,
how one plane find the radio signal of another plane ?
and same with trucks drivers, for example one truck pass another truck in the route, sometimes they pick up the radio and say something to each other, how they do that ?
Sorry for my bad london, i have an extra chromosome | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dd4nbpb",
"dd4kt5k"
],
"text": [
"YouTube has interesting conversations between tower and planes. Search for \"ATC recordings.\" A guy named 'Kennedy Steve' is famous because of his delivery/humor. You could just search for that as well.",
"Pilots are advised by air traffic control which channels to use.\n\nTruck drivers use the same CB channels, and there are common UHF and VHF channels in certain areas to use as well."
],
"score": [
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How Pilots and Trucks driver communicate over the radio ?
For example, a plane is flying over a restricted area, so a military aircraft, Say Turn around... bla bla, how one plane find the radio signal of another plane ? and same with trucks drivers, for example one truck pass another truck in the route, sometimes they pick up the radio and say something to each other, how they do that ? Sorry for my bad london, i have an extra chromosome | [
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7vgs6j | Why are brass, copper, and bronze used in pluming? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dts5e2i"
],
"text": [
"They're very corrosion resistant, considering the constant exposure to water. They're also very malleable (meaning they're easily shaped into tube and pipe) and not toxic, plus it is easy enough to be bent by hand rather than having to fabricate exact curves and lengths. In addition, the three metals are also resistant to the growth of bacteria and other microbes.\n\nBrass, copper, and bronze are all mostly copper. Admiralty brass, the type of brass you'd normally see in plumbing, is only 30% zinc. Bronze is typically no more than 12% tin. Keeping the metal mostly the same also helps limit corrosion. Typically you'll see copper tubing and brass fittings, because pure copper doesn't hold its shape very well under the higher stress at a fitting."
],
"score": [
6
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why are brass, copper, and bronze used in pluming?
[deleted] | [
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16ms14 | Why are my income tax rates going up this year? What's included in the increase? | It's embarrassing that my knowledge of this is so limited. I just got a paycheck with less take home pay than I was making last year. What is this increase in taxes going toward? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"c7xfitd"
],
"text": [
"That isn't your income tax rate. That's FICA, which goes to pay towards Social security. it's a tax on your income but not THE \"income tax\", which is the same for most americans except the rich.\n\nThat clarified...\n\nA few years ago congress (in order to help out early in the recession) passed a bill which temporarily lowered the amount you have to contribute to Social secuirty. That bill expired at the end of last year, so it went back where it used to be, which I think is around 6% (it was lowered to around 4%)\n\nIt's to pay for social security and is necessary to make sure the program continues to exist in the future, it wouldn't run forever at the temporary lower rate."
],
"score": [
7
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why are my income tax rates going up this year? What's included in the increase?
It's embarrassing that my knowledge of this is so limited. I just got a paycheck with less take home pay than I was making last year. What is this increase in taxes going toward? | [
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3qnyom | Do animals have the capability to remember or even understand that they were rescued from terrible conditions in the immediate and distant future? | More importantly would a dog even remember that they were rescued? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cwgv10q"
],
"text": [
"Most animals dont remember anything very well, but they get habits ingrained in them. For example, i have a rescue cat who still eats every meal like its her last and that she has to scrape up every last bit (even though shes absolutely fed enough). so in that sense they \"remember\"\n\nSo with all that in mind, I don't think they can comprehend the concept of being \"saved\"; and I think any searching for a \"gratitude\" is humanizing animal emotions more than is correct to do. Animals are very much in the moment, and if you're making them happy in that moment, that's what matters."
],
"score": [
4
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Do animals have the capability to remember or even understand that they were rescued from terrible conditions in the immediate and distant future?
More importantly would a dog even remember that they were rescued? | [
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kqf42 | Explain like I'm five: time/space and time dilation. | Also: how is time relative? What is the time/space continuum? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"c2md9zu",
"c2mcq4g",
"c2mev16"
],
"text": [
"Imagine that you are driving a car at its max speed of 60 mph (the gas is stuck at full throttle) on a flat plane. You see another car travelling the same speed beside you. At first it is travelling in the same direction as you. So you see it as traveling 60mph forward and 0mph sideways relative to you. \n\nThen it veers off. Now it is travelling less than 60mph forward and greater than 0mph sideways relative to you.\n\nThis might seem like it does not apply, but in reality it is a decent analogy for spacetime. Just replace forward with time and sideways with space.\n\nThe idea is that we are all traveling through spacetime with a constant speed. We see ourselves as traveling through only time (forward). Others can seem to be traveling only through time (forward) if they are moving with us. In other words, they don't seem to be moving relative to us. \n\nHowever, if another object is traveling with some speed relative to us, we will see them as traveling slower in time (forwards relative to us).\n\nSince not every objects is traveling in the same direction as us, other objects appear to be traveling through space at different speeds. They of course see us as traveling slower through time relative to them as well (think of the car metaphor).\n\nThe actual math is a bit more complex, but that isn't important. Time is relative in the same way that forward is relative.",
"It's called \"spacetime,\" and calling it a \"continuum\" doesn't really mean anything. It's just a word non-scientists sometimes use because … I don't know why, to be honest.\n\nThe long and short of it, though, is that measurements of things like distances and durations are dependent on where you stand when you make the measurement. In some ways, this is obvious: If I'm *here* and I'm measuring the distance from *here* to *there*, I'm going to get one number. If you're standing *elsewhere* and measuring the distance from where you are to the same point, you're going to get a different number. That's obvious.\n\nBut other consequences of this fact turn out to be surprising. For instance, say I'm standing *here* and measuring the distance between two other points, call them A and B. One might think that if you're standing *there* and you measure the distance between the same points, you'll get the same answer I did. I mean, they're the same points, right?\n\nWell, it turns out to be more complicated than that. You and I are *not* guaranteed to get the same answer when we measure the distance between two points. How far apart two points are depends on where we are and how we're moving when we make the measurement.\n\nThis fact also applies to *distances in time,* which is just another way of saying durations. One might think, based on our intuition, that everybody will agree on how much time elapses between two events that happen at the same place — say, two blinks of a light. But in fact, this is not the case. Different observers do not necessarily agree on the *distance in time* between two events. How *far apart in time* two events are depends on where we are and how we're moving when we make the measurement.\n\nThat's why the idea of spacetime exists. It turns out that distance-in-space and distance-in-time (or duration, in other words) are actually closely related concepts, and when you get into the details of how my measurements relate to your measurements you find that space and time distances get mixed up into each other. Distance in space and distance in time are just *components* of distance in spacetime.\n\nNobody noticed any of these facts for about ten thousand years of recorded history because the difference between my measurements and your measurements is very, very tiny unless we're moving *incredibly fast* relative to each other. That's why you can go through life not worrying about converting from your measurements to mine or vice versa; at the kinds of speeds human beings experience directly, your measurements and mine are so close together as to make no difference at the scales we care about.\n\nBut if we cared about a far finer scale — for example, if we all had super-precise clocks and super-precise rulers and we cared about differences of trillionths of a second and trillionths of an inch — we would understand these things intuitively, because we'd have been dealing with them every day all along.",
"Let me try for a EL10 perspective, at least.\n\nIt's because light behaves differently than what we are used to, and some very smart people deduced incredible things from that observation.\n\nSo, imagine you're watching a car drive by you. And you have a radar gun, and you can see it's going at 45 mph. then the person in the car throws a ball forward at 15mph. Because the car was already going at 45mph, the ball, from your perspective, goes 60mph. If he throws another ball behind him at 15mph, the ball, from your perspective, will get the added boost from the car, minus the 15mph from the throw, and will be going 30mph.\n\nThe problem is, light is different. Light doesn't behave that way. Light doesn't get the boost or subtraction that the ball gets. Light always travels at the same speed.\n\nSo, shining the light out of the car at 45mph, forward? The light goes at the speed of light, or the constant we call *c*, not *c*+45mph. Similarly, light shining backwards doesn't go *c*-45mph, it always goes at *c*. *Always.*\n\nSo this doesn't really mean much until you start thinking about large distances or going very, very fast. Let me give you an example that may help you understand.\n\nInstead of a car, I'm in a space ship that can go *just barely* under the speed of light. Let's say it can go something crazy, like 99.999999999999999999% *c*. And somehow, you're on Earth, able to see in the spaceship the entire time. And now I shine a light at a wall a few feet in front of me.\n\nNow, I'm in the spaceship. To my eyes, the light goes from my flashlight at *c* to the wall. It seems instantaneous to me. You, however, are watching on Earth. You also see the light going at *c* out of my flashlight. But the spaceship is almost catching up to it. The light is crawling out of the flashlight and seems to take forever to get to the wall.\n\nSo because we are in different places at different speeds, called *reference frames*, we both experience something completely different. All because light always, *always* travels at the same speed, no matter what. So something else must change. As we see, time is what changes. To me, on the ship, the light behaves like it always does. To you, on earth, it seems as if time itself on the spaceship has slowed to a crawl.\n\nSo that's why time is relative. It's because light is not relative. Light is invariant (does not change.) I hope that helps.\n\n(On a side note, yes, light can be *slowed* by moving through a material other than a vaccum, but from a technical standpoint, the light doesn't actually slow down, it just bounces around a lot.)"
],
"score": [
6,
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Explain like I'm five: time/space and time dilation.
Also: how is time relative? What is the time/space continuum? | [
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85s6zh | How is it that PM2.5 (or similar forms of pollution) cause premature deaths both in short (e.g. same weekend as the pollution) and in long (e.g. 20 years) term? What is the mechanism? And how is city pollution different - in terms of consequences - than a dusty day in the desert? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dvzo0qf"
],
"text": [
"This is actually my field, and the exact technical answer is we don't know.\n\nThis is because we don't know what any individual breaths on a daily basis, we don't follow you all around with air meters, so we can't tell how long you hung out beside an idle car, or with a bunch of smokers, or time spent frolicing in the open air.\n\nWe also don't often identify what PM2.5 is made up of, because there is so much of it and it is so small, we mostly just count it (which is why it is called particulate matter and not anything more specific).\n\nThe more vague answer is that general PM2.5 has been shown in lab settings to increase oxidative stress in lung tissue. It is small enough to go directly to your lungs and not get stopped in the esophagus. \n\nWe also can see that hospital admissions and asthma attacks go up on high PM2.5 days.\n\nSo to more directly answer your questions:\n\n1. short term it can trigger asthma, it can be a viral vector for colds, it can exasperate existing lung conditions. It could even be deadly in the case of a strong fire (but wouldn't be in ambient levels). Children and the elderly are particularly at risk.\n\n2. long term It can exacerbate existing lung conditions, increase lung cancer risks, and cause premature death through stress on your lungs (this is through hospital data).\n\n3. mechanism we are still working on because pm2.5 is vague, but oxidative stress is a big one\n\n4. city pollution as a lot more nitrous oxides, and ozone, both of which are irritants and smog indicators. They may even have SO2 if your local energy is coal based (or someones up wind of you is). And its a mish mash of a ton of things, but generally there is a much higher ultrafine particle count, which can be detrimental to health.\n\nDesert dust is larger than pm2.5 normally, and it settles quicker. You are more likely to choke on it, but thats because it won't reach your lungs."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How is it that PM2.5 (or similar forms of pollution) cause premature deaths both in short (e.g. same weekend as the pollution) and in long (e.g. 20 years) term? What is the mechanism? And how is city pollution different - in terms of consequences - than a dusty day in the desert?
| [
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4kwgma | Is India better or worse after colonialism? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"d3ibf1g"
],
"text": [
"Definitely worse: their reserves and resources were taken away from them from British imperialism. They were left with a divided government and divided country. Did you know there was no such thing as India, Pakistan, or Afghanistan? The partition of Hindustan was caused by colonial disruption. As usual, there was the disregard for human rights, racism, exploitation aka overall economic devastation."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Is India better or worse after colonialism?
[removed] | [
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2n4f67 | What is reification in C# and how does it work? | I have googled it and read the wikis, but I still have no clue what it is. Either people's answers just dont make sense to me or they're just the blanket statement of "the process by which C# compiles generics". I want to know what the process actually is...
Please explain it like I am five. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cma8aqs"
],
"text": [
"In some languages, like C++, all template classes are compiled ahead of time.\n\nIn other languages, like C#, new template classes can be created on the fly, while your program is running. This is an important advantage for library code, so that additional data types can be added *after* the library is distributed, without necessarily needing the library's source code."
],
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2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | What is reification in C# and how does it work?
I have googled it and read the wikis, but I still have no clue what it is. Either people's answers just dont make sense to me or they're just the blanket statement of "the process by which C# compiles generics". I want to know what the process actually is... Please explain it like I am five. | [
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6jwve1 | What makes a man a grower vs a shower? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dji39tf"
],
"text": [
"A grower is referring to a penis that is larger erect than it is flaccid. A shower is a penis that's pretty much the same size flaccid or erect.\n\nWith female genitals, there's something kinda similar, innies and outies. Innies being where the labia minora(the flaps) are hidden or very minimal when viewing a vagina. Outies are where the labia minora are large enough to be exposed and not hidden."
],
"score": [
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | What makes a man a grower vs a shower?
[deleted] | [
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6byc1i | Why is it when a skunk is killed or run over everything for miles is saturated with the stench. How can it cling to so much air in so much space? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dhqj582"
],
"text": [
"It's s powerful chemical called thiols, sulfur based. Extremely concentrated, even bears run from it. It's like the stuff put in natural gas so you know a leak. A very little goes a long way"
],
"score": [
17
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why is it when a skunk is killed or run over everything for miles is saturated with the stench. How can it cling to so much air in so much space?
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39mm9k | Most of my friends have iPhones or Macs, and the insulation on their chargers always seems to disappear. Where does it go? | It just seems to detach from the charger port and slowly peel back. Sometimes 10cm or more. Where does it go? When only half the wire is insulated after a couple years, you really begin to wonder where all of that plastic went.. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Well, onto the floor. If the floor is carpeted, it will be very difficult to find. Then, whenever the floor is vacuumed, it gets picked up. \n \nThe reason it brakes off in the first place is because the owners aren't carful with it, most likely having bend it at either/both ends, [like this](_URL_0_) I don't think I've ever had a cable that only I used break apart.",
"Apple does not put proper protection on the cables for the part of the cable where it meets the connector. You can see [here](_URL_1_) in red Apples way of protecting their cables' ends and in green how most companies do. Also Apple uses a more rubber-like material to cover their cables. This feels more \"premium\" at first, but is also more prone to fraying and tearing over time."
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"http://prntscr.com/7gadz5"
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} | train_eli5 | Most of my friends have iPhones or Macs, and the insulation on their chargers always seems to disappear. Where does it go?
It just seems to detach from the charger port and slowly peel back. Sometimes 10cm or more. Where does it go? When only half the wire is insulated after a couple years, you really begin to wonder where all of that plastic went.. | [
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67l0pk | Why does our body produce lactic acid when we exercise? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Not enough oxygen to go around. Normally, any of our cells with mitochondria (which is most of them) would prefer to undergo aerobic respiration. It's very efficient, allowing you to get a buttload of ATP (an energy carrier) out of each molecule of glucose. The thing is, you need oxygen to do it. At rest, that's fine.\n\nDuring intense exercise, however, cells are undergoing aerobic respiration at a breakneak pace. They're using oxygen as fast as it's being supplied, and still need to make more energy. So, they start undergoing fermentation, which is way less efficient than respiration, but doesn't require oxygen. Breaking down glucose without oxygen can make a couple of things, and the one our body makes is lactic acid. Lactobacillus, one of the bacteria in yogurt, does the same thing with lactose in milk, making yogurt pleasantly sour with the acid.\n\nYeasts, on the other hand, use the same process to make different products from simple sugars: Ethanol and carbon dioxide. Thus, beer."
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} | train_eli5 | Why does our body produce lactic acid when we exercise?
| [
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mx5yb | Proper Eye Contact | Hey,
I'm 20 (male) and I've never understood eye contact. I am near-sighted and never wear glasses unless I have to so I don't really focus onto things but really just look at everything at once.
The problems occurs when I'm talking to someone and they're in the non-fuzzy range (1.5m). How often do I look at their eyes to make eye contact? all the time? do I look at their forehead? nose?
Sub-question: Is it rude to not make eye contact?
TL;DR: Eye Contact, WAT DO?!?! | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Use it as an accent to your conversation. If you never look at someone you're either ignoring them or submitting to them, so when you've finished your conversation you stop making eye contact and look away until they get the idea. If you look directly at someone constantly you're either creepy as hell or attempting to dominate them. Make initial eye contact when you first greet someone and hold it for a few seconds while discussing the point of the meeting, this shows interest, respect, and confidence. As you chat you can look away off and on, or just look at different parts of their body (or even face) so that you're not just staring them down. As you make specific points, i.e. saying something you think is important look sharply back into their eyes to drive the point home. I'm often doing more than one thing at a time, so when someone comes into my office I'll glance at my monitor or flip a page of specifications I'm reviewing and then look back at them. Practice it for a while and you'll realize it's really just another way of communicating what you're thinking anyway and it's not all that difficult. The reason you're having trouble is that you're not normally focused on the people speaking to you because of the eyesight issue, so you'll have to make some extra effort. That, or wear your friggin glasses."
],
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} | train_eli5 | Proper Eye Contact
Hey, I'm 20 (male) and I've never understood eye contact. I am near-sighted and never wear glasses unless I have to so I don't really focus onto things but really just look at everything at once. The problems occurs when I'm talking to someone and they're in the non-fuzzy range (1.5m). How often do I look at their eyes to make eye contact? all the time? do I look at their forehead? nose? Sub-question: Is it rude to not make eye contact? TL;DR: Eye Contact, WAT DO?!?! | [
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3fdg35 | If Trump gets elected as president how exactly will he get Mexico to pay for this wall that has proposed? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"I think he was going to sanction mexico until they built it...\n\nbut thats not how this works... that not how any of this works.",
"I believe he said he'll implement a tariff on Mexican goods, so Mexican trades people will have to pay more to have their goods brought over and sold in the States."
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} | train_eli5 | If Trump gets elected as president how exactly will he get Mexico to pay for this wall that has proposed?
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77xoaj | The Export–Import Bank of the United States | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The main purpose of the ExIm bank is to backstop loans to US businesses that want to conduct business with customers overseas. A typical commercial bank might find that loaning a business money to expand operations to serve a foreign client is too risky: what if the customer fails to pay their bill? \n\nThe ExIm bank will guarantee the loan made by a domestic bank, and will even insure that the US business will get paid.\n\nThis basically serves to grease the wheels of foreign trade, opening new markets for US goods.",
"They guarantee and sometimes provide loans made to foreign companies that wish to buy US-made goods. This makes US goods cheaper for say the Chinese to buy - and also in some cases they simply can't get the loan otherwise (China's not going to lend them money to buy American products and they do control their banks...).\n\nThis is generally a good idea for several reasons:\n1) Everyone else does it so if we can't provide cheap loans they'll get the business and our factories will move to countries that are willing to subsidize them.\n\n2) It's profitable. The Ex-Im has produced a profit I think forever.\n\n3) If you pay a foreign country a dollar to pay a business in your country two dollars that's wealth generation. Or even loan them 10 dollars to earn a dollar - you eventually get that money back and then your country is 1 dollar richer and that money can be taxed again and again.\n\n4) It keeps Americans employed.\n\n\n\nArguments against it:\n\n1) Wall St banks would rather like to be the only source for those loans. Then the money goes to them rather than the government. This would probably mean less loans made at higher rates, less factories, less employment - but that wouldn't be the banks' problem.\n\n2) It's corporate subsidies. Some like to think the government shouldn't be in the business of making things cheaper for corporations because it distorts markets.\n\n3) It's picking winners and losers. The bunk of the funds go toward helping other countries buy products made by the largest American corporations, and some think it should be more focused on small-medium sized businesses (even though they control much less of the market).\n\n4) Some believe the government shouldn't get involved in the market if it can help it - i.e. 'government is inefficient and wasteful' (even though many things the government does are vastly more efficient than private enterprises)."
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} | train_eli5 | The Export–Import Bank of the United States
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4t1658 | Why would the Turkish military attempt a coup against the Turkish government? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The Turkish military has a long standing history of being the liberal safeguard against conservative (Islamist) leaders or groups.\n\nErdogan, who is the current President and leader of the Turkish political party AKP, has taken many steps in a very conservative, Islamic direction.\n\nAlong with the worsening security situation (the airport bombing), some in the military may have felt it was time for another coup to bring the government to heel.",
"Turkey is a dictatorship pretending to be a democracy.\n\nThe military appear to be claiming the goal is to overthrow the current government so they can implement actual democracy and provide more freedom for Turkish citizens.\n\nWhether or not this is actually their goal and if they can achieve this is something well have to wait and see.",
"Doesn't the US have a base in turkey, or well at least they use one of their bases for the ongoing middle-east operations? What does that mean for any US armed forces in the area? Is the US going to come to one of the side's aid?",
"If you want to know why their leader is so bad....\n\n\nHere is a pretty good summary: _URL_0_\n\n\n\nCliffs:\n\n-Military is sick of islamic leadership and oppression\n\n-About to apply a healthy dose of freedom to the muslim leaders. I, Anti-Islam supporter, endorse this coup.",
"I'm confused, I thought that in Turkey, the Prime Minister > President (like in Germany, Austria, Ireland, etc.). So why does Erodgan appear to still be the de facto leader of Turkey?\n\nAre there other examples of this in Turkish history? Like Ataturk was Prime Minister for less than a year, but was he still the de facto leader throughout the 20s and 30s (even above Inonu)?"
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"url": [
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} | train_eli5 | Why would the Turkish military attempt a coup against the Turkish government?
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1ygf50 | How do they measure the distance players run/cover in a soccer/football game? | It's quite fascinating to see those numbers on the screen but I've always wondered, How do they measure it? Does each player have a tracking chip on them? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"They basically film the field and use computer software to track each player and calculate how far theyve traveled. Basically if you know the scale of the field in the camera its easy."
],
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} | train_eli5 | How do they measure the distance players run/cover in a soccer/football game?
It's quite fascinating to see those numbers on the screen but I've always wondered, How do they measure it? Does each player have a tracking chip on them? | [
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4usvf1 | How were drugs made in the first place? like who decided "I'm gonna get gasoline battery acid and gravel and mix in a leaf, and then light it on fire and breathe next to it"? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Many drugs including pharmaceuticals originate from botany. A lot of tropical climate plants contain chemicals which can be studied and modified to increase psychoactivity. Many other drugs are synthesized by modifying the chemical structures of existing drugs. Hence the constant bombardment of new pills and such being advertised.",
"Drugs typically aren't discovered in the manner you describe. Furthermore, for a few reasons, nearly ALL novel psychoactive drugs are close derivatives of ones that had already been known to exist.\n\nSome drugs (DMT, marijuana, magic mushrooms) exist naturally. These were the first to be discovered, typically by natives variously consuming the plants that surrounded them. The actual story of their discovery is often retold by said natives as \"the plants told us to eat them\" or some nonsense, and will be lost to history in truth.\n\nBut not all drugs are natural, and some have been manufactured (typically from drugs that were known to exist). Some came about because people were searching for a chemical similar to a known drug with a non-intoxicating characteristic of that drug. LSD was discovered by Albert Hoffmann in 1938 when he was searching for derivatives of ergot, which it had been predicted might be good for headaches. (LSD incidentally has anecdotal evidence to be good for headaches...)\n\nOr someone makes them because they're trying to make new psychoactive drugs, often because the last kind they were making got banned. This would be: synthetic cannabinoids, \"bath salts\", etc. It's often pretty easy to move an atom around on a drug, keep the same or similar intoxicating effect, and bypass any laws against the first (though laws do exist against this: see the USA Federal Analog Act).\n\nThe thing is, the people who discover these derivatives initially are generally at least a little competent with chemistry... They have to be, to discover it. But over time, the best clandestine method of making the drug is developed by other people, and we get the crazy meth labs and LSD missile silos we all know and love\n\n----\n\nEither of the above two processes (that is, find it naturally, or through derivatives of what exists) accounts for virtually all psychoactive drugs, because virtually all fall into categories which often contain innumerable others. These categories can be: tryptamines (LSD, psilocybin), phenethylamines (meth, MDMA, caffeine), morphine-type opioids (heroin, morphine), fentanyl-type opioids (fentanyl, acetylfentanyl), benzos (Xanax, clonazepam)...\n\nAs soon as one psychoactive is discovered in a category, others are sure to follow soon. New drugs come out and are used all the time but they're typically just analogues - it's been several years since a MAJOR leap in psychoactive drug design came about. The most recent such leap is perhaps the development of NBOMes, a cheap psychedelic sold as LSD, but it wasn't a good development because NBOMe is very dangerous."
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} | train_eli5 | How were drugs made in the first place? like who decided "I'm gonna get gasoline battery acid and gravel and mix in a leaf, and then light it on fire and breathe next to it"?
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6ycx9t | When performing live, why do the artists alter the melody of their well known songs so often? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"If a band or solo performer is on tour, it's likely they are playing that same song over and over and over again. If it's currently a hit on the radio, not only are they playing it nearly every night, but they are also using it as their sound check song because they want to make sure it sounds perfect since the that's the song the whole audience will know. That means they could be playing it three times a day every day.\n\nEventually they *need* to mix it up to stay sane and engaged. Otherwise they might zone out during a performance. Billy Joel famously said he almost lost his place while playing *Piano Man* one night at a show because he zoned out and started thinking about what he was going to order for room service later that night.",
"The song have orignated different for them.\nLet's say something like Ed Sheeran for example. He probably made many of his songs alone with a acoustic guitar, one voice vocals. Maybe sometimes half tempo and a melancholy tone.\n\nThen it's produced in a studio to have upbeat pop drums, backing melodies, alot of layers. A totally different song from the original idea. So the song you know might not be as locked down to the studio version in the artists head."
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} | train_eli5 | When performing live, why do the artists alter the melody of their well known songs so often?
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2eokfq | Since the president of Comcast said, "We don't enforce data caps." publicly and there is proof that they do, why couldn't a civilian sue them? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"\"Suing\" isn't that simple in American common law. Strictly based on what a Comcast executive said according to your post and not in regards to any other business practices of the company, no civilian would perceivably have legal standing in court.\n\nThe first hurdle of holding legal standing (even in class actions if you were involving Comcast and not just the President) is injury-in-fact: that the plaintiff suffered or will suffer actual and particular injury (financial, physical, etc.). There are two more hurdles in proving legal standing, neither of which are relevant because a case based purely on this information would not make it past the first step.\n\nAgain, this is in regards to the information of your post and exclusively that. Other factors and information regarding the business practices of Comcast and their executives' actions and legal responsibilities would of course change the situation.",
"Besides the technicalities of suing, there's a more important point here.\n\nComcast's argument is that the system they have is not \"Data Caps\" in that they don't turn your internet off when you reach a certain amount of usage.\n\nWhat you're thinking of as \"data caps,\" Comcast prefers to label \"Data thresholds\" therefore making it not a lie, per se.\n\nI don't agree with Comcast, just explaining how they justify it.\n\nHere's a really good article that goes into the detail if you're interested:\n_URL_0_",
"I'm not a lawyer. I do have lawyers in my family, so I have heard more of the talk than (perhaps) is average among college-educated US natives.\n\nTo sue someone generally requires either that you are damaged in some way or that an agreement has been breached (someone has failed in what they agreed). The president of Comcast saying something publicly does not generally qualify as a legal agreement for the company to live up to what he said. \n\nAnd it's slightly inaccurate to say you couldn't sue them -- you can bring a suit for anything you would like. The court may dismiss it out of hand, it may berate you for bringing a frivolous suit, etc. More to the point, you would be unlikely to get a lawyer to take this case, maybe not even on a contingent basis, because it is far enough out in left field they would not want to be associated with it.\n\nKeep in mind, too, that thinking \"there is proof that they [enforce data caps]\" isn't *nearly* as simple as it sounds. Evidence is one thing, proof is quite another.",
"Because all customers agree to [binding arbitration](_URL_1_) in the Comcast agreement (see paragraph 13). \nThat being said, you can sue the president of Comcast (or at least file the paperwork to sue) for pretty much anything if you had the means and desire to do so.",
"I'm not a lawyer (though I'm only 6 months away). The first place I'd look to is your state's version of the Deceptive Trade Practices Act (DTPA). Speaking very broadly, it prohibits misleading statements about products and services. As to whether or not your legal case would succeed, it would take a team of lawyers a good deal of time and money to tell you your chances of success. The DTPA does tend to be very consumer-friendly in terms of the legal issues brought up so far like standing, so I wouldn't be at all surprised if there were legitimate grounds for recovery under the DTPA. \nYour answer can, of course, be answered more directly by noting that Comcast has a well-funded team of lawyers ready to do everything in their power to minimize Comcast's exposure to liability, so if someone wants to fight this out, they should expect one heck of a fight. Nobody sues them because the cost of litigation is so high that whatever recovery you would expect to get doesn't justify going through that process. \nAs a side note, there are a good deal of questionable statements of law in this topic and similar topics, so don't go repeating what you read on Reddit. Lawyers are paid the big bucks for a reason.",
"Nonprofit impact litigation / consumer law attorney here. \n\nThe issue is whether a customer did in fact rely on that statement, whether reliance on the executive's statement is reasonable, whether the executive's statement is actually false, and whether the customer was ultimately injured by that false representation. If all of those elements are satisfied then there is a prima facie case for a false advertising consumer lawsuit. \n\nHowever, there might be some defenses. For example, Comcast's contract presumably contradicts the executive's statement so there is an issue of whether the contract nonetheless trumps the executive's statement. This is related to the issue of whether it is reasonable to rely on such a statement in the first place. See above.\n\nIf you or someone you know did in fact rely on the executive's statement and were subsequently injured because the data cap was enforced, then you should find a plaintiff-side law firm that specializes in consumer actions. Google \"*CITY plaintiff law firm consumer law false advertising class action*\". They should consult with you for free. If they think you have a case they should represent you for free with an eye towards making Comcast pay their attorneys' fees in the end.\n\nEven if you can't find someone who has been injured by the statement, you could still write a letter to your: district attorney, state attorney general, federal U.S. Attorney, the FCC, and the FTC complaining about the apparently fraudulent advertising. The government has a lot more power to stop activity like this when there is a public injury even if there is not a personal injury. An \"enforcement letter\" (as we call them in the impact litigation biz) is more likely to be taken seriously if written by a lawyer with citations to the relevant statutes and everything. It doesn't need to be more than a couple of pages long. But even if you can't find a lawyer to write it for you then you can still write the letter anyway and there is a chance that it will lead to an investigation and possible enforcement action (which will likely be limited to Comcast being ordered to stop making the false statements, and maybe paying a nominal civil penalty).",
"Ill try my best. Full disclosure, I'm not a lawyer, but I study a lot of law and such.\n\n\"To sue\" is to file suit. Meaning, you could sue anyone you like for any reason at all by going to a courthouse and \"filing\" (documenting a complaint, requesting judgement against the defendant, and paying a nominal fee). Then, the defendant will be \"subpoena'd\", and their presence will be required in court if preliminary judgement about your complaint isn't instantly marked frivolous or otherwise unsuitable for court.\n\nHowever, actually winning a judgement against a defendant is a completely different story. Lawyers cost lots of money. Every legal correspondence, form, or other document/communication/consultation/prep work costs hundreds or even thousands of dollars in legal fees per hour. A big reason why massive corporations feel free to abuse systems is because they know they have more money to throw at their legal and loss prevention departments than anyone else. While they may know they are completely in the wrong, no one can win judgements against them simply because no one can afford to pay lawyers to jump through all the legal jargon and hoops they throw at you.\n\nThey know a few things. One is that in certain cases, all official correspondences, responses, and mediations must be handled by lawyers, yours which you pay out of pocket. They also know official responses are required with any kind of motion or action, so they throw every kind of motion and action your way, even if it has little to no relation to the suit. One of the biggest strategies is to just make your retainers and bank accounts suffer until you drop the suit because you cannot afford to keep you lawyer(s) in motion. \n\nThe other thing they know, is that the current precedent is that the \"loser\" of a suit pays for the \"winners\" legal fees. While necessary to reduce the inclination for people to induce frivolous lawsuits, a company that can afford a legal team several time bigger and better than any potential plaintiff makes it extremely risky to attempt to bring suit against a big company anyway, even if evidence exists.\n\nFrom as much as I can gather, anyone could motion to sue Comcast, but it makes little sense knowing that you will almost certainly lose, you run a massive risk at losing lots of money, and no single person could afford to do it anyway (barring Bill Gates and the like).\n\nConsistently, the only \"suits\" where plaintiffs have been successful at taking on massive corporations are the \"class action lawsuits\" that you probably hear about. These are different because you have many legal firms and often several thousand plaintiffs working together with substantial evidence and often industry or government support to make it happen, for which the legal firms and supporters take nearly all of the judgment payout anyway. \n\nClass action against comcast specifically is also difficult because they cover their tracks extremely well, proof and evidence for their misbehavings can easily be allocated as \"heresay\" or within the bounds of normal business, their current operations have been acknowledged legally as an industry standard (a main reason why the TWC merger could proceed without \"violating antitrust laws\") and its is clear that they have government and industry leaders in their pocket from the start.\n\nSo you (a civilian) could, technically, \"sue comcast\". But you (a civilian) could not, in reality, \"sue comcast\"",
"I'm a lawyer. I make games now though. Still, here's some very simplified info.\n\nThis comes down to what the contract says. If the contract says: \"Hey, we're gonna give you infinite data for your interwebs no matter what\" and then they turn around and give you 0 data for your interwebs, then you've got a case for a breach of contract (and that case can been magnified by a class action if there's commonality of harm).\n\nMy guess is that the contract says something like: \"You're paying for internet. That service may be intermittent, and we aren't responsible for that. We may be required to place limitations on the amount of data you use, and we reserve the right to throttle your usage to protect the service, yadda yadda yadda, caveat caveat caveat.\" \n\nBasically, what you think you're getting isn't the same as what the contract is giving you.",
"Being wrong is not a crime in the US.\n\nEven lying is not a crime.\n\nThe content of your contract as a reasonable man would have understood it is the sole matter of import. If the CONTRACT says there are no caps and there are, then Comcast has reneged and you have grounds for some kind of suit. If a sales rep lied to you, that too could be important, though in a much more difficult way. False advertising can get you in trouble with the FTC, but that's not really relevant to the question.",
"because you don't have consumer rights in the states",
"I cancelled my comcast due to this policy. When I started my contract with them it was not a policy in place, but at some point I noticed a $10 charge for using more than the $300 gb allowed. Then just following the $10 fee they credited me a \"$10 courtesy credit\" this happened every month and even though they were crediting me the money back I still had a huge problem with the policy in the first place. When I contacted them about the issue, of course they said I could upgrade to business class, but it would cost more, defeating the purpose. One rep I talked to of course had no idea about the new policy, so I had to school her on what it was and when it was implemented. Why should I have \"unlimited internet\" with my phone, but not with my ISP?",
"Coming from Australia here. You mean the US doesn't have a public body that will represent consumer interests in cases of unconscionable conduct of a corporation? Like our ACCC? _URL_2_",
"this will probably be lost in the midst of all the other comments, but most of your traffic is ingress(download) they can say \"that's not your traffic,that's netflixs traffic destined to you\" and throttle it, and they would be right,although you requested that traffic and you are paying for it you can't own something you never received. whoever sends the data pays for it just like whoever mails snail-mail pays the stamps if you send a love letter to your wife and she sends it back without paying full postage they post office does not have to deliver it to you!! same concept applies here. \n\nas far as false advertisement,they don't have data \"caps\" per-se since you can still attempt to get any amount of data you want,the speed would just be too slow. \n\nin laymans terms, you can push as much data as you want down the internet pipe,there is no cap in that but the width of the pipe is subject to change at any time whether planned or unplanned. you don't have what's known as SLA(service level agreement) which is commonly found with large business internet or web hosting. there is no uptime or performance guarantee. your modem could break down for example and you can't call that \"data cap\". they can twist and bend the logic a great deal,unfortunately (or fortunately?) the law tries to treat both parties equal and the burden of proof is on the accuser/plantiff. you have to prove that you are wronged,they don't have to prove they didn't wrong you.\n\nthanks for reading this :)",
"Probably because somewhere in the AUP is a statement regarding data caps and that if you exceed them, they can warn/throttle/disconnect you.\n\nThe AUP you accept upon getting the service is in writing and thus is more binding than him saying that.\n\nIts the same reason why people bitch about Verizon and their limits, or AT & T and their grandfathering practices for unlimited data, but there hasn't been a lawsuit. Why? Because both things are in the AUP that you sign when you get your phone. They suck, people don't like them, but in order to get the service, when you sign for the two year commitment or just sign to accept the use policy if you are buying a phone outright, you agree to the terms.\n\nYou may say \"Oh, I didn't sign anything\" but the signed work order, or even ordering and accepting for delivery a self-install package will have you accepting an AUP somehow during the install. Most likely when you activate the modem. \n\nThat is more binding than a comment said by someone, by law. Accepting something in writing always trumps a comment or a handshake. That is why lawyers always say to get things in writing. Its not because they are being snarky, its because stuff in writing is a lot more enforceable than something verbal.",
"Imagine that he is Emperor Palpatine. Now, in the voice of Palpatine, imagine him saying:\n\n\"We don't enforce data caps.\"\n\nNow imagine a civilian filing a lawsuit.\n\n\"We're quite safe from your pathetic little band of lawyers. Now watch as my best lawyers crush your pathetic consumer rights suit once and for all!\"\n\nSee how that works?",
"Just because the president says it doesn't mean they are bound to follow their word. I'd ask what does the contract you sign with comcast say in the fine print? If the fine print doesn't say data caps yet they do, then you have a case",
"I like the use of civilian in this term, rather than customer. Because we all know this isnt a business transaction, it's a war. And Comcast is winning.",
"Even if you do sue them, you will likely lose or quit before anything good happens. Their pockets be deep, son.",
"Because we don't have the money or time to sue every dirtbag corporation that takes advantage of us.",
"we need more waves of comcast posts, and all of em must make it to the frontpage.\n(/s)",
"I'm sure they will win, because the always have loopholes in the contract that benefit them.",
"The question no one seems to be asking *you* is... sue them for what? Lying?",
"A citizen *can* sue Comcast. And Comcast will outlawyer the shitballs out of them."
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"http://www.comcast.com/Corporate/Customers/Policies/SubscriberAgreement.html",
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} | train_eli5 | Since the president of Comcast said, "We don't enforce data caps." publicly and there is proof that they do, why couldn't a civilian sue them?
| [
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111mkm | Why are chimps so much stronger than humans? | I've heard they are substantially stronger than humans and I was wondering the biology behind that and whether there are any implications regarding our evolutionary past. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"This is a good, straightforward article on the matter: _URL_0_",
"Their muscles are more for explosive power--sudden actions. Human muscles are built for longevity--we have more stamina."
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} | train_eli5 | Why are chimps so much stronger than humans?
I've heard they are substantially stronger than humans and I was wondering the biology behind that and whether there are any implications regarding our evolutionary past. | [
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2yxshb | When driving, is it more fuel efficient to put more pressure on the gas in a lower gear, or less in a higher one? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Generally speaking, while driving at a constant speed, it's more efficient to have the engine spin slower in a higher gear with less throttle applied (ideally, about 50-100% above idle, 1500-2000rpm for a car that idles at 1000rpm, as is typical). \n\nFor each revolution of the motor, you're travelling further due to the higher gear. Thanks to less throttle being used, less gas is used per revolution, a double whammy for fuel savings.\n\nDuring acceleration, the key is to keep the engine in an efficient range. Full throttle in a high gear (and low RPM) is just as wasteful as low throttle in a low gear at high RPM. \n\nA typical car idles at 1000 and red lines at 6000 (give or take depending on engine). For cruising at constant speed, you'd want to keep the car between 1500-2000rpm. For acceleration, you'd want to shift before 2500rpm (which should drop you down to 1250-1500 in the next gear).\n\nMany newer cars, especially efficiency focused ones like VW TDi models, actually have an indicator on the tachometer to show where maximum efficiency lies."
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} | train_eli5 | When driving, is it more fuel efficient to put more pressure on the gas in a lower gear, or less in a higher one?
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1ex5kc | Why is Java popular and why did Google write Android OS in java? | Java has large support from companies and Google wrote the Android OS in Java. Why do companies like Java so much and why did Google write android OS in Java?
Personally, I dislike Java because of the wordy syntax, the lack of operator over loading, concurrency is needlessly hard, and functions are not first order. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"I won't comment on why Java is popular. I don't know (and by this I don't mean to say it shouldn't have been, I literally just mean I don't know).\n\nAs for Android: Java code has the distinct advantage that it isn't written specifically for any one processor architecture. Like Android, the choice of going with Java/Dalvik for apps (even many parts of the system are simply 'apps') allowed Google to switch to another platform such as x86 with *relative* ease from the perspective of apps and developers. Although I don't know if the above has ever been said on-the-record by an Android insider, it stands to reason to me that this is the reasoning behind the decision. The extreme modularity of the Android operating system further reinforces this idea.\n\nOne small piece of evidence is the fact that C#.net was seen as the primary competitor inside Google w.r.t. what language Android apps would be in (keep in mind that Android development wasn't started inside Google though, they bought Android Inc. in 2005 iirc). In July 2011, in the midst of an Oracle lawsuit, an e-mail containing statements by Andy Rubin himself became public. The following is an [excerpt](_URL_0_) from it.\n\n > \"If Sun doesn't want to work with us, we have two options: 1) Abandon our work and adopt MSFT CLR VM and C# language - or - 2) Do Java anyway and defend our decision, perhaps making enemies along the way\"\n\n(Darnit, I hope you appreciate this comment, because you have no idea how hard it is to find that quote when your primary search terms are 'Android' and '.net'. Every page on the internet contains 'net' and everything's Android nowadays.)",
"Java initially gained traction by being write-once-run-anywhere. It was the best-maintained language offering that.\n\nAdditionally, Java is great for object-oriented design and very easy to write a good program in compared to C or Fortran.\n\nThere are good open source development platforms, I strongly believe that Eclipse had a major role in the huge popularity of Java.\n\nFinally, competitors in that space, like C#, were platform specific.",
"> why did Google write android OS in Java?\n\nIt was written mostly in C, but also in C++, and some in other languages including Java. Only about 10% was written in Java."
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} | train_eli5 | Why is Java popular and why did Google write Android OS in java?
Java has large support from companies and Google wrote the Android OS in Java. Why do companies like Java so much and why did Google write android OS in Java? Personally, I dislike Java because of the wordy syntax, the lack of operator over loading, concurrency is needlessly hard, and functions are not first order. | [
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2ee2u6 | With all of the mind-altering drugs out there that damage your memory, thinking, and brain in general, how come there are no "good" drugs that alter your brain in a good way? | Also, if there are any good drugs, could someone say a few of them? Thanks in advance. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"That's the funny thing: The good drugs are often the same drugs as the bad drugs. You've just only been hearing the bad things, because that's all anyone has a vested interest in telling you.\n\nMedical marijuana is a big thing, after all. Not to mention the growing research into medical usage of psychedelics on depression/anxiety and MDMA on autism.",
"My keppra is a pretty good drug, keeps my brain from short circuiting and causing seizures all the time..."
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} | train_eli5 | With all of the mind-altering drugs out there that damage your memory, thinking, and brain in general, how come there are no "good" drugs that alter your brain in a good way?
Also, if there are any good drugs, could someone say a few of them? Thanks in advance. | [
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3ko3ku | Short bursts of rain | We have all learned why it rains. I am not looking for an explanation of why it rains for a long period. What I am wondering about is why it would rain for only a couple of minutes, stop, and then rain again. What causes these short bursts of rain? What causes them to stop? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Ever seen the sky have clouds and open space mixed around? That's because the air by the ground is warmed by the hot earth and rises up. That punches a hole in the clouds. Then it gets colder and can't hold the moisture anymore, making a cloud and rain falls. And the colder air falls down, warming near the earth and then rising up making a hole again. As these clouds move over you and as these big loops of rising and falling air move, you get gaps in rain!"
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} | train_eli5 | Short bursts of rain
We have all learned why it rains. I am not looking for an explanation of why it rains for a long period. What I am wondering about is why it would rain for only a couple of minutes, stop, and then rain again. What causes these short bursts of rain? What causes them to stop? | [
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5d8ato | BIOLOGY] Is there a limit to how much a person can be massaged? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Massaging is essentially just providing external stimulation to the skin/muscles.\n\nIf you keep massaging a single muscle/muscle group, after sometime, you'll start feeling numb as the brain just starts ignoring the massage stimulation coming from the nerves of that area.\n\nOn the other handd , If you are giving a full body massage and moving from head to toe and repeating the process, the nerves would have enough time to reploarize, you'd just feel sore and probably ache from the stimulation."
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} | train_eli5 | BIOLOGY] Is there a limit to how much a person can be massaged?
[removed] | [
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7fo8zt | how can a layer of metamorphic rocks be on top of a layer of sedimentary rocks? Shouldn't the deepest layer have higher pressure and temperature? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"You are absolutely right, the deeper a layer gets buried, the higher pressure and temperature it is subjected to. \n\n\nHowever, there are two ways to explain your question. Compressive tectonic forces can fold or fault rock layers which would place metamorphic rocks above sedimentary rocks. \n\nA thrust fault is a type of fault that pushes deeper, older rocks over younger rocks. Imagine pushing two pieces of paper together on a flat surface. One would slide on top of the other, which is exactly what happens in a thrust fault. There are places in Canada where very old granite has been pushed up on top of young sedimentary rocks via thrust faulting. For the folding example, think about a tablecloth pushed over a smooth table, it would bunch up in a series of small folds. The same thing happens with rock layers. Sometimes rock layers get folded so much they become overturned, which means a \"lower\" layer would be on top of an \"upper\" layer.",
"You'd be right to think that, but after deposition, and compression in the case of metamorphic rocks, the units can be overturned in folding. You'll have a large scale fold (across miles) which has been folded even further over so that the peak of the fold lies on top of another fold limb, and one of the limbs will be upside down relative to it's original orientation. You then see the upside down beds at the surface when the fold and overlying beds have been eroded away. Hope I haven't been confusing",
"A sill of intrusive igneous melt could be implaced in flat lying sediments which could cook the contact area but leave rocks down section unchanged. I saw talc as the metamorphic mineral in a contact zone around a basalt sill into limestone.\n\nI can also imagine blueschist facies metamorphism into sediment beneath a thrust where there are sediments that are much less altered beneath them. The difference is that such metamorphism is due to tectonic over pressure rather than heating or depth of burial."
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} | train_eli5 | how can a layer of metamorphic rocks be on top of a layer of sedimentary rocks? Shouldn't the deepest layer have higher pressure and temperature?
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1ro0be | What exactly is the role of a movie producer? | What does a movie producer do? What are the differences between an executive producer and a production assistant? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Producers make the movie happen. They find a script, they get it rewritten, they get funding, they approve the casting, they approve the locations, they hire the director, they make sure it doesn't go over budget, and they sign it off when it's complete. It's the non-arty side of movie making.\n\nExecutive producers are generally less hands-on. They do more of the finance and business meetings side of things. Often this role is given to actors who are considered integral to the ongoing success of a series. \"A remake of the Lone Ranger you say? Not sure that'll work...Oh, Johnny Depp's coming here to discuss it? Okay, set up a meeting\"\n\nProduction assistants act as \"runners\", copy scripts, make phone calls, drive trucks, recce locations and generally make sure everything gets done smoothly."
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} | train_eli5 | What exactly is the role of a movie producer?
What does a movie producer do? What are the differences between an executive producer and a production assistant? | [
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2i1dm1 | Database Normalisation | In school I have to do a report on my database. One of my sections is Database Normalisation. The notes we have been given don't explain it very well. Can you explain, 1st normal form, 2nd normal form and 3rd normal form?
Thanks in advance. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"1st) Don't put multiple bits of data in a (cell?). Not doing this could break a program doing data extraction. Make another row instead. \n\nDon't:\n\n| Name | Address | Subject |\n|:-----------:|:------------:|:------------:|\n| Adam | Red Street | Maths Science\n| Bill | Blue Street| English \n\nDo:\n\n| Name | Address | Subject |\n|:-----------:|:------------:|:------------:|\n| Adam | Red Street | Maths \n| Adam | Red Street | Science\n| Bill | Blue Street| English \n\n\n\n2nd) Instead of repeating data (which may lead to entry errors) make a new table. \n\nDon't:\n\n| Name | Address | Subject |\n|:-----------:|:------------:|:------------:|\n| Adam | Red Street | Maths \n| Adam | Red Street | Science\n| Bill | Blue Street| English \n\nDo:\n\n| Name | Address |\n|:-----------:|:------------:|\n| Adam | Red Street |\n| Bill | Blue Street| \n\n| Name | Subject |\n|:-----------:|:------------:|:------------:|\n| Adam | Maths \n| Adam | Science\n| Bill | English \n\n3rd) Remove columns that aren't dependent on the primary key. \nProfit = Revenue - Expenditure. Instead of having Revenue, Expenditure & Profit we only need Income & Expendit and can figure out profit with a calculation later.",
"This one might be pretty hard to present in an ELI5 way without writing a textbook-chapter's worth of material. Does your course have a textbook? Is it *Fundamentals of Database Systems* by Elmasri and Navathe? Is your database a relational database or something else? Do you understand functional dependency or is that part also confusing right now?\n\nIf you give more details on what parts you get pretty well, what parts are a bit uncertain, and where you're kinda lost, then it would be easier to give you more specific guidance. In general, the idea of normalization is to make sure that attributes are organized among the tables of a relational database in a way that makes it less likely for a query to accidentally produce \"untrue facts\" after a join, and that tables aren't being expected to repeat a lot of information redundantly, things like that."
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In school I have to do a report on my database. One of my sections is Database Normalisation. The notes we have been given don't explain it very well. Can you explain, 1st normal form, 2nd normal form and 3rd normal form? Thanks in advance. | [
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700s0o | Why are so many intelligent, gifted individuals so frequently unable to find happiness for themselves? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The saying is \"Ignorance is bliss\" so the less intelligent you are, the less stressful your life is in a sort. You don't have to worry about a lot of responsibilities and issues(even if its your job to, you simply don't as you're inferior in intelligence and cannot comprehend the need to worry about them)\n\nEdit: this was so hard to write without offending anyone xD",
"High intelligence is strongly correlated to the following psychological conditions; depression, anxiety, and obsessive compulsive disorder. \n\nI can't tell you why a specific individual is unhappy, but the general idea is that somehow brilliance and genius just happen to go hand-in-hand with psychological disorders.",
"I'd be surprised if there is a concrete answer for this, take my theory with a pinch of salt.\n\nThis may sound condescending, I don't want it to, I just don't know how else to word it. I think intelligence leads to an inquisitiveness about a lot of things outside of a person's own bubble, so to speak. The desire to learn about things and trying to understand them can have an effect. A subject like politics is a prime example. Intelligent people may want to learn about politics to gather an informed opinion, and by doing so, begin to realise how corrupt and backwards the systems can be that govern our countries. Discovering something like this and knowing you cannot really do anything about it is a depressing thought.\n\nThis is just a single example, and there's obviously a LOT to gather when it comes to the reasoning behind a person's mental health, I was just giving a straight-forward example of what could contribute to a person's depression. The train of thought could be carried over to other subjects. I can't speak for people who are depressed solely due to personal problems.\n\nBlissful ignorance is a saying that holds a lot of weight in my eyes. Some people are just unaware of the atrocities of the world, which I'm jealous of to be honest. Others choose to ignore them.\n\nAs I said, take it with a pinch of salt. I could be completely wrong but I think it's a sound enough theory to explain a small part of what may contribute to depression, outside of chemical imbalance.",
"My uneducated supposition is that these sorts of people overthink and analyse constantly, every aspect of their lives. It's easy to get bogged down in the minutiae.",
"I think the key here is self awareness, self reflection and analytical thinking.\n\nMost people judge themselves and those close to them by their intentions (\"He did not want to hurt your feelings, that's why he didn't tell you ...\") and those they don't know really well by their actions (\"fucking liar\"). Many intelligent people do not work that way. They are aware that the difference in how we judge ourselves, those close to us and those we don't really know is hypocritical and that is why they think of themselves as critical as they think of others, which simply prevents them from having a high self esteem. \n\nAnother thing that comes with analytical thinking is that people often have a clear image of how something should ideally work (be it politics, society or just something simple as an order process), because they have analyzed the whole situation, got all the information they needed and came to a logical conclusion. And while they can accept that others also have ideal versions for these things, most of the people they have to argue with simply base their opinion on their feelings and selfish needs and not on actual information, which makes arguments about the topic worthless.",
"There are two chief factors that may be responsible:\n\nFirst, think of being a genius as a mutation. There is an average intelligence, and as you go off to either extreme of it, you likely didn't inherit those genes from your parents but instead had a few genes relating to intelligence that mutated. The brain's chemistry is one of the most known complex systems in existence. Any change is likely to set off a cascade of changes. So think of \"gifted intelligence\" like any other drug for your brain such as an antidepressant - if you take it, you will likely experience a host of side effects. They aren't guaranteed, but the risk is increased substantially compared to normal. The side effects are rarely good, and can lead to psychological issues relating to depression, anxiety, and so on. Savant syndrome is a particularly exaggerated case of this scenario, such as people who can do operations with massive numbers in their heads but need help to dress themselves.\n\nSecondly, consider how society is structured. Is it designed for the gifted, or for the average? It's designed for the latter. The extremes aren't accounted for. The mentally deficient will find it difficult to support themselves, and the mentally gifted will find it difficult to put up with the rules of society, e.g. progressing through school at a certain rate, dealing with bureaucracy, social rules, finances, etc. when they feel they should be an exception, and so on. These roadblocks can be frustrating for these individuals as they constrain what they're able to do and accomplish. Society is not built to accommodate those who are outliers, which makes it natural that they feel unhappy when their personality, skills and desires do not mesh with how you're expected to live your life."
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1tuqb0 | why is it so hard to breath when you fall on your back or get punched in the stomach. | Slipped at the pool tring to stop walking when someone stepped in front of me. Was laying there trying to breath in for what felt like 30 minutes. Just wanted to know what being "winded" really is and googling it didn't get me any relevant results. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"You take a hit to a nerve (solar plexus) that controls the diaphragm, the muscle that controls most of your breathing. When it takes a hit it turns off for a short period of time and so you can only take short breaths by using your ribs.",
"It is your diaphragm, the muscles that control your breathing, that gets hit. This makes them seize up and spasm. Which makes it hard to breathe."
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} | train_eli5 | why is it so hard to breath when you fall on your back or get punched in the stomach.
Slipped at the pool tring to stop walking when someone stepped in front of me. Was laying there trying to breath in for what felt like 30 minutes. Just wanted to know what being "winded" really is and googling it didn't get me any relevant results. | [
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266a3h | Why is it so hard to permanently cure allergies such as nut and shellfish? | Unfortunately i have both, and i want to know if a cure is a realistic goal in the near future. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Not likely.\n\nAllergies aren't like most diseases.\n\nMost diseases are caused by something acting weird, or something extra growing somewhere, and are easily treated and cured.\n\nAllergies though, are the body attacking things that it shouldn't.\n\nInstead of knowing that it should attack bacteria, and leave that peanut oil alone, it attacks both, thinking both are trying to hurt the body.\n\nThink of the immune system as a protective husband, him and his wife (the body) are walking down a dark street. They see a gang of thugs (bacteria) coming down the street, so he pushes her into the bushes so that if he ends up fighting the bacteria, she is out of the way and safe.\n\nBut instead, they see a bunch of carollers out, he thinks that they are dangerous, tries to hide her in the bush, she slips on ice, get's hurt, while he gets into it with a bunch of people dressed as Santa and his elves.\n\nAllergies aren't a disease as much as they are a mistaken immune response, which is incredibly hard to cure, and is often only treated, which is why so many people have epi-pens."
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Unfortunately i have both, and i want to know if a cure is a realistic goal in the near future. | [
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2hk59i | why is it possible for sprinters to get faster times.through the decades? | How is it possible that 100m sprinters can improve their times vastly between different generations of sprinters? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"There's some difference between what athletes of today can accomplish with better sports science and nutrition and athletes in prior times. Also, there are a lot more people alive today than there were even two generations ago, so there's a greater chance that the fastest person ever is alive today than two generations ago.\n\nThe big difference, though, comes from shoes and track surfaces. Surfaces and shoes that allow for the right amount of bounce, firmness, and friction all help improve times.",
"* technology has improved training, nutrition, sports medicine, and equipment\n* the rise of professional athletes, who can earn a living devoting their lives to running fast\n* an increase in the number of people aspiring to be professional athletes\n* quite possibly, performance enhancing drugs",
"Because training techniques and regimens have improved between different generations of sprinters."
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1joyog | how did different races evolve? | In the beginning was it really a single herd of humans that eventually split in different regions and races or different herds that evolved to be humans at different regions.
EDIT: is there a logical explanation or an effort to address this phenomenon from any religion? | explainlikeimfive | {
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4yrqqk | Why do metaphors move us in a way that plain, literal writing cannot? | I'm a physics type of guy who's always had mad appreciation for the humanities. My English teachers always advise me to use metaphors to liven up my creative writing, and it certainly works! I'm just not totally sure why it's so much more effective at touching our hearts than plain writing is. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The brain works in a categorical way in order to simplify. Auto-associative memory is the saturating of neural pathways with many connected reference points to consolidate the idea/experience into memory (learning). You can recall a big piece of data from a tiny sample, like unpacking a compressed computer file. Its an extension of pattern-recognition. When children are playing make-believe they are drawing connections and manipulating object ideas with imagination. For example, thinking a stick is a sword. Culture, hence pre-existing associations lie the foundation for the subject of metaphor, but the ability to understand metaphor is a product of our minds. Metaphorical thinking can have its perils like in prejudice. \n\nPS. Orangutans were able to make metaphors and understand them using object communication methods. There are also studies where people were given a hot or cold drink to hold in an elevator. Afterwards, they were asked how they thought of the people around them. Hot drink group said they were nice/warm and offered charity, whereas the cold drink group said they were cold/hostile and refused to offer help.",
"You've been trained, socialized, and conditioned to react to metaphors. They are part of the linguistic and communicative tradition in which you were raised. Had you been raised in a linguistic tradition that does not use metaphor in an artistic way, you would not be moved by them. \n\n > My English teachers always advise me to use metaphors to liven up my creative writing,\n\nTry writing a compelling story without using metaphor. Try to use some other creative techniques to express yourself. It's hard, but don't rely on metaphor as a crutch.",
"I think that the ability to relate one thing to another is what makes them so effective. You can break down complex subjects into simple and logical format, however they do not always make the point. Using a metaphor or analogy to illustrate the concept in a more relatable fashion provides the listener with extra variations that they can work out or relate to in order to understand and work out the initial topic."
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} | train_eli5 | Why do metaphors move us in a way that plain, literal writing cannot?
I'm a physics type of guy who's always had mad appreciation for the humanities. My English teachers always advise me to use metaphors to liven up my creative writing, and it certainly works! I'm just not totally sure why it's so much more effective at touching our hearts than plain writing is. | [
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4xpc9f | What would it take to get a third party into the debates and why can't they just be included automatically? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"The Commission on Presidential Debates requires that a candidate be polling at at least 15% to be included in the debates. the reason third parties can't be included automatically is because dozens of people run for President in every state. If you didn't establish a cutoff somewhere, you would have a stage with literally hundreds of people on it, almost all of which aren't even running in more than a single state.",
"The reason there's a qualification is because Dems and Repubs are just organized groups who agree to debate each other for the exposure; it's not a mandatory thing, a debate, and so if a 3rd party candidate wants to attend the kegger you're throwing--and you've already got the beer and chips and music and strippers covered, then the interloper needs to bring something more than a half bag of Funyuns to get in the door--some pot, a cousin who knows a few cops, something like that--otherwise the guys throwing the party don't really need them there. \n\nPolitical parties aren't about letting everyone speak their minds: They want to get their own messages out, and debating someone with contrasting ideals is the best forum for that. Letting your cousin's friend Kevin, a notorious buzzkill, show up with his Funyuns has little value to either candidate's goal in being at the party in the first place.",
"They need to get 15% in the polls to be included. \n \nAs to why they're not included automatically, there are a lot more 3rd parties than just the Libertarians and Greens. There is the Constitution Party, the Socialist Party, America's Party, Workers World Party, Pacifist Party, etc. Most of these only have ballot access in a handful of states and therefore literally cannot win. \n \nThere needs to be *some* kind of cutoff, because most 3rd parties are frankly jokes and would just be a distraction from the candidates that are actually serious about winning."
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3gh7d2 | The differences in the different types of motor oil for automobiles. 10W40; 0W20; etc. | My old car uses a 10W40, and my wife's new SUV uses a 0W20. The sticker put on the windshield for both suggests changing every 3,000 miles. Is this a sales ploy or does oil still need changing so soon? What are differences in the different types of motor oil? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"When you see a W on a viscosity rating it means that this oil viscosity has been tested for **winter** use at a colder temperature. The numbers without the W are all tested at 210° F or 100° C which is considered an approximation of engine operating temperature. In other words, a SAE 30 motor oil is the same viscosity as a 10w-30 or 5W-30 at 210° (100° C). The difference is when the viscosity is tested at a much colder temperature. For example, a 5W-30 motor oil performs like a SAE 5 motor oil would perform at the cold temperature specified, but still has the SAE 30 viscosity at 210° F (100° C) which is engine operating temperature. This allows the engine to get quick oil flow when it is started cold verses dry running until lubricant either warms up sufficiently or is finally forced through the engine oil system. The advantages of a low W viscosity number is obvious. The quicker the oil flows cold, the less dry running. Less dry running means much less engine wear.",
"The enemy of engines is friction.\n\nTo avoid friction, the oil has to be thin enough to get between moving metal parts with a little bit of gap but thick enough to seal the very small gaps( so the oil pump can push the oil for exemple.\n\nThere is a specific test to see if the oil is thin enough at normal engine temperature and when it's starting in -30 celsius(IIRC).\n\nThe first number is when cold(W=winter) and the second number is when hot.\n\nAs for your questions,\nThe oil manufacturer has a warranty that cover the old 1952 chevy to the brand new Mercedez. Putting it at 3000 miles is a safe number for every car no matter what engine it is. It's probably more mileage than this but the garage shouldn't have to break its head trying to figure this out for every make and model, you should. The garage only knows that if an engine seizes under 3000 miles Castrol or Mobil won't be able to put up a fight for this. \n\nWhat you can do is look in your owners manual and find in the last pages the maintenance record of the vehicle. It will probably say that your new car can run up to 10 000 miles with 0w20 depending on how your wife drives.\n\nBy changing it, to 10 000 miles(again check your owners manual), you might void the oil manufacturer's warranty( very doubtfull but this is a lawyers's world) but you will still be covered by the car Manufacturer's warranty.\n\nELI5: It's more a matter of who will pay without putting a fight if your engine blows up. 3000 miles is a safe mileage for every car( event the rust bucket as long as it's not burning it)and your garage will use this. But your new car could be fine with 8-10000 miles. At this point, the manufacturer's waranty is more likely the one who will pay if your engine breaks.",
"10w40 oil means at cold temperatures, it behaves like a 10 weight oil, but at high temperatures, it acts like a 40 weight oil. Weight is a number representing the oils resistance to flow (viscosity, or thickness in a way)\n\n\n the 3000 mile comes from standard oil that degrades rapidly. Synthetic oils on the other hand (like the 0w20, I don't think they make a conventional that thin) can go longer without changes (sometimes even 10,000 miles or longer) because they are engineered to require very little modifiers to make it a 0w20 oil (for example) \n\n\nthe way they make a conventional oil a 10w40, is they take a 10 weight oil, and add stuff to make it a 40 weight oil at high temps. That stuff breaks down, and it becomes too thin to properly lubricate the engine. So you can see why they say 3000 miles for changes.\n\n\nSynthetic oils are engineered to be as perfect as possible, and, if I remember correctly, don't need the viscosity modifiers (or use very little) so that let's them last longer than conventional oil\n\n\nTl;Dr the sticker is probably from a place like jiffy lube or one of those quick oil change places. They typically don't know what's best for your car, and in some cases will even use the wrong oil for your car. If you use standard oil, 3000ish miles is the normal interval. If your car requires synthetic, check your vehicle manual for the manufacture recommended interval, but typically it can be 10000 miles or more",
"the numbers refer to the weight of the oil, which means it's viscosity(how easily the oil flows).\n\nthe first number(the X in XW40) is the SAE viscosity rating of the oil in cold temperatures. the 2nd number denotes the viscosity rating at 100C, typical operating temperatures. \n\nSo 10W30 oil behaves like 10 weight oil at cold temperatures, and 30 weight oil at operating temperatures. The lower the number is better, as this means the oil flows easier on cold starts, so there is less wear. \n\ntoday's engines tend to use lighter oils because they flow easier. this makes it easier for the engine to turn over, but requires different designs for lubrication, since the oil is less sticky. older motors were built more robust, and used the heavier oils so they would stick to parts better to lubricate better.\n\n3000 miles is a lie perpetuated by oil change centers to get you to change your oil more often than you need to so they make more money. follow recommendations in your owners manual for oil changes. If your new vehicle is fancy, it may have an oil life system that will tell you when to change your oil. Don't believe mechanics shops on maintenance recommendations. look at the owners manual first."
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My old car uses a 10W40, and my wife's new SUV uses a 0W20. The sticker put on the windshield for both suggests changing every 3,000 miles. Is this a sales ploy or does oil still need changing so soon? What are differences in the different types of motor oil? | [
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2xo25y | Why is fish not considered "meat" by those who want to avoid eating meat for certain religious beliefs? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Early Christianity's official language was Latin, and in that language there are distinct words for the flesh of land animals and the flesh of water-dwelling animals.\n\nSo in early proclamations about fasts in which one refrains from eating what **we would call \"meat\"**, the Latin word \"carnis\" would have been used, which would not include \"piscis\", or fish.\n\nThat distinction has been carried over into the other languages of the church since then.\n\nIf you want to read or listen to a piece about the history of \"fish fasting\", [there was one on NPR a few years ago](_URL_0_).",
"Some religions consider animals on land in a different class than animals from the sea",
"Ancient peoples tended to classify animals based on humanity's relationship to them. Cattle were raised and slaughtered, birds were hunted, fish were...fished. So as far as people were concerned, these were three completely different types of creatures that produced three different types of food. Any sort of restriction on meat in ancient Hebrew or Christian people was referring specifically to animals that were farmed, not caught. We now know that fish, birds, and beasts are just three different types of animal that all produce meat, but tradition has a way of sticking around.",
"Meat and fish are different words (caro carnis vs piscis piscis) in Latin. I'm not sure if a liberal translation/interpretation of these was the founding of the tradition or not, but it seems like the most likely cause to me.\nI grew up Catholic and never heard a good reason. It's just a tradition, though my father swore it had something to do with boosting the ancient fishing economy.",
"Tradition, basically. Same way birds aren't usually considered meat.",
"In Islam, all creatures living in water are considered Halal (\"permitted\") for eating, because water purifies what is in it. For regular \"meat\" the surface or flying animal (1) has to be allowed for eating (no pork, for example) and (2) has to be slaughtered in the name of God (the latter purifies the meat). If any of two is missing, meat is not permitted for eating. For example, eating beef from a cow that has not been slaughtered in the name of God is exactly the same as eating pork.",
"It's just a different definition of \"meat\". It's generally not that fish were not considered animals, but that they were not considered \"meat\", which referred to land dwelling animals, often mammals.\n\nThere is a similar concept in Spanish. Carne is usually translated as just meat, but in many places it either means beef, red meat or mammal meat in particular. \n\nThe religious aspect stems partially from an idea that goes back to the ancient Greeks of \"hot\" and \"cold\" foods, and how certain foods brought about certain states of mind. Meat was considered a hot food, and hot foods induced passion, hotheadedness, anger, etc. Cold foods were thought to cause contemplation and reservation. If you wanted people to think about religion and piety, which kind of food would you want people to eat? And because they lived in water, fish were considered a cold food.",
"There's a lot of BS is this thread about the pope having ties to fishing families, or because it's a \"loophole\" or something. No. It can't be a loophole, because there is no hard and fast objective definition of what \"meat\" means to be subverted in the first place. The definition of meat is culturally relative, and historically contingent. In the western tradition, and in a lot of languages around the world, foods are divided into meaningful categories differently than they are in English. So while \"meat\" in English includes chicken, fish, and beef, in a language like Swahili, there are separate words for each: kuku is chicken, samaki is fish, nyama is \"meat\", but ONLY the meat of goats, cows, and large game animals.\n\nSimilarly in Latin, and in orthodox thinking that goes back to the time whenever these laws were being made. Carnis refers to the meat of cows and goats and sheep, Pis to fish. It just so happens that we translate carnis into the English \"meat\", but in English, meat can also mean fish flesh. In my experience, it's English that is the oddball here-- many Indo-European languages have a word for fish flesh that is completely separate from a word for mammal flesh.\n\nThis is very related to the extremely Abrahamic and \"western\" notion of the *scala naturae*, or the Great Chain of Being described by Aristotle and adopted by the early Christian fathers. In this, there is a linear and unchanging progression of complexity and perfection that goes something like: God - > Angels - > Humans - > Mammals - > Birds - > Fish - > Reptiles - > Insects - > Plants - > Inert Matter. These categories were seen to be \"essential\", that is, containing an essence of Being that is discrete (non-continuous) and unchanging.",
"When expanding a religion (e.g. Catholicism) to a new area with new animals, sometimes things get unscientific in order to make sure that the old rules don't cause undue hardship on new converts.\n\n[This article](_URL_1_) mentions a few good examples. One was the designation of beaver as a fish, which made Catholic Lent much easier to accomplish in North America.\n\nIn South America, the capybara (better known as the world's largest rodent) was also declared as a fish. I recall this was a very big deal, as for certain populations, the capybara was the *main* source of food, so eliminating it would mean the people essentially go hungry all day.",
"My mom's a non meat eatter but still eats fish... She stopped eatting meat after reading some book about how animals are treated in the meat industry... Theres no logical reason why she's okay with eating seafood but she is very athletic and i assume she justifys it's because of the high protine content (which can be difficult to get enough as a vegan/vegetarian) ... \n\nTruefully i think its just easier to emotional disconnect with a fish than a CFA (cute fuzzy animal).",
"If you are referring to the old Catholic rule that you cannot eat meat on Friday but fish is ok, it is because the whole point of the rule was that the Pope wanted to help out the local Roman fishermen.",
"It's different for each religion. But for Lent, a main reason was that Lent is a time to be humble, eating meat was a luxury back then, except fish, which was cheap and easily obtainable.",
"In the religion of Big Jibbs, his followers consider anything that is living and moves around etc to be meat. \n\nAny other considering it is blasphemy and ridiculous.",
"Religions treat \"meat\" differently. In the Eastern Christian Orthodox tradition fasting from meat includes anything with a backbone. Slippery slope though since things like shrimp are allowed.",
"Because they don't have any feelings. There's something in the way ummmm-hmmmm."
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"http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/thoughtful-animal/2013/05/23/once-upon-a-time-the-catholic-church-decided-that-beavers-were-fish/"
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2ffiv9 | Bernard Madoff's fraud | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Let's say start an investment fund. I get you and 100 of your friends to each give me $10K, I take it and buy stocks and bonds and such, and because I'm good at it, I make a 20% return. That's real good, so of course you are going to keep you money in my fund...you'll probably put more money in, and get your friends to do the same.\n\nNow let's say it was all a lie. I told you that you made a big return, but that was just so you'd give me more money and get your friends to sign up. I set enough money aside to pay off the people who cash out, and live large on the rest. So long as I have more people coming in than going out, I can keep it up indefinitely. Or least until people figure out I am full of shit...then everyone wants their money back, and their isn't nearly as much as I told everyone there was."
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} | train_eli5 | Bernard Madoff's fraud
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42om97 | Do tax refunds affect the economy? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"On a long term basis, no.\n\nTax refunds come from money that has been taken out of your paycheck by the company that you work for. The company sends that money to the government and 'pays the taxes for you'.\n\nIf you didn't have the money taken out of your paycheck, you would 'get your refund' right away, in small amounts each paycheck. \n\nWhen you compare the 'refund' to the 'no refund, but more in your paycheck', the amounts are the same, so there is no real difference to the economy.\n\nYou might be able to call it a 'forced savings' program, where no interest is paid. In that manner, it might enable people who don't ordinarily save their money to make larger purchases, like a new kitchen appliance, or money to move from one apartment to another. But in that case, economists would say that there is an *opportunity cost*, and that money could not be spent on other smaller items throughout the year.",
"Absolutely. It's a time of year when lots of people get money at around the same time, some in rather large sums, which they then use to buy things at around the same time, some rather expensive. \n\nAsk yourself this question: Does Christmas affect the economy? That should explain this fairly effectively."
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} | train_eli5 | Do tax refunds affect the economy?
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6emw8y | Why does almost everybody seem to have one or more words they can't pronounce correctly? | [deleted] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"I THINK it is because people actually have different pronunciation because how they think it is supposed to be pronounced based on the context of what they word actually means. for example - for me the word Aquarium is two latin words joined together, Aqua for water in latin and rium for room in london. so in my head it makes sense to prounouce it as \"AQU-AHRIOOM\" where as other people pronouce it as \"Akuehroom\". I mean i am no linguistic expert but yh",
"I believe it's because they learn the words through \"word of mouth\" and it ends up being wrong. \n\nI'm sure there are many reasons that could be right!"
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} | train_eli5 | Why does almost everybody seem to have one or more words they can't pronounce correctly?
[deleted] | [
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5wr0tw | Why do cockroachs can survive after a nuclear attack? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"This is a ELI5 explanation, it's more technical, but contains the good bits.\n\nRadiation damages your DNA (anything's DNA, not just humans). Most of the time, this just kills the cell. If it happens while the cells are dividing, this is really bad, because your new cells will be damaged and always produce damaged cells. Human cells are dividing all the time. Each individual cell divides about every 30 days, but it's not like it all happens at once, each cell can be on a different schedule.\n\nCockroaches and flour beetles (Mythbusters did a test and flour beetles handled radiation better than cockroaches) don't have frequent cell division like humans do, they tend to happen all at once for them, so they're less susceptible to radiation damage.",
"First off cockroaches can survive certain amounts of radiation, but there is a point where they will die.\n\nThe reason they have a higher resistance against radiation that humans is because the cells are most sensitive to radiation when they're dividing.\nCockroaches have slower cell cycles and simpler bodies.\n\nRoaches also only shed their 'skin/shell' once a week, making the window of opportunity for radiation much smaller.\n\nBut if the explosion is large and toxic enough, they won't survive."
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} | train_eli5 | Why do cockroachs can survive after a nuclear attack?
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56q7vf | How there can be so many Pizza Shops in such a close proximity, yet they all seem to stay afloat? | This might be more of a thing on the east coast or north east, but I always wondered how there could be so many different pizza shops within a fe wiles of each other.
I feel like for the most part Pizza is a good where over time you figure out which place has the best pizza and become a repeat customer. In my home town there are maybe 7-8 pizza shops in a 3 mile radius. There can't be THAT high of a demand for pizza that they all stay afloat. My theory is that half of them are drug fronts. Any thoughts? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Yea, upstate NY here.\nWe have 2 Chinese shops and 3 pizza shops in a small 5k town with nearby towns. In the evening there is enough demand. Its cheap, tasty food you call in an order and pickup your meal. Not much hassle and you dont have to prepare your own food and not to be too judgmental but the class isnt high enough here so you wont find most going out of their way to prepare their own healthy meals. Some families its a couple times a week thing for pizza\nMy buddy worked for the shop and most evening it was constant busy\nThe Chinese place you'd be lucky to have them tell you 30min. 45 min is normal\nThere is one popular long time pizza place in the next town over of about 30k and sometimes its 1hr+ wait \n\nThis being that were talking about a 10-15 min oven time to cook a pizza",
"In Vancouver, you could replace Pizza with Sushi and ask yourself the same question.\n\nIt just comes down to how much Pizza the area can take, knowing that for every customer that's looking for the *Best* Pizza, there's probably 5-6 looking for the *Closest, but still okay* Pizza."
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} | train_eli5 | How there can be so many Pizza Shops in such a close proximity, yet they all seem to stay afloat?
This might be more of a thing on the east coast or north east, but I always wondered how there could be so many different pizza shops within a fe wiles of each other. I feel like for the most part Pizza is a good where over time you figure out which place has the best pizza and become a repeat customer. In my home town there are maybe 7-8 pizza shops in a 3 mile radius. There can't be THAT high of a demand for pizza that they all stay afloat. My theory is that half of them are drug fronts. Any thoughts? | [
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ot84p | The controversy with Supermax prisons | My questions on the subject...
1.) What is the main subject of debate with Supermax Prisons?
a.) Is it a budget issue or a human rights issue?
2.) How much does it cost to incarcerate an inmate at a Supermax Prison?
3.) Is the Death Penalty cheaper?
I have a debate in my Corrections class coming up in a few weeks and I am looking to expand my knowledge on the subject beforehand. The costs and technicalities of the subject are difficult to find, so Reddit can you help? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"1) Human rights mostly, though not many people care about the prisoners that are sent to a supermax. These prisons tend to be the most inhumane and secretive about their practices. It is also very expensive to house prisoners there (see 2).\n\n2) \"Supermaxes' average cost to taxpayers is about $50,000 per inmate per year-compared with $20,000 to $30,000 for lower-security prisons-this is hardly an economically efficient arrangement.\" ([source](_URL_0_)).\n\n3) It's unclear. Yes in some states, no in others. Yes to some forms, no to others. It leans a bit towards no (due to court costs, etc), but that's no at all a certain answer ([source](_URL_1_)). It's politically charged and exaggerated in a lot of ways, so it's hard to get unbiased answers."
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} | train_eli5 | The controversy with Supermax prisons
My questions on the subject... 1.) What is the main subject of debate with Supermax Prisons? a.) Is it a budget issue or a human rights issue? 2.) How much does it cost to incarcerate an inmate at a Supermax Prison? 3.) Is the Death Penalty cheaper? I have a debate in my Corrections class coming up in a few weeks and I am looking to expand my knowledge on the subject beforehand. The costs and technicalities of the subject are difficult to find, so Reddit can you help? | [
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2em5pu | why does cheese stretch when you heat it? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Let's think back to Chemistry lessons from school. In a solid, the particles are all bunched together with no room to move. In a liquid, the particles have more room to move, and roll about all over eachother. In a gas, the particles are spread out and can do what they like. So when you heat cheese (a solid), it melts (the process of becoming a liquid), therefore allowing the particles to move. They stay bonded because they aren't *quite* liquid, but they are still loose enough to roll around. Also, when the cheese is like this, due to the particles being more 'loose', they can't hold their shape as well as they could originally, so therefore they spread out.",
"it's because it's less acidic than other cheses. the Ph adds hydrogen to the cheese. When you add rennet, the fat basically collapses and the rennet creates protein chains, which act like gluten in a lot of ways (gluten is why dough is stretchy, too). TL;DR: it has protein chain just like bread dough."
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} | train_eli5 | why does cheese stretch when you heat it?
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4w6bu4 | Where does burned fat go? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"if you mean when we lose weight, mostly into carbon that is exhaled. we breathe in O2 and breathe out CO2, a product of metabolism.",
"It's broken down mostly into gas and energy. The energy radiates from our body in the form of heat. The gas is exhaled from our body. The rest is pooped out. The water is sweated/peed/pooped out."
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1vdmph | Does anesthesia block the perception of pain, or just the memory of the painful experience? | I recently went under general anesthesia to have my wisdom teeth extracted. Obviously I have no recollection of the actual surgery, so I was curious about the way anesthesia works.
Does it actually block the pain signal, preventing it from reaching my brain; or does it just prevent me from having a memory about the pain?
Basically, I want know, did my body experience pain in the moment of having the surgery?
Thanks! | explainlikeimfive | {
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"I just had mine extracted a couple days ago. I believe they give you different medications. One to \"put you to sleep\" and the other as a nerve block. When my sedation finally wore off, I was still numb for a few hours.",
"It depends on the specific kind of painkiller, but in general it blocks the pain signal. Your body doesn't feel pain, because the signal that gets sent to your brain saying 'I'm in pain!' never reaches it."
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} | train_eli5 | Does anesthesia block the perception of pain, or just the memory of the painful experience?
I recently went under general anesthesia to have my wisdom teeth extracted. Obviously I have no recollection of the actual surgery, so I was curious about the way anesthesia works. Does it actually block the pain signal, preventing it from reaching my brain; or does it just prevent me from having a memory about the pain? Basically, I want know, did my body experience pain in the moment of having the surgery? Thanks! | [
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3eph36 | If the USA decided to go with full universal healthcare, what would happen to the private insurance companies? | explainlikeimfive | {
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17pay7 | If we were a computer, what would be our equivalent specifications? | Things like:
CPU: How fast can we think, how quickly can we process? It seems like we can keep multiple ideas in our head at the same time or do multiple actions.
RAM: Ability to keep a number of current ideas in our head.
Storage: Memory (Obvious).
What would it be like in today's equivalent. | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Most of us would be the free calculator that you get when you open a new checking account.",
"There really is no way to measure it because we think in an entirely different way. On a computer it is relatively easy to measure this stuff, because *everything, everywhere* comes down to a flow of bits. With humans, it's not entirely clear how exactly we process or store ideas. Human memories are a lot fuzzier than computer storage -- digital storage is perfect in the sense that it will always stay the same provided the media is uncorrupted. Even if you could decide how much \"data\" a memory in your head took up, how do you describe how you slowly lose tiny bits and pieces of it through out time? And the fact that, if you do the right thing, you might remember parts of it that you didn't know you could. There isn't really anything like that on a computer.",
"Apples to oranges. There's no direct comparison because the human brain isn't a deterministic digital device. Computers are much faster, but also much more linear.",
"Guesses on how much storage the brain has range from 1 terabyte to 2.5 petabytes. But this is really hard to go at because the brain store information in a different way than computers. Now, this also isn't like your harddrive, its more like ram, you can access any part of it after accessing any other in about the same amount of time in all cases. The brains equivalent of ram, short term memory, which can be thought of as requiring 'power' really only points to the memory's location in long term memory.\n\nHow fast the brain can process information is also a hard topic. For example, when you are processing visual data, most of the data your brain is using to construct the reality around you is information you have already processed. In your brain, each neuron is like a really tiny computer that can only do very limited computations, but you have many billions of neurons. If we want to try and simulate Artificial Neural networks, the computers I have worked with shit themselves when we give them only a few thousand (at that point you better have weeks to months to spend training it to do something), and even then the neural network can only accomplish one task, but then you get things like fruit flys that can do many things but only have 100k neurons. And even at that processing speed in the brain is not fixed.\n\nAnother interesting thing to note is that there is little distinction between processing and memory in the brain, like I said earlier, most of the information your brain uses to construct what the world looks like comes from preprocessed data and not your eyes.\n\nIf you wanted to build a computer like the human brain, It would require many trillions of new and novel types of connections and transistors, or maybe something different entirely, and we are only at the point of putting tens of billions of transistors in entire computers right now.\n\nWhile computers are very good at doing raw math, our brains can do something easily that computers really suck at, in fact, our brain is so good at this task that it sometimes mistakenly does it. This task is finding patterns, humans are good at finding patterns, and in the real world, this is a hell of a lot more useful then just being able to do billions of mathematical operations a second.",
"Humans are too different from the [Von Neumann architecture](_URL_0_). \n\nWe just don't work in the same manner.\n\nOur memory is tightly integrated with the processing and there is no single place that controls the operations of the brain.",
"1MB hard drive, 300TB of RAM, intel 386, liquid cooled with dirty motor oil and booze.",
"The actual question you asked is pretty much unanswerable, since a computer works completely different from a human brain. HOWEVER, there is a close-question I can answer. \n\nIf you ask \"how much of a computer would I need to completely replicate the functions of a human brain\" I can answer. If we have a computer program that calculates how molecules interact, we could make a virtual brain in the computer that should be able to do anything a human brain could do. \n\nDifferent people have different estimates on how much of a computer this would require. They use statistics for supercomputers, which are measured in a unit called flops instead of hertz (hertz is what the hz in GHZ stands for, 1 ghz is one billion hertz).\n\nFor what we are doing here, it is enough to know that a high-end computer may be able to process up to 2,500 gigaflops if both the CPU and graphics card are both working on calculating, not doing anything else.\n\nNow the estimates for how much of a computer you would need to handle emulating a brain range from as low as a bit over one million (1,000,000) gigaflops to 10000000000000000000000000000 million gigaflops. \n\nWhy the difference? It depends on how closely the brain needs to be modeled. If you are just modeling the chemical interactions, the first number should work. If you care about where every atom is, and some of the quantum data from the atom, you would need the latter number. \n\nI want to go ahead and tell you though, that this information is incomplete, and really inaccurate. However, it is as good as I can get for an elementary level explanation. Furthermore, I really don't know the hard science enough to answer it in depth. However, what I have here really should give you a rough idea of what it would take for a computer to do what your brain does.",
"Wide range. \n\nYou will find some awesome gaming rigs, maybe a deep blue.\n\nBut most will be dual core office laptop. \n\nOh, and there are always the ones still running Win ME and IE6",
"You'll have to ask a computer. Just don't give the computer a CAPTCHA first",
"Neurons are extremely different compared to transistors. There's no real 1:1 analogue."
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} | train_eli5 | If we were a computer, what would be our equivalent specifications?
Things like: CPU: How fast can we think, how quickly can we process? It seems like we can keep multiple ideas in our head at the same time or do multiple actions. RAM: Ability to keep a number of current ideas in our head. Storage: Memory (Obvious). What would it be like in today's equivalent. | [
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7zafcr | How does an octopus know when its changed to the correct color of its surroundings? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"There is a theory that their weirdly shaped pupils result in something called \"chromatic aberration\", the result of different wavelengths of light refracting at different angles. In humans this causes colored \"fringes\" around objects which can be observed at the edges of eyeglasses or if your eyes are dilated at an optician. Octopus and squid may be able to use this to determine the color of their surroundings in order to create a match."
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} | train_eli5 | How does an octopus know when its changed to the correct color of its surroundings?
| [
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3jqmuz | Why does it take weeks (or months) to receive results from multiple choice exams when everything is corrected and generated by machines? | After years of schooling and uni, this baffles me. I've had some exams take over three months when they were done entirely on those 'fill in the bubble' multiple choice sheets. I can understand maybe someone has to check over the people who fill them in wrong, and others may be involved in the stats side of things, but surely that can't all take more than a few days? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"I would imagine they have tens of thousands of sheets to mark. Then keying in marks, typing out certificates, etc for some exams. I've been waiting on my UNSW ICAS results for MONTHS.",
"I can tell you that that has not been my experience. At my college, there was a TV on the way out of the testing center that would list what students got what scores (listing the students by ID number so nobody would be able to figure out each other's grades). If your exam was multiple choice, you got your test scores immediately."
],
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} | train_eli5 | Why does it take weeks (or months) to receive results from multiple choice exams when everything is corrected and generated by machines?
After years of schooling and uni, this baffles me. I've had some exams take over three months when they were done entirely on those 'fill in the bubble' multiple choice sheets. I can understand maybe someone has to check over the people who fill them in wrong, and others may be involved in the stats side of things, but surely that can't all take more than a few days? | [
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2cd4da | How can dogs drink from dirty puddles and eat off the ground, which would make us sick, but they get sick from eating a lot of human food, such as fried food and onions? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Drinking from dirty puddles and eating off the ground would make you sick maybe 1% of the time, if you did it a lot. (Since your immune system isn't used to it, if you did it just once, you'd probably have more than a 1% chance.)\n\nIf you were okay with getting food poisoning or getting worms every couple weeks or so, sure, you could eat unhygienic food like dogs do. But food poisoning sucks, and, unlike dogs, people know what they can do to prevent it- like not drinking muddy water or eating floor candy."
],
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} | train_eli5 | How can dogs drink from dirty puddles and eat off the ground, which would make us sick, but they get sick from eating a lot of human food, such as fried food and onions?
| [
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2jgcq4 | Why do streamed movies cost the same as DVDs/Blu-Rays? | Shouldn't the price of a streamed movie be knocked down by lack of physical packaging such as the disc, shell, and paper insert, even by just a couple dollars? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"They charge that amount because people pay it. Yes, it's cheaper to stream than to produce a physical product, but since people will still pay the blu-ray prices for a streamed movie, that's what they charge.",
"Its because people pay it for that price. If everyone stopped paying for digital copies at the same price as DVDs, digital copies will go down in price. Simple supply and demand. \n\nThe corporations argue that the price of the digital copy is the same as the physical copy because a majority of those profits are used to pay the workers and server costs.",
"It's a convenience fee. I mean, it's really always been like this. You go to a Hotel room and you can order off of the pay-per-view system for $8.00 a pop. Or you could go out to the local rental store and rent a VHS tape.\n\nThe only difference now is that the rental option has mostly vanished off the face of the Earth."
],
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} | train_eli5 | Why do streamed movies cost the same as DVDs/Blu-Rays?
Shouldn't the price of a streamed movie be knocked down by lack of physical packaging such as the disc, shell, and paper insert, even by just a couple dollars? | [
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1qo1i1 | Why do we all make the same faces for x emotion? | _URL_0_ | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Quite simply, because they're genetically ingrained. These expressions are not something learned, but rather are hard wired into our brain to express an emotion."
],
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} | {
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} | {
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} | train_eli5 | Why do we all make the same faces for x emotion?
_URL_0_ | [
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1529d7 | - Why do we only ever see white people with down syndrome | I have never noticed a black/mexican/asian with down syndrome, why is that?
Edit: im sorry, i truly have never seen someone with downsyndrome who isnt white | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"Nobody is exempted from having Down Syndrome. But, there may be a variety of factors at play that have resulted in your lack of encounters with non-white people with Down Syndrome.\n\nFirst, according to the Centers for Disease Control, the mortality rate for black infants with Down Syndrome is higher than for white infants. \n\nSecond, there is some interesting sociological evidence to suggest something called homophily in general social networks, which means that people tend to interact, by and large, with people like themselves. I'm assuming some things about you with this explanation: You're relatively young, white, middle-class, and from the US. If my assumptions are accurate, your exposure to a wide enough range of black/mexican/asian folks is limited enough that you're less likely to encounter someone in those racial groups with Down Syndrome.\n\nThird, DS is fairly rare. 1 in 691 children, roughly, is born with DS. (again, according to the CDC). It occurs more often in children whose mothers are over the age of 35. There may also be some cultural/sociological issues at stake there too, younger motherhood rates amongst those populations in the US, for example. (That's just a guess on my part, though I wouldn't be surprised to discover it to be the case)\n\nBut, I suspect that the second reason is the most likely explanation, at least in part, for why you haven't ever noticed a black/latino/asian person with DS.",
"Only 0.1 percent of the world's population have down syndrome. White is the most common demographic (in most western countries). The reason why you never see a black or Asian with down syndrome is because there are simply less people total to get the condition."
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} | train_eli5 | - Why do we only ever see white people with down syndrome
I have never noticed a black/mexican/asian with down syndrome, why is that? Edit: im sorry, i truly have never seen someone with downsyndrome who isnt white | [
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4wtebf | What effects would consuming an excess amount of protein do in the long term? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"According to the Wikipedia article on \"protein poisoning\" or rabbit starvation (since historically the way to get this condition is to consume large quantities of rabbit - an extremely lean meat), excessive protein in the human body would lead to excess ammonia and urea in the bloodstream due to amino acid decomposition which leads to the blood becoming too basic. Excess urea usually gets deposited into the joints, and so one long-term result of this diet is gout, assuming one doesn't die earlier from blood pH imbalance."
],
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} | train_eli5 | What effects would consuming an excess amount of protein do in the long term?
| [
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30ghaw | Who sets the start time for basketball/sports games and why do they start at random minutes? | Kentucky just beat West Virginia to advance to the Elite 8. That game against Notre Dame will start at 8:49ET on Saturday.
Why 8:49? Why not 8:45 or 8:50? Is there actually any reasoning behind this in terms of advertising or does some guy just pull a number out of a hat somewhere? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"Short answer: Because TV\n\nLonger answer: By starting 11 minutes early, in your example, the broadcast has time to start, do a little lead-in/pre-game show, if you will, and get things rolling before the actual game starts at the top of the hour.\n\nAlso, it doesn't happen as much anymore with people DVR'ing everything and using built in channel guides, but it used to be to catch the channel flippers as well. They'll catch that the game is starting (remember, without channel guides people often knew that a game was on, but would sometimes forget which channel) and stay there rather than keep flipping and miss the beginning."
],
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} | train_eli5 | Who sets the start time for basketball/sports games and why do they start at random minutes?
Kentucky just beat West Virginia to advance to the Elite 8. That game against Notre Dame will start at 8:49ET on Saturday. Why 8:49? Why not 8:45 or 8:50? Is there actually any reasoning behind this in terms of advertising or does some guy just pull a number out of a hat somewhere? | [
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1s43xk | When i eat am I actually chewing as loud as it sounds like to me? | explainlikeimfive | {
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"No, when you chew, vibrations travel through your jaw bone and directly to your inner ear, where you hear them. On the other hand, the vibrations have to travel through air to get to someone else's ear.\n\nSound travels best in solids, followed by liquids, and worst in gasses. This is because molecules are closer together in denser materials which allows for better transference."
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} | train_eli5 | When i eat am I actually chewing as loud as it sounds like to me?
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7ddlht | How does a show like Survivor / The Amazing Race capture so many angles in a scene, especially the critical ones in the plotline? | In Survivor, if there was say a plot to overthrow some alliance, how do the cameramen capture it? It seems to me that if there is some silent discussion, at least 4 people will be there...the 2 castaways, the soundmen and the cameramen.
In The Amazing Race, it seems that before a team gets eliminated especially in the later episodes, some big fight / quarrel / trouble happens. How do cameramen capture that moment with so much anguish? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"I have an anecdotal answer for you. Several years ago, I spent a while working with a guy who won a season of the Israeli Survivor. Talking about how \"real\" it was, he said that all the tasks and results were legit, but that they often reenacted them shortly after they finished to allow the camera crew to get better angles.",
"In addition to having numerous cameras running at all times, the \"storyline\" doesn't come together until the editing room. In most every reality tv show, if the show isn't heavily scripted, there is NO story until the editor gets ahold of it.",
"They have several camera crews, not just one.\n\nThey ask the participants to cooperate by not having crucial discussions off-camera."
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} | train_eli5 | How does a show like Survivor / The Amazing Race capture so many angles in a scene, especially the critical ones in the plotline?
In Survivor, if there was say a plot to overthrow some alliance, how do the cameramen capture it? It seems to me that if there is some silent discussion, at least 4 people will be there...the 2 castaways, the soundmen and the cameramen. In The Amazing Race, it seems that before a team gets eliminated especially in the later episodes, some big fight / quarrel / trouble happens. How do cameramen capture that moment with so much anguish? | [
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2j5ho2 | Why can cops let you off the hook in certain situations? Wouldn't letting them do something illegal be illegal too? | For instance I get pulled over for speeding. I'm young and he sees some pot or smells it. He verbally states this but lets me go on just speeding. Is that legal?¿ | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"He's hoping that he has scared you into learning the error of your ways. The best form of policing is *preventing* crime, and by doing things the way you described, it sounds like he's achieved his goal. You're thinking about it. \"I got away with it this time - next time I might not be so lucky, so I won't do it\".\n\nfunnily enough, I had this very conversation with a policeman friend of mine just a couple of months ago.",
"Cops have discretion to arrest or not arrest people, based on the seriousness of the infraction and the likelihood of a conviction.\n\nIf two drunks get in a shoving match, that is technically assault. But little harm is done, it is unlikely they pose a risk to society, and they would probably refuse to testify against each other then they sobered up, making a conviction unlikely.",
"Yes, police can use discretion when deciding how hard to go after something. He probably didn't think you were high at the time and didn't want to search your car for pot, but he was trying to let you know there was an obvious smell.\n\nEdit: if he saw a bag, he'd have to do something though."
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} | train_eli5 | Why can cops let you off the hook in certain situations? Wouldn't letting them do something illegal be illegal too?
For instance I get pulled over for speeding. I'm young and he sees some pot or smells it. He verbally states this but lets me go on just speeding. Is that legal?¿ | [
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8r51v9 | Why can we walk for hours without our legs hurting but standing still for less than an hour starts to hurt | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"We evolved to stand as a way to walk, and everything about it is adapted to that purpose. Our balance is better when walking than standing still, circulation better, everything about it revolves around movement.\n\nTo stand still is inefficient, joints don't work as well because they're not being regulated by a rhythm, we have to keep making all sorts of fine adjustments to stay flexible (basically moving in place), and aches and pains will pile up more quickly.",
"The short (think one word) answer is *gravity*.\n\nHow? Gravity affects everything - even blood. Gravity will drag blood downward towards your feet, and your heart and blood vessels need help to get the blood back to the heart. The saviour is the muscles in the legs. All the different muscles in your legs help move this blood back by quite literally massaging your veins. Sort of like, but not entirely similar to, squeezing a tube of tooth paste.\n\nWhen you walk, your muscles are constantly massaging these veins and getting the blood gets back to the heart. But if you're standing still, your muscles aren't doing this, and the blood starts to pool in your legs. This poor circulation can hurt, and you can also get dizzy because all the blood is in your feet and less of it is going to your brain. Just tripping back and forth or standing up on your toes a couple times can help solve this problem - the key is to get the leg muscles activated a bit. A very schematic illustration can be found [here](_URL_0_)."
],
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.cvphysiology.com/uploads/images/muscle%20pump%20animated.gif"
]
} | train_eli5 | Why can we walk for hours without our legs hurting but standing still for less than an hour starts to hurt
[removed] | [
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2bbu3i | Why do I gag when I put a finger down my throat but food doesn't have the same effect? | I do not have bulimia. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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],
"text": [
"Because when you swallow, peristalsis is pushing the food down that way and your brain recognises that. Also, you tend not to hold food right at the back of your throat with your throat open. If breathing through your mouth, your tongue tends to hold the food away from the back of your throat anyway so you don't inhale it.\n\nEdit: spelling",
"Because of the action in swallowing opens the throat more and moves the uvula up so the food doesn't touch it ... but I just made that up. Sounds good though, right?",
"Because by the time the food gets to that part of your throat it has been reduced to small enough pieces so that it won't cause the gag reflex. For example, if you were to take a banana and stick it down your throat your gag reflex will probably activate. However, if you chew up the banana it will not."
],
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} | {
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} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do I gag when I put a finger down my throat but food doesn't have the same effect?
I do not have bulimia. | [
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2lt4pj | How do animals know who won a fight for dominance? | i've always wondered how they know they have won without killing the other animal | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"The victory for dominance comes when the an animal has established dominance over the other.\n\nWhenever the other animal feels powerless to continue, the dominating animal will psychologically feel being \"in charge\". The other animal might feel \"under control\", and thus he/she isn't dominative. How an animal \"knows\" who won the fight is how their minds make them feel. Dying is not necessary for this to happen, mere circumstances can be enough to induce these feelings.\n\nIn battles of power, the classic psychological reactions are \"fight\", \"flight\" and \"freeze\". Flight and freeze automatically assert submission over the situation, as the animal feels that he/she is unable to fight and thus isn't dominative. Fight on the other hand implies dominance, and if both of the animals fight, whoever switches either to \"flight\" or \"freeze\" first loses dominance.\n\nMuch of this happens also in the human world. For example, if you have a debate with someone, and you win by your arguments, then you may feel dominative. And conversely, if you lose, you may feel submissive.",
"The same way that you'd know who won if you got into a physical fight with another human.",
"If the other animal runs away, it lost. It's that simple"
],
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3,
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} | {
"url": []
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} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How do animals know who won a fight for dominance?
i've always wondered how they know they have won without killing the other animal | [
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7p47uc | How do surfers speed up to escape a crested wave? | I was watching [this video](_URL_0_) from /r/UNBGBBIIVCHIDCTIICBG/ and several times it looks like the surfer is going to be caught by the wave, however she seems to speed up and escape without doing anything significant other than a slight 'wobble' after she's escaped the crested part of the wave. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"dsegiwn"
],
"text": [
"It's mostly unweighting off the bottom of the wave, the \"flats\", and hopping the board up onto the face of the wave, even ever so slightly like you see when she is near the white water. By unweighting and getting the board up, she can then redirect the board down and use both gravity and the push of the wave from behind to generate speed. There may be other subtle factors, like if she's riding a three fin board they create a bit of drag when going straight and release when turned using two of the three fins, but it's mostly the unweighting, hopping up, and coming down to make speed."
],
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5
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.instagram.com/p/Bds5MnYjHP2/"
]
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | How do surfers speed up to escape a crested wave?
I was watching [this video](_URL_0_) from /r/UNBGBBIIVCHIDCTIICBG/ and several times it looks like the surfer is going to be caught by the wave, however she seems to speed up and escape without doing anything significant other than a slight 'wobble' after she's escaped the crested part of the wave. | [
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1ufq58 | What would happen if The Moon was to blow up tomorrow? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"We'd have to worry about several things: 1) the tides. The tides would be all messed up, and we certainly would see changes in the way our seas and oceans behave. 2) We'd have to worry, possibly, about pieces of the moon falling on us."
],
"score": [
8
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | What would happen if The Moon was to blow up tomorrow?
| [
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... | ||
3o6h3f | When we launch space missions, what's stopping other nations from believing that's a targeted bomb or nuke and how is it different from an actual attack? | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cvugz1g",
"cvugzt6"
],
"text": [
"First of all, its not like a space agency fires up this massive and amazingly complex rocket with complete secrecey, and goes \"surprise! Its STS-134. You know, delivering supplies to the ISS. Yeah, usually we plan these things but we had a spare shuttle stack lying around and a few astronauts were looking for something to do this weekend, so we thought we'd go up and take Hadfield a Pizza.\"\n\nThe mission parameters are publicized in the news a long time ahead. Not only that but its professional courtesy in the space biz to keep everyone else in the biz up to speed with what you're launching. For exactly that reason. Noone wants to set off some ICMB detection system.\n\nMilitary launches on the other hand, I'd say no - the air force isn't going to communicate to the Chinese that they're launching SuperKeySat-11 to photograph the chairman's bedroom. But the launchpads are fairly open, and the people who make and launch the military/spy stuff at least put out a vague non specific press release about a \"New communication satellite. For the Air Force.\" - and everyone reads between the lines on what it is.",
"Massive differences in the way they are launched. Space launches direct the craft upwards until the gravity turn which applies the force necessary to attain orbit. ICBM's, however, would never waste the fuel in doing such a maneuver as it would severely reduce the payload of the rocket. Even if a nation were to try and fool everybody with a space-launch-looking ICBM, there is still the problem of the fact that it's really easy to differentiate a sub-orbital flight from an orbital flight. Orbital launches are defined by exerting massive forces at the desired altitude to get into orbit. Not applying that force would be highly irregular.\n\nEven if a nation managed to fool another nation with a space-looking launch, it would be one, small, payload. It doesn't give you first strike capability, thus making the attack no more useful then a 'conventional' missile bombardment."
],
"score": [
8,
6
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | When we launch space missions, what's stopping other nations from believing that's a targeted bomb or nuke and how is it different from an actual attack?
| [
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2s15n9 | Why do you get hungrier after we snack on something? | Why is it that we get hungrier after we try to please our stomachs with a little snack, maybe before lunch break, but in the end make ourselves go from hungry to starving after that temporary relief passes? Shouldn't that little snack subdue the hunger for longer than a few minutes. | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"cnlg63d"
],
"text": [
"When you are really hungry for a while, your brain realizes that you're not going to feed yourself, so it shuts down the thingy that makes you feel hungry, after eating something small your brain realizes that you are feeding it and since you need the food it turns the thingy that makes you feel hungry back on"
],
"score": [
2
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | Why do you get hungrier after we snack on something?
Why is it that we get hungrier after we try to please our stomachs with a little snack, maybe before lunch break, but in the end make ourselves go from hungry to starving after that temporary relief passes? Shouldn't that little snack subdue the hunger for longer than a few minutes. | [
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5bna1d | why a manual transmission vehicle can sometimes stalls from a hill start | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"d9pt24q"
],
"text": [
"Manual transmissions work by manually selecting a gear and then supplying the engine with the right amount of gas to get a 3,000+ lb car going as you engage the gear. Normally, you're on a flat surface so the amount of gas required is that which generates enough energy/momentum to \"push\" the weight of the car forward.\n\nOn a hill, things are slightly different.\n\nThe moment you take your foot off the brake (assuming you're in neutral or the clutch is pushed in as it should be), the car starts rolling backwards. To counteract this, you have to feed the engine much more gas than you normally would because you have momentum in the opposite direction of which you want to go. If you're not VERY familiar with the engagement point of your clutch (i.e. the exact point in the releasing motion of the clutch where the clutch begins to engage the selected gear by connecting the flywheel and the transmission which feeds energy to the wheels), you likely won't feed the appropriate amount of gas into the engine, which will cause you to fry your clutch (too much gas) or stall out (too little gas). Since most people are afraid of doing the former, they undershoot the increased gas requirement because of the hill and stall the vehicle."
],
"score": [
2
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} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | train_eli5 | why a manual transmission vehicle can sometimes stalls from a hill start
| [
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4s49n0 | Why do Americans dye their cheese orange? | [removed] | explainlikeimfive | {
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"text": [
"What color is cheddar cheese where you come from? All cheese is naturally white, or off white, or even a golden yellow, depending on the type of milk used. But you'll never find a cow that gives orange milk. The color instead comes from the flavorless Annatto seed, which gives Wisconsin cheddar that pumpkin orange hue.\n\nFound this cool article explaining the history which actually started in England by the way.\n_URL_0_",
"The cheese isn't dyed orange. The orange color comes from Annatto seeds, a sweet and nutty seasoning added to several types of cheese. There are plenty of American cheeses that don't include Annatto, and are therefore not yellow-orange. Cheddar cheese in America is normally yellow because Kraft, the largest cheese manufacturer, uses Annatto, but white varieties exist as well. Colby cheese was created in America, and has always used Annatto. American cheese is a blended cheese, typically including cheddar. Since cheddar is typically yellow, American cheese is also typically yellow.\n\nIt's only off-putting since you're not used to it (which is strange, since yellow/orange cheese isn't exclusive to America). Just understand that it's yellow because of an ingredient, not because it's been dyed.",
"\"During the summer, the high levels of carotene in the grass would have given the milk an orange tint which was carried through into the cheese. This orange hue was regarded as an indicator of the best cheese and thus the custom of adding annatto spread to other parts of the UK, with Cheshire and Red Leicester cheese, as well as colored cheddar made in Scotland, all using this natural dye\"\n_URL_1_",
"French Mimolette cheeses are orange and yellow. The same technique used in America for cheddar.",
"The dye is annatto. The explanation seen on [Wikipedia](_URL_2_) is the one that I see repeated most often:\n\n > Using annatto for color has been a traditional characteristic of Gloucester cheese since the 16th century, when producers of inferior cheese used a coloring agent to replicate the orange hue achieved by the best cheesemakers. During the summer, the high levels of carotene in the grass would have given the milk an orange tint which was carried through into the cheese. This orange hue was regarded as an indicator of the best cheese and thus the custom of adding annatto spread to other parts of the UK, with Cheshire and Red Leicester cheese, as well as colored cheddar made in Scotland, all using this natural dye. Many cheddars are produced in both white and red (orange) varieties, with the latter being more popular despite the only difference between the two being the presence of annatto as a coloring. That tradition has extended to many modern processed cheese products, such as American cheese and Velveeta.\n\nEssentially, the color became associated with higher quality cheese. So, the producers made their cheese of the same type the color of high quality cheese so that it would sell better.\n\nAFAIK, this explanation (carotene in the cow feed) is the same reason why butter and margarine are colored yellow and not left white. Yellow butter indicated the cows were better fed, so the butter would be higher quality. Margarine is colored yellow to match the quality color for butter.",
"There is some orange cheese in Australia (eg red Leicester I had after dinner) but on the times I've visited the US there is noticeably more orange cheese there. It's a matter of proportion I guess. Where do you come from that orange cheese is weird to the point of making you feel a little sick? Genuinely curious."
],
"score": [
237,
97,
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22,
7,
3
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2013/11/07/243733126/how-17th-century-fraud-gave-rise-to-bright-orange-cheese",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annatto#Cheeses",
"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annatto"
]
} | train_eli5 | Why do Americans dye their cheese orange?
[removed] | [
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1imjj8 | Why can't two anti-virus protectors work together? | My new Kaspersky anti-virus program sees Windows Defender as malware. This isn't the first time I've heard of two anti-virus protectors seeing each other as threats. Why do they recognize another protection program as malware/...? What part of the program do they identify as bad, and why that part?
EDIT: Thanks everyone! | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
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"text": [
"Let's say you hire two security guards to guard your bank - without telling each other. When one of them sees the other enter the bank at night, with a gun, would you be surprised if he just shoots him?\n\nThe security guards will be able to work as a team, only if they know each other and work out a way to share their duties.\n\nTwo different Anti-virus programs can play well together if they are designed to recognize each other and play well with each other. If you use two programs not originally designed to work with each other, expect problems.\n\nAs a trivial example, if one of them locks access to some system files as a matter of protection, the other can recognize that it is being blocked and will identify the blocking software as malware.",
"Imagine you're the antivirus program. Your job is to find threats in the computer you live in, much like a police officer. \n\nOne way you decide who to send to jail is to use virus definitions, which are like \"wanted\" posters - people have discovered other viruses in the past, and post descriptions of them for others to see. If you see something that looks like one of these discovered viruses, you can send them to jail (quarantine or delete the virus).\n\nAnother way you check for viruses is to see if the program can do something suspicious - this is called \"heuristics\". For example, if a program has code to open a file, copy itself into the file, and then run that file, you might choose to flag that program as suspicious (because that program may be trying to hide inside another file). This is important because new viruses come out all the time, and you want to catch these new viruses even if someone hasn't made a \"wanted\" poster for it yet.\n\nSo you're cruising around, and you discover a new program - it's not on the wanted list, but it has the ability to lock down and scan every file on the computer. That's not good - maybe it's searching for programs to infect! Further, this new program has the ability to resist being shut down, delete and modify files automatically, and might even have files that match those \"wanted\" posters in the same directory!\n\n...except this new program is another antivirus. Antiviral programs need permission to scan all your files to check for viruses, resist viruses trying to shut them down and automatically delete or temporarily shut down viruses (renaming them from a .exe to something else, in case it's not a virus and you want to restore the file). In the case of renamed (quarantined) viruses, the virus code that matches the \"wanted\" posters is still there, which could cause a red flag if another antivirus scanner finds them.\n\nGenerally, antivirus programs generally know each other nowadays - *but there are problems if two are running at the same time*. They could fight over who gets to scan a file first, which could lead to the file not getting scanned (or even getting corrupted). As such, they generally agree not to install if they detect another antivirus is already the designated scanner - but it's possible they could also flag other scanning antiviruses as a virus as a failsafe, in case a user somehow installs two antivirus programs (I haven't heard of this happening, just a theory).\n\nI've rambled a bit, but tried to cover most possible scenarios. \n\ntl;dr - Two antivirus programs that are scanning at the same time can cause errors such as not properly scanning a file for viruses, or corrupting files. If only one antivirus is scanning, and the other isn't, things should be ok. You should also be ok if you manually scan with two different antivirus programs at non-overlapping times.",
"That never happened to me before as a user of both, but that probably because that one of them is trying to access the system files that the other one's job is to protect it.\nYou have two options to solve without disabling one of them:\n1- mark windows defender as trusted in Kaspersky; it is located @ \nC:\\Program Files\\Windows Defender\\MSASCui.exe\n2- contact kaspersky support on that issue so they release a fix update for it.\n\nhope that helps",
"The short version is that they can, but not without help.\n\n[OPSWAT](_URL_0_) is a company that offers several products that use several anti-virus programs in concert to scan your files. The value-add that OPSWAT is selling is the ability to reconcile the struggles of one AV program identifying another as a problem and thus having a greater range of threat detection and removal."
],
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23,
6,
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]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"http://www.opswat.com/solutions/multi-scanning"
]
} | train_eli5 | Why can't two anti-virus protectors work together?
My new Kaspersky anti-virus program sees Windows Defender as malware. This isn't the first time I've heard of two anti-virus protectors seeing each other as threats. Why do they recognize another protection program as malware/...? What part of the program do they identify as bad, and why that part? EDIT: Thanks everyone! | [
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3bn2od | What makes Unreal Engine 4 so... unreal? | How does it look as good as it does? I just saw [this](_URL_0_) video on /r/gaming and it honestly looks like it was taken in a real place with a real camera | explainlikeimfive | {
"a_id": [
"csnmonj",
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"text": [
"In simplest terms, no other game engine has the sheer amount of man hours poured into it as Unreal Engine. UE has had a ton of resources available to hone their craft.\n\nKeep in mind this is the 4th iteration...Unreal Engine 1 came out in 1998. \n\n[Here's a pretty comparison of versions 1 through 3](_URL_0_)",
"So...you ask why the Unreal engine so unreal then proceed to continue your question citing that it looks super *real*. \n\nIt is the march of progress, each new engine is getting better and better at handling details and graphics"
],
"score": [
3,
2
]
} | {
"url": []
} | {
"url": [
"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nLGoqqDc0w"
]
} | {
"url": [
"http://i.imgur.com/3AWguqh.jpg"
]
} | train_eli5 | What makes Unreal Engine 4 so... unreal?
How does it look as good as it does? I just saw [this](_URL_0_) video on /r/gaming and it honestly looks like it was taken in a real place with a real camera | [
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... |
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